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| URL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore | ||||||||||||
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| Boilerpipe Text | COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
(clockwise from top left)
Marina Bay Sands
and
ArtScience Museum
lit up with messages of hope
Controlled entry into
Compass One
Tables and seats cordoned off with tape
Empty shelves at a
FairPrice
supermarket
Disease
COVID-19
Virus strain
SARS-CoV-2
Location
Singapore
First reported
Wuhan
,
Hubei
, China
Index case
Sentosa
,
Southern Islands
Arrival date
23 January 2020
(4 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)
Confirmed cases
3,006,155
[
1
]
Recovered
2,516,440 (updated 23 July 2023)
[
2
]
Deaths
2,024
[
1
]
Fatality rate
0.07%
Vaccinations
83%
[
3
]
(minimum protection)
46%
[
3
]
(up-to-date vaccination)
Government website
www
.moh
.gov
.sg
/COVID-19
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
was a part of the
worldwide pandemic
of coronavirus disease 2019 (
COVID-19
) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (
SARS-CoV-2
). The first case in
Singapore
was confirmed on 23 January 2020. Early cases were primarily imported until local transmission began to develop in February and March. In late March and April, COVID-19 clusters were detected at multiple migrant worker dormitories, which soon contributed to an overwhelming proportion of new cases in the country.
To stem the tide of infections, strict
circuit breaker lockdown measures
were implemented from 7 April to 1 June 2020, after which restrictions have been gradually lifted as conditions permitted.
[
4
]
A mass vaccination campaign was launched, and has been successful in achieving a very high vaccination rate, with more than 96% of the eligible populace having completed their vaccination regimen as of June 2022.
[
5
]
[
6
]
Various measures have been taken to mass
test
the population for the virus and isolate infected people.
Contact tracing
measures
SafeEntry
and
TraceTogether
were implemented to identify and
quarantine
close contacts of positive cases.
The last record of COVID-19 cases was on 4 June 2023, which was at 2,481,404 confirmed cases, 2,456,295 recoveries and 1,727 deaths,
[
7
]
with a
case fatality rate
of 0.08%, one of the lowest in the world.
[
8
]
It introduced what was considered one of the world's largest and best-organised epidemic control programmes.
[
9
]
[
10
]
Government response
[
edit
]
Total number of people vaccinated in Singapore under NVP as of 12 April 2026
[
refresh
]
Unvaccinated population (7.00%)
Population who are fully vaccinated
[
11
]
(92.0%)
Population who have received only one dose of a two-dose vaccine
[
11
]
(1.00%)
In response to the emerging threat, a committee known as the "Multi-Ministry Task Force" (often shortened to MMTF) was formed on 22 January 2020, comprising
Minister for Education
Lawrence Wong
,
Minister for Health
Gan Kim Yong
as co-chairs, along with
Prime Minister
Lee Hsien Loong
and
Deputy Prime Minister
Heng Swee Keat
as advisors. On 23 April 2021 in a cabinet reshuffle, Lee announced the appointment of
Ong Ye Kung
as the new
Minister for Health
, who would serve in the committee as co-chair alongside the other incumbents.
[
12
]
[
13
]
Singapore had also contributed
US$
500,000 to support the
World Health Organization
's (WHO) efforts against COVID-19.
[
14
]
Circuit breaker measures and gradual re-opening
[
edit
]
In response to the first wave of COVID-19, Singapore enacted the "COVID-19 Control Order", announcing on 3 April 2020 a stringent set of preventive measures collectively called the "circuit breaker lockdown". Initially planned to be applied from 7 April to 4 May, the circuit breaker lockdown was extended to 1 June on 21 April following continued untraced transmission within the community. The Multi-Ministry Taskforce on 19 May announced the three-phased approach to resume activities safely with the gradual re-opening of economic activities in each phase.
[
4
]
Phase 1 lasted for 17 days from 2 June and ended on 18 June, with Phase 2 lasting for 6 months and 8 days from 19 June to 27 December. Singapore was in Phase 3 from 28 December 2020 until 7 May 2021;
[
15
]
following the rise of the
Delta variant
, it temporarily reverted to Phase 2 on 8 May,
[
16
]
which was raised to "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 16 May to 13 June, "Phase 3 Heightened Alert" from 14 June to 21 July and "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 22 July 2021 to 9 August 2021. This was followed by "Preparatory Stage of Transition" from 10 August 2021 to 26 September 2021, reverting to Phase 2 Heightened Alert measures (dubbed the "Stabilisation Phase") from 27 September to 21 November 2021,
[
17
]
[
18
]
[
19
]
after which it entered the "Transition Phase" from 22 November 2021 to 25 April 2022, followed by the "COVID-19 Resilient Nation/Acute Phase" from 26 April 2022 to 12 February 2023.
[
20
]
[
21
]
As of 13 February 2023, Singapore is currently in the "Endemic Phase", with the vast majority of COVID-19 restrictions lifted.
[
22
]
[
23
]
Contact tracing technologies
[
edit
]
Technological solutions to facilitate contact tracing efforts were rapidly developed and deployed by the government.
SafeEntry
, a check-in system that logs the entry and exit of visitors to public places, was first introduced at selected wet markets on 24 April 2020
[
24
]
and subsequently expanded to include a wide range of venues in May.
[
25
]
It was later augmented by compulsory use of
TraceTogether
,
[
26
]
a system originally launched on 20 March 2020
[
27
]
that uses
Bluetooth
signal strengths to track the proximity and duration of encounters between people with a smartphone app or physical token.
[
28
]
With the relaxation of most countermeasures on 26 April 2022, both systems were phased out except in the case of large events with 500 participants, food and beverages outlets, and nightlife entertainment establishments with dancing facilities.
[
29
]
On 9 February 2023, it was announced that the use of
TraceTogether
and
SafeEntry
would be discontinued from 13 February.
[
30
]
Vaccination campaign
[
edit
]
A mass vaccination programme is currently under way following the approval and acquisition of the
Pfizer–BioNTech
and
Moderna
COVID-19 vaccines
;
[
31
]
[
32
]
in late 2021, Singapore became the world's most-vaccinated country, with more than 85% of its total population fully-vaccinated.
[
5
]
As of June 2022, over 92% of the total population have completed their vaccination regimen, representing over 96% of the eligible populace.
[
6
]
On 31 December 2019, health authorities in China reported to the
World Health Organization
(WHO) a
cluster
of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in
Wuhan
, Hubei,
[
33
]
and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.
[
34
]
On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern
(PHEIC), after mounting evidence that the
novel coronavirus
had spread to 18 countries and completion of investigation in Wuhan.
[
35
]
[
36
]
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, cases were traced to clusters that several cases had visited during a particular time period in the whole of Singapore.
[
37
]
[
38
]
[
39
]
[
40
]
[
41
]
[
42
]
[
43
]
[
44
]
[
45
]
In 2020, new cases are only at foreign worker dormitories and construction sites while Singapore had followed zero-COVID strategy.
[
46
]
[
47
]
while local cases formed the bulk of new cases from April 2021, driven by
SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant
, and rose rapidly to 4-digit numbers. At the final recording dated 31 January 2023, there were 2,124,199 local cases and 92,911 imported cases.
[
48
]
[
a
]
22 February 2022 saw its highest daily count at 26,032 cases, with 24 February 2022 seeing its highest active case count at 73,540 cases; 20 October 2021, 16 November 2021 and 4 March 2022 saw its highest daily fatality count at 18 deaths.
[
7
]
The last recorded date of any patient in the ICU was 12 February 2023.
[
49
]
It was only on 14 August 2020 that there were no reported community cases for the first time since June,
[
50
]
while 1 October 2020 was the first time since April that the daily number of imported cases exceeded that of dormitory cases.
[
51
]
13 October 2020 was the first time in over six months that no dormitory cases were reported,
[
52
]
with 15 June 2021 being the first time in over eleven months that no imported cases were reported.
[
53
]
At the end of September 2021, the number of confirmed cases in Singapore exceeded the number of confirmed cases in
China
, with the country also reaching the first grim milestone of 100,000 cases on 2 October 2021. The total number of community cases exceeded that of dormitory cases on 14 October 2021, and passed 100,000 cases on 27 October 2021. Singapore also broke its monthly death record in October 2021 with 312 deaths, breaking its previous monthly death record of 40 in September 2021. The total death count exceeded 1,000 on 27 February 2022, with the total case count crossing the 1-million mark on 19 March 2022. Singapore reported its first death of a patient under 12 years old on 27 June 2022.
[
54
]
Internationally, the
case fatality ratio
(CFR) for COVID-19 has been much lower than
SARS in 2003
.
[
55
]
[
56
]
The
transmission
of the
SARS-CoV-2
virus powering the
COVID-19 pandemic
has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.
[
57
]
[
55
]
However, Singapore's death rate has been one of the world's lowest, both in terms of CFR and per capita.
[
58
]
[
59
]
This may be attributed to the fact that the bulk of the cases are restricted to the migrant workers living in dormitories away from the general population.
[
58
]
These migrant workers tend to be younger,
[
58
]
with an average age of 30 years and 2 months old when surveyed in 2015, and the healthcare system was never overwhelmed.
[
60
]
[
61
]
The authorities also tested the entire dormitory population for COVID-19 infection, leading to many otherwise asymptomatic infections being picked up.
[
62
]
[
63
]
Research by the
European Commission
suggests that the CFR for
SARS-CoV-2
virus picks up in cases 50 years of age and above.
[
64
]
The elderly in the general population in Singapore have been advised to stay at home as much as possible,
[
58
]
while resident-facing staff in old folks homes are being housed on site or separately in hotels.
[
65
]
Other factors contributing to Singapore's exceptionally low CFR include the country's use of extensive contact tracing and testing to identify cases, mandatory mask-wearing, and hospitalisation of all high-risk patients. Singapore has comparatively strict criteria for classifying COVID-19 deaths, counting patients who were infected with COVID but died of other causes as non-COVID deaths.
[
66
]
[
67
]
Prevalence studies on the population have shown that 4 in 1600 in the community, or about 0.25%, have previously been infected with COVID-19, while at least 47% of migrant workers living in dormitories have tested positive by
PCR
or serological tests.
[
68
]
[
69
]
Initial wave of COVID-19 (2020)
[
edit
]
National authorities began reporting suspected cases on 4 January,
[
70
]
however the first confirmed case was reported on 23 January, a tourist from Wuhan.
[
71
]
Until 30 January, there were a total of 13 confirmed cases, all of whom were visitors to Singapore from China.
[
72
]
[
73
]
The first case involving a Singaporean was confirmed on 31 January after returning from Wuhan.
[
74
]
Contact tracing procedures were put in place to identify close contacts of the confirmed cases who were placed under 14-day quarantines to ring-fence the potential spread of the virus.
[
75
]
[
76
]
These imported cases eventually lead to clusters of local transmissions being formed. The first local cluster was reported on 4 February at Yong Thai Hang, a Chinese health products shop. It was identified as the locus of the infection where four women without recent history of travel to China contracted the virus.
[
77
]
The shop was affected when a tour group from
Guangxi
, China visited it along with other locations such as the Diamond Industries Jewellery Company at Harbour Drive, where another case occurred, while touring Singapore.
[
78
]
The tour group had returned to China and the Chinese authorities had confirmed that two of the group was infected.
[
77
]
Authorities raised the
DORSCON
level to Orange with the impending COVID-19 cases of infection,
[
79
]
[
80
]
with Prime Minister Lee expressing his worry about some cases with no known chain of transmission of the infection directly from Wuhan or indirectly via cases traced in Singapore. He suggested that it might become "futile to try to trace every contact".
[
81
]
[
82
]
More clusters emerged at various locations, where there were large scale gatherings such as a business conference,
Chinese New Year
dinner gatherings and church-related activities.
[
83
]
Two clusters were linked when several cases in each cluster was found to have infected each other through
serological tests
, the first such successful test in the world.
[
84
]
In March, as the number of cases began to rise exponentially around the world, the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(MFA) and the
Ministry of Education
(MOE) began to encourage Singaporeans to return home. Various institutes of higher learning recalled their students currently on overseas internship or exchange, and the MFA began liaising with airlines to facilitate flights to key cities when necessary during this period, to cater to demand for return flights to Singapore.
[
85
]
This led to an increase in number of imported cases, in which over 70% of cases from 16 to 19 March were Singaporeans and long-term pass holders returning from overseas.
[
86
]
Plans for the
lockdown
began in February but waited until late of March. Various mask-off activities were prohibited such as dining in and all exercise activities and many people were
remote working
starting from early April; from 5 May till 1 June, gatherings and social visits were only allowed up to two per day. The bulk of cases began to shift from imported cases to migrant workers living in dormitories, resulting in the authorities imposing a mandatory quarantine of 20,000 migrant workers in two dormitories gazetted as isolation areas, namely the S11 Dormitory and Westlite Toh Guan.
[
87
]
Following which, the number of cases in migrant worker dormitories began to soar as more clusters were detected in other migrant worker dormitories, reaching a single-daily high of 1,426 cases recorded amongst migrant workers on 20 April.
[
88
]
On 21 April, the
Ministry of Manpower
(MOM) announced that all foreign workers in dormitories were to stop work until 4 May to curb the rising spread of COVID-19 among the groups that were hit the hardest.
[
89
]
The number of daily cases amongst migrant workers living in dormitories gradually decreased but continued to remain in the hundreds until early August, with aggressive testing by the authorities.
[
90
]
April also marked a shift in policy. The government stopped automatically admitting the infected in hospitals and instead created community care facilities for those who were at low risk, which allowed hospitals to focus only on those in higher risk categories. At the peak on 12 May, there were 19,667 patients in community care facilities. This allowed hospitals to reduce bed take up related to COVID-19 from more than a thousand to several hundred in a few weeks. 18 September saw the first time since the crisis spread to work dormitories that the daily dorm case number fell into single digits.
[
91
]
From May onwards, the vast majority of cases were reported in dormitories, with community cases never rising above 24 cases, which was reported on 11 July.
[
92
]
Nevertheless, while numbers in the dorms remained elevated in May, 20 April in fact represented the peak of daily cases reported among dormitory workers. By August, it was clear that the situation in dormitories was being brought under control, with new daily cases among dorm workers finally falling below 100 on 11 August. On 11 August, Ministry of Manpower announced that all dormitories had been declared cleared of COVID-19 (except for those blocks that were being used for quarantine facilities).
[
93
]
By 1 October less than 300 people were being housed in community care facilities, down from the almost 20,000 from the May peak.
[
94
]
However, it also became clear that controlling the disease was going to be extremely difficult. While total case numbers had continued to decline, unlinked community cases had begun to edge up and some dorms that had been cleared of infection were once again put on lockdown. A significant milestone was achieved on 13 October when it was announced that, for the first time since March, there were no local cases of infection. This was followed shortly by 16 October, when the number of active cases fell to less than 100 – the first time since 12 March,
[
95
]
[
96
]
and by 25 November, when it was announced that there were no active clusters for the first time since the pandemic began.
[
97
]
On 24 December, Singapore confirmed its first case of the
Alpha variant
.
[
98
]
With Singapore entering the COVID 2020 Phase 3 on 31 December 2020, 2 new clusters were formed out of the 5 community cases reported that day, all of whom were linked to the marine sector.
[
99
]
Two additional clusters were formed on 17 and 19 January 2021; the first was from 2 community cases linked to a para-vet working with the Singapore Police Force's K-9 unit,
[
100
]
with the second from 2 community cases linked to a worker at Golden Bridge Foods Manufacturing.
[
101
]
Another cluster consisting of four community cases linked to an employee at BS Industrial & Construction Supply was formed on 20 January.
[
102
]
After banning short term arrivals in March, imported cases fell dramatically. However, since the beginning of July, there was a steady trickle of imported cases as the government loosened arrival requirements, with the majority of cases arriving from India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. January 2021 saw a sharp spike in imported cases, of which foreign domestic workers formed the bulk due to the high demand for them amidst the pandemic.
[
103
]
Delta wave of COVID-19 (2021)
[
edit
]
On 23 April 2021, Singapore tightened restrictions due to the rising
Delta wave of COVID-19
. 2 new localised clusters were identified on 21 and 24 April;
[
104
]
the first was a household cluster of 3 community cases linked to a 43-year-old Indian national and work pass holder who was possibly re-infected,
[
105
]
while the second was involved a 45-year-old permanent resident whose parents had travelled to India
[
106
]
On 29 April, a new household cluster was formed out of 7 community cases that were linked to a 38-year-old Singaporean ICA officer working at
Changi Airport
, with another cluster formed out of 8 community cases linked to a 46-year-old Filipino nurse working at
Tan Tock Seng Hospital
.
[
107
]
It was announced that Singapore would temporarily revert to Phase 2 from 8 May, but because of the rising Delta variant at Changi Airport Terminal 3, Jurong East (Jem) and several institutes of education, it was tightened to Phase 2 Heightened Alert from 16 May to 13 June.
[
108
]
[
109
]
Dining-in would no longer be allowed, and the maximum number of persons in a social gathering would be further reduced to two, among other restrictions.
[
110
]
MOE also announced that all Singapore primary schools, secondary schools and junior colleges were to move to full home-based learning starting on 19 May.
[
111
]
After a decline in community cases, it was announced that Singapore would re-enter "Phase 3 Heightened Alert", with re-opening to commence in two stages. The first stage would begin on 14 June with the limit on social gatherings increased to 5 people, while the next stage would begin on 21 June with the resumption of dining-in with 5 people.
[
112
]
MOE further announced that Primary 4–6, Secondary 3–5, and junior college and Millennia Institute students would be able to return to school on 28 June, and Secondary 1–2 students on 1 July; all students from other levels would return on 6 July.
[
113
]
However, a new cluster was formed at the 115 Bukit Merah View Market and Food Centre that was linked to a 74-year old store owner who tested positive on 9 June, which resulted in a fresh surge of community cases. Consequently, the second stage of re-opening was adjusted so that only 2 persons would be allowed for dining-in.
[
114
]
With the stabilisation of community infections in early July 2021, it was announced that dining-in with groups of up to 5—along with wedding receptions—would resume on 12 July.
In mid-July 2021, a new cluster was formed at several
KTV lounges
out of 3 community cases linked to a short-term visit pass holder from Vietnam who first tested positive on 11 July, leading to another massive surge in cases.
[
115
]
[
116
]
[
117
]
Another new cluster that contributed to the surge was formed on 16 July at Jurong Fishery Port, thereby it reverted to the semi-lockdown called "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 22 July to 10 August.
[
118
]
On 6 August 2021, it was announced that due to Singapore having successfully vaccinated 66% of its population, restrictions would be eased in two phases; from 10 August, dining-in at restaurants would resume with a limit of up to 5 fully-vaccinated persons, while the limit for non-vaccinated persons and dining-in at
hawker centres
would remain at 2. From 19 August, half of employees currently
remote working
could return to offices.
[
119
]
The following weeks saw another steep rise in dormitory and community cases with the formation of new clusters at North Coast Lodge on 23 August and Bugis Junction on 24 August,
[
120
]
[
121
]
as well as 8 bus interchanges.
[
122
]
In this situation, Singapore has only been able to toggle between 2 and 5 person gatherings and are unable to ease back to 8 person gatherings from 8 May 2021 all the way to 28 March 2022. Singapore has removed restrictions relating to
Variant of Concern
from 29 March 2022.
Just after Singapore's COVID-19 vaccination rates increased to 80%, cases rose rapidly by 500 - 1,000 on 30 August 2021, after the public feedback, MOH has announced that Singapore will enter the Stabilisation Phase, dining-in group size at F&B outlets are reduced to two vaccinated people from the current five. Singapore has abandoned the zero-COVID strategy. When the situation improved, dining-in were reverted to five persons who are from the same household, then from 22 November, Singapore had entered Transition Phase after two months, dining-in were reverted to five vaccinated persons and hawker centres and coffeeshops joined the five vaccinated persons strategy, if checks took place.
[
123
]
The government did not ease any
remote work
until the introduction of Workforce Vaccination Measures (WVM), those coming back to work were complemented by ART testing on weekends only. In addition, Singapore has changed the "clusters" to "Health Risk Warning (HRW)", where those who are close contact will have to take Antigen Rapid Testing (ART) under Protocol 3, those who took 5-day MC and on self-isolation/quarantine, hence those who are under Protocol 2.
[
124
]
[
125
]
From 1 October 2021, MOH announced that it would unveil COVID-19 maps daily showing where COVID-19 cases have visited frequently. The first map released on 1 October, had 12 sub-zones shown which were frequently visited by infected cases.
[
126
]
Omicron waves of COVID-19 (2022)
[
edit
]
On 4 January 2022, the week-on-week infection increase rate crossed 1 in Singapore. This has happened for the first time in approximately two months since the COVID-19 Omicron variant cases increased in the city-state. As per statistics, most of the cases detected on each day have entered Singapore from abroad, precisely, 502 out of 842 cases. Despite the increase in cases, hospitalization in Singapore has remained low, with more ICU beds available than in use.
[
127
]
Following reports that the current wave was subsiding, MOH announced that COVID-19 safety measures would be streamlined, effective from 15 March 2022 onwards.
[
128
]
On 29 March 2022, the measures were further eased, with the limit on group sizes and dining-in increased to 10, masks made optional outdoors and the full reopening of borders for fully-vaccinated travellers, as well as the lifting of restrictions on live performances.
[
129
]
On 22 April 2022, MOH announced that due to the stabilising situation, it would lower the DORSCON level to Yellow from 26 April onwards; limits on group sizes would be removed, and TraceTogether and SafeEntry would cease operations at most settings.
[
21
]
In addition, the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) announced on 24 April that it would gradually reduce the number of safe-distancing ambassadors on patrol.
[
130
]
On 15 May 2022, three cases in the community were found to be infected with
the new BA.4 and BA.5 sub-variants
.
[
131
]
Health Minister Ong Ye Kung predicted that the next wave would arrive in July or August 2022.
[
132
]
As the situation stabilised in late August, it was announced that safety measurements would be further eased, with masks only required for transportation that is meant for public access (e.g.
Mass Rapid Transit
, Light Rail Transit, Causeway Link, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit, ComfortDelGro, Strides Transportation, TransCab, Sentosa Express, Changi Airport Skytrain and those shopping mall services) and healthcare facilities; non fully-vaccinated travellers to Singapore would also no longer be required to serve a 7-day SHN.
[
133
]
The first week of October 2022 saw an increase in cases due to the F1 Grand Prix.
[
134
]
On 6 October 2023, Health Minister Ong Ye Kung announced that Singapore was experiencing another COVID-19 infection wave, with the recent spate of cases mostly driven by two variants, EG.5 and its sub-lineage HK.3. Both of these are descendants of the XBB Omicron variant. These two variants accounted for over 75% of the daily cases in Singapore. The estimated daily cases had risen from about 1,000 in the second week of September 2023 to about 2,000 in the following two weeks.
[
135
]
On 22 December 2023, Health Minister Ong Ye Kung indicated that the latest wave of COVID-19 cases in Singapore had possibly peaked and there was therefore no need for additional measures, such as a mask mandate, to be implemented. The seven-day moving average estimated daily number of COVID-19 cases in Singapore had dropped in the days before — it had decreased from 7,730 on 17 December 2023 to 6,820 the following day, and then 6,530 on 19 December 2023.
[
136
]
FLiRT waves of COVID-19 (2024)
[
edit
]
On 18 May 2024, it was reported that there had been a near-doubling of COVID-19 cases from the previous week, with the estimated number of COVID-19 infections increasing from 13,700 to 25,900 week-on-week. The KP.1 and KP.2 strains of the COVID-19 virus accounted for more than two thirds of cases in Singapore at the time. The two strains belong to the
FLiRT group of COVID-19 variants
, which are descendants of the JN.1 variant.
[
137
]
The authorities took cautious measures as the economy began to reopen to more regular outside travellers in August 2020. Travellers who did not quarantine in a dedicated facility would have to wear an electronic tag throughout the 14-day period.
[
138
]
Singapore also implemented a Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) with Malaysia, allowing limited travel between the two countries. Later in the month, arrivals from certain countries had their 14-day quarantine reduced to 7 days; those arriving from Brunei and New Zealand who were tested negative upon arrival would be allowed in without any quarantine.
[
139
]
On 30 September 2020, the Singapore government announced that the country will lift border restrictions for some visitors from
Australia
, excluding
Victoria state
, and
Vietnam
, beginning from 8 October 2020;
[
140
]
quarantine requirements for Victoria state and mainland China were cancelled on 6 November.
[
141
]
In October 2020, then-Minister of Transport
Ong Ye Kung
suggested that Singapore would be looking to open travel bubbles with various countries such as those with similar risk profiles, but also for those countries from higher risk locations.
[
142
]
One such travel bubble between Singapore and Hong Kong was to have started on 22 November; initially postponed to 2021 due to the resurgence of
COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong
,
[
143
]
it was eventually cancelled in August 2021 due to conflicting strategies between the city-state. Singapore cancelled the quarantine arrangement for Hong Kong and Macao, allowing all arrivals quarantine-free under the Air Travel Pass (ATP).
[
144
]
[
145
]
This came 9 months after Singapore cancelled the quarantine requirement for China.
To stop the spread of COVID-19, the COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) Act 2020 and its Control Order Regulations 2020
[
146
]
was brought into force. These rules banned gatherings and led some to be charged in court,
[
147
]
fined or even jailed for offences related to these laws.
[
148
]
[
149
]
A number of people who were on work passes have had their passes revoked and have also been permanently banned from working in Singapore.
[
150
]
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an unofficial
moratorium
on all
executions in Singapore
for two years, although there are still new death sentences imposed in several capital cases (including convicted murderer
Teo Ghim Heng
) during the moratorium.
[
151
]
The first person to be sentenced to death during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore was Punithan Genasan, a 37-year-old Malaysian who was also the first to be sentenced to death on 15 May 2020 via a remote court hearing on video-conferencing platform
Zoom
.
[
152
]
Punithan, who was convicted of
drug trafficking
, was later acquitted on 31 October 2022 upon appeal.
[
153
]
Eventually, the Singapore government carried out its first execution on 30 March 2022 by hanging 68-year-old Singaporean drug trafficker
Abdul Kahar Othman
, thus ending the city-state's moratorium on capital punishment.
[
154
]
So far, 17 executions (11 in 2022, five in 2023 and one in 2024) were carried out as of 28 February 2024.
[
155
]
[
156
]
[
157
]
[
158
]
One of them was
Saridewi Djamani
, the first woman to be executed since 2004 and
Ahmed Salim
, the first convicted murderer to be hanged since 2019.
[
159
]
[
160
]
After the execution of Ahmed on 28 February 2024, the Singaporean authorities released an official statement and clarified that the COVID-19 pandemic was not the reason behind the two-year pause on executions, but due to the convicts still in the process of appeal or other lawsuits related to their sentences, and the execution could be only be scheduled and carried out once an inmate had exhausted all avenues of appeal available in his case.
[
161
]
Also, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (especially during the lockdown), virtual court hearings were made through digital video-conferencing platforms (notably Zoom) to hear court cases, which replaced physical court hearings for some cases. The first fully virtual court hearing was made via Zoom on 23 April 2020, when the
Court of Appeal
acquitted
27-year-old
Mohammad Azli Mohammad Salleh
of
drug trafficking
and overturned his death sentence.
[
162
]
[
163
]
The pandemic was forecasted to have a significant impact on the local economy. On 17 February 2020, the
Ministry of Trade and Industry
(MTI) downgraded Singapore's forecast
GDP growth
to between −0.5% and 1.5%.
[
164
]
This is largely due to the fall in tourism and social distancing restrictions.
[
164
]
On 26 March, MTI said it believed that the economy would contract by between 1% and 4% in 2020. This was after the economy shrank some 2.2% in the first quarter of 2020 from the same quarter in 2019.
[
165
]
On 26 May, the Singapore economy contracted 0.7%YoY, which was better than the expected contraction of 2.2%. However, MTI said that it was revising down its expectation for the Singapore economy in 2020 to shrink by 4% to 7%.
[
166
]
Economists were behind the curve in downgrading their numbers. The IMF for example, predicted in October 2019 that growth in 2020 would be 1%, but as a result of COVID-19, had changed their expectation in October 2020 to a contraction of 6%.
[
167
]
[
168
]
Other institutions initially expected the economy to expand but had to revise their numbers.
[
169
]
On 2 April 2020, the rating's agency Moody's downgraded the Singapore banking sector from "stable" outlook to a "negative" outlook on the back of rising bad loans and deteriorating profitability as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
[
170
]
It was estimated by the economist Chua Hak Bin, the lockdown "circuit breaker" beginning on 7 April could impact the economy to the tune of S$10 billion.
[
171
]
With the lockdown imposed on foreign workers, there were concerns that there could be delays in construction work of up to six months.
[
172
]
Senior Minister of State
Chee Hong Tat
announced that some 3,800 companies had closed in April 2020, only slightly higher than the 3,700 reported on average for the same month in the past 5 years. Though he warned that this would likely rise in the coming months. Despite this only small increase in companies shutting down, the number of companies starting up had declined by about a third from the average April since 2015.
[
173
]
On 6 April 2020, it was announced in
Parliament
that
Changi Airport
Terminal 2
would be suspended from 1 May 2020 for 18 months due to the ongoing pandemic.
[
174
]
Terminal 4
would later be suspended on 16 May indefinitely as well, with the aim to restart operations when travel demand returns.
[
175
]
The suspension of Terminal 2 would also allow the ongoing expansion work which was announced in January 2020 to be completed up to a year ahead of schedule in 2023 instead of 2024.
[
176
]
The airlines which were operating from these two terminals were largely consolidated into the remaining Terminals 1 and 3, with some airlines remained suspended until further notice.
[
177
]
In November 2020, the MTI announced Singapore's economy contracted 5.8% in the third quarter from the same period in 2019. It also expected the economy to shrink contract by between 6% and 6.5% in 2020, though in 2021 it expected an expansion of between 4% and 6% next year.
[
178
]
Data released by the
Ministry of Manpower
showed that total employment contracted by 57,000 in 2020, which was the biggest drop since SARS in 2003.
[
179
]
Foreign workers were vulnerable to being let go during the crisis as support measures such as the Jobs Support Scheme were primarily targeted as subsidising the wages of
local
staff not all employees. There were some 22,200 fewer foreign employees (excluding domestic workers) between December 2019 and March 2020.
[
180
]
Ministry of Manpower reported that unemployment in the first quarter of 2020 rose to 2.4 per cent from 2.3 per cent the quarter previously, the highest in a decade, while among Singaporeans it rose from 3.3 per cent to 3.5 per cent.
[
181
]
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, various companies like Resorts World Sentosa reduced a significant amount of its workforce.
[
182
]
[
183
]
Local firms had to take aggressive action to deal with effects of the pandemic. For example, on 10 September 2020, Singapore Airlines announced that it would cut around 4,300 positions across its group.
[
184
]
On 15 September 2020, United Overseas Bank announced that it was limiting hiring.
[
185
]
The overall inflation dropped to 0.3% in February 2020 on a year-by-year basis. Core inflation, which excludes the costs of accommodation and private road transport, dropped to −0.1%, the first time this decade that core inflation turned negative. This was also due to supply chains being disrupted due to COVID-19.
[
186
]
On 9 March 2020, the
Straits Times Index
fell
6.03% owing to the impact of COVID-19, made worse by the
oil price war
.
[
187
]
The Index dropped again three days later by 3.8% after more measures were announced with the
World Health Organization
declaring a pandemic.
[
188
]
The
Monetary Authority of Singapore
(MAS) brought forward its twice year meeting from some time in April to 30 March 2020.
[
189
]
The MAS has since decided to ease the Singapore dollar's appreciation rate to zero per cent, as well as adjust the policy band downwards, the first such move since the
2008 financial crisis
. This makes it the first time the MAS had taken these two measures together.
[
190
]
Unusually, on 6 April, the central bank also announced that it would bring forward its disclosure of foreign exchange intervention to 9 April. It was previously scheduled to be published in June.
[
191
]
In September, Citi argued that a downward re-centring for the Singapore dollar nominal effective exchange rate (S$NEER) in October 2020 could still take place.
[
192
]
As one of the industries greatly affected by the pandemic, tourism in Singapore had fallen, with the
Singapore Tourism Board
only just welcoming its largest increase in visitor arrivals the year preceding the outbreak.
[
193
]
As with virtually every other country, travel restrictions were imposed on Singapore by several countries.
[
194
]
In response, Prime Minister
Lee Hsien Loong
encouraged Singaporeans to go on a local 'staycation' to mitigate the fall in demand for tourism.
[
195
]
The retail sector was also affected due to a large reliance in spending from tourists, though it had been steadily recovering since the transition to Phase 3.
[
196
]
The Connect@Singapore initiative, which allows short-term stays for the purposes for business travel, was announced in December 2020 by the
Ministry of Trade and Industry
(MTI) and launched on 1 April 2021 in an attempt to revitalise the nation's airline and hospitality sectors by re-opening borders safely.
[
197
]
[
198
]
On 8 May 2021, the UK announced that it would allow people in England to resume international travel from 17 May, but would limit the number of destinations open for quarantine-free holidays to just a handful of countries as it cautiously eases lockdown restrictions. Singapore was amongst the select few countries which made the list for such travel, in a system that will be reviewed every three weeks.
[
199
]
Air travel bubbles (ATB)
[
edit
]
The first of several bilateral quarantine-free travel schemes launched by the government was the "air travel bubble", in which both countries agree to allow quarantine-free travel strictly between the two.
With New Zealand and Brunei
[
edit
]
On 1 September 2020, applications for "green lane" travel bubbles for travellers from New Zealand and Brunei were opened. Visitors from those 2 countries would be required to take a COVID-19 test on arrival at Changi Airport and self-isolate until they received a negative test result, but otherwise did not have to stay in quarantine upon arrival in Singapore. This was provided they have remained in the country for the last consecutive 14 days prior to their visit to Singapore.
