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| Boilerpipe Text | COVID-19 pandemic
Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an
intensive care unit
in
SĂŁo Paulo
in May 2020
Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population
as of 20 December 2023
Cases per capita
Cumulative percentage of population infected
as of 19 March 2022
Â
 >10%
Â
 3â10%
Â
 1â3%
Â
 0.3â1%
Â
 0.1â0.3%
Â
 0.03â0.1%
Â
 0â0.03%
Â
 None or no data
Disease
Coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19)
Virus strain
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2
(SARSâCoVâ2)
Source
Bats
[
1
]
(indirectly)
[
2
]
Location
Worldwide
Index case
Wuhan
, China
30°37â˛11âłN
114°15â˛28âłE
ďťż / ďťż
30.61972°N 114.25778°E
1 December 2019
(6Â years, 4Â months and 2Â days ago)
Dates
Described as a pandemic by the
WHO
: 11 March 2020 (6Â years ago)
[
3
]
Public health emergency of international concern
: 30 January 2020 â 5 May 2023 (3Â years, 3Â months and 5Â days)
[
4
]
Confirmed cases
779,056,637
[
5
]
[
6
]
Suspected cases
âĄ
Far higher (>70% of the world population, by the end of 2022)
[
7
]
[
8
]
Deaths
7,111,504
[
5
]
(reported)
18.2â33.5Â million
[
9
]
(estimated)
Fatality rate
As of 10 March 2023:
1.02%
[
10
]
âĄ
Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.
The global
COVID-19 pandemic
(also known as the
coronavirus pandemic
), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (
SARS-CoV-2
), began with an outbreak in
Wuhan
, China, in December 2019. It spread to other parts of Asia and
then worldwide
in early 2020. The
World Health Organization
(WHO) declared the outbreak a
public health emergency of international concern
(PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed it as having become a
pandemic
on 11 March.
[
3
]
The WHO declared that the public health emergency caused by COVID-19 had ended in May 2023.
[
4
]
COVID-19 symptoms
range from
asymptomatic
to deadly, but most commonly include fever,
sore throat
,
nocturnal cough
, and fatigue.
Transmission of the virus
is often
through airborne particles
. Mutations have
produced many strains
(variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and
virulence
.
[
11
]
COVID-19 vaccines
were developed rapidly and
deployed
to the general public beginning in December 2020, made available through government and
international
programmes such as
COVAX
, aiming to provide
vaccine equity
.
Treatments
include
novel antiviral drugs
and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included
travel restrictions
,
lockdowns
, business restrictions and closures,
workplace hazard controls
,
mask mandates
, quarantines,
testing
systems, and
contact tracing
of the infected.
The pandemic caused severe
social
and
economic disruption
around the world, including
the largest global recession
since the
Great Depression
.
[
12
]
Widespread supply shortages
, including
food shortages
, were caused by
supply chain disruptions
and
panic buying
. Reduced human activity led to an
unprecedented temporary decrease in pollution
. Educational institutions and public areas were partially or fully
closed in many jurisdictions
, and many events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021.
Telework
became much more common for
white-collar workers
as the pandemic evolved.
Misinformation circulated
through social media and occasionally through mass media, and
political tensions intensified
. The pandemic raised issues of
racial and geographic discrimination
,
health equity
, and the balance between
public health
imperatives and
individual rights
.
The disease has continued to circulate since 2023. By 2025, experts generally believed the pandemic to be over, having transitioned into the
endemic phase
.
[
13
]
[
14
]
Different definitions of pandemics lead to different determinations of when they end.
[
15
]
[
16
]
As of 3 April 2026, COVID-19 has caused 7,111,504
[
5
]
confirmed deaths, and 18.2 to 33.5
Â
million estimated deaths.
[
9
]
The pandemic was the fifth-
deadliest pandemic or epidemic in history
.
Terminology
Chinese medics in
Huanggang
, Hubei, in 2020
Pandemic
In
epidemiology
, a
pandemic
is defined as "an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people". During the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other pandemics, the meaning of this term has been challenged.
[
17
]
The end of a pandemic or other epidemic only rarely involves the total disappearance of a disease, and historically, much less attention has been given to defining the ends of epidemics than their beginnings. The ends of particular epidemics have been defined in a variety of ways, differing according to academic field, and differently based on location and social group. An epidemic's end can be considered a social phenomenon, not just a biological one.
[
16
]
Time
reported in March 2024 that expert opinions differ on whether or not COVID-19 is currently considered endemic or pandemic, and that the WHO continued to call the disease a pandemic on its website.
[
15
]
Virus names
During
the initial outbreak
in
Wuhan
, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",
[
18
]
"the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak",
[
19
]
with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan
pneumonia
".
[
20
]
[
21
]
In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV
[
22
]
and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease
[
23
]
as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent
social stigma
.
[
24
]
WHO finalised the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020.
[
25
]
WHO Director-General
Tedros Ghebreyesus
explained: CO
Â
for
corona
, VI
Â
for
virus
, D
Â
for
disease
and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).
[
26
]
WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.
[
25
]
WHO named
variants of concern
and
variants of interest
using
Greek letters
. The initial practice of naming them according to where the variants were identified (e.g.
Delta
began as the "Indian variant") is no longer common.
[
27
]
A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's
PANGO lineage
(e.g.,
Omicron
's lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants.
[
28
]
[
29
]
Epidemiology
Background
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to
bat coronaviruses
,
[
30
]
pangolin
coronaviruses,
[
31
]
[
32
]
and
SARS-CoV
.
[
33
]
The first known
outbreak
(the
2019â2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China
) started in
Wuhan
, Hubei, China, in December 2019.
[
34
]
Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the
Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market
there,
[
35
]
[
36
]
[
37
]
but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.
[
38
]
[
39
]
Molecular clock
analysis suggests that the first cases were likely to have been between October and November 2019.
[
40
]
The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a
zoonotic
origin, from bats or another closely related mammal.
[
38
]
[
41
]
[
42
]
While other explanations such as speculations that SARS-CoV-2 was accidentally
released from a laboratory
have been proposed,
[
43
]
[
44
]
[
45
]
as of 2021 these were not sufficiently supported by evidence.
[
46
]
Cases
Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been
tested for COVID-19
and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.
[
47
]
[
48
]
Due to the effect of
sampling bias
, studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from a random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts.
[
49
]
[
50
]
Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.
[
51
]
[
52
]
The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity,
complications of diabetes
, anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.
[
53
]
During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was not clear whether young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.
[
54
]
A retrospective
cohort study
in China found that
children
and adults were just as likely to be infected.
[
55
]
Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the top six countries in 2022
Among more thorough studies,
preliminary results
from 9 April 2020 found that in
Gangelt
, the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 per cent of a population sample tested positive for
antibodies
.
[
56
]
Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women
in New York City
, and
blood donors
in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.
[
57
]
[
58
]
Seroprevalence
-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.
[
59
]
Initial estimates of the
basic reproduction number
(R
0
) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5,
[
60
]
but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent
confidence interval
of 3.8 to 8.9).
[
61
]
In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28
Â
December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.
[
62
]
As of 14 April 2022
, over 500Â million cases were confirmed globally.
[
63
]
Most cases are unconfirmed, with the
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions.
[
64
]
[
65
]
Test positivity rate
One measure that public health officials and policymakers have used to monitor the pandemic and guide decision-making is the test positivity rate ("percent positive"). According to Johns Hopkins in 2020, one benchmark for a "too high" per cent positive is 5%, which was used by the WHO in the past.
[
66
]
Deaths
Gravediggers bury the body of a man suspected of having died of COVID-19 in the cemetery of Vila Alpina in eastern
SĂŁo Paulo
, 3 April 2020.
The deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in
Hackensack, New Jersey
, US, in April 2020
Global excess and reported COVID-19 deaths and deaths per 100,000, according to the WHO study
[
67
]
As of 10 March 2023, more than 6.88
Â
million
[
10
]
deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.
