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| Boilerpipe Text | COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
New COVID cases in Europe by month, from 2020–2022
Disease
COVID-19
Virus strain
SARS-CoV-2
Location
Europe
First outbreak
Wuhan
, Hubei, China
[
1
]
Index case
Bordeaux
, France
Arrival date
21 January 2020
(6 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 4 days ago)
Confirmed cases
243,000,000+
[
2
]
Suspected cases
‡
>600,800,000 (>80% of Europe's population, 2021–22 estimates)
[
3
]
[
4
]
Recovered
239,000,000+
[
2
]
Deaths
~2,000,000
[
2
]
Territories
57
‡
Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
The
global COVID-19 pandemic
arrived in
Europe
with its first confirmed case in
Bordeaux
,
France
, on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,
[
5
]
and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of
Vatican City
.
Italy
was the first European country to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national
lockdown
.
[
6
]
By 13 March 2020, the
World Health Organization
(WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic
[
7
]
[
8
]
and it remained so until the WHO announced it was overtaken by
South America
on 22 May.
[
9
]
By 18 March 2020,
lockdowns
introduced in Europe affected more than 250 million people.
[
10
]
Despite
deployment of COVID-19 vaccines
, Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.
[
11
]
On 11 January 2022, Dr.
Hans Kluge
, the WHO Regional Director for Europe said, "more than 50 percent of the population in the region will be infected with
Omicron
in the next six to eight weeks".
[
12
]
As the outbreak became a major crisis across Europe,
national
and
European Union responses
have led to debate over restrictions of civil liberties and the extent of European Union solidarity.
As of 20 May 2022, Europe is the most-affected continent in the world. The most-affected countries in Europe include Italy, France,
Germany
, the
United Kingdom
and
Russia
.
International comparisons
[
edit
]
In March 2022,
The Lancet
published a study comparing excess mortality rates per 100,000 population, in 191 countries in the world, over the first two years of the pandemic (2020 and 2021). The study showed that amongst the major western European countries, those with the highest rates were
Italy
with 227,
Portugal
202,
Spain
187,
Belgium
147, and
the Netherlands
140. The average was 140 and below that were the
United Kingdom
at 127,
France
124, and
Germany
121 - the difference between these three was not statistically significant - and that Ireland (13) and the Scandinavian countries had lower rates.
[
13
]
[
14
]
[
medical citation needed
]
Economic activity decreased
by almost 4% in the majority of sub-regions in Europe in 2020, which was similar to the global average of 3.2%. However, the variance between nations is prominent. The high infection and mortality rates of the pandemic in countries in the Western
Balkans
, the Eastern Neighbourhood, and
Central
and
Eastern Europe
meant they faced deeper recessions.
[
15
]
[
16
]
From 2019 to 2020, there was also a difference in how EU countries were adapting to new COVID-19 regulations, one of them being
work from home
. The proportion of EU enterprises employing advanced digital technology in their operations expanded dramatically during that time. From 2020 to 2021, this percentage remained relatively stable, reaching 61% in 2021, compared to 63% in 2020 and 58% in 2019.
[
17
]
[
18
]
Since the beginning of 2020, EU enterprises that embraced advanced digital technology and invested in becoming more digital during the pandemic have increased the number of employees they employ.
[
17
]
[
19
]
[
20
]
The number of non-digital enterprises that downsized was also greater than the share of non-digital firms that had positive job growth. Non-digital companies had a negative net employment balance.
[
17
]
[
21
]
According to a survey of firms by the
European Investment Bank
, the Czech Republic was the top-performing EU country for the usage of advanced digital technologies during the pandemic.
[
17
]
[
22
]
Finland was the top performing EU country in terms of digital infrastructure and the use of formal strategic business monitoring.
[
17
]
[
23
]
[
22
]
Austria had the highest percentage of firms becoming more digital during the COVID-19 pandemic.
[
17
]
[
22
]
Cyprus led software and data investment, and firms in Sweden invested in digital training for their employees at the highest rate.
[
17
]
[
22
]
Statistics by country and territory
[
edit
]
^
Cases confirmed by a positive test only.
^
a
b
The UK reports COVID-19 deaths as those within 28 days of a positive test.
Weekly diagnosed cases per million inhabitants of COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe. Displayed on semi-log scale starting in 2021.
Weekly Deaths per million inhabitants from COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe. This shows the distinctly different pattern of deaths in Germany and Sweden.
Percentage of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe during 2021
In late August, 88% of COVID-19 deaths in Europe were among people over age 65, according to a 30 August report from the WHO.
[
134
]
Cumulative number of deaths per million inhabitants for a selection of European countries, over time. The legend is sorted in descending order of these values. Logarithmic vertical axis. Data source:
ECDC
.
[
135
]
Pandemic by country and territory
[
edit
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Albania
was a part of the
worldwide pandemic
of coronavirus disease 2019 (
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
). The first case in the Republic of
Albania
was reported in
Tirana
on 8 March 2020, when a patient and his adult son who had come from
Florence
,
Italy
tested positive.
[
136
]
Both men later recovered.
On 21 December 2020, health minister
Ogerta Manastirliu
announced that the country has decided to suspend flights to and from the UK until 6 January 2021 because of what was then
a new COVID-19 mutation
that transmits more quickly than other variants. All passengers arriving from the UK by land had to self-isolate for 14 days upon entry. The flight suspension took effect on Tuesday, 22 December.
[
137
]
As of 4 February 2023, 3,058,102 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Albania.
[
138
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic
in Belgium has resulted in 4,907,118
[
149
]
confirmed cases of
COVID-19
and 34,339
[
149
]
deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to
Belgium
on 4 February 2020, when one of a group of nine Belgians repatriated from
Wuhan
to
Brussels
was reported to have tested positive for the coronavirus.
[
150
]
[
151
]
Transmission within Belgium was confirmed in early March; authorities linked this to holidaymakers returning from
Northern Italy
at the end of the half-term holidays.
[
152
]
[
153
]
The epidemic increased rapidly in March–April 2020. By the end of March all 10 provinces of the country had registered cases.
[
citation needed
]
By March 2021, Belgium had the
third highest number of COVID-19 deaths per head of population in the world
, according to data compiled by
Johns Hopkins University
. However, Belgium may have been over-reporting the number of cases, with health officials reporting that suspected cases were being reported along with confirmed cases.
[
154
]
Unlike some countries that publish figures based primarily on confirmed hospital deaths, the death figures reported by the Belgian authorities included deaths in the community, such as in care homes, confirmed to have been caused by the virus, as well as a much larger number of such deaths suspected to have been caused by the virus, even if the person was not tested.
[
155
]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
[
edit
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina
was a part of the
worldwide pandemic
of
coronavirus disease 2019
(
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
). The virus was confirmed to have reached
Bosnia and Herzegovina
on 5 March 2020, when a patient in
Banja Luka
, who had travelled to
Italy
, tested positive. Later on the same day, a second case, who was the son of the first case, was reported.
[
156
]
On 21 March, the first death in the country from COVID-19 was announced in a hospital in
Bihać
. The patient was an elderly woman who had been hospitalized two days before.
[
157
]
On 17 March, the
Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
declared a
state of emergency
in the entire country.
[
158
]
As of 28 January 2022, 1,924,950 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
[
159
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria
was a part of the
worldwide pandemic
of
coronavirus disease 2019
(
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
). The virus was confirmed to have spread to
Bulgaria
when the country's first cases, a 27-year-old man from
Pleven
and a 75-year-old woman from
Gabrovo
, were confirmed on 8 March 2020. Neither of the two had traveled to areas with known coronavirus cases. The man tested positive for the virus after being hospitalized for a respiratory infection, and authorities announced plans to test several people who were in contact with the two individuals.
[
160
]
Two other samples in Pleven and Gabrovo were positive on 8 March.
[
161
]
Patient zero
remains unknown.
[
162
]
After the number of patients in the country had reached 23, the Bulgarian Parliament voted unanimously to declare a state of emergency from 13 March until 13 April.
[
163
]
A 14-day preventive house quarantine was introduced for citizens who have been in contact with a COVID-19 patient or have returned from an overseas region with a high number of cases. For patients tested positive for the virus a 21-day house quarantine was introduced. This time span is counted from the day a subsequent test comes out negative after they have been treated in a hospital or at home. After the
World Health Organization
(WHO) has established that COVID-19 is more resilient than the initial data was showing, the National Crisis-management Staff increased the recovery house quarantine by a week to 28 days.
[
164
]
With the continuing increase of COVID-19 cases on a daily basis, the Bulgarian government requested on 1 April that Parliament extend the state of emergency by one month until 13 May.
[
165
]
As of 5 February 2023, a total of 4,612,386 vaccine doses have been administered.
[
166
]
On 25 February, Croatia confirmed its first case, a 26-year-old man who had been in
Milan
, Italy.
[
167
]
On 26 February, two new cases were confirmed, one being the twin brother of the first.
[
168
]
In March 2020, a cluster of cases were reported in numerous Croatian cities. On 12 March, the first recovery was reported, and on 18 March the first death from the virus was confirmed. On 19 March, the number of recorded cases surpassed 100. On 21 March, it surpassed 200. On 25 March, it surpassed 400. On 31 March, it surpassed 800. The pandemic in Croatia occurred during the
Croatian Presidency
of the
Council of the European Union
.
[
169
]
On 22 March, an
intense earthquake hit Zagreb
, the capital of Croatia, causing problems in enforcement of
social distancing
measures set out by the
Government
. The earthquake could also be felt across much of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and Austria.
[
170
]
[
171
]
According to
Oxford University
, as of 24 March, Croatia was the country with the world's strictest restrictions and measures for infection reduction in relation to the number of infected.
[
172
]
The government set up a website for all information about the virus and a new phone line 113 that has volunteers answering questions.
[
173
]
It is forbidden to enter the front section of buses of the Brno Public Transport during the pandemic (14 March 2020)
The first case was reported in the country on 1 March.
[
46
]
As of 22 March there had been 1120 confirmed cases, with one lethal outcome.
[
46
]
On 12 March, the Czech Republic declared a 30-day state of emergency and barred entry to non-residents from China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, Spain, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, Norway, Denmark and France.
[
174
]
The Czech Republic banned people from going out in public without wearing a
face mask
or covering their nose and mouth.
[
175
]
On 27 February 2020, Denmark confirmed its first case.
[
176
]
As of 16 March 2020, there have been 898 confirmed cases in Denmark, including 11 in the Faroe Islands (see below).
[
177
]
Numerous preventive measures gradually were implemented. Starting on 13 March 2020, schools, universities and similar places were closed, while most people in non-essential functions have been sent home to work.
[
178
]
On 14 March 2020, the borders were closed for all entries, except Danish citizens, people with a residence permit, people with an important reason for visiting, and transport of goods.
[
179
]
[
174
]
On 27 February, Estonia confirmed its first case, an Iranian citizen, travelling from Iran via Turkey.
[
180
]
As of 11 March, there were 17 confirmed cases in Estonia. 12 of them had returned with the infection from Northern Italy, one from France, one from Iran and one from undisclosed risk area.
[
181
]
[
182
]
First two cases of virus transmitting locally were in
Saaremaa
after international volleyball competition involving a team from
Milan
.
[
183
]
From 12 March, the virus was spreading locally. The number of infected grew fast reaching 109 on 14 March.
[
184
]
The first case was reported in the country on 28 January.
[
185
]
[
186
]
As of 21 July there were over 7,000 confirmed cases.
[
187
]
As of 9 December (2020) the confirmed cases in Finland are 28,732 over the entire period.
[
188
]
A total of 433 deaths associated with the disease have been reported until now.
[
189
]
Empty supermarket shelves in
Annonay
, France, on 14 March 2020.
On 24 January, the first case in Europe was confirmed in
Bordeaux
. Two more cases were confirmed in Paris by the end of the day, all of them originated from China. A cluster of infections was discovered in
Haute-Savoie
which originated from a British national who had visited Singapore.
[
190
]
[
191
]
[
192
]
From 31 January to 9 February, nearly 550 people were repatriated from
Wuhan
on a series of evacuation flights arriving at Creil Air Base in
Oise
and
Istres-Le Tubé Air Base
in
Istres
.
[
193
]
On 14 February, an 80-year-old Chinese tourist died in
Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital
, Paris, marking the first death from COVID-19 in Europe and France.
[
194
]
According to regional council president
Jean Rottner
, the starting point for the first intense wave in Alsace was the Fasting Meeting of the Protestant Free Church of La Porte Ouverte in
Mulhouse
, with more than 2500 visitors, in mid-February.
[
195
]
On 12 March, French president
Emmanuel Macron
announced on public television that all schools and all universities would close from Monday 16 March until further notice. The next day, the prime minister
Édouard Philippe
banned gatherings of more than 100 people, not including public transportation. The following day, the prime minister ordered the closure of all nonessential public places, including restaurants, cafés, cinemas, and discothèques, effective at midnight.
[
196
]
As of 14 March, there had been 4,499 confirmed cases (a near-four-fold increase over the number 5 days previously), and 91 deaths in France.
[
197
]
As of 20 March, the number of confirmed cases had risen to 12,612, while the number of deaths reached 450.
[
citation needed
]
As of 30 March, more than six hundred doctors and other medical workers are suing the former Minister of Health and the Prime Minister for "culpable negligence" in failing to prepare for the epidemic.
[
198
]
Until 1 April, the daily update of the number of deaths in France included only deaths in hospitals, with deaths in retirement homes or at home not included in the update.
[
199
]
Deaths in retirement homes were included in the reported figures from 2 April, causing totals to increase substantially.
[
200
]
On 4 May, retroactive testing of samples in one French hospital showed a patient "who had COVID-19 as early as Dec. 27, nearly a month before the French government confirmed its first cases."
[
201
]
According to the researchers who reported the discovery, this indicates that the virus was present in the population well before the first confirmed cases, a finding also echoed by US researchers.
[
202
]
In July 2020, Prime Minister of France
Jean Castex
, announced that health care pay workers will see $9 billion in pay raises, as a result of their efforts during the coronavirus pandemic.
[
203
]
In Germany, the first case of COVID-19 was recorded in the state of
Bavaria
on 27 January 2020. Daily case numbers began to decrease after 8 April, but rose sharply again in October.
As of 30 January 2021,
2,207,393 cases have been reported with 56,286 deaths and approximately 1,930,592 recoveries.
[
204
]
[
205
]
[
206
]
[
207
]
[
208
]
The case fatality rate is 2.5%.
[
209
]
The low preliminary fatality rate in Germany, compared to Italy and Spain, has resulted in a discussion and explanations that cite among others the country's higher number of tests performed, absence of COVID-19 analyses in autopsies and higher proportion of positive cases among younger people.
Hessian
state finance minister
Thomas Schäfer
committed suicide on 28 March 2020. State Premier
Volker Bouffier
said that Schäfer had had considerable worries in particular over the economic burden that the COVID-19 pandemic would place on the population.
[
210
]
First case was identified on 4 March 2020, only 187 cases to the end of July then increases with 100 added in August and the same in September. A
contact App
"BEAT Covid Gibraltar" was released on 18 June.
[
211
]
On 26 February 2020, the first case in Greece was confirmed, a 38-year-old woman from
Thessaloniki
who had recently visited
Northern Italy
.
[
212
]
The next day, the first patient's 9-year-old child and another 40-year-old woman, who had travelled to Italy, also tested positive.
[
213
]
[
214
]
[
215
]
Subsequent cases is Greece were mainly related to people who had travelled to Italy and a group of pilgrims who had travelled to Israel and Egypt, as well as their contacts.
[
216
]
[
217
]
Health and state authorities issued precautionary guidelines and recommendations, while measures up to that point were taken locally and included the closure of schools and the suspension of cultural events in the affected areas (particularly
Ilia
,
Achaea
and
Zakynthos
).
[
217
]
The first confirmed death from COVID-19 in Greece was a 66-year-old man, who died on 12 March.
[
218
]
By 27 July there were 4,227 confirmed cases in Greece, some of which detected among tourists arriving in the country from mid-June onwards, 202 deaths and 3,562 recoveries.
[
219
]
[
220
]
The Greek
National Public Health Organization
(NPHO), in collaboration with local authorities and doctors, is tracking and testing everyone who came in close contact with the patients.
[
221
]
[
222
]
By 10 March, with 89 confirmed cases and no deaths in the country, the government decided to suspend the operation of educational institutions of all levels nationwide and then, on 13 March, to close down all cafes, bars, museums, shopping centres, sports facilities and restaurants in the country.
[
223
]
[
224
]
On 16 March, all retail shops were also closed and all services in all areas of religious worship of any religion or dogma were suspended.
[
225
]
[
226
]
On 18 and 19 March, the government announced a series of measures of more than 10 billion euros to support the economy, businesses and employees.
[
227
]
On 22 March the Greek authorities announced significant restrictions on all nonessential transport and movement across the country, starting from 6 a.m. on 23 March.
[
228
]
Starting from 4 May, Greece has begun easing its lockdown restrictions after a 42-day lockdown, with the gradual lifting of movement restrictions and restart of business activity.
[
229
]
On 9 March, the first case in the
Crown dependency
was confirmed.
[
230
]
On 27 May it was announced that there were no known active cases in the
Bailiwick
.
[
231
]
There were no active cases for 129 days before an arrival from the UK tested positive on 6 September.
[
232
]
On 4 March Prime Minister
Viktor Orbán
announced that two Iranian students had been infected with the virus.
[
233
]
The students are asymptomatic and have been transported to Saint Ladislaus Hospital in
Budapest
.
[
233
]
The first case was confirmed in Iceland on 28 February, an Icelandic male in his forties who had been on a ski trip to Andalo in Northern Italy and returned home on 22 February.
[
234
]
Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management declared a state of emergency on 6 March after two cases of community transmission in Iceland were confirmed, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 43.
[
235
]
On 13 March, it was announced at an official press conference that a four-week ban on public gatherings of more than 100 persons would be put into effect as of Monday 16 March. Universities and secondary schools will be closed for four weeks. International airports and harbours will remain exempt from these measures.
[
236
]
COVID-19 14-day rate per 100k population in Ireland by
county
, as of 2023
The
National Public Health Emergency Team of Ireland
announced the first case in the Republic of Ireland on 29 February, involving a male student from the
east of the country
, who had arrived there from
Northern Italy
.
[
237
]
[
238
]
[
239
]
On 3 March, a second case was confirmed of a female in the east of the country who had been to Northern Italy.
[
240
]
Response to the outbreak has included cancellation of
St Patrick's Day
parades and all festivals.
[
241
]
On 11 March, an elderly patient in
Naas General Hospital
in County Kildare became Ireland's first fatality from the virus.
[
242
]
On 12 March,
Taoiseach
Leo Varadkar
announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities.
[
243
]
On 20 March, an
emergency legislation
was signed into law by President
Michael D. Higgins
giving the state permission to
detain
people, restrict travel and keep people in their homes to help combat the spread of the pandemic.
[
244
]
On 12 March 2020,
Taoiseach
Leo Varadkar
announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland until the end of August.
[
245
]
On 27 March, Varadkar announced a national
stay-at-home order
for at least two weeks; the public were ordered to stay at home in all circumstances. All non-essential shops and services, including all pubs, bars, hotels and nightclubs closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned.
[
246
]
The
Garda Síochána
(Irish police) were given power to enforce the measures, which were repeatedly extended until 18 May.
[
247
]
A roadmap to easing restrictions in Ireland that included five stages was adopted by the
government
on 1 May 2020 and subsequently published online.
[
248
]
The fourth and final phase of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland was initially scheduled to take place on 20 July, but was repeatedly postponed until 31 August at the earliest.
[
249
]
On 15 September, the government announced a
medium-term plan for living with COVID-19
that included five levels of restrictions.
[
250
]
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 21 October following the government's announcement to move the entire country to
Level 5
lockdown restrictions for six weeks until 1 December.
[
251
]
On 27 November, the government agreed to ease restrictions from 1 December.
[
252
]
A third wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland on 21 December.
[
253
]
The government acted swiftly and on 22 December,
Level 5
lockdown restrictions with a number of adjustments were announced, which came into effect from
Christmas Eve
until 12 January 2021 at the earliest.
[
254
]
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 31 December (
New Year's Eve
) following the government's announcement to move the entire country to full
Level 5
lockdown restrictions from 30 December until 31 January 2021 at the earliest, in an attempt to get a third surge in cases of COVID-19 under control.
[
255
]
On 26 January, the government extended the
Level 5
lockdown restrictions until 5 March.
[
256
]
On 23 February, the government extended the Level 5 lockdown restrictions for another six weeks until 5 April (
Easter Monday
) at the earliest, while its new revised
Living with COVID-19 plan
was published.
[
257
]
On 30 March, the government announced a phased easing of restrictions from Monday 12 April.
[
258
]
On 29 April, the government announced a reopening plan for the country throughout May and June from 10 May,
[
259
]
with a further reopening planned announced on 31 August that would see all remaining COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland eased by 22 October.
[
260
]
After a fourth wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland in October, the government published on 19 October a revised plan for the easing of restrictions, with nightclubs allowed to reopen, however the continued use of masks, vaccine certificates and social distancing measures would remain in place until at least February 2022.
[
261
]
On 3 December, the government reintroduced a series of measures that would commence from 7 December amid concerns of the
Omicron variant
, with nightclubs to close, indoor cultural and sporting events to operate at 50% capacity and a maximum of four households allowed to meet indoors.
[
262
]
The Omicron variant caused a fifth wave of COVID-19 to arrive in late December and early January 2022, with record levels of cases reported over the Christmas and New Year period.
[
263
]
As cases began to fall sharply,
Taoiseach
Micheál Martin
announced on 21 January the easing of almost all COVID-19 restrictions, with the requirements of vaccine certificates and social distancing to end, restrictions on household visits and capacity limits for indoor and outdoor events to end, nightclubs to reopen and pubs and restaurants to resume normal trading times, while rules on isolation and the wearing of masks would remain.
[
264
]
Remaining COVID-19 restrictions were agreed to be removed from 28 February, with mask wearing in schools, indoor retail settings and on public transport to be voluntary, restrictions in schools to end and
testing
to be scaled back.
[
265
]
As of 21 February 2022, the
Department of Health
have confirmed 1,276,778 confirmed cases and 6,443 deaths.
[
266
]
Paramedics
carrying a patient under
biocontainment
, in
Cervia
, Emilia-Romagna
On 31 January, the first two cases were confirmed in
Rome
. Two Chinese tourists, who arrived in
Milan
on 23 January via
Milan Malpensa Airport
and travelled to
Rome
on a tourist bus, tested positive for and were hospitalised in
Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases
.
[
267
]
On 6 February, one of the Italians repatriated from
Wuhan
, China, tested positive, bringing the total number of cases in Italy to three.
[
268
]
On 22 February, the repatriated Italian recovered and was discharged from the hospital.
[
269
]
On 22 and 26 February, the two Chinese tourists hospitalized in Rome tested negative.
[
270
]
On 21 February, a cluster of cases was detected starting with 16 confirmed cases in
Lombardy
,
[
271
]
with additional 60 cases on 22 February,
[
272
]
and Italy's first deaths reported on the same day.
[
273
]
As of late February, Italy was hit harder than anywhere else in the EU by the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[
274
]
By 17 March 2020, there were 2,503 deaths and 31,506 confirmed cases.
[
275
]
By 15 May 2020, there had been 223,885 cases and 31,610 deaths, according to Protezione Civile bulletins.
[
citation needed
]
On 3 June, Italy reopened its borders to EU residents and ended travel restrictions.
[
citation needed
]
On 13 July, the head of the ICU at a Bergamo hospital said that former patients treated for COVID-19 had developed serious long-term health issues.
[
276
]
Cases reached 100,000 in March, 200,000 in April, 300,000 in September, 600,000 in October and 1,600,000 in November.
[
citation needed
]
On 8 March, Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte signed a decree enacting a quarantine for the entire region of Lombardy – home to more than 10 million people and the financial capital, Milan – and multiple other provinces, totalling around 16 million residents. The lockdown decree included the power to impose fines on anyone caught entering or leaving Lombardy, the worst-affected region, until 3 April.
[
277
]
On 9 March, the lockdown orders were extended to the whole of Italy, effectively quarantining more than 60 million people.
[
278
]
On 20 November 2020, according to high-frequency data, the lockdowns in France and Italy weighed down on public mobility more than in any other European country. France's official statistic agency INSEE found that the data collected by Google on the amount of time people spend at home is particularly closely correlated with the percentage of slow down experienced by an economy during the lockdown.
[
279
]
The first case was recognised on 10 March which resulted within days in flights and ferries being cancelled except for essential travel and freight, thus isolating the island by the end of March.
[
280
]
[
281
]
By 30 June there were no active cases although there have since been small numbers of cases brought into the island when lockdown was relaxed and travel permitted. On 14 October a
contact App
was launched.
[
282
]
Community contracted cases caused numbers to rise from 600 to 1,000 in November resulting in another lockdown.
[
citation needed
]
The first two cases in Kosovo were reported on 13 March. In the ten-day period 13–23 March, the number of positive cases with coronavirus rose to 35. In midnight of 23 March 26 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number of cases to 61.
[
283
]
Kosovars were required to wear masks and not visit their families across the street due to the lockdowns, the income and sales tax was also reduced by local governments.
[
284
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia
was a part of the
worldwide pandemic
of coronavirus disease 2019 (
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
). The virus was confirmed to have reached
Latvia
on 2 March 2020, having been brought along with people returning from abroad.
The government declared a state of emergency on 13 March 2020 with a number of epidemiological safety measures and restrictions, primarily limiting gatherings, travel, most public venues, and educational institutions. As the new confirmed cases stayed in the low two-digit range per day, the emergency was periodically extended until mid-2020, when the confirmed infection case dropped to almost 0 and the state of emergency ended on 9 June 2020. Most restrictions were lifted.
The rates spiked again by the end of September, from a few dozen per day to low hundreds by November, and many of the restrictions were restored and tightened, including a range of new ones. Eventually, a new state of emergency was reinstated on 9 November 2020 with increased rules and restrictions, while the daily cases reached close to one thousand by the end of November. The number of cases kept rising at the turn of the year and the state of emergency was extended to 6 April 2021. The vaccination programme began at the start of the year.
As of 21 January 2023, 2,974,692 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Latvia.
[
285
]
The first case was reported in the country on 3 March.
[
286
]
The first case was reported in the country on 28 February. By 17 March there were 21 cases, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The first infected Lithuanian recovered on 14 March.
[
287
]
Cases reached 2,000 in July, 10,000 in October and 50,000 in November.
The first case was reported in the country on 29 February. Positive cases exceeded 6,600 on 30 June and 8,500 on 30 September.
On 7 March, Malta reported its first 3 cases of coronavirus: an Italian family consisting of a 12-year-old girl and her parents, who arrived in Malta on 3 March from Rome after a holiday in Trentino. Until around September, there were barely any cases; with that maximum cases per day at around 30. But then a big wave hit Malta and cases were being of over 100 everyday, and the most cases found in a single day was 510. Then in May 2021, the cases started calming down with Malta as of 20 June 2021 having just under 50 active cases, with over 30 thousand total.
[
288
]
Map of cases of COVID-19 in Moldova
(21 December 2021)
-->
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova
was a part of the
worldwide pandemic
of coronavirus disease 2019 (
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
). The virus was confirmed to have reached the
Republic of Moldova
on 7 March 2020, when a Moldovan woman who returned from Italy tested positive for the novel coronavirus. As the number of infected people started to rise during the next days, the Parliament declared a state of emergency on 17 March 2020 for the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for a period of 60 days (17 March to 15 May 2020).
On 15 May 2020, the last day of the state of emergency declared by the Parliament on 17 March 2020, the Extraordinary National Commission of Public Health declared the state of emergency in public health for the entire territory of Moldova for the period of 16 May to 30 June 2020. On 9 June 2020, the total number of confirmed cases surpassed 10,000. On 1 September 2020, the number of deaths surpassed 1,000.
The
vaccination process
started on 2 March 2021 with AstraZeneca vaccine units donated by
Romania
to Moldova.
The first case was reported in the country on 29 February.
[
289
]
[
non-primary source needed
]
[
290
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic
in Montenegro has resulted in 251,280
[
149
]
confirmed cases of
COVID-19
and 2,654
[
149
]
deaths.
The first case of the disease in
Montenegro
was confirmed on 17 March 2020,
[
291
]
[
292
]
making it the last European country to register a case of SARS-CoV-2.
[
293
]
On 24 May 2020, 68 days after the first case was recorded in Montenegro, it became the first COVID-19-free country in Europe. Within the first outbreak, indexed cases counted 9% of the total reported, 80% of cases were infected due to contact with primary cases, while the origin of infection of the other 11% of cases was not certain.
[
294
]
The Government of Montenegro estimated that the country needs EUR 59.2 million private and international relief to address the health, social and economical impact of COVID-19.
[
295
]
Montenegro had no active cases from 24 May until 14 June 2020, when the first imported case was reported.
As of 3 December 2022, 523,735 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Montenegro.
[
296
]
On 27 February, the Netherlands confirmed its first case, a man who had been in the Lombardy region of Italy.
[
297
]
On 6 March,
RIVM
announced the first death.
[
298
]
On 9 March, RIVM announced 56 more confirmed cases in addition to the total of the 77 infected patients declared in the previous day, bringing the total to 321 infected and 3 dead.
[
299
]
On 15 March, the Dutch government announced in a press conference that all schools, day care facilities, colleges, universities, and universities of applied sciences would close until 6 April, though children of parents in vital industries could still go to school or the day care if they could not be taken care of otherwise.
[
300
]
As of 16 March, the total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 had risen to 1,413 and the total number of confirmed deaths had risen to 24. This was an increase of 278 infections and 4 deaths in comparison to 15 March.
[
301
]
On the same date, the
prime minister of the Netherlands
,
Mark Rutte
, had announced that the country would not go into complete lockdown. Instead the situation would be controlled as much as possible by delaying the spread of the virus, relying on measures taken earlier by the government, such as social distancing and prohibiting gatherings of 100 people and over.
[
302
]
It is expected the coronavirus will keep spreading and a large part of the population will become infected. Instead of opting to lock down the Netherlands for the time required, which would have many (negative) consequences while the benefits remain uncertain and would have to stay in place, it would be attempted to build
herd immunity
in a controlled manner. Depending on how the virus behaves, the government would decide if additional measures are required.
[
302
]
[
303
]
Further measures were introduced on 23 March. All events would be banned until 1 September. Gatherings of more than three people, except for families, were to be prohibited. City mayors received greater authorization to enforce the rules. Fines would be issued to those not complying with the new rules.
[
304
]
Cases reached 10,000 in March 2020, 50,000 in June 2020, 100,000 in September 2020, 500,000 in November 2020 and 1,000,000 in February 2021.
[
citation needed
]
On 26 February,
North Macedonia
confirmed its first case, a woman that had returned from Italy.
[
305
]
On 10 March every school, kindergarten and university was closed. As of 5 April 2021, the country has reported 134,867 cases, 3,940 deaths and a total of 109,297 recovered.
[
306
]
To stop the spreading of the virus, the country had a strict 61-hour curfew every weekend. For holidays, like Easter, the country had an 85-hour curfew.
[
307
]
[
308
]
Furthermore, the state of emergency which had expired was extended for 14 more days until 30 May, and then again for 14 more days until 13 June.
[
309
]
Separation of an area near the driver, bus in
Trondheim
, 15 March
On 26 February, Norway confirmed its first case, in a person who had returned from China the previous week.
[
310
]
[
311
]
On 7 March, there were 147 confirmed cases in Norway. Most of the cases could either be linked to outbreaks abroad or close encounters with these. Altogether 89 have been infected on travel in Italy.
[
312
]
On 12 March 2020, all kindergartens, schools, colleges and universities were closed until at least 26 March 2020.
[
313
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Poland
was part of the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
COVID-19
is caused by
SARS-CoV-2
. As of 8 June 2025
, Poland had a cumulative total of 6,780,272 confirmed cases (17,862 per 100,000 population), and 120,980 deaths (319 per 100,000 population) due to COVID-19.
[
314
]
The first
COVID-19 vaccine
product was introduced on 23 December 2020.
[
314
]
Since then, a total of 58.63 million vaccine doses have been administered, with 60% of the population having received a complete primary series and 34% having received at least one booster dose as of 31 December 2023
.
[
314
]
In February and March 2020, health authorities in
Poland
carried out laboratory testing of suspected cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2, as well as home quarantine and monitoring. On 4 March 2020, the first laboratory-confirmed case in Poland was announced in a man hospitalised in
Zielona Góra
. On 10 March 2020, the
World Health Organization
declared the local transmission phase of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland. On 12 March 2020, the first death from
coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) in Poland was that of a 57-year-old woman.