[
200
]
[
201
]
Following a resurgence in COVID-19 cases in Singapore, Brunei suspended its "green lane" travel bubble on 20 May 2021.
[
202
]
In August 2021, it was announced that Singapore's would launch its first quarantine-free travel lanes for vaccinated passengers from Brunei and Germany on 8 September.
[
203
]
On 11 November 2020, Hong Kong and Singapore agreed to launch a "travel bubble" to kickstart tourism between the countries without a need to quarantine.
[
204
]
It was hoped that having a quarantine-free travel would boost tourism and business between the two Asian hubs cities, though anyone travelling between the two cities was required to have a valid negative test result for COVID-19 before their flight.
[
205
]
The travel bubble was scheduled to start on 22 November 2020. However, the day before the launch, both cities announced that it would be deferred by two weeks until early December, in response to a sudden spike in new infections in Hong Kong.
[
206
]
[
207
]
[
208
]
On 1 December, the launch date was deferred again to beyond December 2020. On 14 December, Singapore increased Hong Kong's quarantine duration to 14 days, up from the previous 7 day arrangement. This showed the complexities involved in opening up, even between countries which had coronavirus infections under control. On 29 March 2021, Singapore resumed discussions with Hong Kong after the latter city experienced a significant decline in its daily local COVID-19 cases.
[
209
]
On 26 April, both Singapore and Hong Kong confirmed that the air travel bubble would officially re-launch on 26 May.
[
210
]
[
211
]
However, after a spike in local infections triggered fresh restrictions in Singapore in late April, Singapore's government stated on 6 May that it would assess any potential changes to the travel bubble.
[
212
]
It was eventually announced in August 2021 that the travel bubble would be cancelled,
[
145
]
though quarantine requirements for travellers from Hong Kong and Macao would be cancelled on 26 August.
[
213
]
This also came 9 months after Singapore had cancelled the quarantine requirement for arrivals from China.
[
214
]
Tourists from Hong Kong and Macao who have spent three consecutive weeks in those cities could apply to enter Singapore under the Air Travel Pass. They also would not need to quarantine if they test negative on arrival and isolate themselves until the test results are available.
[
215
]
Air Travel Pass (ATP)
[
edit
]
Singapore introduced the Air Travel Pass (ATP) in late 2020, which is the predecessor to the Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL) only introduced in 2021. It allowed all travellers who have stayed in specific regions to enter quarantine-free regardless of vaccination status.
The ATP was given to China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Victoria State (Australia) due to the low cases in the region. Hong Kong received it after the travel bubble was cancelled in August 2021. However, Hong Kong's ATP was later cancelled in early 2022 and replaced with the VTL (tightening restrictions), while China, Macau, and Taiwan retained the ATP until Singapore retired the VTL and allowed all vaccinated travellers to enter without being on a designated flight.
[
216
]
[
217
]
Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL)
[
edit
]
As part of Singapore's efforts to reopen its borders safely, fully-vaccinated Singaporean citizens and permanent residents would now be allowed to return to Singapore via the Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL).
[
218
]
On 9 October 2021, it was announced that Singapore would open up more VTLs with other countries, including South Korea and the United States.
[
219
]
On 24 March 2022, the
Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
(CAAS) announced the retirement of all VTLs and the reopening of borders to all vaccinated travellers from 1 April 2022.
[
220
]
With Germany and Brunei
[
edit
]
Singapore announced that it would be opening a new VTL arrangement for fully-vaccinated travellers from Germany and Brunei from 8 September 2021. Under this arrangement, travellers could enter Singapore without the need to serve a SHN upon arrival. Instead, they would undergo multiple COVID-19
polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) tests during their stay in Singapore.
[
221
]
[
222
]
On 8 November 2021, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Malaysia PM
Ismail Sabri Yaakob
announced the launch of a VTL between Singapore Changi Airport and Kuala Lumpur International Airport from 29 November 2021.
[
223
]
[
224
]
Subsequently, both nations agreed to a phased opening of a second VTL through the
Johor–Singapore Causeway
beginning on 29 November 2021 using designated bus lanes, marking the reopening of the land border between the two countries since its closure in March 2020. Only citizens, permanent residents (PRs) and long-term pass holders of the country they are visiting were allowed to access this VTL scheme.
[
225
]
The second phase, which would allow citizens of both countries to travel between them, began on 20 December 2021.
[
226
]
With Sweden and Finland
[
edit
]
Singapore included
Sweden
and
Finland
in its quarantine-free travel-lane programmes, which came into effect on 29 November 2021.
[
227
]
With Indonesia, India and the Gulf States
[
edit
]
On 15 November 2021, Singapore announced plans to establish VTLs with Indonesia and India from 29 November 2021. Singapore also plans to expand the VTL scheme to
Qatar
,
Saudi Arabia
and the
United Arab Emirates
from 6 December 2021.
[
228
]
From 16 March 2022, Singapore will open VTL access to all Indian cities.
[
229
]
Following reports of the circulation of the new
Omicron variant
, the planned VTLs with the Gulf States was deferred;
[
230
]
it was later announced that they would be launched on 25 February 2022. Bi-directional quarantine-free sea travel between Singapore and Indonesia would also resume.
[
231
]
A VTL between Singapore and Hong Kong was launched on 25 February 2022, due to the rise in cases. It differs from other VTLs as this was one-way; Hong Kong still imposed a quarantine on all arrivals. This VTL actually tightened restrictions as the previous arrangement, the Air Travel Pass (ATP), allowed all arrivals to enter Singapore quarantine-free regardless of vaccination status.
[
232
]
[
231
]
The retail industry has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the food industry. Foot traffic at shopping malls had dropped,
[
233
]
with some shops choosing to shorten their opening hours or face massive closures like
Esprit Holdings
,
Isetan
Westgate,
Liang Court
,
H&M
Tampines Mall, Topshop,
Robinsons
and Hotwind.
[
234
]
Local shopping malls saw a decline at the very start of the pandemic in early 2020, but by late February 2020, CapitaLand reported that foot traffic at malls were almost back to normal,
[
233
]
before being reduced in late-March to early-April 2020 due to the implementation of circuit breaker measures.
[
235
]
Retail sales fell during the COVID-19 pandemic from March to June, citing the circuit breaker measures as reasons. The April and May figure was the worst since records began in 1986. However, retail sales reinstated gradually in July, August and September but the process was interrupted by public places visited by cases in the community. Foot traffic will again resume back to normal fully once Singapore moves to Phase 3. Retail sales and foot traffic again fell during Phase 2 (Heightened Alert) from 3 May 2021 to 14 June 2021.
[
236
]
Because of this, several tenants pushed for rental rebates, citing significant drops in revenue.
[
237
]
This was eventually implemented by several malls, including
Jewel Changi Airport
and
CapitaLand
-owned malls.
[
238
]
[
239
]
Suntec City
also announced that it would waive the rent for all tenants for the month of April, May and June in 2020.
[
240
]
The
National Environment Agency
(NEA) also implemented rent waivers and rebates for all stallholders in hawker centres operated by NEA or NEA-appointed operators.
[
241
]
In addition, the
Great Singapore Sale
was moved online, called e-GSS.
[
242
]
Panic buying and price gouging
[
edit
]
Panic buying and price gouging of
personal protective equipment
(PPEs) such as face masks began with the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Singapore on 23 January 2020.
[
71
]
By 24 January, both
N95
and
surgical masks
had run out at retail outlets.
[
243
]
This has prompted local retailers including
NTUC FairPrice
,
Watsons
and
Guardian
to originally impose purchase limits.
[
244
]
In many areas, people began wearing of masks; but on 1 April, the number of people wearing masks had increased to 93%, with masks made mandatory by the government on 14 April. In addition, mask wearing continues to remain until the pandemic has subsided to endemic levels, with the gradual easing of masks done only in the safest outdoor and common housing environment first. The first phase of mask easing which includes outdoors settings came into force on 29 March 2022.
[
245
]
[
246
]
The second and final phase of mask easing comes on 29 August 2022; which involves the remaining settings.
The shortage of masks and other PPEs has caused many retailers to engage in profiteering by price gouging and scalping.
[
247
]
This included both local brick-and-mortar stores as well as retailers on
e-commerce platforms
.
[
247
]
[
248
]
The government has applauded platforms
Carousell
and
Qoo10
for threatening to suspend profiteers.
[
248
]
The governmental
price controller
has also issued warnings to retailers who engage in price gouging and requested information from e-commerce platforms on potential profiteers.
[
247
]
[
249
]
[
250
]
Panic buying and hoarding of essentials such as rice, instant noodles and toilet paper occurred with the raising of the DORSCON level from yellow to orange on 7 February 2020, with empty shelves at supermarkets within hours.
[
251
]
[
252
]
[
253
]
Local supermarket chain NTUC FairPrice imposed limits on the amount of essentials each consumer can buy, with these limits initially set for paper products, rice products, instant noodle packets and vegetables.
[
254
]
NTUC FairPrice and
Dairy Farm Singapore
announced that it would introduce specific hours for those members of the community who were more vulnerable such as
Pioneer Generation
members. Following the review, supermarkets are considered essential services, therefore there is no need to hoard items, it must be opened every day.
[
255
]
A second wave of panic buying and hoarding occurred on 17 March when Malaysia announced its
Movement Control Order
(MCO) from 18 March, sparked by fears of food shortages. The government clarified that the flow of goods, cargo and food supplies between Singapore and Malaysia would continue, urging the public to avoid panic buying. They added that Singapore had diverse sources of essential goods and was not facing an immediate shortage of food or essentials.
[
256
]
NTUC FairPrice has expanded its list of items that are limited per consumer to include eggs, vegetables and poultry.
[
257
]
10 days later, NTUC FairPrice expanded its list to include canned food, cooking oil and frozen meat, with reduced purchasing limits for paper products.
[
258
]
To deal with the massive increase in online shopping orders, local e-commerce platform
RedMart
on 2 April said that it would prioritise daily essentials such as milk powder, flour, eggs and rice while limiting orders to 35 items and reducing its range of goods to focus on the essentials. It also said that it would stop taking orders until 4 April to implement additional measures.
[
259
]
Ahead of tighter measures on 7 April, shoppers queued at shopping malls despite government requests for people to remain at home.
[
260
]
Egg distributors were reporting in June that they now had an oversupply of eggs and were throwing away supplies or culling laying stock.
[
261
]
Events and mass gatherings
[
edit
]
As a result of COVID-19 pandemic, many event organisers and organisations, including places of worship have switched events virtually with more than 250 persons and moving on to 50 persons in the second phase. These include COMEX, IT Show, PC Show and SITEX.
[
b
]
Thaipusam
processions had carried on but with up to 500 persons in 2020.
[
270
]
[
271
]
[
272
]
Mediacorp
postponed its
Star Awards
ceremony to 2021 and held it at Jewel Changi Airport due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
[
273
]
The
Shangri-La Dialogue
defence summit, which had been held every year in Singapore, was cancelled during the COVID-19 pandemic.
[
274
]
[
275
]
On 12 June 2020, it was announced that the
Singapore Grand Prix
, would be cancelled in both 2020 and 2021.
[
276
]
Organisers of the Marina Bay Singapore Countdown had announced on 5 November 2020 that there will be no fireworks display and countdown at
Marina Bay
, instead, light shows will be held instead together with heartland fireworks and that the event would be streamed online and on television by
Mediacorp
.
[
277
]
On 7 December 2020, organisers of the annual
World Economic Forum
event announced that they have decided to hold its 2021 annual meeting in Singapore, from 25 to 28 May, instead of its traditional home of Switzerland, which is battling a rising number of coronavirus infections.
[
278
]
[
279
]
On 3 February 2021, the organisers postponed the annual meeting to 17–20 August due to pandemic-related challenges.
[
280
]
It was eventually cancelled on 17 May, with the World Economic Forum's (WEF) citing global uncertainties caused by COVID-19 as the reason. It was added that the next annual meeting will take place in the first half of 2022, with the final location and date to be decided later.
[
281
]
On 4 May 2021, the President's Office announced that the Istana Open House on 13 May would be cancelled.
[
282
]
While it was initially announced that it would reopen on 1 August,
[
283
]
it was later decided that the event would be postponed to 28 August, in the wake of the rise of community cases in July.
[
284
]
On 30 June 2021,
Ng Eng Hen
announced that the annual
National Day Parade
at
The Float @ Marina Bay
would proceed as planned.
[
285
]
Following the return to Phase 2 (Heightened Alert), MINDEF stated that it would be postponed to 21 August, with a ceremonial parade held on 9 August.
[
286
]
On 12 July 2022, it was announced that live performances and open houses would return to the Istana.
[
287
]
Wedding ceremonies were also adversely affected by COVID-19. In Risk Level 0 (Heightened Risk), all wedding receptions are not allowed. In Risk Level 1, it was allowed with up to 50 persons without pre-event testing and 250 persons with pre-event testing. In Risk Level 2, it was allowed with up to 100 persons without pre-event testing and 250 persons with pre-event testing. Wedding ceremonies were revamped since the return to P2HA in 2021, to allow wedding receptions for all fully vaccinated persons, up to 100 guests, before raising back to 250 guests.
[
288
]
Taxi and private hire vehicles were hit by the impact of COVID-19. A S$77 million package was provided to help them tide through this period, co-funded by the
Government
, taxi and private-hire companies. In addition, a S$2.7 million fund was set up by the
Government
and
National Trades Union Congress
(NTUC) for drivers who are not eligible.
[
289
]
In view of the worsening coronavirus impact, the package will be enhanced from May 2020, extending until September 2020. This will cost an additional $95 million.
[
290
]
On 6 April, directors of the
ComfortDelGro Group
announced its board of directors would take a voluntary 20 per cent cut in directors' fees until the end of 2020.
[
291
]
Various banks have suggested that Singapore Airlines will have a loss in FY21, with
OCBC
credit analysts arguing that the airline will have to tap the markets for more funds and possibly even need state support.
[
292
]
Singapore Airlines Group, consisting of
Singapore Airlines
(SIA),
SilkAir
and
Scoot
, also announced plans to slash their capacity. Singapore Airlines slashed nearly all of the capacity until August. The news resulted in STI crashing down by 164.63 (6.83%). Scoot did likewise, grounding 47 out of the 49 planes they had in their fleet at the time.
[
293
]
It was reported on 27 March 2020, SIA received a rescue package of S$19 billion (US$13 billion).
[
294
]
Its major shareholder
Temasek Holdings
helped underwrite the package, containing S$5.3 billion of equity and S$9.7 billion of
convertible notes
.
[
294
]
Singapore's largest bank,
DBS Bank
, also extended a loan of S$4 billion to help it get over the crisis and position itself for expansion.
[
294
]
With the significant reduction in flights, Singapore Airlines agreed to provide some 300 staff to help with possible manpower shortages at hospitals in Singapore and provided some staff to deal with transport ambassadors.
[
295
]
It was announced that the airline would consolidate all their
Changi Airport
operations from 1 May 2020 to Terminal 3.
[
296
]
On 14 May 2020, Singapore Airlines announced a full year loss for Financial Year 2019–2020 of S$212 million, which the group's first loss in its 48 years of operation.
[
297
]
[
298
]
On 1 September 2020, Singapore Airlines announced plans to reinstate several destinations that have opened up travel such as Bandar Seri Begawan, Auckland, Christchurch, Taipei, Hong Kong, Macau, Hanoi, Brisbane, Perth and Sydney. For airlines, regulations for social distancing are not applicable to save costs. Mask wearing continues to be mandatory and airlines will upgrade their apps to include contact tracing. Overnight flights will also be re-introduced which allows even quieter rides.
[
299
]
On 25 June
Jetstar Asia
announced that it was cutting up to 180 people, almost a quarter of the workforce in Singapore. At the same time they would allow the retirement of five of their A320 fleet, bringing the total down to 13.
[
300
]
The Land Transport Authority announced that bidding of all
certificates of entitlement
(COEs) during the COVID-19 lockdown periods would be suspended.
[
301
]
Transport services were gradually reduced in stages. Last train timings were brought forward earlier, and transport frequencies were retained to allow safe distancing. Measures also involved the imposition of queuing at MRT station exit doors.
Cross-border bus services were impacted by Malaysia's Movement Control Order all the way until 30 April 2022, with services 160 and 170 that cross the
Causeway
to be amended to serve only local sectors of its route, while other services that were specific for the border crossing such as 170X and 950 were suspended entirely.
[
302
]
Bus services also experienced disruptions when clusters of COVID-19 infection occurred among public bus drivers, forcing both patients and colleagues who were close contacts to self-isolate. In August and September 2021, "slightly under 10%" out of a total of 9,500 bus drivers were affected, resulting in some express services being withdrawn, while waiting times increased for other routes that had to run at a reduced frequency. Bus operators sought to minimize the impact by prioritising high-demand routes, reassigning available drivers as needed.
[
122
]
[
303
]
In February 2022, another shortage of drivers occurred due to a wave of infections, and
SBS Transit
was forced to reduce the operating frequency of some routes, with double-decker buses deployed to replace single-deckers in some instances to compensate for capacity.
[
304
]
The quarantine and testing of all foreign workers in dormitories had also caused delays in the construction of various MRT projects, which was cited as a reason for the delay of the
Thomson–East Coast line
Stage 2 which was further delayed to 28 August 2021. The
Land Transport Authority
(LTA) later reported that they had yet to fully assess the length of delay on the other stages of the line as well as other ongoing projects.
[
305
]
There had also been a number of reports of individuals that capitalised on the pandemic to engage in
online scams
. In one instance, scammers pretended to be Ministry of Health (MOH) officials engaging in contact tracing,
[
306
]
which prompted the MOH and
Singapore Police Force
(SPF) to clarify that no financial details or transfer of money will be requested during contact tracing.
[
307
]
Several people were also arrested for face masks sold over the online e-commerce platform Carousell that were never fulfilled.
[
308
]
On 4 April 2020, SPF also arrested a man for suspected money-laundering offences amounting to S$10.3 million over the purchase of surgical masks and hand sanitisers that were never fulfilled.
[
309
]
The
Ministry of Social and Family Development
(MSF) and SPF were investigating possible abuses of the COVID-19 Temporary Relief Fund (TRF), which is supposed to provide financial assistance to those eligible.
[
310
]
A total of 394 COVID-19-related scams occurred between January and April 2020, with losses totalling S$1.4 million.
[
311
]
In 2021, SPF started distributing a warning about a new type of scam involving oxygen machines. The scammers reportedly exploited compromised
WhatsApp
accounts to solicit donations for the purchase of oxygen concentrator machines to be sent to India.
[
312
]
International relations
[
edit
]
Stranded Malaysia-based workers
[
edit
]
On 16 March 2020, the Malaysian government announced the start of the Movement Control Order (MCO) that took effect on 18 March 2020, preventing Malaysians that were staying in Singapore at the time, many of which were also working in Singapore, from leaving the country.
[
313
]
With approximately 300,000
Malaysians
, or almost a tenth of Singapore's labour force working in Singapore, the MCO would have been expected to significantly affect Singapore's economy, including sectors providing essential services.
[
314
]
The announcement of the MCO resulted in long queues at immigration checkpoints as Malaysian workers in Singapore scrambled to collect their belongings and return to Singapore, while Singaporeans returned home.
[
315
]
Various firms across Singapore rushed to find temporary accommodation for their workers before the MCO took effect.
[
316
]
The Singapore government advised workers to try to stay with relatives, friends, and colleagues, and seek housing in hotels, dormitories and rental flats if this was not possible.
[
317
]
The government also provided $50 for each worker per day, up to 14 days to support employers finding accommodation.
[
318
]
As of 17 March, the government announced that 10,000 Malaysian workers had been matched with temporary housing.
[
318
]
Some workers could not immediately find accommodations and resorted to sleeping in public areas.
[
319
]
In response,
Ministry of Social and Family Development
repurposed Jurong East Sports Hall into a temporary relief area for remaining Malaysian workers who were unable to find temporary accommodations immediately after the MCO took effect, while the
Ministry of Manpower
stepped up patrols to look out for such stranded workers.
[
320
]
A number of residents also stepped up to offer their spare rooms to accommodate Malaysian workers at little to no cost.
[
321
]
The MCO resulted in the suspension of all bus services between
Johor Bahru
and Singapore.
[
302
]
While the
KTMB Shuttle Tebrau
train service continued to operate between the two checkpoints, only citizens returning to their respective countries are allowed to board.
[
322
]
The lockdown also sparked fears of food shortages, triggering a second wave of panic buying and hoarding of essential items. On 26 April, Malaysia announced that Malaysians wanting to return to Malaysia will need to obtain permits from the Malaysian High Commission in Singapore. However, only 400 of such permits were issued daily.
[
323
]
Border controls and operations
[
edit
]
Singapore began to restrict travellers from entering from 29 January in a progressive manner as a response to localised outbreaks. Travellers were banned gradually in phases between January and 23 March; only people who are in essential services were allowed entry, the last phase required all travellers to undergo a "stay-home notice" (SHN) at hotels.
[
324
]
[
325
]
[
326
]
[
327
]
[
328
]
[
313
]
[
329
]
[
330
]
[
331
]
[
332
]
[
333
]
[
334
]
[
335
]
Port calls for all cruise vessels were stopped from 13 March as well.
[
336
]
[
337
]
Due to the reduced number of flights,
Singapore Changi Airport
suspended operations at Terminals 2 and 4 in April and May 2020 respectively. Terminal 4 became a Dino-themed funland and vaccination centre.
[
338
]
[
175
]
Malaysia would also shorten the operating hours of
Sultan Iskandar Building
at the
Johor Causeway
to 12 hours daily from 24 April, effectively limiting the Causeway's operating hours.
[
339
]
The
Second Link
crossing would remain open round the clock.
[
339
]
On 28 June 2020, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and then Malaysia Prime Minister
Muhyiddin Yassin
agreed that their governments would work together to establish a Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) allowing residents from both nations who hold long-term immigration passes for business and work purposes in the other country to periodically return to their home countries for short-term home leave.
[
340
]
The Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and the Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) were launched in August 2020. The RGL scheme will allow essential business and official travel between the two countries while the PCA scheme will allow Singaporean and Malaysian residents who hold long-term immigration business and work passes to enter for work purposes.
[
341
]
[
342
]
Travel bubble arrangements with Malaysia, Germany and South Korea were suspended due to emergence of COVID-19 variant of concern,
[
343
]
whereas in future, Singapore and Malaysia had plans to recognise each other's COVID-19 vaccine certificates with the goal of restoring cross-border travel.
[
344
]
Cruises were restarted in November but did not have any other port of call other than Singapore. In early December, an 83-year-old man tested positive on board and the ship had to return to Singapore a day early. Subsequent retests of the sample and additional samples proved the original test to be a false positive.
[
345
]
Repatriation efforts
[
edit
]
As the pandemic spread throughout the world, the Singapore government had organised several repatriation efforts to bring Singaporeans back from various overseas locations.
[
346
]
[
347
]
MFA and other governmental agencies subsequently brought back at least 1,000
[
c
]
Singaporeans, permanent residents, and family members stranded at other locations where there were similar lockdowns and suspension of flights: Cambodia,
[
348
]
Egypt,
[
349
]
Fiji,
[
350
]
India,
[
351
]
Iran,
[
352
]
Nepal,
[
353
]
Saudi Arabia,
[
354
]
Slovenia,
[
355
]
and the UK.
[
356
]
[
357
]
Most of the evacuees were brought back on direct flights,
[
348
]
[
349
]
[
351
]
[
354
]
[
356
]
whilst some in Fiji, Iran, Nepal, and Slovenia saw some assistance from other countries.
[
350
]
[
352
]
[
353
]
[
355
]
All evacuees had to serve a 14-day Stay Home Notice or be quarantined
[
358
]
at designated locations, such as hotels with cost borne by the government,
[
359
]
[
360
]
[
361
]
government quarantine faculties, or at home.
With flights to Wuhan suspended due to the Hubei lockdown,
Scoot
had offered two one-way flights back to Wuhan for tourists stuck in Singapore.
[
362
]
As the travel restrictions began to grow and accumulated into an ongoing ban on short-term visitors arriving or transiting through Singapore which started from 23 March,
[
335
]
Singapore had allowed visitors to transit through Singapore if they are being repatriated by various governments.
[
363
]
India had repatriated some of its citizens from Singapore in May 2020 on two separate flights.
[
364
]
[
365
]
In the same flight which Singapore Airlines brought back Singaporeans from Cambodia on 12 April, it also carried Australians heading back to Australia with Singapore being a transit point.
[
348
]
It was reported that Singapore and Bangladesh were in discussions to repatriate their respective citizens if necessary.
[
366
]
Assistance to other countries
[
edit
]
Both the Singapore government and private sector sent support packages to Indonesia, including test kits and personal protective equipment.
[
367
]
[
368
]
The Singapore government sent swabs and other supplies to Malaysia to help with sample collection and testing.
[
369
]
Temasek Foundation donated 30,000 test kits to India and this was affirmed and thanked by High Commissioner of India to Singapore, Jawed Ashraf.
[
370
]
Indian low-cost airline
SpiceJet
operated flights carrying the test kits and other medical equipment from Singapore to both
Bangalore
and
Chennai
.
[
371
]
[
372
]
In December 2020, Singapore pledged US$5 million towards COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (
COVAX
), a WHO-led global initiative aimed at securing COVID-19 vaccines for low- and middle-income countries.
[
373
]
Together with Switzerland, Singapore co-chairs "Friends of the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) Facility", which comprises the European Union and the following 14 nations: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Israel, Japan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Norway, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.
[
374
]
On 26 April 2021, the Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SICCI) and Little India Shopkeepers Association (LISHA) initiated and launched a relief fund to raise money and support India in its fight against COVID-19.
[
375
]
On 31 August 2021, Singapore agreed to support Australia by sending 500,000 doses of
Pfizer-BioNTech
to aid Australia's coronavirus battle exacerbated by Delta variant. Based on the agreement, Australia will return the doses by December 2021.
[
376
]
On 28 September 2021, Singapore sent more than 120,000 doses of the
AstraZeneca
vaccine to Batam and Riau islands of Indonesia. Similarly, Singapore sent 100,000 doses of
Moderna
to Brunei on 29 September to help them tackle the pandemic.
[
377
]
[
378
]
With the impact of COVID-19 becoming greater, it was becoming clear to analysts that Singapore would need to respond with large scale government spending.
[
379
]
In the Budget 2020, the Government provided help in four consecutive budget periods, under Unity Budget,
[
380
]
Resilience Budget,
[
381
]
Solidarity Budget
[
382
]
and Fortitude Budget.
[
383
]
All Singaporeans had $600 deposited into the bank account in 2020. In the Budget 2021, the $800 million support package was rolled out, where JSS was further increased to 50 per cent in hardest hit sectors.
[
384
]
The government announced on 4 June 2020 that they would be keeping
Central Provident Fund
contribution rates unchanged as they believed the Jobs Support Scheme would help reduce the burden on employers.
[
385
]
It was announced that the government would draw an additional S$32 billion from
past reserves
, bringing the total used to S$52 billion. In addition, another S$13 billion will be set aside for contingencies due to the pandemic.
[
386
]
Extending and enhancing the JSS, to include higher tiers of wage subsidies and lasting until August, would cost around S$2.9 billion, bringing the total cost to S$23.5 billion.
[
387
]
The government introduced a one-off Solidarity Utilities Credit of S$100 for all households since many people were
remote working
.
[
388
]
Food and beverage (F&B) and retail companies would receive up to S$10,000 as part of efforts to digitally transform their businesses, as they are likely to be seriously affected by safe distancing rules.
[
389
]
S$2 billion was committed to SGUnited Jobs and Skills Package was announced to create more jobs and traineeships.
[
390
]
To help financial institutions and FinTech companies tide over the COVID-19 pandemic, the
Monetary Authority of Singapore
(MAS) released a $125 million package to help financial institutions and FinTech companies to strengthen long-term capabilities.
[
391
]
On 14 April, the
Infocomm Media Development Authority
announced that they will launch Public Service Content worth S$8 million and fund 90% of the course fees for Self-Employed Persons under Talent Assistance (T-Assist) Programme. To reduce operating costs, the Film Exhibition and Distribution Licence Fees will be waived from 17 April.
[
392
]
Every Singaporean who would be aged 18 and above in 2020 would receive S$100 worth of SingapoRediscovers vouchers, which can be used for a variety activities to support the local tourism industry. They were planned to be usable between December 2020 and June 2021 and would be paid via SingPass.
[
393
]
Additionally,
Trip.com
has a "Pay It Forward" campaign throughout this usable period, where people can use their vouchers to pay for tourism products for various beneficiary groups.
[
394
]
When the vouchers were launched, there were some complaints from Singaporeans about the complex way the vouchers were to be redeemed.
[
395
]
On 30 April 2021, the
Singapore Tourism Board
(STB) announced that the expiry date of the SingapoRediscovers vouchers will be extended to 31 December 2021, and that improvements to the redemption process will be rolled out.
[
396
]
Discrimination against healthcare workers
[
edit
]
In February 2020, incidents were reported of healthcare workers such as nurses and ambulance drivers being ostracised, as members of the public who feared that their contact with coronavirus patients would pose an infection risk. Such acts were condemned by the authorities, who exhorted the public to show support and appreciation for their work.
[
397
]
Ride-hailing
service
Grab
announced the launch of GrabCare, a dedicated service for healthcare workers to obtain transport to and from their work places, in order to alleviate their difficulty of finding rides.
[
398
]
On 12 April 2020, CNA reported that some staff members of
Lee Ah Mooi Old Age Home
were evicted by landlords after a cluster of cases was reported at the home.
[
399
]
Living conditions at foreign worker dormitories
[
edit
]
Despite effective handling of initial waves of infection, several serious outbreaks in April have brought the situation in Singapore out of control; many analysts points to poor conditions at foreign workers dormitories as a major factor of the failure.
[
400
]
[
401
]
The pandemic brought the living conditions at foreign worker dormitories to media attention. Dormitories were reported to be unsanitary and crowded, making preventive measures like social distancing difficult.
[
402
]
Retired diplomat
Tommy Koh
criticised the living conditions, calling it "third world" and "a time bomb waiting to explode".
[
403
]
Amnesty International
called the situation a "recipe for disaster".
[
404
]
Minister for Manpower
Josephine Teo
vowed to improve the living conditions of foreign workers after the quarantine was handled.
[
405
]
While churches in the 1960s and 1970s historically championed social justice and advocacy for worker rights within the Singaporean civil society, this has declined over the years due to the rise of a middle class and a dependency on state-centric growth.
[
406
]
During the pandemic, Singaporean churches sought ways to bring about "neighbourly love" and national prayer. But some criticised this as not being enough to address the inequalities experienced by foreign workers who were disproportionately affected by the virus.
[
407
]
On 9 April, MOM said in a press release that it will improve quality of meals of foreign workers during quarantine and formed a task force to improve the living conditions of foreign workers.
[
408
]
As of 25 April 25 dormitories have been gazetted as isolation areas.
[
409
]
Some healthy workers are also progressively being moved to numerous empty premises such as
SAF
camps,
HDB
blocks, floating hotels and
Changi Exhibition Centre
.
[
410
]
[
411
]
On 16 April,
Minister for Manpower
Josephine Teo
said that there will be a "three-pronged strategy"; containing the spread, imposing lockdowns and separating workers in essential services.
[
412
]
Minister of National Development
Lawrence Wong
has said that the living standards in dormitories have steadily improved over the years, and suggested that the issue was the dormitories being designed for communal living, where migrant workers ate, lived, and cooked together, and that the initial precautions and safeguards put in place to reduce some of the non-essential activities were not sufficient.
[
413
]
The government has promised to build new dormitories that are designed with public health in mind and provide more amenities, while some workers will be temporarily moved to makeshift dormitories before the new dormitories are ready.
[
414
]
It is noted that a large majority of COVID-19 cases in Singapore are foreign workers. On 20 April, Singapore reported a peak of 1,426 new cases, of which only 16 were not migrant workers but citizens or permanent residents. Foreign workers had accounted for three-fourths of the total infections in Singapore by then.
[
400
]
Towards the end of July 2020, a spate of attempted and successful suicides among the foreign workers in dormitories raised concerns about the mental well-being of the workers on lockdown.
[
415
]
[
416
]
Authorities are monitoring the situation and are working with partners and NGOs to enhance their mental health support programmes.
[
417
]
[
418
]
Outside the lockdowns, social distancing was not required when on board public transportation, and it was not practical due to the high volume of commuters.
[
419
]
[
420
]
The
Minister of National Development
Lawrence Wong
explained that resulting reduction of passenger capacity will involve major society disruptions, such as lateness for work, more unnecessary increase of transportation, more manpower strength and enforcement. Authorities instead urged employers to allow more
remote work
and
flexible work arrangements
to reduce the demand for public transport.
[
420
]
[
421
]
With that, social distancing measures are only implemented in the lockdown periods, with stickers pasted on alternate seats to indicate that they should not be used, and auxiliary officers and transport ambassadors enforcing the rules throughout this period.
[
422
]
Public transportation has resumed pre-lockdown operations after the period of lockdown, social distancing stickers were removed on bus and train seats, allowing all seats to be used.
[
423
]
Regulations for social distancing were no longer applicable except in fixed queuing area such as in MRT stations and bus interchanges. Mask wearing continues to be mandatory in public transport and most places in Singapore. Since 29 March 2022, mask wearing is optional but still encouraged in some outdoor places in Singapore.
[
424
]
Passengers with masks with signs indicating passengers not to talk in trains
Contact tracing data privacy issues
[
edit
]
On 4 January 2021, Minister of State for Home Affairs
Desmond Tan
announced in Parliament that Bluetooth proximity data from the TraceTogether app and token could be used by the police in criminal investigations, as per the Criminal Procedure Code.
[
425
]
This resulted in significant backlash, as the announcement contradicted previous statements that the data would strictly be used for contact tracing; concerns were aired about the transparency of the government and how the personal data would be used, as well as possible infringement on the privacy of citizens. Some users even switched off their apps or left their tokens at home in protest.