[
68
]
These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,
[
69
]
time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.
[
70
]
Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.
[
71
]
Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.
[
72
]
Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.
[
73
]
Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.
[
74
]
Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because
excess mortality
(the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.
[
75
]
Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 18.2 to 33.5Â million (â27.4Â million) by 18 November 2023 by
The Economist
,
[
9
]
[
75
]
as well as over 18.5Â million by 1 April 2023 by the
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
[
76
]
and â18.2Â million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021, by a comprehensive international study.
[
77
]
Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).
[
78
]
Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.
[
77
]
In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths by the end of 2021 to be 14.9Â million compared to 5.4Â million reported COVID-19 deaths, with the majority of the unreported 9.5Â million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because
people with other conditions could not access medical services
.
[
79
]
[
80
]
A December 2022
WHO
study estimated excess deaths from the pandemic during 2020 and 2021, again concluding â14.8Â million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming and detailing their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like
years of potential life lost
and may make the pandemic 2021's
leading cause of death
.
[
81
]
[
82
]
[
67
]
The time between symptom onset and death ranges from
Â
6 to 41 days, typically about 14Â days.
[
83
]
Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.
[
84
]
[
85
]
Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)
Infection fatality ratio (IFR)
IFR estimate per
age group
[
86
]
Age group
IFR
0â34
0.004%
35â44
0.068%
45â54
0.23%
55â64
0.75%
65â74
2.5%
75â84
8.5%
85â+
28.3%
The
infection fatality ratio
(IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals). It is expressed in percentage points.
[
87
]
Other studies refer to this metric as the
infection fatality risk
.
[
88
]
[
89
]
In November 2020, a review article in
Nature
reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.
[
90
]
IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of â10,000 across the age groups.
[
86
]
For comparison, the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude higher than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and much higher than the risk of dying from
seasonal influenza
.
[
86
]
In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.
[
86
]
There have also been reviews that have compared the fatality rate of this pandemic with prior pandemics, such as MERS-CoV.
[
91
]
For comparison the infection mortality rate of seasonal flu in the United States is 0.1%, which is 13 times lower than COVID-19.
[
92
]
Case fatality ratio (CFR)
Another metric in assessing death rate is the
case fatality ratio
(CFR),
[
a
]
which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals.
[
94
]
Based on
Johns Hopkins University
statistics, the global CFR was
1.02Â percent (6,881,955 deaths for 676,609,955 cases) as of 10 March 2023.
[
10
]
The number varies by region and has generally declined over time.
[
95
]
Disease
Variants
Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as a
variant of concern
(VoC) or a
variant of interest
(VoI). Many of these variants have shared the more infectious
D614G
. As of May 2023, the WHO had downgraded all variants of concern to previously circulating as these were no longer detected in new infections.
[
96
]
[
97
]
Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant (BA.1 â BA.5) were considered separate VoCs by the WHO until they were downgraded in March 2023 as no longer widely circulating.
[
97
]
As of 24 September 2024
, the
variants
of interest as specified by the WHO are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants under monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC.
[
98
]
World Health Organization
video describing how variants proliferate in unvaccinated areas
Variants of concern (past and present)
[
99
]
[
100
]
Name
Lineage
Detected
Countries
Priority
Alpha
B.1.1.7
United Kingdom
190
VoC
Beta
B.1.351
South Africa
140
VoC
Delta
B.1.617.2
India
170
VoC
Gamma
P.1
Brazil
90
VoC
Omicron
B.1.1.529
Botswana
149
VoC
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms
of COVID-19
Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.
[
101
]
[
102
]
Common symptoms include headache,
loss of smell
and
taste
,
nasal congestion
and
runny nose
, cough,
muscle pain
,
sore throat
, fever,
diarrhoea
, and
breathing difficulties
.
[
101
]
People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough,
sputum
, shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
[
103
]
In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders,
loss of taste
combined with
loss of smell
is associated with
COVID-19
and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.
[
104
]
[
105
]
[
106
]
Transmission
The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an
aerosol
) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing.
[
107
]
[
108
]
[
109
]
[
110
]
Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close to other non-infected individuals. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors.
[
107
]
[
111
]
Cause
Illustration of SARS-CoV-2
virion
SARSâCoVâ2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as
coronaviruses
.
[
112
]
It is a
positive-sense single-stranded RNA
(+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.
[
113
]
Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the
common cold
to more severe diseases such as
Middle East respiratory syndrome
(MERS, fatality rate â34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after
229E
,
NL63
,
OC43
,
HKU1
,
MERS-CoV
, and the original
SARS-CoV
.
[
114
]
Diagnosis
A nurse at
McMurdo Station
sets up polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing equipment in September 2020.
The standard method of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a
nucleic acid test
,
[
115
]
which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments.
[
116
]
As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited".
[
117
]
The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a
nasopharyngeal swab
; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.
[
118
]
[
119
]
The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.
[
120
]
Prevention
Common measures implemented to prevent the spread of the virus
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home or spending more time outdoors, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, wearing a mask in public, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.
[
121
]
[
122
]
Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by healthcare authorities to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.
[
123
]
[
124
]
[
125
]
Vaccines
An elderly woman receiving a COVID-19 vaccination in
Slovakia
A COVID-19
vaccine
is intended to provide
acquired immunity
against
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARSâCoVâ2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (
COVID-19
). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of
coronaviruses
causing diseases like
severe acute respiratory syndrome
(SARS) and
Middle East respiratory syndrome
(MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various
vaccine platforms
during early 2020.
[
126
]
The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic and severe illness.
[
127
]
The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19.
[
128
]
[
129
]
As of August 2024, more than 5.6Â billion people had received one or more doses (13.7Â billion in total).
[
130
]
The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used.
[
131
]
According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4Â million to 19.8Â million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.
[
132
]
[
133
]
In 2022, the first recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (the
Novavax vaccine
) was authorised for use in adults in the United Kingdom. It has subsequently received endorsement/authorisation from the WHO, US, European Union, and Australia.
[
134
]
[
135
]
That same year also saw the first inhalable vaccine, developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company
CanSino Biologics
.
[
136
]
High-income countries rapidly bought up vaccines at the start of the pandemic, leading to concerns about
vaccine equity
. By April 2021, one in 500 people in
low and middle-income countries
had been vaccinated, compared with one in four in high-income countries.
[
137
]
Treatment
A critically ill patient receiving invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit of the
Heart Institute, University of SĂŁo Paulo
in July 2020. Due to a shortage of mechanical ventilators, a
bridge ventilator
is being used to automatically actuate a
bag valve mask
.
For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available.
[
138
]
[
139
]
In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral
protease inhibitor
,
Paxlovid
(nirmatrelvir plus the HIV antiviral
ritonavir
), to treat adult patients.
[
140
]
FDA later gave it an EUA.
[
141
]
Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as
paracetamol
or
NSAIDs
to relieve symptoms (fever,
[
142
]
body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest.
[
139
]
[
143
]
Good personal hygiene and a
healthy diet
are also recommended.
[
144
]
Supportive care
in severe cases includes treatment to
relieve symptoms
,
fluid therapy
,
oxygen support
and
prone positioning
, and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.
[
145
]
More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid
dexamethasone
is recommended to reduce mortality.
[
146
]
Noninvasive ventilation
and, ultimately, admission to an
intensive care unit
for
mechanical ventilation
may be required to support breathing.
[
147
]
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
(ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure.
[
148
]
[
149
]
Existing drugs such as
hydroxychloroquine
,
lopinavir/ritonavir
, and
ivermectin
are not recommended by US or European health authorities, as there is no good evidence they have any useful effect.
[
138
]
[
150
]
[
151
]
The antiviral
remdesivir
is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the WHO,
[
152
]
due to limited evidence of its efficacy.
[
138
]
Prognosis
The severity of COVID-19 varies. It may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the
common cold
. In 3â4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalisation.
[
153
]
Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged
prothrombin
time and elevated
C-reactive protein
levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to
intensive care units
(ICU).