Polish authorities opted into the
European Union
's tender procedure for purchasing COVID-19 pandemic-related medical equipment on 17 March 2020.
On 10–12 March 2020 lockdown-type control measures were implemented, closing school and university classes, offices, and cancelling mass events, and were strengthened on 25 March, limiting non-family gatherings to two people and religious gatherings to six and forbidding non-essential travel. On 20 March 2020, the
Ministry of Health
officially declared an epidemic and on the same day tried to prevent medical personnel from commenting on the pandemic. The
Polish Ombudsman
Adam Bodnar
defended medical personnel's right to speak publicly about the epidemic on
constitutional
grounds of freedom of speech and the right of the public to information. Doctors opposed the self-censorship orders.
Lockdown restrictions were tightened on 31 March 2020 by a
government regulation
, requiring individuals walking in streets to be separated by two metres, closing parks, boulevards, beaches, hairdressers and beauty salons, and forbidding unaccompanied minors from leaving their homes. Restrictions were relaxed starting 20 April, allowing religious gatherings and funerals to be held for up to a maximum of 50 people. Starting on 1 April 2020, fatalities which were clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed as COVID-19 (
U07.2
) were also considered as COVID-19 deaths by
NIPH–NIH
.
On 2 March, the first two cases were confirmed in Portugal, both in the city of
Porto
. One was a doctor who had returned from holiday in northern Italy, and the other a worker from Spain.
[
315
]
[
316
]
On 18 March, the president of the Republic,
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
, declared the entirety of the Portuguese territory in a
state of emergency
for the following fifteen days, with the possibility of renewal, the first since the
Carnation Revolution
in 1974.
[
317
]
On 24 March, the Portuguese government admitted that they could not contain the
COVID-19 pandemic
anymore, as it is wide spreading and will enter the 'Mitigation Phase' on 26 March.
[
318
]
Cases reached 10,000 in April, 100,000 in October and 300,000 in December.
[
citation needed
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Romania
, a part of the
worldwide pandemic
, began on 26 February 2020 when the first case of
coronavirus disease 2019
(
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
) in Romania was confirmed in
Gorj County
was confirmed.
[
319
]
As of 31 January 2022
, the National Institute of Public Health reported around 2,200,000 cases, 1,800,000 recoveries, and 60,000 COVID-19-related deaths.
[
320
]
More than 11.7 million
RT-PCR tests
and more than 7.3 million
rapid antigen tests
were processed.
[
320
]
An
anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign
, part of a global effort to slow down the spread of the virus, started on 27 December 2020. As of 27 January 2022
, over 50% of the country's eligible population had received at least one dose of the
COVID-19 vaccine
as part of an ongoing
national vaccination campaign
.
[
321
]
As of 21 January 2023, 16,102,916 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Romania.
[
322
]
Russian president
Vladimir Putin
visits coronavirus patients at the
City Clinical Hospital No. 40
in
Moscow
on 24 March
Russia implemented early preventive measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the country by imposing quarantines, carrying raids on potential virus carriers and using modern facial recognition technologies to impose quarantine measures.
[
323
]
On 2 March,
Western Russia
confirmed its first case in
Moscow Oblast
.
[
324
]
[
325
]
Previously on 31 January Russia confirmed first two cases in its
Asian part
, one in
Tyumen Oblast
and another in
Zabaykalsky Krai
. Both were Chinese nationals, who have since recovered.
[
326
]
[
323
]
On 7 March, four new cases were confirmed, three was in
Lipetsk
and one in
Saint Petersburg
. All people visited Italy in the previous two weeks.
[
327
]
On 8 March, three news cases were confirmed, in
Moscow
,
Belgorod
and
Kaliningrad
Oblasts. All people returned from Italy.
[
328
]
On 10 March, Moscow Mayor
Sergey Sobyanin
signed a decree for banning mass events in Moscow with more than 5000 participants from 10 March to 10 April.
[
329
]
By 15 April, cases were confirmed in all of Western Russia's
federal subjects
with the confirmation of the first case in
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
.
On 27 February, San Marino confirmed its first case, an 88-year-old man with pre-existing medical conditions, who came from Italy. He was hospitalised at a hospital in
Rimini
, Italy.
[
330
]
As of 25 March 2020: With 700 confirmed cases out of a population of 33,344 (as of 2018), it is the country with the highest percentage of confirmed cases per capita at 2.1% – 1 confirmed case per 48 inhabitants.
[
331
]
Also, with 42 confirmed deaths, the country has the highest rate of confirmed deaths per capita at 0.126% of the total population – 1 death per 794 inhabitants.
[
331
]
Disinfection of housing in Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic
On 29 February, a massive infection occurred in the town of
Valjevo
after a private party involving a guest from Austria who had previously stayed in Italy.
[
332
]
On 6 March, the first case was confirmed in Serbia by Minister of Health
Zlatibor Lončar
,
[
333
]
of a man who had traveled to
Budapest
.
[
334
]
President Aleksandar Vucic and the Government of the Republic of Serbia introduced a state of emergency on 15 March. Two days later, curfew and quarantine were introduced as safeguards against massive infection.
[
citation needed
]
A queue of cars and trucks waiting to cross the Slovak border on 13 March
People in
Bratislava
wearing masks on 16 March
On 6 March, Slovakia confirmed its first case, a 52-year-old man from a small village near
Bratislava
. He had not travelled anywhere in recent weeks but his son, who didn't show any symptoms, had visited
Venice
.
[
335
]
On 7 March, the virus was also confirmed in his wife and son.
[
336
]
In October 2020, Slovakia started implementation of a short-period mass-testing programme to
test
two-thirds of its citizens for COVID-19.
[
337
]
[
338
]
On 4 March Slovenia confirmed its first case. A patient of about 60 years of age had returned from Morocco few days earlier (via Italy) and was admitted to a hospital in
Ljubljana
.
[
339
]
[
340
]
On 6 March, a total of eight cases were reported, three of them medical professionals, who contracted the virus on holiday in Italy. By 9 March 16 people were confirmed to be infected.
[
citation needed
]
Television cameras covering the first coronavirus cases in a hospital in
Valencia
On 31 January, Spain confirmed its first case, in the
Canary Island
of
La Gomera
. A tourist from Germany tested positive and was admitted to
University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria
.
[
341
]
[
342
]
[
343
]
[
non-primary source needed
]
On 19 February, 2,500 football fans from Valencia attended a Champions League game in Bergamo, the hot spot of
the outbreak in Italy
.
[
344
]
On 24 February, a medical doctor from
Lombardy
, Italy who was vacationing in
Tenerife
, tested positive at the
University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria
in Spain.
[
345
]
[
346
]
Afterwards, multiple cases were detected in Tenerife involving people who had come in contact with the doctor. Other cases involving individuals who visited Italy were also discovered on Spanish mainland.
[
347
]
On Saturday 14 March, the Spanish government imposed a nationwide quarantine, banned all trips that are not necessary and announced that companies may be intervened to guarantee supplies.
[
348
]
[
349
]
However, with universities and schools closed earlier that week, bars and parks were full, and due to slow enactment "part of the population of Madrid and other cities had dispersed across the country".
[
344
]
As of 17 March 2020, there had been 11,826 confirmed cases with 1,028 recoveries and 533 deaths in Spain.
[
350
]
On 28 March, the Spanish government tightened up its national lockdown, ordering all non-essential workers to stay at home for the next two weeks.
[
351
]
Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.
[
352
]
Public transport has also been greatly affected by the lockdowns and the severe restrictions established by the government. The relationship between the users who have continued using the urban bus and the characteristics of the stop's surroundings have been analysed.
[
353
]
On 10 January 2022,
Spanish Prime Minister
Pedro Sánchez
initiated a debate in the
European Union
to treat COVID-19 as an "endemic illness" rather than a pandemic. He suggested a move towards a flu-like monitoring system amid falling death rates and hospitalisations on the European continent.
[
354
]
On 31 January, Sweden confirmed its first case. A woman in her 20s, who had visited Wuhan, tested positive and was admitted at Ryhov County Hospital in
Jönköping
.
[
355
]
[
356
]
On 26 February, following
the outbreak in Italy
and
in Iran
, infection clusters originating from these two countries appeared in Sweden.
[
357
]
A number of individuals in
Västra Götaland
,
Jönköping
, Stockholm and
Uppsala
tested positive and were admitted to the infectious disease units in the respective counties.
[
358
]
The country's first fatality came on 11 March, that of a man in Stockholm over 60 who had other illnesses prior to infection.
As of 12 March, national testing strategy shifted to only the elderly, the severely ill, and healthcare personnel. The official recommendation for symptoms that were not serious, as of 13 March, was to stay at home and not visit healthcare. This has led to statistics becoming less useful.
[
359
]
As of 14 March 924 people were reported as having become infected. The
Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Sweden
made the
recommendation to refrain from unnecessary travel
to all countries.
[
citation needed
]
On 22 January 2021 the
Ministry of Justice of Sweden
implemented travel bans from Denmark and the United Kingdom due to the
mutation of SARS-CoV-2
.
[
360
]
Supermarket with some empty shelves and restricted access to non-vital items
On 25 February, following
the outbreak in Italy
, Switzerland confirmed its first case, a 70-year-old man in the Italian-speaking
canton of Ticino
, who had previously visited Milan.
[
361
]
[
362
]
Afterwards, multiple cases related to the Italy clusters were discovered in multiple cantons including Basel-City, Zürich and Graubünden.
[
363
]
[
364
]
[
365
]
Multiple isolated cases not related to the Italian clusters were also confirmed.
[
366
]
On 28 February, the Federal Council announced an immediate ban on all events with more than 1,000 participants.
[
367
]
As of 10 March, there were 500 confirmed cases in Switzerland.
[
368
]
On 16 March 2020, the Federal Council announced
[
369
]
further measures, and a revised ordinance.
[
370
]
Measures include the closure of bars, shops and other gathering places until 19 April, but leaves open certain essentials, such as grocery stores, pharmacies, (a reduced) public transport and the postal service.
[
371
]
Those measures were prolonged until 26 April 2020.
[
371
]
On 23 December, following an unexpectedly quick authorization by
Swissmedic
of the
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
, the vaccination campaign was launched in several cantons. A 90-year-old woman from the
Lucerne
region became the first vaccinated patient in continental Europe outside Russia.
[
372
]
[
373
]
All cantons are expected to start vaccinating by 11 January 2021.
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey
is part of the ongoing
pandemic
of
coronavirus disease 2019
(
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
).
The first case in
Turkey
was recorded on 11 March, when a local returned home
[
note 1
]
from a trip to Europe.
[
375
]
The first death due to COVID-19 in the country occurred on 15 March.
[
375
]
Turkey
stood out from the rest of Europe by not ordering a legal
lockdown
[
note 2
]
[
376
]
until April 2021, when the country enacted its first nationwide restrictions.
[
377
]
The government kept many businesses open, and allowed companies to set their own guidelines for workers.
[
376
]
The
Turkish health system
[
376
]
has the highest number of
intensive care units
[
378
]
in the world at 46.5 beds per 100,000 people (compared to 9.6 in Greece, 11.6 in France, and 12.6 in Italy). As of 3 May 2021
, Turkey's observed
case-fatality rate
stood at 0.84%, the 148th highest rate globally.
[
379
]
[
380
]
This low
case-fatality rate
has generated various explanations, including the relative rarity of
nursing homes
,
[
381
]
favorable demographics,
[
382
]
a long legacy of
contact tracing
,
[
383
]
the high number of
intensive care units
,
[
384
]
universal health care
,
[
383
]
and a lockdown regime that led to a higher proportion of positive cases among working-age adults.
[
376
]
But according to an August 2020 academic study by
The International Journal of Health Planning and Management
, the
government of Turkey
has been underreporting COVID-19 statistics.
[
385
]
On 30 September 2020, Turkish Minister of Health
Fahrettin Koca
acknowledged that since 29 July, the reported number of cases was limited to symptomatic cases that required monitoring, which was met with rebuke by the
Turkish Medical Association
.
[
386
]
This practice ended on 25 November, when the ministry started to report asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases alongside symptomatic ones.
[
386
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic
in Ukraine has resulted in 5,555,243
[
149
]
confirmed cases of
COVID-19
and 109,937
[
149
]
deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to
Ukraine
when the country's first case was confirmed to be hospitalized in
Chernivtsi Oblast
on 3 March 2020,
[
387
]
a man who had travelled from Italy to
Romania
by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car.
[
388
]
An emergency was declared on 20 March 2020 in
Kyiv Oblast
,
Chernivtsi Oblast
,
Zhytomyr Oblast
,
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
,
Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
, and the city of
Kyiv
.
[
389
]
New infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021.
[
390
]
[
391
]
By then, a total of 2.8 million coronavirus cases and 64,936 COVID-19 related deaths had occurred in Ukraine.
[
391
]
Ukraine's ongoing vaccination program
[
392
]
started on 24 February 2021 and from that day to 12 September 2021, 10,710,944 vaccinations were given in Ukraine (meaning 18% of the adult population of Ukraine had been vaccinated against COVID-19).
[
393
]
About 44% of those vaccinated had been fully vaccinated.
[
394
]
[
395
]
In an August 2021 poll 56% of Ukrainians did not plan to be vaccinated.
[
395
]
Demand for vaccinations multiplied sharply by late October 2021.
[
390
]
[
391
]
On 7 January 2022 the
Ministry of Health
announced that 44.9% of the adult population had undergone a full course of vaccination.
[
396
]
Statistics for the Russian-held
Autonomous Republic of Crimea
and city of
Sevastopol
, and for the unrecognized
Donetsk People's Republic
and
Luhansk People's Republic
in eastern Ukraine, are not reported by Ukraine's state agencies, and are not included in the country's totals.
[
397
]
Since the start of the
Russian invasion of Ukraine
, the
Ukrainian Ministry of Healthcare
has made no further press releases related to COVID-19, and the latest counts were for 23 February 2022.
[
398
]
As a result, daily counts are displayed in various diagrams as zero. In late May 2022, Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ihor Kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that COVID-19 outbreaks were not expected in Ukraine in the near future.
[
399
]
On 1 July 2023, the Ministry downgraded the disease's alert levels to that of regular respiratory diseases and lifted all emergency measures relating to it.
[
400
]
Mark Drakeford, First Minister at the
Welsh Government
in one of his daily briefings.
Man in London wearing a face mask on 19 March
In December 2019, Peter Attwood, an 84-year-old from
Chatham, Kent
, England, developed an unexplained respiratory illness. His symptoms worsened and he was admitted to
Medway Hospital
on 7 January 2020 and remained in hospital until his death on 30 January 2020. A follow-up pathology test of lung tissue taken during Peter's post-mortem examination showed he had had COVID-19 at the time of his death. Attwood would appear to be the first known UK casualty of SARS-CoV-2.
[
citation needed
]
On 31 January 2020, England confirmed the first two cases, both members of a family of Chinese nationals staying in a hotel in
York
who were taken to specialist facilities in
Newcastle upon Tyne
.
[
401
]
Afterwards, several confirmed cases were detected across the UK.
[
402
]
[
403
]
[
404
]
The UK government implemented preventive measures to curb the spread of infections which included
contact tracing
, isolation and testing, some of which were related to the Italy clusters.
[
405
]
[
406
]
[
407
]
The
NHS
set up drive-through screening centres at several hospitals to test members of the public showing symptoms.
[
408
]
[
409
]
On 2 March, Ministers approved the
Department of Health and Social Care
COVID-19 action plan,
[
410
]
which sets out actions to date, future measures, cooperation between devolved political and health authorities, and the level of preparedness of the country's four National Health Services. It outlined the government's objectives to deploy phased actions to contain, delay, and mitigate any outbreak, using research to inform policy development.
[
411
]
On 23 March, it was announced that the UK would be entering a nationwide lockdown. The public were advised to stay at home except for essential shopping and one hour of exercise a day. These measures came into effect on 26 March and lasted until 1 June when measures were eased allowing early years pupils and exams students to return to school in a limited capacity. These measures are further eased on 15 June when retail and attractions were able to open for the first time since March.
[
412
]
On 25 March, the UK Parliament legislated to provide the government and authorities with emergency powers to handle the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the power to restrict public gatherings, order businesses to close, and the ability to detain those suspected of having the virus.
[
413
]
The
Coronavirus Act 2020
received
Royal Assent
on 25 March and came into force on the same day.
[
414
]
On 5 April, the
prime minister of the United Kingdom
Boris Johnson
was admitted to hospital after testing positive to COVID-19 10 days earlier.
[
415
]
He was admitted into
intensive care
the following night, when his symptoms further worsened.
[
416
]
He left hospital on 12 April.
[
417
]
The
NHS
was given access to emergency supplies of PPE and patients that did not need to remain in hospital were moved to residential care homes if needed. However, there was no need for a negative COVID-19 test before patients were transferred to these settings, this was only required from 15 April. On 15 May, the government approved the first social care specific legislation that helped to ensure that staff had access to adequate PPE and protect both those working and living in care homes.
[
418
]
As of 6 May, the total of confirmed cases was 201,101; the total of recorded deaths in all settings was 30,076, the highest in Europe and second highest in all the countries after the United States. It is estimated that care home residents accounted for 30–40% of these deaths, with social care workers being twice as likely to die from COVID-19 as the general population.
[
418
]
However, the death toll did not continue to increase throughout the summer, and Brazil and Mexico now have more deaths as of 1 August 2020.
[
419
]
During August and September, the number of infections per day began to increase significantly although the death rate remained fairly low. Boris Johnson announced changes to restrictions on 22 September which included forcing pubs, bars and restaurants to close by 10 pm in England and the so-called rule of six saying no more than six people should meet. In October, Scotland's first minister declared new restrictions it meant that some areas of the country those like Edinburgh had to close bars, pubs and go back to doing self-service. Northern Ireland's executive that also have control over health policy tightened restrictions to make them close to a lockdown as did Wales announced by Welsh first minister. It also emerged that Boris Johnson had been advised by SAGE committee of scientists to have a short lockdown back on 21 September. Johnson subsequently introduced a three-tier system of restrictions
Liverpool
was put under the top tier meaning tougher restrictions but falling short of a full lockdown. The UK has since recorded over 40,000 deaths.
On 5 November, the UK had to enter a second national lockdown due to the rising number of cases and hospitalisations.
[
420
]
Following the end of this lockdown on 2 December case numbers began to rise again and over 70,000 deaths have been recorded in relation to COVID-19 as of 11 December 2020.
[
421
]
On 4 January 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson addressed the nation announcing a third lockdown.
[
422
]
The UK went into Lockdown that day due to rapidly increasing numbers of cases and deaths caused by a new more infectious variant of COVID-19 spreading around the UK.
[
423
]
The UK has begun to vaccinate its population against COVID-19. The first vaccine, the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19, was approved for use in the UK on 2 December 2020,
[
424
]
the first of the 800,000 immediately available doses was administered on 8 December.
[
425
]
The second vaccine approved for use in the UK was the Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, which was approved for use on 30 December 2020,
[
426
]
with the first dose of this vaccine given on 4 January 2021.
[
427
]
A third vaccine, the Moderna vaccine, was approved for use in the UK on 8 January 2021,
[
428
]
and the first dose was administered in Wales on 6 April.
[
429
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City
was a part of the
worldwide pandemic
of
coronavirus disease 2019
(
COVID-19
) caused by
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(
SARS-CoV-2
). The
Holy See
reported the first case of infection in
Vatican City
on 7 March 2020.
[
430
]
Unlike other jurisdictions that report cases within a given territory or cases of residents or citizens of a territory, the Holy See reports on cases "in Vatican City State and among the employees of the Holy See" regardless of location of testing, treatment, or residence.
[
431
]
There were 29 confirmed cases of COVID-19 among the Vatican's residents and employees; there were no associated deaths.
[
432
]
The 29 cases included 10 employees, 1 new hire, and 1 resident of Vatican City.
[
note 3
]
All those infected tested negative by 6 June 2020.
[
433
]
An outbreak among members of the Holy See's
Swiss Guard
was reported in mid-October, totaling 11 as of October 15.
[
434
]
In late February 2020,
Pope Francis
became ill with symptoms of a
cold
, but tested negative for COVID-19.
[
435
]
It was announced on January 14, 2021, that both he and
Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI
had received the first dose of a vaccine.
[
436
]
They received their second dose in February.
[
437
]
Pandemic development graphs
[
edit
]
Confirmed cases and deaths by date
[
edit
]
Confirmed cases by date
Deaths by date
Total confirmed cases since first day of the outbreak
[
edit
]
Growth rates comparison since outbreak
[
edit
]
Syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily growth in cases
Syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily deaths
Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 100th case:
Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 500th case:
Response and criticism
[
edit
]
Immigrants and refugees
[
edit
]
The European Union closed borders to non-nationals on 17 March. The next day, Greece imposed restrictions on refugees' movement within camps.
[
438
]
Thousands of asylum seekers are living in crowded camps, and there are fears that pandemic could not be controlled under such conditions. The Greek prime minister K. Mitsotakis said that Europe should do more to help because Greece "cannot resolve this crisis instantly and alone".
[
439
]
Unnamed Greek officials have stated concerns that Turkey may send infected refugees and migrants towards the islands.
[
440
]
[
441
]
[
442
]
Early in April Malta and Italy closed their ports to vessels carrying asylum seekers from North Africa.
[
443
]
Computational approach
[
edit
]
The
Exscalate4Cov
project, founded by the
Horizon 2020
program,
[
444
]
conducted a series of
drug repositioning
and
virtual screening
experiments to evaluate the interactions between known
drugs
and billions of other
compounds
against the
spike protein
.
[
445
]
These experiments utilized
in-silico
computational models.
[
445
]
The E4C drug repositioning and in-silico large-scale screening experiments
[
445
]
on two
European
supercomputers
identified
raloxifene
as a candidate for treating early-stage COVID-19 patients.
[
446
]
In early 2021, EU commission chief
Ursula von der Leyen
was criticised for the EU's slow rollout, and she noted that the EU was "late to authorise" and said that ordering vaccines on behalf of member states was "the right thing to do".
[
447
]
Some countries withheld recommending the
AstraZeneca
vaccine due to concerns of blood clots. By 20 June 2021, nearly half the population of the European Union had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination.
[
448
]
In November 2021, a study by the
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
estimated that 470,000 lives over the age of 60 had been saved since the start of vaccination roll-out in the European region.
[
449
]
Herd immunity through infection in Iceland
[
edit
]
On 23 February 2022, the Ministry of Health lifted all remaining COVID-19 restrictions, including gathering limits, restricted opening hours for bars, and border restrictions. Adopting a
herd immunity
approach,
[
450
]
the ministry stated that "widespread societal resistance to COVID-19 is the main route out of the epidemic", and "to achieve this, as many people as possible need to be infected with the virus as the vaccines are not enough, even though they provide good protection against serious illness".
[
451
]
Travel bans and border closures
[
edit
]
Full closure of a bridge over the
Rhine
, on the border between Austria and Switzerland
Although by 7 March some European politicians such as France's
Marine Le Pen
had called for Europe's internal borders to be temporarily closed,
[
452
]
the
European Union
by 13 March continued to reject the idea of suspending the
Schengen free travel area
and introducing border controls with Italy.
[
453
]
[
454
]
[
455
]
[
456
]
[
457
]
The deputy leader of the Swiss
Ticino League
, Lorenzo Quadri, by 29 February had criticised the decision, saying, "It is alarming that the dogma of wide-open borders is considered a priority."
[
458
]
United States president
Donald Trump
said by 12 March the European Union had "failed to take the same precautions and restrict travel from China and other hot spots" as the US had implemented.
[
459
]
Trump also said that "As a result a large number of new clusters in the United States were seeded by travellers from Europe."
[
460
]
Research on
coronavirus genomes
indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in
New York
came from European travelers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country.
[
461
]
By 9 March, Czech prime minister
Andrej Babiš
stated that "European countries cannot ban the entry of Italian citizens within the Schengen area. The only possible way is to have the Italian prime minister call on his fellow citizens to refrain from traveling to other countries of the European Union."
[
462
]
After Slovakia, Denmark, the Czech Republic and Poland announced complete closure of their national borders, the
European Commission
President
Ursula von der Leyen
said by 12 March that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization. Moreover, they have a strong social and economic impact, they disrupt people's lives and business across the borders."
[
463
]
European Union leaders condemned the US decision to restrict travel from Europe to the United States.
European Council
President
Charles Michel
and Ursula von der Leyen said in a joint statement: "The European Union disapproves of the fact that the US decision to impose a travel ban was taken unilaterally and without consultation."
[
464
]
Ursula von der Leyen admitted by 17 March that "all of us who are not experts initially underestimated the coronavirus."
[
465
]
As of 22 February 2021, the UK has banned direct flights from 33 countries, including Portugal, South Africa, Peru and the United Arab Emirates. All travelers entering the UK via indirect flights have been ordered to quarantine in a designated hotel for 10 days.
[
466
]
Since passengers coming from high-risk countries with South African virus's mutant (like the UAE and South Africa) are mixing with other travellers before reaching their accommodation, this travel ban is being criticised extensively.
[
467
]
The Italian government has criticised EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.
[
468
]
[
469
]
[
470
]
Politico
reported on 7 March that "EU countries have so far refused Italy's plea for help fighting coronavirus, as national capitals worry that they may need to stockpile face masks and other medical gear to help their own citizens, officials and diplomats said."
[
471
]
Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, said that "Only China responded bilaterally. Certainly, this is not a good sign of European solidarity."
[
472
]
Serbian president
Aleksandar Vučić
said that "European solidarity does not exist. That was a fairy tale."
[
472
]
Eventually, in July 2020 the
European Council
agreed to a massive recovery fund of 750 billion € branded
Next Generation EU
(NGEU) to support member states hit by the
COVID-19 pandemic
. The NGEU fund goes over the years 2021 – 2023 and will be tied to the
2021–2027 budget of the EU
(MFF). The comprehensive packages of NGEU and MFF will reach the size of 1824.3 Billion €.
[
473
]
In response to the pandemic, the European Investment Bank Group is establishing a €25 billion Pan-European Guarantee fund. It is projected that the guarantee fund would raise up to €200 billion.
[
474
]
[
475
]
The EIB Group signed a new EUR 8.6 billion assistance agreement for its pandemic response programs in 2022. Since pandemic recovery has been slowed down, the allocation time for the guarantee goods under the pan-European Guarantee Fund (EGF), which was introduced in 2020, was extended until the end of 2022.
[
476
]
Reaction time of Spain
[
edit
]
International Women's Day
march in Mérida, Spain, 8 March
[
477
]
According to
The Guardian
, Spain's initially slow response to COVID-19 caused the epidemic to become severe even though it did not share a land border with Italy or other severely affected countries.
[
344
]
An analysis in
Vox
hypothesised that the minority government did not want to risk its hold on power by banning large gatherings early; Prime Minister
Pedro Sánchez
initially defended his decision to allow large gatherings to continue.
[
478
]
Military exercises during pandemic
[
edit
]
The planned
NATO
"
Defender 2020
" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states,
[
479
]
the largest NATO war manoeuvres since the end of the
Cold War
, was to be held on a reduced scale because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
[
480
]
Restrictions on civil liberties
[
edit
]
There was concern that measures taken by some national governments on occasion of the COVID-19 pandemic would have the aim or effect of restricting democracy and civil liberties and rights.
[
481
]
In Hungary, prime minister
Viktor Orbán
acquired near absolute powers through such legislation on 3 April.
[
482
]
Use of scientific advice
[
edit
]
The
European Union
's
Chief Scientific Advisors
issued a statement on 24 June 2020, providing guidance for how scientific advice should be given and interpreted during the pandemic. One key point made by the Advisors was that scientists must be clearer about the degree of uncertainty that characterises the evolving evidence on which their advice is based, for instance around the use of face-masks. They also emphasised that scientific advice must be separated from decision-making, and this separation must be made clear by politicians.
[
483
]
In April 2021, the leaders of the Society for Aerosol Research warned the debate on COVID-19 measures does not reflect current scientific knowledge. They said protection against infection must take place above all where people spend time indoors, because "the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses takes place almost without exception indoors."
[
484
]
Romani people
were hit hard by the pandemic.
[
485
]
^
Data Protection Law number 6698
[
374
]
precludes the
Turkish Ministry of Health
from disclosing sensitive patient health information, interpreted broadly to include location during the pandemic.
^
Turkey's Article 11/C of the Law on Public Health authorizes only provinces to order quarantines, for a maximum period of 15 days. The national government is barred by the constitution from ordering lockdowns.
[
375
]
^
Unlike other governments, the
Holy See Press Office
reports on diagnoses and status of its employees, not only cases within its jurisdiction. Its announcements are generally imprecise as to the nationality and residence of the cases it reports. One was identified as a resident of Vatican City. Another was diagnosed and is being treated in an Italian location that is neither Vatican City nor Rome.
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe)
- [1 International comparisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#International_comparisons)
- [2 Statistics by country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Statistics_by_country_and_territory)
- [3 Pandemic by country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Pandemic_by_country_and_territory)
Toggle Pandemic by country and territory subsection
- [3\.1 Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Albania)
- [3\.2 Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Andorra)
- [3\.3 Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Austria)
- [3\.4 Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Belarus)
- [3\.5 Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Belgium)
- [3\.6 Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina)
- [3\.7 Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Bulgaria)
- [3\.8 Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Croatia)
- [3\.9 Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Cyprus)
- [3\.10 Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Czech_Republic)
- [3\.11 Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Denmark)
- [3\.12 Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Estonia)
- [3\.13 Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Finland)
- [3\.14 France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#France)
- [3\.15 Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Germany)
- [3\.16 Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Gibraltar)
- [3\.17 Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Greece)
- [3\.18 Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Guernsey)
- [3\.19 Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Hungary)
- [3\.20 Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Iceland)
- [3\.21 Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Ireland)
- [3\.21.1 Lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Lockdown)
- [3\.22 Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Italy)
- [3\.22.1 Lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Lockdown_2)
- [3\.23 Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Jersey)
- [3\.24 Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Kosovo)
- [3\.25 Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Latvia)
- [3\.26 Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Liechtenstein)
- [3\.27 Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Lithuania)
- [3\.28 Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Luxembourg)
- [3\.29 Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Malta)
- [3\.30 Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Moldova)
- [3\.31 Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Monaco)
- [3\.32 Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Montenegro)
- [3\.33 Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Netherlands)
- [3\.34 North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#North_Macedonia)
- [3\.35 Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Norway)
- [3\.36 Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Poland)
- [3\.37 Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Portugal)
- [3\.38 Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Romania)
- [3\.39 Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Russia)
- [3\.40 San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#San_Marino)
- [3\.41 Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Serbia)
- [3\.42 Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Slovakia)
- [3\.43 Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Slovenia)
- [3\.44 Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Spain)
- [3\.45 Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Sweden)
- [3\.46 Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Switzerland)
- [3\.47 Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Turkey)
- [3\.48 Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Ukraine)
- [3\.49 United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#United_Kingdom)
- [3\.50 Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Vatican_City)
- [4 Pandemic development graphs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Pandemic_development_graphs)
Toggle Pandemic development graphs subsection
- [4\.1 Confirmed cases and deaths by date](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Confirmed_cases_and_deaths_by_date)
- [4\.2 Total confirmed cases since first day of the outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Total_confirmed_cases_since_first_day_of_the_outbreak)
- [4\.3 Growth rates comparison since outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Growth_rates_comparison_since_outbreak)
- [5 Response and criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Response_and_criticism)
Toggle Response and criticism subsection
- [5\.1 Immigrants and refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Immigrants_and_refugees)
- [5\.2 Computational approach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Computational_approach)
- [5\.3 Vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Vaccination)
- [5\.4 Herd immunity through infection in Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Herd_immunity_through_infection_in_Iceland)
- [5\.5 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Criticism)
- [5\.5.1 Travel bans and border closures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Travel_bans_and_border_closures)
- [5\.5.2 EU solidarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#EU_solidarity)
- [5\.5.3 Reaction time of Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Reaction_time_of_Spain)
- [5\.5.4 Military exercises during pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Military_exercises_during_pandemic)
- [5\.5.5 Restrictions on civil liberties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Restrictions_on_civil_liberties)
- [5\.5.6 Use of scientific advice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Use_of_scientific_advice)
- [5\.6 Romani people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Romani_people)
- [6 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#Notes)
- [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#References)
- [8 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
27 languages
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7 "جائحة فيروس كورونا في أوروبا – Arabic")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie_covidu-19_v_Evrop%C4%9B "Pandemie covidu-19 v Evropě – Czech")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie_in_Europa "COVID-19-Pandemie in Europa – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_COVID-19_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7 "Πανδημία COVID-19 στην Ευρώπη – Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19_en_Europa "Pandemia de COVID-19 en Europa – Spanish")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemia_Europan "COVID-19 pandemia Europan – Basque")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mie_de_Covid-19_en_Europe "Pandémie de Covid-19 en Europe – French")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94 "מגפת הקורונה באירופה – Hebrew")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_Covid-19_di_Eropa "Pandemi Covid-19 di Eropa – Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19_in_Europa "Pandemia di COVID-19 in Europa – Italian")
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- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_ng_COVID-19_sa_Europa "Pandemya ng COVID-19 sa Europa – Tagalog")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa%27da_COVID-19_pandemisi "Avrupa'da COVID-19 pandemisi – Turkish")
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- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7 "یورپ میں کورونا وائرس کی وبا – Urdu")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch_COVID-19_t%E1%BA%A1i_ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u "Đại dịch COVID-19 tại châu Âu – Vietnamese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85 "2019冠状病毒病欧洲疫情 – Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the pandemic on the continent. For the pandemic in the political and economic union, see [European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic").
| COVID-19 pandemic in Europe | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cas_mensuels_Covid-19_Europe_par_groupe_de_pays_2020-2022.png)New COVID cases in Europe by month, from 2020–2022 | |
| Disease | [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") |
| Virus strain | [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") |
| Location | Europe |
| First outbreak | [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), Hubei, China[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-20200130cdc-1) |
| [Index case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") | [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), France |
| Arrival date | 21 January 2020 (6 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 4 days ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 243,000,000+[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-auto-2) |
| Suspected cases‡ | \>600,800,000 (\>80% of Europe's population, 2021–22 estimates)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-the_end-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-up_to_80%25-4) |
| Recovered | 239,000,000+[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-auto-2) |
| Deaths | ~2,000,000[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-auto-2) |
| Territories | 57 |
| ‡*Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.* | |
| |
|---|
| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic "Category:COVID-19 pandemic") on the |
| [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png "Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.") Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. |
| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (virus) [Cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") 2020 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") 2021 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") 2022 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") |
| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [By country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") [Europe]() [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") By conveyance [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") |
| International response [Endemic phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_phase_of_COVID-19 "Endemic phase of COVID-19") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Origin of SARS-CoV-2") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country "COVID-19 lockdowns by country") [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") [by governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [Fake treatments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [WTO IP waiver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver "TRIPS Agreement waiver") [Undercounting of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") [COVID-19 apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 "Chinese government response to COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| Medical response [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_COVID-19_tests "Development of COVID-19 tests") [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [VITT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") Current vaccines [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Medigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") [Variants of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") Other variants [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") |
| [Economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and [recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Arts and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis#Shipping "2021–2022 global supply chain crisis") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [sportscasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [By sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridiron football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") |
| [Impacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Neurological and psychological symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") [Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [African diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Alzheimer's disease patients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19 "Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Emergency evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") [Female](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBTQ community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBTQ_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBTQ community") [Long-term care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Notable deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") [Other health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Suicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates") [Telehealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") [Infected leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_\(Wikimedia_colors\).svg) [COVID-19 portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19 "Portal:COVID-19") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") |
The [global COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") arrived in [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe "Europe") with its first confirmed case in [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France"), on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-5) and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City").
[Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") was the first European country to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-6) By 13 March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-8) and it remained so until the WHO announced it was overtaken by [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") on 22 May.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-9) By 18 March 2020, [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") introduced in Europe affected more than 250 million people.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-10) Despite [deployment of COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines"), Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-11) On 11 January 2022, Dr. [Hans Kluge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kluge "Hans Kluge"), the WHO Regional Director for Europe said, "more than 50 percent of the population in the region will be infected with [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") in the next six to eight weeks".[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-12)
As the outbreak became a major crisis across Europe, [national](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") and [European Union responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") have led to debate over restrictions of civil liberties and the extent of European Union solidarity.
As of 20 May 2022, Europe is the most-affected continent in the world. The most-affected countries in Europe include Italy, France, [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany"), the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") and [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia").
## International comparisons
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: International comparisons")\]
In March 2022, *[The Lancet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet")* published a study comparing excess mortality rates per 100,000 population, in 191 countries in the world, over the first two years of the pandemic (2020 and 2021). The study showed that amongst the major western European countries, those with the highest rates were [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") with 227, [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") 202, [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") 187, [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") 147, and [the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") 140. The average was 140 and below that were the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") at 127, [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") 124, and [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") 121 - the difference between these three was not statistically significant - and that Ireland (13) and the Scandinavian countries had lower rates.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Rentoul-2022-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Smyth-2022-14)\[*[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")*\]
[Economic activity decreased](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") by almost 4% in the majority of sub-regions in Europe in 2020, which was similar to the global average of 3.2%. However, the variance between nations is prominent. The high infection and mortality rates of the pandemic in countries in the Western [Balkans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans "Balkans"), the Eastern Neighbourhood, and [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe "Central Europe") and [Eastern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") meant they faced deeper recessions.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EIB-2022a-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-16)
From 2019 to 2020, there was also a difference in how EU countries were adapting to new COVID-19 regulations, one of them being [work from home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work"). The proportion of EU enterprises employing advanced digital technology in their operations expanded dramatically during that time. From 2020 to 2021, this percentage remained relatively stable, reaching 61% in 2021, compared to 63% in 2020 and 58% in 2019.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-18)
Since the beginning of 2020, EU enterprises that embraced advanced digital technology and invested in becoming more digital during the pandemic have increased the number of employees they employ.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-20) The number of non-digital enterprises that downsized was also greater than the share of non-digital firms that had positive job growth. Non-digital companies had a negative net employment balance.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-21)
According to a survey of firms by the [European Investment Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank "European Investment Bank"), the Czech Republic was the top-performing EU country for the usage of advanced digital technologies during the pandemic.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22) Finland was the top performing EU country in terms of digital infrastructure and the use of formal strategic business monitoring.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-23)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22) Austria had the highest percentage of firms becoming more digital during the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22) Cyprus led software and data investment, and firms in Sweden invested in digital training for their employees at the highest rate.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22)
## Statistics by country and territory
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Statistics by country and territory")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory")
| Country/Territory | Tests[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-worldometers-26) | Reported cases | Reported deaths | Reported deaths per 1M population[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-worldometers-26) | Estimated excess mortality per 1M population 2020 and 2021[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-27) | Recoveries | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") | 1,529,669 | 334,090 | 3,604 | 1,218 | 3,465 | 330,233 | [\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-29) |
|  [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") | 249,838 | 48,015 | 159 | 1,974 | 2,055 | 47,806 | [\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-30) |
|  [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") | 126,775,946 | 6,081,287 | 22,534 | 2,053 | 1,075 | no data | [\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-32)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-33) |
|  [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") | 11,193,320 | 994,037 | 7,118 | 739 | 4,831 | 928,536 | [\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-34)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-35) |
|  [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") | 27,823,927 | 4,833,699 | 34,339 | 2,722 | 1,466 | no data | [\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-38) |
|  [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") | 1,505,807 | 403,364 | 16,369 | 4,873 | 3,339 | no data | [\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-41) |
|  [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") | 7,692,793 | 1,331,456 | 38,657 | 5,434 | 6,473 | 1,289,148 | [\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-42) |
|  [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") | 3,877,819 | 1,274,603 | 18,306 | 3,949 | 2,856 | 1,255,955 | [\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-43) |
|  [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") | 9,477,138 | 660,854 | 1,364 | 871 | 322 | no data | [\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-45) |
|  [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic") | 47,516,725 | 4,700,505 | 43,090 | 3,750 | 2,448 | no data | [\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-CZE-46)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-47) |
|  [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark") | 110,395,437 | 3,418,520 | 8,838 | 1,100 | 941 | no data | [\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-gov-dk-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-50) |
|  [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia") | 2,590,874 | 618,218 | 3,001 | 1,938 | 2,267 | 614,656 | [\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-52) |
|  [Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands") | 657,000 | 34,658 | 28 | 569 | — | no data | [\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-54) |
|  [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland") | 8,803,391 | 1,508,603 | 10,184 | 848 | 808 | no data | [\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-57) |
|  [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") | 188,795,159 | 39,997,490 | 167,985 | 2,270 | 1,242 | no data | [\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-SPF-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-59)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-60) |
|  [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") | 89,622,218 | 38,437,756 | 174,979 | 1,663 | 1,205 | no data | [\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-61)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-zeit-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-63) |
|  [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar") | 460,732 | 20,550 | 113 | 3,029 | — | no data | [\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-65) |
|  [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece") | 50,386,399 | 5,482,697 | 37,959 | 2,908 | 1,271 | no data | [\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-greecerecoveries-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-67)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-68) |
|  [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey") | — | 35,326 | 41 | — | — | 35,151 | [\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-69) |
|  [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary") | 9,285,125 | 2,217,132 | 48,862 | 4,845 | 2,978 | 2,118,911 | [\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-70)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-71) |
|  [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland") | 1,425,512 | 209,191 | 260 | 443 | \-478 | no data | [\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-72) |
|  [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") | 11,785,169 | 1,744,580 | 9,772 | 1,980 | 125 | no data | [\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-73) |
|  [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man "COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man") | 133,676 | 38,008 | 116 | 1,246 | — | no data | [\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-isle-of-man-74)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-75) |
|  [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") | 148,159,131 | 26,904,497 | 197,714 | 2,777 | 2,274 | 26,490,448 | [\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-76) |
|  [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey") | — | 66,391 | 161 | — | — | 66,170 | [\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-77) |
|  [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo") | — | 274,269 | 3,212 | — | — | no data | [\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-79) |
|  [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") | 5,684,399 | 977,068 | 7,430 | 3,164 | 3,520 | no data | [\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-82) |
|  [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein") | 80,432 | 21,526 | 87 | 2,217 | — | 16,199 | [\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-84) |
|  [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania") | 6,727,723 | 1,355,324 | 9,769 | 3,457 | 3,850 | no data | [\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-86)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-87) |
|  [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg") | 3,847,888 | 386,030 | 1,000 | 1,679 | 892 | no data | [\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-88)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-89) |
|  [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta") | 1,216,068 | 120,739 | 885 | 1,638 | 899 | no data | [\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-90)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-91) |
|  [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") | 2,478,148 | 627,458 | 12,154 | 2,877 | 2,452 | no data | [\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-92)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-93) |
|  [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco") | 54,960 | 17,181 | 67 | 1,433 | 744 | no data | [\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-94)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-95) |
|  [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro") | 1,034,265 | 251,180 | 2,654 | 4,333 | 3,570 | no data | [\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-96)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-97) |
|  [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in Netherlands") | 21,107,399 | 8,610,372 | 22,992 | 1,298 | 1,400 | no data | [\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-99) |
|  [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia") | 1,659,878 | 349,923 | 9,960 | 4,472 | 5,836 | no data | [\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-100)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-102) |
|  [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway") | 9,447,282 | 1,493,079 | 5,732 | 583 | 72 | no data | [\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-103)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-VG-104)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-105) |
|  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") | 27,922,598 | 6,769,961 | 120,869 | 3,222 | 2,972 | 5,335,686 | [\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-106)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-107) |
|  [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") | 27,780,292 | 5,633,203 | 27,738 | 2,321 | 2,022 | no data | [\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-109) |
|  [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") | 17,519,846 | 3,503,553 | 68,601 | 3,461 | 3,287 | no data | [\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-110)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-111) |
|  [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") | 242,900,000 | 22,995,765 | 399,999 | 2,602 | 3,746 | 22,446,519 | [\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-112) |
|  [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino") | 109,538 | 25,292 | 126 | 3,375 | 1,896 | 23,160 | [\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-114) |
|  [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") | 7,418,399 | 2,601,133 | 18,057 | 1,857 | 2,289 | no data | [\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-115) |
|  [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia") | 5,184,086 | 1,869,657 | 21,167 | 3,681 | 2,504 | no data | [\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-116) |
|  [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia") | 2,143,592 | 1,349,318 | 7,100 | 3,195 | 1,799 | no data | [\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-117)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-118) |
|  [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") | 66,213,858 | 13,980,340 | 121,852 | 2,289 | 1,867 | no data | [\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-119)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-120) |
|  [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden") | 15,268,363 | 2,734,805 | 24,513 | 1,860 | 912 | no data | [\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-arcgis-121)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-122) |
|  [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland") | 14,772,127 | 4,422,292 | 13,680 | 1,591 | 931 | no data | [\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-123)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-124)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-125) |
|  [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") | 122,223,026 | 17,004,677 | 101,419 | 1,149 | 1,186 | no data | [\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-126)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-127) |
|  [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine") | 16,956,514 | 5,520,483 | 109,918 | 2,513 | 2,217 | no data | [\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-128)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-129) |
|  [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in United Kingdom") | 418,708,539 | 24,812,582[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fna-130) | 232,112[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fnb-131) | 2,614[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fnb-131) | 1,268 | no data | [\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-132)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-133) |
|  [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") | — | 29 | 0 | — | — | 29 | [\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-134)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-135) |
| **Total/average** | 1,898,102,976 | 163,877,845 | 1,776,085 | 2,141 | | | |
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fna_130-0)** Cases confirmed by a positive test only.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fnb_131-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fnb_131-1) The UK reports COVID-19 deaths as those within 28 days of a positive test.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weekly_cases_of_Covid-19_in_Western_Europe_per_million.png)
Weekly diagnosed cases per million inhabitants of COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe. Displayed on semi-log scale starting in 2021.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weekly_Deaths_from_Covid-19_in_Western_Europe_per_million.png)
Weekly Deaths per million inhabitants from COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe. This shows the distinctly different pattern of deaths in Germany and Sweden.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vaccination_percentage_in_major_European_countries.png)
Percentage of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe during 2021
In late August, 88% of COVID-19 deaths in Europe were among people over age 65, according to a 30 August report from the WHO.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-136)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19-Europe-selection-relative-deaths-log.svg)
Cumulative number of deaths per million inhabitants for a selection of European countries, over time. The legend is sorted in descending order of these values. Logarithmic vertical axis. Data source: [ECDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECDC "ECDC").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-ECDC-137)
## Pandemic by country and territory
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Pandemic by country and territory")\]
### Albania
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Albania")\]
These paragraphs are an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The first case in the Republic of [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania "Albania") was reported in [Tirana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana "Tirana") on 8 March 2020, when a patient and his adult son who had come from [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence "Florence"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") tested positive.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-138) Both men later recovered.
On 21 December 2020, health minister [Ogerta Manastirliu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogerta_Manastirliu "Ogerta Manastirliu") announced that the country has decided to suspend flights to and from the UK until 6 January 2021 because of what was then [a new COVID-19 mutation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") that transmits more quickly than other variants. All passengers arriving from the UK by land had to self-isolate for 14 days upon entry. The flight suspension took effect on Tuesday, 22 December.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-139)
As of 4 February 2023, 3,058,102 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Albania.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-140)
### Andorra
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Andorra")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra "Andorra") on 2 March 2020, when a 20-year-old man returned to the country from [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan"), Italy.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-141) With a total population of 77,543, (as of 31 December 2019) on 7 December 2020, the infection rate was 1 case per 11 inhabitants, and the death rate was 1 case per 994 inhabitants.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra_govern-142)
### Austria
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Austria")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). In [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria"), a pair of cases were confirmed on 25 February 2020. The cases involved a 24-year-old man and a 24-year-old woman who were travelling from [Lombardy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy"), Italy, and were treated at a hospital in [Innsbruck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck "Innsbruck").[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-143)[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-144)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria_The_Guardian-145)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria_CNN-146) According to new figures released by Austrian authorities on 23 June, the first case in the country was recorded in [Ischgl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischgl "Ischgl"), [Tyrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrol_\(state\) "Tyrol (state)") on 8 February.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-147)
As of 4 February 2023, a total of 20,369,447 vaccine doses have been administered.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-148)
### Belarus
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Belarus")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus "Belarus"), when the first case of COVID-19 in the country was registered in [Minsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk "Minsk") on 28 February 2020.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_index_case_reuters-149) As of 29 January 2023, a total of 19,047,714 vaccine doses have been administered.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-150)
### Belgium
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Belgium")\]
These paragraphs are an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") in Belgium has resulted in 4,907,118[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) confirmed cases of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and 34,339[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") on 4 February 2020, when one of a group of nine Belgians repatriated from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan") to [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") was reported to have tested positive for the coronavirus.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium_FPS_20200204-152)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-153) Transmission within Belgium was confirmed in early March; authorities linked this to holidaymakers returning from [Northern Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy") at the end of the half-term holidays.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-154)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-155) The epidemic increased rapidly in March–April 2020. By the end of March all 10 provinces of the country had registered cases.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
By March 2021, Belgium had the [third highest number of COVID-19 deaths per head of population in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country"), according to data compiled by [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University"). However, Belgium may have been over-reporting the number of cases, with health officials reporting that suspected cases were being reported along with confirmed cases.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-156) Unlike some countries that publish figures based primarily on confirmed hospital deaths, the death figures reported by the Belgian authorities included deaths in the community, such as in care homes, confirmed to have been caused by the virus, as well as a much larger number of such deaths suspected to have been caused by the virus, even if the person was not tested.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium_Euronews-157)
### Bosnia and Herzegovina
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") on 5 March 2020, when a patient in [Banja Luka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka "Banja Luka"), who had travelled to [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy"), tested positive. Later on the same day, a second case, who was the son of the first case, was reported.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_n1info.1-158) On 21 March, the first death in the country from COVID-19 was announced in a hospital in [Bihać](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87 "Bihać"). The patient was an elderly woman who had been hospitalized two days before.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_:0-159)
On 17 March, the [Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina") declared a [state of emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency "State of emergency") in the entire country.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-160)
As of 28 January 2022, 1,924,950 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-161)
### Bulgaria
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Bulgaria")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") when the country's first cases, a 27-year-old man from [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleven "Pleven") and a 75-year-old woman from [Gabrovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo "Gabrovo"), were confirmed on 8 March 2020. Neither of the two had traveled to areas with known coronavirus cases. The man tested positive for the virus after being hospitalized for a respiratory infection, and authorities announced plans to test several people who were in contact with the two individuals.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria_rferl.org-162) Two other samples in Pleven and Gabrovo were positive on 8 March.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria_focus-news.net-163) [Patient zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") remains unknown.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria_actualno.com-164)
After the number of patients in the country had reached 23, the Bulgarian Parliament voted unanimously to declare a state of emergency from 13 March until 13 April.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-165) A 14-day preventive house quarantine was introduced for citizens who have been in contact with a COVID-19 patient or have returned from an overseas region with a high number of cases. For patients tested positive for the virus a 21-day house quarantine was introduced. This time span is counted from the day a subsequent test comes out negative after they have been treated in a hospital or at home. After the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) has established that COVID-19 is more resilient than the initial data was showing, the National Crisis-management Staff increased the recovery house quarantine by a week to 28 days.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-166) With the continuing increase of COVID-19 cases on a daily basis, the Bulgarian government requested on 1 April that Parliament extend the state of emergency by one month until 13 May.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-167)
As of 5 February 2023, a total of 4,612,386 vaccine doses have been administered.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-168)
### Croatia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Croatia")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia")
On 25 February, Croatia confirmed its first case, a 26-year-old man who had been in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan"), Italy.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-169) On 26 February, two new cases were confirmed, one being the twin brother of the first.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-hr.n1info.com-170) In March 2020, a cluster of cases were reported in numerous Croatian cities. On 12 March, the first recovery was reported, and on 18 March the first death from the virus was confirmed. On 19 March, the number of recorded cases surpassed 100. On 21 March, it surpassed 200. On 25 March, it surpassed 400. On 31 March, it surpassed 800. The pandemic in Croatia occurred during the [Croatian Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union "Presidency of the Council of the European Union") of the [Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-171)
On 22 March, an [intense earthquake hit Zagreb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Zagreb_earthquake "2020 Zagreb earthquake"), the capital of Croatia, causing problems in enforcement of [social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") measures set out by the [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Croatia "Government of Croatia"). The earthquake could also be felt across much of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and Austria.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-172)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-173)
According to [Oxford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University "Oxford University"), as of 24 March, Croatia was the country with the world's strictest restrictions and measures for infection reduction in relation to the number of infected.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-174) The government set up a website for all information about the virus and a new phone line 113 that has volunteers answering questions.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-175)
### Cyprus
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Cyprus")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus&action=edit)\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Cases_in_Cyprus_per_capita_7_May_2020.png)
Per capita infections in Cyprus, dated 7 May 2020
The [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") was confirmed to have reached [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") on 9 March 2020. Data released by the Cypriot government includes [cases in the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia"), but does not include [cases in Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") due to the long-running [Cyprus dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_dispute "Cyprus dispute").
See also: [COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus")
### Czech Republic
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Czech Republic")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_entry_to_driver%27s_area_in_Brno_city_transport_due_to_COVID-19_\(detail\).jpg)
It is forbidden to enter the front section of buses of the Brno Public Transport during the pandemic (14 March 2020)
The first case was reported in the country on 1 March.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-CZE-46) As of 22 March there had been 1120 confirmed cases, with one lethal outcome.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-CZE-46)
On 12 March, the Czech Republic declared a 30-day state of emergency and barred entry to non-residents from China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, Spain, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, Norway, Denmark and France.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-cnnTBs-176)
The Czech Republic banned people from going out in public without wearing a [face mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask "Surgical mask") or covering their nose and mouth.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-177)
### Denmark
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Denmark")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark")
For Greenland, see [COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland "COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland").
For Faroe Islands, see [COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands").
On 27 February 2020, Denmark confirmed its first case.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-178)
As of 16 March 2020, there have been 898 confirmed cases in Denmark, including 11 in the Faroe Islands (see below).[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-STPS_numbers-179)
Numerous preventive measures gradually were implemented. Starting on 13 March 2020, schools, universities and similar places were closed, while most people in non-essential functions have been sent home to work.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-180) On 14 March 2020, the borders were closed for all entries, except Danish citizens, people with a residence permit, people with an important reason for visiting, and transport of goods.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-181)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-cnnTBs-176)
### Estonia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Estonia")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia")
On 27 February, Estonia confirmed its first case, an Iranian citizen, travelling from Iran via Turkey.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-182)
As of 11 March, there were 17 confirmed cases in Estonia. 12 of them had returned with the infection from Northern Italy, one from France, one from Iran and one from undisclosed risk area.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-183)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-184) First two cases of virus transmitting locally were in [Saaremaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaa "Saaremaa") after international volleyball competition involving a team from [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan").[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-185)
From 12 March, the virus was spreading locally. The number of infected grew fast reaching 109 on 14 March.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-186)
### Finland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Finland")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland")
The first case was reported in the country on 28 January.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-187)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-188) As of 21 July there were over 7,000 confirmed cases.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-189) As of 9 December (2020) the confirmed cases in Finland are 28,732 over the entire period.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-190) A total of 433 deaths associated with the disease have been reported until now.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-191)
### France
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: France")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Super_U_%E2%80%93_des_rayons_vides.jpg)
Empty supermarket shelves in [Annonay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonay "Annonay"), France, on 14 March 2020.
On 24 January, the first case in Europe was confirmed in [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"). Two more cases were confirmed in Paris by the end of the day, all of them originated from China. A cluster of infections was discovered in [Haute-Savoie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie "Haute-Savoie") which originated from a British national who had visited Singapore.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-192)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Figaro-2020-193)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Ouest-France-2020-194)
From 31 January to 9 February, nearly 550 people were repatriated from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan") on a series of evacuation flights arriving at Creil Air Base in [Oise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise "Oise") and [Istres-Le Tubé Air Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istres-Le_Tub%C3%A9_Air_Base "Istres-Le Tubé Air Base") in [Istres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istres "Istres").[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-195)
On 14 February, an 80-year-old Chinese tourist died in [Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichat%E2%80%93Claude_Bernard_Hospital "Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital"), Paris, marking the first death from COVID-19 in Europe and France.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-196)
According to regional council president [Jean Rottner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rottner "Jean Rottner"), the starting point for the first intense wave in Alsace was the Fasting Meeting of the Protestant Free Church of La Porte Ouverte in [Mulhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse "Mulhouse"), with more than 2500 visitors, in mid-February.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-faz-197) On 12 March, French president [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") announced on public television that all schools and all universities would close from Monday 16 March until further notice. The next day, the prime minister [Édouard Philippe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe "Édouard Philippe") banned gatherings of more than 100 people, not including public transportation. The following day, the prime minister ordered the closure of all nonessential public places, including restaurants, cafés, cinemas, and discothèques, effective at midnight.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-198)
As of 14 March, there had been 4,499 confirmed cases (a near-four-fold increase over the number 5 days previously), and 91 deaths in France.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-199)
As of 20 March, the number of confirmed cases had risen to 12,612, while the number of deaths reached 450.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] As of 30 March, more than six hundred doctors and other medical workers are suing the former Minister of Health and the Prime Minister for "culpable negligence" in failing to prepare for the epidemic.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-200)
Until 1 April, the daily update of the number of deaths in France included only deaths in hospitals, with deaths in retirement homes or at home not included in the update.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-201) Deaths in retirement homes were included in the reported figures from 2 April, causing totals to increase substantially.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-202)
On 4 May, retroactive testing of samples in one French hospital showed a patient "who had COVID-19 as early as Dec. 27, nearly a month before the French government confirmed its first cases."[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-203) According to the researchers who reported the discovery, this indicates that the virus was present in the population well before the first confirmed cases, a finding also echoed by US researchers.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-204) In July 2020, Prime Minister of France [Jean Castex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Castex "Jean Castex"), announced that health care pay workers will see \$9 billion in pay raises, as a result of their efforts during the coronavirus pandemic.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-205)
### Germany
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Germany")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany")
In Germany, the first case of COVID-19 was recorded in the state of [Bavaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") on 27 January 2020. Daily case numbers began to decrease after 8 April, but rose sharply again in October. As of 30 January 2021,[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit) 2,207,393 cases have been reported with 56,286 deaths and approximately 1,930,592 recoveries.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-jhumap-206)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-counter3-207)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-RKI_SitReport-208)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-209)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-210) The case fatality rate is 2.5%.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-211) The low preliminary fatality rate in Germany, compared to Italy and Spain, has resulted in a discussion and explanations that cite among others the country's higher number of tests performed, absence of COVID-19 analyses in autopsies and higher proportion of positive cases among younger people. [Hessian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse "Hesse") state finance minister [Thomas Schäfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\) "Thomas Schäfer (politician)") committed suicide on 28 March 2020. State Premier [Volker Bouffier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Bouffier "Volker Bouffier") said that Schäfer had had considerable worries in particular over the economic burden that the COVID-19 pandemic would place on the population.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-212)
### Gibraltar
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Gibraltar")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar")
First case was identified on 4 March 2020, only 187 cases to the end of July then increases with 100 added in August and the same in September. A [contact App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") "BEAT Covid Gibraltar" was released on 18 June.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-213)
### Greece
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Greece")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece")
On 26 February 2020, the first case in Greece was confirmed, a 38-year-old woman from [Thessaloniki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") who had recently visited [Northern Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy").[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-214) The next day, the first patient's 9-year-old child and another 40-year-old woman, who had travelled to Italy, also tested positive.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-iefimerida-2020a-215)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-iefimerida-2020-216)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-antenna-2020-217) Subsequent cases is Greece were mainly related to people who had travelled to Italy and a group of pilgrims who had travelled to Israel and Egypt, as well as their contacts.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-218)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-newsit-2020-219) Health and state authorities issued precautionary guidelines and recommendations, while measures up to that point were taken locally and included the closure of schools and the suspension of cultural events in the affected areas (particularly [Ilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elis_\(regional_unit\) "Elis (regional unit)"), [Achaea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaea "Achaea") and [Zakynthos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos "Zakynthos")).[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-newsit-2020-219) The first confirmed death from COVID-19 in Greece was a 66-year-old man, who died on 12 March.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-220)
By 27 July there were 4,227 confirmed cases in Greece, some of which detected among tourists arriving in the country from mid-June onwards, 202 deaths and 3,562 recoveries.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-greececases-221)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-greecerecoveries2-222) The Greek [National Public Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Organization_\(Greece\) "National Public Health Organization (Greece)") (NPHO), in collaboration with local authorities and doctors, is tracking and testing everyone who came in close contact with the patients.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-223)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-224) By 10 March, with 89 confirmed cases and no deaths in the country, the government decided to suspend the operation of educational institutions of all levels nationwide and then, on 13 March, to close down all cafes, bars, museums, shopping centres, sports facilities and restaurants in the country.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-225)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-226) On 16 March, all retail shops were also closed and all services in all areas of religious worship of any religion or dogma were suspended.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-227)[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-228) On 18 and 19 March, the government announced a series of measures of more than 10 billion euros to support the economy, businesses and employees.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-229)
On 22 March the Greek authorities announced significant restrictions on all nonessential transport and movement across the country, starting from 6 a.m. on 23 March.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-230) Starting from 4 May, Greece has begun easing its lockdown restrictions after a 42-day lockdown, with the gradual lifting of movement restrictions and restart of business activity.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-231)
### Guernsey
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Guernsey")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey")
On 9 March, the first case in the [Crown dependency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_dependency "Crown dependency") was confirmed.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-232) On 27 May it was announced that there were no known active cases in the [Bailiwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick "Bailiwick").[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-233) There were no active cases for 129 days before an arrival from the UK tested positive on 6 September.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-234)
### Hungary
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Hungary")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary")
On 4 March Prime Minister [Viktor Orbán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n "Viktor Orbán") announced that two Iranian students had been infected with the virus.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-magyar.hirlap.1-235) The students are asymptomatic and have been transported to Saint Ladislaus Hospital in [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest "Budapest").[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-magyar.hirlap.1-235)
### Iceland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Iceland")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland")
The first case was confirmed in Iceland on 28 February, an Icelandic male in his forties who had been on a ski trip to Andalo in Northern Italy and returned home on 22 February.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-236)
Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management declared a state of emergency on 6 March after two cases of community transmission in Iceland were confirmed, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 43.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-237) On 13 March, it was announced at an official press conference that a four-week ban on public gatherings of more than 100 persons would be put into effect as of Monday 16 March. Universities and secondary schools will be closed for four weeks. International airports and harbours will remain exempt from these measures.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-238)
### Ireland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Ireland")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_14-day_incidence_rate_per_100,000_population_in_Ireland.png)
COVID-19 14-day rate per 100k population in Ireland by [county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland "Counties of Ireland"), as of 2023
The [National Public Health Emergency Team of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\(2020\) "National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)") announced the first case in the Republic of Ireland on 29 February, involving a male student from the [east of the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster "Leinster"), who had arrived there from [Northern Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-239)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-240)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-241) On 3 March, a second case was confirmed of a female in the east of the country who had been to Northern Italy.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-242) Response to the outbreak has included cancellation of [St Patrick's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Saint Patrick's Day") parades and all festivals.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-243) On 11 March, an elderly patient in [Naas General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naas_General_Hospital "Naas General Hospital") in County Kildare became Ireland's first fatality from the virus.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-244) On 12 March, [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Leo Varadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Varadkar "Leo Varadkar") announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-245) On 20 March, an [emergency legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_\(Preservation_and_Protection_and_other_Emergency_Measures_in_the_Public_Interest\)_Act_2020 "Health (Preservation and Protection and other Emergency Measures in the Public Interest) Act 2020") was signed into law by President [Michael D. Higgins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins "Michael D. Higgins") giving the state permission to [detain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_\(imprisonment\) "Detention (imprisonment)") people, restrict travel and keep people in their homes to help combat the spread of the pandemic.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-246)
#### Lockdown
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Lockdown")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 lockdowns by country § Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country#Ireland "COVID-19 lockdowns by country")
On 12 March 2020, [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Leo Varadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Varadkar "Leo Varadkar") announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland until the end of August.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-247) On 27 March, Varadkar announced a national [stay-at-home order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order") for at least two weeks; the public were ordered to stay at home in all circumstances. All non-essential shops and services, including all pubs, bars, hotels and nightclubs closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-248) The [Garda Síochána](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na "Garda Síochána") (Irish police) were given power to enforce the measures, which were repeatedly extended until 18 May.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-249)
A roadmap to easing restrictions in Ireland that included five stages was adopted by the [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland "Government of Ireland") on 1 May 2020 and subsequently published online.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-250) The fourth and final phase of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland was initially scheduled to take place on 20 July, but was repeatedly postponed until 31 August at the earliest.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-251)
On 15 September, the government announced a [medium-term plan for living with COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") that included five levels of restrictions.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-252)
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 21 October following the government's announcement to move the entire country to [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions for six weeks until 1 December.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-253) On 27 November, the government agreed to ease restrictions from 1 December.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-254)
A third wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland on 21 December.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-255) The government acted swiftly and on 22 December, [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions with a number of adjustments were announced, which came into effect from [Christmas Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve") until 12 January 2021 at the earliest.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-256)
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 31 December ([New Year's Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve "New Year's Eve")) following the government's announcement to move the entire country to full [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions from 30 December until 31 January 2021 at the earliest, in an attempt to get a third surge in cases of COVID-19 under control.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-257) On 26 January, the government extended the [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions until 5 March.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-258) On 23 February, the government extended the Level 5 lockdown restrictions for another six weeks until 5 April ([Easter Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday")) at the earliest, while its new revised [Living with COVID-19 plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2021\)#COVID-19_Resilience_and_Recovery_2021_%E2%80%93_The_Path_Ahead "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") was published.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-259)
On 30 March, the government announced a phased easing of restrictions from Monday 12 April.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-260) On 29 April, the government announced a reopening plan for the country throughout May and June from 10 May,[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-261) with a further reopening planned announced on 31 August that would see all remaining COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland eased by 22 October.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-262)
After a fourth wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland in October, the government published on 19 October a revised plan for the easing of restrictions, with nightclubs allowed to reopen, however the continued use of masks, vaccine certificates and social distancing measures would remain in place until at least February 2022.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-263) On 3 December, the government reintroduced a series of measures that would commence from 7 December amid concerns of the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant"), with nightclubs to close, indoor cultural and sporting events to operate at 50% capacity and a maximum of four households allowed to meet indoors.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-264)
The Omicron variant caused a fifth wave of COVID-19 to arrive in late December and early January 2022, with record levels of cases reported over the Christmas and New Year period.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-265) As cases began to fall sharply, [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Micheál Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin "Micheál Martin") announced on 21 January the easing of almost all COVID-19 restrictions, with the requirements of vaccine certificates and social distancing to end, restrictions on household visits and capacity limits for indoor and outdoor events to end, nightclubs to reopen and pubs and restaurants to resume normal trading times, while rules on isolation and the wearing of masks would remain.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-266) Remaining COVID-19 restrictions were agreed to be removed from 28 February, with mask wearing in schools, indoor retail settings and on public transport to be voluntary, restrictions in schools to end and [testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 testing in the Republic of Ireland") to be scaled back.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-267)
As of 21 February 2022, the [Department of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_\(Ireland\) "Department of Health (Ireland)") have confirmed 1,276,778 confirmed cases and 6,443 deaths.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-268)
### Italy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Italy")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg)
[Paramedics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic "Paramedic") carrying a patient under [biocontainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocontainment "Biocontainment"), in [Cervia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervia "Cervia"), Emilia-Romagna
On 31 January, the first two cases were confirmed in [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome"). Two Chinese tourists, who arrived in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") on 23 January via [Milan Malpensa Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Malpensa_Airport "Milan Malpensa Airport") and travelled to [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome") on a tourist bus, tested positive for and were hospitalised in [Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani_National_Institute_for_Infectious_Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases").[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-269)
On 6 February, one of the Italians repatriated from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China, tested positive, bringing the total number of cases in Italy to three.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-270) On 22 February, the repatriated Italian recovered and was discharged from the hospital.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-271) On 22 and 26 February, the two Chinese tourists hospitalized in Rome tested negative.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Il_Messaggero-2020-272)
On 21 February, a cluster of cases was detected starting with 16 confirmed cases in [Lombardy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy"),[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-ThomReut_IT_16cluster_21Feb-273) with additional 60 cases on 22 February,[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-CorrieredSera_76_recent_cases-274) and Italy's first deaths reported on the same day.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-275) As of late February, Italy was hit harder than anywhere else in the EU by the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-politico-italy-276)
By 17 March 2020, there were 2,503 deaths and 31,506 confirmed cases.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Min_Salute_Situazione-277) By 15 May 2020, there had been 223,885 cases and 31,610 deaths, according to Protezione Civile bulletins.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 3 June, Italy reopened its borders to EU residents and ended travel restrictions.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 13 July, the head of the ICU at a Bergamo hospital said that former patients treated for COVID-19 had developed serious long-term health issues.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-278)
Cases reached 100,000 in March, 200,000 in April, 300,000 in September, 600,000 in October and 1,600,000 in November.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Lockdown
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Lockdown")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 lockdown in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdown in Italy")
On 8 March, Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte signed a decree enacting a quarantine for the entire region of Lombardy – home to more than 10 million people and the financial capital, Milan – and multiple other provinces, totalling around 16 million residents. The lockdown decree included the power to impose fines on anyone caught entering or leaving Lombardy, the worst-affected region, until 3 April.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-279)
On 9 March, the lockdown orders were extended to the whole of Italy, effectively quarantining more than 60 million people.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-280)
On 20 November 2020, according to high-frequency data, the lockdowns in France and Italy weighed down on public mobility more than in any other European country. France's official statistic agency INSEE found that the data collected by Google on the amount of time people spend at home is particularly closely correlated with the percentage of slow down experienced by an economy during the lockdown.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-281)
### Jersey
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Jersey")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey")
The first case was recognised on 10 March which resulted within days in flights and ferries being cancelled except for essential travel and freight, thus isolating the island by the end of March.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-282)[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-283) By 30 June there were no active cases although there have since been small numbers of cases brought into the island when lockdown was relaxed and travel permitted. On 14 October a [contact App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") was launched.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-284) Community contracted cases caused numbers to rise from 600 to 1,000 in November resulting in another lockdown.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Kosovo
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: Kosovo")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo")
The first two cases in Kosovo were reported on 13 March. In the ten-day period 13–23 March, the number of positive cases with coronavirus rose to 35. In midnight of 23 March 26 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number of cases to 61.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-285) Kosovars were required to wear masks and not visit their families across the street due to the lockdowns, the income and sales tax was also reduced by local governments.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-286)
### Latvia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: Latvia")\]
These paragraphs are an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") on 2 March 2020, having been brought along with people returning from abroad.