[
426
]
In response, Minister-in-charge of the Smart Nation Initiative
Vivian Balakrishnan
clarified that the police could only obtain TraceTogether data through a person involved in the investigation, adding that there were plans to introduce legislation that would restrict police use of TraceTogether data to serious offences such as terrorism or murder.
[
427
]
The
COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) (Amendment) Bill
was passed on 2 February, which included a possible extension of the COVID-19 Control Order to next year and beyond if the situation does not improve or worsens, as well as the removal of
SafeEntry
/TraceTogether data at the end of the pandemic.
[
428
]
Home based businesses
[
edit
]
During the initial announcement of
circuit breaker lockdown measures
restricting movement and business activities, inclusive of home-based businesses, in 2020. There was initial confusion over the measures affecting home-based food-business
[
429
]
and former television actress
Ateeqah Mazlan
was shown in social media attempting to get responses from the relevant authorities.
[
430
]
The measures affected the Malay community as such home-based food-business are an important source of income for the community during
Ramadan
.
[
431
]
[
432
]
[
433
]
It was later clarified by the
Ministry of Trade and Industry
, the
Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources
, the
Housing and Development Board
(HDB) and the
Urban Redevelopment Authority
in a joint statement saying that home-based food-business need to meet certain criteria to operate during the lockdown measures.
[
430
]
This led to a Change.org petition asking HDB relax the rules for home-based food business during the lockdown measures which had more than 69,000 signatures.
[
433
]
Minister for Social and Family Development
and
Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs
Masagos Zulkifli
was alarmed at the petition, citing home-based food-business operators who tried to get exceptions are "irresponsible" and that "they know the Government cannot make exceptions to any sector affected in the tighter circuit breaker period".
[
430
]
[
433
]
[
434
]
He asked for operators's cooperation and understanding and listed how had home-based food business operators been supported since the measures were implemented.
[
430
]
President
Halimah Yacob
, in a Facebook post, drew attention that such home-based food-business are important to their families due to their constraints and that it was the most profitable and important period to earn and save for them. She also noted that she often patronised such home-based food business.
[
431
]
After a few days,
National Development Minister
Lawrence Wong
eased the lockdown measures for home-based food-business operators if they followed certain safety measures such as contactless delivery of orders, among other things.
[
434
]
During Parliament,
Intan Azura Mokhtar
spoke up for the home-based food-business and asked why the government decided to “back-pedal” on the measures which Masagos denied, saying it had to make “tough choices between preserving livelihoods and preserving life itself”.
[
434
]
Assistant Professor Walid Jumblatt Abdullah, a political scientist from
Nanyang Technological University
, said Halimah might have posted the post due to possible strong reactions from the Malay-Muslim community and their unhappiness that Masagos's response showed "a government decree must not be questioned and must be followed to the letter".
[
434
]
Researchers Faizal Yahya and Mohamad Shamsuri Juhari from the
Institute of Policy Studies
research centre said that Masagos's response need to be examined with the context of “prevailing uncertainties” and the links between health, safety and economic activities.
[
434
]
COVID-19 pandemic in Asia
Public health mitigation of COVID-19
Treatment and management of COVID-19
Living with COVID-19
^
From 10 January 2022, dormitory cases were re-classified together with community cases under "local cases" on the MOH website.
^
[
262
]
[
263
]
[
264
]
[
265
]
[
266
]
[
267
]
[
268
]
[
269
]
^
Distribution of people evacuated by countries:
Slovenia: 1
Egypt: 244
India: 699
Saudi Arabia: 85
Fiji: 7
Total: 1,016
^
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"COVID-19: Additional safe distancing measures implemented on public transport"
.
CNA
.
Archived
from the original on 12 April 2020
. Retrieved
10 April
2020
.
^
"Safe distancing stickers on public transport removed as circuit breaker ends | Video"
.
CNA
. 1 June 2020
. Retrieved
6 June
2020
.
^
"Social gatherings pose 'a different magnitude of risk' of Covid-19 compared to contact on public transport: Lawrence Wong"
.
The Straits Times
. 8 June 2020
. Retrieved
5 September
2020
.
^
"Singapore Police Force can obtain TraceTogether data for criminal investigations: Desmond Tan"
.
CNA
. Retrieved
4 January
2021
.
^
"The Big Read: What's the big deal with data privacy? Thorny, complex issues confront citizens and governments"
.
CNA
. Retrieved
3 February
2021
.
^
"Legislation to be introduced setting out serious offences for which TraceTogether data can be used for police probe"
.
CNA
. Retrieved
3 February
2021
.
^
"Bill restricting use of TraceTogether data for serious crimes passed by Parliament"
.
CNA
. Retrieved
3 February
2021
.
^
Tan, Sue-Ann (26 April 2020).
"Coronavirus: Home bakers cannot operate under circuit breaker rules"
.
The Straits Times
.
ISSN
0585-3923
. Retrieved
26 April
2025
.
^
a
b
c
d
Kamil, Asyraf (27 April 2020).
"
'Irresponsible' to incite home-based businesses to put pressure on Government to grant exceptions, says Masagos"
.
TODAY
. Retrieved
26 April
2025
.
^
a
b
Lai, Linette (1 May 2020).
"Home-based businesses an important source of income for many families: President Halimah"
.
The Straits Times
.
ISSN
0585-3923
. Retrieved
26 April
2025
.
^
"Announcement by Mufti of Singapore on the beginning of Ramadan for Muslims in Singapore"
.
Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura
. Retrieved
26 April
2025
.
^
a
b
c
Yong, Clement (29 April 2020).
"Help available for home-based food operators, Covid-19 circuit breaker measures may be eased in time for Hari Raya: Masagos"
.
The Straits Times
.
ISSN
0585-3923
. Retrieved
26 April
2025
.
^
a
b
c
d
e
Lim, Kimberly (9 May 2020).
"Did Singapore's president help save the day for home businesses?"
.
South China Morning Post
. Retrieved
26 April
2025
.
Media related to
COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
at Wikimedia Commons
Worldwide Coronavirus Map, confirmed Cases
– Map the route paths of coronavirus confirmed cases.
Updates on COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Local Situation – Ministry of Health (Singapore)
The Straits Times digital graphics tracker of cases in Singapore (updated daily)
Official Update of COVID −19 Situation in Singapore
CNA's COVID-19 clusters
CNA's COVID-19 map
The Straits Times article tracking every single case in Singapore
CoronaTracker
– Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Singapore
Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases
and
historical data
by
Johns Hopkins University
Singapore travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic
Covid-19: Singapore schools tackle mental health amid pandemic stress | ||||||||||||
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore)
- [1 Government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Government_response)
Toggle Government response subsection
- [1\.1 Circuit breaker measures and gradual re-opening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Circuit_breaker_measures_and_gradual_re-opening)
- [1\.2 Contact tracing technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Contact_tracing_technologies)
- [1\.3 Vaccination campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Vaccination_campaign)
- [2 Epidemiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Epidemiology)
Toggle Epidemiology subsection
- [2\.1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Background)
- [2\.2 Cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Cases)
- [2\.2.1 Initial wave of COVID-19 (2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Initial_wave_of_COVID-19_\(2020\))
- [2\.2.2 Delta wave of COVID-19 (2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Delta_wave_of_COVID-19_\(2021\))
- [2\.2.3 Omicron waves of COVID-19 (2022)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Omicron_waves_of_COVID-19_\(2022\))
- [2\.2.4 FLiRT waves of COVID-19 (2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#FLiRT_waves_of_COVID-19_\(2024\))
- [2\.2.5 Cautious reopening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Cautious_reopening)
- [3 Domestic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Domestic_impact)
Toggle Domestic impact subsection
- [3\.1 Legal impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Legal_impact)
- [3\.2 Economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Economic_impact)
- [3\.2.1 Employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Employment)
- [3\.2.2 Inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Inflation)
- [3\.2.3 Stocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Stocks)
- [3\.2.4 Monetary policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Monetary_policy)
- [3\.3 Tourism industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Tourism_industry)
- [3\.4 Air travel bubbles (ATB)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Air_travel_bubbles_\(ATB\))
- [3\.4.1 With New Zealand and Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#With_New_Zealand_and_Brunei)
- [3\.4.2 With Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#With_Hong_Kong)
- [3\.5 Air Travel Pass (ATP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Air_Travel_Pass_\(ATP\))
- [3\.6 Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Vaccinated_Travel_Lane_\(VTL\))
- [3\.6.1 With Germany and Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#With_Germany_and_Brunei)
- [3\.6.2 With Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#With_Malaysia)
- [3\.6.3 With Sweden and Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#With_Sweden_and_Finland)
- [3\.6.4 With Indonesia, India and the Gulf States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#With_Indonesia,_India_and_the_Gulf_States)
- [3\.6.5 With Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#With_Hong_Kong_2)
- [4 Societal impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Societal_impact)
Toggle Societal impact subsection
- [4\.1 Local shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Local_shopping)
- [4\.2 Panic buying and price gouging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Panic_buying_and_price_gouging)
- [4\.3 Events and mass gatherings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Events_and_mass_gatherings)
- [4\.4 Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Transportation)
- [4\.5 Scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Scams)
- [5 International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#International_relations)
Toggle International relations subsection
- [5\.1 Stranded Malaysia-based workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Stranded_Malaysia-based_workers)
- [5\.2 Border controls and operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Border_controls_and_operations)
- [5\.3 Repatriation efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Repatriation_efforts)
- [5\.4 Assistance to other countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Assistance_to_other_countries)
- [6 Economic measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Economic_measures)
- [7 Controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Controversies)
Toggle Controversies subsection
- [7\.1 Discrimination against healthcare workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Discrimination_against_healthcare_workers)
- [7\.2 Living conditions at foreign worker dormitories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Living_conditions_at_foreign_worker_dormitories)
- [7\.3 Social distancing on public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Social_distancing_on_public_transport)
- [7\.4 Contact tracing data privacy issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Contact_tracing_data_privacy_issues)
- [7\.5 Home based businesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Home_based_businesses)
- [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#See_also)
- [9 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Notes)
- [10 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#References)
- [11 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
23 languages
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9 "جائحة فيروس كورونا في سنغافورة – Arabic")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%A1%D9%A9_%D9%84%DB%95_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1 "پەتای جیھانیی کۆڤید-١٩ لە سینگاپوور – Central Kurdish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie_in_Singapur "COVID-19-Pandemie in Singapur – German")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19_en_Singapur "Pandemia de COVID-19 en Singapur – Spanish")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1 "دنیاگیری کووید-۱۹ در سنگاپور – Persian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mie_de_Covid-19_%C3%A0_Singapour "Pandémie de Covid-19 à Singapour – French")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8 "מגפת הקורונה בסינגפור – Hebrew")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_Covid-19_di_Singapura "Pandemi Covid-19 di Singapura – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19_a_Singapore "Pandemia di COVID-19 a Singapore – Italian")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageblug_Covid-19_ing_Singapura "Pageblug Covid-19 ing Singapura – Javanese")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%B1%EA%B0%80%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%9819_%EB%B2%94%EC%9C%A0%ED%96%89 "싱가포르의 코로나19 범유행 – Korean")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemik_COVID-19_di_Singapura "Pandemik COVID-19 di Singapura – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronacrisis_in_Singapore "Coronacrisis in Singapore – Dutch")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_2020 "ਸਿੰਗਾਪੁਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੋਰੋਨਾਵਾਇਰਸ ਮਹਾਮਾਰੀ 2020 – Punjabi")
- [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_2020_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA "සිංගප්පූරුවෙහි 2020 කොරෝනාවෛරස ව්යාප්ත වසංගතය – Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore – Simple English")
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mi_koronavirus_2019_di_Singapura "Pandémi koronavirus 2019 di Singapura – Sundanese")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapur%27da_COVID-19_pandemisi "Singapur'da COVID-19 pandemisi – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_2019_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96 "Коронавірусна хвороба 2019 у Сінгапурі – Ukrainian")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapurda_COVID-19_pandemiyasi "Singapurda COVID-19 pandemiyasi – Uzbek")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch_COVID-19_t%E1%BA%A1i_Singapore "Đại dịch COVID-19 tại Singapore – Vietnamese")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85 "武漢肺炎星加坡疫情 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85 "2019冠狀病毒病新加坡疫情 – Chinese")
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| COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marina_Bay_Sands_during_Circuit_Breaker.jpg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Controlled_entry_into_Compass_One,_2020-05-16.jpg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ntuc_super_store,_Singapore_\(49505410793\).jpg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safe-distancing_measure_-_no_social_gathering_dining_together_\(49753010792\).jpg) (clockwise from top left) [Marina Bay Sands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands "Marina Bay Sands") and [ArtScience Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtScience_Museum "ArtScience Museum") lit up with messages of hope Controlled entry into [Compass One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_One "Compass One") Tables and seats cordoned off with tape Empty shelves at a [FairPrice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice "NTUC FairPrice") supermarket | |
| Disease | [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") |
| Virus strain | [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") |
| Location | [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") |
| First reported | [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), China |
| [Index case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") | [Sentosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentosa "Sentosa"), [Southern Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Islands "Southern Islands") |
| Arrival date | 23 January 2020 (4 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 6 days) |
| Confirmed cases | 3,006,155[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-1) |
| Recovered | 2,516,440 (updated 23 July 2023) [\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH-2) |
| Deaths | 2,024[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-1) |
| Fatality rate | 0\.07% |
| Vaccinations | 83%[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-vaccination2022-3) (minimum protection) 46%[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-vaccination2022-3) (up-to-date vaccination) |
| Government website | |
| [www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19](https://www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19) | |
The **COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore** was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ([SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2")). The first case in [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") was confirmed on 23 January 2020. Early cases were primarily imported until local transmission began to develop in February and March. In late March and April, COVID-19 clusters were detected at multiple migrant worker dormitories, which soon contributed to an overwhelming proportion of new cases in the country.
To stem the tide of infections, strict [circuit breaker lockdown measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") were implemented from 7 April to 1 June 2020, after which restrictions have been gradually lifted as conditions permitted.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-endingcircuitbreaker-4) A mass vaccination campaign was launched, and has been successful in achieving a very high vaccination rate, with more than 96% of the eligible populace having completed their vaccination regimen as of June 2022.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-dw-vax-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-mohvacc-6) Various measures have been taken to mass [test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") the population for the virus and isolate infected people. [Contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing") measures [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") and [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") were implemented to identify and [quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine") close contacts of positive cases.
The last record of COVID-19 cases was on 4 June 2023, which was at 2,481,404 confirmed cases, 2,456,295 recoveries and 1,727 deaths,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-worldindata-7) with a [case fatality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") of 0.08%, one of the lowest in the world.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-8) It introduced what was considered one of the world's largest and best-organised epidemic control programmes.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-10)
## Government response
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Government response")\]
Total number of people vaccinated in Singapore under NVP as of 12 April 2026 \[[refresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=purge)\]
1. Unvaccinated population (7.00%)
2. Population who are fully vaccinated[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore_mohvacc-11) (92.0%)
3. Population who have received only one dose of a two-dose vaccine[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore_mohvacc-11) (1.00%)
In response to the emerging threat, a committee known as the "Multi-Ministry Task Force" (often shortened to MMTF) was formed on 22 January 2020, comprising [Minister for Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Education (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong"), [Minister for Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Health (Singapore)") [Gan Kim Yong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan_Kim_Yong "Gan Kim Yong") as co-chairs, along with [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore "Prime Minister of Singapore") [Lee Hsien Loong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") and [Deputy Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore "Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore") [Heng Swee Keat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heng_Swee_Keat "Heng Swee Keat") as advisors. On 23 April 2021 in a cabinet reshuffle, Lee announced the appointment of [Ong Ye Kung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Ye_Kung "Ong Ye Kung") as the new [Minister for Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Health (Singapore)"), who would serve in the committee as co-chair alongside the other incumbents.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-ST22Jan-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-13) Singapore had also contributed [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_dollar "American dollar")500,000 to support the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization")'s (WHO) efforts against COVID-19.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-14)
### Circuit breaker measures and gradual re-opening
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Circuit breaker measures and gradual re-opening")\]
Main article: [2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures")
In response to the first wave of COVID-19, Singapore enacted the "COVID-19 Control Order", announcing on 3 April 2020 a stringent set of preventive measures collectively called the "circuit breaker lockdown". Initially planned to be applied from 7 April to 4 May, the circuit breaker lockdown was extended to 1 June on 21 April following continued untraced transmission within the community. The Multi-Ministry Taskforce on 19 May announced the three-phased approach to resume activities safely with the gradual re-opening of economic activities in each phase.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-endingcircuitbreaker-4)
Phase 1 lasted for 17 days from 2 June and ended on 18 June, with Phase 2 lasting for 6 months and 8 days from 19 June to 27 December. Singapore was in Phase 3 from 28 December 2020 until 7 May 2021;[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-15) following the rise of the [Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant"), it temporarily reverted to Phase 2 on 8 May,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-16) which was raised to "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 16 May to 13 June, "Phase 3 Heightened Alert" from 14 June to 21 July and "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 22 July 2021 to 9 August 2021. This was followed by "Preparatory Stage of Transition" from 10 August 2021 to 26 September 2021, reverting to Phase 2 Heightened Alert measures (dubbed the "Stabilisation Phase") from 27 September to 21 November 2021,[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-19) after which it entered the "Transition Phase" from 22 November 2021 to 25 April 2022, followed by the "COVID-19 Resilient Nation/Acute Phase" from 26 April 2022 to 12 February 2023.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH220422-21)
As of 13 February 2023, Singapore is currently in the "Endemic Phase", with the vast majority of COVID-19 restrictions lifted.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-23)
### Contact tracing technologies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Contact tracing technologies")\]
Technological solutions to facilitate contact tracing efforts were rapidly developed and deployed by the government. [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry"), a check-in system that logs the entry and exit of visitors to public places, was first introduced at selected wet markets on 24 April 2020[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-24) and subsequently expanded to include a wide range of venues in May.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-25) It was later augmented by compulsory use of [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether"),[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-26) a system originally launched on 20 March 2020[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-27) that uses [Bluetooth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth "Bluetooth") signal strengths to track the proximity and duration of encounters between people with a smartphone app or physical token.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-28) With the relaxation of most countermeasures on 26 April 2022, both systems were phased out except in the case of large events with 500 participants, food and beverages outlets, and nightlife entertainment establishments with dancing facilities.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-29) On 9 February 2023, it was announced that the use of [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") and [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") would be discontinued from 13 February.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-30)
### Vaccination campaign
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Vaccination campaign")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore")
A mass vaccination programme is currently under way following the approval and acquisition of the [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") and [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine");[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-32) in late 2021, Singapore became the world's most-vaccinated country, with more than 85% of its total population fully-vaccinated.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-dw-vax-5) As of June 2022, over 92% of the total population have completed their vaccination regimen, representing over 96% of the eligible populace.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-mohvacc-6)
## Epidemiology
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Epidemiology")\]
See also: [Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)"), [Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)"), [Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)"), [Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2023)"), and [Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore")
### Background
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Background")\]
On 31 December 2019, health authorities in China reported to the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) a [cluster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_cluster "Disease cluster") of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), Hubei,[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-AutoDW-69-33) and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-bbc50984025-34) On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern "Public Health Emergency of International Concern") (PHEIC), after mounting evidence that the [novel coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") had spread to 18 countries and completion of investigation in Wuhan.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-36)
### Cases
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Cases")\]
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, cases were traced to clusters that several cases had visited during a particular time period in the whole of Singapore.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-13FebMOH-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-SchClusters-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-45) In 2020, new cases are only at foreign worker dormitories and construction sites while Singapore had followed zero-COVID strategy.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-47) while local cases formed the bulk of new cases from April 2021, driven by [SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant"), and rose rapidly to 4-digit numbers. At the final recording dated 31 January 2023, there were 2,124,199 local cases and 92,911 imported cases.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-covidsitrep-48)[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-49) 22 February 2022 saw its highest daily count at 26,032 cases, with 24 February 2022 seeing its highest active case count at 73,540 cases; 20 October 2021, 16 November 2021 and 4 March 2022 saw its highest daily fatality count at 18 deaths.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-worldindata-7) The last recorded date of any patient in the ICU was 12 February 2023.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-50) It was only on 14 August 2020 that there were no reported community cases for the first time since June,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-51) while 1 October 2020 was the first time since April that the daily number of imported cases exceeded that of dormitory cases.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-52) 13 October 2020 was the first time in over six months that no dormitory cases were reported,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-53) with 15 June 2021 being the first time in over eleven months that no imported cases were reported.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-54) At the end of September 2021, the number of confirmed cases in Singapore exceeded the number of confirmed cases in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China"), with the country also reaching the first grim milestone of 100,000 cases on 2 October 2021. The total number of community cases exceeded that of dormitory cases on 14 October 2021, and passed 100,000 cases on 27 October 2021. Singapore also broke its monthly death record in October 2021 with 312 deaths, breaking its previous monthly death record of 40 in September 2021. The total death count exceeded 1,000 on 27 February 2022, with the total case count crossing the 1-million mark on 19 March 2022. Singapore reported its first death of a patient under 12 years old on 27 June 2022.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-55)
Internationally, the [case fatality ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") (CFR) for COVID-19 has been much lower than [SARS in 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak "2002–2004 SARS outbreak").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Imperial13March20202-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Gov.ukHCIDDef2-57) The [transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_\(medicine\) "Transmission (medicine)") of the [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") virus powering the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-WFSA2-58)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Imperial13March20202-56) However, Singapore's death rate has been one of the world's lowest, both in terms of CFR and per capita.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-60) This may be attributed to the fact that the bulk of the cases are restricted to the migrant workers living in dormitories away from the general population.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59) These migrant workers tend to be younger,[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59) with an average age of 30 years and 2 months old when surveyed in 2015, and the healthcare system was never overwhelmed.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-62) The authorities also tested the entire dormitory population for COVID-19 infection, leading to many otherwise asymptomatic infections being picked up.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-64) Research by the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") suggests that the CFR for [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") virus picks up in cases 50 years of age and above.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-65) The elderly in the general population in Singapore have been advised to stay at home as much as possible,[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59) while resident-facing staff in old folks homes are being housed on site or separately in hotels.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-66)
Other factors contributing to Singapore's exceptionally low CFR include the country's use of extensive contact tracing and testing to identify cases, mandatory mask-wearing, and hospitalisation of all high-risk patients. Singapore has comparatively strict criteria for classifying COVID-19 deaths, counting patients who were infected with COVID but died of other causes as non-COVID deaths.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-68)
Prevalence studies on the population have shown that 4 in 1600 in the community, or about 0.25%, have previously been infected with COVID-19, while at least 47% of migrant workers living in dormitories have tested positive by [PCR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction "Polymerase chain reaction") or serological tests.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-70)
#### Initial wave of COVID-19 (2020)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Initial wave of COVID-19 (2020)")\]
National authorities began reporting suspected cases on 4 January,[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-71) however the first confirmed case was reported on 23 January, a tourist from Wuhan.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Abdullah_2020-72) Until 30 January, there were a total of 13 confirmed cases, all of whom were visitors to Singapore from China.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-74) The first case involving a Singaporean was confirmed on 31 January after returning from Wuhan.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-75) Contact tracing procedures were put in place to identify close contacts of the confirmed cases who were placed under 14-day quarantines to ring-fence the potential spread of the virus.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-77)
These imported cases eventually lead to clusters of local transmissions being formed. The first local cluster was reported on 4 February at Yong Thai Hang, a Chinese health products shop. It was identified as the locus of the infection where four women without recent history of travel to China contracted the virus.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-LocalTransmission-78) The shop was affected when a tour group from [Guangxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi "Guangxi"), China visited it along with other locations such as the Diamond Industries Jewellery Company at Harbour Drive, where another case occurred, while touring Singapore.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-79) The tour group had returned to China and the Chinese authorities had confirmed that two of the group was infected.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-LocalTransmission-78) Authorities raised the [DORSCON](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_Outbreak_Response_System_Condition "Disease Outbreak Response System Condition") level to Orange with the impending COVID-19 cases of infection,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-80)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-81) with Prime Minister Lee expressing his worry about some cases with no known chain of transmission of the infection directly from Wuhan or indirectly via cases traced in Singapore. He suggested that it might become "futile to try to trace every contact".[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-82)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Vox_SG_PM_untraced_worry-83) More clusters emerged at various locations, where there were large scale gatherings such as a business conference, [Chinese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year") dinner gatherings and church-related activities.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-84) Two clusters were linked when several cases in each cluster was found to have infected each other through [serological tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology "Serology"), the first such successful test in the world.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-first-cases-85)
In March, as the number of cases began to rise exponentially around the world, the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)") (MFA) and the [Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Education (Singapore)") (MOE) began to encourage Singaporeans to return home. Various institutes of higher learning recalled their students currently on overseas internship or exchange, and the MFA began liaising with airlines to facilitate flights to key cities when necessary during this period, to cater to demand for return flights to Singapore.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-86) This led to an increase in number of imported cases, in which over 70% of cases from 16 to 19 March were Singaporeans and long-term pass holders returning from overseas.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-87)
Plans for the [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") began in February but waited until late of March. Various mask-off activities were prohibited such as dining in and all exercise activities and many people were [remote working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") starting from early April; from 5 May till 1 June, gatherings and social visits were only allowed up to two per day. The bulk of cases began to shift from imported cases to migrant workers living in dormitories, resulting in the authorities imposing a mandatory quarantine of 20,000 migrant workers in two dormitories gazetted as isolation areas, namely the S11 Dormitory and Westlite Toh Guan.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-88) Following which, the number of cases in migrant worker dormitories began to soar as more clusters were detected in other migrant worker dormitories, reaching a single-daily high of 1,426 cases recorded amongst migrant workers on 20 April.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-89) On 21 April, the [Ministry of Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") (MOM) announced that all foreign workers in dormitories were to stop work until 4 May to curb the rising spread of COVID-19 among the groups that were hit the hardest.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-90) The number of daily cases amongst migrant workers living in dormitories gradually decreased but continued to remain in the hundreds until early August, with aggressive testing by the authorities.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-91) April also marked a shift in policy. The government stopped automatically admitting the infected in hospitals and instead created community care facilities for those who were at low risk, which allowed hospitals to focus only on those in higher risk categories. At the peak on 12 May, there were 19,667 patients in community care facilities. This allowed hospitals to reduce bed take up related to COVID-19 from more than a thousand to several hundred in a few weeks. 18 September saw the first time since the crisis spread to work dormitories that the daily dorm case number fell into single digits.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-92)
From May onwards, the vast majority of cases were reported in dormitories, with community cases never rising above 24 cases, which was reported on 11 July.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-93) Nevertheless, while numbers in the dorms remained elevated in May, 20 April in fact represented the peak of daily cases reported among dormitory workers. By August, it was clear that the situation in dormitories was being brought under control, with new daily cases among dorm workers finally falling below 100 on 11 August. On 11 August, Ministry of Manpower announced that all dormitories had been declared cleared of COVID-19 (except for those blocks that were being used for quarantine facilities).[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-94) By 1 October less than 300 people were being housed in community care facilities, down from the almost 20,000 from the May peak.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-95) However, it also became clear that controlling the disease was going to be extremely difficult. While total case numbers had continued to decline, unlinked community cases had begun to edge up and some dorms that had been cleared of infection were once again put on lockdown. A significant milestone was achieved on 13 October when it was announced that, for the first time since March, there were no local cases of infection. This was followed shortly by 16 October, when the number of active cases fell to less than 100 – the first time since 12 March,[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-96)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-97) and by 25 November, when it was announced that there were no active clusters for the first time since the pandemic began.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-98)
On 24 December, Singapore confirmed its first case of the [Alpha variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant").[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-99) With Singapore entering the COVID 2020 Phase 3 on 31 December 2020, 2 new clusters were formed out of the 5 community cases reported that day, all of whom were linked to the marine sector.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-100) Two additional clusters were formed on 17 and 19 January 2021; the first was from 2 community cases linked to a para-vet working with the Singapore Police Force's K-9 unit,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-101) with the second from 2 community cases linked to a worker at Golden Bridge Foods Manufacturing.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-102) Another cluster consisting of four community cases linked to an employee at BS Industrial & Construction Supply was formed on 20 January.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-103)
After banning short term arrivals in March, imported cases fell dramatically. However, since the beginning of July, there was a steady trickle of imported cases as the government loosened arrival requirements, with the majority of cases arriving from India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. January 2021 saw a sharp spike in imported cases, of which foreign domestic workers formed the bulk due to the high demand for them amidst the pandemic.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-104)
#### Delta wave of COVID-19 (2021)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Delta wave of COVID-19 (2021)")\]
On 23 April 2021, Singapore tightened restrictions due to the rising [Delta wave of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant"). 2 new localised clusters were identified on 21 and 24 April;[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-105) the first was a household cluster of 3 community cases linked to a 43-year-old Indian national and work pass holder who was possibly re-infected,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-106) while the second was involved a 45-year-old permanent resident whose parents had travelled to India[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-107) On 29 April, a new household cluster was formed out of 7 community cases that were linked to a 38-year-old Singaporean ICA officer working at [Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Airport "Changi Airport"), with another cluster formed out of 8 community cases linked to a 46-year-old Filipino nurse working at [Tan Tock Seng Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Tock_Seng_Hospital "Tan Tock Seng Hospital").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-108) It was announced that Singapore would temporarily revert to Phase 2 from 8 May, but because of the rising Delta variant at Changi Airport Terminal 3, Jurong East (Jem) and several institutes of education, it was tightened to Phase 2 Heightened Alert from 16 May to 13 June.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-110) Dining-in would no longer be allowed, and the maximum number of persons in a social gathering would be further reduced to two, among other restrictions.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-111) MOE also announced that all Singapore primary schools, secondary schools and junior colleges were to move to full home-based learning starting on 19 May.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-112)
After a decline in community cases, it was announced that Singapore would re-enter "Phase 3 Heightened Alert", with re-opening to commence in two stages. The first stage would begin on 14 June with the limit on social gatherings increased to 5 people, while the next stage would begin on 21 June with the resumption of dining-in with 5 people.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-113) MOE further announced that Primary 4–6, Secondary 3–5, and junior college and Millennia Institute students would be able to return to school on 28 June, and Secondary 1–2 students on 1 July; all students from other levels would return on 6 July.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-114) However, a new cluster was formed at the 115 Bukit Merah View Market and Food Centre that was linked to a 74-year old store owner who tested positive on 9 June, which resulted in a fresh surge of community cases. Consequently, the second stage of re-opening was adjusted so that only 2 persons would be allowed for dining-in.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-115) With the stabilisation of community infections in early July 2021, it was announced that dining-in with groups of up to 5—along with wedding receptions—would resume on 12 July.
In mid-July 2021, a new cluster was formed at several [KTV lounges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke "Karaoke") out of 3 community cases linked to a short-term visit pass holder from Vietnam who first tested positive on 11 July, leading to another massive surge in cases.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-116)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-117)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-118) Another new cluster that contributed to the surge was formed on 16 July at Jurong Fishery Port, thereby it reverted to the semi-lockdown called "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 22 July to 10 August.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-119)
On 6 August 2021, it was announced that due to Singapore having successfully vaccinated 66% of its population, restrictions would be eased in two phases; from 10 August, dining-in at restaurants would resume with a limit of up to 5 fully-vaccinated persons, while the limit for non-vaccinated persons and dining-in at [hawker centres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_centre "Hawker centre") would remain at 2. From 19 August, half of employees currently [remote working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") could return to offices.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-120) The following weeks saw another steep rise in dormitory and community cases with the formation of new clusters at North Coast Lodge on 23 August and Bugis Junction on 24 August,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-122) as well as 8 bus interchanges.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2021Aug30-123) In this situation, Singapore has only been able to toggle between 2 and 5 person gatherings and are unable to ease back to 8 person gatherings from 8 May 2021 all the way to 28 March 2022. Singapore has removed restrictions relating to [Variant of Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") from 29 March 2022.