[
154
]
[
155
]
Between 5% and 50% of COVID-19 patients experience
long COVID
,
[
156
]
a condition characterised by long-term
consequences
persisting after the typical convalescence period of the disease.
[
157
]
[
158
]
The most commonly reported clinical presentations are
fatigue
and memory problems, as well as
malaise
, headaches,
shortness of breath
, loss of smell,
muscle weakness
, low fever and
cognitive dysfunction
.
[
159
]
[
160
]
[
161
]
[
162
]
Strategies
Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (
flattening the curve
) and lessening overall cases and health impact.
[
163
]
[
164
]
Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity (
raising the line
) such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, help to meet increased demand.
[
165
]
Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as "
zero-COVID
") that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,
[
166
]
and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "
flattening the curve
") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.
[
167
]
These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the
acquired immunity phase
through natural and
vaccine-induced immunity
.
[
168
]
Nature
reported in 2021 that 90% of researchers who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become
endemic
".
[
169
]
Containment
Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.
[
170
]
The zero-COVID strategy involves using public health measures such as
contact tracing
,
mass testing
,
border quarantine
,
lockdowns
, and
mitigation software
to stop
community transmission
of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.
[
166
]
[
171
]
Successful containment or suppression reduces
Rt
to less than 1.
[
172
]
Mitigation
Should containment fail, efforts focus on mitigation: measures taken to slow the spread and limit its effects on the healthcare system and society.
Successful mitigation delays and decreases the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the
epidemic curve
".
[
163
]
This decreases the risk of overwhelming health services and provides more time for developing vaccines and treatments.
[
163
]
Individual behaviour changed in many jurisdictions. Many people worked from home instead of at their traditional workplaces.
[
173
]
Non-pharmaceutical interventions
The CDC and WHO advise that masks (such as worn here by Taiwanese president
Tsai Ing-wen
) reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions
that may reduce spread include personal actions such as wearing
face masks
, self-quarantine, and
hand hygiene
; community measures aimed at reducing interpersonal contacts such as closing workplaces and schools and cancelling large gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as surface cleaning.
Other measures
More drastic actions, such as quarantining entire populations and strict travel bans have been attempted in various jurisdictions.
[
175
]
The
Chinese
and
Australian government approaches
have included many lockdowns and are widely considered the most strict. The
New Zealand government response
included the most severe travel restrictions. As part of its
K-Quarantine
programme, South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. The
Singaporean government's response
included so-called "
circuit breaker lockdowns
" and financial support for those affected while also imposing large fines for those who broke quarantine.
[
176
]
Contact tracing
Contact tracing
attempts to identify recent contacts of newly infected individuals, and to screen them for infection; the traditional approach is to request a list of contacts from infectees, and then telephone or visit the contacts.
[
177
]
Contact tracing was widely used during the
Western African Ebola virus epidemic
in 2014.
[
178
]
Another approach is to collect location data from mobile devices to identify those who have come in significant contact with infectees, which prompted privacy concerns.
[
179
]
On 10 April 2020, Google and
Apple
announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing.
[
180
]
[
181
]
In Europe and in the US,
Palantir Technologies
initially provided COVID-19 tracking services.
[
182
]
Health care
WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.
[
183
]
The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and
primary healthcare
services for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing
intensive care
capabilities by training personnel and increasing
ventilators
and beds.
[
183
]
[
184
]
The pandemic drove widespread adoption of
telehealth
.
[
185
]
Improvised manufacturing
A patient in Ukraine in 2020 wearing a
scuba mask
in the absence of
artificial ventilation
Due to
supply chain
capacity limitations, some manufacturers began
3D printing
material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.
[
186
]
[
187
]
In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged
patent infringement
after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.
[
188
]
Individuals and groups of
makers
created and shared
open source
designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of
face shields
, protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps,
powered air-purifying respirators
, and
hand sanitiser
. Novel devices were created such as
ear savers
,
non-invasive ventilation
helmets, and ventilator splitters.
[
189
]
Herd immunity
In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving
herd immunity
may not be possible because Delta can transmit among vaccinated individuals.
[
190
]
CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit Delta, something officials believed was less likely with other variants. Consequently, WHO and CDC encouraged vaccinated people to continue with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, social distancing, and quarantining if exposed.
[
191
]
History
Parts of this article (those related to years 2024 and 2025) need to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
March 2026
)
2019
The
outbreak
was discovered in Wuhan in November 2019. It is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before the discovery.
[
38
]
[
39
]
Based on a retrospective analysis starting from December 2019, the number of cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December.
[
192
]
A
pneumonia
cluster was observed on 26 December and treated by Chinese pulmonologist
Zhang Jixian
. She informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.
[
193
]
After analysing pneumonia patient samples, a genetic sequencing company named Vision Medicals reported the discovery of a
novel coronavirus
to the
China CDC
(CCDC) on 28 December.
[
194
]
[
195
]
Two days later, a test report from CapitalBio Medlab addressed to the
Wuhan Central Hospital
reported an erroneous positive result for
SARS
, causing doctors there to alert authorities. Eight of those doctors, including ophthalmologist
Li Wenliang
(1985â2020), were detained by police on 3 January for "spreading false rumours".
[
196
]
That evening, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) issued a notice about "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause".
[
197
]
The next day, WMHC made the announcement public, confirming 27 cases
[
198
]
[
199
]
âenough to trigger an investigation.
[
200
]
On 31 December, the WHO office in China was notified about the cluster of unknown pneumonia cases
[
22
]
[
198
]
and immediately launched an investigation.
[
200
]
Official Chinese sources claimed that the early cases were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.
[
201
]
In May 2020, CCDC director George Gao initially ruled out the market as a possible origin, as animal samples collected there had tested negative.
[
202
]
2020
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by month:
January
,
February
,
March
,
April
,
May
,
June
,
July
,
August
,
September
,
October
,
November
,
December
A highway sign discouraging travel in
Toronto
, March 2020
On 11 January, WHO was notified by the Chinese National Health Commission that the outbreak was associated with exposures in the market, and that China had identified a new type of coronavirus, which it isolated on 7 January.
[
22
]
Initially, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.
[
203
]
In early and mid-January, the virus spread to other
Chinese provinces
, helped by the
Chinese New Year migration
. Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange.
[
204
]
On 10 January, the virus' genome was shared publicly.
[
205
]
A retrospective study published in March found that 6,174 people had reported symptoms by 20 January.
[
206
]
A 24 January report indicated human transmission was likely occurring, and recommended
personal protective equipment
for health workers. It also advocated testing, given the outbreak's "pandemic potential".
[
207
]
[
208
]
On 30 January, 7,818 infections had been confirmed, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern
(PHEIC),
[
209
]
[
210
]
[
211
]
upgrading it to a pandemic on 11 March.
[
3
]
On 31 January, the first published modelling study warned of inevitable "independent self-sustaining outbreaks in major cities globally" and called for "large-scale public health interventions".
[
212
]
By 31 January, Italy indicated its first confirmed infections had occurred, in two tourists from China.
[
213
]
On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most reported deaths.
[
214
]
By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed infections.
[
215
]
Genomic analysis indicated that the majority of
New York
's confirmed infections came from Europe, rather than directly from Asia.
[
216
]
Testing of prior samples revealed a person who was infected in France on 27 December 2019
[
217
]
[
218
]
and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6
Â
February.
[
219
]
An exhausted
anaesthesiologist
in
Pesaro
, Italy, 19 March 2020
In October, WHO reported that one in ten people around the world may have been infected, or 780Â million people, while only 35Â million infections had been confirmed.
[
220
]
On 9 November, Pfizer released trial results for a candidate vaccine, showing a 90 per cent effectiveness in preventing infection. That day, Novavax submitted an FDA Fast Track application for their vaccine.