The government declared a state of emergency on 13 March 2020 with a number of epidemiological safety measures and restrictions, primarily limiting gatherings, travel, most public venues, and educational institutions. As the new confirmed cases stayed in the low two-digit range per day, the emergency was periodically extended until mid-2020, when the confirmed infection case dropped to almost 0 and the state of emergency ended on 9 June 2020. Most restrictions were lifted.
The rates spiked again by the end of September, from a few dozen per day to low hundreds by November, and many of the restrictions were restored and tightened, including a range of new ones. Eventually, a new state of emergency was reinstated on 9 November 2020 with increased rules and restrictions, while the daily cases reached close to one thousand by the end of November. The number of cases kept rising at the turn of the year and the state of emergency was extended to 6 April 2021. The vaccination programme began at the start of the year.
As of 21 January 2023, 2,974,692 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Latvia.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-287)
### Liechtenstein
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Liechtenstein")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein")
The first case was reported in the country on 3 March.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-288)
### Lithuania
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Lithuania")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania")
The first case was reported in the country on 28 February. By 17 March there were 21 cases, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The first infected Lithuanian recovered on 14 March.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-289) Cases reached 2,000 in July, 10,000 in October and 50,000 in November.
### Luxembourg
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Luxembourg")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg")
The first case was reported in the country on 29 February. Positive cases exceeded 6,600 on 30 June and 8,500 on 30 September.
### Malta
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Malta")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta")
On 7 March, Malta reported its first 3 cases of coronavirus: an Italian family consisting of a 12-year-old girl and her parents, who arrived in Malta on 3 March from Rome after a holiday in Trentino. Until around September, there were barely any cases; with that maximum cases per day at around 30. But then a big wave hit Malta and cases were being of over 100 everyday, and the most cases found in a single day was 510. Then in May 2021, the cases started calming down with Malta as of 20 June 2021 having just under 50 active cases, with over 30 thousand total.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-290)
### Moldova
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Moldova")\]
Main articles: [COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") and [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria "COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria")
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova&action=edit)\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_of_Moldova_Map_of_the_regions_affected_by_COVID-19.svg)
Map of cases of COVID-19 in Moldova
(21 December 2021)
\--\>
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached the [Republic of Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova "Moldova") on 7 March 2020, when a Moldovan woman who returned from Italy tested positive for the novel coronavirus. As the number of infected people started to rise during the next days, the Parliament declared a state of emergency on 17 March 2020 for the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for a period of 60 days (17 March to 15 May 2020).
On 15 May 2020, the last day of the state of emergency declared by the Parliament on 17 March 2020, the Extraordinary National Commission of Public Health declared the state of emergency in public health for the entire territory of Moldova for the period of 16 May to 30 June 2020. On 9 June 2020, the total number of confirmed cases surpassed 10,000. On 1 September 2020, the number of deaths surpassed 1,000.
The [vaccination process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") started on 2 March 2021 with AstraZeneca vaccine units donated by [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") to Moldova.
### Monaco
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Monaco")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco")
The first case was reported in the country on 29 February.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-291)\[*[non-primary source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources "Wikipedia:No original research")*\][\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-292)
### Montenegro
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Montenegro")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") in Montenegro has resulted in 251,280[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) confirmed cases of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and 2,654[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) deaths.
The first case of the disease in [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") was confirmed on 17 March 2020,[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-293)[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-294) making it the last European country to register a case of SARS-CoV-2.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-295) On 24 May 2020, 68 days after the first case was recorded in Montenegro, it became the first COVID-19-free country in Europe. Within the first outbreak, indexed cases counted 9% of the total reported, 80% of cases were infected due to contact with primary cases, while the origin of infection of the other 11% of cases was not certain.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-296) The Government of Montenegro estimated that the country needs EUR 59.2 million private and international relief to address the health, social and economical impact of COVID-19.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-297)
Montenegro had no active cases from 24 May until 14 June 2020, when the first imported case was reported.
As of 3 December 2022, 523,735 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Montenegro.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-298)
### Netherlands
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Netherlands")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands")
On 27 February, the Netherlands confirmed its first case, a man who had been in the Lombardy region of Italy.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-299)
On 6 March, [RIVM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_National_Institute_for_Public_Health_and_the_Environment "Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment") announced the first death.[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-300)
On 9 March, RIVM announced 56 more confirmed cases in addition to the total of the 77 infected patients declared in the previous day, bringing the total to 321 infected and 3 dead.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-301)
On 15 March, the Dutch government announced in a press conference that all schools, day care facilities, colleges, universities, and universities of applied sciences would close until 6 April, though children of parents in vital industries could still go to school or the day care if they could not be taken care of otherwise.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-302)
As of 16 March, the total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 had risen to 1,413 and the total number of confirmed deaths had risen to 24. This was an increase of 278 infections and 4 deaths in comparison to 15 March.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-303)
On the same date, the [prime minister of the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_Netherlands "Prime minister of the Netherlands"), [Mark Rutte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rutte "Mark Rutte"), had announced that the country would not go into complete lockdown. Instead the situation would be controlled as much as possible by delaying the spread of the virus, relying on measures taken earlier by the government, such as social distancing and prohibiting gatherings of 100 people and over.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-approach-NL-304) It is expected the coronavirus will keep spreading and a large part of the population will become infected. Instead of opting to lock down the Netherlands for the time required, which would have many (negative) consequences while the benefits remain uncertain and would have to stay in place, it would be attempted to build [herd immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity "Herd immunity") in a controlled manner. Depending on how the virus behaves, the government would decide if additional measures are required.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-approach-NL-304)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-305)
Further measures were introduced on 23 March. All events would be banned until 1 September. Gatherings of more than three people, except for families, were to be prohibited. City mayors received greater authorization to enforce the rules. Fines would be issued to those not complying with the new rules.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-306)
Cases reached 10,000 in March 2020, 50,000 in June 2020, 100,000 in September 2020, 500,000 in November 2020 and 1,000,000 in February 2021.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### North Macedonia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: North Macedonia")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia")
On 26 February, [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia") confirmed its first case, a woman that had returned from Italy.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-307) On 10 March every school, kindergarten and university was closed. As of 5 April 2021, the country has reported 134,867 cases, 3,940 deaths and a total of 109,297 recovered.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-308)
To stop the spreading of the virus, the country had a strict 61-hour curfew every weekend. For holidays, like Easter, the country had an 85-hour curfew.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-309)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-310) Furthermore, the state of emergency which had expired was extended for 14 more days until 30 May, and then again for 14 more days until 13 June.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-311)
### Norway
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Norway")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus-separation-on-bus-Trondheim_01.jpg)
Separation of an area near the driver, bus in [Trondheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim "Trondheim"), 15 March
On 26 February, Norway confirmed its first case, in a person who had returned from China the previous week.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-312)[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-313)
On 7 March, there were 147 confirmed cases in Norway. Most of the cases could either be linked to outbreaks abroad or close encounters with these. Altogether 89 have been infected on travel in Italy.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-314)
On 12 March 2020, all kindergartens, schools, colleges and universities were closed until at least 26 March 2020.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-315)
### Poland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Poland")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland")
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") was part of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") is caused by [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2"). As of 8 June 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit), Poland had a cumulative total of 6,780,272 confirmed cases (17,862 per 100,000 population), and 120,980 deaths (319 per 100,000 population) due to COVID-19.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland_WHO_COVID-19_dashboard-316)
The first [COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") product was introduced on 23 December 2020.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland_WHO_COVID-19_dashboard-316) Since then, a total of 58.63 million vaccine doses have been administered, with 60% of the population having received a complete primary series and 34% having received at least one booster dose as of 31 December 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit).[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland_WHO_COVID-19_dashboard-316)
In February and March 2020, health authorities in [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") carried out laboratory testing of suspected cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2, as well as home quarantine and monitoring. On 4 March 2020, the first laboratory-confirmed case in Poland was announced in a man hospitalised in [Zielona Góra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra "Zielona Góra"). On 10 March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") declared the local transmission phase of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland. On 12 March 2020, the first death from [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) in Poland was that of a 57-year-old woman.
Polish authorities opted into the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s tender procedure for purchasing COVID-19 pandemic-related medical equipment on 17 March 2020.
On 10–12 March 2020 lockdown-type control measures were implemented, closing school and university classes, offices, and cancelling mass events, and were strengthened on 25 March, limiting non-family gatherings to two people and religious gatherings to six and forbidding non-essential travel. On 20 March 2020, the [Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Poland\) "Ministry of Health (Poland)") officially declared an epidemic and on the same day tried to prevent medical personnel from commenting on the pandemic. The [Polish Ombudsman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Ombudsman "Polish Ombudsman") [Adam Bodnar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bodnar "Adam Bodnar") defended medical personnel's right to speak publicly about the epidemic on [constitutional](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "s:Constitution of the Republic of Poland") grounds of freedom of speech and the right of the public to information. Doctors opposed the self-censorship orders.
Lockdown restrictions were tightened on 31 March 2020 by a [government regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation "Primary and secondary legislation"), requiring individuals walking in streets to be separated by two metres, closing parks, boulevards, beaches, hairdressers and beauty salons, and forbidding unaccompanied minors from leaving their homes. Restrictions were relaxed starting 20 April, allowing religious gatherings and funerals to be held for up to a maximum of 50 people. Starting on 1 April 2020, fatalities which were clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed as COVID-19 (*U07.2*) were also considered as COVID-19 deaths by [NIPH–NIH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Public_Health_%E2%80%93_National_Institute_of_Hygiene "National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene").
### Portugal
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Portugal")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal")
On 2 March, the first two cases were confirmed in Portugal, both in the city of [Porto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto "Porto"). One was a doctor who had returned from holiday in northern Italy, and the other a worker from Spain.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-317)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-318)
On 18 March, the president of the Republic, [Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa"), declared the entirety of the Portuguese territory in a [state of emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency#Portugal "State of emergency") for the following fifteen days, with the possibility of renewal, the first since the [Carnation Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution "Carnation Revolution") in 1974.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-319)
On 24 March, the Portuguese government admitted that they could not contain the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") anymore, as it is wide spreading and will enter the 'Mitigation Phase' on 26 March.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-320)
Cases reached 10,000 in April, 100,000 in October and 300,000 in December.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Romania
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Romania")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania"), a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), began on 26 February 2020 when the first case of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (SARS-CoV-2) in Romania was confirmed in [Gorj County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorj_County "Gorj County") was confirmed.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_:52-321)
As of 31 January 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit), the National Institute of Public Health reported around 2,200,000 cases, 1,800,000 recoveries, and 60,000 COVID-19-related deaths.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_MAI_Romania-322) More than 11.7 million [RT-PCR tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction") and more than 7.3 million [rapid antigen tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_antigen_test "Rapid antigen test") were processed.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_MAI_Romania-322)
An [anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania"), part of a global effort to slow down the spread of the virus, started on 27 December 2020. As of 27 January 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit), over 50% of the country's eligible population had received at least one dose of the [COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") as part of an ongoing [national vaccination campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania").[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_tvr-323)
As of 21 January 2023, 16,102,916 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Romania.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-324)
### Russia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Russia")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Kommunarka_hospital1.jpg)
Russian president [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") visits coronavirus patients at the [City Clinical Hospital No. 40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Clinical_Hospital_No._40_\(Moscow\) "City Clinical Hospital No. 40 (Moscow)") in [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") on 24 March
Russia implemented early preventive measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the country by imposing quarantines, carrying raids on potential virus carriers and using modern facial recognition technologies to impose quarantine measures.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Reuters-2020-325)
On 2 March, [Western Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia "European Russia") confirmed its first case in [Moscow Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast "Moscow Oblast").[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-moscow.1-326)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-327) Previously on 31 January Russia confirmed first two cases in its [Asian part](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Russia "Asian Russia"), one in [Tyumen Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast "Tyumen Oblast") and another in [Zabaykalsky Krai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai "Zabaykalsky Krai"). Both were Chinese nationals, who have since recovered.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-328)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Reuters-2020-325)
On 7 March, four new cases were confirmed, three was in [Lipetsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipetsk "Lipetsk") and one in [Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg"). All people visited Italy in the previous two weeks.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-329)
On 8 March, three news cases were confirmed, in [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast "Moscow Oblast"), [Belgorod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast "Belgorod Oblast") and [Kaliningrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast "Kaliningrad Oblast") Oblasts. All people returned from Italy.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-330)
On 10 March, Moscow Mayor [Sergey Sobyanin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin "Sergey Sobyanin") signed a decree for banning mass events in Moscow with more than 5000 participants from 10 March to 10 April.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-331)
By 15 April, cases were confirmed in all of Western Russia's [federal subjects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects "Federal subjects") with the confirmation of the first case in [Nenets Autonomous Okrug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug "Nenets Autonomous Okrug").
### San Marino
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: San Marino")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino")
On 27 February, San Marino confirmed its first case, an 88-year-old man with pre-existing medical conditions, who came from Italy. He was hospitalised at a hospital in [Rimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini "Rimini"), Italy.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-332) As of 25 March 2020: With 700 confirmed cases out of a population of 33,344 (as of 2018), it is the country with the highest percentage of confirmed cases per capita at 2.1% – 1 confirmed case per 48 inhabitants.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-sm-333) Also, with 42 confirmed deaths, the country has the highest rate of confirmed deaths per capita at 0.126% of the total population – 1 death per 794 inhabitants.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-sm-333)
### Serbia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: Serbia")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia")
Disinfection of housing in Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic
On 29 February, a massive infection occurred in the town of [Valjevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valjevo "Valjevo") after a private party involving a guest from Austria who had previously stayed in Italy.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-334) On 6 March, the first case was confirmed in Serbia by Minister of Health [Zlatibor Lončar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatibor_Lon%C4%8Dar "Zlatibor Lončar"),[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-335) of a man who had traveled to [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest "Budapest").[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-336) President Aleksandar Vucic and the Government of the Republic of Serbia introduced a state of emergency on 15 March. Two days later, curfew and quarantine were introduced as safeguards against massive infection.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Slovakia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Slovakia")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berg_a_DNV_-_49655368166.jpg)
A queue of cars and trucks waiting to cross the Slovak border on 13 March
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koronav%C3%ADrus_-_Bratislavsk%C3%BD_samospr%C3%A1vny_kraj_\(49669583963\).jpg)
People in [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava") wearing masks on 16 March
On 6 March, Slovakia confirmed its first case, a 52-year-old man from a small village near [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava"). He had not travelled anywhere in recent weeks but his son, who didn't show any symptoms, had visited [Venice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice "Venice").[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-337) On 7 March, the virus was also confirmed in his wife and son.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-338)
In October 2020, Slovakia started implementation of a short-period mass-testing programme to [test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") two-thirds of its citizens for COVID-19.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-339)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-340)
### Slovenia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: Slovenia")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia")
On 4 March Slovenia confirmed its first case. A patient of about 60 years of age had returned from Morocco few days earlier (via Italy) and was admitted to a hospital in [Ljubljana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana "Ljubljana").[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-341)[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-342)
On 6 March, a total of eight cases were reported, three of them medical professionals, who contracted the virus on holiday in Italy. By 9 March 16 people were confirmed to be infected.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
### Spain
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=49 "Edit section: Spain")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Televisions_Coronavirus_Hospital.jpg)
Television cameras covering the first coronavirus cases in a hospital in [Valencia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia "Valencia")
On 31 January, Spain confirmed its first case, in the [Canary Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands "Canary Islands") of [La Gomera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gomera "La Gomera"). A tourist from Germany tested positive and was admitted to [University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Universitario_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Candelaria "Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria").[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Linde-2020-343)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-344)[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-345)\[*[non-primary source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] On 19 February, 2,500 football fans from Valencia attended a Champions League game in Bergamo, the hot spot of [the outbreak in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-guard-346)
On 24 February, a medical doctor from [Lombardy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy"), Italy who was vacationing in [Tenerife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife "Tenerife"), tested positive at the [University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Universitario_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Candelaria "Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria") in Spain.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-la_Repubblica-2020-347)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-348) Afterwards, multiple cases were detected in Tenerife involving people who had come in contact with the doctor. Other cases involving individuals who visited Italy were also discovered on Spanish mainland.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-349)
On Saturday 14 March, the Spanish government imposed a nationwide quarantine, banned all trips that are not necessary and announced that companies may be intervened to guarantee supplies.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-350)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-351) However, with universities and schools closed earlier that week, bars and parks were full, and due to slow enactment "part of the population of Madrid and other cities had dispersed across the country".[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-guard-346) As of 17 March 2020, there had been 11,826 confirmed cases with 1,028 recoveries and 533 deaths in Spain.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-rtve1-352)
On 28 March, the Spanish government tightened up its national lockdown, ordering all non-essential workers to stay at home for the next two weeks.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-353) Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-354) Public transport has also been greatly affected by the lockdowns and the severe restrictions established by the government. The relationship between the users who have continued using the urban bus and the characteristics of the stop's surroundings have been analysed.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-355)
On 10 January 2022, [Spanish Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Prime_Minister "Spanish Prime Minister") [Pedro Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez "Pedro Sánchez") initiated a debate in the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") to treat COVID-19 as an "endemic illness" rather than a pandemic. He suggested a move towards a flu-like monitoring system amid falling death rates and hospitalisations on the European continent.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-356)
### Sweden
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=50 "Edit section: Sweden")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden")
On 31 January, Sweden confirmed its first case. A woman in her 20s, who had visited Wuhan, tested positive and was admitted at Ryhov County Hospital in [Jönköping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping "Jönköping").[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-357)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-358)
On 26 February, following [the outbreak in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") and [in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran"), infection clusters originating from these two countries appeared in Sweden.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-359) A number of individuals in [Västra Götaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_County "Västra Götaland County"), [Jönköping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping "Jönköping"), Stockholm and [Uppsala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala "Uppsala") tested positive and were admitted to the infectious disease units in the respective counties.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-folkhalso-2020-360)
The country's first fatality came on 11 March, that of a man in Stockholm over 60 who had other illnesses prior to infection.
As of 12 March, national testing strategy shifted to only the elderly, the severely ill, and healthcare personnel. The official recommendation for symptoms that were not serious, as of 13 March, was to stay at home and not visit healthcare. This has led to statistics becoming less useful.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-361)
As of 14 March 924 people were reported as having become infected. The [Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Sweden\) "Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)") made the [recommendation to refrain from unnecessary travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_warning "Travel warning") to all countries.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 22 January 2021 the [Ministry of Justice of Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_\(Sweden\) "Ministry of Justice (Sweden)") implemented travel bans from Denmark and the United Kingdom due to the [mutation of SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant").[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-362)
### Switzerland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=51 "Edit section: Switzerland")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19-Massnahmen_der_Migros.png)
Supermarket with some empty shelves and restricted access to non-vital items
On 25 February, following [the outbreak in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy"), Switzerland confirmed its first case, a 70-year-old man in the Italian-speaking [canton of Ticino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino "Canton of Ticino"), who had previously visited Milan.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Switzerland_de2-363)[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Switzerland_Ticinto-364) Afterwards, multiple cases related to the Italy clusters were discovered in multiple cantons including Basel-City, Zürich and Graubünden.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-365)[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-366)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-367) Multiple isolated cases not related to the Italian clusters were also confirmed.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-368)
On 28 February, the Federal Council announced an immediate ban on all events with more than 1,000 participants.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-369)
As of 10 March, there were 500 confirmed cases in Switzerland.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-370) On 16 March 2020, the Federal Council announced[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-371) further measures, and a revised ordinance.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bag_Ch-372) Measures include the closure of bars, shops and other gathering places until 19 April, but leaves open certain essentials, such as grocery stores, pharmacies, (a reduced) public transport and the postal service.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fopch-373) Those measures were prolonged until 26 April 2020.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fopch-373)
On 23 December, following an unexpectedly quick authorization by [Swissmedic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissmedic "Swissmedic") of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine"), the vaccination campaign was launched in several cantons. A 90-year-old woman from the [Lucerne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") region became the first vaccinated patient in continental Europe outside Russia.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-374)[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-375) All cantons are expected to start vaccinating by 11 January 2021.
### Turkey
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=52 "Edit section: Turkey")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey")
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") is part of the ongoing [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2).
The first case in [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") was recorded on 11 March, when a local returned home[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-second-377) from a trip to Europe.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_loc0324-378) The first death due to COVID-19 in the country occurred on 15 March.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_loc0324-378) [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") stood out from the rest of Europe by not ordering a legal [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns")[\[note 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fifth-379)[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380) until April 2021, when the country enacted its first nationwide restrictions.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_:0-381) The government kept many businesses open, and allowed companies to set their own guidelines for workers.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380)
The [Turkish health system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey "Health care in Turkey")[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380) has the highest number of [intensive care units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit")[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_balkan-382) in the world at 46.5 beds per 100,000 people (compared to 9.6 in Greece, 11.6 in France, and 12.6 in Italy). As of 3 May 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit), Turkey's observed [case-fatality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") stood at 0.84%, the 148th highest rate globally.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_casemortalityk-383)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_fatalitydata-384) This low [case-fatality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") has generated various explanations, including the relative rarity of [nursing homes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home "Nursing home"),[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econnursing-385) favorable demographics,[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econdemograph-386) a long legacy of [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing"),[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_natgeo-387) the high number of [intensive care units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit"),[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_younger-388) [universal health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care "Universal health care"),[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_natgeo-387) and a lockdown regime that led to a higher proportion of positive cases among working-age adults.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380) But according to an August 2020 academic study by *[The International Journal of Health Planning and Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Health_Planning_and_Management "International Journal of Health Planning and Management")*, the [government of Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Turkey "Government of Turkey") has been underreporting COVID-19 statistics.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-389)
On 30 September 2020, Turkish Minister of Health [Fahrettin Koca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca "Fahrettin Koca") acknowledged that since 29 July, the reported number of cases was limited to symptomatic cases that required monitoring, which was met with rebuke by the [Turkish Medical Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Medical_Association "Turkish Medical Association").[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_tallyft-390) This practice ended on 25 November, when the ministry started to report asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases alongside symptomatic ones.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_tallyft-390)
### Ukraine
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=53 "Edit section: Ukraine")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine")
The [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") in Ukraine has resulted in 5,555,243[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) confirmed cases of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and 109,937[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") when the country's first case was confirmed to be hospitalized in [Chernivtsi Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast "Chernivtsi Oblast") on 3 March 2020,[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-391) a man who had travelled from Italy to [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_reuters.1-392) An emergency was declared on 20 March 2020 in [Kyiv Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast "Kyiv Oblast"), [Chernivtsi Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast "Chernivtsi Oblast"), [Zhytomyr Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast "Zhytomyr Oblast"), [Dnipropetrovsk Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast "Dnipropetrovsk Oblast"), [Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast "Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast"), and the city of [Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv").[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-393) New infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_BloombergIDvacUkr-394)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-covid-record-deaths/31529744-395) By then, a total of 2.8 million coronavirus cases and 64,936 COVID-19 related deaths had occurred in Ukraine.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-covid-record-deaths/31529744-395)
[Ukraine's ongoing vaccination program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine")[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_248867CovVacUkr-396) started on 24 February 2021 and from that day to 12 September 2021, 10,710,944 vaccinations were given in Ukraine (meaning 18% of the adult population of Ukraine had been vaccinated against COVID-19).[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19U7306926-397) About 44% of those vaccinated had been fully vaccinated.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19U7306411-398)[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19Ukr245888-399) In an August 2021 poll 56% of Ukrainians did not plan to be vaccinated.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19Ukr245888-399) Demand for vaccinations multiplied sharply by late October 2021.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_BloombergIDvacUkr-394)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-covid-record-deaths/31529744-395) On 7 January 2022 the [Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_\(Ukraine\) "Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)") announced that 44.9% of the adult population had undergone a full course of vaccination.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_covid19Ukrfv3381435-400)
Statistics for the Russian-held [Autonomous Republic of Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea "Autonomous Republic of Crimea") and city of [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol "Sevastopol"), and for the unrecognized [Donetsk People's Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic "Donetsk People's Republic") and [Luhansk People's Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic "Luhansk People's Republic") in eastern Ukraine, are not reported by Ukraine's state agencies, and are not included in the country's totals.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-401)
Since the start of the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), the [Ukrainian Ministry of Healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_\(Ukraine\) "Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)") has made no further press releases related to COVID-19, and the latest counts were for 23 February 2022.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-402) As a result, daily counts are displayed in various diagrams as zero. In late May 2022, Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ihor Kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that COVID-19 outbreaks were not expected in Ukraine in the near future.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_248695CovUkr-403) On 1 July 2023, the Ministry downgraded the disease's alert levels to that of regular respiratory diseases and lifted all emergency measures relating to it.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_end-404)
### United Kingdom
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=54 "Edit section: United Kingdom")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom")
Mark Drakeford, First Minister at the [Welsh Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Government "Welsh Government") in one of his daily briefings.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC05657_\(49675594013\).jpg)
Man in London wearing a face mask on 19 March
In December 2019, Peter Attwood, an 84-year-old from [Chatham, Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent "Chatham, Kent"), England, developed an unexplained respiratory illness. His symptoms worsened and he was admitted to [Medway Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway_Maritime_Hospital "Medway Maritime Hospital") on 7 January 2020 and remained in hospital until his death on 30 January 2020. A follow-up pathology test of lung tissue taken during Peter's post-mortem examination showed he had had COVID-19 at the time of his death. Attwood would appear to be the first known UK casualty of SARS-CoV-2.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 31 January 2020, England confirmed the first two cases, both members of a family of Chinese nationals staying in a hotel in [York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York "York") who were taken to specialist facilities in [Newcastle upon Tyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne").[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-405) Afterwards, several confirmed cases were detected across the UK.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-406)[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EveningStandard-407)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-408) The UK government implemented preventive measures to curb the spread of infections which included [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing"), isolation and testing, some of which were related to the Italy clusters.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-BBC26Feb2020-409)[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-BBC24Jan2020-410)[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-411) The [NHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS "NHS") set up drive-through screening centres at several hospitals to test members of the public showing symptoms.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-412)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-413)
On 2 March, Ministers approved the [Department of Health and Social Care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care "Department of Health and Social Care") COVID-19 action plan,[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-414) which sets out actions to date, future measures, cooperation between devolved political and health authorities, and the level of preparedness of the country's four National Health Services. It outlined the government's objectives to deploy phased actions to contain, delay, and mitigate any outbreak, using research to inform policy development.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-415)
On 23 March, it was announced that the UK would be entering a nationwide lockdown. The public were advised to stay at home except for essential shopping and one hour of exercise a day. These measures came into effect on 26 March and lasted until 1 June when measures were eased allowing early years pupils and exams students to return to school in a limited capacity. These measures are further eased on 15 June when retail and attractions were able to open for the first time since March.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-416)
On 25 March, the UK Parliament legislated to provide the government and authorities with emergency powers to handle the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the power to restrict public gatherings, order businesses to close, and the ability to detain those suspected of having the virus.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-417) The [Coronavirus Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Act_2020 "Coronavirus Act 2020") received [Royal Assent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent "Royal Assent") on 25 March and came into force on the same day.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-418)
On 5 April, the [prime minister of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime minister of the United Kingdom") [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") was admitted to hospital after testing positive to COVID-19 10 days earlier.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-419) He was admitted into [intensive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") the following night, when his symptoms further worsened.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-420) He left hospital on 12 April.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Mason-12Apr2020-421)
The [NHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service") was given access to emergency supplies of PPE and patients that did not need to remain in hospital were moved to residential care homes if needed. However, there was no need for a negative COVID-19 test before patients were transferred to these settings, this was only required from 15 April. On 15 May, the government approved the first social care specific legislation that helped to ensure that staff had access to adequate PPE and protect both those working and living in care homes.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Daly_2020-422)
As of 6 May, the total of confirmed cases was 201,101; the total of recorded deaths in all settings was 30,076, the highest in Europe and second highest in all the countries after the United States. It is estimated that care home residents accounted for 30–40% of these deaths, with social care workers being twice as likely to die from COVID-19 as the general population.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Daly_2020-422) However, the death toll did not continue to increase throughout the summer, and Brazil and Mexico now have more deaths as of 1 August 2020.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-423)
During August and September, the number of infections per day began to increase significantly although the death rate remained fairly low. Boris Johnson announced changes to restrictions on 22 September which included forcing pubs, bars and restaurants to close by 10 pm in England and the so-called rule of six saying no more than six people should meet. In October, Scotland's first minister declared new restrictions it meant that some areas of the country those like Edinburgh had to close bars, pubs and go back to doing self-service. Northern Ireland's executive that also have control over health policy tightened restrictions to make them close to a lockdown as did Wales announced by Welsh first minister. It also emerged that Boris Johnson had been advised by SAGE committee of scientists to have a short lockdown back on 21 September. Johnson subsequently introduced a three-tier system of restrictions [Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") was put under the top tier meaning tougher restrictions but falling short of a full lockdown. The UK has since recorded over 40,000 deaths.