Just after Singapore's COVID-19 vaccination rates increased to 80%, cases rose rapidly by 500 - 1,000 on 30 August 2021, after the public feedback, MOH has announced that Singapore will enter the Stabilisation Phase, dining-in group size at F\&B outlets are reduced to two vaccinated people from the current five. Singapore has abandoned the zero-COVID strategy. When the situation improved, dining-in were reverted to five persons who are from the same household, then from 22 November, Singapore had entered Transition Phase after two months, dining-in were reverted to five vaccinated persons and hawker centres and coffeeshops joined the five vaccinated persons strategy, if checks took place.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-124) The government did not ease any [remote work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") until the introduction of Workforce Vaccination Measures (WVM), those coming back to work were complemented by ART testing on weekends only. In addition, Singapore has changed the "clusters" to "Health Risk Warning (HRW)", where those who are close contact will have to take Antigen Rapid Testing (ART) under Protocol 3, those who took 5-day MC and on self-isolation/quarantine, hence those who are under Protocol 2.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-125)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-126)
From 1 October 2021, MOH announced that it would unveil COVID-19 maps daily showing where COVID-19 cases have visited frequently. The first map released on 1 October, had 12 sub-zones shown which were frequently visited by infected cases.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-127)
#### Omicron waves of COVID-19 (2022)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Omicron waves of COVID-19 (2022)")\]
On 4 January 2022, the week-on-week infection increase rate crossed 1 in Singapore. This has happened for the first time in approximately two months since the COVID-19 Omicron variant cases increased in the city-state. As per statistics, most of the cases detected on each day have entered Singapore from abroad, precisely, 502 out of 842 cases. Despite the increase in cases, hospitalization in Singapore has remained low, with more ICU beds available than in use.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-128) Following reports that the current wave was subsiding, MOH announced that COVID-19 safety measures would be streamlined, effective from 15 March 2022 onwards.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-129) On 29 March 2022, the measures were further eased, with the limit on group sizes and dining-in increased to 10, masks made optional outdoors and the full reopening of borders for fully-vaccinated travellers, as well as the lifting of restrictions on live performances.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-130)
On 22 April 2022, MOH announced that due to the stabilising situation, it would lower the DORSCON level to Yellow from 26 April onwards; limits on group sizes would be removed, and TraceTogether and SafeEntry would cease operations at most settings.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH220422-21) In addition, the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) announced on 24 April that it would gradually reduce the number of safe-distancing ambassadors on patrol.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-131)
On 15 May 2022, three cases in the community were found to be infected with [the new BA.4 and BA.5 sub-variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant#BA.1_and_BA.2_differences "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant").[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-132) Health Minister Ong Ye Kung predicted that the next wave would arrive in July or August 2022.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-133) As the situation stabilised in late August, it was announced that safety measurements would be further eased, with masks only required for transportation that is meant for public access (e.g. [Mass Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_\(Singapore\) "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)"), Light Rail Transit, Causeway Link, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit, ComfortDelGro, Strides Transportation, TransCab, Sentosa Express, Changi Airport Skytrain and those shopping mall services) and healthcare facilities; non fully-vaccinated travellers to Singapore would also no longer be required to serve a 7-day SHN.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-134)
The first week of October 2022 saw an increase in cases due to the F1 Grand Prix.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-135)
On 6 October 2023, Health Minister Ong Ye Kung announced that Singapore was experiencing another COVID-19 infection wave, with the recent spate of cases mostly driven by two variants, EG.5 and its sub-lineage HK.3. Both of these are descendants of the XBB Omicron variant. These two variants accounted for over 75% of the daily cases in Singapore. The estimated daily cases had risen from about 1,000 in the second week of September 2023 to about 2,000 in the following two weeks.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-136)
On 22 December 2023, Health Minister Ong Ye Kung indicated that the latest wave of COVID-19 cases in Singapore had possibly peaked and there was therefore no need for additional measures, such as a mask mandate, to be implemented. The seven-day moving average estimated daily number of COVID-19 cases in Singapore had dropped in the days before — it had decreased from 7,730 on 17 December 2023 to 6,820 the following day, and then 6,530 on 19 December 2023.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-137)
#### FLiRT waves of COVID-19 (2024)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: FLiRT waves of COVID-19 (2024)")\]
On 18 May 2024, it was reported that there had been a near-doubling of COVID-19 cases from the previous week, with the estimated number of COVID-19 infections increasing from 13,700 to 25,900 week-on-week. The KP.1 and KP.2 strains of the COVID-19 virus accounted for more than two thirds of cases in Singapore at the time. The two strains belong to the [FLiRT group of COVID-19 variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLiRT "FLiRT"), which are descendants of the JN.1 variant.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-138)
#### Cautious reopening
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Cautious reopening")\]
The authorities took cautious measures as the economy began to reopen to more regular outside travellers in August 2020. Travellers who did not quarantine in a dedicated facility would have to wear an electronic tag throughout the 14-day period.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-139) Singapore also implemented a Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) with Malaysia, allowing limited travel between the two countries. Later in the month, arrivals from certain countries had their 14-day quarantine reduced to 7 days; those arriving from Brunei and New Zealand who were tested negative upon arrival would be allowed in without any quarantine.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-140) On 30 September 2020, the Singapore government announced that the country will lift border restrictions for some visitors from [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia"), excluding [Victoria state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_\(Australia\) "Victoria (Australia)"), and [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), beginning from 8 October 2020;[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-141) quarantine requirements for Victoria state and mainland China were cancelled on 6 November.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-142) In October 2020, then-Minister of Transport [Ong Ye Kung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Ye_Kung "Ong Ye Kung") suggested that Singapore would be looking to open travel bubbles with various countries such as those with similar risk profiles, but also for those countries from higher risk locations.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-143) One such travel bubble between Singapore and Hong Kong was to have started on 22 November; initially postponed to 2021 due to the resurgence of [COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong"),[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-144) it was eventually cancelled in August 2021 due to conflicting strategies between the city-state. Singapore cancelled the quarantine arrangement for Hong Kong and Macao, allowing all arrivals quarantine-free under the Air Travel Pass (ATP).[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-ST200821-146) This came 9 months after Singapore cancelled the quarantine requirement for China.
## Domestic impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Domestic impact")\]
### Legal impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Legal impact")\]
To stop the spread of COVID-19, the COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) Act 2020 and its Control Order Regulations 2020[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-147) was brought into force. These rules banned gatherings and led some to be charged in court,[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-148) fined or even jailed for offences related to these laws.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-150) A number of people who were on work passes have had their passes revoked and have also been permanently banned from working in Singapore.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-151)
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an unofficial [moratorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moratorium_\(law\) "Moratorium (law)") on all [executions in Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore "Capital punishment in Singapore") for two years, although there are still new death sentences imposed in several capital cases (including convicted murderer [Teo Ghim Heng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Ghim_Heng "Teo Ghim Heng")) during the moratorium.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-152) The first person to be sentenced to death during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore was Punithan Genasan, a 37-year-old Malaysian who was also the first to be sentenced to death on 15 May 2020 via a remote court hearing on video-conferencing platform [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications "Zoom Video Communications").[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-153) Punithan, who was convicted of [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade "Illegal drug trade"), was later acquitted on 31 October 2022 upon appeal.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-154) Eventually, the Singapore government carried out its first execution on 30 March 2022 by hanging 68-year-old Singaporean drug trafficker [Abdul Kahar Othman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kahar_Othman "Abdul Kahar Othman"), thus ending the city-state's moratorium on capital punishment.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-155) So far, 17 executions (11 in 2022, five in 2023 and one in 2024) were carried out as of 28 February 2024.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-156)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-157)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-159) One of them was [Saridewi Djamani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saridewi_Djamani "Saridewi Djamani"), the first woman to be executed since 2004 and [Ahmed Salim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Salim_\(murderer\) "Ahmed Salim (murderer)"), the first convicted murderer to be hanged since 2019.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-161)
After the execution of Ahmed on 28 February 2024, the Singaporean authorities released an official statement and clarified that the COVID-19 pandemic was not the reason behind the two-year pause on executions, but due to the convicts still in the process of appeal or other lawsuits related to their sentences, and the execution could be only be scheduled and carried out once an inmate had exhausted all avenues of appeal available in his case.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-162)
Also, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (especially during the lockdown), virtual court hearings were made through digital video-conferencing platforms (notably Zoom) to hear court cases, which replaced physical court hearings for some cases. The first fully virtual court hearing was made via Zoom on 23 April 2020, when the [Court of Appeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore "Court of Appeal of Singapore") [acquitted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal "Acquittal") 27-year-old [Mohammad Azli Mohammad Salleh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Azli_Mohammad_Salleh "Mohammad Azli Mohammad Salleh") of [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_trafficking "Drug trafficking") and overturned his death sentence.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-164)
### Economic impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Economic impact")\]
See also: [COVID-19 recession § Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession#Singapore "COVID-19 recession")
The pandemic was forecasted to have a significant impact on the local economy. On 17 February 2020, the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)") (MTI) downgraded Singapore's forecast [GDP growth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP_growth "GDP growth") to between −0.5% and 1.5%.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MTIForecast-165) This is largely due to the fall in tourism and social distancing restrictions.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MTIForecast-165) On 26 March, MTI said it believed that the economy would contract by between 1% and 4% in 2020. This was after the economy shrank some 2.2% in the first quarter of 2020 from the same quarter in 2019.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-166) On 26 May, the Singapore economy contracted 0.7%YoY, which was better than the expected contraction of 2.2%. However, MTI said that it was revising down its expectation for the Singapore economy in 2020 to shrink by 4% to 7%.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-167) Economists were behind the curve in downgrading their numbers. The IMF for example, predicted in October 2019 that growth in 2020 would be 1%, but as a result of COVID-19, had changed their expectation in October 2020 to a contraction of 6%.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-168)[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-169) Other institutions initially expected the economy to expand but had to revise their numbers.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-170)
On 2 April 2020, the rating's agency Moody's downgraded the Singapore banking sector from "stable" outlook to a "negative" outlook on the back of rising bad loans and deteriorating profitability as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-171) It was estimated by the economist Chua Hak Bin, the lockdown "circuit breaker" beginning on 7 April could impact the economy to the tune of S\$10 billion.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-172) With the lockdown imposed on foreign workers, there were concerns that there could be delays in construction work of up to six months.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-173) Senior Minister of State [Chee Hong Tat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chee_Hong_Tat "Chee Hong Tat") announced that some 3,800 companies had closed in April 2020, only slightly higher than the 3,700 reported on average for the same month in the past 5 years. Though he warned that this would likely rise in the coming months. Despite this only small increase in companies shutting down, the number of companies starting up had declined by about a third from the average April since 2015.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-174)
On 6 April 2020, it was announced in [Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore "Parliament of Singapore") that [Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport "Singapore Changi Airport") [Terminal 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Singapore_Changi_Airport#Terminal_2 "Infrastructure of Singapore Changi Airport") would be suspended from 1 May 2020 for 18 months due to the ongoing pandemic.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-175) [Terminal 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Singapore_Changi_Airport#Terminal_4 "Infrastructure of Singapore Changi Airport") would later be suspended on 16 May indefinitely as well, with the aim to restart operations when travel demand returns.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-auto2-176) The suspension of Terminal 2 would also allow the ongoing expansion work which was announced in January 2020 to be completed up to a year ahead of schedule in 2023 instead of 2024.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-177) The airlines which were operating from these two terminals were largely consolidated into the remaining Terminals 1 and 3, with some airlines remained suspended until further notice.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-178)
In November 2020, the MTI announced Singapore's economy contracted 5.8% in the third quarter from the same period in 2019. It also expected the economy to shrink contract by between 6% and 6.5% in 2020, though in 2021 it expected an expansion of between 4% and 6% next year.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-179)
#### Employment
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Employment")\]
Data released by the [Ministry of Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") showed that total employment contracted by 57,000 in 2020, which was the biggest drop since SARS in 2003.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-180) Foreign workers were vulnerable to being let go during the crisis as support measures such as the Jobs Support Scheme were primarily targeted as subsidising the wages of local staff not all employees. There were some 22,200 fewer foreign employees (excluding domestic workers) between December 2019 and March 2020.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-181) Ministry of Manpower reported that unemployment in the first quarter of 2020 rose to 2.4 per cent from 2.3 per cent the quarter previously, the highest in a decade, while among Singaporeans it rose from 3.3 per cent to 3.5 per cent.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-182)
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, various companies like Resorts World Sentosa reduced a significant amount of its workforce.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-183)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-184)
Local firms had to take aggressive action to deal with effects of the pandemic. For example, on 10 September 2020, Singapore Airlines announced that it would cut around 4,300 positions across its group.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-185) On 15 September 2020, United Overseas Bank announced that it was limiting hiring.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-186)
#### Inflation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Inflation")\]
The overall inflation dropped to 0.3% in February 2020 on a year-by-year basis. Core inflation, which excludes the costs of accommodation and private road transport, dropped to −0.1%, the first time this decade that core inflation turned negative. This was also due to supply chains being disrupted due to COVID-19.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-187)
#### Stocks
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Stocks")\]
On 9 March 2020, the [Straits Times Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Times_Index "Straits Times Index") [fell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_\(2020\) "Black Monday (2020)") 6.03% owing to the impact of COVID-19, made worse by the [oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war").[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-188) The Index dropped again three days later by 3.8% after more measures were announced with the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") declaring a pandemic.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-189)
#### Monetary policy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Monetary policy")\]
The [Monetary Authority of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore "Monetary Authority of Singapore") (MAS) brought forward its twice year meeting from some time in April to 30 March 2020.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-190) The MAS has since decided to ease the Singapore dollar's appreciation rate to zero per cent, as well as adjust the policy band downwards, the first such move since the [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis"). This makes it the first time the MAS had taken these two measures together.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-191) Unusually, on 6 April, the central bank also announced that it would bring forward its disclosure of foreign exchange intervention to 9 April. It was previously scheduled to be published in June.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-192) In September, Citi argued that a downward re-centring for the Singapore dollar nominal effective exchange rate (S\$NEER) in October 2020 could still take place.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-193)
### Tourism industry
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Tourism industry")\]
As one of the industries greatly affected by the pandemic, tourism in Singapore had fallen, with the [Singapore Tourism Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Tourism_Board "Singapore Tourism Board") only just welcoming its largest increase in visitor arrivals the year preceding the outbreak.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STBDrop-194) As with virtually every other country, travel restrictions were imposed on Singapore by several countries.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-195) In response, Prime Minister [Lee Hsien Loong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") encouraged Singaporeans to go on a local 'staycation' to mitigate the fall in demand for tourism.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-196) The retail sector was also affected due to a large reliance in spending from tourists, though it had been steadily recovering since the transition to Phase 3.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-197) The Connect@Singapore initiative, which allows short-term stays for the purposes for business travel, was announced in December 2020 by the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)") (MTI) and launched on 1 April 2021 in an attempt to revitalise the nation's airline and hospitality sectors by re-opening borders safely.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-198)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-199)
On 8 May 2021, the UK announced that it would allow people in England to resume international travel from 17 May, but would limit the number of destinations open for quarantine-free holidays to just a handful of countries as it cautiously eases lockdown restrictions. Singapore was amongst the select few countries which made the list for such travel, in a system that will be reviewed every three weeks.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-200)
### Air travel bubbles (ATB)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Air travel bubbles (ATB)")\]
The first of several bilateral quarantine-free travel schemes launched by the government was the "air travel bubble", in which both countries agree to allow quarantine-free travel strictly between the two.
#### With New Zealand and Brunei
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: With New Zealand and Brunei")\]
On 1 September 2020, applications for "green lane" travel bubbles for travellers from New Zealand and Brunei were opened. Visitors from those 2 countries would be required to take a COVID-19 test on arrival at Changi Airport and self-isolate until they received a negative test result, but otherwise did not have to stay in quarantine upon arrival in Singapore. This was provided they have remained in the country for the last consecutive 14 days prior to their visit to Singapore.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-201)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-202)
Following a resurgence in COVID-19 cases in Singapore, Brunei suspended its "green lane" travel bubble on 20 May 2021.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-203) In August 2021, it was announced that Singapore's would launch its first quarantine-free travel lanes for vaccinated passengers from Brunei and Germany on 8 September.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-204)
#### With Hong Kong
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: With Hong Kong")\]
On 11 November 2020, Hong Kong and Singapore agreed to launch a "travel bubble" to kickstart tourism between the countries without a need to quarantine.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-205) It was hoped that having a quarantine-free travel would boost tourism and business between the two Asian hubs cities, though anyone travelling between the two cities was required to have a valid negative test result for COVID-19 before their flight.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-206) The travel bubble was scheduled to start on 22 November 2020. However, the day before the launch, both cities announced that it would be deferred by two weeks until early December, in response to a sudden spike in new infections in Hong Kong.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-207)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-209) On 1 December, the launch date was deferred again to beyond December 2020. On 14 December, Singapore increased Hong Kong's quarantine duration to 14 days, up from the previous 7 day arrangement. This showed the complexities involved in opening up, even between countries which had coronavirus infections under control. On 29 March 2021, Singapore resumed discussions with Hong Kong after the latter city experienced a significant decline in its daily local COVID-19 cases.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-210) On 26 April, both Singapore and Hong Kong confirmed that the air travel bubble would officially re-launch on 26 May.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-211)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-212) However, after a spike in local infections triggered fresh restrictions in Singapore in late April, Singapore's government stated on 6 May that it would assess any potential changes to the travel bubble.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-213) It was eventually announced in August 2021 that the travel bubble would be cancelled,[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-ST200821-146) though quarantine requirements for travellers from Hong Kong and Macao would be cancelled on 26 August.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-214) This also came 9 months after Singapore had cancelled the quarantine requirement for arrivals from China.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-215) Tourists from Hong Kong and Macao who have spent three consecutive weeks in those cities could apply to enter Singapore under the Air Travel Pass. They also would not need to quarantine if they test negative on arrival and isolate themselves until the test results are available.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-216)
### Air Travel Pass (ATP)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Air Travel Pass (ATP)")\]
Singapore introduced the Air Travel Pass (ATP) in late 2020, which is the predecessor to the Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL) only introduced in 2021. It allowed all travellers who have stayed in specific regions to enter quarantine-free regardless of vaccination status.
The ATP was given to China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Victoria State (Australia) due to the low cases in the region. Hong Kong received it after the travel bubble was cancelled in August 2021. However, Hong Kong's ATP was later cancelled in early 2022 and replaced with the VTL (tightening restrictions), while China, Macau, and Taiwan retained the ATP until Singapore retired the VTL and allowed all vaccinated travellers to enter without being on a designated flight.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-217)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-218)
### Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL)")\]
As part of Singapore's efforts to reopen its borders safely, fully-vaccinated Singaporean citizens and permanent residents would now be allowed to return to Singapore via the Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL).[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-219) On 9 October 2021, it was announced that Singapore would open up more VTLs with other countries, including South Korea and the United States.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-220) On 24 March 2022, the [Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_Singapore "Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore") (CAAS) announced the retirement of all VTLs and the reopening of borders to all vaccinated travellers from 1 April 2022.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-221)
#### With Germany and Brunei
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: With Germany and Brunei")\]
Singapore announced that it would be opening a new VTL arrangement for fully-vaccinated travellers from Germany and Brunei from 8 September 2021. Under this arrangement, travellers could enter Singapore without the need to serve a SHN upon arrival. Instead, they would undergo multiple COVID-19 [polymerase chain reaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction "Polymerase chain reaction") (PCR) tests during their stay in Singapore.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-222)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-223)
#### With Malaysia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: With Malaysia")\]
On 8 November 2021, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Malaysia PM [Ismail Sabri Yaakob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Sabri_Yaakob "Ismail Sabri Yaakob") announced the launch of a VTL between Singapore Changi Airport and Kuala Lumpur International Airport from 29 November 2021.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-224)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-225)
Subsequently, both nations agreed to a phased opening of a second VTL through the [Johor–Singapore Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "Johor–Singapore Causeway") beginning on 29 November 2021 using designated bus lanes, marking the reopening of the land border between the two countries since its closure in March 2020. Only citizens, permanent residents (PRs) and long-term pass holders of the country they are visiting were allowed to access this VTL scheme.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-226) The second phase, which would allow citizens of both countries to travel between them, began on 20 December 2021.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-227)
#### With Sweden and Finland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: With Sweden and Finland")\]
Singapore included [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") and [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland "Finland") in its quarantine-free travel-lane programmes, which came into effect on 29 November 2021.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-228)
#### With Indonesia, India and the Gulf States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: With Indonesia, India and the Gulf States")\]
On 15 November 2021, Singapore announced plans to establish VTLs with Indonesia and India from 29 November 2021. Singapore also plans to expand the VTL scheme to [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar "Qatar"), [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") and the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") from 6 December 2021.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-229) From 16 March 2022, Singapore will open VTL access to all Indian cities.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-230) Following reports of the circulation of the new [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant"), the planned VTLs with the Gulf States was deferred;[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-231) it was later announced that they would be launched on 25 February 2022. Bi-directional quarantine-free sea travel between Singapore and Indonesia would also resume.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH160222-232)
#### With Hong Kong
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: With Hong Kong")\]
A VTL between Singapore and Hong Kong was launched on 25 February 2022, due to the rise in cases. It differs from other VTLs as this was one-way; Hong Kong still imposed a quarantine on all arrivals. This VTL actually tightened restrictions as the previous arrangement, the Air Travel Pass (ATP), allowed all arrivals to enter Singapore quarantine-free regardless of vaccination status.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-233)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH160222-232)
## Societal impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Societal impact")\]
### Local shopping
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Local shopping")\]
The retail industry has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the food industry. Foot traffic at shopping malls had dropped,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CapitalandTraffic-234) with some shops choosing to shorten their opening hours or face massive closures like [Esprit Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit_Holdings "Esprit Holdings"), [Isetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetan "Isetan") Westgate, [Liang Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Court "Liang Court"), [H\&M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M "H&M") Tampines Mall, Topshop, [Robinsons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons_%26_Co. "Robinsons & Co.") and Hotwind.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-TNPFood-235)
Local shopping malls saw a decline at the very start of the pandemic in early 2020, but by late February 2020, CapitaLand reported that foot traffic at malls were almost back to normal,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CapitalandTraffic-234) before being reduced in late-March to early-April 2020 due to the implementation of circuit breaker measures.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-236) Retail sales fell during the COVID-19 pandemic from March to June, citing the circuit breaker measures as reasons. The April and May figure was the worst since records began in 1986. However, retail sales reinstated gradually in July, August and September but the process was interrupted by public places visited by cases in the community. Foot traffic will again resume back to normal fully once Singapore moves to Phase 3. Retail sales and foot traffic again fell during Phase 2 (Heightened Alert) from 3 May 2021 to 14 June 2021.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-237)
Because of this, several tenants pushed for rental rebates, citing significant drops in revenue.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-238) This was eventually implemented by several malls, including [Jewel Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Changi_Airport "Jewel Changi Airport") and [CapitaLand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapitaLand "CapitaLand")\-owned malls.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-239)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-240) [Suntec City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntec_City "Suntec City") also announced that it would waive the rent for all tenants for the month of April, May and June in 2020.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-241) The [National Environment Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environment_Agency "National Environment Agency") (NEA) also implemented rent waivers and rebates for all stallholders in hawker centres operated by NEA or NEA-appointed operators.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-242)
In addition, the [Great Singapore Sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Singapore_Sale "Great Singapore Sale") was moved online, called e-GSS.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-243)
### Panic buying and price gouging
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Panic buying and price gouging")\]
Panic buying and price gouging of [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") (PPEs) such as face masks began with the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Singapore on 23 January 2020.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Abdullah_2020-72) By 24 January, both [N95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator "N95 respirator") and [surgical masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask "Surgical mask") had run out at retail outlets.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CNA2401-244) This has prompted local retailers including [NTUC FairPrice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice "NTUC FairPrice"), [Watsons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsons "Watsons") and [Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannings "Mannings") to originally impose purchase limits.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BIPanicBuying-245) In many areas, people began wearing of masks; but on 1 April, the number of people wearing masks had increased to 93%, with masks made mandatory by the government on 14 April. In addition, mask wearing continues to remain until the pandemic has subsided to endemic levels, with the gradual easing of masks done only in the safest outdoor and common housing environment first. The first phase of mask easing which includes outdoors settings came into force on 29 March 2022.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-246)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-247) The second and final phase of mask easing comes on 29 August 2022; which involves the remaining settings.
The shortage of masks and other PPEs has caused many retailers to engage in profiteering by price gouging and scalping.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-DeenExpress-248) This included both local brick-and-mortar stores as well as retailers on [e-commerce platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecommerce_platform "Ecommerce platform").[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-DeenExpress-248)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BTProfiteering-249) The government has applauded platforms [Carousell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousell_\(company\) "Carousell (company)") and [Qoo10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoo10 "Qoo10") for threatening to suspend profiteers.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BTProfiteering-249) The governmental [price controller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_control "Price control") has also issued warnings to retailers who engage in price gouging and requested information from e-commerce platforms on potential profiteers.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-DeenExpress-248)[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-3Stars-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STProfiteering-251)
Panic buying and hoarding of essentials such as rice, instant noodles and toilet paper occurred with the raising of the DORSCON level from yellow to orange on 7 February 2020, with empty shelves at supermarkets within hours.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STAmpleStock-254) Local supermarket chain NTUC FairPrice imposed limits on the amount of essentials each consumer can buy, with these limits initially set for paper products, rice products, instant noodle packets and vegetables.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-255) NTUC FairPrice and [Dairy Farm Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_Farm_International "Dairy Farm International") announced that it would introduce specific hours for those members of the community who were more vulnerable such as [Pioneer Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Generation_Package "Pioneer Generation Package") members. Following the review, supermarkets are considered essential services, therefore there is no need to hoard items, it must be opened every day.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-256)
A second wave of panic buying and hoarding occurred on 17 March when Malaysia announced its [Movement Control Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") (MCO) from 18 March, sparked by fears of food shortages. The government clarified that the flow of goods, cargo and food supplies between Singapore and Malaysia would continue, urging the public to avoid panic buying. They added that Singapore had diverse sources of essential goods and was not facing an immediate shortage of food or essentials.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-257) NTUC FairPrice has expanded its list of items that are limited per consumer to include eggs, vegetables and poultry.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-258) 10 days later, NTUC FairPrice expanded its list to include canned food, cooking oil and frozen meat, with reduced purchasing limits for paper products.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-259)
To deal with the massive increase in online shopping orders, local e-commerce platform [RedMart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazada "Lazada") on 2 April said that it would prioritise daily essentials such as milk powder, flour, eggs and rice while limiting orders to 35 items and reducing its range of goods to focus on the essentials. It also said that it would stop taking orders until 4 April to implement additional measures.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-260)
Ahead of tighter measures on 7 April, shoppers queued at shopping malls despite government requests for people to remain at home.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-261)
Egg distributors were reporting in June that they now had an oversupply of eggs and were throwing away supplies or culling laying stock.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-262)
### Events and mass gatherings
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Events and mass gatherings")\]
As a result of COVID-19 pandemic, many event organisers and organisations, including places of worship have switched events virtually with more than 250 persons and moving on to 50 persons in the second phase. These include COMEX, IT Show, PC Show and SITEX.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-271) [Thaipusam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaipusam "Thaipusam") processions had carried on but with up to 500 persons in 2020.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-272)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-273)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-274)
[Mediacorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediacorp "Mediacorp") postponed its [Star Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Awards "Star Awards") ceremony to 2021 and held it at Jewel Changi Airport due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-275) The [Shangri-La Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangri-La_Dialogue "Shangri-La Dialogue") defence summit, which had been held every year in Singapore, was cancelled during the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-276)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-277) On 12 June 2020, it was announced that the [Singapore Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Grand_Prix "Singapore Grand Prix"), would be cancelled in both 2020 and 2021.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-278) Organisers of the Marina Bay Singapore Countdown had announced on 5 November 2020 that there will be no fireworks display and countdown at [Marina Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay,_Singapore "Marina Bay, Singapore"), instead, light shows will be held instead together with heartland fireworks and that the event would be streamed online and on television by [Mediacorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediacorp "Mediacorp").[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-279)
On 7 December 2020, organisers of the annual [World Economic Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum "World Economic Forum") event announced that they have decided to hold its 2021 annual meeting in Singapore, from 25 to 28 May, instead of its traditional home of Switzerland, which is battling a rising number of coronavirus infections.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-280)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-281) On 3 February 2021, the organisers postponed the annual meeting to 17–20 August due to pandemic-related challenges.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-282) It was eventually cancelled on 17 May, with the World Economic Forum's (WEF) citing global uncertainties caused by COVID-19 as the reason. It was added that the next annual meeting will take place in the first half of 2022, with the final location and date to be decided later.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-283)
On 4 May 2021, the President's Office announced that the Istana Open House on 13 May would be cancelled.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-284) While it was initially announced that it would reopen on 1 August,[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-285) it was later decided that the event would be postponed to 28 August, in the wake of the rise of community cases in July.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-286)
On 30 June 2021, [Ng Eng Hen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Eng_Hen "Ng Eng Hen") announced that the annual [National Day Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_Parade "National Day Parade") at [The Float @ Marina Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Float_@_Marina_Bay "The Float @ Marina Bay") would proceed as planned.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-287) Following the return to Phase 2 (Heightened Alert), MINDEF stated that it would be postponed to 21 August, with a ceremonial parade held on 9 August.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-288) On 12 July 2022, it was announced that live performances and open houses would return to the Istana.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-289)
Wedding ceremonies were also adversely affected by COVID-19. In Risk Level 0 (Heightened Risk), all wedding receptions are not allowed. In Risk Level 1, it was allowed with up to 50 persons without pre-event testing and 250 persons with pre-event testing. In Risk Level 2, it was allowed with up to 100 persons without pre-event testing and 250 persons with pre-event testing. Wedding ceremonies were revamped since the return to P2HA in 2021, to allow wedding receptions for all fully vaccinated persons, up to 100 guests, before raising back to 250 guests.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-290)
### Transportation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Transportation")\]
Taxi and private hire vehicles were hit by the impact of COVID-19. A S\$77 million package was provided to help them tide through this period, co-funded by the [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore "Government of Singapore"), taxi and private-hire companies. In addition, a S\$2.7 million fund was set up by the [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore "Government of Singapore") and [National Trades Union Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress "National Trades Union Congress") (NTUC) for drivers who are not eligible.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-291) In view of the worsening coronavirus impact, the package will be enhanced from May 2020, extending until September 2020. This will cost an additional \$95 million.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-292) On 6 April, directors of the [ComfortDelGro Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComfortDelGro "ComfortDelGro") announced its board of directors would take a voluntary 20 per cent cut in directors' fees until the end of 2020.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-293)
Various banks have suggested that Singapore Airlines will have a loss in FY21, with [OCBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCBC_Bank "OCBC Bank") credit analysts arguing that the airline will have to tap the markets for more funds and possibly even need state support.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-294)
Singapore Airlines Group, consisting of [Singapore Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Airlines "Singapore Airlines") (SIA), [SilkAir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SilkAir "SilkAir") and [Scoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoot "Scoot"), also announced plans to slash their capacity. Singapore Airlines slashed nearly all of the capacity until August. The news resulted in STI crashing down by 164.63 (6.83%). Scoot did likewise, grounding 47 out of the 49 planes they had in their fleet at the time.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-295) It was reported on 27 March 2020, SIA received a rescue package of S\$19 billion (US\$13 billion).[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:02-296) Its major shareholder [Temasek Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temasek_Holdings "Temasek Holdings") helped underwrite the package, containing S\$5.3 billion of equity and S\$9.7 billion of [convertible notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible_bond "Convertible bond").[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:02-296) Singapore's largest bank, [DBS Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBS_Bank "DBS Bank"), also extended a loan of S\$4 billion to help it get over the crisis and position itself for expansion.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:02-296) With the significant reduction in flights, Singapore Airlines agreed to provide some 300 staff to help with possible manpower shortages at hospitals in Singapore and provided some staff to deal with transport ambassadors.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-297) It was announced that the airline would consolidate all their [Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport "Singapore Changi Airport") operations from 1 May 2020 to Terminal 3.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-298) On 14 May 2020, Singapore Airlines announced a full year loss for Financial Year 2019–2020 of S\$212 million, which the group's first loss in its 48 years of operation.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-299)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-300) On 1 September 2020, Singapore Airlines announced plans to reinstate several destinations that have opened up travel such as Bandar Seri Begawan, Auckland, Christchurch, Taipei, Hong Kong, Macau, Hanoi, Brisbane, Perth and Sydney. For airlines, regulations for social distancing are not applicable to save costs. Mask wearing continues to be mandatory and airlines will upgrade their apps to include contact tracing. Overnight flights will also be re-introduced which allows even quieter rides.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-301) On 25 June [Jetstar Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetstar_Asia "Jetstar Asia") announced that it was cutting up to 180 people, almost a quarter of the workforce in Singapore. At the same time they would allow the retirement of five of their A320 fleet, bringing the total down to 13.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-302)
The Land Transport Authority announced that bidding of all [certificates of entitlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_entitlement "Certificate of entitlement") (COEs) during the COVID-19 lockdown periods would be suspended.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-303)
Transport services were gradually reduced in stages. Last train timings were brought forward earlier, and transport frequencies were retained to allow safe distancing. Measures also involved the imposition of queuing at MRT station exit doors.