[
221
]
[
222
]
On 14 December,
Public Health England
reported that a variant had been discovered in the UK's southeast, predominantly in
Kent
. The variant, later named
Alpha
, showed changes to the
spike protein
that could make the virus more infectious. As of 13 December, 1,108 infections had been confirmed in the UK.
[
223
]
[
224
]
On 4 February 2020, US Secretary of Health and Human Services
Alex Azar
waived liability for vaccine manufacturers in all cases except those involving "willful misconduct".
[
225
]
[
226
]
2021
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by month:
January
,
February
,
March
,
April
,
May
,
June
,
July
,
August
,
September
,
October
,
November
,
December
On 2 January, the
Alpha variant
, first discovered in the UK, had been identified in 33 countries.
[
227
]
On 6 January, the
Gamma variant
was first identified in Japanese travellers returning from Brazil.
[
228
]
On 29 January, it was reported that the Novavax vaccine was 49 per cent effective against the
Beta variant
in a clinical trial in South Africa.
[
229
]
[
230
]
The
CoronaVac vaccine
was reported to be 50.4 per cent effective in a Brazil clinical trial.
[
231
]
A temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in
Santo AndrĂŠ
, Brazil, in March 2021
On 12 March, several countries stopped using the
OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine
due to blood clotting problems, specifically
cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
(CVST).
[
232
]
On 20 March, the WHO and European Medicines Agency found no link to
thrombosis
, leading several countries to resume administering the vaccine.
[
233
]
In March WHO reported that an animal host was the most likely origin, without ruling out other possibilities.
[
2
]
[
37
]
The
Delta variant
was first identified in India. In mid-April, the variant was first detected in the UK and two months later it had become a full-fledged third wave in the country, forcing the government to delay reopening that was originally scheduled for June.
[
234
]
On 10 November, Germany advised against the
Moderna vaccine
for people under 30, due to a possible association with
myocarditis
.
[
235
]
On 24 November, the
Omicron variant
was detected in South Africa; a few days later the WHO declared it a VoC (variant of concern).
[
236
]
The new variant is more infectious than the Delta variant.
[
237
]
2022
Scanning electron micrograph (colorised) of cell infected with the Omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles
green
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 by month:
January
,
February
,
March
,
April
,
May
,
June
,
July
,
August
,
September
,
October
,
November
,
December
On 1 January, Europe passed 100 million cases amidst a surge in the
Omicron variant
.
[
238
]
Later that month, the WHO recommended the
rheumatoid arthritis
drug
Baricitinib
for severe or critical patients. It also recommended the monoclonal antibody
Sotrovimab
in patients with non-severe disease, but only those who are at highest risk of hospitalisation.
[
239
]
On 24 January, the
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
estimated that about 57% of the world's population had been infected by COVID-19.
[
64
]
[
65
]
By 6 March, it was reported that the total worldwide death count had surpassed 6Â million people.
[
240
]
By 6 July, Omicron subvariants
BA.4
and
BA.5
had spread worldwide.
[
241
]
WHO Director-General Tedros Ghebreyesus stated on 14 September 2022, that "[The world has] never been in a better position to end the pandemic", citing the lowest number of weekly reported deaths since March 2020. He continued, "We are not there yet. But the end is in sightâwe can see the finish line".
[
242
]
[
243
]
[
244
]
[
245
]
On 21 October, the United States surpassed 99 million cases of COVID-19, the most cases of any country.
[
246
]
By 30 October, the worldwide daily death toll was 424, the lowest since 385 deaths were reported on 12 March 2020.
[
247
]
17 November marked the three-year anniversary since health officials in China first detected COVID-19.
[
248
]
On 11 November, the WHO reported that deaths since the month of February had dropped 90 per cent. Director-General Tedros said this was "cause for optimism".
[
249
]
On 3 December, the WHO indicated that, "at least 90% of the world's population has some level of immunity to Sars-CoV-2".
[
250
]
In early December, China began lifting some of its most stringent lockdown measures. Subsequent data from China's health authorities revealed that 248Â million people, nearly 18 per cent of its population, had been infected in the first 20 days of that month.
[
251
]
On 29 December, the US joined Italy, Japan, Taiwan and India in requiring negative COVID-19 test results from all people travelling from China due to the new surge in cases. The EU refused similar measures, stating that the BF7 omicron variant had already spread throughout Europe without becoming dominant.
[
252
]
[
253
]
2023
On 4 January 2023, the WHO said the information shared by China during the recent surge in infections lacked data, such as hospitalisation rates.
[
254
]
On 10 January, the WHO's Europe office said the recent viral surge in China posed "no immediate threat."
[
255
]
On 16 January, the WHO recommended that China monitor excess mortality to provide "a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19".
[
256
]
On 30 January, the three-year anniversary of the original declaration, the WHO determined that COVID-19 still met the criteria for a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).
[
257
]
On 19 March, WHO Director-General Tedros indicated he was "confident" the COVID-19 pandemic would cease to be a public health emergency by the end of the year.
[
258
]
On 5 May, the WHO downgraded COVID-19 from being a global health emergency, though it continued to refer to it as a pandemic.
[
259
]
The WHO does not make official declarations of when pandemics end.
[
4
]
[
260
]
The decision came after Tedros convened with the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee, wherein the Committee noted that due to the decrease in deaths and hospitalisations, and the prevalence of vaccinations and the level of general immunity, it was time to remove the emergency designation and "transition to long-term management".
[
261
]
Tedros agreed, and the WHO reduced the classification to an "established and ongoing health issue".
[
261
]
In a press conference, Tedros remarked that the diminishing threat from COVID-19 had "allowed most countries to return to life as we knew it before COVID-19".
[
262
]
In September the WHO said it had observed "concerning" trends in COVID-19 case numbers and hospitalisations, although analysis was hampered because many countries were no longer recording COVID-19 case statistics.
[
263
]
In November 2023, in response to viral mutations and changing characteristics of infection, the WHO adjusted its treatment guidelines. Among other changes, remdesivir and molnupiravir were now recommended only for the most severe cases, and
deuremidevir
and ivermectin were recommended against.
[
264
]
Responses
National reactions ranged from strict lockdowns to public education campaigns.
[
265
]
WHO recommended that curfews and lockdowns should be short-term measures to reorganise, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect the health care system.
[
266
]
As of 26 March 2020, 1.7Â billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown.
[
267
]
This increased to 3.9Â billion people by the first week of Aprilâmore than half the
world's population
.
[
268
]
[
269
]
In several countries,
protests rose against restrictions
such as lockdowns. A February 2021 study found that protests against restrictions were likely to directly increase the spread of the virus.
[
270
]
Asia
As of the end of 2021, Asia's peak had come at the same time and at the same level as the world as a whole, in May 2021.
[
271
]
However, cumulatively they had experienced only half of the global average in cases.
[
272
]
A
temporary hospital
constructed in Wuhan in February 2020
China opted for containment, instituting strict lockdowns to eliminate viral spread.
[
273
]
[
274
]
The vaccines distributed in China included the
BIBP
,
WIBP
, and
CoronaVac
.
[
275
]
It was reported on 11 December 2021, that China had vaccinated 1.162Â billion of its citizens, or 82.5% of the total population of the country against COVID-19.
[
276
]
China's large-scale adoption of
zero-COVID
had largely contained the first waves of infections of the disease.
[
273
]
[
277
]
[
278
]
When the waves of infections due to the
Omicron variant
followed, China was almost alone in pursuing the strategy of zero-Covid to combat the spread of the virus in 2022.
[
279
]
Lockdown continued to be employed in November to combat a new wave of cases;
[
280
]
[
281
]
however,
protests erupted in cities across China
over the country's stringent measures,
[
282
]
[
283
]
and in December that year, the country relaxed its zero-COVID policy.
[
284
]
On 20 December 2022, the Chinese State Council narrowed its definition of what would be counted as a COVID-19 death to include solely respiratory failure, which led to scepticism by health experts of the government's total death count
[
285
]
[
286
]
at a time when hospitals reported being overwhelmed with cases following the abrupt discontinuation of zero-COVID.