On 5 November, the UK had to enter a second national lockdown due to the rising number of cases and hospitalisations.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-424) Following the end of this lockdown on 2 December case numbers began to rise again and over 70,000 deaths have been recorded in relation to COVID-19 as of 11 December 2020.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-425) On 4 January 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson addressed the nation announcing a third lockdown.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-426) The UK went into Lockdown that day due to rapidly increasing numbers of cases and deaths caused by a new more infectious variant of COVID-19 spreading around the UK.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-427)
The UK has begun to vaccinate its population against COVID-19. The first vaccine, the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19, was approved for use in the UK on 2 December 2020,[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-428) the first of the 800,000 immediately available doses was administered on 8 December.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-429) The second vaccine approved for use in the UK was the Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, which was approved for use on 30 December 2020,[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-430) with the first dose of this vaccine given on 4 January 2021.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-431) A third vaccine, the Moderna vaccine, was approved for use in the UK on 8 January 2021,[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-432) and the first dose was administered in Wales on 6 April.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-433)
### Vatican City
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=55 "Edit section: Vatican City")\]
This section is an excerpt from [COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City").\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City&action=edit)\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The [Holy See](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") reported the first case of infection in [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City "Vatican City") on 7 March 2020.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-434) Unlike other jurisdictions that report cases within a given territory or cases of residents or citizens of a territory, the Holy See reports on cases "in Vatican City State and among the employees of the Holy See" regardless of location of testing, treatment, or residence.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_ninth-435) There were 29 confirmed cases of COVID-19 among the Vatican's residents and employees; there were no associated deaths.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_twelfth-436) The 29 cases included 10 employees, 1 new hire, and 1 resident of Vatican City.[\[note 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-437) All those infected tested negative by 6 June 2020.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_pr06062020-438) An outbreak among members of the Holy See's [Swiss Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Guard "Swiss Guard") was reported in mid-October, totaling 11 as of October 15.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_auto-439)
In late February 2020, [Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis "Pope Francis") became ill with symptoms of a [cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold"), but tested negative for COVID-19.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-440) It was announced on January 14, 2021, that both he and [Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI "Pope Benedict XVI") had received the first dose of a vaccine.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-441) They received their second dose in February.[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_:0-442)
## Pandemic development graphs
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=56 "Edit section: Pandemic development graphs")\]
### Confirmed cases and deaths by date
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=57 "Edit section: Confirmed cases and deaths by date")\]
Confirmed cases by date
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Deaths by date
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### Total confirmed cases since first day of the outbreak
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=58 "Edit section: Total confirmed cases since first day of the outbreak")\]
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### Growth rates comparison since outbreak
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=59 "Edit section: Growth rates comparison since outbreak")\]
Syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily growth in cases
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Syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily deaths
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Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 100th case:
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Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 500th case:
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## Response and criticism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=60 "Edit section: Response and criticism")\]
### Immigrants and refugees
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=61 "Edit section: Immigrants and refugees")\]
The European Union closed borders to non-nationals on 17 March. The next day, Greece imposed restrictions on refugees' movement within camps.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-443) Thousands of asylum seekers are living in crowded camps, and there are fears that pandemic could not be controlled under such conditions. The Greek prime minister K. Mitsotakis said that Europe should do more to help because Greece "cannot resolve this crisis instantly and alone".[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-444) Unnamed Greek officials have stated concerns that Turkey may send infected refugees and migrants towards the islands.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-cnngr-445)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-446)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-447) Early in April Malta and Italy closed their ports to vessels carrying asylum seekers from North Africa.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-448)
### Computational approach
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=62 "Edit section: Computational approach")\]
The [Exscalate4Cov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exscalate4Cov "Exscalate4Cov") project, founded by the [Horizon 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_2020 "Horizon 2020") program,[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-449) conducted a series of [drug repositioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_repositioning "Drug repositioning") and [virtual screening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_screening "Virtual screening") experiments to evaluate the interactions between known [drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug "Drug") and billions of other [compounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_compound "Molecular compound") against the [spike protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_protein "Spike protein").[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-:0-450) These experiments utilized [in-silico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico_medicine "In silico medicine") computational models.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-:0-450)
The E4C drug repositioning and in-silico large-scale screening experiments[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-:0-450) on two [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [supercomputers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer "Supercomputer") identified [raloxifene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raloxifene "Raloxifene") as a candidate for treating early-stage COVID-19 patients.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-451)
### Vaccination
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=63 "Edit section: Vaccination")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccines "COVID-19 vaccines")
In early 2021, EU commission chief [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") was criticised for the EU's slow rollout, and she noted that the EU was "late to authorise" and said that ordering vaccines on behalf of member states was "the right thing to do".[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-452) Some countries withheld recommending the [AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstraZeneca "AstraZeneca") vaccine due to concerns of blood clots. By 20 June 2021, nearly half the population of the European Union had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination.[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-453)
In November 2021, a study by the [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control") estimated that 470,000 lives over the age of 60 had been saved since the start of vaccination roll-out in the European region.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-454)
### Herd immunity through infection in Iceland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=64 "Edit section: Herd immunity through infection in Iceland")\]
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland")
On 23 February 2022, the Ministry of Health lifted all remaining COVID-19 restrictions, including gathering limits, restricted opening hours for bars, and border restrictions. Adopting a [herd immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity "Herd immunity") approach,[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-455) the ministry stated that "widespread societal resistance to COVID-19 is the main route out of the epidemic", and "to achieve this, as many people as possible need to be infected with the virus as the vaccines are not enough, even though they provide good protection against serious illness".[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-456)
### Criticism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=65 "Edit section: Criticism")\]
#### Travel bans and border closures
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=66 "Edit section: Travel bans and border closures")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feldkirch-Costums_Meinigen-COVID-19-closed-07ASD.jpg)
Full closure of a bridge over the [Rhine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine "Rhine"), on the border between Austria and Switzerland
Although by 7 March some European politicians such as France's [Marine Le Pen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen "Marine Le Pen") had called for Europe's internal borders to be temporarily closed,[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-457) the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") by 13 March continued to reject the idea of suspending the [Schengen free travel area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area "Schengen Area") and introducing border controls with Italy.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-458)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-dw-schengen-459)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-460)[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-461)[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-462) The deputy leader of the Swiss [Ticino League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino_League "Ticino League"), Lorenzo Quadri, by 29 February had criticised the decision, saying, "It is alarming that the dogma of wide-open borders is considered a priority."[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-463) United States president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") said by 12 March the European Union had "failed to take the same precautions and restrict travel from China and other hot spots" as the US had implemented.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-464) Trump also said that "As a result a large number of new clusters in the United States were seeded by travellers from Europe."[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-465) Research on [coronavirus genomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") came from European travelers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-466)
By 9 March, Czech prime minister [Andrej Babiš](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1 "Andrej Babiš") stated that "European countries cannot ban the entry of Italian citizens within the Schengen area. The only possible way is to have the Italian prime minister call on his fellow citizens to refrain from traveling to other countries of the European Union."[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-467)
After Slovakia, Denmark, the Czech Republic and Poland announced complete closure of their national borders, the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") President [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") said by 12 March that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization. Moreover, they have a strong social and economic impact, they disrupt people's lives and business across the borders."[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-468) European Union leaders condemned the US decision to restrict travel from Europe to the United States. [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council") President [Charles Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel "Charles Michel") and Ursula von der Leyen said in a joint statement: "The European Union disapproves of the fact that the US decision to impose a travel ban was taken unilaterally and without consultation."[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-469) Ursula von der Leyen admitted by 17 March that "all of us who are not experts initially underestimated the coronavirus."[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-470)
As of 22 February 2021, the UK has banned direct flights from 33 countries, including Portugal, South Africa, Peru and the United Arab Emirates. All travelers entering the UK via indirect flights have been ordered to quarantine in a designated hotel for 10 days.[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-471) Since passengers coming from high-risk countries with South African virus's mutant (like the UAE and South Africa) are mixing with other travellers before reaching their accommodation, this travel ban is being criticised extensively.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-472)
#### EU solidarity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=67 "Edit section: EU solidarity")\]
Main article: [European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic")
The Italian government has criticised EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-473)[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-474)[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-475) *Politico* reported on 7 March that "EU countries have so far refused Italy's plea for help fighting coronavirus, as national capitals worry that they may need to stockpile face masks and other medical gear to help their own citizens, officials and diplomats said."[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-476) Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, said that "Only China responded bilaterally. Certainly, this is not a good sign of European solidarity."[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-politico-corona-477) Serbian president [Aleksandar Vučić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Aleksandar Vučić") said that "European solidarity does not exist. That was a fairy tale."[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-politico-corona-477)
Eventually, in July 2020 the [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council") agreed to a massive recovery fund of 750 billion € branded [Next Generation EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_EU "Next Generation EU") (NGEU) to support member states hit by the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). The NGEU fund goes over the years 2021 – 2023 and will be tied to the [2021–2027 budget of the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework#2021_and_Onwards "Multiannual Financial Framework") (MFF). The comprehensive packages of NGEU and MFF will reach the size of 1824.3 Billion €.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-478)
In response to the pandemic, the European Investment Bank Group is establishing a €25 billion Pan-European Guarantee fund. It is projected that the guarantee fund would raise up to €200 billion.[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EIB-2021-479)[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-480) The EIB Group signed a new EUR 8.6 billion assistance agreement for its pandemic response programs in 2022. Since pandemic recovery has been slowed down, the allocation time for the guarantee goods under the pan-European Guarantee Fund (EGF), which was introduced in 2020, was extended until the end of 2022.[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EIB-2023-481)
#### Reaction time of Spain
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=68 "Edit section: Reaction time of Spain")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reivindicaciones_8M_\(49637966373\).jpg)
[International Women's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day "International Women's Day") march in Mérida, Spain, 8 March[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-482)
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain")
According to *The Guardian*, Spain's initially slow response to COVID-19 caused the epidemic to become severe even though it did not share a land border with Italy or other severely affected countries.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-guard-346) An analysis in *[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)")* hypothesised that the minority government did not want to risk its hold on power by banning large gatherings early; Prime Minister [Pedro Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez "Pedro Sánchez") initially defended his decision to allow large gatherings to continue.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Vox-483)
#### Military exercises during pandemic
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=69 "Edit section: Military exercises during pandemic")\]
The planned [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") "[Defender 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_exercises "List of NATO exercises")" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states,[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-484) the largest NATO war manoeuvres since the end of the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), was to be held on a reduced scale because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-485)
#### Restrictions on civil liberties
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=70 "Edit section: Restrictions on civil liberties")\]
There was concern that measures taken by some national governments on occasion of the COVID-19 pandemic would have the aim or effect of restricting democracy and civil liberties and rights.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-486) In Hungary, prime minister [Viktor Orbán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n "Viktor Orbán") acquired near absolute powers through such legislation on 3 April.[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-487)
#### Use of scientific advice
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=71 "Edit section: Use of scientific advice")\]
The [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s [Chief Scientific Advisors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism#Group_of_Chief_Scientific_Advisors "Scientific Advice Mechanism") issued a statement on 24 June 2020, providing guidance for how scientific advice should be given and interpreted during the pandemic. One key point made by the Advisors was that scientists must be clearer about the degree of uncertainty that characterises the evolving evidence on which their advice is based, for instance around the use of face-masks. They also emphasised that scientific advice must be separated from decision-making, and this separation must be made clear by politicians.[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-488)
In April 2021, the leaders of the Society for Aerosol Research warned the debate on COVID-19 measures does not reflect current scientific knowledge. They said protection against infection must take place above all where people spend time indoors, because "the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses takes place almost without exception indoors."[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-489)
### Romani people
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=72 "Edit section: Romani people")\]
[Romani people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people") were hit hard by the pandemic.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-490)
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=73 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-second_377-0)** Data Protection Law number 6698[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_lex-376) precludes the [Turkish Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Turkey\) "Ministry of Health (Turkey)") from disclosing sensitive patient health information, interpreted broadly to include location during the pandemic.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fifth_379-0)** Turkey's Article 11/C of the Law on Public Health authorizes only provinces to order quarantines, for a maximum period of 15 days. The national government is barred by the constitution from ordering lockdowns.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_loc0324-378)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-437)** Unlike other governments, the [Holy See Press Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office "Holy See Press Office") reports on diagnoses and status of its employees, not only cases within its jurisdiction. Its announcements are generally imprecise as to the nationality and residence of the cases it reports. One was identified as a resident of Vatican City. Another was diagnosed and is being treated in an Italian location that is neither Vatican City nor Rome.
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=74 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-20200130cdc_1-0)**
["2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Summary"](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html). *[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") (CDC)*. 30 January 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200126210549/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/summary.html) from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-auto_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-auto_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-auto_2-2)
["COVID Live - Coronavirus Statistics - Worldometer"](https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries).
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-the_end_3-0)**
John P. A. Ioannidis (26 March 2022). ["The end of the COVID-19 pandemic"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9111437). *[European Journal of Clinical Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation "European Journal of Clinical Investigation")*. **52** (2) e13782. [Wiley Online Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_\(publisher\) "Wiley (publisher)"). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/eci.13782](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feci.13782). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [9111437](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9111437). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [35342941](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35342941).
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-up_to_80%25_4-0)**
["COVID in Europe: Up to 80% of the EU population has now been infected by the virus"](https://www.euronews.com/health/2022/04/28/covid-in-europe-up-to-80-of-the-eu-population-has-now-been-infected-by-the-virus). [Euronews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronews "Euronews"). [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). 28 April 2022. Retrieved 27 November 2025.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-5)**
@MeGovernment (17 March 2020). ["Two COVID-19 cases confirmed in Montenegro"](https://twitter.com/MeGovernment/status/1239992049350447104) ([Tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)")). Retrieved 17 March 2020 – via [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter").
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-6)**
Saglietto, Andrea; D'Ascenzo, Fabrizio; Zoccai, Giuseppe Biondi; Ferrari, Gaetano Maria De (4 April 2020). ["COVID-19 in Europe: the Italian lesson"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118630). *The Lancet*. **395** (10230): 1110–1111\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2930690-5). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0140-6736](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7118630](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118630). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32220279](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32220279).
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-7)**
Nebehay, Stephanie (13 March 2020). ["Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who/europe-is-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic-who-idUSKBN2102Q0). *Reuters*. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-8)**
["Coronavirus: Europe now epicentre of the pandemic, says WHO"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51876784). BBC. 13 March 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-9)**
Feuer, Will (22 May 2020). ["South America is a 'new epicenter' of the coronavirus pandemic, WHO says"](https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/22/south-america-is-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-who-says.html).
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-10)**
Henley, Jon (18 March 2020). ["More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200401085742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures) from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-11)**
["COVID-19's epicentre again: Europe faces fresh reckoning"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/12/covid-19s-epicentre-again-europe-faces-fresh-reckoning). *www.aljazeera.com*. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-12)**
["Covid: Half of Europe to be infected with Omicron within weeks - WHO"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59948920). *BBC News*. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Rentoul-2022_13-0)**
Rentoul, John (12 March 2022). ["If you think you know how many Britons died during the pandemic, think again"](https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/britain-covid-pandemic-deaths-lancet-b2034463.html). *Independent*.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Smyth-2022_14-0)**
Smyth, Chris (12 March 2022). ["UK's Covid death toll is below the European average"](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/healthcare/article/uks-covid-death-toll-is-below-the-european-average-xw90c59zg). *The Sunday Times*.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-EIB-2022a_15-0)**
Bank, European Investment (18 May 2022). [*Business resilience in the pandemic and beyond: Adaptation, innovation, financing and climate action from Eastern Europe to Central Asia*](https://www.eib.org/en/publications/business-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond). European Investment Bank. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-92-861-5086-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9 "Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9")
.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-16)**
["New EIB-EBRD-WB Enterprise Survey: Are companies in the Western Balkans prepared for another crisis?"](https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-284-new-eib-ebrd-wb-enterprise-survey-are-companies-in-the-western-balkans-prepared-for-another-crisis). *European Investment Bank*. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
17. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Bank-2022_17-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Bank-2022_17-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Bank-2022_17-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Bank-2022_17-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Bank-2022_17-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Bank-2022_17-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Bank-2022_17-6)
Bank, European Investment (5 May 2022). [*Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey*](https://www.eib.org/en/publications/digitalisation-in-europe-2021-2022). European Investment Bank. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-92-861-5233-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5233-7 "Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5233-7")
.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-18)**
["Press corner"](https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en). *European Commission - European Commission*. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-19)**
["COVID-19 and digitalisation"](https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/data/digitalisation/research-digests/covid-19-and-digitalisation). *Eurofound*. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
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["Politicians 'underestimated' virus threat, von der Leyen admits"](https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/news/politicians-underestimated-virus-threat-von-der-leyen-admits/). *Euractiv*. 18 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200319152350/https://www.euractiv.com/section/coronavirus/news/politicians-underestimated-virus-threat-von-der-leyen-admits/) from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
466. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-471)**
["'Red list' passengers still free to mix with lower risk travellers on planes and at airports"](https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/red-list-hotel-quarantine-mixing-passengers-b1802386.html). *The Independent*. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
467. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-472)**
["'Red list' passengers still free to mix with lower risk travellers on planes and at airports"](https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/red-list-hotel-quarantine-mixing-passengers-b1802386.html). *The Independent*. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
468. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-473)**
["The EU Is Abandoning Italy in Its Hour of Need"](https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-eu-abandoning-italy-china-aid/). *Foreign Policy*. 14 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200315112947/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/03/14/coronavirus-eu-abandoning-italy-china-aid/) from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
469. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-474)**
["Italy criticises EU for being slow to help over coronavirus epidemic"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/italy-criticises-eu-being-slow-help-coronavirus-epidemic). *The Guardian*. 11 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200313000621/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/11/italy-criticises-eu-being-slow-help-coronavirus-epidemic) from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
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["Italy wonders where Europe's solidarity is as coronavirus strains show"](https://www.ft.com/content/d3bc25ea-652c-11ea-b3f3-fe4680ea68b5). *Financial Times*. 13 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200315154437/https://www.ft.com/content/d3bc25ea-652c-11ea-b3f3-fe4680ea68b5) from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
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["Europe fails to help Italy in coronavirus fight"](https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-aims-better-control-coronavirus-responses/). *Politico*. 7 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200317055659/https://www.politico.eu/article/eu-aims-better-control-coronavirus-responses/) from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
472. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-politico-corona_477-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-politico-corona_477-1)
["China is winning the coronavirus propaganda war"](https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/). *Politico*. 18 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200322203919/https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-china-winning-propaganda-war/) from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2020.
473. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-478)** [Special European Council, 17–21 July 2020](https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/european-council/2020/07/17-21/) Retrieved 15 November 2020.
474. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-EIB-2021_479-0)**
["Digital innovation hubs to the rescue"](https://www.eib.org/en/stories/digital-innovation-hubs). *European Investment Bank*. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
475. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-480)**
["Coronavirus outbreak: EIB Group's response"](https://www.eib.org/en/about/initiatives/covid-19-response/index.htm). *EIB.org*. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
476. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-EIB-2023_481-0)**
Bank, European Investment (8 May 2023). [*Financial Report 2022*](https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20220270-financial-report-2022). European Investment Bank. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-92-861-5507-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5507-9 "Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5507-9")
.
477. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-482)**
["Thousands March in Spain on Women's Day Despite Coronavirus Fears"](https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-03-08/thousands-march-in-spain-on-womens-day-despite-coronavirus-fears). *[US News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_News "US News")*. [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). 8 March 2020.
478. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-Vox_483-0)**
Ward, Alex (20 March 2020). ["How Spain's coronavirus outbreak got so bad so fast"](https://www.vox.com/2020/3/20/21183315/coronavirus-spain-outbreak-cases-tests). *Vox*.
479. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-484)**
["How coronavirus derailed the largest Nato exercise in 25 years"](https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-coronavirus-derailed-the-largest-nato-exercise-in-25-years). *The Spectator*. 20 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200325102257/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-coronavirus-derailed-the-largest-nato-exercise-in-25-years) from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
480. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-485)**
["NATO scales down exercises due to coronavirus"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-nato/nato-scales-down-exercises-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKBN21627V). *Reuters*. 19 March 2020. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200325102254/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-nato/nato-scales-down-exercises-due-to-coronavirus-idUSKBN21627V) from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
481. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-486)**
Thomson, Stephen; Ip, Eric (29 September 2020). ["COVID-19 Emergency Measures and the Impending Authoritarian Pandemic"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7543595). *Journal of Law and the Biosciences*. **7** (1) lsaa064. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/jlb/lsaa064](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjlb%2Flsaa064). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7543595](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7543595). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [33569176](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33569176). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [222209692](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222209692).
482. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-487)**
Hopkins, Valerie; Hall, Ben (3 April 2020). ["Chill descends upon Hungary after Viktor Orban's power-grab"](https://www.ft.com/content/27243d36-bf9d-411f-89ed-1d118ae639f8). *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
483. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-488)**
[*Statement on scientific advice to European policy makers concerning the COVID-19 pandemic*](https://ec.europa.eu/info/files/statement-scientific-advice-european-policy-makers-concerning-covid-19-pandemic_en). Publications Office of the European Union. 2018. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[9789276199212](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789276199212 "Special:BookSources/9789276199212")
. Retrieved 10 July 2020 – via European Commission – European Commission.
484. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-489)**
["'Danger lurks inside': German aerosol experts say Covid restrictions should target indoor areas"](https://www.thelocal.de/20210412/danger-lurks-inside-german-aerosol-experts-say-covid-restrictions-should-target-indoor-areas/). *thelocal.de*. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
485. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-490)** [The impact of the coronavirus crisis on Roma and Travellers](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2021/690524/EPRS_ATA\(2021\)690524_EN.pdf)
## External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to [COVID-19 pandemic in Europe](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "commons:Category:COVID-19 pandemic in Europe").
- [WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)](https://covid19.who.int/)
- [Worldwide Coronavirus Map, confirmed Cases](https://corona.arrangy.com/) – Map the route paths of coronavirus confirmed cases.