Cross-border bus services were impacted by Malaysia's Movement Control Order all the way until 30 April 2022, with services 160 and 170 that cross the [Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "Johor–Singapore Causeway") to be amended to serve only local sectors of its route, while other services that were specific for the border crossing such as 170X and 950 were suspended entirely.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-sgmybussuspension-304)
Bus services also experienced disruptions when clusters of COVID-19 infection occurred among public bus drivers, forcing both patients and colleagues who were close contacts to self-isolate. In August and September 2021, "slightly under 10%" out of a total of 9,500 bus drivers were affected, resulting in some express services being withdrawn, while waiting times increased for other routes that had to run at a reduced frequency. Bus operators sought to minimize the impact by prioritising high-demand routes, reassigning available drivers as needed.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2021Aug30-123)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2021Sep20-305) In February 2022, another shortage of drivers occurred due to a wave of infections, and [SBS Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Transit "SBS Transit") was forced to reduce the operating frequency of some routes, with double-decker buses deployed to replace single-deckers in some instances to compensate for capacity.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2022Feb15-306)
The quarantine and testing of all foreign workers in dormitories had also caused delays in the construction of various MRT projects, which was cited as a reason for the delay of the [Thomson–East Coast line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_Line "Thomson–East Coast Line") Stage 2 which was further delayed to 28 August 2021. The [Land Transport Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority "Land Transport Authority") (LTA) later reported that they had yet to fully assess the length of delay on the other stages of the line as well as other ongoing projects.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-307)
### Scams
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Scams")\]
There had also been a number of reports of individuals that capitalised on the pandemic to engage in [online scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_scams "Online scams"). In one instance, scammers pretended to be Ministry of Health (MOH) officials engaging in contact tracing,[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STContactTracing-308) which prompted the MOH and [Singapore Police Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force "Singapore Police Force") (SPF) to clarify that no financial details or transfer of money will be requested during contact tracing.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CNBCScam-309) Several people were also arrested for face masks sold over the online e-commerce platform Carousell that were never fulfilled.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-310) On 4 April 2020, SPF also arrested a man for suspected money-laundering offences amounting to S\$10.3 million over the purchase of surgical masks and hand sanitisers that were never fulfilled.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-311)
The [Ministry of Social and Family Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development "Ministry of Social and Family Development") (MSF) and SPF were investigating possible abuses of the COVID-19 Temporary Relief Fund (TRF), which is supposed to provide financial assistance to those eligible.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-312) A total of 394 COVID-19-related scams occurred between January and April 2020, with losses totalling S\$1.4 million.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-313)
In 2021, SPF started distributing a warning about a new type of scam involving oxygen machines. The scammers reportedly exploited compromised [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp") accounts to solicit donations for the purchase of oxygen concentrator machines to be sent to India.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-314)
## International relations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: International relations")\]
### Stranded Malaysia-based workers
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On 16 March 2020, the Malaysian government announced the start of the Movement Control Order (MCO) that took effect on 18 March 2020, preventing Malaysians that were staying in Singapore at the time, many of which were also working in Singapore, from leaving the country.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:1-315) With approximately 300,000 [Malaysians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysians_in_Singapore "Malaysians in Singapore"), or almost a tenth of Singapore's labour force working in Singapore, the MCO would have been expected to significantly affect Singapore's economy, including sectors providing essential services.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BloombergMalaysiaLockdown-316)
The announcement of the MCO resulted in long queues at immigration checkpoints as Malaysian workers in Singapore scrambled to collect their belongings and return to Singapore, while Singaporeans returned home.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-317) Various firms across Singapore rushed to find temporary accommodation for their workers before the MCO took effect.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-318) The Singapore government advised workers to try to stay with relatives, friends, and colleagues, and seek housing in hotels, dormitories and rental flats if this was not possible.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOMLockdown-319) The government also provided \$50 for each worker per day, up to 14 days to support employers finding accommodation.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-TODAYLockdown-320) As of 17 March, the government announced that 10,000 Malaysian workers had been matched with temporary housing.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-TODAYLockdown-320) Some workers could not immediately find accommodations and resorted to sleeping in public areas.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-321) In response, [Ministry of Social and Family Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development "Ministry of Social and Family Development") repurposed Jurong East Sports Hall into a temporary relief area for remaining Malaysian workers who were unable to find temporary accommodations immediately after the MCO took effect, while the [Ministry of Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") stepped up patrols to look out for such stranded workers.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-322) A number of residents also stepped up to offer their spare rooms to accommodate Malaysian workers at little to no cost.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-323)
The MCO resulted in the suspension of all bus services between [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") and Singapore.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-sgmybussuspension-304) While the [KTMB Shuttle Tebrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_Intercity "KTM Intercity") train service continued to operate between the two checkpoints, only citizens returning to their respective countries are allowed to board.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-324) The lockdown also sparked fears of food shortages, triggering a second wave of panic buying and hoarding of essential items. On 26 April, Malaysia announced that Malaysians wanting to return to Malaysia will need to obtain permits from the Malaysian High Commission in Singapore. However, only 400 of such permits were issued daily.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-325)
### Border controls and operations
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Singapore began to restrict travellers from entering from 29 January in a progressive manner as a response to localised outbreaks. Travellers were banned gradually in phases between January and 23 March; only people who are in essential services were allowed entry, the last phase required all travellers to undergo a "stay-home notice" (SHN) at hotels.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-326)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-327)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-328)[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-329)[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-330)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:1-315)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-331)[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-332)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-333)[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-334)[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-335)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-336)[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:2-337) Port calls for all cruise vessels were stopped from 13 March as well.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-338)[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-339)
Due to the reduced number of flights, [Singapore Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport "Singapore Changi Airport") suspended operations at Terminals 2 and 4 in April and May 2020 respectively. Terminal 4 became a Dino-themed funland and vaccination centre.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-340)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-auto2-176) Malaysia would also shorten the operating hours of [Sultan Iskandar Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building "Sultan Iskandar Building") at the [Johor Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Causeway "Johor Causeway") to 12 hours daily from 24 April, effectively limiting the Causeway's operating hours.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:0-341) The [Second Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Link "Second Link") crossing would remain open round the clock.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:0-341)
On 28 June 2020, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and then Malaysia Prime Minister [Muhyiddin Yassin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin "Muhyiddin Yassin") agreed that their governments would work together to establish a Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) allowing residents from both nations who hold long-term immigration passes for business and work purposes in the other country to periodically return to their home countries for short-term home leave.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-342) The Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and the Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) were launched in August 2020. The RGL scheme will allow essential business and official travel between the two countries while the PCA scheme will allow Singaporean and Malaysian residents who hold long-term immigration business and work passes to enter for work purposes.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-343)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-344) Travel bubble arrangements with Malaysia, Germany and South Korea were suspended due to emergence of COVID-19 variant of concern,[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-345) whereas in future, Singapore and Malaysia had plans to recognise each other's COVID-19 vaccine certificates with the goal of restoring cross-border travel.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-346)
Cruises were restarted in November but did not have any other port of call other than Singapore. In early December, an 83-year-old man tested positive on board and the ship had to return to Singapore a day early. Subsequent retests of the sample and additional samples proved the original test to be a false positive.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-347)
### Repatriation efforts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Repatriation efforts")\]
As the pandemic spread throughout the world, the Singapore government had organised several repatriation efforts to bring Singaporeans back from various overseas locations.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-348)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-349) MFA and other governmental agencies subsequently brought back at least 1,000[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-350) Singaporeans, permanent residents, and family members stranded at other locations where there were similar lockdowns and suspension of flights: Cambodia,[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:4-351) Egypt,[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:5-352) Fiji,[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:6-353) India,[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:7-354) Iran,[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:8-355) Nepal,[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:9-356) Saudi Arabia,[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:10-357) Slovenia,[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:11-358) and the UK.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:12-359)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-360) Most of the evacuees were brought back on direct flights,[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:4-351)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:5-352)[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:7-354)[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:10-357)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:12-359) whilst some in Fiji, Iran, Nepal, and Slovenia saw some assistance from other countries.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:6-353)[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:8-355)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:9-356)[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:11-358) All evacuees had to serve a 14-day Stay Home Notice or be quarantined[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-361) at designated locations, such as hotels with cost borne by the government,[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-362)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-363)[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-364) government quarantine faculties, or at home.
With flights to Wuhan suspended due to the Hubei lockdown, [Scoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoot "Scoot") had offered two one-way flights back to Wuhan for tourists stuck in Singapore.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-365) As the travel restrictions began to grow and accumulated into an ongoing ban on short-term visitors arriving or transiting through Singapore which started from 23 March,[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:2-337) Singapore had allowed visitors to transit through Singapore if they are being repatriated by various governments.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-366) India had repatriated some of its citizens from Singapore in May 2020 on two separate flights.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-367)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-368) In the same flight which Singapore Airlines brought back Singaporeans from Cambodia on 12 April, it also carried Australians heading back to Australia with Singapore being a transit point.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:4-351) It was reported that Singapore and Bangladesh were in discussions to repatriate their respective citizens if necessary.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-369)
### Assistance to other countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Assistance to other countries")\]
Both the Singapore government and private sector sent support packages to Indonesia, including test kits and personal protective equipment.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-370)[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-371) The Singapore government sent swabs and other supplies to Malaysia to help with sample collection and testing.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-372) Temasek Foundation donated 30,000 test kits to India and this was affirmed and thanked by High Commissioner of India to Singapore, Jawed Ashraf.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-373) Indian low-cost airline [SpiceJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiceJet "SpiceJet") operated flights carrying the test kits and other medical equipment from Singapore to both [Bangalore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore") and [Chennai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai "Chennai").[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-374)[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-375)
In December 2020, Singapore pledged US\$5 million towards COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access ([COVAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX "COVAX")), a WHO-led global initiative aimed at securing COVID-19 vaccines for low- and middle-income countries.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-376) Together with Switzerland, Singapore co-chairs "Friends of the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) Facility", which comprises the European Union and the following 14 nations: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Israel, Japan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Norway, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-377)
On 26 April 2021, the Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SICCI) and Little India Shopkeepers Association (LISHA) initiated and launched a relief fund to raise money and support India in its fight against COVID-19.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-378)
On 31 August 2021, Singapore agreed to support Australia by sending 500,000 doses of [Pfizer-BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") to aid Australia's coronavirus battle exacerbated by Delta variant. Based on the agreement, Australia will return the doses by December 2021.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-379)
On 28 September 2021, Singapore sent more than 120,000 doses of the [AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") vaccine to Batam and Riau islands of Indonesia. Similarly, Singapore sent 100,000 doses of [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") to Brunei on 29 September to help them tackle the pandemic.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-380)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-381)
## Economic measures
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With the impact of COVID-19 becoming greater, it was becoming clear to analysts that Singapore would need to respond with large scale government spending.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-382) In the Budget 2020, the Government provided help in four consecutive budget periods, under Unity Budget,[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-383) Resilience Budget,[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-384) Solidarity Budget[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-385) and Fortitude Budget.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-386) All Singaporeans had \$600 deposited into the bank account in 2020. In the Budget 2021, the \$800 million support package was rolled out, where JSS was further increased to 50 per cent in hardest hit sectors.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-387) The government announced on 4 June 2020 that they would be keeping [Central Provident Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund "Central Provident Fund") contribution rates unchanged as they believed the Jobs Support Scheme would help reduce the burden on employers.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-388)
It was announced that the government would draw an additional S\$32 billion from [past reserves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore "Reserves of the Government of Singapore"), bringing the total used to S\$52 billion. In addition, another S\$13 billion will be set aside for contingencies due to the pandemic.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-389) Extending and enhancing the JSS, to include higher tiers of wage subsidies and lasting until August, would cost around S\$2.9 billion, bringing the total cost to S\$23.5 billion.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-390) The government introduced a one-off Solidarity Utilities Credit of S\$100 for all households since many people were [remote working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work").[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-391) Food and beverage (F\&B) and retail companies would receive up to S\$10,000 as part of efforts to digitally transform their businesses, as they are likely to be seriously affected by safe distancing rules.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-392) S\$2 billion was committed to SGUnited Jobs and Skills Package was announced to create more jobs and traineeships.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-393)
To help financial institutions and FinTech companies tide over the COVID-19 pandemic, the [Monetary Authority of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore "Monetary Authority of Singapore") (MAS) released a \$125 million package to help financial institutions and FinTech companies to strengthen long-term capabilities.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-394)
On 14 April, the [Infocomm Media Development Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocomm_Media_Development_Authority "Infocomm Media Development Authority") announced that they will launch Public Service Content worth S\$8 million and fund 90% of the course fees for Self-Employed Persons under Talent Assistance (T-Assist) Programme. To reduce operating costs, the Film Exhibition and Distribution Licence Fees will be waived from 17 April.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-395)
Every Singaporean who would be aged 18 and above in 2020 would receive S\$100 worth of SingapoRediscovers vouchers, which can be used for a variety activities to support the local tourism industry. They were planned to be usable between December 2020 and June 2021 and would be paid via SingPass.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-396) Additionally, [Trip.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip.com "Trip.com") has a "Pay It Forward" campaign throughout this usable period, where people can use their vouchers to pay for tourism products for various beneficiary groups.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-397) When the vouchers were launched, there were some complaints from Singaporeans about the complex way the vouchers were to be redeemed.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-398) On 30 April 2021, the [Singapore Tourism Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Tourism_Board "Singapore Tourism Board") (STB) announced that the expiry date of the SingapoRediscovers vouchers will be extended to 31 December 2021, and that improvements to the redemption process will be rolled out.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-399)
## Controversies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Controversies")\]
### Discrimination against healthcare workers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Discrimination against healthcare workers")\]
In February 2020, incidents were reported of healthcare workers such as nurses and ambulance drivers being ostracised, as members of the public who feared that their contact with coronavirus patients would pose an infection risk. Such acts were condemned by the authorities, who exhorted the public to show support and appreciation for their work.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Amrin:Discrimination-400) [Ride-hailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride-hailing "Ride-hailing") service [Grab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_\(company\) "Grab (company)") announced the launch of GrabCare, a dedicated service for healthcare workers to obtain transport to and from their work places, in order to alleviate their difficulty of finding rides.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-GrabCare-401)
On 12 April 2020, CNA reported that some staff members of [Lee Ah Mooi Old Age Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ah_Mooi_Old_Age_Home "Lee Ah Mooi Old Age Home") were evicted by landlords after a cluster of cases was reported at the home.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:13-402)
### Living conditions at foreign worker dormitories
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Despite effective handling of initial waves of infection, several serious outbreaks in April have brought the situation in Singapore out of control; many analysts points to poor conditions at foreign workers dormitories as a major factor of the failure.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-time-403)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-404)
The pandemic brought the living conditions at foreign worker dormitories to media attention. Dormitories were reported to be unsanitary and crowded, making preventive measures like social distancing difficult.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-405) Retired diplomat [Tommy Koh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Koh "Tommy Koh") criticised the living conditions, calling it "third world" and "a time bomb waiting to explode".[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-406) [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") called the situation a "recipe for disaster".[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-407) [Minister for Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") [Josephine Teo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Teo "Josephine Teo") vowed to improve the living conditions of foreign workers after the quarantine was handled.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-408)
While churches in the 1960s and 1970s historically championed social justice and advocacy for worker rights within the Singaporean civil society, this has declined over the years due to the rise of a middle class and a dependency on state-centric growth.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-409) During the pandemic, Singaporean churches sought ways to bring about "neighbourly love" and national prayer. But some criticised this as not being enough to address the inequalities experienced by foreign workers who were disproportionately affected by the virus.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-410)
On 9 April, MOM said in a press release that it will improve quality of meals of foreign workers during quarantine and formed a task force to improve the living conditions of foreign workers.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-411) As of 25 April 25 dormitories have been gazetted as isolation areas.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-24AprIso-412) Some healthy workers are also progressively being moved to numerous empty premises such as [SAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces "Singapore Armed Forces") camps, [HDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board "Housing and Development Board") blocks, floating hotels and [Changi Exhibition Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Exhibition_Centre "Changi Exhibition Centre").[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-413)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-414) On 16 April, [Minister for Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") [Josephine Teo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Teo "Josephine Teo") said that there will be a "three-pronged strategy"; containing the spread, imposing lockdowns and separating workers in essential services.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-415)
[Minister of National Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of National Development (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") has said that the living standards in dormitories have steadily improved over the years, and suggested that the issue was the dormitories being designed for communal living, where migrant workers ate, lived, and cooked together, and that the initial precautions and safeguards put in place to reduce some of the non-essential activities were not sufficient.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-416) The government has promised to build new dormitories that are designed with public health in mind and provide more amenities, while some workers will be temporarily moved to makeshift dormitories before the new dormitories are ready.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-417)
It is noted that a large majority of COVID-19 cases in Singapore are foreign workers. On 20 April, Singapore reported a peak of 1,426 new cases, of which only 16 were not migrant workers but citizens or permanent residents. Foreign workers had accounted for three-fourths of the total infections in Singapore by then.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-time-403)
Towards the end of July 2020, a spate of attempted and successful suicides among the foreign workers in dormitories raised concerns about the mental well-being of the workers on lockdown.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-418)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-419) Authorities are monitoring the situation and are working with partners and NGOs to enhance their mental health support programmes.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-420)[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-421)
### Social distancing on public transport
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: Social distancing on public transport")\]
Outside the lockdowns, social distancing was not required when on board public transportation, and it was not practical due to the high volume of commuters.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-422)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:14-423) The [Minister of National Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of National Development (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") explained that resulting reduction of passenger capacity will involve major society disruptions, such as lateness for work, more unnecessary increase of transportation, more manpower strength and enforcement. Authorities instead urged employers to allow more [remote work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") and [flexible work arrangements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_work_arrangement "Flexible work arrangement") to reduce the demand for public transport.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:14-423)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-424) With that, social distancing measures are only implemented in the lockdown periods, with stickers pasted on alternate seats to indicate that they should not be used, and auxiliary officers and transport ambassadors enforcing the rules throughout this period.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-425) Public transportation has resumed pre-lockdown operations after the period of lockdown, social distancing stickers were removed on bus and train seats, allowing all seats to be used.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-426) Regulations for social distancing were no longer applicable except in fixed queuing area such as in MRT stations and bus interchanges. Mask wearing continues to be mandatory in public transport and most places in Singapore. Since 29 March 2022, mask wearing is optional but still encouraged in some outdoor places in Singapore.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-427)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alstom_Metropolis_C830C_interior_\(with_COVID-19_signs\)_20211122_133443.jpg)
Passengers with masks with signs indicating passengers not to talk in trains
### Contact tracing data privacy issues
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Contact tracing data privacy issues")\]
See also: [TraceTogether § Controversy over police access](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether#Controversy_over_police_access "TraceTogether")
On 4 January 2021, Minister of State for Home Affairs [Desmond Tan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tan_\(politician\) "Desmond Tan (politician)") announced in Parliament that Bluetooth proximity data from the TraceTogether app and token could be used by the police in criminal investigations, as per the Criminal Procedure Code.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-428) This resulted in significant backlash, as the announcement contradicted previous statements that the data would strictly be used for contact tracing; concerns were aired about the transparency of the government and how the personal data would be used, as well as possible infringement on the privacy of citizens. Some users even switched off their apps or left their tokens at home in protest.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-429) In response, Minister-in-charge of the Smart Nation Initiative [Vivian Balakrishnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Balakrishnan "Vivian Balakrishnan") clarified that the police could only obtain TraceTogether data through a person involved in the investigation, adding that there were plans to introduce legislation that would restrict police use of TraceTogether data to serious offences such as terrorism or murder.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-430) The *COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) (Amendment) Bill* was passed on 2 February, which included a possible extension of the COVID-19 Control Order to next year and beyond if the situation does not improve or worsens, as well as the removal of [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry")/TraceTogether data at the end of the pandemic.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-431)
### Home based businesses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: Home based businesses")\]
During the initial announcement of [circuit breaker lockdown measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") restricting movement and business activities, inclusive of home-based businesses, in 2020. There was initial confusion over the measures affecting home-based food-business[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-432) and former television actress [Ateeqah Mazlan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ateeqah_Mazlan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ateeqah Mazlan (page does not exist)") was shown in social media attempting to get responses from the relevant authorities.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433) The measures affected the Malay community as such home-based food-business are an important source of income for the community during [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan").[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:15-434)[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-435)[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:22-436) It was later clarified by the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)"), the [Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_and_Water_Resources "Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources"), the [Housing and Development Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board "Housing and Development Board") (HDB) and the [Urban Redevelopment Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority "Urban Redevelopment Authority") in a joint statement saying that home-based food-business need to meet certain criteria to operate during the lockdown measures.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433)
This led to a Change.org petition asking HDB relax the rules for home-based food business during the lockdown measures which had more than 69,000 signatures.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:22-436) [Minister for Social and Family Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development "Ministry of Social and Family Development") and [Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-in-charge_of_Muslim_Affairs "Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs") [Masagos Zulkifli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masagos_Zulkifli "Masagos Zulkifli") was alarmed at the petition, citing home-based food-business operators who tried to get exceptions are "irresponsible" and that "they know the Government cannot make exceptions to any sector affected in the tighter circuit breaker period".[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433)[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:22-436)[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437) He asked for operators's cooperation and understanding and listed how had home-based food business operators been supported since the measures were implemented.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433) [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Singapore "President of Singapore") [Halimah Yacob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halimah_Yacob "Halimah Yacob"), in a Facebook post, drew attention that such home-based food-business are important to their families due to their constraints and that it was the most profitable and important period to earn and save for them. She also noted that she often patronised such home-based food business.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:15-434)
After a few days, [National Development Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of National Development (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") eased the lockdown measures for home-based food-business operators if they followed certain safety measures such as contactless delivery of orders, among other things.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437) During Parliament, [Intan Azura Mokhtar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intan_Azura_Mokhtar "Intan Azura Mokhtar") spoke up for the home-based food-business and asked why the government decided to “back-pedal” on the measures which Masagos denied, saying it had to make “tough choices between preserving livelihoods and preserving life itself”.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437)
Assistant Professor Walid Jumblatt Abdullah, a political scientist from [Nanyang Technological University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University "Nanyang Technological University"), said Halimah might have posted the post due to possible strong reactions from the Malay-Muslim community and their unhappiness that Masagos's response showed "a government decree must not be questioned and must be followed to the letter".[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437) Researchers Faizal Yahya and Mohamad Shamsuri Juhari from the [Institute of Policy Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Policy_Studies_\(Singapore\) "Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)") research centre said that Masagos's response need to be examined with the context of “prevailing uncertainties” and the links between health, safety and economic activities.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=49 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [COVID-19 pandemic in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia")
- [Public health mitigation of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19")
- [Treatment and management of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19")
- [Living with COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_with_COVID-19 "Living with COVID-19")
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=50 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-49)** From 10 January 2022, dormitory cases were re-classified together with community cases under "local cases" on the MOH website.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-271)** [\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-264)[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-265)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BIReligion-266)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-267)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-268)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-269)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-270)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-350)**
Distribution of people evacuated by countries:
- Slovenia: 1
- Egypt: 244
- India: 699
- Saudi Arabia: 85
- Fiji: 7
- Total: 1,016
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=51 "Edit section: References")\]
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-Template:COVID-19_data_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-Template:COVID-19_data_1-1)
Mathieu, Edouard; [Ritchie, Hannah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie "Hannah Ritchie"); Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; [Roser, Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Roser "Max Roser") (2020–2024). ["Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)"](https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus). *[Our World in Data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_World_in_Data "Our World in Data")*. Retrieved 3 April 2026.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-MOH_2-0)**
["COVID - Coronavirus Statistics - Worldometer"](https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/).
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-vaccination2022_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-vaccination2022_3-1)
["Vaccination Statistics"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221123003546/https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/vaccination/statistics). *Ministry of Health*. Archived from [the original](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/vaccination/statistics) on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-endingcircuitbreaker_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-endingcircuitbreaker_4-1)
["Ending circuit breaker: phased approach to resuming activities safely"](https://www.gov.sg/article/ending-circuit-breaker-phased-approach-to-resuming-activities-safely). *gov.sg*. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-dw-vax_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-dw-vax_5-1)
["Coronavirus digest: Singapore is now the most-vaccinated country \| DW \| 29.08.2021"](https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-digest-singapore-is-now-the-most-vaccinated-country/a-59016931). *DW.COM*. [Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle"). 29 August 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-mohvacc_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-mohvacc_6-1)
["COVID-19 Vaccination"](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/vaccination). *www.moh.gov.sg*. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-worldindata_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-worldindata_7-1)
[Hannah Ritchie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie "Hannah Ritchie"); Edouard Mathieu; Lucas Rodés-Guirao; Cameron Appel; Charlie Giattino; Esteban Ortiz-Ospina; Joe Hasell; Bobbie MacDonald; Diana Beltekian; Saloni Dattani; [Max Roser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Roser "Max Roser") (2020–2021). ["Coronavirus Cases (COVID-19)"](https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus). *[Our World in Data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_World_in_Data "Our World in Data")*. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-8)**
["COVID-19 Mortality Analyses"](https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality). *Johns Hopkins University of Medicine*.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-9)**
Barron, Laignee (13 March 2020). ["What We Can Learn From Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong About Handling Coronavirus"](https://time.com/5802293/coronavirus-covid19-singapore-hong-kong-taiwan/). *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200324174105/https://time.com/5802293/coronavirus-covid19-singapore-hong-kong-taiwan/) from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-10)**
Geddie, John; Aravindan, Aradhana (17 September 2020). ["Why is Singapore's COVID-19 death rate the world's lowest"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singapore-explaine/explainer-why-singapores-covid-19-death-rate-is-the-worlds-lowest-idUSKBN2680TH). *Reuters*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201003221123/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-singapore-explaine/explainer-why-singapores-covid-19-death-rate-is-the-worlds-lowest-idUSKBN2680TH) from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
11. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore_mohvacc_11-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore_mohvacc_11-1)
["COVID-19 Vaccination"](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/vaccination). *www.moh.gov.sg*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211221002332/https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/vaccination) from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-ST22Jan_12-0)**
Goh, Timothy (22 January 2020). ["Wuhan virus: MOH sets up multi-ministry taskforce, advises against non-essential trips to Wuhan"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/wuhan-virus-3-more-suspected-cases-in-singapore-avoid-non-essential-travel-to-wuhan). *The Straits Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200122134325/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/wuhan-virus-3-more-suspected-cases-in-singapore-avoid-non-essential-travel-to-wuhan) from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-13)**
["Multi-Ministry Taskforce on Wuhan Coronavirus: Terms of Reference (TORs) and Composition"](https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/default-document-library/multi-ministry-taskforce-on-wuhan-coronavirus-and-tor---final.pdf) (PDF). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200321054236/https://www.moh.gov.sg/docs/librariesprovider5/default-document-library/multi-ministry-taskforce-on-wuhan-coronavirus-and-tor---final.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-14)**
["Singapore contributes US\$500,000 to support WHO efforts against COVID-19"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-contributes-s-500-000-to-support-who-covid-19-efforts-12568566). *CNA*. 23 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200325020159/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-contributes-s-500-000-to-support-who-covid-19-efforts-12568566) from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-15)**
Chew, Hui Min (14 December 2020). ["Singapore to start Phase 3 of COVID-19 reopening on Dec 28"](https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/phase-3-covid-19-singapore-reopening-dec-28-pm-lee-13769528). *CNA*. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
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430. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-3)
Kamil, Asyraf (27 April 2020). ["'Irresponsible' to incite home-based businesses to put pressure on Government to grant exceptions, says Masagos"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/irresponsible-incite-home-based-business-put-pressure-government-grant-exceptions-says). *TODAY*. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
431. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:15_434-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:15_434-1)
Lai, Linette (1 May 2020). ["Home-based businesses an important source of income for many families: President Halimah"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/president-halimah-every-year-i-purchase-my-hari-raya-cookies-from-home-based-businesses). *[The Straits Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). Retrieved 26 April 2025.
432. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-435)**
["Announcement by Mufti of Singapore on the beginning of Ramadan for Muslims in Singapore"](https://www.muis.gov.sg/resources/media-releases/23-apr-20-announcement-by-mufti-of-singapore-on-the-beginning-of-ramadan-for-muslims-in-singapore). *[Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Ugama_Islam_Singapura "Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura")*. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
433. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:22_436-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:22_436-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:22_436-2)
Yong, Clement (29 April 2020). ["Help available for home-based food operators, Covid-19 circuit breaker measures may be eased in time for Hari Raya: Masagos"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/help-available-for-home-based-food-operators-measures-could-be-eased-in-time-for-hari-raya). *[The Straits Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). Retrieved 26 April 2025.
434. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:3_437-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:3_437-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:3_437-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:3_437-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:3_437-4)
Lim, Kimberly (9 May 2020). ["Did Singapore's president help save the day for home businesses?"](https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3083603/did-singapores-president-save-day-home-businesses-during-circuit). *[South China Morning Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post "South China Morning Post")*. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=52 "Edit section: External links")\]
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "commons:Category:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") at Wikimedia Commons
- [Worldwide Coronavirus Map, confirmed Cases](https://corona.arrangy.com/) – Map the route paths of coronavirus confirmed cases.