[
287
]
The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020. India ordered a nationwide lockdown starting 24 March 2020,
[
288
]
with a phased unlock beginning 1 June 2020. Six cities accounted for around half of reported casesâ
Mumbai
,
Delhi
,
Ahmedabad
,
Chennai
,
Pune
and
Kolkata
.
[
289
]
Post-lockdown, the Government of India introduced a contact tracking app called
Aarogya Setu
to help authorities manage contact tracing and vaccine distribution.
[
290
]
India's vaccination programme was considered to be the world's largest and most successful with over 90% of citizens getting the first dose and another 65% getting the second dose.
[
291
]
[
292
]
A second wave hit India in April 2021, straining healthcare services.
[
293
]
On 21 October 2021, it was reported that the country had surpassed 1Â billion vaccinations.
[
294
]
Disinfection of
Tehran Metro
trains to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Similar measures have also been taken in other countries.
[
295
]
Iran reported its first confirmed cases on 19 February 2020, in
Qom
.
[
296
]
[
297
]
Early measures included the cancellation/closure of concerts and other cultural events,
[
298
]
Friday prayers,
[
299
]
and school and university campuses.
[
300
]
Iran became a centre of the pandemic in February 2020.
[
301
]
[
302
]
More than ten countries had traced their outbreaks to Iran by 28 February, indicating a more severe outbreak than the 388 reported cases.
[
302
]
[
303
]
The
Iranian Parliament
closed, after 23 of its 290 members tested positive on 3
Â
March 2020.
[
304
]
At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died by 17 March 2020.
[
305
]
By August 2021, the pandemic's fifth wave peaked, with more than 400 deaths in 1 day.
[
306
]
COVID-19 was confirmed in South Korea on 20 January 2020. Military bases were quarantined after tests showed three infected soldiers.
[
307
]
South Korea introduced what was then considered the world's largest and best-organised screening programme, isolating infected people, and tracing and quarantining contacts.
[
308
]
Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting by new international arrivals through mobile application,
[
309
]
combined with
drive-through
testing,
[
310
]
and increasing testing capability to 20,000 people/day.
[
311
]
Despite some early criticisms,
[
312
]
South Korea's programme was considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.
[
308
]
[
313
]
[
314
]
Europe
Deaths per 100,000 residents
The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Europe with its first confirmed case in
Bordeaux
,
France
, on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,
[
315
]
and all had reported at least one death, with the exception of
Vatican City
. Italy was the first European nation to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national
lockdown
.
[
316
]
By 13 March 2020, the WHO declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic
[
317
]
[
318
]
and it remained so until the WHO announced it had been overtaken by
South America
on 22 May.
[
319
]
By 18 March 2020, more than 250Â million people were in
lockdown
in Europe.
[
320
]
Despite
deployment of COVID-19 vaccines
, Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.
[
321
]
[
322
]
The
Italian outbreak
began on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.
[
213
]
Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the government to suspend flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.
[
323
]
On 22 February 2020, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, which quarantined more than 50,000 people in northern Italy.
[
324
]
On 4 March, the Italian government ordered schools and universities closed as Italy reached a hundred deaths. Sport was suspended completely for at least one month.
[
325
]
On 11 March, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte closed down nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.
[
326
]
[
327
]
On 19 April, the first wave ebbed, as 7-day deaths declined to 433.
[
328
]
On 13 October, the Italian government again issued restrictive rules to contain the second wave.
[
329
]
On 10 November, Italy surpassed 1Â million confirmed infections.
[
330
]
On 23 November, it was reported that the second wave of the virus had led some hospitals to stop accepting patients.
[
331
]
Vaccinations at a
retirement home
in
GijĂłn
, Spain on 12 December 2020
The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on
La Gomera
in the Canary Islands.
[
332
]
Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and
community transmission
began by mid-February.
[
333
]
On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days.
[
334
]
The number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including
Barcelona
,
Zaragoza
and
Madrid
, which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.
[
335
]
[
336
]
[
337
]
[
338
]
By September 2021, Spain was one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose).
[
339
]
Italy is ranked second at 75%.
[
339
]
Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open.
[
340
]
Per the
Swedish constitution
, the
Public Health Agency of Sweden
has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency favoured remaining open. The Swedish strategy focused on longer-term measures, based on the assumption that after lockdown the virus would resume spreading, with the same result.
[
341
]
[
342
]
By the end of June, Sweden no longer had
excess mortality
.
[
343
]
Devolution in the United Kingdom
meant that each of its four
countries
developed its own response. England's restrictions were shorter-lived than the others.
[
344
]
The
UK government
started enforcing social distancing and quarantine measures on 18 March 2020.
[
345
]
[
346
]
On 16 March, Prime Minister
Boris Johnson
advised against non-essential travel and social contact, praising
work from home
and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.
[
347
]
[
348
]
On 20 March, the government ordered all leisure establishments to close,
[
349
]
and promised to prevent unemployment.
[
350
]
On 23 March, Johnson banned gatherings and restricted non-essential travel and outdoor activity. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through fines and dispersal of gatherings. Most non-essential businesses were ordered to close.
[
351
]
On 24 April 2020, it was reported that a promising vaccine trial had begun in England; the government pledged more than ÂŁ50Â million towards research.
[
352
]
On 16 April 2020, it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine, due to a prior contract; should the trial be successful, some 30Â million doses would be available.
[
353
]
On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first developed country to approve the Pfizer vaccine; 800,000 doses were immediately available for use.
[
354
]
In August 2022 it was reported that viral infection cases had declined in the UK.
[
355
]
North America
The virus arrived in the
United States
on 13 January 2020.
[
356
]
Cases were reported in all North American countries after
Saint Kitts and Nevis
confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after
Bonaire
confirmed a case on 16 April.
[
357
]
The hospital ship
USNS
Comfort
arrives in
Manhattan
on 30 March 2020.
Per
Our World in Data
, 103,436,829
[
5
]
confirmed cases have been reported in the United States with 1,235,885
[
5
]
deaths, the most of any country, and
the nineteenth-highest
per capita worldwide.
[
358
]
COVID-19 is the
deadliest pandemic in US history
;
[
359
]
it was the third-leading cause of death in the US in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.
[
360
]
From 2019 to 2020, US life expectancy dropped by 3
Â
years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9
Â
years for African Americans, and 1.2
Â
years for white Americans.
[
361
]
These effects have persisted as US deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020.
[
362
]
In the United States, COVID-19 vaccines became available under emergency use in December 2020, beginning the
national vaccination programme
. The first COVID-19 vaccine was officially approved by the
Food and Drug Administration
on 23 August 2021.
[
363
]
By 18 November 2022, while cases in the U.S. had declined, COVID variants BQ.1/BQ.1.1 had become dominant in the country.
[
364
]
[
365
]
In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed across
Canada
, all of its provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions.
[
366
]
Cases surged across Canada, notably in the provinces of
British Columbia
,
Alberta
,
Quebec
and
Ontario
, with the formation of the
Atlantic Bubble
, a
travel-restricted
area of the country (formed of the four
Atlantic provinces
).
[
367
]
Vaccine passports were adopted in all provinces and two of the territories.
[
368
]
[
369
]
Per a report on 11 November 2022, Canadian health authorities saw a surge in influenza, while COVID-19 was expected to rise during winter.
[
370
]
South America
Mass graves being prepared for COVID-19 victims in
Cochabamba
, Bolivia
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020, when Brazil confirmed a case in
SĂŁo Paulo
.
[
371
]
By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.
[
372
]
On 13 May 2020, it was reported that Latin America and the
Caribbean
had reported over 400,000 cases of COVID-19 infection with 23,091 deaths. On 22 May 2020, citing the rapid increase of
infections in Brazil
, the WHO declared South America the epicentre of the pandemic.