- [ncov – CSSE](https://systems.jhu.edu/research/public-health/ncov/) – Map of the expansion of the virus in Europe and in the world
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Template:COVID-19 pandemic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic")[COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") | |
|---|---|
| **[COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")** (disease) **[SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2")** (virus) | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [Pre-pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS "MERS") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Contagion "Crimson Contagion") [Disease X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_X "Disease X") [Exercise Cygnus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus "Exercise Cygnus") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") |
| 2020 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") |
| 2021 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") |
| 2022 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") |
| 2023 | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") |
| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") | |
| | |
| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")([national responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")) | |
| | |
| Northern | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya "COVID-19 pandemic in Libya") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco "COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia "COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia") [Western Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic") |
| Eastern | [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi "COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea "COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia "COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya "COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar "COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda "COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles "COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia "COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia") [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland "COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland") [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland "COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda "COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda") |
| Southern | [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola "COVID-19 pandemic in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana "COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique "COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia "COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa") [list of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa "List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia "COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe") |
| Central | [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad "COVID-19 pandemic in Chad") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon "COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon") [São Tomé and Príncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "COVID-19 pandemic in São Tomé and Príncipe") |
| Western | [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin "COVID-19 pandemic in Benin") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea") [Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana "COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana") timeline 2020 [March–July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(March%E2%80%93July_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (March–July 2020)") [August–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(August%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (August–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") impact [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea") [Guinea-Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast "COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia "COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali "COVID-19 pandemic in Mali") [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger "COVID-19 pandemic in Niger") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone "COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo "COVID-19 pandemic in Togo") |
| [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") | |
| | |
| Central/North | [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") impact [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan") |
| East | |
| | |
| [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau "COVID-19 pandemic in Macau") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan") [respirator diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") | |
| [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") | [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China "COVID-19 lockdown in China") [detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing "COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics") [Heilongjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang") [Henan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan "COVID-19 pandemic in Henan") [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") [Inner Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia") [Liaoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning "COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai "COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai") [2022 outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak "2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak") [Sichuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet "COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet") [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang") |
| [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia") | |
| | |
| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives "COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal "COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka") | |
| [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India") | |
| | |
| [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India "COVID-19 lockdown in India") [migrant workers' crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") timeline 2020 [January–May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(January%E2%80%93May_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)") [June–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(June%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)") [union government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") [state government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Vaccine Maitri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri "Vaccine Maitri") | |
| By location | [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands") [Andhra Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh") [Arunachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh") [Assam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam "COVID-19 pandemic in Assam") [Bihar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar "COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar") [Chandigarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh") [Chhattisgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu "COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu") [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi") [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa "COVID-19 pandemic in Goa") [Gujarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat") [Haryana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana "COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana") [Himachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh") [Jammu and Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir") [Jharkhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand") [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka "COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka") [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [Ladakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh "COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh") [Lakshadweep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep "COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep") [Madhya Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh") [Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") [Manipur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur "COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur") [Meghalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya "COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya") [Mizoram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram "COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram") [Nagaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland "COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland") [Odisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha "COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha") [Puducherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry "COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry") [Punjab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India "COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India") [Rajasthan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan "COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan") [Sikkim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim "COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim") [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu") [Telangana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana "COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana") [Tripura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura "COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura") [Uttar Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh") [Uttarakhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand") [West Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal") |
| [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia") | |
| | |
| [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei "COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia "COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia") timeline [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)") [social restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions "Indonesia large-scale social restrictions") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement "Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos "COVID-19 pandemic in Laos") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar "COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)") [circuit breaker response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020–21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste "COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") | impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Aid and relief efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [movement control order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor "COVID-19 pandemic in Johor") [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur") [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah "COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah") [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak "COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak") [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor "COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor") |
| [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [community quarantines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon "Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon") [evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Bangsamoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro") [Bicol Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region") [Cagayan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley "COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley") [Calabarzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon") [Caraga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga "COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga") [Central Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon") [Central Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas") [Cordillera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region") [Davao Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region") [Eastern Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas") [Ilocos Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region") [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila "COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila") [Mimaropa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa "COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa") [Northern Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao") [Soccsksargen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen "COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen") [Western Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula "COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula") [Overseas Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| West | [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan "COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain "COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\(country\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)") [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia "COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq "COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq") [Kurdistan Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel "COVID-19 pandemic in Israel") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan "COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon "COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman "COVID-19 pandemic in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine "COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar "COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria "COVID-19 pandemic in Syria") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen "COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen") |
| [Europe]() | |
| | |
| [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") | |
| | |
| [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2020)") [January–June 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2021)") [July–December 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2021)") [January–June 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (January–June 2022)") [July–December 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (July–December 2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") [Operation Rescript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rescript "Operation Rescript") [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom "Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom") impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") | |
| By location | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England "COVID-19 pandemic in England") timeline 2020 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (January–June 2020)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (July–December 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London "COVID-19 pandemic in London") [local lockdown regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England "COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England") [first tier regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England "First COVID-19 tier regulations in England") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland "COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)") [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in Wales") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies "COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies") [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man "COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man") [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey") [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey") [Overseas territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar") |
| Eastern | [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") [Gagauzia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia "COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia") [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria "COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [January–June 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (January–June 2020)") [July–December 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (July–December 2020)") [government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine") [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea "COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea") [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol "COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol") |
| Western Balkans | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") |
| [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark") [Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland") [Åland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land "COVID-19 pandemic in Åland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Réunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in Réunion") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy "COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias "COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid "COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Operation Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gloria "Operation Gloria") |
| EFTA countries | [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway") [Svalbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard "COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland") |
| Microstates | [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino") [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") |
| [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") | |
| | |
| Atlantic | [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland "COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon") |
| Canada | [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [federal aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [military response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laser "Operation Laser") [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia") [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba "COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba") [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick "COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador") [Northwest Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories") [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia "COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia") [Nunavut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut "COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)") [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa "COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa") [Peel Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto "COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto") [York Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York") [Provincial government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") [Vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Prince Edward Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal "COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal") [boroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [Yukon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon "COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon") |
| Caribbean | |
| | |
| Countries | [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados "COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba "COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base "COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica "COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada "COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti "COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica "COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") |
| [British Overseas Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") | [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat "COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") |
| | |
| [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba "COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba") [Curaçao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao "COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao") [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten") | |
| Caribbean Netherlands | [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba "COVID-19 pandemic in Saba") [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius") |
| French West Indies | [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Saint Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Barthélemy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") |
| US insular areas | [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") |
| Central America | [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize "COVID-19 pandemic in Belize") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica "COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador "COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala "COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras "COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua "COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama "COVID-19 pandemic in Panama") |
| [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") | |
| | |
| [Trump administration communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [2021 hospital crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 "2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19") | |
| [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [state and local governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [California government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New York government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Texas government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council "Eastern States Multi-state Council") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact "Midwest Governors Regional Pact") [Western States Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Pact "Western States Pact") |
| By location | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama "COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska "COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") [Navajo Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation "COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "COVID-19 pandemic in California") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California") [S.F. Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado "COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut "COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware "COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida "COVID-19 pandemic in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho "COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois "COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa "COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky "COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine "COVID-19 pandemic in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan "COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota "COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi "COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri "COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana "COVID-19 pandemic in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska "COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire "COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio") [Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma "COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania "COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania") [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia "COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee "COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah "COVID-19 pandemic in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont "COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)") [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.") [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin "COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming "COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming") |
| [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") | |
| | |
| [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Federated States of Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji "COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji") [French Polynesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia "COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati "COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands") [Nauru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru "COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru") [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia "COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia") [Niue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue "COVID-19 pandemic in Niue") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau "COVID-19 pandemic in Palau") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea") [Bougainville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville "COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville") [Pitcairn Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands") [Tokelau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga "COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu "COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu") [Wallis and Futuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna "COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna") | |
| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)") 2021 [January–June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (January–June 2021)") [July–December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (July–December 2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)") [Australian Capital Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_\(Keeling\)_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales") [Norfolk Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island") [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory") [Queensland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland "COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland") [South Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia") [Tasmania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania") [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria "COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria") [Western Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia") |
| [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Alert levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand") [Traffic light system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework "COVID-19 Protection Framework") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [managed isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand") |
| [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia "COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [São Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in São Paulo (state)") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador "COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador") [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana "COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [Cusco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco "COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname "COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela "COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela") |
| Others | [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [*Diamond Princess*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess") [*Grand Princess*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") [*Charles de Gaulle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle "COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle") [USS *Theodore Roosevelt*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt "COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt") |
| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| Culture and entertainment | |
| | |
| [Arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") | [References in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Corona-chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-chan "Corona-chan") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [U.S. sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") | |
| | |
| [Female education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Homeschooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| By country | [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") [exam grading controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy "2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States") |
| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") | |
| | |
| [Bio-secure bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble") | |
| By country | [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports") |
| By sport | [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season "Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") |
| Society and rights | |
| | |
| [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 "Social stigma associated with COVID-19") [Children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") [foster care in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States") [Pandemic baking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_baking "Pandemic baking") |
| Labor | [Healthcare workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Great Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Resignation "Great Resignation") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2021 Myanmar coup d'état") |
| Legal | [Abortion in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [U.S. immigration detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention "COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention") |
| Minority | [Gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBT community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community") [African communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Disability community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Native American communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") | [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") |
| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [Charitable activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_scams "COVID-19 scams") [Travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| By country | [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment "COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [U.K.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") |
| By industry | [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport") [Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Cannabis industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [meat industry in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada") [meat industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [ICU capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity") [Long-term care facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Mink farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") |
| Supply and trade | [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Chip supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage "2020–2023 global chip shortage") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis "2021–2023 global energy crisis") [Global supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021–2023 global supply chain crisis") [Oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Global stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge "2021–2022 inflation surge") |
| Information | |
| | |
| [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Wikipedia's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") | [Governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China "COVID-19 misinformation by China") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States "COVID-19 misinformation by the United States") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada "COVID-19 misinformation in Canada") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines") [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic") *[Plandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemic "Plandemic")* |
| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation "List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") |
| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest "2021 Abkhazia unrest") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17A "17A") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia "COVID-19 protests in Australia") [Convoy to Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra "Convoy to Canberra") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests "2020 Azerbaijani protests") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests "2020–2021 Belarusian protests") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests "2022 Brussels protests") [2020 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests "2020 Brazilian protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests "2021 Brazilian protests") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests "2020–2021 Bulgarian protests") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada "COVID-19 protests in Canada") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests "2019–2022 Chilean protests") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest "2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest") [healthcare reform protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests "2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests "2021 Colombian protests") [2022 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests "2022 Colombian protests") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests "2021 Cuban protests") [Yellow vests protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests "Yellow vests protests") [labor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests "2021 French labor protests") [French West Indies social unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies "2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_convoy_protest "France convoy protest") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany "COVID-19 protests in Germany") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting "2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Greek_protests "2021 Greek protests") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel "COVID-19 protests in Israel") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu "2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy "Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests "2021 Mongolian protests") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands") [curfew riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots "2021 Dutch curfew riots") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 protests in New Zealand") [Wellington protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest "2022 Wellington protest") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests "2021 Paraguayan protests") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests "2020–2022 Serbian protests") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests "2021 Tunisian protests") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 protests in the United States") [Open the States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_States "Open the States") |
| [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") | [Aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Moldovan–Romanian collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") [Vaccine diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy "Vaccine diplomacy") |
| [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause") [Doomscrolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomscrolling "Doomscrolling") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Green recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_recovery "Green recovery") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") [Superspreader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspreading_event "Superspreading event") [Twindemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twindemic "Twindemic") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_\(software\) "Zoom (software)") [Zoom towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_town "Zoom town") |
| Others | [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Pregnant women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") |
| Health issues | |
| | |
| Medical topics | [Transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 "Symptoms of COVID-19") [Cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer "COVID-19 and cancer") [Endemic COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19") [Skin manifestations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 "Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Non-COVID-19–related health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Rehabilitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 "Rehabilitation after COVID-19") [Unproven medical methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") |
| Testing and epidemiology | |
| | |
| [Datasets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_datasets "COVID-19 datasets") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Operation Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moonshot "Operation Moonshot") [Test to Release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_to_Release "Test to Release") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium "UK Rapid Test Consortium") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test "AbC-19 rapid antibody test") [investigations into the origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") [lab leak theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") [Rapid antigen test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test "COVID-19 rapid antigen test") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance "COVID-19 surveillance") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") | |
| [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") | [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") [BlueTrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTrace "BlueTrace") [careFIJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareFIJI "CareFIJI") [Coronavirus Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia "Coronavirus Australia") [Corona-Warn-App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-Warn-App "Corona-Warn-App") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application "COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application") [COVID Alert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Alert "COVID Alert") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIDSafe "COVIDSafe") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland "COVID Tracker Ireland") [Covid Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Watch "Covid Watch") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing "Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Health Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Code "Health Code") [Healthy Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_Together "Healthy Together") [Immuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuni "Immuni") [Koronavilkku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavilkku "Koronavilkku") [LeaveHomeSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe "LeaveHomeSafe") [MySejahtera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySejahtera "MySejahtera") [NHS COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_COVID-19 "NHS COVID-19") [NZ COVID Tracer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer "NZ COVID Tracer") [NZ Pass Verifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier "NZ Pass Verifier") [PathCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathCheck "PathCheck") [PeduliLindungi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeduliLindungi "PeduliLindungi") [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") [SafePass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafePass "SafePass") [StaySafe.ph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaySafe.ph "StaySafe.ph") [SwissCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwissCovid "SwissCovid") [TCN Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCN_Protocol "TCN Protocol") [Test, Trace, Protect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect "Test, Trace, Protect") [Thai Chana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chana "Thai Chana") [TousAntiCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TousAntiCovid "TousAntiCovid") [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") [Valtrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrace "Valtrace") [Zoe Health Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study "Zoe Health Study") |
| Prevention | [Air purifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier "Air purifier") ([Corsi–Rosenthal Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box "Corsi–Rosenthal Box")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Anti-mask sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment "Anti-mask sentiment") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Great Barrington Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration "Great Barrington Declaration") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Safe Hands Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge "Safe Hands Challenge") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") |
| [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") | |
| | |
| Topics | [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [EU Certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate "EU Digital COVID Certificate") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 "Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| Authorized | |
| | |
| [DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_vaccine "DNA vaccine") | [ZyCoV-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZyCoV-D "ZyCoV-D") |
| [Inactivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine "Inactivated vaccine") | [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine "Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine") [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [COVIran Barekat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIran_Barekat "COVIran Barekat") [CoviVac (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoviVac_\(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine\) "CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)") [FAKHRAVAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAKHRAVAC "FAKHRAVAC") [Minhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine "Minhai COVID-19 vaccine") [QazCovid-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QazCovid-in "QazCovid-in") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Turkovac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkovac "Turkovac") [Valneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine "Valneva COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [mRNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine "MRNA vaccine") | [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Pfizer–BioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Subunit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subunit_vaccine "Subunit vaccine") | [Abdala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdala_\(vaccine\) "Abdala (vaccine)") [Corbevax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbevax "Corbevax") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX-19 "COVAX-19") [EpiVacCorona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona "EpiVacCorona") [IndoVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndoVac "IndoVac") [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Noora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_\(vaccine\) "Noora (vaccine)") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Razi Cov Pars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars "Razi Cov Pars") [Sinopharm CNBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine") [Soberana 02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_02 "Soberana 02") [Soberana Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_Plus "Soberana Plus") [ZF2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") (Zifivax) |
| [Viral vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine "Viral vector vaccine") | [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Oxford–AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_Light "Sputnik Light") |
| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") | [CoVLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoVLP "CoVLP") |
| In trials | |
| | |
| [Attenuated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine "Attenuated vaccine") | [COVI-VAC (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVI-VAC_\(U.S._COVID-19_vaccine\) "COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)") |
| DNA | [AG0302-COVID‑19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 "AG0302-COVID‑19") [GX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GX-19 "GX-19") [Inovio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine "Inovio COVID-19 vaccine") |
| Inactivated | [KD-414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-414 "KD-414") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") |
| RNA | [ARCT-021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-021 "ARCT-021") [ARCT-154](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-154 "ARCT-154") [Bangavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangavax "Bangavax") [CureVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine "CureVac COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [HGC019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGC019 "HGC019") [mRNA-1283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-1283 "MRNA-1283") [PTX-COVID19-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B "PTX-COVID19-B") [Sanofi–Translate Bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine "Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine") [Walvax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine "Walvax COVID-19 vaccine") |
| Subunit | [202-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202-CoV "202-CoV") [AKS-452](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS-452 "AKS-452") [EuCorVac-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuCorVac-19 "EuCorVac-19") [IVX-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVX-411 "IVX-411") [Nanocovax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocovax "Nanocovax") [ReCOV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCOV "ReCOV") [Sanofi–GSK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine "Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine") [S-268019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-268019 "S-268019") [SCB-2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCB-2019 "SCB-2019") [SCTV01C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTV01C "SCTV01C") [Skycovione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycovione "Skycovione") [UB-612](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB-612 "UB-612") [V-01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-01 "V-01") [V451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V451_vaccine "V451 vaccine") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine "Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine") [West China Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine "West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine") [Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") |
| Viral vector | [AdCLD-CoV19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19 "AdCLD-CoV19") [BriLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BriLife "BriLife") [COH04S1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COH04S1 "COH04S1") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT "DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT") [GRAd-COV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAd-COV2 "GRAd-COV2") [ImmunityBio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine "ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine") [iNCOVACC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCOVACC "INCOVACC") [INNA-051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INNA-051 "INNA-051") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine "Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") | [ABNCoV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABNCoV2 "ABNCoV2") [LYB001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYB001 "LYB001") [MigVax-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MigVax-101 "MigVax-101") [VBI-2902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBI-2902 "VBI-2902") |
| [Deployment by location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") | |
| | |
| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in Africa") | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola "COVID-19 vaccination in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana "COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi "COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad "COVID-19 vaccination in Chad") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt "COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana "COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco "COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal "COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe") |
| Asia | [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan") [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran "COVID-19 vaccination in Iran") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel "COVID-19 vaccination in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan "COVID-19 vaccination in Japan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal "COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey "COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam") |
| Europe | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania "COVID-19 vaccination in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia "COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark "COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France "COVID-19 vaccination in France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany "COVID-19 vaccination in Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece "COVID-19 vaccination in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary "COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland "COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy "COVID-19 vaccination in Italy") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway "COVID-19 vaccination in Norway") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal "COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain "COVID-19 vaccination in Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden "COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom") |
| North America | [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec "COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti "COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States") [mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States") |
| Oceania | [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia "COVID-19 vaccination in Australia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji "COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand") |
| South America | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina "COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil "COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia "COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru "COVID-19 vaccination in Peru") |
| Others | |
| [Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") | |
| | |
| [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") [PANORAMIC trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial "PANORAMIC trial") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial "RECOVERY Trial") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") (WHO) | |
| [Monoclonal antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody "Monoclonal antibody") | [Bamlanivimab/etesevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab "Bamlanivimab/etesevimab") [Bamlanivimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab "Bamlanivimab") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebtelovimab "Bebtelovimab") [Casirivimab/imdevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab "Casirivimab/imdevimab") [Regdanvimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regdanvimab "Regdanvimab") [Sarilumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarilumab "Sarilumab") [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") [Tixagevimab/cilgavimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab "Tixagevimab/cilgavimab") [Tocilizumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocilizumab "Tocilizumab") |
| [Small molecule antivirals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug "Antiviral drug") | [Broad-spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug "Broad-spectrum antiviral drug") [Ensitrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensitrelvir "Ensitrelvir") [Molnupiravir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnupiravir "Molnupiravir") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir "Nirmatrelvir") [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") |
| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") | |
| | |
| Specific | [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") |
| General | [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") [Variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") |
| Institutions | |
| | |
| Hospitals and medical clinics | |
| | |
| Mainland China | [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre "Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre") [Fangcang hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_hospital "Fangcang hospital") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital "Huoshenshan Hospital") [Leishenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital "Leishenshan Hospital") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel "Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital "Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital") |
| Others | [Hospital ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic") [Garran Surge Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre "Garran Surge Centre") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador "Hospital El Salvador") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village "Kemayoran Athletes Village") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital "Pyongyang General Hospital") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang "Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers "Mega Ligtas COVID Centers") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre "Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital "Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital "Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom") [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham "NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London "NHS Nightingale Hospital London") [North East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East "NHS Nightingale Hospital North East") [North West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West "NHS Nightingale Hospital North West") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan "NHS Louisa Jordan") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital "Dragon's Heart Hospital") (Wales) |
| Organizations | |
| | |
| [National Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cabinet_\(Australia\) "National Cabinet (Australia)") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceUpFirst "ScienceUpFirst") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Wuhan Institute of Virology") (China) [Independent SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_SAGE "Independent SAGE") (United Kingdom) | |
| Health institutes | [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre "Ghana Infectious Disease Centre") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_\(Hong_Kong\) "Department of Health (Hong Kong)") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases "National Institute for Communicable Diseases") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control "Taiwan Centers for Disease Control") (Taiwan) |
| Pandemic institutes | [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board "National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force "COVID-19 Immunity Task Force") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council "COVID-19 Supply Council") (Canada) [PREPARE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREPARE "PREPARE") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 "National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force "COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\(2020\) "National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting "Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre "Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee "Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases "Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center "Central Epidemic Command Center") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board "Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium "COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team "Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre "Joint Biosecurity Centre") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce "Vaccine Taskforce") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board "COVID-19 Advisory Board") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups "Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team "White House COVID-19 Response Team") (United States) [GACH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GACH "GACH") (Uruguay) |
| Relief funds | [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") (India) [Artist Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_Relief "Artist Relief") (United States) |
| People | |
| | |
| Medical professionals | [Ai Fen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Fen "Ai Fen") [Corona Rintawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Rintawan "Corona Rintawan") [Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang") [Liu Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Wen_\(doctor\) "Liu Wen (doctor)") [Xie Linka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Linka "Xie Linka") [Zhang Wenhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong "Zhang Wenhong") |
| [Researchers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers "Category:Coronavirus researchers") | [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud "Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud") [Roberto Burioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Burioni "Roberto Burioni") [Chen Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wei_\(medical_scientist\) "Chen Wei (medical scientist)") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett "Kizzmekia Corbett") [Andrea Crisanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_\(scientist\) "Andrea Crisanti (scientist)") [Peter Daszak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daszak "Peter Daszak") [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") [Neil Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_\(epidemiologist\) "Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)") [Dale Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Fisher "Dale Fisher") [George F. Gao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Gao "George F. Gao") [Azra Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azra_Ghani "Azra Ghani") [Sarah Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert "Sarah Gilbert") [Guan Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yi "Guan Yi") [Kentaro Iwata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata "Kentaro Iwata") [Katalin Karikó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 "Katalin Karikó") [Matt Keeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeling "Matt Keeling") [Trudie Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudie_Lang "Trudie Lang") [Li Lanjuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lanjuan "Li Lanjuan") [W. Ian Lipkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin "W. Ian Lipkin") [Ma Xiaowei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei "Ma Xiaowei") [Shabir Madhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabir_Madhi "Shabir Madhi") [Allison McGeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_McGeer "Allison McGeer") [Camilla Rothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Rothe "Camilla Rothe") [Shi Zhengli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Zhengli "Shi Zhengli") [Moncef Slaoui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui "Moncef Slaoui") [Mike Tildesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tildesley "Mike Tildesley") [John Todd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Todd_\(British_biologist\) "John Todd (British biologist)") [Wang Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chen_\(physician\) "Wang Chen (physician)") [Wang Guangfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Guangfa "Wang Guangfa") [Drew Weissman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Weissman "Drew Weissman") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung "Yuen Kwok-yung") [Zeng Guang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Guang "Zeng Guang") [Zhang Jixian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jixian "Zhang Jixian") [Zhang Yongzhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen "Zhang Yongzhen") [Zhong Nanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan") |
| Officials | |
| | |
| WHO | [Tedros Adhanom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Aylward "Bruce Aylward") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove "Maria Van Kerkhove") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_\(doctor\) "Michael J. Ryan (doctor)") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) |
| By location | [Frank Atherton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Atherton "Frank Atherton") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield "Ashley Bloomfield") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood "Catherine Calderwood") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen "Chang Shan-chwen") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul "Anutin Charnvirakul") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung "Chen Shih-chung") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching "Chuang Yin-ching") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Costache "Victor Costache") (Romania) [Fabrizio Curcio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio "Fabrizio Curcio") (Italy) [Carmen Deseda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Deseda "Carmen Deseda") (Puerto Rico) [Jaap van Dissel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel "Jaap van Dissel") (the Netherlands) [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") (Germany) [Francisco Duque III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III "Francisco Duque III") (Philippines) [Anthony Fauci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fauci "Anthony Fauci") (United States) [Francesco Paolo Figliuolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo "Francesco Paolo Figliuolo") (Italy) [Graça Freitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas "Graça Freitas") (Portugal) [Henrique Gouveia e Melo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo "Henrique Gouveia e Melo") (Portugal) [Matt Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock "Matt Hancock") (United Kingdom) [Hamad Hasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Hasan "Hamad Hasan") (Lebanon) [Greg Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hunt "Greg Hunt") (Australia) [Tony Holohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holohan "Tony Holohan") (Ireland) [Jeong Eun-kyeong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong "Jeong Eun-kyeong") (South Korea) [Fahrettin Koca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca "Fahrettin Koca") (Turkey) [Li Keqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang") (China) [Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez "Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez") (Mexico) [Michael McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBride_\(doctor\) "Michael McBride (doctor)") (Northern Ireland) [Oriol Mitjà](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0 "Oriol Mitjà") (Andorra) [Zweli Mkhize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize "Zweli Mkhize") (South Africa) [Doni Monardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doni_Monardo "Doni Monardo") (Indonesia) [Alma Möller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller "Alma Möller") (Iceland) [Saeed Namaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Namaki "Saeed Namaki") (Iran) [Ala Nemerenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco "Ala Nemerenco") (Moldova) [Nguyễn Thanh Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long "Nguyễn Thanh Long") (Vietnam) [Noor Hisham Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah "Noor Hisham Abdullah") (Malaysia) [Ali Pilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pilli "Ali Pilli") (Northern Cyprus) [Daniel Salinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Salinas "Daniel Salinas") (Uruguay) [Jérôme Salomon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon "Jérôme Salomon") (France) [Fernando Simón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n "Fernando Simón") (Spain) [Gregor Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Smith "Gregor Smith") (Scotland) [Su Ih-jen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Ih-jen "Su Ih-jen") (Taiwan) [Łukasz Szumowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski "Łukasz Szumowski") (Poland) [Theresa Tam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") (Canada) [Anders Tegnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Tegnell "Anders Tegnell") (Sweden) [Þórólfur Guðnason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason "Þórólfur Guðnason") (Iceland) [Sotiris Tsiodras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras "Sotiris Tsiodras") (Greece) [Harsh Vardhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_\(Delhi_politician\) "Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)") (India) [Víðir Reynisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson "Víðir Reynisson") (Iceland) [Carla Vizzotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti "Carla Vizzotti") (Argentina) [Vlad Voiculescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu "Vlad Voiculescu") (Romania) [Chris Whitty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitty "Chris Whitty") (United Kingdom) [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") (Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Zients "Jeff Zients") (United States) |
| Others | [Chen Qiushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Qiushi "Chen Qiushi") [Brett Crozier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Crozier "Brett Crozier") [Fang Bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Bin "Fang Bin") [Fang Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Fang "Fang Fang") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond "Joseph Ashitey Hammond") [Li Zehua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zehua "Li Zehua") [Captain Tom Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore "Captain Tom Moore") [Qiu Menghuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang "Qiu Menghuang") [Ren Zhiqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang "Ren Zhiqiang") |
| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") | |
| Data (templates) | |
| | |
| Global | WHO situation reports [cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") [World map by countries: confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") |
| Asia | [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Afghanistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Afghanistan medical cases chart") [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Azerbaijan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Azerbaijan medical cases chart") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bahrain_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bahrain medical cases chart") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases chart") [by division](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bangladesh_medical_cases_by_division "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bangladesh medical cases by division") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Bhutan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Bhutan medical cases chart") [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Brunei_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Brunei medical cases chart") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases chart") [summary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Cambodia_medical_cases_summary "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Cambodia medical cases summary") China [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases chart") [confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_\(dots\) "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China") [by province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/China_medical_cases_by_province "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/China medical cases by province") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Hong_Kong_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Hong Kong medical cases chart") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Macau_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Macau medical cases chart") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Timor-Leste_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Timor-Leste medical cases chart") Egypt [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Georgia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Georgia medical cases chart") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/India_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/India medical cases chart") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Indonesia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Indonesia medical cases chart") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iran_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iran medical cases chart") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Iraq_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Iraq medical cases chart") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Israel_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Israel medical cases chart") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Japan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Japan medical cases chart") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Jordan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Jordan medical cases chart") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kazakhstan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kazakhstan medical cases chart") [Kuwait cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kuwait_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kuwait medical cases chart") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Kyrgyzstan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Kyrgyzstan medical cases chart") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Laos_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Laos medical cases") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Lebanon_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Lebanon medical cases chart") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Malaysia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Malaysia medical cases chart") [charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Charts_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Charts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") Myanmar [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases chart") [summary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Myanmar_medical_cases_summary "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Myanmar medical cases summary") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Nepal_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Nepal medical cases chart") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Oman_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Oman medical cases chart") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Pakistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Pakistan medical cases chart") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines medical cases chart") [areas of quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "Template:COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [vaccinations chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Philippines_vaccinations_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Philippines vaccinations chart") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Qatar_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Qatar medical cases chart") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Saudi_Arabia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Saudi Arabia medical cases chart") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Singapore_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Singapore medical cases chart") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/South_Korea_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/South Korea medical cases chart") [vaccinations charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Korea_COVID-19_vaccination_charts "Template:South Korea COVID-19 vaccination charts") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Sri_Lanka_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Sri Lanka medical cases chart") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Syria_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Syria medical cases chart") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Taiwan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Taiwan medical cases chart") [vaccination charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taiwan_COVID-19_vaccination_charts "Template:Taiwan COVID-19 vaccination charts") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Tajikistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Tajikistan medical cases chart") [Thailand cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Thailand_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Thailand medical cases chart") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/United_Arab_Emirates_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United Arab Emirates medical cases chart") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases") [cases chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Uzbekistan_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Uzbekistan medical cases chart") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Vietnam_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Vietnam medical cases chart") [statistics charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam_statistics_charts "Template:COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam statistics charts") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Yemen_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Yemen medical cases chart") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe "Template:History of Europe") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe "Template talk:History of Europe") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe "Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe")[History of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Europe "History of Europe") | |
|---|---|
| [Prehistory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe "Prehistoric Europe") | [Paleolithic Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe "Paleolithic Europe") [Neolithic Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Europe "Neolithic Europe") [Chalcolithic Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe "Chalcolithic Europe") [Bronze Age Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe "Bronze Age Europe") [Iron Age Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe "Iron Age Europe") |
| [Classical antiquity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity "Classical antiquity") | [Classical Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greece "Classical Greece") [Roman Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic "Roman Republic") [Hellenistic period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period "Hellenistic period") [Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") [Early Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianity "Early Christianity") [Christianity in late antiquity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity "Christianity in late antiquity") [Crisis of the Third Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century "Crisis of the Third Century") [Fall of the Western Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire "Fall of the Western Roman Empire") [Late antiquity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity "Late antiquity") |
| [Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages "Middle Ages") | [Early Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages "Early Middle Ages") [Migration Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period "Migration Period") [Christianity in the Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages "Christianity in the Middle Ages") [Christianization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization "Christianization") [Francia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia "Francia") [Anglo-Saxon England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England "History of Anglo-Saxon England") [Byzantine Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire "Byzantine Empire") [Papal States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States "Papal States") Bulgarian Empire [First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire "First Bulgarian Empire") [Second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire "Second Bulgarian Empire") [Maritime republics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republics "Maritime republics") [Venice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice "Republic of Venice") [Genoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa "Republic of Genoa") [Pisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa "Republic of Pisa") [Amalfi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi "Duchy of Amalfi") [Viking Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age "Viking Age") [Kievan Rus'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27 "Kievan Rus'") [Crown of Aragon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon "Crown of Aragon") ([Aragon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon "Kingdom of Aragon"), [Catalonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia "Principality of Catalonia"), [Valencia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia "Kingdom of Valencia"), [Majorca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca "Kingdom of Majorca")) [Holy Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire "Holy Roman Empire") [High Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Middle_Ages "High Middle Ages") [Republic of Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Florence "Republic of Florence") [Feudalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism "Feudalism") [Crusades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades "Crusades") [Mongol invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe "Mongol invasion of Europe") [Serbian Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire "Serbian Empire") [Late Middle Ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages "Late Middle Ages") [Black Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death") [Hundred Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War "Hundred Years' War") [Kalmar Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Union "Kalmar Union") |
| [Modern period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_period "Modern period") | [Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") [Early modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_Europe "Early modern Europe") [Christianity in the modern era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era "Christianity in the modern era") [Reformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation "Reformation") [Age of Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery "Age of Discovery") [Baroque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque "Baroque") [Grand Duchy of Tuscany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany "Grand Duchy of Tuscany") [Thirty Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War "Thirty Years' War") [Absolute monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy "Absolute monarchy") [Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire "Ottoman Empire") [Portuguese Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire "Portuguese Empire") [Spanish Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire "Spanish Empire") [Early modern France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_France "Early modern France") [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth") [Cossack Hetmanate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate "Cossack Hetmanate") [Swedish Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire "Swedish Empire") [Dutch Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic "Dutch Republic") [British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire "British Empire") [Habsburg monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy "Habsburg monarchy") [Russian Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire "Russian Empire") [Age of Enlightenment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment "Age of Enlightenment") [Great Divergence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Divergence "Great Divergence") [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution "Industrial Revolution") [French Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution "French Revolution") [Napoleonic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars "Napoleonic Wars") [Nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe "Rise of nationalism in Europe") [Revolutions of 1848](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848 "Revolutions of 1848") [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I "World War I") [Russian Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution "Russian Revolution") [Interwar period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period "Interwar period") [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") [European integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration "European integration") [Euro area crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_area_crisis "Euro area crisis") [COVID-19 pandemic]() [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") |
| See also | [Art of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Europe "Art of Europe") [Bibliography of European history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history "Bibliography of European history") [Genetic history of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe "Genetic history of Europe") [History of Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Christianity "History of Christianity") [History of the Mediterranean region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region "History of the Mediterranean region") [History of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union "History of the European Union") [History of Western civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization "History of Western civilization") [Maritime history of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe "Maritime history of Europe") [Military history of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe "Military history of Europe") [Crusading movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusading_movement "Crusading movement") |
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COVID-19 pandemic in Europe
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe) | |||||||||||||||
| Readable Markdown | | COVID-19 pandemic in Europe | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cas_mensuels_Covid-19_Europe_par_groupe_de_pays_2020-2022.png)New COVID cases in Europe by month, from 2020–2022 | |
| Disease | [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") |
| Virus strain | [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") |
| Location | Europe |
| First outbreak | [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), Hubei, China[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-20200130cdc-1) |
| [Index case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") | [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), France |
| Arrival date | 21 January 2020 (6 years, 1 month, 3 weeks and 4 days ago) |
| Confirmed cases | 243,000,000+[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-auto-2) |
| Suspected cases‡ | \>600,800,000 (\>80% of Europe's population, 2021–22 estimates)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-the_end-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-up_to_80%25-4) |
| Recovered | 239,000,000+[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-auto-2) |
| Deaths | ~2,000,000[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-auto-2) |
| Territories | 57 |
| ‡*Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.* | |
The [global COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") arrived in [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe "Europe") with its first confirmed case in [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France"), on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-5) and all have reported at least one death, with the exception of [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City").
[Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") was the first European country to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-6) By 13 March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-8) and it remained so until the WHO announced it was overtaken by [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") on 22 May.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-9) By 18 March 2020, [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") introduced in Europe affected more than 250 million people.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-10) Despite [deployment of COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines"), Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-11) On 11 January 2022, Dr. [Hans Kluge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kluge "Hans Kluge"), the WHO Regional Director for Europe said, "more than 50 percent of the population in the region will be infected with [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") in the next six to eight weeks".[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-12)
As the outbreak became a major crisis across Europe, [national](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") and [European Union responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") have led to debate over restrictions of civil liberties and the extent of European Union solidarity.
As of 20 May 2022, Europe is the most-affected continent in the world. The most-affected countries in Europe include Italy, France, [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany"), the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") and [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia").
## International comparisons
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: International comparisons")\]
In March 2022, *[The Lancet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet")* published a study comparing excess mortality rates per 100,000 population, in 191 countries in the world, over the first two years of the pandemic (2020 and 2021). The study showed that amongst the major western European countries, those with the highest rates were [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") with 227, [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") 202, [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") 187, [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") 147, and [the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") 140. The average was 140 and below that were the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") at 127, [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") 124, and [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") 121 - the difference between these three was not statistically significant - and that Ireland (13) and the Scandinavian countries had lower rates.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Rentoul-2022-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Smyth-2022-14)\[*[medical citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_\(medicine\) "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)")*\]
[Economic activity decreased](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") by almost 4% in the majority of sub-regions in Europe in 2020, which was similar to the global average of 3.2%. However, the variance between nations is prominent. The high infection and mortality rates of the pandemic in countries in the Western [Balkans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans "Balkans"), the Eastern Neighbourhood, and [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe "Central Europe") and [Eastern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe "Eastern Europe") meant they faced deeper recessions.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EIB-2022a-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-16)
From 2019 to 2020, there was also a difference in how EU countries were adapting to new COVID-19 regulations, one of them being [work from home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work"). The proportion of EU enterprises employing advanced digital technology in their operations expanded dramatically during that time. From 2020 to 2021, this percentage remained relatively stable, reaching 61% in 2021, compared to 63% in 2020 and 58% in 2019.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-18)
Since the beginning of 2020, EU enterprises that embraced advanced digital technology and invested in becoming more digital during the pandemic have increased the number of employees they employ.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-20) The number of non-digital enterprises that downsized was also greater than the share of non-digital firms that had positive job growth. Non-digital companies had a negative net employment balance.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-21)
According to a survey of firms by the [European Investment Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank "European Investment Bank"), the Czech Republic was the top-performing EU country for the usage of advanced digital technologies during the pandemic.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22) Finland was the top performing EU country in terms of digital infrastructure and the use of formal strategic business monitoring.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-23)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22) Austria had the highest percentage of firms becoming more digital during the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22) Cyprus led software and data investment, and firms in Sweden invested in digital training for their employees at the highest rate.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bank-2022-17)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-OECD-2022-22)
## Statistics by country and territory
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Statistics by country and territory")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fna_130-0)** Cases confirmed by a positive test only.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fnb_131-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fnb_131-1) The UK reports COVID-19 deaths as those within 28 days of a positive test.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weekly_cases_of_Covid-19_in_Western_Europe_per_million.png)
Weekly diagnosed cases per million inhabitants of COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe. Displayed on semi-log scale starting in 2021.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weekly_Deaths_from_Covid-19_in_Western_Europe_per_million.png)
Weekly Deaths per million inhabitants from COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe. This shows the distinctly different pattern of deaths in Germany and Sweden.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vaccination_percentage_in_major_European_countries.png)
Percentage of people fully vaccinated against COVID-19 in major countries in Western Europe during 2021
In late August, 88% of COVID-19 deaths in Europe were among people over age 65, according to a 30 August report from the WHO.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-136)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19-Europe-selection-relative-deaths-log.svg)
Cumulative number of deaths per million inhabitants for a selection of European countries, over time. The legend is sorted in descending order of these values. Logarithmic vertical axis. Data source: [ECDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECDC "ECDC").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-ECDC-137)
## Pandemic by country and territory
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Pandemic by country and territory")\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The first case in the Republic of [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania "Albania") was reported in [Tirana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana "Tirana") on 8 March 2020, when a patient and his adult son who had come from [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence "Florence"), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") tested positive.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-138) Both men later recovered.