- [Updates on COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Local Situation – Ministry of Health (Singapore)](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19)
- [The Straits Times digital graphics tracker of cases in Singapore (updated daily)](https://qa.st-visuals.com/coronavirus-in-sg/index.html)
- [Official Update of COVID −19 Situation in Singapore](https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/7e30edc490a5441a874f9efe67bd8b89)
- [CNA's COVID-19 clusters](https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/covid-19/coronavirus-singapore-clusters.html)
- [CNA's COVID-19 map](https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/covid-19/singapore-map.html)
- [The Straits Times article tracking every single case in Singapore](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/novel-coronavirus-cases-in-singapore)
- [CoronaTracker](https://www.coronatracker.com/country/sg) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Singapore
- [Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases](https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6) and [historical data](https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19) by [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University")
- [Singapore travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://www.sgvisitcard.com/news/travel-restrictions)
- [Covid-19: Singapore schools tackle mental health amid pandemic stress](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56720368)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Template:COVID-19 pandemic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic")[COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") | |
|---|---|
| **[COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")** (disease) **[SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2")** (virus) | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [Pre-pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS "MERS") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Contagion "Crimson Contagion") [Disease X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_X "Disease X") [Exercise Cygnus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus "Exercise Cygnus") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") |
| 2020 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") |
| 2021 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") |
| 2022 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") |
| 2023 | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") |
| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") | |
| | |
| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")([national responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")) | |
| | |
| Northern | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya "COVID-19 pandemic in Libya") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco "COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia "COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia") [Western Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic") |
| Eastern | [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi "COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea "COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia "COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya "COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar "COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda "COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles "COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia "COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia") [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland "COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland") [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland "COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda "COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda") |
| Southern | [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola "COVID-19 pandemic in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana "COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique "COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia "COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa") [list of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa "List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia "COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe") |
| Central | [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad "COVID-19 pandemic in Chad") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon "COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe") |
| Western | [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin "COVID-19 pandemic in Benin") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea") [Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana "COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana") timeline 2020 [March–July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(March%E2%80%93July_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)") [August–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(August%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") impact [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea") [Guinea-Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast "COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia "COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali "COVID-19 pandemic in Mali") [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger "COVID-19 pandemic in Niger") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone "COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo "COVID-19 pandemic in Togo") |
| [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") | |
| | |
| Central/North | [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") impact [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan") |
| East | |
| | |
| [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau "COVID-19 pandemic in Macau") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan") [respirator diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") | |
| [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") | [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China "COVID-19 lockdown in China") [detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China (page does not exist)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing "COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics") [Heilongjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang") [Henan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan "COVID-19 pandemic in Henan") [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") [Inner Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia") [Liaoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning "COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai "COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai") [2022 outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak "2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak") [Sichuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet "COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet") [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang") |
| [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia") | |
| | |
| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives "COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal "COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka") | |
| [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India") | |
| | |
| [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India "COVID-19 lockdown in India") [migrant workers' crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") timeline 2020 [January–May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(January%E2%80%93May_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)") [June–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(June%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)") [union government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") [state government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Vaccine Maitri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri "Vaccine Maitri") | |
| By location | [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands") [Andhra Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh") [Arunachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh") [Assam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam "COVID-19 pandemic in Assam") [Bihar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar "COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar") [Chandigarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh") [Chhattisgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu "COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu") [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi") [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa "COVID-19 pandemic in Goa") [Gujarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat") [Haryana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana "COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana") [Himachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh") [Jammu and Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir") [Jharkhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand") [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka "COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka") [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [Ladakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh "COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh") [Lakshadweep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep "COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep") [Madhya Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh") [Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") [Manipur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur "COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur") [Meghalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya "COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya") [Mizoram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram "COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram") [Nagaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland "COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland") [Odisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha "COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha") [Puducherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry "COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry") [Punjab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India "COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India") [Rajasthan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan "COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan") [Sikkim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim "COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim") [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu") [Telangana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana "COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana") [Tripura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura "COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura") [Uttar Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh") [Uttarakhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand") [West Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal") |
| [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia") | |
| | |
| [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei "COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia "COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia") timeline [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)") [social restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions "Indonesia large-scale social restrictions") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement "Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos "COVID-19 pandemic in Laos") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar "COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar") [Singapore]() timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)") [circuit breaker response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste "COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") | impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Aid and relief efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [movement control order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor "COVID-19 pandemic in Johor") [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur") [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah "COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah") [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak "COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak") [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor "COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor") |
| [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [community quarantines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon "Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon") [evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Bangsamoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro") [Bicol Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region") [Cagayan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley "COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley") [Calabarzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon") [Caraga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga "COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga") [Central Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon") [Central Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas") [Cordillera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region") [Davao Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region") [Eastern Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas") [Ilocos Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region") [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila "COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila") [Mimaropa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa "COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa") [Northern Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao") [Soccsksargen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen "COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen") [Western Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula "COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula") [Overseas Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| West | [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan "COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain "COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\(country\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)") [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia "COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq "COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq") [Kurdistan Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel "COVID-19 pandemic in Israel") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan "COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon "COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman "COVID-19 pandemic in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine "COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar "COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria "COVID-19 pandemic in Syria") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen "COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen") |
| [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") | |
| | |
| [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") | |
| | |
| [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)") [January–June 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)") [July–December 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)") [January–June 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)") [July–December 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") [Operation Rescript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rescript "Operation Rescript") [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom "Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom") impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") | |
| By location | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England "COVID-19 pandemic in England") timeline 2020 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London "COVID-19 pandemic in London") [local lockdown regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England "COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England") [first tier regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England "First COVID-19 tier regulations in England") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland "COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)") [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in Wales") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies "COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies") [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man "COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man") [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey") [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey") [Overseas territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar") |
| Eastern | [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") [Gagauzia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia "COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia") [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria "COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") [government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine") [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea "COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea") [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol "COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol") |
| Western Balkans | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") |
| [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark") [Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland") [Åland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land "COVID-19 pandemic in Åland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy "COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias "COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid "COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Operation Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gloria "Operation Gloria") |
| EFTA countries | [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway") [Svalbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard "COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland") |
| Microstates | [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino") [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") |
| [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") | |
| | |
| Atlantic | [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland "COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon") |
| Canada | [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [federal aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [military response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laser "Operation Laser") [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia") [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba "COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba") [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick "COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador") [Northwest Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories") [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia "COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia") [Nunavut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut "COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)") [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa "COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa") [Peel Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto "COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto") [York Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York") [Provincial government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") [Vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Prince Edward Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal "COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal") [boroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [Yukon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon "COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon") |
| Caribbean | |
| | |
| Countries | [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados "COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba "COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base "COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica "COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada "COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti "COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica "COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") |
| [British Overseas Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") | [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat "COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") |
| | |
| [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba "COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba") [Curaçao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao "COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao") [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten") | |
| Caribbean Netherlands | [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba "COVID-19 pandemic in Saba") [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius") |
| French West Indies | [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") |
| US insular areas | [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") |
| Central America | [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize "COVID-19 pandemic in Belize") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica "COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador "COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala "COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras "COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua "COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama "COVID-19 pandemic in Panama") |
| [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") | |
| | |
| [Trump administration communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [2021 hospital crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 "2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19") | |
| [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [state and local governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [California government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New York government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Texas government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council "Eastern States Multi-state Council") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact "Midwest Governors Regional Pact") [Western States Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Pact "Western States Pact") |
| By location | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama "COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska "COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") [Navajo Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation "COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "COVID-19 pandemic in California") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California") [S.F. Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado "COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut "COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware "COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida "COVID-19 pandemic in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho "COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois "COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa "COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky "COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine "COVID-19 pandemic in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan "COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota "COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi "COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri "COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana "COVID-19 pandemic in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska "COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire "COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio") [Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma "COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania "COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania") [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia "COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee "COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah "COVID-19 pandemic in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont "COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)") [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.") [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin "COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming "COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming") |
| [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") | |
| | |
| [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Federated States of Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji "COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji") [French Polynesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia "COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati "COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands") [Nauru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru "COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru") [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia "COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia") [Niue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue "COVID-19 pandemic in Niue") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau "COVID-19 pandemic in Palau") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea") [Bougainville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville "COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville") [Pitcairn Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands") [Tokelau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga "COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu "COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu") [Wallis and Futuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna "COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna") | |
| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)") 2021 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)") [Australian Capital Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_\(Keeling\)_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales") [Norfolk Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island") [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory") [Queensland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland "COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland") [South Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia") [Tasmania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania") [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria "COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria") [Western Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia") |
| [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Alert levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand") [Traffic light system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework "COVID-19 Protection Framework") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [managed isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand") |
| [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia "COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador "COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador") [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana "COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [Cusco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco "COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname "COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela "COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela") |
| Others | [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [*Diamond Princess*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess") [*Grand Princess*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") [*Charles de Gaulle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle "COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle") [USS *Theodore Roosevelt*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt "COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt") |
| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| Culture and entertainment | |
| | |
| [Arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") | [References in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Corona-chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-chan "Corona-chan") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [U.S. sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") | |
| | |
| [Female education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Homeschooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| By country | [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") [exam grading controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy "2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States") |
| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") | |
| | |
| [Bio-secure bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble") | |
| By country | [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports") |
| By sport | [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season "Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") |
| Society and rights | |
| | |
| [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 "Social stigma associated with COVID-19") [Children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") [foster care in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States") [Pandemic baking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_baking "Pandemic baking") |
| Labor | [Healthcare workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Great Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Resignation "Great Resignation") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2021 Myanmar coup d'état") |
| Legal | [Abortion in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [U.S. immigration detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention "COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention") |
| Minority | [Gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBT community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community") [African communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Disability community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Native American communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") | [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") |
| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [Charitable activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_scams "COVID-19 scams") [Travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| By country | [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment "COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [U.K.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") |
| By industry | [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport") [Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Cannabis industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [meat industry in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada") [meat industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [ICU capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity") [Long-term care facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Mink farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") |
| Supply and trade | [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Chip supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage "2020–2023 global chip shortage") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis "2021–2023 global energy crisis") [Global supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021–2023 global supply chain crisis") [Oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Global stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge "2021–2022 inflation surge") |
| Information | |
| | |
| [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Wikipedia's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") | [Governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China "COVID-19 misinformation by China") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States "COVID-19 misinformation by the United States") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada "COVID-19 misinformation in Canada") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines") [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic") *[Plandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemic "Plandemic")* |
| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation "List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") |
| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest "2021 Abkhazia unrest") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17A "17A") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia "COVID-19 protests in Australia") [Convoy to Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra "Convoy to Canberra") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests "2020 Azerbaijani protests") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests "2020–2021 Belarusian protests") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests "2022 Brussels protests") [2020 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests "2020 Brazilian protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests "2021 Brazilian protests") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests "2020–2021 Bulgarian protests") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada "COVID-19 protests in Canada") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests "2019–2022 Chilean protests") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest "2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest") [healthcare reform protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests "2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests "2021 Colombian protests") [2022 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests "2022 Colombian protests") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests "2021 Cuban protests") [Yellow vests protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests "Yellow vests protests") [labor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests "2021 French labor protests") [French West Indies social unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies "2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_convoy_protest "France convoy protest") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany "COVID-19 protests in Germany") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting "2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Greek_protests "2021 Greek protests") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel "COVID-19 protests in Israel") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu "2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy "Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests "2021 Mongolian protests") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands") [curfew riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots "2021 Dutch curfew riots") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 protests in New Zealand") [Wellington protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest "2022 Wellington protest") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests "2021 Paraguayan protests") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests "2020–2022 Serbian protests") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests "2021 Tunisian protests") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 protests in the United States") [Open the States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_States "Open the States") |
| [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") | [Aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") [Vaccine diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy "Vaccine diplomacy") |
| [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause") [Doomscrolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomscrolling "Doomscrolling") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Green recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_recovery "Green recovery") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") [Superspreader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspreading_event "Superspreading event") [Twindemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twindemic "Twindemic") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_\(software\) "Zoom (software)") [Zoom towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_town "Zoom town") |
| Others | [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Pregnant women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") |
| Health issues | |
| | |
| Medical topics | [Transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 "Symptoms of COVID-19") [Cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer "COVID-19 and cancer") [Endemic COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19") [Skin manifestations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 "Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Rehabilitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 "Rehabilitation after COVID-19") [Unproven medical methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") |
| Testing and epidemiology | |
| | |
| [Datasets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_datasets "COVID-19 datasets") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Operation Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moonshot "Operation Moonshot") [Test to Release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_to_Release "Test to Release") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium "UK Rapid Test Consortium") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test "AbC-19 rapid antibody test") [investigations into the origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") [lab leak theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") [Rapid antigen test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test "COVID-19 rapid antigen test") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance "COVID-19 surveillance") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") | |
| [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") | [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") [BlueTrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTrace "BlueTrace") [careFIJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareFIJI "CareFIJI") [Coronavirus Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia "Coronavirus Australia") [Corona-Warn-App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-Warn-App "Corona-Warn-App") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application "COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application") [COVID Alert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Alert "COVID Alert") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIDSafe "COVIDSafe") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland "COVID Tracker Ireland") [Covid Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Watch "Covid Watch") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing "Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Health Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Code "Health Code") [Healthy Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_Together "Healthy Together") [Immuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuni "Immuni") [Koronavilkku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavilkku "Koronavilkku") [LeaveHomeSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe "LeaveHomeSafe") [MySejahtera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySejahtera "MySejahtera") [NHS COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_COVID-19 "NHS COVID-19") [NZ COVID Tracer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer "NZ COVID Tracer") [NZ Pass Verifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier "NZ Pass Verifier") [PathCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathCheck "PathCheck") [PeduliLindungi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeduliLindungi "PeduliLindungi") [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") [SafePass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafePass "SafePass") [StaySafe.ph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaySafe.ph "StaySafe.ph") [SwissCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwissCovid "SwissCovid") [TCN Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCN_Protocol "TCN Protocol") [Test, Trace, Protect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect "Test, Trace, Protect") [Thai Chana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chana "Thai Chana") [TousAntiCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TousAntiCovid "TousAntiCovid") [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") [Valtrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrace "Valtrace") [Zoe Health Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study "Zoe Health Study") |
| Prevention | [Air purifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier "Air purifier") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box "Corsi–Rosenthal Box")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Anti-mask sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment "Anti-mask sentiment") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Great Barrington Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration "Great Barrington Declaration") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Safe Hands Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge "Safe Hands Challenge") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") |
| [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") | |
| | |
| Topics | [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [EU Certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate "EU Digital COVID Certificate") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 "Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| Authorized | |
| | |
| [DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_vaccine "DNA vaccine") | [ZyCoV-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZyCoV-D "ZyCoV-D") |
| [Inactivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine "Inactivated vaccine") | [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine "Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine") [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [COVIran Barekat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIran_Barekat "COVIran Barekat") [CoviVac (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoviVac_\(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine\) "CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)") [FAKHRAVAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAKHRAVAC "FAKHRAVAC") [Minhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine "Minhai COVID-19 vaccine") [QazCovid-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QazCovid-in "QazCovid-in") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Turkovac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkovac "Turkovac") [Valneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine "Valneva COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [mRNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine "MRNA vaccine") | [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Subunit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subunit_vaccine "Subunit vaccine") | [Abdala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdala_\(vaccine\) "Abdala (vaccine)") [Corbevax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbevax "Corbevax") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX-19 "COVAX-19") [EpiVacCorona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona "EpiVacCorona") [IndoVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndoVac "IndoVac") [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Noora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_\(vaccine\) "Noora (vaccine)") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Razi Cov Pars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars "Razi Cov Pars") [Sinopharm CNBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine") [Soberana 02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_02 "Soberana 02") [Soberana Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_Plus "Soberana Plus") [ZF2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") (Zifivax) |
| [Viral vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine "Viral vector vaccine") | [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_Light "Sputnik Light") |
| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") | [CoVLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoVLP "CoVLP") |
| In trials | |
| | |
| [Attenuated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine "Attenuated vaccine") | [COVI-VAC (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVI-VAC_\(U.S._COVID-19_vaccine\) "COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)") |
| DNA | [AG0302-COVID‑19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 "AG0302-COVID‑19") [GX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GX-19 "GX-19") [Inovio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine "Inovio COVID-19 vaccine") |
| Inactivated | [KD-414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-414 "KD-414") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") |
| RNA | [ARCT-021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-021 "ARCT-021") [ARCT-154](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-154 "ARCT-154") [Bangavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangavax "Bangavax") [CureVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine "CureVac COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [HGC019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGC019 "HGC019") [mRNA-1283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-1283 "MRNA-1283") [PTX-COVID19-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B "PTX-COVID19-B") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine "Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine") [Walvax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine "Walvax COVID-19 vaccine") |
| Subunit | [202-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202-CoV "202-CoV") [AKS-452](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS-452 "AKS-452") [EuCorVac-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuCorVac-19 "EuCorVac-19") [IVX-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVX-411 "IVX-411") [Nanocovax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocovax "Nanocovax") [ReCOV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCOV "ReCOV") [Sanofi–GSK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine") [S-268019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-268019 "S-268019") [SCB-2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCB-2019 "SCB-2019") [SCTV01C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTV01C "SCTV01C") [Skycovione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycovione "Skycovione") [UB-612](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB-612 "UB-612") [V-01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-01 "V-01") [V451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V451_vaccine "V451 vaccine") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine "Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine") [West China Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine "West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") |
| Viral vector | [AdCLD-CoV19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19 "AdCLD-CoV19") [BriLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BriLife "BriLife") [COH04S1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COH04S1 "COH04S1") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT "DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT") [GRAd-COV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAd-COV2 "GRAd-COV2") [ImmunityBio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine "ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine") [iNCOVACC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCOVACC "INCOVACC") [INNA-051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INNA-051 "INNA-051") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine "Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") | [ABNCoV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABNCoV2 "ABNCoV2") [LYB001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYB001 "LYB001") [MigVax-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MigVax-101 "MigVax-101") [VBI-2902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBI-2902 "VBI-2902") |
| [Deployment by location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") | |
| | |
| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in Africa") | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola "COVID-19 vaccination in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana "COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi "COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad "COVID-19 vaccination in Chad") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt "COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana "COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco "COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal "COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe") |
| Asia | [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan") [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran "COVID-19 vaccination in Iran") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel "COVID-19 vaccination in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan "COVID-19 vaccination in Japan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal "COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey "COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam") |
| Europe | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania "COVID-19 vaccination in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia "COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark "COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France "COVID-19 vaccination in France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany "COVID-19 vaccination in Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece "COVID-19 vaccination in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary "COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland "COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy "COVID-19 vaccination in Italy") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway "COVID-19 vaccination in Norway") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal "COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain "COVID-19 vaccination in Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden "COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom") |
| North America | [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec "COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti "COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States") [mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States") |
| Oceania | [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia "COVID-19 vaccination in Australia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji "COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand") |
| South America | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina "COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil "COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia "COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru "COVID-19 vaccination in Peru") |
| Others | |
| [Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") | |
| | |
| [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") [PANORAMIC trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial "PANORAMIC trial") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial "RECOVERY Trial") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") (WHO) | |
| [Monoclonal antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody "Monoclonal antibody") | [Bamlanivimab/etesevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab "Bamlanivimab/etesevimab") [Bamlanivimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab "Bamlanivimab") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebtelovimab "Bebtelovimab") [Casirivimab/imdevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab "Casirivimab/imdevimab") [Regdanvimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regdanvimab "Regdanvimab") [Sarilumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarilumab "Sarilumab") [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") [Tixagevimab/cilgavimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab "Tixagevimab/cilgavimab") [Tocilizumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocilizumab "Tocilizumab") |
| [Small molecule antivirals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug "Antiviral drug") | [Broad-spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug "Broad-spectrum antiviral drug") [Ensitrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensitrelvir "Ensitrelvir") [Molnupiravir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnupiravir "Molnupiravir") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir "Nirmatrelvir") [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") |
| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") | |
| | |
| Specific | [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") |
| General | [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") [Variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") |
| Institutions | |
| | |
| Hospitals and medical clinics | |
| | |
| Mainland China | [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre "Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre") [Fangcang hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_hospital "Fangcang hospital") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital "Huoshenshan Hospital") [Leishenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital "Leishenshan Hospital") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel "Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital "Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital") |
| Others | [Hospital ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic") [Garran Surge Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre "Garran Surge Centre") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador "Hospital El Salvador") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village "Kemayoran Athletes Village") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital "Pyongyang General Hospital") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang "Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers "Mega Ligtas COVID Centers") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre "Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital "Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital "Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom") [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham "NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London "NHS Nightingale Hospital London") [North East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East "NHS Nightingale Hospital North East") [North West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West "NHS Nightingale Hospital North West") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan "NHS Louisa Jordan") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital "Dragon's Heart Hospital") (Wales) |
| Organizations | |
| | |
| [National Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cabinet_\(Australia\) "National Cabinet (Australia)") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceUpFirst "ScienceUpFirst") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Wuhan Institute of Virology") (China) [Independent SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_SAGE "Independent SAGE") (United Kingdom) | |
| Health institutes | [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre "Ghana Infectious Disease Centre") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_\(Hong_Kong\) "Department of Health (Hong Kong)") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases "National Institute for Communicable Diseases") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control "Taiwan Centers for Disease Control") (Taiwan) |
| Pandemic institutes | [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board "National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force "COVID-19 Immunity Task Force") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council "COVID-19 Supply Council") (Canada) [PREPARE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREPARE "PREPARE") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 "National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force "COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\(2020\) "National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting "Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre "Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee "Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases "Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center "Central Epidemic Command Center") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board "Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium "COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team "Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre "Joint Biosecurity Centre") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce "Vaccine Taskforce") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board "COVID-19 Advisory Board") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups "Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team "White House COVID-19 Response Team") (United States) [GACH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GACH "GACH") (Uruguay) |
| Relief funds | [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") (India) [Artist Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_Relief "Artist Relief") (United States) |
| People | |
| | |
| Medical professionals | [Ai Fen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Fen "Ai Fen") [Corona Rintawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Rintawan "Corona Rintawan") [Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang") [Liu Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Wen_\(doctor\) "Liu Wen (doctor)") [Xie Linka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Linka "Xie Linka") [Zhang Wenhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong "Zhang Wenhong") |
| [Researchers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers "Category:Coronavirus researchers") | [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud "Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud") [Roberto Burioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Burioni "Roberto Burioni") [Chen Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wei_\(medical_scientist\) "Chen Wei (medical scientist)") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett "Kizzmekia Corbett") [Andrea Crisanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_\(scientist\) "Andrea Crisanti (scientist)") [Peter Daszak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daszak "Peter Daszak") [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") [Neil Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_\(epidemiologist\) "Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)") [Dale Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Fisher "Dale Fisher") [George F. Gao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Gao "George F. Gao") [Azra Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azra_Ghani "Azra Ghani") [Sarah Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert "Sarah Gilbert") [Guan Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yi "Guan Yi") [Kentaro Iwata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata "Kentaro Iwata") [Katalin Karikó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 "Katalin Karikó") [Matt Keeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeling "Matt Keeling") [Trudie Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudie_Lang "Trudie Lang") [Li Lanjuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lanjuan "Li Lanjuan") [W. Ian Lipkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin "W. Ian Lipkin") [Ma Xiaowei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei "Ma Xiaowei") [Shabir Madhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabir_Madhi "Shabir Madhi") [Allison McGeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_McGeer "Allison McGeer") [Camilla Rothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Rothe "Camilla Rothe") [Shi Zhengli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Zhengli "Shi Zhengli") [Moncef Slaoui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui "Moncef Slaoui") [Mike Tildesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tildesley "Mike Tildesley") [John Todd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Todd_\(British_biologist\) "John Todd (British biologist)") [Wang Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chen_\(physician\) "Wang Chen (physician)") [Wang Guangfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Guangfa "Wang Guangfa") [Drew Weissman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Weissman "Drew Weissman") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung "Yuen Kwok-yung") [Zeng Guang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Guang "Zeng Guang") [Zhang Jixian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jixian "Zhang Jixian") [Zhang Yongzhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen "Zhang Yongzhen") [Zhong Nanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan") |
| Officials | |
| | |
| WHO | [Tedros Adhanom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Aylward "Bruce Aylward") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove "Maria Van Kerkhove") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_\(doctor\) "Michael J. Ryan (doctor)") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) |
| By location | [Frank Atherton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Atherton "Frank Atherton") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield "Ashley Bloomfield") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood "Catherine Calderwood") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen "Chang Shan-chwen") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul "Anutin Charnvirakul") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung "Chen Shih-chung") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching "Chuang Yin-ching") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Costache "Victor Costache") (Romania) [Fabrizio Curcio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio "Fabrizio Curcio") (Italy) [Carmen Deseda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Deseda "Carmen Deseda") (Puerto Rico) [Jaap van Dissel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel "Jaap van Dissel") (the Netherlands) [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") (Germany) [Francisco Duque III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III "Francisco Duque III") (Philippines) [Anthony Fauci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fauci "Anthony Fauci") (United States) [Francesco Paolo Figliuolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo "Francesco Paolo Figliuolo") (Italy) [Graça Freitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas "Graça Freitas") (Portugal) [Henrique Gouveia e Melo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo "Henrique Gouveia e Melo") (Portugal) [Matt Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock "Matt Hancock") (United Kingdom) [Hamad Hasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Hasan "Hamad Hasan") (Lebanon) [Greg Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hunt "Greg Hunt") (Australia) [Tony Holohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holohan "Tony Holohan") (Ireland) [Jeong Eun-kyeong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong "Jeong Eun-kyeong") (South Korea) [Fahrettin Koca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca "Fahrettin Koca") (Turkey) [Li Keqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang") (China) [Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez "Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez") (Mexico) [Michael McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBride_\(doctor\) "Michael McBride (doctor)") (Northern Ireland) [Oriol Mitjà](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0 "Oriol Mitjà") (Andorra) [Zweli Mkhize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize "Zweli Mkhize") (South Africa) [Doni Monardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doni_Monardo "Doni Monardo") (Indonesia) [Alma Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller "Alma Möller") (Iceland) [Saeed Namaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Namaki "Saeed Namaki") (Iran) [Ala Nemerenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco "Ala Nemerenco") (Moldova) [Nguyễn Thanh Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long "Nguyễn Thanh Long") (Vietnam) [Noor Hisham Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah "Noor Hisham Abdullah") (Malaysia) [Ali Pilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pilli "Ali Pilli") (Northern Cyprus) [Daniel Salinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Salinas "Daniel Salinas") (Uruguay) [Jérôme Salomon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon "Jérôme Salomon") (France) [Fernando Simón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n "Fernando Simón") (Spain) [Gregor Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Smith "Gregor Smith") (Scotland) [Su Ih-jen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Ih-jen "Su Ih-jen") (Taiwan) [Łukasz Szumowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski "Łukasz Szumowski") (Poland) [Theresa Tam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") (Canada) [Anders Tegnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Tegnell "Anders Tegnell") (Sweden) [Þórólfur Guðnason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason "Þórólfur Guðnason") (Iceland) [Sotiris Tsiodras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras "Sotiris Tsiodras") (Greece) [Harsh Vardhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_\(Delhi_politician\) "Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)") (India) [Víðir Reynisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson "Víðir Reynisson") (Iceland) [Carla Vizzotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti "Carla Vizzotti") (Argentina) [Vlad Voiculescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu "Vlad Voiculescu") (Romania) [Chris Whitty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitty "Chris Whitty") (United Kingdom) [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") (Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Zients "Jeff Zients") (United States) |
| Others | [Chen Qiushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Qiushi "Chen Qiushi") [Brett Crozier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Crozier "Brett Crozier") [Fang Bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Bin "Fang Bin") [Fang Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Fang "Fang Fang") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond "Joseph Ashitey Hammond") [Li Zehua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zehua "Li Zehua") [Captain Tom Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore "Captain Tom Moore") [Qiu Menghuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang "Qiu Menghuang") [Ren Zhiqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang "Ren Zhiqiang") |
| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") | |
| Data (templates) | |
| | |
| Global | WHO situation reports [cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") [World map by countries: confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") |
| Asia | [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart") China [confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_\(dots\) "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore")[COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore]() | |
|---|---|
| [Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") | [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2023)") |
| Government responses | [Circuit breaker measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") [COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") |
[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_\(Wikimedia_colors\).svg) [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19 "Portal:COVID-19")
-  [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Singapore "Portal:Singapore")
-  [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine "Portal:Medicine")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png) [Viruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Viruses "Portal:Viruses")
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COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore
23 languages
[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore) | ||||||||||||
| Readable Markdown | | COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marina_Bay_Sands_during_Circuit_Breaker.jpg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Controlled_entry_into_Compass_One,_2020-05-16.jpg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ntuc_super_store,_Singapore_\(49505410793\).jpg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Safe-distancing_measure_-_no_social_gathering_dining_together_\(49753010792\).jpg) (clockwise from top left) [Marina Bay Sands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands "Marina Bay Sands") and [ArtScience Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArtScience_Museum "ArtScience Museum") lit up with messages of hope Controlled entry into [Compass One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_One "Compass One") Tables and seats cordoned off with tape Empty shelves at a [FairPrice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice "NTUC FairPrice") supermarket | |
| Disease | [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") |
| Virus strain | [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") |
| Location | [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") |
| First reported | [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei "Hubei"), China |
| [Index case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") | [Sentosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentosa "Sentosa"), [Southern Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Islands "Southern Islands") |
| Arrival date | 23 January 2020 (4 years, 2 months, 2 weeks and 6 days) |
| Confirmed cases | 3,006,155[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-1) |
| Recovered | 2,516,440 (updated 23 July 2023) [\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH-2) |
| Deaths | 2,024[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-1) |
| Fatality rate | 0\.07% |
| Vaccinations | 83%[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-vaccination2022-3) (minimum protection) 46%[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-vaccination2022-3) (up-to-date vaccination) |
| Government website | |
| [www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19](https://www.moh.gov.sg/COVID-19) | |
The **COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore** was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ([SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2")). The first case in [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore "Singapore") was confirmed on 23 January 2020. Early cases were primarily imported until local transmission began to develop in February and March. In late March and April, COVID-19 clusters were detected at multiple migrant worker dormitories, which soon contributed to an overwhelming proportion of new cases in the country.
To stem the tide of infections, strict [circuit breaker lockdown measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") were implemented from 7 April to 1 June 2020, after which restrictions have been gradually lifted as conditions permitted.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-endingcircuitbreaker-4) A mass vaccination campaign was launched, and has been successful in achieving a very high vaccination rate, with more than 96% of the eligible populace having completed their vaccination regimen as of June 2022.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-dw-vax-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-mohvacc-6) Various measures have been taken to mass [test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") the population for the virus and isolate infected people. [Contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing") measures [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") and [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") were implemented to identify and [quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine") close contacts of positive cases.
The last record of COVID-19 cases was on 4 June 2023, which was at 2,481,404 confirmed cases, 2,456,295 recoveries and 1,727 deaths,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-worldindata-7) with a [case fatality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") of 0.08%, one of the lowest in the world.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-8) It introduced what was considered one of the world's largest and best-organised epidemic control programmes.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-10)
## Government response
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Government response")\]
Total number of people vaccinated in Singapore under NVP as of 12 April 2026 \[[refresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=purge)\]
1. Unvaccinated population (7.00%)
2. Population who are fully vaccinated[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore_mohvacc-11) (92.0%)
3. Population who have received only one dose of a two-dose vaccine[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore_mohvacc-11) (1.00%)
In response to the emerging threat, a committee known as the "Multi-Ministry Task Force" (often shortened to MMTF) was formed on 22 January 2020, comprising [Minister for Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Education (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong"), [Minister for Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Health (Singapore)") [Gan Kim Yong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gan_Kim_Yong "Gan Kim Yong") as co-chairs, along with [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore "Prime Minister of Singapore") [Lee Hsien Loong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") and [Deputy Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Singapore "Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore") [Heng Swee Keat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heng_Swee_Keat "Heng Swee Keat") as advisors. On 23 April 2021 in a cabinet reshuffle, Lee announced the appointment of [Ong Ye Kung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Ye_Kung "Ong Ye Kung") as the new [Minister for Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Health (Singapore)"), who would serve in the committee as co-chair alongside the other incumbents.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-ST22Jan-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-13) Singapore had also contributed [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_dollar "American dollar")500,000 to support the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization")'s (WHO) efforts against COVID-19.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-14)
### Circuit breaker measures and gradual re-opening
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Circuit breaker measures and gradual re-opening")\]
In response to the first wave of COVID-19, Singapore enacted the "COVID-19 Control Order", announcing on 3 April 2020 a stringent set of preventive measures collectively called the "circuit breaker lockdown". Initially planned to be applied from 7 April to 4 May, the circuit breaker lockdown was extended to 1 June on 21 April following continued untraced transmission within the community. The Multi-Ministry Taskforce on 19 May announced the three-phased approach to resume activities safely with the gradual re-opening of economic activities in each phase.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-endingcircuitbreaker-4)
Phase 1 lasted for 17 days from 2 June and ended on 18 June, with Phase 2 lasting for 6 months and 8 days from 19 June to 27 December. Singapore was in Phase 3 from 28 December 2020 until 7 May 2021;[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-15) following the rise of the [Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant"), it temporarily reverted to Phase 2 on 8 May,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-16) which was raised to "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 16 May to 13 June, "Phase 3 Heightened Alert" from 14 June to 21 July and "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 22 July 2021 to 9 August 2021. This was followed by "Preparatory Stage of Transition" from 10 August 2021 to 26 September 2021, reverting to Phase 2 Heightened Alert measures (dubbed the "Stabilisation Phase") from 27 September to 21 November 2021,[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-19) after which it entered the "Transition Phase" from 22 November 2021 to 25 April 2022, followed by the "COVID-19 Resilient Nation/Acute Phase" from 26 April 2022 to 12 February 2023.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH220422-21)
As of 13 February 2023, Singapore is currently in the "Endemic Phase", with the vast majority of COVID-19 restrictions lifted.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-23)
### Contact tracing technologies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Contact tracing technologies")\]
Technological solutions to facilitate contact tracing efforts were rapidly developed and deployed by the government. [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry"), a check-in system that logs the entry and exit of visitors to public places, was first introduced at selected wet markets on 24 April 2020[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-24) and subsequently expanded to include a wide range of venues in May.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-25) It was later augmented by compulsory use of [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether"),[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-26) a system originally launched on 20 March 2020[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-27) that uses [Bluetooth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth "Bluetooth") signal strengths to track the proximity and duration of encounters between people with a smartphone app or physical token.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-28) With the relaxation of most countermeasures on 26 April 2022, both systems were phased out except in the case of large events with 500 participants, food and beverages outlets, and nightlife entertainment establishments with dancing facilities.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-29) On 9 February 2023, it was announced that the use of [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") and [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") would be discontinued from 13 February.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-30)
### Vaccination campaign
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Vaccination campaign")\]
A mass vaccination programme is currently under way following the approval and acquisition of the [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") and [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine");[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-32) in late 2021, Singapore became the world's most-vaccinated country, with more than 85% of its total population fully-vaccinated.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-dw-vax-5) As of June 2022, over 92% of the total population have completed their vaccination regimen, representing over 96% of the eligible populace.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-mohvacc-6)
On 31 December 2019, health authorities in China reported to the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) a [cluster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_cluster "Disease cluster") of viral pneumonia cases of unknown cause in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), Hubei,[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-AutoDW-69-33) and an investigation was launched in early January 2020.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-bbc50984025-34) On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern "Public Health Emergency of International Concern") (PHEIC), after mounting evidence that the [novel coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") had spread to 18 countries and completion of investigation in Wuhan.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-36)
Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, cases were traced to clusters that several cases had visited during a particular time period in the whole of Singapore.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-13FebMOH-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-SchClusters-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-45) In 2020, new cases are only at foreign worker dormitories and construction sites while Singapore had followed zero-COVID strategy.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-47) while local cases formed the bulk of new cases from April 2021, driven by [SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant"), and rose rapidly to 4-digit numbers. At the final recording dated 31 January 2023, there were 2,124,199 local cases and 92,911 imported cases.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-covidsitrep-48)[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-49) 22 February 2022 saw its highest daily count at 26,032 cases, with 24 February 2022 seeing its highest active case count at 73,540 cases; 20 October 2021, 16 November 2021 and 4 March 2022 saw its highest daily fatality count at 18 deaths.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-worldindata-7) The last recorded date of any patient in the ICU was 12 February 2023.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-50) It was only on 14 August 2020 that there were no reported community cases for the first time since June,[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-51) while 1 October 2020 was the first time since April that the daily number of imported cases exceeded that of dormitory cases.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-52) 13 October 2020 was the first time in over six months that no dormitory cases were reported,[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-53) with 15 June 2021 being the first time in over eleven months that no imported cases were reported.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-54) At the end of September 2021, the number of confirmed cases in Singapore exceeded the number of confirmed cases in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China"), with the country also reaching the first grim milestone of 100,000 cases on 2 October 2021. The total number of community cases exceeded that of dormitory cases on 14 October 2021, and passed 100,000 cases on 27 October 2021. Singapore also broke its monthly death record in October 2021 with 312 deaths, breaking its previous monthly death record of 40 in September 2021. The total death count exceeded 1,000 on 27 February 2022, with the total case count crossing the 1-million mark on 19 March 2022. Singapore reported its first death of a patient under 12 years old on 27 June 2022.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-55)
Internationally, the [case fatality ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") (CFR) for COVID-19 has been much lower than [SARS in 2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak "2002–2004 SARS outbreak").[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Imperial13March20202-56)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Gov.ukHCIDDef2-57) The [transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_\(medicine\) "Transmission (medicine)") of the [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") virus powering the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-WFSA2-58)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Imperial13March20202-56) However, Singapore's death rate has been one of the world's lowest, both in terms of CFR and per capita.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-60) This may be attributed to the fact that the bulk of the cases are restricted to the migrant workers living in dormitories away from the general population.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59) These migrant workers tend to be younger,[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59) with an average age of 30 years and 2 months old when surveyed in 2015, and the healthcare system was never overwhelmed.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-62) The authorities also tested the entire dormitory population for COVID-19 infection, leading to many otherwise asymptomatic infections being picked up.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-64) Research by the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") suggests that the CFR for [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") virus picks up in cases 50 years of age and above.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-65) The elderly in the general population in Singapore have been advised to stay at home as much as possible,[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-scmp_3081772-59) while resident-facing staff in old folks homes are being housed on site or separately in hotels.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-66)
Other factors contributing to Singapore's exceptionally low CFR include the country's use of extensive contact tracing and testing to identify cases, mandatory mask-wearing, and hospitalisation of all high-risk patients. Singapore has comparatively strict criteria for classifying COVID-19 deaths, counting patients who were infected with COVID but died of other causes as non-COVID deaths.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-68)
Prevalence studies on the population have shown that 4 in 1600 in the community, or about 0.25%, have previously been infected with COVID-19, while at least 47% of migrant workers living in dormitories have tested positive by [PCR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction "Polymerase chain reaction") or serological tests.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-70)
#### Initial wave of COVID-19 (2020)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Initial wave of COVID-19 (2020)")\]
National authorities began reporting suspected cases on 4 January,[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-71) however the first confirmed case was reported on 23 January, a tourist from Wuhan.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Abdullah_2020-72) Until 30 January, there were a total of 13 confirmed cases, all of whom were visitors to Singapore from China.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-74) The first case involving a Singaporean was confirmed on 31 January after returning from Wuhan.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-75) Contact tracing procedures were put in place to identify close contacts of the confirmed cases who were placed under 14-day quarantines to ring-fence the potential spread of the virus.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-77)
These imported cases eventually lead to clusters of local transmissions being formed. The first local cluster was reported on 4 February at Yong Thai Hang, a Chinese health products shop. It was identified as the locus of the infection where four women without recent history of travel to China contracted the virus.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-LocalTransmission-78) The shop was affected when a tour group from [Guangxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi "Guangxi"), China visited it along with other locations such as the Diamond Industries Jewellery Company at Harbour Drive, where another case occurred, while touring Singapore.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-79) The tour group had returned to China and the Chinese authorities had confirmed that two of the group was infected.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-LocalTransmission-78) Authorities raised the [DORSCON](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_Outbreak_Response_System_Condition "Disease Outbreak Response System Condition") level to Orange with the impending COVID-19 cases of infection,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-80)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-81) with Prime Minister Lee expressing his worry about some cases with no known chain of transmission of the infection directly from Wuhan or indirectly via cases traced in Singapore. He suggested that it might become "futile to try to trace every contact".[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-82)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Vox_SG_PM_untraced_worry-83) More clusters emerged at various locations, where there were large scale gatherings such as a business conference, [Chinese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_New_Year "Chinese New Year") dinner gatherings and church-related activities.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-84) Two clusters were linked when several cases in each cluster was found to have infected each other through [serological tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology "Serology"), the first such successful test in the world.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-first-cases-85)
In March, as the number of cases began to rise exponentially around the world, the [Ministry of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)") (MFA) and the [Ministry of Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Education (Singapore)") (MOE) began to encourage Singaporeans to return home. Various institutes of higher learning recalled their students currently on overseas internship or exchange, and the MFA began liaising with airlines to facilitate flights to key cities when necessary during this period, to cater to demand for return flights to Singapore.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-86) This led to an increase in number of imported cases, in which over 70% of cases from 16 to 19 March were Singaporeans and long-term pass holders returning from overseas.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-87)
Plans for the [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") began in February but waited until late of March. Various mask-off activities were prohibited such as dining in and all exercise activities and many people were [remote working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") starting from early April; from 5 May till 1 June, gatherings and social visits were only allowed up to two per day. The bulk of cases began to shift from imported cases to migrant workers living in dormitories, resulting in the authorities imposing a mandatory quarantine of 20,000 migrant workers in two dormitories gazetted as isolation areas, namely the S11 Dormitory and Westlite Toh Guan.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-88) Following which, the number of cases in migrant worker dormitories began to soar as more clusters were detected in other migrant worker dormitories, reaching a single-daily high of 1,426 cases recorded amongst migrant workers on 20 April.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-89) On 21 April, the [Ministry of Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") (MOM) announced that all foreign workers in dormitories were to stop work until 4 May to curb the rising spread of COVID-19 among the groups that were hit the hardest.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-90) The number of daily cases amongst migrant workers living in dormitories gradually decreased but continued to remain in the hundreds until early August, with aggressive testing by the authorities.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-91) April also marked a shift in policy. The government stopped automatically admitting the infected in hospitals and instead created community care facilities for those who were at low risk, which allowed hospitals to focus only on those in higher risk categories. At the peak on 12 May, there were 19,667 patients in community care facilities. This allowed hospitals to reduce bed take up related to COVID-19 from more than a thousand to several hundred in a few weeks. 18 September saw the first time since the crisis spread to work dormitories that the daily dorm case number fell into single digits.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-92)
From May onwards, the vast majority of cases were reported in dormitories, with community cases never rising above 24 cases, which was reported on 11 July.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-93) Nevertheless, while numbers in the dorms remained elevated in May, 20 April in fact represented the peak of daily cases reported among dormitory workers. By August, it was clear that the situation in dormitories was being brought under control, with new daily cases among dorm workers finally falling below 100 on 11 August. On 11 August, Ministry of Manpower announced that all dormitories had been declared cleared of COVID-19 (except for those blocks that were being used for quarantine facilities).[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-94) By 1 October less than 300 people were being housed in community care facilities, down from the almost 20,000 from the May peak.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-95) However, it also became clear that controlling the disease was going to be extremely difficult. While total case numbers had continued to decline, unlinked community cases had begun to edge up and some dorms that had been cleared of infection were once again put on lockdown. A significant milestone was achieved on 13 October when it was announced that, for the first time since March, there were no local cases of infection. This was followed shortly by 16 October, when the number of active cases fell to less than 100 – the first time since 12 March,[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-96)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-97) and by 25 November, when it was announced that there were no active clusters for the first time since the pandemic began.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-98)
On 24 December, Singapore confirmed its first case of the [Alpha variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant").[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-99) With Singapore entering the COVID 2020 Phase 3 on 31 December 2020, 2 new clusters were formed out of the 5 community cases reported that day, all of whom were linked to the marine sector.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-100) Two additional clusters were formed on 17 and 19 January 2021; the first was from 2 community cases linked to a para-vet working with the Singapore Police Force's K-9 unit,[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-101) with the second from 2 community cases linked to a worker at Golden Bridge Foods Manufacturing.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-102) Another cluster consisting of four community cases linked to an employee at BS Industrial & Construction Supply was formed on 20 January.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-103)
After banning short term arrivals in March, imported cases fell dramatically. However, since the beginning of July, there was a steady trickle of imported cases as the government loosened arrival requirements, with the majority of cases arriving from India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. January 2021 saw a sharp spike in imported cases, of which foreign domestic workers formed the bulk due to the high demand for them amidst the pandemic.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-104)
#### Delta wave of COVID-19 (2021)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Delta wave of COVID-19 (2021)")\]
On 23 April 2021, Singapore tightened restrictions due to the rising [Delta wave of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant"). 2 new localised clusters were identified on 21 and 24 April;[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-105) the first was a household cluster of 3 community cases linked to a 43-year-old Indian national and work pass holder who was possibly re-infected,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-106) while the second was involved a 45-year-old permanent resident whose parents had travelled to India[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-107) On 29 April, a new household cluster was formed out of 7 community cases that were linked to a 38-year-old Singaporean ICA officer working at [Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Airport "Changi Airport"), with another cluster formed out of 8 community cases linked to a 46-year-old Filipino nurse working at [Tan Tock Seng Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Tock_Seng_Hospital "Tan Tock Seng Hospital").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-108) It was announced that Singapore would temporarily revert to Phase 2 from 8 May, but because of the rising Delta variant at Changi Airport Terminal 3, Jurong East (Jem) and several institutes of education, it was tightened to Phase 2 Heightened Alert from 16 May to 13 June.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-110) Dining-in would no longer be allowed, and the maximum number of persons in a social gathering would be further reduced to two, among other restrictions.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-111) MOE also announced that all Singapore primary schools, secondary schools and junior colleges were to move to full home-based learning starting on 19 May.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-112)
After a decline in community cases, it was announced that Singapore would re-enter "Phase 3 Heightened Alert", with re-opening to commence in two stages. The first stage would begin on 14 June with the limit on social gatherings increased to 5 people, while the next stage would begin on 21 June with the resumption of dining-in with 5 people.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-113) MOE further announced that Primary 4–6, Secondary 3–5, and junior college and Millennia Institute students would be able to return to school on 28 June, and Secondary 1–2 students on 1 July; all students from other levels would return on 6 July.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-114) However, a new cluster was formed at the 115 Bukit Merah View Market and Food Centre that was linked to a 74-year old store owner who tested positive on 9 June, which resulted in a fresh surge of community cases. Consequently, the second stage of re-opening was adjusted so that only 2 persons would be allowed for dining-in.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-115) With the stabilisation of community infections in early July 2021, it was announced that dining-in with groups of up to 5—along with wedding receptions—would resume on 12 July.