[
373
]
[
374
]
As of 16 July 2021, South America had recorded 34,359,631 confirmed cases and 1,047,229 deaths from COVID-19. Due to a shortage of testing and medical facilities, it is believed that the outbreak is far larger than the official numbers show.
[
375
]
The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020,
[
376
]
when a man from
SĂŁo Paulo
who had travelled to Italy tested positive for the virus.
[
377
]
The disease had spread to every
federative unit of Brazil
by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.
[
378
]
[
379
]
One estimate of
under-reporting
was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.
[
380
]
[
381
]
[
382
]
As of 03 April 2026, Brazil, with 37,978,000
[
5
]
confirmed cases and 703,774
[
5
]
deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only
those of the United States
and
India
.
[
383
]
Africa
US Air Force
personnel unload a
C-17
aircraft carrying medical supplies in
Niamey
, Niger, in April 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in
Egypt
.
[
384
]
[
385
]
The first confirmed case in
sub-Saharan Africa
was announced in
Nigeria
at the end of February 2020.
[
386
]
Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent;
Lesotho
, the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported its first case on 13 May 2020.
[
387
]
[
388
]
By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited.
[
389
]
Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated.
[
390
]
Many preventive measures
were implemented
by different countries in Africa including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, and event cancellations.
[
391
]
Despite fears, Africa reported lower death rates than other, more economically developed regions.
[
392
]
In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries.
[
393
]
By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new COVID cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including
Malawi
and
Senegal
, recorded an uptick in new cases.
[
394
]
The WHO labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'.
[
395
]
In October 2022, WHO reported that most countries on the African continent will miss the goal of 70 per cent vaccination by the end of 2022.
[
396
]
Oceania
Empty shelves at a
Coles
grocery store in
Brisbane
, Australia, in April 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020, with the first confirmed case reported in
Melbourne
,
Australia
.
[
397
]
[
398
]
It has since spread elsewhere in the region.
[
399
]
[
398
]
Australia
and
New Zealand
were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction into the community.
[
400
]
[
401
]
[
402
]
As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant, however, by August 2021, the Australian states of
New South Wales
and
Victoria
had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.
[
403
]
In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.
[
404
]
In November and December, following vaccination efforts, the remaining states of Australia, excluding Western Australia, voluntarily gave up
COVID-Zero
to open up state and international borders.
[
405
]
[
406
]
[
407
]
The open borders allowed the Omicron variant of COVID-19 to enter quickly, and cases subsequently exceeded 120,000 a day.
[
408
]
By early March 2022, with cases exceeding 1,000 a day, Western Australia conceded defeat in its eradication strategy and opened its borders.
[
409
]
Despite record cases, Australian jurisdictions slowly removed restrictions such as close contact isolation, mask wearing, and density limits by April 2022.
[
410
]
On 9 September 2022, restrictions were significantly relaxed. The aircraft mask mandate was scrapped nationwide, and daily reporting transitioned to weekly reporting.
[
411
]
[
412
]
[
413
]
On 14 September, COVID-19 disaster payment for isolating persons was extended for mandatory isolation.
[
414
]
By 22 September, all states had ended mask mandates on public transport, including in Victoria, where the mandate had lasted for approximately 800 days.
[
415
]
On 30 September 2022, all Australian leaders declared the emergency response finished and announced the end of isolation requirements. These changes were due in part to high levels of 'hybrid immunity' and low case numbers.
[
416
]
Antarctica
Due to its remoteness and sparse population,
Antarctica
was the last continent to have confirmed cases of COVID-19.
[
417
]
[
418
]
[
419
]
The first cases were reported in December 2020, almost a year after the first cases of COVID-19 were detected in China. At least 36 people were infected in the first outbreak in 2020,
[
420
]
with several other outbreaks taking place in 2021 and 2022.
[
421
]
United Nations
The
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNSC) was criticised for its slow response, especially regarding the UN's
global ceasefire
, which aimed to open up humanitarian access to conflict zones.
[
422
]
[
423
]
The United Nations Security Council was criticised due to the inadequate manner in which it dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic, namely the poor ability to create international collaboration during this crisis.
[
424
]
[
425
]
On 23 March 2020, United Nations Secretary-General
AntĂłnio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres
appealed for a global
ceasefire
;
[
426
]
[
427
]
172 UN member states and observers signed a non-binding supporting statement in June,
[
428
]
and the
UN Security Council
passed a
resolution
supporting it in July.
[
429
]
[
430
]
On 29 September 2020, Guterres urged the
International Monetary Fund
to help certain countries via debt relief and also call for countries to increase contributions to develop vaccines.
[
431
]
WHO
World Health Organization
representatives holding joint meeting with
Tehran
city administrators in March 2020
The WHO spearheaded initiatives such as the
COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund
to raise money for the pandemic response, the
UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force
, and the
solidarity trial
for investigating potential treatment options for the disease. The
COVAX
programme, co-led by the WHO,
GAVI
, and the
Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
(CEPI), aimed to accelerate the development, manufacture, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access across the world.
[
432
]
[
433
]
Restrictions
Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines
The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe and Latin America.
[
434
]
[
435
]
A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalised groups". COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.
[
436
]
Travel restrictions
The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,
[
437
]
or for all travellers.
[
438
]
[
439
]
Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.
[
440
]
One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other
infection prevention and control
measures.
[
441
]
[
442
]
Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".
[
443
]
The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the
Schengen free travel zone
.
[
444
]
[
445
]
Repatriation of foreign citizens
Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian citizens from
Wuhan
, China.
Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surrounding areas, primarily through
charter flights
. Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany and Thailand were among the first to do so.
[
446
]
Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.
[
447
]
[
448
]
On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.
[
449
]
Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.
[
450
]
On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the
Diamond Princess
cruise ship,
[
451
]
and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.
[
452
]
In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.
[
453
]
[
454
]
On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.
[
455
]
Impact
Economics
A
stock index
chart shows the
2020 stock market crash
.
The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.
[
456
]
Industries such as
cruising
experienced a significant declineâdown to levels not seen in thirty years.
[
457
]
Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline
Flybe
collapsed.
[
458
]
The cruise line industry was hard hit,
[
459
]
and train stations and ferry ports closed.
[
460
]
International mail stopped or was delayed.
[
461
]
The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.
[
462
]
Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 per cent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50â60 per cent drop.
[
463
]
Shopping centres faced a 33â43 per cent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.
[
464
]
Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost,
[
465
]
[
466
]
including more than 40Â million jobs in the US.
[
467
]
According to a report by
Yelp
, about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.
[
468
]
The
International Labour Organization
(ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7%, or $3.5Â trillion.
[
469
]
Supply shortages
COVID-19 fears led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including toilet paper, instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and rubbing alcohol (picture taken in February 2020).
Pandemic fears led to
panic buying
, emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g.
social influence
and trust).
[
470
]
Supply
shortages
were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations; shortages were worsened by
supply chain
disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.
[
471
]
Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of
semiconductor
demand for vehicles and other products.
[
472
]
According to WHO Secretary-General Tedros Ghebreyesus, demand for
personal protective equipment
(PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.
[
473
]
[
474
]
PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.
[
475
]
[
476
]
[
477
]
In September 2021, the
World Bank
reported that food prices remained generally stable and the supply outlook remained positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began.
[
478
]
[
479
]
The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilised in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.
[
480
]
[
479
]
By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.
[
481
]
The
2021 global energy crisis
was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.
[
482
]
[
483
]
Arts and cultural heritage
The performing arts and
cultural heritage sectors
were profoundly affected by the pandemic. Both organisations' and individuals' operations have been impacted globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.
[
484
]
A 2021
UNESCO
report estimated ten million job losses worldwide in the culture and creative industries.
[
485
]
[
486
]
Some services continued through digital platforms,
[
487
]
[
488
]
[
489
]
such as live streaming concerts
[
490
]
or web-based arts festivals.
[
491
]
Politics
The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,
[
492
]
isolations or deaths of politicians,
[
493
]
and rescheduled elections.
[
494
]
Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.