On 21 December 2020, health minister [Ogerta Manastirliu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogerta_Manastirliu "Ogerta Manastirliu") announced that the country has decided to suspend flights to and from the UK until 6 January 2021 because of what was then [a new COVID-19 mutation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") that transmits more quickly than other variants. All passengers arriving from the UK by land had to self-isolate for 14 days upon entry. The flight suspension took effect on Tuesday, 22 December.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-139)
As of 4 February 2023, 3,058,102 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Albania.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-140)
The [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") in Belgium has resulted in 4,907,118[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) confirmed cases of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and 34,339[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") on 4 February 2020, when one of a group of nine Belgians repatriated from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan") to [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels "Brussels") was reported to have tested positive for the coronavirus.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium_FPS_20200204-152)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-153) Transmission within Belgium was confirmed in early March; authorities linked this to holidaymakers returning from [Northern Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy") at the end of the half-term holidays.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-154)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-155) The epidemic increased rapidly in March–April 2020. By the end of March all 10 provinces of the country had registered cases.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
By March 2021, Belgium had the [third highest number of COVID-19 deaths per head of population in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country"), according to data compiled by [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University"). However, Belgium may have been over-reporting the number of cases, with health officials reporting that suspected cases were being reported along with confirmed cases.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-156) Unlike some countries that publish figures based primarily on confirmed hospital deaths, the death figures reported by the Belgian authorities included deaths in the community, such as in care homes, confirmed to have been caused by the virus, as well as a much larger number of such deaths suspected to have been caused by the virus, even if the person was not tested.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium_Euronews-157)
### Bosnia and Herzegovina
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina")\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Bosnia and Herzegovina") on 5 March 2020, when a patient in [Banja Luka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banja_Luka "Banja Luka"), who had travelled to [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy"), tested positive. Later on the same day, a second case, who was the son of the first case, was reported.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_n1info.1-158) On 21 March, the first death in the country from COVID-19 was announced in a hospital in [Bihać](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biha%C4%87 "Bihać"). The patient was an elderly woman who had been hospitalized two days before.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_:0-159)
On 17 March, the [Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina") declared a [state of emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency "State of emergency") in the entire country.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-160)
As of 28 January 2022, 1,924,950 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-161)
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have spread to [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") when the country's first cases, a 27-year-old man from [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleven "Pleven") and a 75-year-old woman from [Gabrovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrovo "Gabrovo"), were confirmed on 8 March 2020. Neither of the two had traveled to areas with known coronavirus cases. The man tested positive for the virus after being hospitalized for a respiratory infection, and authorities announced plans to test several people who were in contact with the two individuals.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria_rferl.org-162) Two other samples in Pleven and Gabrovo were positive on 8 March.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria_focus-news.net-163) [Patient zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") remains unknown.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria_actualno.com-164)
After the number of patients in the country had reached 23, the Bulgarian Parliament voted unanimously to declare a state of emergency from 13 March until 13 April.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-165) A 14-day preventive house quarantine was introduced for citizens who have been in contact with a COVID-19 patient or have returned from an overseas region with a high number of cases. For patients tested positive for the virus a 21-day house quarantine was introduced. This time span is counted from the day a subsequent test comes out negative after they have been treated in a hospital or at home. After the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) has established that COVID-19 is more resilient than the initial data was showing, the National Crisis-management Staff increased the recovery house quarantine by a week to 28 days.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-166) With the continuing increase of COVID-19 cases on a daily basis, the Bulgarian government requested on 1 April that Parliament extend the state of emergency by one month until 13 May.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-167)
As of 5 February 2023, a total of 4,612,386 vaccine doses have been administered.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-168)
On 25 February, Croatia confirmed its first case, a 26-year-old man who had been in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan"), Italy.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-169) On 26 February, two new cases were confirmed, one being the twin brother of the first.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-hr.n1info.com-170) In March 2020, a cluster of cases were reported in numerous Croatian cities. On 12 March, the first recovery was reported, and on 18 March the first death from the virus was confirmed. On 19 March, the number of recorded cases surpassed 100. On 21 March, it surpassed 200. On 25 March, it surpassed 400. On 31 March, it surpassed 800. The pandemic in Croatia occurred during the [Croatian Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union "Presidency of the Council of the European Union") of the [Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-171)
On 22 March, an [intense earthquake hit Zagreb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Zagreb_earthquake "2020 Zagreb earthquake"), the capital of Croatia, causing problems in enforcement of [social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") measures set out by the [Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Croatia "Government of Croatia"). The earthquake could also be felt across much of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Slovenia, and Austria.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-172)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-173)
According to [Oxford University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University "Oxford University"), as of 24 March, Croatia was the country with the world's strictest restrictions and measures for infection reduction in relation to the number of infected.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-174) The government set up a website for all information about the virus and a new phone line 113 that has volunteers answering questions.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-175)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_entry_to_driver%27s_area_in_Brno_city_transport_due_to_COVID-19_\(detail\).jpg)
It is forbidden to enter the front section of buses of the Brno Public Transport during the pandemic (14 March 2020)
The first case was reported in the country on 1 March.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-CZE-46) As of 22 March there had been 1120 confirmed cases, with one lethal outcome.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-CZE-46)
On 12 March, the Czech Republic declared a 30-day state of emergency and barred entry to non-residents from China, South Korea, Iran, Italy, Spain, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, Norway, Denmark and France.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-cnnTBs-176)
The Czech Republic banned people from going out in public without wearing a [face mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_mask "Surgical mask") or covering their nose and mouth.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-177)
On 27 February 2020, Denmark confirmed its first case.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-178)
As of 16 March 2020, there have been 898 confirmed cases in Denmark, including 11 in the Faroe Islands (see below).[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-STPS_numbers-179)
Numerous preventive measures gradually were implemented. Starting on 13 March 2020, schools, universities and similar places were closed, while most people in non-essential functions have been sent home to work.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-180) On 14 March 2020, the borders were closed for all entries, except Danish citizens, people with a residence permit, people with an important reason for visiting, and transport of goods.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-181)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-cnnTBs-176)
On 27 February, Estonia confirmed its first case, an Iranian citizen, travelling from Iran via Turkey.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-182)
As of 11 March, there were 17 confirmed cases in Estonia. 12 of them had returned with the infection from Northern Italy, one from France, one from Iran and one from undisclosed risk area.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-183)[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-184) First two cases of virus transmitting locally were in [Saaremaa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaremaa "Saaremaa") after international volleyball competition involving a team from [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan").[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-185)
From 12 March, the virus was spreading locally. The number of infected grew fast reaching 109 on 14 March.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-186)
The first case was reported in the country on 28 January.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-187)[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-188) As of 21 July there were over 7,000 confirmed cases.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-189) As of 9 December (2020) the confirmed cases in Finland are 28,732 over the entire period.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-190) A total of 433 deaths associated with the disease have been reported until now.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-191)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Super_U_%E2%80%93_des_rayons_vides.jpg)
Empty supermarket shelves in [Annonay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annonay "Annonay"), France, on 14 March 2020.
On 24 January, the first case in Europe was confirmed in [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"). Two more cases were confirmed in Paris by the end of the day, all of them originated from China. A cluster of infections was discovered in [Haute-Savoie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Savoie "Haute-Savoie") which originated from a British national who had visited Singapore.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-192)[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Figaro-2020-193)[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Ouest-France-2020-194)
From 31 January to 9 February, nearly 550 people were repatriated from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan") on a series of evacuation flights arriving at Creil Air Base in [Oise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise "Oise") and [Istres-Le Tubé Air Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istres-Le_Tub%C3%A9_Air_Base "Istres-Le Tubé Air Base") in [Istres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istres "Istres").[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-195)
On 14 February, an 80-year-old Chinese tourist died in [Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichat%E2%80%93Claude_Bernard_Hospital "Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital"), Paris, marking the first death from COVID-19 in Europe and France.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-196)
According to regional council president [Jean Rottner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rottner "Jean Rottner"), the starting point for the first intense wave in Alsace was the Fasting Meeting of the Protestant Free Church of La Porte Ouverte in [Mulhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse "Mulhouse"), with more than 2500 visitors, in mid-February.[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-faz-197) On 12 March, French president [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron") announced on public television that all schools and all universities would close from Monday 16 March until further notice. The next day, the prime minister [Édouard Philippe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Philippe "Édouard Philippe") banned gatherings of more than 100 people, not including public transportation. The following day, the prime minister ordered the closure of all nonessential public places, including restaurants, cafés, cinemas, and discothèques, effective at midnight.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-198)
As of 14 March, there had been 4,499 confirmed cases (a near-four-fold increase over the number 5 days previously), and 91 deaths in France.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-199)
As of 20 March, the number of confirmed cases had risen to 12,612, while the number of deaths reached 450.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] As of 30 March, more than six hundred doctors and other medical workers are suing the former Minister of Health and the Prime Minister for "culpable negligence" in failing to prepare for the epidemic.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-200)
Until 1 April, the daily update of the number of deaths in France included only deaths in hospitals, with deaths in retirement homes or at home not included in the update.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-201) Deaths in retirement homes were included in the reported figures from 2 April, causing totals to increase substantially.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-202)
On 4 May, retroactive testing of samples in one French hospital showed a patient "who had COVID-19 as early as Dec. 27, nearly a month before the French government confirmed its first cases."[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-203) According to the researchers who reported the discovery, this indicates that the virus was present in the population well before the first confirmed cases, a finding also echoed by US researchers.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-204) In July 2020, Prime Minister of France [Jean Castex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Castex "Jean Castex"), announced that health care pay workers will see \$9 billion in pay raises, as a result of their efforts during the coronavirus pandemic.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-205)
In Germany, the first case of COVID-19 was recorded in the state of [Bavaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria "Bavaria") on 27 January 2020. Daily case numbers began to decrease after 8 April, but rose sharply again in October. As of 30 January 2021, 2,207,393 cases have been reported with 56,286 deaths and approximately 1,930,592 recoveries.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-jhumap-206)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-counter3-207)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-RKI_SitReport-208)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-209)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-210) The case fatality rate is 2.5%.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-211) The low preliminary fatality rate in Germany, compared to Italy and Spain, has resulted in a discussion and explanations that cite among others the country's higher number of tests performed, absence of COVID-19 analyses in autopsies and higher proportion of positive cases among younger people. [Hessian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse "Hesse") state finance minister [Thomas Schäfer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sch%C3%A4fer_\(politician\) "Thomas Schäfer (politician)") committed suicide on 28 March 2020. State Premier [Volker Bouffier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Bouffier "Volker Bouffier") said that Schäfer had had considerable worries in particular over the economic burden that the COVID-19 pandemic would place on the population.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-212)
First case was identified on 4 March 2020, only 187 cases to the end of July then increases with 100 added in August and the same in September. A [contact App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") "BEAT Covid Gibraltar" was released on 18 June.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-213)
On 26 February 2020, the first case in Greece was confirmed, a 38-year-old woman from [Thessaloniki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki "Thessaloniki") who had recently visited [Northern Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy").[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-214) The next day, the first patient's 9-year-old child and another 40-year-old woman, who had travelled to Italy, also tested positive.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-iefimerida-2020a-215)[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-iefimerida-2020-216)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-antenna-2020-217) Subsequent cases is Greece were mainly related to people who had travelled to Italy and a group of pilgrims who had travelled to Israel and Egypt, as well as their contacts.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-218)[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-newsit-2020-219) Health and state authorities issued precautionary guidelines and recommendations, while measures up to that point were taken locally and included the closure of schools and the suspension of cultural events in the affected areas (particularly [Ilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elis_\(regional_unit\) "Elis (regional unit)"), [Achaea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaea "Achaea") and [Zakynthos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos "Zakynthos")).[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-newsit-2020-219) The first confirmed death from COVID-19 in Greece was a 66-year-old man, who died on 12 March.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-220)
By 27 July there were 4,227 confirmed cases in Greece, some of which detected among tourists arriving in the country from mid-June onwards, 202 deaths and 3,562 recoveries.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-greececases-221)[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-greecerecoveries2-222) The Greek [National Public Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Organization_\(Greece\) "National Public Health Organization (Greece)") (NPHO), in collaboration with local authorities and doctors, is tracking and testing everyone who came in close contact with the patients.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-223)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-224) By 10 March, with 89 confirmed cases and no deaths in the country, the government decided to suspend the operation of educational institutions of all levels nationwide and then, on 13 March, to close down all cafes, bars, museums, shopping centres, sports facilities and restaurants in the country.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-225)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-226) On 16 March, all retail shops were also closed and all services in all areas of religious worship of any religion or dogma were suspended.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-227)[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-228) On 18 and 19 March, the government announced a series of measures of more than 10 billion euros to support the economy, businesses and employees.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-229)
On 22 March the Greek authorities announced significant restrictions on all nonessential transport and movement across the country, starting from 6 a.m. on 23 March.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-230) Starting from 4 May, Greece has begun easing its lockdown restrictions after a 42-day lockdown, with the gradual lifting of movement restrictions and restart of business activity.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-231)
On 9 March, the first case in the [Crown dependency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_dependency "Crown dependency") was confirmed.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-232) On 27 May it was announced that there were no known active cases in the [Bailiwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick "Bailiwick").[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-233) There were no active cases for 129 days before an arrival from the UK tested positive on 6 September.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-234)
On 4 March Prime Minister [Viktor Orbán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n "Viktor Orbán") announced that two Iranian students had been infected with the virus.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-magyar.hirlap.1-235) The students are asymptomatic and have been transported to Saint Ladislaus Hospital in [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest "Budapest").[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-magyar.hirlap.1-235)
The first case was confirmed in Iceland on 28 February, an Icelandic male in his forties who had been on a ski trip to Andalo in Northern Italy and returned home on 22 February.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-236)
Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management declared a state of emergency on 6 March after two cases of community transmission in Iceland were confirmed, bringing the total number of confirmed cases to 43.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-237) On 13 March, it was announced at an official press conference that a four-week ban on public gatherings of more than 100 persons would be put into effect as of Monday 16 March. Universities and secondary schools will be closed for four weeks. International airports and harbours will remain exempt from these measures.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-238)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_14-day_incidence_rate_per_100,000_population_in_Ireland.png)
COVID-19 14-day rate per 100k population in Ireland by [county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland "Counties of Ireland"), as of 2023
The [National Public Health Emergency Team of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\(2020\) "National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)") announced the first case in the Republic of Ireland on 29 February, involving a male student from the [east of the country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster "Leinster"), who had arrived there from [Northern Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Italy "Northern Italy").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-239)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-240)[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-241) On 3 March, a second case was confirmed of a female in the east of the country who had been to Northern Italy.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-242) Response to the outbreak has included cancellation of [St Patrick's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day "Saint Patrick's Day") parades and all festivals.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-243) On 11 March, an elderly patient in [Naas General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naas_General_Hospital "Naas General Hospital") in County Kildare became Ireland's first fatality from the virus.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-244) On 12 March, [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Leo Varadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Varadkar "Leo Varadkar") announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-245) On 20 March, an [emergency legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_\(Preservation_and_Protection_and_other_Emergency_Measures_in_the_Public_Interest\)_Act_2020 "Health (Preservation and Protection and other Emergency Measures in the Public Interest) Act 2020") was signed into law by President [Michael D. Higgins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins "Michael D. Higgins") giving the state permission to [detain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detention_\(imprisonment\) "Detention (imprisonment)") people, restrict travel and keep people in their homes to help combat the spread of the pandemic.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-246)
On 12 March 2020, [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Leo Varadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Varadkar "Leo Varadkar") announced the closure of all schools, colleges and childcare facilities in Ireland until the end of August.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-247) On 27 March, Varadkar announced a national [stay-at-home order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order") for at least two weeks; the public were ordered to stay at home in all circumstances. All non-essential shops and services, including all pubs, bars, hotels and nightclubs closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-248) The [Garda Síochána](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na "Garda Síochána") (Irish police) were given power to enforce the measures, which were repeatedly extended until 18 May.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-249)
A roadmap to easing restrictions in Ireland that included five stages was adopted by the [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland "Government of Ireland") on 1 May 2020 and subsequently published online.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-250) The fourth and final phase of easing COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland was initially scheduled to take place on 20 July, but was repeatedly postponed until 31 August at the earliest.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-251)
On 15 September, the government announced a [medium-term plan for living with COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") that included five levels of restrictions.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-252)
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 21 October following the government's announcement to move the entire country to [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions for six weeks until 1 December.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-253) On 27 November, the government agreed to ease restrictions from 1 December.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-254)
A third wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland on 21 December.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-255) The government acted swiftly and on 22 December, [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions with a number of adjustments were announced, which came into effect from [Christmas Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve") until 12 January 2021 at the earliest.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-256)
All non-essential businesses and services closed and all public and private gatherings of any number of people was banned again on 31 December ([New Year's Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve "New Year's Eve")) following the government's announcement to move the entire country to full [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions from 30 December until 31 January 2021 at the earliest, in an attempt to get a third surge in cases of COVID-19 under control.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-257) On 26 January, the government extended the [Level 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\)#Resilience_and_Recovery_2020-2021:_Plan_for_Living_with_COVID-19_%E2%80%93_Restrictions "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") lockdown restrictions until 5 March.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-258) On 23 February, the government extended the Level 5 lockdown restrictions for another six weeks until 5 April ([Easter Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday "Easter Monday")) at the earliest, while its new revised [Living with COVID-19 plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2021\)#COVID-19_Resilience_and_Recovery_2021_%E2%80%93_The_Path_Ahead "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") was published.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-259)
On 30 March, the government announced a phased easing of restrictions from Monday 12 April.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-260) On 29 April, the government announced a reopening plan for the country throughout May and June from 10 May,[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-261) with a further reopening planned announced on 31 August that would see all remaining COVID-19 restrictions in Ireland eased by 22 October.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-262)
After a fourth wave of COVID-19 arrived in Ireland in October, the government published on 19 October a revised plan for the easing of restrictions, with nightclubs allowed to reopen, however the continued use of masks, vaccine certificates and social distancing measures would remain in place until at least February 2022.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-263) On 3 December, the government reintroduced a series of measures that would commence from 7 December amid concerns of the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant"), with nightclubs to close, indoor cultural and sporting events to operate at 50% capacity and a maximum of four households allowed to meet indoors.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-264)
The Omicron variant caused a fifth wave of COVID-19 to arrive in late December and early January 2022, with record levels of cases reported over the Christmas and New Year period.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-265) As cases began to fall sharply, [Taoiseach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach "Taoiseach") [Micheál Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin "Micheál Martin") announced on 21 January the easing of almost all COVID-19 restrictions, with the requirements of vaccine certificates and social distancing to end, restrictions on household visits and capacity limits for indoor and outdoor events to end, nightclubs to reopen and pubs and restaurants to resume normal trading times, while rules on isolation and the wearing of masks would remain.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-266) Remaining COVID-19 restrictions were agreed to be removed from 28 February, with mask wearing in schools, indoor retail settings and on public transport to be voluntary, restrictions in schools to end and [testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 testing in the Republic of Ireland") to be scaled back.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-267)
As of 21 February 2022, the [Department of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_\(Ireland\) "Department of Health (Ireland)") have confirmed 1,276,778 confirmed cases and 6,443 deaths.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-268)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trasporto_di_pazienti_in_bio-contenimento_-_7.jpg)
[Paramedics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedic "Paramedic") carrying a patient under [biocontainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocontainment "Biocontainment"), in [Cervia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervia "Cervia"), Emilia-Romagna
On 31 January, the first two cases were confirmed in [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome"). Two Chinese tourists, who arrived in [Milan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan "Milan") on 23 January via [Milan Malpensa Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Malpensa_Airport "Milan Malpensa Airport") and travelled to [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome") on a tourist bus, tested positive for and were hospitalised in [Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani_National_Institute_for_Infectious_Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases").[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-269)
On 6 February, one of the Italians repatriated from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China, tested positive, bringing the total number of cases in Italy to three.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-270) On 22 February, the repatriated Italian recovered and was discharged from the hospital.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-271) On 22 and 26 February, the two Chinese tourists hospitalized in Rome tested negative.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Il_Messaggero-2020-272)
On 21 February, a cluster of cases was detected starting with 16 confirmed cases in [Lombardy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy"),[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-ThomReut_IT_16cluster_21Feb-273) with additional 60 cases on 22 February,[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-CorrieredSera_76_recent_cases-274) and Italy's first deaths reported on the same day.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-275) As of late February, Italy was hit harder than anywhere else in the EU by the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-politico-italy-276)
By 17 March 2020, there were 2,503 deaths and 31,506 confirmed cases.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Min_Salute_Situazione-277) By 15 May 2020, there had been 223,885 cases and 31,610 deaths, according to Protezione Civile bulletins.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 3 June, Italy reopened its borders to EU residents and ended travel restrictions.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 13 July, the head of the ICU at a Bergamo hospital said that former patients treated for COVID-19 had developed serious long-term health issues.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-278)
Cases reached 100,000 in March, 200,000 in April, 300,000 in September, 600,000 in October and 1,600,000 in November.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 8 March, Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte signed a decree enacting a quarantine for the entire region of Lombardy – home to more than 10 million people and the financial capital, Milan – and multiple other provinces, totalling around 16 million residents. The lockdown decree included the power to impose fines on anyone caught entering or leaving Lombardy, the worst-affected region, until 3 April.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-279)
On 9 March, the lockdown orders were extended to the whole of Italy, effectively quarantining more than 60 million people.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-280)
On 20 November 2020, according to high-frequency data, the lockdowns in France and Italy weighed down on public mobility more than in any other European country. France's official statistic agency INSEE found that the data collected by Google on the amount of time people spend at home is particularly closely correlated with the percentage of slow down experienced by an economy during the lockdown.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-281)
The first case was recognised on 10 March which resulted within days in flights and ferries being cancelled except for essential travel and freight, thus isolating the island by the end of March.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-282)[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-283) By 30 June there were no active cases although there have since been small numbers of cases brought into the island when lockdown was relaxed and travel permitted. On 14 October a [contact App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") was launched.[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-284) Community contracted cases caused numbers to rise from 600 to 1,000 in November resulting in another lockdown.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
The first two cases in Kosovo were reported on 13 March. In the ten-day period 13–23 March, the number of positive cases with coronavirus rose to 35. In midnight of 23 March 26 new cases were confirmed, bringing the total number of cases to 61.[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-285) Kosovars were required to wear masks and not visit their families across the street due to the lockdowns, the income and sales tax was also reduced by local governments.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-286)
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") on 2 March 2020, having been brought along with people returning from abroad.
The government declared a state of emergency on 13 March 2020 with a number of epidemiological safety measures and restrictions, primarily limiting gatherings, travel, most public venues, and educational institutions. As the new confirmed cases stayed in the low two-digit range per day, the emergency was periodically extended until mid-2020, when the confirmed infection case dropped to almost 0 and the state of emergency ended on 9 June 2020. Most restrictions were lifted.
The rates spiked again by the end of September, from a few dozen per day to low hundreds by November, and many of the restrictions were restored and tightened, including a range of new ones. Eventually, a new state of emergency was reinstated on 9 November 2020 with increased rules and restrictions, while the daily cases reached close to one thousand by the end of November. The number of cases kept rising at the turn of the year and the state of emergency was extended to 6 April 2021. The vaccination programme began at the start of the year.
As of 21 January 2023, 2,974,692 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Latvia.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-287)
The first case was reported in the country on 3 March.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-288)
The first case was reported in the country on 28 February. By 17 March there were 21 cases, mostly in Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda. The first infected Lithuanian recovered on 14 March.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-289) Cases reached 2,000 in July, 10,000 in October and 50,000 in November.
The first case was reported in the country on 29 February. Positive cases exceeded 6,600 on 30 June and 8,500 on 30 September.
On 7 March, Malta reported its first 3 cases of coronavirus: an Italian family consisting of a 12-year-old girl and her parents, who arrived in Malta on 3 March from Rome after a holiday in Trentino. Until around September, there were barely any cases; with that maximum cases per day at around 30. But then a big wave hit Malta and cases were being of over 100 everyday, and the most cases found in a single day was 510. Then in May 2021, the cases started calming down with Malta as of 20 June 2021 having just under 50 active cases, with over 30 thousand total.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-290)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republic_of_Moldova_Map_of_the_regions_affected_by_COVID-19.svg)
Map of cases of COVID-19 in Moldova
(21 December 2021)
\--\>
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The virus was confirmed to have reached the [Republic of Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova "Moldova") on 7 March 2020, when a Moldovan woman who returned from Italy tested positive for the novel coronavirus. As the number of infected people started to rise during the next days, the Parliament declared a state of emergency on 17 March 2020 for the entire territory of the Republic of Moldova for a period of 60 days (17 March to 15 May 2020).
On 15 May 2020, the last day of the state of emergency declared by the Parliament on 17 March 2020, the Extraordinary National Commission of Public Health declared the state of emergency in public health for the entire territory of Moldova for the period of 16 May to 30 June 2020. On 9 June 2020, the total number of confirmed cases surpassed 10,000. On 1 September 2020, the number of deaths surpassed 1,000.
The [vaccination process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") started on 2 March 2021 with AstraZeneca vaccine units donated by [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") to Moldova.
The first case was reported in the country on 29 February.[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-291)\[*[non-primary source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources "Wikipedia:No original research")*\][\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-292)
The [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") in Montenegro has resulted in 251,280[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) confirmed cases of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and 2,654[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) deaths.
The first case of the disease in [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro "Montenegro") was confirmed on 17 March 2020,[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-293)[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-294) making it the last European country to register a case of SARS-CoV-2.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-295) On 24 May 2020, 68 days after the first case was recorded in Montenegro, it became the first COVID-19-free country in Europe. Within the first outbreak, indexed cases counted 9% of the total reported, 80% of cases were infected due to contact with primary cases, while the origin of infection of the other 11% of cases was not certain.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-296) The Government of Montenegro estimated that the country needs EUR 59.2 million private and international relief to address the health, social and economical impact of COVID-19.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-297)
Montenegro had no active cases from 24 May until 14 June 2020, when the first imported case was reported.
As of 3 December 2022, 523,735 COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered in Montenegro.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-298)
On 27 February, the Netherlands confirmed its first case, a man who had been in the Lombardy region of Italy.[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-299)
On 6 March, [RIVM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_National_Institute_for_Public_Health_and_the_Environment "Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment") announced the first death.[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-300)
On 9 March, RIVM announced 56 more confirmed cases in addition to the total of the 77 infected patients declared in the previous day, bringing the total to 321 infected and 3 dead.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-301)
On 15 March, the Dutch government announced in a press conference that all schools, day care facilities, colleges, universities, and universities of applied sciences would close until 6 April, though children of parents in vital industries could still go to school or the day care if they could not be taken care of otherwise.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-302)
As of 16 March, the total number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 had risen to 1,413 and the total number of confirmed deaths had risen to 24. This was an increase of 278 infections and 4 deaths in comparison to 15 March.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-303)
On the same date, the [prime minister of the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_Netherlands "Prime minister of the Netherlands"), [Mark Rutte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rutte "Mark Rutte"), had announced that the country would not go into complete lockdown. Instead the situation would be controlled as much as possible by delaying the spread of the virus, relying on measures taken earlier by the government, such as social distancing and prohibiting gatherings of 100 people and over.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-approach-NL-304) It is expected the coronavirus will keep spreading and a large part of the population will become infected. Instead of opting to lock down the Netherlands for the time required, which would have many (negative) consequences while the benefits remain uncertain and would have to stay in place, it would be attempted to build [herd immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity "Herd immunity") in a controlled manner. Depending on how the virus behaves, the government would decide if additional measures are required.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-approach-NL-304)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-305)
Further measures were introduced on 23 March. All events would be banned until 1 September. Gatherings of more than three people, except for families, were to be prohibited. City mayors received greater authorization to enforce the rules. Fines would be issued to those not complying with the new rules.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-306)
Cases reached 10,000 in March 2020, 50,000 in June 2020, 100,000 in September 2020, 500,000 in November 2020 and 1,000,000 in February 2021.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 26 February, [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia "North Macedonia") confirmed its first case, a woman that had returned from Italy.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-307) On 10 March every school, kindergarten and university was closed. As of 5 April 2021, the country has reported 134,867 cases, 3,940 deaths and a total of 109,297 recovered.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-308)
To stop the spreading of the virus, the country had a strict 61-hour curfew every weekend. For holidays, like Easter, the country had an 85-hour curfew.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-309)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-310) Furthermore, the state of emergency which had expired was extended for 14 more days until 30 May, and then again for 14 more days until 13 June.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-311)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus-separation-on-bus-Trondheim_01.jpg)
Separation of an area near the driver, bus in [Trondheim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim "Trondheim"), 15 March
On 26 February, Norway confirmed its first case, in a person who had returned from China the previous week.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-312)[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-313)
On 7 March, there were 147 confirmed cases in Norway. Most of the cases could either be linked to outbreaks abroad or close encounters with these. Altogether 89 have been infected on travel in Italy.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-314)
On 12 March 2020, all kindergartens, schools, colleges and universities were closed until at least 26 March 2020.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-315)
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") was part of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") is caused by [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2"). As of 8 June 2025, Poland had a cumulative total of 6,780,272 confirmed cases (17,862 per 100,000 population), and 120,980 deaths (319 per 100,000 population) due to COVID-19.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland_WHO_COVID-19_dashboard-316)
The first [COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") product was introduced on 23 December 2020.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland_WHO_COVID-19_dashboard-316) Since then, a total of 58.63 million vaccine doses have been administered, with 60% of the population having received a complete primary series and 34% having received at least one booster dose as of 31 December 2023.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland_WHO_COVID-19_dashboard-316)
In February and March 2020, health authorities in [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") carried out laboratory testing of suspected cases of infection by SARS-CoV-2, as well as home quarantine and monitoring. On 4 March 2020, the first laboratory-confirmed case in Poland was announced in a man hospitalised in [Zielona Góra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra "Zielona Góra"). On 10 March 2020, the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") declared the local transmission phase of SARS-CoV-2 in Poland. On 12 March 2020, the first death from [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) in Poland was that of a 57-year-old woman.
Polish authorities opted into the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s tender procedure for purchasing COVID-19 pandemic-related medical equipment on 17 March 2020.
On 10–12 March 2020 lockdown-type control measures were implemented, closing school and university classes, offices, and cancelling mass events, and were strengthened on 25 March, limiting non-family gatherings to two people and religious gatherings to six and forbidding non-essential travel. On 20 March 2020, the [Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Poland\) "Ministry of Health (Poland)") officially declared an epidemic and on the same day tried to prevent medical personnel from commenting on the pandemic. The [Polish Ombudsman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Ombudsman "Polish Ombudsman") [Adam Bodnar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Bodnar "Adam Bodnar") defended medical personnel's right to speak publicly about the epidemic on [constitutional](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Poland "s:Constitution of the Republic of Poland") grounds of freedom of speech and the right of the public to information. Doctors opposed the self-censorship orders.
Lockdown restrictions were tightened on 31 March 2020 by a [government regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation "Primary and secondary legislation"), requiring individuals walking in streets to be separated by two metres, closing parks, boulevards, beaches, hairdressers and beauty salons, and forbidding unaccompanied minors from leaving their homes. Restrictions were relaxed starting 20 April, allowing religious gatherings and funerals to be held for up to a maximum of 50 people. Starting on 1 April 2020, fatalities which were clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed as COVID-19 (*U07.2*) were also considered as COVID-19 deaths by [NIPH–NIH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Public_Health_%E2%80%93_National_Institute_of_Hygiene "National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene").
On 2 March, the first two cases were confirmed in Portugal, both in the city of [Porto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto "Porto"). One was a doctor who had returned from holiday in northern Italy, and the other a worker from Spain.[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-317)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-318)
On 18 March, the president of the Republic, [Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa "Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa"), declared the entirety of the Portuguese territory in a [state of emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency#Portugal "State of emergency") for the following fifteen days, with the possibility of renewal, the first since the [Carnation Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution "Carnation Revolution") in 1974.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-319)
On 24 March, the Portuguese government admitted that they could not contain the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") anymore, as it is wide spreading and will enter the 'Mitigation Phase' on 26 March.[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-320)
Cases reached 10,000 in April, 100,000 in October and 300,000 in December.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania"), a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), began on 26 February 2020 when the first case of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (SARS-CoV-2) in Romania was confirmed in [Gorj County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorj_County "Gorj County") was confirmed.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_:52-321)
As of 31 January 2022, the National Institute of Public Health reported around 2,200,000 cases, 1,800,000 recoveries, and 60,000 COVID-19-related deaths.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_MAI_Romania-322) More than 11.7 million [RT-PCR tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_transcription_polymerase_chain_reaction "Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction") and more than 7.3 million [rapid antigen tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_antigen_test "Rapid antigen test") were processed.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_MAI_Romania-322)
An [anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania"), part of a global effort to slow down the spread of the virus, started on 27 December 2020. As of 27 January 2022, over 50% of the country's eligible population had received at least one dose of the [COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") as part of an ongoing [national vaccination campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania").[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania_tvr-323)
As of 21 January 2023, 16,102,916 COVID-19 vaccine doses had been administered in Romania.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-324)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Kommunarka_hospital1.jpg)
Russian president [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") visits coronavirus patients at the [City Clinical Hospital No. 40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Clinical_Hospital_No._40_\(Moscow\) "City Clinical Hospital No. 40 (Moscow)") in [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") on 24 March
Russia implemented early preventive measures to curb the spread of COVID-19 in the country by imposing quarantines, carrying raids on potential virus carriers and using modern facial recognition technologies to impose quarantine measures.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Reuters-2020-325)
On 2 March, [Western Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia "European Russia") confirmed its first case in [Moscow Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast "Moscow Oblast").[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-moscow.1-326)[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-327) Previously on 31 January Russia confirmed first two cases in its [Asian part](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Russia "Asian Russia"), one in [Tyumen Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast "Tyumen Oblast") and another in [Zabaykalsky Krai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai "Zabaykalsky Krai"). Both were Chinese nationals, who have since recovered.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-328)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Reuters-2020-325)
On 7 March, four new cases were confirmed, three was in [Lipetsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipetsk "Lipetsk") and one in [Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg "Saint Petersburg"). All people visited Italy in the previous two weeks.[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-329)
On 8 March, three news cases were confirmed, in [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast "Moscow Oblast"), [Belgorod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast "Belgorod Oblast") and [Kaliningrad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast "Kaliningrad Oblast") Oblasts. All people returned from Italy.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-330)
On 10 March, Moscow Mayor [Sergey Sobyanin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin "Sergey Sobyanin") signed a decree for banning mass events in Moscow with more than 5000 participants from 10 March to 10 April.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-331)
By 15 April, cases were confirmed in all of Western Russia's [federal subjects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects "Federal subjects") with the confirmation of the first case in [Nenets Autonomous Okrug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug "Nenets Autonomous Okrug").