In mid-July 2021, a new cluster was formed at several [KTV lounges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke "Karaoke") out of 3 community cases linked to a short-term visit pass holder from Vietnam who first tested positive on 11 July, leading to another massive surge in cases.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-116)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-117)[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-118) Another new cluster that contributed to the surge was formed on 16 July at Jurong Fishery Port, thereby it reverted to the semi-lockdown called "Phase 2 Heightened Alert" from 22 July to 10 August.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-119)
On 6 August 2021, it was announced that due to Singapore having successfully vaccinated 66% of its population, restrictions would be eased in two phases; from 10 August, dining-in at restaurants would resume with a limit of up to 5 fully-vaccinated persons, while the limit for non-vaccinated persons and dining-in at [hawker centres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_centre "Hawker centre") would remain at 2. From 19 August, half of employees currently [remote working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") could return to offices.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-120) The following weeks saw another steep rise in dormitory and community cases with the formation of new clusters at North Coast Lodge on 23 August and Bugis Junction on 24 August,[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-122) as well as 8 bus interchanges.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2021Aug30-123) In this situation, Singapore has only been able to toggle between 2 and 5 person gatherings and are unable to ease back to 8 person gatherings from 8 May 2021 all the way to 28 March 2022. Singapore has removed restrictions relating to [Variant of Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") from 29 March 2022.
Just after Singapore's COVID-19 vaccination rates increased to 80%, cases rose rapidly by 500 - 1,000 on 30 August 2021, after the public feedback, MOH has announced that Singapore will enter the Stabilisation Phase, dining-in group size at F\&B outlets are reduced to two vaccinated people from the current five. Singapore has abandoned the zero-COVID strategy. When the situation improved, dining-in were reverted to five persons who are from the same household, then from 22 November, Singapore had entered Transition Phase after two months, dining-in were reverted to five vaccinated persons and hawker centres and coffeeshops joined the five vaccinated persons strategy, if checks took place.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-124) The government did not ease any [remote work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") until the introduction of Workforce Vaccination Measures (WVM), those coming back to work were complemented by ART testing on weekends only. In addition, Singapore has changed the "clusters" to "Health Risk Warning (HRW)", where those who are close contact will have to take Antigen Rapid Testing (ART) under Protocol 3, those who took 5-day MC and on self-isolation/quarantine, hence those who are under Protocol 2.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-125)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-126)
From 1 October 2021, MOH announced that it would unveil COVID-19 maps daily showing where COVID-19 cases have visited frequently. The first map released on 1 October, had 12 sub-zones shown which were frequently visited by infected cases.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-127)
#### Omicron waves of COVID-19 (2022)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Omicron waves of COVID-19 (2022)")\]
On 4 January 2022, the week-on-week infection increase rate crossed 1 in Singapore. This has happened for the first time in approximately two months since the COVID-19 Omicron variant cases increased in the city-state. As per statistics, most of the cases detected on each day have entered Singapore from abroad, precisely, 502 out of 842 cases. Despite the increase in cases, hospitalization in Singapore has remained low, with more ICU beds available than in use.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-128) Following reports that the current wave was subsiding, MOH announced that COVID-19 safety measures would be streamlined, effective from 15 March 2022 onwards.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-129) On 29 March 2022, the measures were further eased, with the limit on group sizes and dining-in increased to 10, masks made optional outdoors and the full reopening of borders for fully-vaccinated travellers, as well as the lifting of restrictions on live performances.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-130)
On 22 April 2022, MOH announced that due to the stabilising situation, it would lower the DORSCON level to Yellow from 26 April onwards; limits on group sizes would be removed, and TraceTogether and SafeEntry would cease operations at most settings.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH220422-21) In addition, the Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment (MSE) announced on 24 April that it would gradually reduce the number of safe-distancing ambassadors on patrol.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-131)
On 15 May 2022, three cases in the community were found to be infected with [the new BA.4 and BA.5 sub-variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant#BA.1_and_BA.2_differences "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant").[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-132) Health Minister Ong Ye Kung predicted that the next wave would arrive in July or August 2022.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-133) As the situation stabilised in late August, it was announced that safety measurements would be further eased, with masks only required for transportation that is meant for public access (e.g. [Mass Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Rapid_Transit_\(Singapore\) "Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)"), Light Rail Transit, Causeway Link, SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit, ComfortDelGro, Strides Transportation, TransCab, Sentosa Express, Changi Airport Skytrain and those shopping mall services) and healthcare facilities; non fully-vaccinated travellers to Singapore would also no longer be required to serve a 7-day SHN.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-134)
The first week of October 2022 saw an increase in cases due to the F1 Grand Prix.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-135)
On 6 October 2023, Health Minister Ong Ye Kung announced that Singapore was experiencing another COVID-19 infection wave, with the recent spate of cases mostly driven by two variants, EG.5 and its sub-lineage HK.3. Both of these are descendants of the XBB Omicron variant. These two variants accounted for over 75% of the daily cases in Singapore. The estimated daily cases had risen from about 1,000 in the second week of September 2023 to about 2,000 in the following two weeks.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-136)
On 22 December 2023, Health Minister Ong Ye Kung indicated that the latest wave of COVID-19 cases in Singapore had possibly peaked and there was therefore no need for additional measures, such as a mask mandate, to be implemented. The seven-day moving average estimated daily number of COVID-19 cases in Singapore had dropped in the days before — it had decreased from 7,730 on 17 December 2023 to 6,820 the following day, and then 6,530 on 19 December 2023.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-137)
#### FLiRT waves of COVID-19 (2024)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: FLiRT waves of COVID-19 (2024)")\]
On 18 May 2024, it was reported that there had been a near-doubling of COVID-19 cases from the previous week, with the estimated number of COVID-19 infections increasing from 13,700 to 25,900 week-on-week. The KP.1 and KP.2 strains of the COVID-19 virus accounted for more than two thirds of cases in Singapore at the time. The two strains belong to the [FLiRT group of COVID-19 variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLiRT "FLiRT"), which are descendants of the JN.1 variant.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-138)
The authorities took cautious measures as the economy began to reopen to more regular outside travellers in August 2020. Travellers who did not quarantine in a dedicated facility would have to wear an electronic tag throughout the 14-day period.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-139) Singapore also implemented a Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) with Malaysia, allowing limited travel between the two countries. Later in the month, arrivals from certain countries had their 14-day quarantine reduced to 7 days; those arriving from Brunei and New Zealand who were tested negative upon arrival would be allowed in without any quarantine.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-140) On 30 September 2020, the Singapore government announced that the country will lift border restrictions for some visitors from [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia "Australia"), excluding [Victoria state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_\(Australia\) "Victoria (Australia)"), and [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), beginning from 8 October 2020;[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-141) quarantine requirements for Victoria state and mainland China were cancelled on 6 November.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-142) In October 2020, then-Minister of Transport [Ong Ye Kung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong_Ye_Kung "Ong Ye Kung") suggested that Singapore would be looking to open travel bubbles with various countries such as those with similar risk profiles, but also for those countries from higher risk locations.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-143) One such travel bubble between Singapore and Hong Kong was to have started on 22 November; initially postponed to 2021 due to the resurgence of [COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong"),[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-144) it was eventually cancelled in August 2021 due to conflicting strategies between the city-state. Singapore cancelled the quarantine arrangement for Hong Kong and Macao, allowing all arrivals quarantine-free under the Air Travel Pass (ATP).[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-ST200821-146) This came 9 months after Singapore cancelled the quarantine requirement for China.
To stop the spread of COVID-19, the COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) Act 2020 and its Control Order Regulations 2020[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-147) was brought into force. These rules banned gatherings and led some to be charged in court,[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-148) fined or even jailed for offences related to these laws.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-150) A number of people who were on work passes have had their passes revoked and have also been permanently banned from working in Singapore.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-151)
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an unofficial [moratorium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moratorium_\(law\) "Moratorium (law)") on all [executions in Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore "Capital punishment in Singapore") for two years, although there are still new death sentences imposed in several capital cases (including convicted murderer [Teo Ghim Heng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teo_Ghim_Heng "Teo Ghim Heng")) during the moratorium.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-152) The first person to be sentenced to death during the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore was Punithan Genasan, a 37-year-old Malaysian who was also the first to be sentenced to death on 15 May 2020 via a remote court hearing on video-conferencing platform [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications "Zoom Video Communications").[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-153) Punithan, who was convicted of [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade "Illegal drug trade"), was later acquitted on 31 October 2022 upon appeal.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-154) Eventually, the Singapore government carried out its first execution on 30 March 2022 by hanging 68-year-old Singaporean drug trafficker [Abdul Kahar Othman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kahar_Othman "Abdul Kahar Othman"), thus ending the city-state's moratorium on capital punishment.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-155) So far, 17 executions (11 in 2022, five in 2023 and one in 2024) were carried out as of 28 February 2024.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-156)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-157)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-159) One of them was [Saridewi Djamani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saridewi_Djamani "Saridewi Djamani"), the first woman to be executed since 2004 and [Ahmed Salim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Salim_\(murderer\) "Ahmed Salim (murderer)"), the first convicted murderer to be hanged since 2019.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-161)
After the execution of Ahmed on 28 February 2024, the Singaporean authorities released an official statement and clarified that the COVID-19 pandemic was not the reason behind the two-year pause on executions, but due to the convicts still in the process of appeal or other lawsuits related to their sentences, and the execution could be only be scheduled and carried out once an inmate had exhausted all avenues of appeal available in his case.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-162)
Also, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (especially during the lockdown), virtual court hearings were made through digital video-conferencing platforms (notably Zoom) to hear court cases, which replaced physical court hearings for some cases. The first fully virtual court hearing was made via Zoom on 23 April 2020, when the [Court of Appeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore "Court of Appeal of Singapore") [acquitted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal "Acquittal") 27-year-old [Mohammad Azli Mohammad Salleh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Azli_Mohammad_Salleh "Mohammad Azli Mohammad Salleh") of [drug trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_trafficking "Drug trafficking") and overturned his death sentence.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-164)
The pandemic was forecasted to have a significant impact on the local economy. On 17 February 2020, the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)") (MTI) downgraded Singapore's forecast [GDP growth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP_growth "GDP growth") to between −0.5% and 1.5%.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MTIForecast-165) This is largely due to the fall in tourism and social distancing restrictions.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MTIForecast-165) On 26 March, MTI said it believed that the economy would contract by between 1% and 4% in 2020. This was after the economy shrank some 2.2% in the first quarter of 2020 from the same quarter in 2019.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-166) On 26 May, the Singapore economy contracted 0.7%YoY, which was better than the expected contraction of 2.2%. However, MTI said that it was revising down its expectation for the Singapore economy in 2020 to shrink by 4% to 7%.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-167) Economists were behind the curve in downgrading their numbers. The IMF for example, predicted in October 2019 that growth in 2020 would be 1%, but as a result of COVID-19, had changed their expectation in October 2020 to a contraction of 6%.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-168)[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-169) Other institutions initially expected the economy to expand but had to revise their numbers.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-170)
On 2 April 2020, the rating's agency Moody's downgraded the Singapore banking sector from "stable" outlook to a "negative" outlook on the back of rising bad loans and deteriorating profitability as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-171) It was estimated by the economist Chua Hak Bin, the lockdown "circuit breaker" beginning on 7 April could impact the economy to the tune of S\$10 billion.[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-172) With the lockdown imposed on foreign workers, there were concerns that there could be delays in construction work of up to six months.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-173) Senior Minister of State [Chee Hong Tat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chee_Hong_Tat "Chee Hong Tat") announced that some 3,800 companies had closed in April 2020, only slightly higher than the 3,700 reported on average for the same month in the past 5 years. Though he warned that this would likely rise in the coming months. Despite this only small increase in companies shutting down, the number of companies starting up had declined by about a third from the average April since 2015.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-174)
On 6 April 2020, it was announced in [Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore "Parliament of Singapore") that [Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport "Singapore Changi Airport") [Terminal 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Singapore_Changi_Airport#Terminal_2 "Infrastructure of Singapore Changi Airport") would be suspended from 1 May 2020 for 18 months due to the ongoing pandemic.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-175) [Terminal 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Singapore_Changi_Airport#Terminal_4 "Infrastructure of Singapore Changi Airport") would later be suspended on 16 May indefinitely as well, with the aim to restart operations when travel demand returns.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-auto2-176) The suspension of Terminal 2 would also allow the ongoing expansion work which was announced in January 2020 to be completed up to a year ahead of schedule in 2023 instead of 2024.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-177) The airlines which were operating from these two terminals were largely consolidated into the remaining Terminals 1 and 3, with some airlines remained suspended until further notice.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-178)
In November 2020, the MTI announced Singapore's economy contracted 5.8% in the third quarter from the same period in 2019. It also expected the economy to shrink contract by between 6% and 6.5% in 2020, though in 2021 it expected an expansion of between 4% and 6% next year.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-179)
Data released by the [Ministry of Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") showed that total employment contracted by 57,000 in 2020, which was the biggest drop since SARS in 2003.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-180) Foreign workers were vulnerable to being let go during the crisis as support measures such as the Jobs Support Scheme were primarily targeted as subsidising the wages of local staff not all employees. There were some 22,200 fewer foreign employees (excluding domestic workers) between December 2019 and March 2020.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-181) Ministry of Manpower reported that unemployment in the first quarter of 2020 rose to 2.4 per cent from 2.3 per cent the quarter previously, the highest in a decade, while among Singaporeans it rose from 3.3 per cent to 3.5 per cent.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-182)
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, various companies like Resorts World Sentosa reduced a significant amount of its workforce.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-183)[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-184)
Local firms had to take aggressive action to deal with effects of the pandemic. For example, on 10 September 2020, Singapore Airlines announced that it would cut around 4,300 positions across its group.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-185) On 15 September 2020, United Overseas Bank announced that it was limiting hiring.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-186)
The overall inflation dropped to 0.3% in February 2020 on a year-by-year basis. Core inflation, which excludes the costs of accommodation and private road transport, dropped to −0.1%, the first time this decade that core inflation turned negative. This was also due to supply chains being disrupted due to COVID-19.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-187)
On 9 March 2020, the [Straits Times Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_Times_Index "Straits Times Index") [fell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_\(2020\) "Black Monday (2020)") 6.03% owing to the impact of COVID-19, made worse by the [oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war").[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-188) The Index dropped again three days later by 3.8% after more measures were announced with the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") declaring a pandemic.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-189)
The [Monetary Authority of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore "Monetary Authority of Singapore") (MAS) brought forward its twice year meeting from some time in April to 30 March 2020.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-190) The MAS has since decided to ease the Singapore dollar's appreciation rate to zero per cent, as well as adjust the policy band downwards, the first such move since the [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis"). This makes it the first time the MAS had taken these two measures together.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-191) Unusually, on 6 April, the central bank also announced that it would bring forward its disclosure of foreign exchange intervention to 9 April. It was previously scheduled to be published in June.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-192) In September, Citi argued that a downward re-centring for the Singapore dollar nominal effective exchange rate (S\$NEER) in October 2020 could still take place.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-193)
As one of the industries greatly affected by the pandemic, tourism in Singapore had fallen, with the [Singapore Tourism Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Tourism_Board "Singapore Tourism Board") only just welcoming its largest increase in visitor arrivals the year preceding the outbreak.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STBDrop-194) As with virtually every other country, travel restrictions were imposed on Singapore by several countries.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-195) In response, Prime Minister [Lee Hsien Loong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong "Lee Hsien Loong") encouraged Singaporeans to go on a local 'staycation' to mitigate the fall in demand for tourism.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-196) The retail sector was also affected due to a large reliance in spending from tourists, though it had been steadily recovering since the transition to Phase 3.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-197) The Connect@Singapore initiative, which allows short-term stays for the purposes for business travel, was announced in December 2020 by the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)") (MTI) and launched on 1 April 2021 in an attempt to revitalise the nation's airline and hospitality sectors by re-opening borders safely.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-198)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-199)
On 8 May 2021, the UK announced that it would allow people in England to resume international travel from 17 May, but would limit the number of destinations open for quarantine-free holidays to just a handful of countries as it cautiously eases lockdown restrictions. Singapore was amongst the select few countries which made the list for such travel, in a system that will be reviewed every three weeks.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-200)
### Air travel bubbles (ATB)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Air travel bubbles (ATB)")\]
The first of several bilateral quarantine-free travel schemes launched by the government was the "air travel bubble", in which both countries agree to allow quarantine-free travel strictly between the two.
#### With New Zealand and Brunei
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: With New Zealand and Brunei")\]
On 1 September 2020, applications for "green lane" travel bubbles for travellers from New Zealand and Brunei were opened. Visitors from those 2 countries would be required to take a COVID-19 test on arrival at Changi Airport and self-isolate until they received a negative test result, but otherwise did not have to stay in quarantine upon arrival in Singapore. This was provided they have remained in the country for the last consecutive 14 days prior to their visit to Singapore.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-201)[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-202)
Following a resurgence in COVID-19 cases in Singapore, Brunei suspended its "green lane" travel bubble on 20 May 2021.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-203) In August 2021, it was announced that Singapore's would launch its first quarantine-free travel lanes for vaccinated passengers from Brunei and Germany on 8 September.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-204)
On 11 November 2020, Hong Kong and Singapore agreed to launch a "travel bubble" to kickstart tourism between the countries without a need to quarantine.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-205) It was hoped that having a quarantine-free travel would boost tourism and business between the two Asian hubs cities, though anyone travelling between the two cities was required to have a valid negative test result for COVID-19 before their flight.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-206) The travel bubble was scheduled to start on 22 November 2020. However, the day before the launch, both cities announced that it would be deferred by two weeks until early December, in response to a sudden spike in new infections in Hong Kong.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-207)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-209) On 1 December, the launch date was deferred again to beyond December 2020. On 14 December, Singapore increased Hong Kong's quarantine duration to 14 days, up from the previous 7 day arrangement. This showed the complexities involved in opening up, even between countries which had coronavirus infections under control. On 29 March 2021, Singapore resumed discussions with Hong Kong after the latter city experienced a significant decline in its daily local COVID-19 cases.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-210) On 26 April, both Singapore and Hong Kong confirmed that the air travel bubble would officially re-launch on 26 May.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-211)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-212) However, after a spike in local infections triggered fresh restrictions in Singapore in late April, Singapore's government stated on 6 May that it would assess any potential changes to the travel bubble.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-213) It was eventually announced in August 2021 that the travel bubble would be cancelled,[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-ST200821-146) though quarantine requirements for travellers from Hong Kong and Macao would be cancelled on 26 August.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-214) This also came 9 months after Singapore had cancelled the quarantine requirement for arrivals from China.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-215) Tourists from Hong Kong and Macao who have spent three consecutive weeks in those cities could apply to enter Singapore under the Air Travel Pass. They also would not need to quarantine if they test negative on arrival and isolate themselves until the test results are available.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-216)
### Air Travel Pass (ATP)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Air Travel Pass (ATP)")\]
Singapore introduced the Air Travel Pass (ATP) in late 2020, which is the predecessor to the Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL) only introduced in 2021. It allowed all travellers who have stayed in specific regions to enter quarantine-free regardless of vaccination status.
The ATP was given to China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Victoria State (Australia) due to the low cases in the region. Hong Kong received it after the travel bubble was cancelled in August 2021. However, Hong Kong's ATP was later cancelled in early 2022 and replaced with the VTL (tightening restrictions), while China, Macau, and Taiwan retained the ATP until Singapore retired the VTL and allowed all vaccinated travellers to enter without being on a designated flight.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-217)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-218)
### Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL)
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL)")\]
As part of Singapore's efforts to reopen its borders safely, fully-vaccinated Singaporean citizens and permanent residents would now be allowed to return to Singapore via the Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL).[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-219) On 9 October 2021, it was announced that Singapore would open up more VTLs with other countries, including South Korea and the United States.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-220) On 24 March 2022, the [Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_Singapore "Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore") (CAAS) announced the retirement of all VTLs and the reopening of borders to all vaccinated travellers from 1 April 2022.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-221)
#### With Germany and Brunei
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: With Germany and Brunei")\]
Singapore announced that it would be opening a new VTL arrangement for fully-vaccinated travellers from Germany and Brunei from 8 September 2021. Under this arrangement, travellers could enter Singapore without the need to serve a SHN upon arrival. Instead, they would undergo multiple COVID-19 [polymerase chain reaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction "Polymerase chain reaction") (PCR) tests during their stay in Singapore.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-222)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-223)
On 8 November 2021, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and Malaysia PM [Ismail Sabri Yaakob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Sabri_Yaakob "Ismail Sabri Yaakob") announced the launch of a VTL between Singapore Changi Airport and Kuala Lumpur International Airport from 29 November 2021.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-224)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-225)
Subsequently, both nations agreed to a phased opening of a second VTL through the [Johor–Singapore Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "Johor–Singapore Causeway") beginning on 29 November 2021 using designated bus lanes, marking the reopening of the land border between the two countries since its closure in March 2020. Only citizens, permanent residents (PRs) and long-term pass holders of the country they are visiting were allowed to access this VTL scheme.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-226) The second phase, which would allow citizens of both countries to travel between them, began on 20 December 2021.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-227)
#### With Sweden and Finland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: With Sweden and Finland")\]
Singapore included [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") and [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland "Finland") in its quarantine-free travel-lane programmes, which came into effect on 29 November 2021.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-228)
#### With Indonesia, India and the Gulf States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: With Indonesia, India and the Gulf States")\]
On 15 November 2021, Singapore announced plans to establish VTLs with Indonesia and India from 29 November 2021. Singapore also plans to expand the VTL scheme to [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar "Qatar"), [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia") and the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") from 6 December 2021.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-229) From 16 March 2022, Singapore will open VTL access to all Indian cities.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-230) Following reports of the circulation of the new [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant"), the planned VTLs with the Gulf States was deferred;[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-231) it was later announced that they would be launched on 25 February 2022. Bi-directional quarantine-free sea travel between Singapore and Indonesia would also resume.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH160222-232)
A VTL between Singapore and Hong Kong was launched on 25 February 2022, due to the rise in cases. It differs from other VTLs as this was one-way; Hong Kong still imposed a quarantine on all arrivals. This VTL actually tightened restrictions as the previous arrangement, the Air Travel Pass (ATP), allowed all arrivals to enter Singapore quarantine-free regardless of vaccination status.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-233)[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOH160222-232)
The retail industry has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, together with the food industry. Foot traffic at shopping malls had dropped,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CapitalandTraffic-234) with some shops choosing to shorten their opening hours or face massive closures like [Esprit Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit_Holdings "Esprit Holdings"), [Isetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isetan "Isetan") Westgate, [Liang Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Court "Liang Court"), [H\&M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M "H&M") Tampines Mall, Topshop, [Robinsons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinsons_%26_Co. "Robinsons & Co.") and Hotwind.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-TNPFood-235)
Local shopping malls saw a decline at the very start of the pandemic in early 2020, but by late February 2020, CapitaLand reported that foot traffic at malls were almost back to normal,[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CapitalandTraffic-234) before being reduced in late-March to early-April 2020 due to the implementation of circuit breaker measures.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-236) Retail sales fell during the COVID-19 pandemic from March to June, citing the circuit breaker measures as reasons. The April and May figure was the worst since records began in 1986. However, retail sales reinstated gradually in July, August and September but the process was interrupted by public places visited by cases in the community. Foot traffic will again resume back to normal fully once Singapore moves to Phase 3. Retail sales and foot traffic again fell during Phase 2 (Heightened Alert) from 3 May 2021 to 14 June 2021.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-237)
Because of this, several tenants pushed for rental rebates, citing significant drops in revenue.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-238) This was eventually implemented by several malls, including [Jewel Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel_Changi_Airport "Jewel Changi Airport") and [CapitaLand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CapitaLand "CapitaLand")\-owned malls.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-239)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-240) [Suntec City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntec_City "Suntec City") also announced that it would waive the rent for all tenants for the month of April, May and June in 2020.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-241) The [National Environment Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environment_Agency "National Environment Agency") (NEA) also implemented rent waivers and rebates for all stallholders in hawker centres operated by NEA or NEA-appointed operators.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-242)
In addition, the [Great Singapore Sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Singapore_Sale "Great Singapore Sale") was moved online, called e-GSS.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-243)
### Panic buying and price gouging
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Panic buying and price gouging")\]
Panic buying and price gouging of [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") (PPEs) such as face masks began with the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Singapore on 23 January 2020.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Abdullah_2020-72) By 24 January, both [N95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N95_respirator "N95 respirator") and [surgical masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask "Surgical mask") had run out at retail outlets.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CNA2401-244) This has prompted local retailers including [NTUC FairPrice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTUC_FairPrice "NTUC FairPrice"), [Watsons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsons "Watsons") and [Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannings "Mannings") to originally impose purchase limits.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BIPanicBuying-245) In many areas, people began wearing of masks; but on 1 April, the number of people wearing masks had increased to 93%, with masks made mandatory by the government on 14 April. In addition, mask wearing continues to remain until the pandemic has subsided to endemic levels, with the gradual easing of masks done only in the safest outdoor and common housing environment first. The first phase of mask easing which includes outdoors settings came into force on 29 March 2022.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-246)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-247) The second and final phase of mask easing comes on 29 August 2022; which involves the remaining settings.