[
495
]
Brazil
The pandemic (and the
response of Brazilian politicians
to it) led to widespread panic, confusion, and pessimism in Brazil.
[
496
]
When questioned regarding record deaths in the country in April 2020, Brazilian president
Jair Bolsonaro
said "So what? I'm sorry. What do you want me to do about it?"
[
497
]
Bolsonaro disregarded WHO-recommended mitigation techniques and instead
downplayed the risks of the virus
, promoted increased economic activity, spread
misinformation
about the efficacy of masks, vaccines and public health measures, and distributed unproven treatments including
hydroxychloroquine
and
ivermectin
.
[
496
]
A series of
federal health ministers
resigned or were dismissed after they refused to implement Bolsonaro's policies.
[
498
]
Disagreements between federal and state governments led to a chaotic and delayed response to the rapid spread of the virus,
[
499
]
exacerbated by preexisting social and economic disparities in the country.
[
496
]
[
500
]
Employment, investment and valuation of the
Brazilian real
plummeted to record lows.
[
496
]
[
501
]
Brazil was also heavily affected by the Delta and Omicron variants.
[
502
]
At the height of the outbreak in the spring of 2021, 3,000+ Brazilians were dying per day.
[
503
]
[
504
]
Bolsonaro's loss to
Lula da Silva
in the
2022 presidential election
is widely credited to the former's
mishandling of the pandemic
.
[
505
]
[
506
]
[
507
]
China
Multiple provincial-level administrators of the
Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP General Secretary
Xi Jinping
.
[
508
]
The
US intelligence community
claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.
[
509
]
The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.
[
510
]
[
511
]
Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,
[
512
]
[
513
]
including
Zhang Zhan
, who was arrested and tortured.
[
514
]
[
515
]
Italy
Palazzo Margherita lit in the Italian flag colours to show solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic on 26 March 2020
In early March 2020, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.
[
516
]
[
517
]
[
518
]
On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister
Giuseppe Conte
, Russian president
Vladimir Putin
ordered the
Russian army
to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.
[
519
]
[
520
]
In early April, Norway and EU states like Romania and Austria started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,
[
521
]
and
European Commission
president
Ursula von der Leyen
offered an official apology to the country.
[
522
]
United States
Anti-lockdown
protesters
rallied at the
Ohio Statehouse
20 April 2020.
[
523
]
Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and assembly.
[
524
]
Simultaneously,
essential workers
protested unsafe conditions and low wages by participating in a brief
general strike
.
[
525
]
Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to US president
Donald Trump
's
2020
defeat.
[
526
]
[
527
]
The
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including
universal health care
,
universal child care
,
paid sick leave
, and higher levels of funding for public health.
[
528
]
[
529
]
[
530
]
The
Kaiser Family Foundation
estimated that preventable hospitalisations of unvaccinated Americans in the second half of 2021 cost US$13.8Â billion.
[
531
]
There were also protest in regards to vaccine mandates in the United States.
[
532
]
In January 2022, the US Supreme Court struck down an OSHA rule that mandated vaccination or a testing regimen for all companies with greater than 100 employees.
[
533
]
[
534
]
Other countries
The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide; some detentions were related to the pandemic.
[
535
]
[
536
]
The planned
NATO
"
Defender 2020
" military exercise in Germany,
Poland
and the
Baltic states
, the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the
Cold War
, was held on a reduced scale.
[
537
]
[
538
]
The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.
[
303
]
[
539
]
Iranian president
Hassan Rouhani
wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.
[
540
]
Saudi Arabia, which had launched a
military intervention in Yemen
in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.
[
541
]
Diplomatic relations between
Japan and South Korea
worsened.
[
542
]
South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.
[
543
]
South Korean society was initially polarised on president
Moon Jae-in
's response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's
impeachment
or praising his response.
[
312
]
Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.
[
544
]
[
545
]
In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow Prime Minister
Viktor OrbĂĄn
to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.
[
546
]
In countries such as
Egypt
,
[
547
]
Turkey
,
[
548
]
and
Thailand
,
[
549
]
opposition activists and government critics were
arrested
for allegedly spreading
fake news
.
[
550
]
In
India
, journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.
[
551
]
Food systems
The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,
[
552
]
[
553
]
hitting at a time when hunger and undernourishment were rising- an estimated 690Â million people lacked food security in 2019.
[
554
]
Food access fell â driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production.
[
555
]
In some cases, food prices rose.
[
552
]
[
554
]
The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. According to the WHO, 811 million people were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".
[
556
]
[
435
]
Education
Students take end-of-year exams in
Tabriz
, Iran, during the pandemic.
The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by
online education
. Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077Â billion
learners
were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences.
[
557
]
They shed light on social and economic issues, including
student debt
,
digital learning
, food insecurity, and
homelessness
, as well as access to
childcare
, health care, housing, internet, and
disability services
. The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.
[
558
]
Many countries, including Bangladesh, granted auto promotion to the public examination candidates.
[
559
]
The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.
[
560
]
Health
The pandemic impacted global health for many conditions. Hospital visits fell.
[
561
]
Visits for heart attack symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.
[
562
]
The head of cardiology at the
University of Arizona
said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital".
[
563
]
People with strokes and
appendicitis
were less likely to seek treatment.
[
564
]
[
565
]
[
563
]
Medical supply shortages
impacted many people.
[
566
]
The pandemic impacted
mental health
,
[
567
]
[
568
]
increasing
anxiety
, depression, and
post-traumatic stress disorder
, affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.
[
569
]
[
570
]
In late 2022, during the first northern hemisphere autumn and winter seasons following the widespread relaxation of global public health measures, North America and Europe experienced a surge in respiratory viruses and coinfections in both adults and children.
[
571
]
This formed the beginning of the 2022â2023 paediatric care crisis and what some experts termed a "
tripledemic
" of seasonal influenza,
respiratory syncytial virus
(RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 throughout North America.
[
572
]
[
573
]
In the United Kingdom, paediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as
Group A streptococcal infection
and resultant
scarlet fever
.
[
574
]
[
575
]
As of mid-December 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to
Strep A
and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.
[
576
]
[
577
]
The B/Yamagata lineage of
influenza B
might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures.
[
578
]
[
579
]
There have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020.
[
580
]
[
581
]
In 2023, the WHO concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal
flu vaccine
, reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.
[
580
]
[
581
]
Preventative measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the number of
bronchiolitis
cases, with observed decreases in cases during the pandemic followed by an increase when preventative measures were rolled back.
[
582
]
[
583
]
Environment
Images from the
NASA Earth Observatory
show a stark drop in pollution in
Wuhan
, when comparing
NO
2
levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).
[
584
]
The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the
environment
and
climate
as a result of reduced human activity. During the "
anthropause
", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.
[
585
]
Planned air travel
and vehicle transportation declined. In China,
lockdowns
and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.
[
585
]
[
586
]
[
587
]
In 2020, a worldwide study on mammalian wildlife responses to human presence during COVID lockdowns found complex patterns of animal behaviour. Carnivores were generally less active when humans were around, while herbivores in developed areas were more active. Among other findings, this suggested that herbivores may view humans as a shield against predators, highlighting the importance of location and human presence history in understanding wildlife responses to changes in human activity in a given area.
[
588
]
A
wide variety
of largely mammalian species, both captive and wild, have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, with some encountering a particularly high degree of fatal outcomes.
[
589
]
In particular, both
farmed and wild mink
have developed highly symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infections, with a mortality rate as high as 35â55% according to one study.
[
590
]
[
591
]
White-tailed deer
, on the other hand, have largely avoided severe outcomes but have effectively become
natural reservoirs
of the virus, with large numbers of free-ranging deer infected throughout the US and Canada, including approximately 80% of
Iowa
's wild deer herd.
[
592
]
[
593
]
An August 2023 study appeared to confirm the status of white-tailed deer as a disease reservoir, noting that the viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in deer occurs at triple the rate of its evolution in humans and that infection rates remained high, even in areas rarely frequented by humans.