On 27 February, San Marino confirmed its first case, an 88-year-old man with pre-existing medical conditions, who came from Italy. He was hospitalised at a hospital in [Rimini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimini "Rimini"), Italy.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-332) As of 25 March 2020: With 700 confirmed cases out of a population of 33,344 (as of 2018), it is the country with the highest percentage of confirmed cases per capita at 2.1% – 1 confirmed case per 48 inhabitants.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-sm-333) Also, with 42 confirmed deaths, the country has the highest rate of confirmed deaths per capita at 0.126% of the total population – 1 death per 794 inhabitants.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-sm-333)
Disinfection of housing in Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic
On 29 February, a massive infection occurred in the town of [Valjevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valjevo "Valjevo") after a private party involving a guest from Austria who had previously stayed in Italy.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-334) On 6 March, the first case was confirmed in Serbia by Minister of Health [Zlatibor Lončar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatibor_Lon%C4%8Dar "Zlatibor Lončar"),[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-335) of a man who had traveled to [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest "Budapest").[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-336) President Aleksandar Vucic and the Government of the Republic of Serbia introduced a state of emergency on 15 March. Two days later, curfew and quarantine were introduced as safeguards against massive infection.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berg_a_DNV_-_49655368166.jpg)
A queue of cars and trucks waiting to cross the Slovak border on 13 March
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koronav%C3%ADrus_-_Bratislavsk%C3%BD_samospr%C3%A1vny_kraj_\(49669583963\).jpg)
People in [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava") wearing masks on 16 March
On 6 March, Slovakia confirmed its first case, a 52-year-old man from a small village near [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava "Bratislava"). He had not travelled anywhere in recent weeks but his son, who didn't show any symptoms, had visited [Venice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice "Venice").[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-337) On 7 March, the virus was also confirmed in his wife and son.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-338)
In October 2020, Slovakia started implementation of a short-period mass-testing programme to [test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") two-thirds of its citizens for COVID-19.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-339)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-340)
On 4 March Slovenia confirmed its first case. A patient of about 60 years of age had returned from Morocco few days earlier (via Italy) and was admitted to a hospital in [Ljubljana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana "Ljubljana").[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-341)[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-342)
On 6 March, a total of eight cases were reported, three of them medical professionals, who contracted the virus on holiday in Italy. By 9 March 16 people were confirmed to be infected.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Televisions_Coronavirus_Hospital.jpg)
Television cameras covering the first coronavirus cases in a hospital in [Valencia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia "Valencia")
On 31 January, Spain confirmed its first case, in the [Canary Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Islands "Canary Islands") of [La Gomera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gomera "La Gomera"). A tourist from Germany tested positive and was admitted to [University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Universitario_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Candelaria "Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria").[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Linde-2020-343)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-344)[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-345)\[*[non-primary source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] On 19 February, 2,500 football fans from Valencia attended a Champions League game in Bergamo, the hot spot of [the outbreak in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy").[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-guard-346)
On 24 February, a medical doctor from [Lombardy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy "Lombardy"), Italy who was vacationing in [Tenerife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenerife "Tenerife"), tested positive at the [University Hospital of the Nuestra Señora de Candelaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Universitario_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Candelaria "Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria") in Spain.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-la_Repubblica-2020-347)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-348) Afterwards, multiple cases were detected in Tenerife involving people who had come in contact with the doctor. Other cases involving individuals who visited Italy were also discovered on Spanish mainland.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-349)
On Saturday 14 March, the Spanish government imposed a nationwide quarantine, banned all trips that are not necessary and announced that companies may be intervened to guarantee supplies.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-350)[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-351) However, with universities and schools closed earlier that week, bars and parks were full, and due to slow enactment "part of the population of Madrid and other cities had dispersed across the country".[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-guard-346) As of 17 March 2020, there had been 11,826 confirmed cases with 1,028 recoveries and 533 deaths in Spain.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-rtve1-352)
On 28 March, the Spanish government tightened up its national lockdown, ordering all non-essential workers to stay at home for the next two weeks.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-353) Nearly 900,000 workers lost their jobs in Spain since it went into lockdown in mid-March 2020.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-354) Public transport has also been greatly affected by the lockdowns and the severe restrictions established by the government. The relationship between the users who have continued using the urban bus and the characteristics of the stop's surroundings have been analysed.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-355)
On 10 January 2022, [Spanish Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Prime_Minister "Spanish Prime Minister") [Pedro Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez "Pedro Sánchez") initiated a debate in the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") to treat COVID-19 as an "endemic illness" rather than a pandemic. He suggested a move towards a flu-like monitoring system amid falling death rates and hospitalisations on the European continent.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-356)
On 31 January, Sweden confirmed its first case. A woman in her 20s, who had visited Wuhan, tested positive and was admitted at Ryhov County Hospital in [Jönköping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping "Jönköping").[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-357)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-358)
On 26 February, following [the outbreak in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") and [in Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran"), infection clusters originating from these two countries appeared in Sweden.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-359) A number of individuals in [Västra Götaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_County "Västra Götaland County"), [Jönköping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6nk%C3%B6ping "Jönköping"), Stockholm and [Uppsala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppsala "Uppsala") tested positive and were admitted to the infectious disease units in the respective counties.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-folkhalso-2020-360)
The country's first fatality came on 11 March, that of a man in Stockholm over 60 who had other illnesses prior to infection.
As of 12 March, national testing strategy shifted to only the elderly, the severely ill, and healthcare personnel. The official recommendation for symptoms that were not serious, as of 13 March, was to stay at home and not visit healthcare. This has led to statistics becoming less useful.[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-361)
As of 14 March 924 people were reported as having become infected. The [Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Foreign_Affairs_\(Sweden\) "Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)") made the [recommendation to refrain from unnecessary travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_warning "Travel warning") to all countries.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 22 January 2021 the [Ministry of Justice of Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_\(Sweden\) "Ministry of Justice (Sweden)") implemented travel bans from Denmark and the United Kingdom due to the [mutation of SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant").[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-362)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19-Massnahmen_der_Migros.png)
Supermarket with some empty shelves and restricted access to non-vital items
On 25 February, following [the outbreak in Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy"), Switzerland confirmed its first case, a 70-year-old man in the Italian-speaking [canton of Ticino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Ticino "Canton of Ticino"), who had previously visited Milan.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Switzerland_de2-363)[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Switzerland_Ticinto-364) Afterwards, multiple cases related to the Italy clusters were discovered in multiple cantons including Basel-City, Zürich and Graubünden.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-365)[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-366)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-367) Multiple isolated cases not related to the Italian clusters were also confirmed.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-368)
On 28 February, the Federal Council announced an immediate ban on all events with more than 1,000 participants.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-369)
As of 10 March, there were 500 confirmed cases in Switzerland.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-370) On 16 March 2020, the Federal Council announced[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-371) further measures, and a revised ordinance.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Bag_Ch-372) Measures include the closure of bars, shops and other gathering places until 19 April, but leaves open certain essentials, such as grocery stores, pharmacies, (a reduced) public transport and the postal service.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fopch-373) Those measures were prolonged until 26 April 2020.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fopch-373)
On 23 December, following an unexpectedly quick authorization by [Swissmedic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swissmedic "Swissmedic") of the [Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine"), the vaccination campaign was launched in several cantons. A 90-year-old woman from the [Lucerne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucerne "Lucerne") region became the first vaccinated patient in continental Europe outside Russia.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-374)[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-375) All cantons are expected to start vaccinating by 11 January 2021.
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") is part of the ongoing [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2).
The first case in [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") was recorded on 11 March, when a local returned home[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-second-377) from a trip to Europe.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_loc0324-378) The first death due to COVID-19 in the country occurred on 15 March.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_loc0324-378) [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") stood out from the rest of Europe by not ordering a legal [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns")[\[note 2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-fifth-379)[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380) until April 2021, when the country enacted its first nationwide restrictions.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_:0-381) The government kept many businesses open, and allowed companies to set their own guidelines for workers.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380)
The [Turkish health system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Turkey "Health care in Turkey")[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380) has the highest number of [intensive care units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit")[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_balkan-382) in the world at 46.5 beds per 100,000 people (compared to 9.6 in Greece, 11.6 in France, and 12.6 in Italy). As of 3 May 2021, Turkey's observed [case-fatality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") stood at 0.84%, the 148th highest rate globally.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_casemortalityk-383)[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_fatalitydata-384) This low [case-fatality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") has generated various explanations, including the relative rarity of [nursing homes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home "Nursing home"),[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econnursing-385) favorable demographics,[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econdemograph-386) a long legacy of [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing"),[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_natgeo-387) the high number of [intensive care units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit"),[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_younger-388) [universal health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care "Universal health care"),[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_natgeo-387) and a lockdown regime that led to a higher proportion of positive cases among working-age adults.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_econ-380) But according to an August 2020 academic study by *[The International Journal of Health Planning and Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Health_Planning_and_Management "International Journal of Health Planning and Management")*, the [government of Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Turkey "Government of Turkey") has been underreporting COVID-19 statistics.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-389)
On 30 September 2020, Turkish Minister of Health [Fahrettin Koca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca "Fahrettin Koca") acknowledged that since 29 July, the reported number of cases was limited to symptomatic cases that required monitoring, which was met with rebuke by the [Turkish Medical Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Medical_Association "Turkish Medical Association").[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_tallyft-390) This practice ended on 25 November, when the ministry started to report asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases alongside symptomatic ones.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_tallyft-390)
The [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") in Ukraine has resulted in 5,555,243[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) confirmed cases of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and 109,937[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-151) deaths.
The virus was confirmed to have spread to [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine") when the country's first case was confirmed to be hospitalized in [Chernivtsi Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast "Chernivtsi Oblast") on 3 March 2020,[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-391) a man who had travelled from Italy to [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") by plane and then arrived in Ukraine by car.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_reuters.1-392) An emergency was declared on 20 March 2020 in [Kyiv Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast "Kyiv Oblast"), [Chernivtsi Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi_Oblast "Chernivtsi Oblast"), [Zhytomyr Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast "Zhytomyr Oblast"), [Dnipropetrovsk Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast "Dnipropetrovsk Oblast"), [Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast "Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast"), and the city of [Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv").[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-393) New infections and deaths started to break records by late October 2021.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_BloombergIDvacUkr-394)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-covid-record-deaths/31529744-395) By then, a total of 2.8 million coronavirus cases and 64,936 COVID-19 related deaths had occurred in Ukraine.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-covid-record-deaths/31529744-395)
[Ukraine's ongoing vaccination program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine")[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_248867CovVacUkr-396) started on 24 February 2021 and from that day to 12 September 2021, 10,710,944 vaccinations were given in Ukraine (meaning 18% of the adult population of Ukraine had been vaccinated against COVID-19).[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19U7306926-397) About 44% of those vaccinated had been fully vaccinated.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19U7306411-398)[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19Ukr245888-399) In an August 2021 poll 56% of Ukrainians did not plan to be vaccinated.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_COVID19Ukr245888-399) Demand for vaccinations multiplied sharply by late October 2021.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_BloombergIDvacUkr-394)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-covid-record-deaths/31529744-395) On 7 January 2022 the [Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_\(Ukraine\) "Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)") announced that 44.9% of the adult population had undergone a full course of vaccination.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_covid19Ukrfv3381435-400)
Statistics for the Russian-held [Autonomous Republic of Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea "Autonomous Republic of Crimea") and city of [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol "Sevastopol"), and for the unrecognized [Donetsk People's Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic "Donetsk People's Republic") and [Luhansk People's Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic "Luhansk People's Republic") in eastern Ukraine, are not reported by Ukraine's state agencies, and are not included in the country's totals.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-401)
Since the start of the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine"), the [Ukrainian Ministry of Healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Healthcare_\(Ukraine\) "Ministry of Healthcare (Ukraine)") has made no further press releases related to COVID-19, and the latest counts were for 23 February 2022.[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-402) As a result, daily counts are displayed in various diagrams as zero. In late May 2022, Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ihor Kuzin stated that since the beginning of the invasion, more than 750 studies had been conducted and that COVID-19 outbreaks were not expected in Ukraine in the near future.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_248695CovUkr-403) On 1 July 2023, the Ministry downgraded the disease's alert levels to that of regular respiratory diseases and lifted all emergency measures relating to it.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine_end-404)
Mark Drakeford, First Minister at the [Welsh Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Government "Welsh Government") in one of his daily briefings.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC05657_\(49675594013\).jpg)
Man in London wearing a face mask on 19 March
In December 2019, Peter Attwood, an 84-year-old from [Chatham, Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham,_Kent "Chatham, Kent"), England, developed an unexplained respiratory illness. His symptoms worsened and he was admitted to [Medway Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway_Maritime_Hospital "Medway Maritime Hospital") on 7 January 2020 and remained in hospital until his death on 30 January 2020. A follow-up pathology test of lung tissue taken during Peter's post-mortem examination showed he had had COVID-19 at the time of his death. Attwood would appear to be the first known UK casualty of SARS-CoV-2.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
On 31 January 2020, England confirmed the first two cases, both members of a family of Chinese nationals staying in a hotel in [York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York "York") who were taken to specialist facilities in [Newcastle upon Tyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne").[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-405) Afterwards, several confirmed cases were detected across the UK.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-406)[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EveningStandard-407)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-408) The UK government implemented preventive measures to curb the spread of infections which included [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing"), isolation and testing, some of which were related to the Italy clusters.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-BBC26Feb2020-409)[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-BBC24Jan2020-410)[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-411) The [NHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS "NHS") set up drive-through screening centres at several hospitals to test members of the public showing symptoms.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-412)[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-413)
On 2 March, Ministers approved the [Department of Health and Social Care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care "Department of Health and Social Care") COVID-19 action plan,[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-414) which sets out actions to date, future measures, cooperation between devolved political and health authorities, and the level of preparedness of the country's four National Health Services. It outlined the government's objectives to deploy phased actions to contain, delay, and mitigate any outbreak, using research to inform policy development.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-415)
On 23 March, it was announced that the UK would be entering a nationwide lockdown. The public were advised to stay at home except for essential shopping and one hour of exercise a day. These measures came into effect on 26 March and lasted until 1 June when measures were eased allowing early years pupils and exams students to return to school in a limited capacity. These measures are further eased on 15 June when retail and attractions were able to open for the first time since March.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-416)
On 25 March, the UK Parliament legislated to provide the government and authorities with emergency powers to handle the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the power to restrict public gatherings, order businesses to close, and the ability to detain those suspected of having the virus.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-417) The [Coronavirus Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Act_2020 "Coronavirus Act 2020") received [Royal Assent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Assent "Royal Assent") on 25 March and came into force on the same day.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-418)
On 5 April, the [prime minister of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime minister of the United Kingdom") [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") was admitted to hospital after testing positive to COVID-19 10 days earlier.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-419) He was admitted into [intensive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") the following night, when his symptoms further worsened.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-420) He left hospital on 12 April.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Mason-12Apr2020-421)
The [NHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service") was given access to emergency supplies of PPE and patients that did not need to remain in hospital were moved to residential care homes if needed. However, there was no need for a negative COVID-19 test before patients were transferred to these settings, this was only required from 15 April. On 15 May, the government approved the first social care specific legislation that helped to ensure that staff had access to adequate PPE and protect both those working and living in care homes.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Daly_2020-422)
As of 6 May, the total of confirmed cases was 201,101; the total of recorded deaths in all settings was 30,076, the highest in Europe and second highest in all the countries after the United States. It is estimated that care home residents accounted for 30–40% of these deaths, with social care workers being twice as likely to die from COVID-19 as the general population.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Daly_2020-422) However, the death toll did not continue to increase throughout the summer, and Brazil and Mexico now have more deaths as of 1 August 2020.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-423)
During August and September, the number of infections per day began to increase significantly although the death rate remained fairly low. Boris Johnson announced changes to restrictions on 22 September which included forcing pubs, bars and restaurants to close by 10 pm in England and the so-called rule of six saying no more than six people should meet. In October, Scotland's first minister declared new restrictions it meant that some areas of the country those like Edinburgh had to close bars, pubs and go back to doing self-service. Northern Ireland's executive that also have control over health policy tightened restrictions to make them close to a lockdown as did Wales announced by Welsh first minister. It also emerged that Boris Johnson had been advised by SAGE committee of scientists to have a short lockdown back on 21 September. Johnson subsequently introduced a three-tier system of restrictions [Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool "Liverpool") was put under the top tier meaning tougher restrictions but falling short of a full lockdown. The UK has since recorded over 40,000 deaths.
On 5 November, the UK had to enter a second national lockdown due to the rising number of cases and hospitalisations.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-424) Following the end of this lockdown on 2 December case numbers began to rise again and over 70,000 deaths have been recorded in relation to COVID-19 as of 11 December 2020.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-425) On 4 January 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson addressed the nation announcing a third lockdown.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-426) The UK went into Lockdown that day due to rapidly increasing numbers of cases and deaths caused by a new more infectious variant of COVID-19 spreading around the UK.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-427)
The UK has begun to vaccinate its population against COVID-19. The first vaccine, the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19, was approved for use in the UK on 2 December 2020,[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-428) the first of the 800,000 immediately available doses was administered on 8 December.[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-429) The second vaccine approved for use in the UK was the Oxford University/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, which was approved for use on 30 December 2020,[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-430) with the first dose of this vaccine given on 4 January 2021.[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-431) A third vaccine, the Moderna vaccine, was approved for use in the UK on 8 January 2021,[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-432) and the first dose was administered in Wales on 6 April.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-433)
The [COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") was a part of the [worldwide pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") of [coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019 "Coronavirus disease 2019") (COVID-19) caused by [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARS-CoV-2). The [Holy See](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See "Holy See") reported the first case of infection in [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City "Vatican City") on 7 March 2020.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-434) Unlike other jurisdictions that report cases within a given territory or cases of residents or citizens of a territory, the Holy See reports on cases "in Vatican City State and among the employees of the Holy See" regardless of location of testing, treatment, or residence.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_ninth-435) There were 29 confirmed cases of COVID-19 among the Vatican's residents and employees; there were no associated deaths.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_twelfth-436) The 29 cases included 10 employees, 1 new hire, and 1 resident of Vatican City.[\[note 3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-437) All those infected tested negative by 6 June 2020.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_pr06062020-438) An outbreak among members of the Holy See's [Swiss Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Guard "Swiss Guard") was reported in mid-October, totaling 11 as of October 15.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_auto-439)
In late February 2020, [Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis "Pope Francis") became ill with symptoms of a [cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold"), but tested negative for COVID-19.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-440) It was announced on January 14, 2021, that both he and [Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI "Pope Benedict XVI") had received the first dose of a vaccine.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-441) They received their second dose in February.[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City_:0-442)
## Pandemic development graphs
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=56 "Edit section: Pandemic development graphs")\]
### Confirmed cases and deaths by date
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=57 "Edit section: Confirmed cases and deaths by date")\]
Confirmed cases by date
Deaths by date
### Total confirmed cases since first day of the outbreak
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=58 "Edit section: Total confirmed cases since first day of the outbreak")\]
### Growth rates comparison since outbreak
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=59 "Edit section: Growth rates comparison since outbreak")\]
Syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily growth in cases
Syncing the start date to the 10th case, comparing the daily deaths
Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 100th case:
Daily new cases; syncing the start date to the 500th case:
## Response and criticism
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=60 "Edit section: Response and criticism")\]
### Immigrants and refugees
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=61 "Edit section: Immigrants and refugees")\]
The European Union closed borders to non-nationals on 17 March. The next day, Greece imposed restrictions on refugees' movement within camps.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-443) Thousands of asylum seekers are living in crowded camps, and there are fears that pandemic could not be controlled under such conditions. The Greek prime minister K. Mitsotakis said that Europe should do more to help because Greece "cannot resolve this crisis instantly and alone".[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-444) Unnamed Greek officials have stated concerns that Turkey may send infected refugees and migrants towards the islands.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-cnngr-445)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-446)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-447) Early in April Malta and Italy closed their ports to vessels carrying asylum seekers from North Africa.[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-448)
### Computational approach
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=62 "Edit section: Computational approach")\]
The [Exscalate4Cov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exscalate4Cov "Exscalate4Cov") project, founded by the [Horizon 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_2020 "Horizon 2020") program,[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-449) conducted a series of [drug repositioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_repositioning "Drug repositioning") and [virtual screening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_screening "Virtual screening") experiments to evaluate the interactions between known [drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug "Drug") and billions of other [compounds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_compound "Molecular compound") against the [spike protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_protein "Spike protein").[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-:0-450) These experiments utilized [in-silico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_silico_medicine "In silico medicine") computational models.[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-:0-450)
The E4C drug repositioning and in-silico large-scale screening experiments[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-:0-450) on two [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [supercomputers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer "Supercomputer") identified [raloxifene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raloxifene "Raloxifene") as a candidate for treating early-stage COVID-19 patients.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-451)
In early 2021, EU commission chief [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") was criticised for the EU's slow rollout, and she noted that the EU was "late to authorise" and said that ordering vaccines on behalf of member states was "the right thing to do".[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-452) Some countries withheld recommending the [AstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AstraZeneca "AstraZeneca") vaccine due to concerns of blood clots. By 20 June 2021, nearly half the population of the European Union had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccination.[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-453)
In November 2021, a study by the [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control") estimated that 470,000 lives over the age of 60 had been saved since the start of vaccination roll-out in the European region.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-454)
### Herd immunity through infection in Iceland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=64 "Edit section: Herd immunity through infection in Iceland")\]
On 23 February 2022, the Ministry of Health lifted all remaining COVID-19 restrictions, including gathering limits, restricted opening hours for bars, and border restrictions. Adopting a [herd immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity "Herd immunity") approach,[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-455) the ministry stated that "widespread societal resistance to COVID-19 is the main route out of the epidemic", and "to achieve this, as many people as possible need to be infected with the virus as the vaccines are not enough, even though they provide good protection against serious illness".[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-456)
#### Travel bans and border closures
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=66 "Edit section: Travel bans and border closures")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feldkirch-Costums_Meinigen-COVID-19-closed-07ASD.jpg)
Full closure of a bridge over the [Rhine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine "Rhine"), on the border between Austria and Switzerland
Although by 7 March some European politicians such as France's [Marine Le Pen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen "Marine Le Pen") had called for Europe's internal borders to be temporarily closed,[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-457) the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") by 13 March continued to reject the idea of suspending the [Schengen free travel area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area "Schengen Area") and introducing border controls with Italy.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-458)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-dw-schengen-459)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-460)[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-461)[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-462) The deputy leader of the Swiss [Ticino League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticino_League "Ticino League"), Lorenzo Quadri, by 29 February had criticised the decision, saying, "It is alarming that the dogma of wide-open borders is considered a priority."[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-463) United States president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") said by 12 March the European Union had "failed to take the same precautions and restrict travel from China and other hot spots" as the US had implemented.[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-464) Trump also said that "As a result a large number of new clusters in the United States were seeded by travellers from Europe."[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-465) Research on [coronavirus genomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") came from European travelers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-466)
By 9 March, Czech prime minister [Andrej Babiš](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1 "Andrej Babiš") stated that "European countries cannot ban the entry of Italian citizens within the Schengen area. The only possible way is to have the Italian prime minister call on his fellow citizens to refrain from traveling to other countries of the European Union."[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-467)
After Slovakia, Denmark, the Czech Republic and Poland announced complete closure of their national borders, the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") President [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") said by 12 March that "Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not seen as being the most effective by the World Health Organization. Moreover, they have a strong social and economic impact, they disrupt people's lives and business across the borders."[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-468) European Union leaders condemned the US decision to restrict travel from Europe to the United States. [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council") President [Charles Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel "Charles Michel") and Ursula von der Leyen said in a joint statement: "The European Union disapproves of the fact that the US decision to impose a travel ban was taken unilaterally and without consultation."[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-469) Ursula von der Leyen admitted by 17 March that "all of us who are not experts initially underestimated the coronavirus."[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-470)
As of 22 February 2021, the UK has banned direct flights from 33 countries, including Portugal, South Africa, Peru and the United Arab Emirates. All travelers entering the UK via indirect flights have been ordered to quarantine in a designated hotel for 10 days.[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-471) Since passengers coming from high-risk countries with South African virus's mutant (like the UAE and South Africa) are mixing with other travellers before reaching their accommodation, this travel ban is being criticised extensively.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-472)
The Italian government has criticised EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-473)[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-474)[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-475) *Politico* reported on 7 March that "EU countries have so far refused Italy's plea for help fighting coronavirus, as national capitals worry that they may need to stockpile face masks and other medical gear to help their own citizens, officials and diplomats said."[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-476) Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, said that "Only China responded bilaterally. Certainly, this is not a good sign of European solidarity."[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-politico-corona-477) Serbian president [Aleksandar Vučić](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87 "Aleksandar Vučić") said that "European solidarity does not exist. That was a fairy tale."[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-politico-corona-477)
Eventually, in July 2020 the [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council") agreed to a massive recovery fund of 750 billion € branded [Next Generation EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_EU "Next Generation EU") (NGEU) to support member states hit by the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"). The NGEU fund goes over the years 2021 – 2023 and will be tied to the [2021–2027 budget of the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiannual_Financial_Framework#2021_and_Onwards "Multiannual Financial Framework") (MFF). The comprehensive packages of NGEU and MFF will reach the size of 1824.3 Billion €.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-478)
In response to the pandemic, the European Investment Bank Group is establishing a €25 billion Pan-European Guarantee fund. It is projected that the guarantee fund would raise up to €200 billion.[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EIB-2021-479)[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-480) The EIB Group signed a new EUR 8.6 billion assistance agreement for its pandemic response programs in 2022. Since pandemic recovery has been slowed down, the allocation time for the guarantee goods under the pan-European Guarantee Fund (EGF), which was introduced in 2020, was extended until the end of 2022.[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-EIB-2023-481)
#### Reaction time of Spain
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=68 "Edit section: Reaction time of Spain")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reivindicaciones_8M_\(49637966373\).jpg)
[International Women's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day "International Women's Day") march in Mérida, Spain, 8 March[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-482)
According to *The Guardian*, Spain's initially slow response to COVID-19 caused the epidemic to become severe even though it did not share a land border with Italy or other severely affected countries.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-guard-346) An analysis in *[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)")* hypothesised that the minority government did not want to risk its hold on power by banning large gatherings early; Prime Minister [Pedro Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez "Pedro Sánchez") initially defended his decision to allow large gatherings to continue.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-Vox-483)
#### Military exercises during pandemic
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=69 "Edit section: Military exercises during pandemic")\]
The planned [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") "[Defender 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_exercises "List of NATO exercises")" military exercise in Germany, Poland, and the Baltic states,[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-484) the largest NATO war manoeuvres since the end of the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), was to be held on a reduced scale because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-485)
#### Restrictions on civil liberties
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=70 "Edit section: Restrictions on civil liberties")\]
There was concern that measures taken by some national governments on occasion of the COVID-19 pandemic would have the aim or effect of restricting democracy and civil liberties and rights.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-486) In Hungary, prime minister [Viktor Orbán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n "Viktor Orbán") acquired near absolute powers through such legislation on 3 April.[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-487)
#### Use of scientific advice
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe&action=edit§ion=71 "Edit section: Use of scientific advice")\]
The [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s [Chief Scientific Advisors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Advice_Mechanism#Group_of_Chief_Scientific_Advisors "Scientific Advice Mechanism") issued a statement on 24 June 2020, providing guidance for how scientific advice should be given and interpreted during the pandemic. One key point made by the Advisors was that scientists must be clearer about the degree of uncertainty that characterises the evolving evidence on which their advice is based, for instance around the use of face-masks. They also emphasised that scientific advice must be separated from decision-making, and this separation must be made clear by politicians.[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-488)
In April 2021, the leaders of the Society for Aerosol Research warned the debate on COVID-19 measures does not reflect current scientific knowledge. They said protection against infection must take place above all where people spend time indoors, because "the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 viruses takes place almost without exception indoors."[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-489)
[Romani people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people "Romani people") were hit hard by the pandemic.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-490)
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-second_377-0)** Data Protection Law number 6698[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_lex-376) precludes the [Turkish Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Turkey\) "Ministry of Health (Turkey)") from disclosing sensitive patient health information, interpreted broadly to include location during the pandemic.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-fifth_379-0)** Turkey's Article 11/C of the Law on Public Health authorizes only provinces to order quarantines, for a maximum period of 15 days. The national government is barred by the constitution from ordering lockdowns.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_note-COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey_loc0324-378)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-437)** Unlike other governments, the [Holy See Press Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office "Holy See Press Office") reports on diagnoses and status of its employees, not only cases within its jurisdiction. Its announcements are generally imprecise as to the nationality and residence of the cases it reports. One was identified as a resident of Vatican City. Another was diagnosed and is being treated in an Italian location that is neither Vatican City nor Rome.
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-20200130cdc_1-0)**
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John P. A. Ioannidis (26 March 2022). ["The end of the COVID-19 pandemic"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9111437). *[European Journal of Clinical Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Clinical_Investigation "European Journal of Clinical Investigation")*. **52** (2) e13782. [Wiley Online Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_\(publisher\) "Wiley (publisher)"). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/eci.13782](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feci.13782). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [9111437](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9111437). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [35342941](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35342941).
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Saglietto, Andrea; D'Ascenzo, Fabrizio; Zoccai, Giuseppe Biondi; Ferrari, Gaetano Maria De (4 April 2020). ["COVID-19 in Europe: the Italian lesson"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118630). *The Lancet*. **395** (10230): 1110–1111\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0140-6736(20)30690-5](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2820%2930690-5). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0140-6736](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7118630](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118630). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32220279](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32220279).
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-7)**
Nebehay, Stephanie (13 March 2020). ["Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who/europe-is-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic-who-idUSKBN2102Q0). *Reuters*. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
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Henley, Jon (18 March 2020). ["More than 250m in lockdown in EU as Belgium and Germany adopt measures"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200401085742/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/18/coronavirus-lockdown-eu-belgium-germany-adopt-measures) from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
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15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-EIB-2022a_15-0)**
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Gadioli, Davide; Vitali, Emanuele; Ficarelli, Federico; Latini, Chiara; Manelfi, Candida; Talarico, Carmine; Silvano, Cristina; Cavazzoni, Carlo; Palermo, Gianluca; Beccari, Andrea Rosario (1 January 2023). "EXSCALATE: An Extreme-Scale Virtual Screening Platform for Drug Discovery Targeting Polypharmacology to Fight SARS-CoV-2". *IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing*. **11** (1): 170–181\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2023ITETC..11..170G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ITETC..11..170G). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1109/TETC.2022.3187134](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTETC.2022.3187134). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[11311/1234144](https://hdl.handle.net/11311%2F1234144). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2168-6750](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-6750).
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477. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-482)**
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485. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe#cite_ref-490)** [The impact of the coronavirus crisis on Roma and Travellers](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2021/690524/EPRS_ATA\(2021\)690524_EN.pdf)
- [WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)](https://covid19.who.int/)
- [Worldwide Coronavirus Map, confirmed Cases](https://corona.arrangy.com/) – Map the route paths of coronavirus confirmed cases.
- [ncov – CSSE](https://systems.jhu.edu/research/public-health/ncov/) – Map of the expansion of the virus in Europe and in the world | |||||||||||||||
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