The shortage of masks and other PPEs has caused many retailers to engage in profiteering by price gouging and scalping.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-DeenExpress-248) This included both local brick-and-mortar stores as well as retailers on [e-commerce platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecommerce_platform "Ecommerce platform").[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-DeenExpress-248)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BTProfiteering-249) The government has applauded platforms [Carousell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousell_\(company\) "Carousell (company)") and [Qoo10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoo10 "Qoo10") for threatening to suspend profiteers.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BTProfiteering-249) The governmental [price controller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_control "Price control") has also issued warnings to retailers who engage in price gouging and requested information from e-commerce platforms on potential profiteers.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-DeenExpress-248)[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-3Stars-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STProfiteering-251)
Panic buying and hoarding of essentials such as rice, instant noodles and toilet paper occurred with the raising of the DORSCON level from yellow to orange on 7 February 2020, with empty shelves at supermarkets within hours.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STAmpleStock-254) Local supermarket chain NTUC FairPrice imposed limits on the amount of essentials each consumer can buy, with these limits initially set for paper products, rice products, instant noodle packets and vegetables.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-255) NTUC FairPrice and [Dairy Farm Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_Farm_International "Dairy Farm International") announced that it would introduce specific hours for those members of the community who were more vulnerable such as [Pioneer Generation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Generation_Package "Pioneer Generation Package") members. Following the review, supermarkets are considered essential services, therefore there is no need to hoard items, it must be opened every day.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-256)
A second wave of panic buying and hoarding occurred on 17 March when Malaysia announced its [Movement Control Order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") (MCO) from 18 March, sparked by fears of food shortages. The government clarified that the flow of goods, cargo and food supplies between Singapore and Malaysia would continue, urging the public to avoid panic buying. They added that Singapore had diverse sources of essential goods and was not facing an immediate shortage of food or essentials.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-257) NTUC FairPrice has expanded its list of items that are limited per consumer to include eggs, vegetables and poultry.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-258) 10 days later, NTUC FairPrice expanded its list to include canned food, cooking oil and frozen meat, with reduced purchasing limits for paper products.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-259)
To deal with the massive increase in online shopping orders, local e-commerce platform [RedMart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazada "Lazada") on 2 April said that it would prioritise daily essentials such as milk powder, flour, eggs and rice while limiting orders to 35 items and reducing its range of goods to focus on the essentials. It also said that it would stop taking orders until 4 April to implement additional measures.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-260)
Ahead of tighter measures on 7 April, shoppers queued at shopping malls despite government requests for people to remain at home.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-261)
Egg distributors were reporting in June that they now had an oversupply of eggs and were throwing away supplies or culling laying stock.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-262)
### Events and mass gatherings
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Events and mass gatherings")\]
As a result of COVID-19 pandemic, many event organisers and organisations, including places of worship have switched events virtually with more than 250 persons and moving on to 50 persons in the second phase. These include COMEX, IT Show, PC Show and SITEX.[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-271) [Thaipusam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaipusam "Thaipusam") processions had carried on but with up to 500 persons in 2020.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-272)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-273)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-274)
[Mediacorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediacorp "Mediacorp") postponed its [Star Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Awards "Star Awards") ceremony to 2021 and held it at Jewel Changi Airport due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-275) The [Shangri-La Dialogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangri-La_Dialogue "Shangri-La Dialogue") defence summit, which had been held every year in Singapore, was cancelled during the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-276)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-277) On 12 June 2020, it was announced that the [Singapore Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Grand_Prix "Singapore Grand Prix"), would be cancelled in both 2020 and 2021.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-278) Organisers of the Marina Bay Singapore Countdown had announced on 5 November 2020 that there will be no fireworks display and countdown at [Marina Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay,_Singapore "Marina Bay, Singapore"), instead, light shows will be held instead together with heartland fireworks and that the event would be streamed online and on television by [Mediacorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediacorp "Mediacorp").[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-279)
On 7 December 2020, organisers of the annual [World Economic Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum "World Economic Forum") event announced that they have decided to hold its 2021 annual meeting in Singapore, from 25 to 28 May, instead of its traditional home of Switzerland, which is battling a rising number of coronavirus infections.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-280)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-281) On 3 February 2021, the organisers postponed the annual meeting to 17–20 August due to pandemic-related challenges.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-282) It was eventually cancelled on 17 May, with the World Economic Forum's (WEF) citing global uncertainties caused by COVID-19 as the reason. It was added that the next annual meeting will take place in the first half of 2022, with the final location and date to be decided later.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-283)
On 4 May 2021, the President's Office announced that the Istana Open House on 13 May would be cancelled.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-284) While it was initially announced that it would reopen on 1 August,[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-285) it was later decided that the event would be postponed to 28 August, in the wake of the rise of community cases in July.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-286)
On 30 June 2021, [Ng Eng Hen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng_Eng_Hen "Ng Eng Hen") announced that the annual [National Day Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_Parade "National Day Parade") at [The Float @ Marina Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Float_@_Marina_Bay "The Float @ Marina Bay") would proceed as planned.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-287) Following the return to Phase 2 (Heightened Alert), MINDEF stated that it would be postponed to 21 August, with a ceremonial parade held on 9 August.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-288) On 12 July 2022, it was announced that live performances and open houses would return to the Istana.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-289)
Wedding ceremonies were also adversely affected by COVID-19. In Risk Level 0 (Heightened Risk), all wedding receptions are not allowed. In Risk Level 1, it was allowed with up to 50 persons without pre-event testing and 250 persons with pre-event testing. In Risk Level 2, it was allowed with up to 100 persons without pre-event testing and 250 persons with pre-event testing. Wedding ceremonies were revamped since the return to P2HA in 2021, to allow wedding receptions for all fully vaccinated persons, up to 100 guests, before raising back to 250 guests.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-290)
Taxi and private hire vehicles were hit by the impact of COVID-19. A S\$77 million package was provided to help them tide through this period, co-funded by the [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore "Government of Singapore"), taxi and private-hire companies. In addition, a S\$2.7 million fund was set up by the [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singapore "Government of Singapore") and [National Trades Union Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trades_Union_Congress "National Trades Union Congress") (NTUC) for drivers who are not eligible.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-291) In view of the worsening coronavirus impact, the package will be enhanced from May 2020, extending until September 2020. This will cost an additional \$95 million.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-292) On 6 April, directors of the [ComfortDelGro Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComfortDelGro "ComfortDelGro") announced its board of directors would take a voluntary 20 per cent cut in directors' fees until the end of 2020.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-293)
Various banks have suggested that Singapore Airlines will have a loss in FY21, with [OCBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCBC_Bank "OCBC Bank") credit analysts arguing that the airline will have to tap the markets for more funds and possibly even need state support.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-294)
Singapore Airlines Group, consisting of [Singapore Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Airlines "Singapore Airlines") (SIA), [SilkAir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SilkAir "SilkAir") and [Scoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoot "Scoot"), also announced plans to slash their capacity. Singapore Airlines slashed nearly all of the capacity until August. The news resulted in STI crashing down by 164.63 (6.83%). Scoot did likewise, grounding 47 out of the 49 planes they had in their fleet at the time.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-295) It was reported on 27 March 2020, SIA received a rescue package of S\$19 billion (US\$13 billion).[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:02-296) Its major shareholder [Temasek Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temasek_Holdings "Temasek Holdings") helped underwrite the package, containing S\$5.3 billion of equity and S\$9.7 billion of [convertible notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible_bond "Convertible bond").[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:02-296) Singapore's largest bank, [DBS Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBS_Bank "DBS Bank"), also extended a loan of S\$4 billion to help it get over the crisis and position itself for expansion.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:02-296) With the significant reduction in flights, Singapore Airlines agreed to provide some 300 staff to help with possible manpower shortages at hospitals in Singapore and provided some staff to deal with transport ambassadors.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-297) It was announced that the airline would consolidate all their [Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport "Singapore Changi Airport") operations from 1 May 2020 to Terminal 3.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-298) On 14 May 2020, Singapore Airlines announced a full year loss for Financial Year 2019–2020 of S\$212 million, which the group's first loss in its 48 years of operation.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-299)[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-300) On 1 September 2020, Singapore Airlines announced plans to reinstate several destinations that have opened up travel such as Bandar Seri Begawan, Auckland, Christchurch, Taipei, Hong Kong, Macau, Hanoi, Brisbane, Perth and Sydney. For airlines, regulations for social distancing are not applicable to save costs. Mask wearing continues to be mandatory and airlines will upgrade their apps to include contact tracing. Overnight flights will also be re-introduced which allows even quieter rides.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-301) On 25 June [Jetstar Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetstar_Asia "Jetstar Asia") announced that it was cutting up to 180 people, almost a quarter of the workforce in Singapore. At the same time they would allow the retirement of five of their A320 fleet, bringing the total down to 13.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-302)
The Land Transport Authority announced that bidding of all [certificates of entitlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_of_entitlement "Certificate of entitlement") (COEs) during the COVID-19 lockdown periods would be suspended.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-303)
Transport services were gradually reduced in stages. Last train timings were brought forward earlier, and transport frequencies were retained to allow safe distancing. Measures also involved the imposition of queuing at MRT station exit doors.
Cross-border bus services were impacted by Malaysia's Movement Control Order all the way until 30 April 2022, with services 160 and 170 that cross the [Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor%E2%80%93Singapore_Causeway "Johor–Singapore Causeway") to be amended to serve only local sectors of its route, while other services that were specific for the border crossing such as 170X and 950 were suspended entirely.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-sgmybussuspension-304)
Bus services also experienced disruptions when clusters of COVID-19 infection occurred among public bus drivers, forcing both patients and colleagues who were close contacts to self-isolate. In August and September 2021, "slightly under 10%" out of a total of 9,500 bus drivers were affected, resulting in some express services being withdrawn, while waiting times increased for other routes that had to run at a reduced frequency. Bus operators sought to minimize the impact by prioritising high-demand routes, reassigning available drivers as needed.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2021Aug30-123)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2021Sep20-305) In February 2022, another shortage of drivers occurred due to a wave of infections, and [SBS Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBS_Transit "SBS Transit") was forced to reduce the operating frequency of some routes, with double-decker buses deployed to replace single-deckers in some instances to compensate for capacity.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-busdrvrs_2022Feb15-306)
The quarantine and testing of all foreign workers in dormitories had also caused delays in the construction of various MRT projects, which was cited as a reason for the delay of the [Thomson–East Coast line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%E2%80%93East_Coast_Line "Thomson–East Coast Line") Stage 2 which was further delayed to 28 August 2021. The [Land Transport Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority "Land Transport Authority") (LTA) later reported that they had yet to fully assess the length of delay on the other stages of the line as well as other ongoing projects.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-307)
There had also been a number of reports of individuals that capitalised on the pandemic to engage in [online scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_scams "Online scams"). In one instance, scammers pretended to be Ministry of Health (MOH) officials engaging in contact tracing,[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-STContactTracing-308) which prompted the MOH and [Singapore Police Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force "Singapore Police Force") (SPF) to clarify that no financial details or transfer of money will be requested during contact tracing.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-CNBCScam-309) Several people were also arrested for face masks sold over the online e-commerce platform Carousell that were never fulfilled.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-310) On 4 April 2020, SPF also arrested a man for suspected money-laundering offences amounting to S\$10.3 million over the purchase of surgical masks and hand sanitisers that were never fulfilled.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-311)
The [Ministry of Social and Family Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development "Ministry of Social and Family Development") (MSF) and SPF were investigating possible abuses of the COVID-19 Temporary Relief Fund (TRF), which is supposed to provide financial assistance to those eligible.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-312) A total of 394 COVID-19-related scams occurred between January and April 2020, with losses totalling S\$1.4 million.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-313)
In 2021, SPF started distributing a warning about a new type of scam involving oxygen machines. The scammers reportedly exploited compromised [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp") accounts to solicit donations for the purchase of oxygen concentrator machines to be sent to India.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-314)
## International relations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: International relations")\]
### Stranded Malaysia-based workers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Stranded Malaysia-based workers")\]
On 16 March 2020, the Malaysian government announced the start of the Movement Control Order (MCO) that took effect on 18 March 2020, preventing Malaysians that were staying in Singapore at the time, many of which were also working in Singapore, from leaving the country.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:1-315) With approximately 300,000 [Malaysians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysians_in_Singapore "Malaysians in Singapore"), or almost a tenth of Singapore's labour force working in Singapore, the MCO would have been expected to significantly affect Singapore's economy, including sectors providing essential services.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BloombergMalaysiaLockdown-316)
The announcement of the MCO resulted in long queues at immigration checkpoints as Malaysian workers in Singapore scrambled to collect their belongings and return to Singapore, while Singaporeans returned home.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-317) Various firms across Singapore rushed to find temporary accommodation for their workers before the MCO took effect.[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-318) The Singapore government advised workers to try to stay with relatives, friends, and colleagues, and seek housing in hotels, dormitories and rental flats if this was not possible.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-MOMLockdown-319) The government also provided \$50 for each worker per day, up to 14 days to support employers finding accommodation.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-TODAYLockdown-320) As of 17 March, the government announced that 10,000 Malaysian workers had been matched with temporary housing.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-TODAYLockdown-320) Some workers could not immediately find accommodations and resorted to sleeping in public areas.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-321) In response, [Ministry of Social and Family Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development "Ministry of Social and Family Development") repurposed Jurong East Sports Hall into a temporary relief area for remaining Malaysian workers who were unable to find temporary accommodations immediately after the MCO took effect, while the [Ministry of Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") stepped up patrols to look out for such stranded workers.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-322) A number of residents also stepped up to offer their spare rooms to accommodate Malaysian workers at little to no cost.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-323)
The MCO resulted in the suspension of all bus services between [Johor Bahru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Bahru "Johor Bahru") and Singapore.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-sgmybussuspension-304) While the [KTMB Shuttle Tebrau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM_Intercity "KTM Intercity") train service continued to operate between the two checkpoints, only citizens returning to their respective countries are allowed to board.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-324) The lockdown also sparked fears of food shortages, triggering a second wave of panic buying and hoarding of essential items. On 26 April, Malaysia announced that Malaysians wanting to return to Malaysia will need to obtain permits from the Malaysian High Commission in Singapore. However, only 400 of such permits were issued daily.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-325)
### Border controls and operations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: Border controls and operations")\]
Singapore began to restrict travellers from entering from 29 January in a progressive manner as a response to localised outbreaks. Travellers were banned gradually in phases between January and 23 March; only people who are in essential services were allowed entry, the last phase required all travellers to undergo a "stay-home notice" (SHN) at hotels.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-326)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-327)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-328)[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-329)[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-330)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:1-315)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-331)[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-332)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-333)[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-334)[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-335)[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-336)[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:2-337) Port calls for all cruise vessels were stopped from 13 March as well.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-338)[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-339)
Due to the reduced number of flights, [Singapore Changi Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Changi_Airport "Singapore Changi Airport") suspended operations at Terminals 2 and 4 in April and May 2020 respectively. Terminal 4 became a Dino-themed funland and vaccination centre.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-340)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-auto2-176) Malaysia would also shorten the operating hours of [Sultan Iskandar Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Iskandar_Building "Sultan Iskandar Building") at the [Johor Causeway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Causeway "Johor Causeway") to 12 hours daily from 24 April, effectively limiting the Causeway's operating hours.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:0-341) The [Second Link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Link "Second Link") crossing would remain open round the clock.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:0-341)
On 28 June 2020, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and then Malaysia Prime Minister [Muhyiddin Yassin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin "Muhyiddin Yassin") agreed that their governments would work together to establish a Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) allowing residents from both nations who hold long-term immigration passes for business and work purposes in the other country to periodically return to their home countries for short-term home leave.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-342) The Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and the Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) were launched in August 2020. The RGL scheme will allow essential business and official travel between the two countries while the PCA scheme will allow Singaporean and Malaysian residents who hold long-term immigration business and work passes to enter for work purposes.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-343)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-344) Travel bubble arrangements with Malaysia, Germany and South Korea were suspended due to emergence of COVID-19 variant of concern,[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-345) whereas in future, Singapore and Malaysia had plans to recognise each other's COVID-19 vaccine certificates with the goal of restoring cross-border travel.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-346)
Cruises were restarted in November but did not have any other port of call other than Singapore. In early December, an 83-year-old man tested positive on board and the ship had to return to Singapore a day early. Subsequent retests of the sample and additional samples proved the original test to be a false positive.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-347)
### Repatriation efforts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Repatriation efforts")\]
As the pandemic spread throughout the world, the Singapore government had organised several repatriation efforts to bring Singaporeans back from various overseas locations.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-348)[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-349) MFA and other governmental agencies subsequently brought back at least 1,000[\[c\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-350) Singaporeans, permanent residents, and family members stranded at other locations where there were similar lockdowns and suspension of flights: Cambodia,[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:4-351) Egypt,[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:5-352) Fiji,[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:6-353) India,[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:7-354) Iran,[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:8-355) Nepal,[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:9-356) Saudi Arabia,[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:10-357) Slovenia,[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:11-358) and the UK.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:12-359)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-360) Most of the evacuees were brought back on direct flights,[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:4-351)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:5-352)[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:7-354)[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:10-357)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:12-359) whilst some in Fiji, Iran, Nepal, and Slovenia saw some assistance from other countries.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:6-353)[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:8-355)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:9-356)[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:11-358) All evacuees had to serve a 14-day Stay Home Notice or be quarantined[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-361) at designated locations, such as hotels with cost borne by the government,[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-362)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-363)[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-364) government quarantine faculties, or at home.
With flights to Wuhan suspended due to the Hubei lockdown, [Scoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoot "Scoot") had offered two one-way flights back to Wuhan for tourists stuck in Singapore.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-365) As the travel restrictions began to grow and accumulated into an ongoing ban on short-term visitors arriving or transiting through Singapore which started from 23 March,[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:2-337) Singapore had allowed visitors to transit through Singapore if they are being repatriated by various governments.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-366) India had repatriated some of its citizens from Singapore in May 2020 on two separate flights.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-367)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-368) In the same flight which Singapore Airlines brought back Singaporeans from Cambodia on 12 April, it also carried Australians heading back to Australia with Singapore being a transit point.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:4-351) It was reported that Singapore and Bangladesh were in discussions to repatriate their respective citizens if necessary.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-369)
### Assistance to other countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Assistance to other countries")\]
Both the Singapore government and private sector sent support packages to Indonesia, including test kits and personal protective equipment.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-370)[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-371) The Singapore government sent swabs and other supplies to Malaysia to help with sample collection and testing.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-372) Temasek Foundation donated 30,000 test kits to India and this was affirmed and thanked by High Commissioner of India to Singapore, Jawed Ashraf.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-373) Indian low-cost airline [SpiceJet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiceJet "SpiceJet") operated flights carrying the test kits and other medical equipment from Singapore to both [Bangalore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore "Bangalore") and [Chennai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai "Chennai").[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-374)[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-375)
In December 2020, Singapore pledged US\$5 million towards COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access ([COVAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX "COVAX")), a WHO-led global initiative aimed at securing COVID-19 vaccines for low- and middle-income countries.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-376) Together with Switzerland, Singapore co-chairs "Friends of the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) Facility", which comprises the European Union and the following 14 nations: Australia, Canada, Iceland, Israel, Japan, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, Norway, Qatar, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-377)
On 26 April 2021, the Singapore Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SICCI) and Little India Shopkeepers Association (LISHA) initiated and launched a relief fund to raise money and support India in its fight against COVID-19.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-378)
On 31 August 2021, Singapore agreed to support Australia by sending 500,000 doses of [Pfizer-BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") to aid Australia's coronavirus battle exacerbated by Delta variant. Based on the agreement, Australia will return the doses by December 2021.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-379)
On 28 September 2021, Singapore sent more than 120,000 doses of the [AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") vaccine to Batam and Riau islands of Indonesia. Similarly, Singapore sent 100,000 doses of [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") to Brunei on 29 September to help them tackle the pandemic.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-380)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-381)
With the impact of COVID-19 becoming greater, it was becoming clear to analysts that Singapore would need to respond with large scale government spending.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-382) In the Budget 2020, the Government provided help in four consecutive budget periods, under Unity Budget,[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-383) Resilience Budget,[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-384) Solidarity Budget[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-385) and Fortitude Budget.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-386) All Singaporeans had \$600 deposited into the bank account in 2020. In the Budget 2021, the \$800 million support package was rolled out, where JSS was further increased to 50 per cent in hardest hit sectors.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-387) The government announced on 4 June 2020 that they would be keeping [Central Provident Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund "Central Provident Fund") contribution rates unchanged as they believed the Jobs Support Scheme would help reduce the burden on employers.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-388)
It was announced that the government would draw an additional S\$32 billion from [past reserves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore "Reserves of the Government of Singapore"), bringing the total used to S\$52 billion. In addition, another S\$13 billion will be set aside for contingencies due to the pandemic.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-389) Extending and enhancing the JSS, to include higher tiers of wage subsidies and lasting until August, would cost around S\$2.9 billion, bringing the total cost to S\$23.5 billion.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-390) The government introduced a one-off Solidarity Utilities Credit of S\$100 for all households since many people were [remote working](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work").[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-391) Food and beverage (F\&B) and retail companies would receive up to S\$10,000 as part of efforts to digitally transform their businesses, as they are likely to be seriously affected by safe distancing rules.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-392) S\$2 billion was committed to SGUnited Jobs and Skills Package was announced to create more jobs and traineeships.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-393)
To help financial institutions and FinTech companies tide over the COVID-19 pandemic, the [Monetary Authority of Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore "Monetary Authority of Singapore") (MAS) released a \$125 million package to help financial institutions and FinTech companies to strengthen long-term capabilities.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-394)
On 14 April, the [Infocomm Media Development Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocomm_Media_Development_Authority "Infocomm Media Development Authority") announced that they will launch Public Service Content worth S\$8 million and fund 90% of the course fees for Self-Employed Persons under Talent Assistance (T-Assist) Programme. To reduce operating costs, the Film Exhibition and Distribution Licence Fees will be waived from 17 April.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-395)
Every Singaporean who would be aged 18 and above in 2020 would receive S\$100 worth of SingapoRediscovers vouchers, which can be used for a variety activities to support the local tourism industry. They were planned to be usable between December 2020 and June 2021 and would be paid via SingPass.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-396) Additionally, [Trip.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip.com "Trip.com") has a "Pay It Forward" campaign throughout this usable period, where people can use their vouchers to pay for tourism products for various beneficiary groups.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-397) When the vouchers were launched, there were some complaints from Singaporeans about the complex way the vouchers were to be redeemed.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-398) On 30 April 2021, the [Singapore Tourism Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Tourism_Board "Singapore Tourism Board") (STB) announced that the expiry date of the SingapoRediscovers vouchers will be extended to 31 December 2021, and that improvements to the redemption process will be rolled out.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-399)
### Discrimination against healthcare workers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Discrimination against healthcare workers")\]
In February 2020, incidents were reported of healthcare workers such as nurses and ambulance drivers being ostracised, as members of the public who feared that their contact with coronavirus patients would pose an infection risk. Such acts were condemned by the authorities, who exhorted the public to show support and appreciation for their work.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-Amrin:Discrimination-400) [Ride-hailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride-hailing "Ride-hailing") service [Grab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_\(company\) "Grab (company)") announced the launch of GrabCare, a dedicated service for healthcare workers to obtain transport to and from their work places, in order to alleviate their difficulty of finding rides.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-GrabCare-401)
On 12 April 2020, CNA reported that some staff members of [Lee Ah Mooi Old Age Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ah_Mooi_Old_Age_Home "Lee Ah Mooi Old Age Home") were evicted by landlords after a cluster of cases was reported at the home.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:13-402)
### Living conditions at foreign worker dormitories
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: Living conditions at foreign worker dormitories")\]
Despite effective handling of initial waves of infection, several serious outbreaks in April have brought the situation in Singapore out of control; many analysts points to poor conditions at foreign workers dormitories as a major factor of the failure.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-time-403)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-404)
The pandemic brought the living conditions at foreign worker dormitories to media attention. Dormitories were reported to be unsanitary and crowded, making preventive measures like social distancing difficult.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-405) Retired diplomat [Tommy Koh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Koh "Tommy Koh") criticised the living conditions, calling it "third world" and "a time bomb waiting to explode".[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-406) [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") called the situation a "recipe for disaster".[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-407) [Minister for Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") [Josephine Teo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Teo "Josephine Teo") vowed to improve the living conditions of foreign workers after the quarantine was handled.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-408)
While churches in the 1960s and 1970s historically championed social justice and advocacy for worker rights within the Singaporean civil society, this has declined over the years due to the rise of a middle class and a dependency on state-centric growth.[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-409) During the pandemic, Singaporean churches sought ways to bring about "neighbourly love" and national prayer. But some criticised this as not being enough to address the inequalities experienced by foreign workers who were disproportionately affected by the virus.[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-410)
On 9 April, MOM said in a press release that it will improve quality of meals of foreign workers during quarantine and formed a task force to improve the living conditions of foreign workers.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-411) As of 25 April 25 dormitories have been gazetted as isolation areas.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-24AprIso-412) Some healthy workers are also progressively being moved to numerous empty premises such as [SAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces "Singapore Armed Forces") camps, [HDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board "Housing and Development Board") blocks, floating hotels and [Changi Exhibition Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Exhibition_Centre "Changi Exhibition Centre").[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-413)[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-414) On 16 April, [Minister for Manpower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)") [Josephine Teo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Teo "Josephine Teo") said that there will be a "three-pronged strategy"; containing the spread, imposing lockdowns and separating workers in essential services.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-415)
[Minister of National Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of National Development (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") has said that the living standards in dormitories have steadily improved over the years, and suggested that the issue was the dormitories being designed for communal living, where migrant workers ate, lived, and cooked together, and that the initial precautions and safeguards put in place to reduce some of the non-essential activities were not sufficient.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-416) The government has promised to build new dormitories that are designed with public health in mind and provide more amenities, while some workers will be temporarily moved to makeshift dormitories before the new dormitories are ready.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-417)
It is noted that a large majority of COVID-19 cases in Singapore are foreign workers. On 20 April, Singapore reported a peak of 1,426 new cases, of which only 16 were not migrant workers but citizens or permanent residents. Foreign workers had accounted for three-fourths of the total infections in Singapore by then.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-time-403)
Towards the end of July 2020, a spate of attempted and successful suicides among the foreign workers in dormitories raised concerns about the mental well-being of the workers on lockdown.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-418)[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-419) Authorities are monitoring the situation and are working with partners and NGOs to enhance their mental health support programmes.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-420)[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-421)
Outside the lockdowns, social distancing was not required when on board public transportation, and it was not practical due to the high volume of commuters.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-422)[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:14-423) The [Minister of National Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of National Development (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") explained that resulting reduction of passenger capacity will involve major society disruptions, such as lateness for work, more unnecessary increase of transportation, more manpower strength and enforcement. Authorities instead urged employers to allow more [remote work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") and [flexible work arrangements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_work_arrangement "Flexible work arrangement") to reduce the demand for public transport.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:14-423)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-424) With that, social distancing measures are only implemented in the lockdown periods, with stickers pasted on alternate seats to indicate that they should not be used, and auxiliary officers and transport ambassadors enforcing the rules throughout this period.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-425) Public transportation has resumed pre-lockdown operations after the period of lockdown, social distancing stickers were removed on bus and train seats, allowing all seats to be used.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-426) Regulations for social distancing were no longer applicable except in fixed queuing area such as in MRT stations and bus interchanges. Mask wearing continues to be mandatory in public transport and most places in Singapore. Since 29 March 2022, mask wearing is optional but still encouraged in some outdoor places in Singapore.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-427)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alstom_Metropolis_C830C_interior_\(with_COVID-19_signs\)_20211122_133443.jpg)
Passengers with masks with signs indicating passengers not to talk in trains
### Contact tracing data privacy issues
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Contact tracing data privacy issues")\]
On 4 January 2021, Minister of State for Home Affairs [Desmond Tan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tan_\(politician\) "Desmond Tan (politician)") announced in Parliament that Bluetooth proximity data from the TraceTogether app and token could be used by the police in criminal investigations, as per the Criminal Procedure Code.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-428) This resulted in significant backlash, as the announcement contradicted previous statements that the data would strictly be used for contact tracing; concerns were aired about the transparency of the government and how the personal data would be used, as well as possible infringement on the privacy of citizens. Some users even switched off their apps or left their tokens at home in protest.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-429) In response, Minister-in-charge of the Smart Nation Initiative [Vivian Balakrishnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Balakrishnan "Vivian Balakrishnan") clarified that the police could only obtain TraceTogether data through a person involved in the investigation, adding that there were plans to introduce legislation that would restrict police use of TraceTogether data to serious offences such as terrorism or murder.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-430) The *COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) (Amendment) Bill* was passed on 2 February, which included a possible extension of the COVID-19 Control Order to next year and beyond if the situation does not improve or worsens, as well as the removal of [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry")/TraceTogether data at the end of the pandemic.[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-431)
### Home based businesses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: Home based businesses")\]
During the initial announcement of [circuit breaker lockdown measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") restricting movement and business activities, inclusive of home-based businesses, in 2020. There was initial confusion over the measures affecting home-based food-business[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-432) and former television actress [Ateeqah Mazlan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ateeqah_Mazlan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ateeqah Mazlan (page does not exist)") was shown in social media attempting to get responses from the relevant authorities.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433) The measures affected the Malay community as such home-based food-business are an important source of income for the community during [Ramadan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan "Ramadan").[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:15-434)[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-435)[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:22-436) It was later clarified by the [Ministry of Trade and Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Trade_and_Industry_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Trade and Industry (Singapore)"), the [Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_and_Water_Resources "Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources"), the [Housing and Development Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board "Housing and Development Board") (HDB) and the [Urban Redevelopment Authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Redevelopment_Authority "Urban Redevelopment Authority") in a joint statement saying that home-based food-business need to meet certain criteria to operate during the lockdown measures.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433)
This led to a Change.org petition asking HDB relax the rules for home-based food business during the lockdown measures which had more than 69,000 signatures.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:22-436) [Minister for Social and Family Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_and_Family_Development "Ministry of Social and Family Development") and [Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-in-charge_of_Muslim_Affairs "Minister-in-charge of Muslim Affairs") [Masagos Zulkifli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masagos_Zulkifli "Masagos Zulkifli") was alarmed at the petition, citing home-based food-business operators who tried to get exceptions are "irresponsible" and that "they know the Government cannot make exceptions to any sector affected in the tighter circuit breaker period".[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433)[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:22-436)[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437) He asked for operators's cooperation and understanding and listed how had home-based food business operators been supported since the measures were implemented.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:03-433) [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Singapore "President of Singapore") [Halimah Yacob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halimah_Yacob "Halimah Yacob"), in a Facebook post, drew attention that such home-based food-business are important to their families due to their constraints and that it was the most profitable and important period to earn and save for them. She also noted that she often patronised such home-based food business.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:15-434)
After a few days, [National Development Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Development_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of National Development (Singapore)") [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") eased the lockdown measures for home-based food-business operators if they followed certain safety measures such as contactless delivery of orders, among other things.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437) During Parliament, [Intan Azura Mokhtar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intan_Azura_Mokhtar "Intan Azura Mokhtar") spoke up for the home-based food-business and asked why the government decided to “back-pedal” on the measures which Masagos denied, saying it had to make “tough choices between preserving livelihoods and preserving life itself”.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437)
Assistant Professor Walid Jumblatt Abdullah, a political scientist from [Nanyang Technological University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University "Nanyang Technological University"), said Halimah might have posted the post due to possible strong reactions from the Malay-Muslim community and their unhappiness that Masagos's response showed "a government decree must not be questioned and must be followed to the letter".[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437) Researchers Faizal Yahya and Mohamad Shamsuri Juhari from the [Institute of Policy Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Policy_Studies_\(Singapore\) "Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)") research centre said that Masagos's response need to be examined with the context of “prevailing uncertainties” and the links between health, safety and economic activities.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-:3-437)
- [COVID-19 pandemic in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia")
- [Public health mitigation of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19")
- [Treatment and management of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19")
- [Living with COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_with_COVID-19 "Living with COVID-19")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-49)** From 10 January 2022, dormitory cases were re-classified together with community cases under "local cases" on the MOH website.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-271)** [\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-264)[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-265)[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-BIReligion-266)[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-267)[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-268)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-269)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_note-270)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-350)**
Distribution of people evacuated by countries:
- Slovenia: 1
- Egypt: 244
- India: 699
- Saudi Arabia: 85
- Fiji: 7
- Total: 1,016
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-Template:COVID-19_data_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-Template:COVID-19_data_1-1)
Mathieu, Edouard; [Ritchie, Hannah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie "Hannah Ritchie"); Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Dattani, Saloni; Beltekian, Diana; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; [Roser, Max](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Roser "Max Roser") (2020–2024). ["Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)"](https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus). *[Our World in Data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_World_in_Data "Our World in Data")*. Retrieved 3 April 2026.
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["Coronavirus digest: Singapore is now the most-vaccinated country \| DW \| 29.08.2021"](https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-digest-singapore-is-now-the-most-vaccinated-country/a-59016931). *DW.COM*. [Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle"). 29 August 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
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398. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-GrabCare_401-0)**
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399. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:13_402-0)**
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400. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-time_403-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-time_403-1)
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426. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-429)**
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427. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-430)**
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429. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-432)**
Tan, Sue-Ann (26 April 2020). ["Coronavirus: Home bakers cannot operate under circuit breaker rules"](https://www.straitstimes.com/business/home-bakers-cannot-operate-under-circuit-breaker-rules). *[The Straits Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). Retrieved 26 April 2025.
430. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:03_433-3)
Kamil, Asyraf (27 April 2020). ["'Irresponsible' to incite home-based businesses to put pressure on Government to grant exceptions, says Masagos"](https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/irresponsible-incite-home-based-business-put-pressure-government-grant-exceptions-says). *TODAY*. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
431. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:15_434-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:15_434-1)
Lai, Linette (1 May 2020). ["Home-based businesses an important source of income for many families: President Halimah"](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/president-halimah-every-year-i-purchase-my-hari-raya-cookies-from-home-based-businesses). *[The Straits Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times "The Straits Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0585-3923](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923). Retrieved 26 April 2025.
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433. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:22_436-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:22_436-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#cite_ref-:22_436-2)
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Lim, Kimberly (9 May 2020). ["Did Singapore's president help save the day for home businesses?"](https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3083603/did-singapores-president-save-day-home-businesses-during-circuit). *[South China Morning Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post "South China Morning Post")*. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "commons:Category:COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") at Wikimedia Commons
- [Worldwide Coronavirus Map, confirmed Cases](https://corona.arrangy.com/) – Map the route paths of coronavirus confirmed cases.
- [Updates on COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) Local Situation – Ministry of Health (Singapore)](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19)
- [The Straits Times digital graphics tracker of cases in Singapore (updated daily)](https://qa.st-visuals.com/coronavirus-in-sg/index.html)
- [Official Update of COVID −19 Situation in Singapore](https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/7e30edc490a5441a874f9efe67bd8b89)
- [CNA's COVID-19 clusters](https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/covid-19/coronavirus-singapore-clusters.html)
- [CNA's COVID-19 map](https://infographics.channelnewsasia.com/covid-19/singapore-map.html)
- [The Straits Times article tracking every single case in Singapore](https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/health/novel-coronavirus-cases-in-singapore)
- [CoronaTracker](https://www.coronatracker.com/country/sg) – Statistics on the coronavirus cases in Singapore
- [Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases](https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6) and [historical data](https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19) by [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University")
- [Singapore travel restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://www.sgvisitcard.com/news/travel-restrictions)
- [Covid-19: Singapore schools tackle mental health amid pandemic stress](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56720368) | ||||||||||||
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