[
594
]
Discrimination and prejudice
A socially distanced homeless encampment in San Francisco, California, in May 2020
[
595
]
Heightened prejudice,
xenophobia
, and racism toward people of
Chinese and East Asian descent
were documented around the world.
[
596
]
[
597
]
Reports from February 2020, when most confirmed cases were confined to China, cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.
[
598
]
[
599
]
[
600
]
Individuals of Asian descent in Europe and North America reported increasing instances of racially motivated abuse and assaults as a result of the pandemic.
[
601
]
[
602
]
[
603
]
US president
Donald Trump
was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", terms which were condemned as being racist and xenophobic.
[
604
]
[
605
]
[
606
]
Age-based discrimination
against older adults increased during the pandemic. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, depression, and loneliness.
[
607
]
In a correspondence published in
The Lancet
in 2021, German epidemiologist GĂźnter Kampf described the harmful effects of "inappropriate stigmatisation of unvaccinated people, who include our patients, colleagues, and other fellow citizens", noting the evidence that vaccinated individuals play a large role in transmission.
[
608
]
American bioethicist Arthur Caplan responded to Kampf, writing "Criticising [the unvaccinated] who... wind up in hospitals and morgues in huge numbers, put stress on finite resources, and prolong the pandemic... is not stigmatising, it is deserved moral condemnation".
[
609
]
In January 2022,
Amnesty International
urged
Italy
to change their anti-COVID-19 restrictions to avoid discrimination against unvaccinated people, saying that "the government must continue to ensure that the entire population can enjoy its fundamental rights". The restrictions included mandatory vaccination over the age of 50, and mandatory vaccination to use public transport.
[
610
]
Lifestyle changes
The "Wee Annie" statue in
Gourock
, Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.
The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the workplace. Online retailers in the US posted $791.70Â billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from $598.02Â billion the year before.
[
611
]
Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.
[
612
]
[
613
]
Hackers,
cybercriminals
and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new online attacks.
[
614
]
Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.
[
615
]
Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.
[
616
]
[
617
]
Despite most corporations implementing measures to address COVID-19 in the workplace, a poll from
Catalyst
found that as many as 68% of employees around the world felt that these policies were only performative and "not genuine".
[
618
]
The pandemic led to a surge in
remote work
. According to a
Gallup poll
, only 4% of US employees were fully remote before the pandemic, compared to 43% in May 2020. Among white collar workers, that shift was more pronounced, with 6% increasing to 65% in the same period.
[
619
]
That trend continued in later stages of the pandemic, with many workers choosing to remain remote even after workplaces reopened.
[
620
]
[
621
]
Many Nordic, European, and Asian companies increased their recruitment of international remote workers even as the pandemic waned, partially to save on labour costs.
[
622
]
[
623
]
This also led to a talent drain in the global south and in remote areas in the global north.
[
623
]
[
624
]
High cost of living and dense urban areas also lost office real estate value due to remote worker exodus.
[
625
]
By May 2023, due to increasing layoffs and concerns over productivity, some white collar workplaces in the US had resorted to performance review penalties and indirect incentives (e.g. donations to charity) to encourage workers to return to the office.
[
626
]
Historiography
A 2021 study noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased interest in epidemics and infectious diseases among both historians and the general public. Prior to the pandemic, these topics were usually overlooked by "general" history and only received attention in the
history of medicine
.
[
627
]
Many comparisons were made between the COVID-19 and
1918 influenza pandemics
,
[
628
]
[
629
]
including the development of anti-mask movements,
[
630
]
[
631
]
the widespread promotion of misinformation
[
632
]
[
633
]
and the impact of
socioeconomic disparities
.
[
634
]
Religion
Jorge Ortiga
,
Archbishop of Braga
, Portugal, wearing a protective mask during
Pentecost
Mass in May 2020
In some areas, religious groups exacerbated the spread of the virus, through large gatherings and the dissemination of misinformation.
[
635
]
[
636
]
[
637
]
Some religious leaders decried what they saw as violations of religious freedom.
[
638
]
In other cases, religious identity was a beneficial factor for health, increasing compliance with public health measures and protecting against the negative effects of isolation on mental wellbeing.
[
639
]
[
640
]
[
641
]
Information dissemination
Some news organisations removed their online paywalls for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts.
[
642
]
Many scientific publishers provided pandemic-related journal articles to the public free of charge as part of the National Institutes of Health's COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Initiative.
[
643
]
[
644
]
According to one estimate from researchers at the University of Rome, 89.5% of COVID-19-related papers were open access, compared to an average of 48.8% for the ten most deadly human diseases.
[
645
]
The share of papers published on preprint servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.
[
646
]
During the pandemic,
Web GIS
technology was leveraged to provide up to date visualisations of data related to the pandemic with the public.
[
647
]
Employing this technology, the
Johns Hopkins University
COVID-19
dashboard
served as the first global visualisation of COVID-19 data, which established it as the default method for government agencies to dissemeniate relevant spatial information.
[
648
]
[
649
]
These dashboards were described by Jonathan Everts as "the most striking cultural artefact of the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic",
[
648
]
and during the pandemic every state government in the United States maintained one.
[
650
]
Misinformation
Misinformation
and
conspiracy theories
about the pandemic have been widespread; they travel through
mass media
,
social media
and text messaging.
[
651
]
In March 2020, WHO declared an "
infodemic
" of incorrect information.
[
652
]
Cognitive biases
, such as
confirmation bias
, are linked to conspiracy beliefs, including
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy
.
[
653
]
Culture and society
The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on popular culture. It was included in the narratives of ongoing pre-pandemic television series and become a central narrative in new ones, with mixed results.
[
654
]
Writing for
The New York Times
about the then-upcoming
BBC
sitcom
Pandemonium
on 16 December 2020,
David Segal
asked, "Are we ready to laugh about Covid-19? Or rather, is there anything amusing, or recognizable in a humorous way, about life during a plague, with all of its indignities and setbacks, not to mention its rituals and rules".
[
655
]
The pandemic had driven some people to seek peaceful
escapism
in media, while others were drawn towards fictional pandemics (e.g.
zombie apocalypses
) as an alternate form of escapism.
[
656
]
Common themes have included
contagion
,
isolation
and loss of
control
.
[
657
]
Many drew comparisons to the fictional film
Contagion
(2011),
[
658
]
[
659
]
praising its accuracies while noting some differences,
[
660
]
such as the lack of an orderly vaccine rollout.
[
661
]
[
662
]
As people turned to music to relieve emotions evoked by the pandemic,
Spotify
listenership showed that classical,
ambient
and
children's
genres grew, while pop,
country
and dance remained relatively stable.
[
663
]
Transition to later phases
A March 2022 review declared a transition to endemic status to be "inevitable".
[
664
]
In June 2022, an article in
Human Genomics
said that the pandemic was still "raging", but that "now is the time to explore the transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase".
[
665
]
Another review that month predicted that the virus that causes COVID-19 would become the fifth endemic seasonal coronavirus, alongside four other
human coronaviruses
.
[
666
]
A February 2023 review of the four
common cold
coronaviruses concluded that the virus would become seasonal and, like the common cold, cause less severe disease for most people.
[
667
]
Another 2023 review stated that the transition to endemic COVID-19 may take years or decades.
[
668
]
On 5 May 2023, the WHO declared that the pandemic was no longer a
public health emergency of international concern
.
[
669
]
This led several media outlets to incorrectly report that this meant the pandemic was "over". The WHO commented to
Full Fact
that it was unlikely to declare the pandemic over "in the near future" and mentioned
cholera
, which it considers to have been a
pandemic since 1961
(i.e., continuously for the last 64 years).
[
670
]
The WHO does not have an official category for pandemics or make declarations of when pandemics start or end.
[
4
]
[
260
]
[
671
]
[
15
]
In June 2023,
Hans Kluge
, director of the WHO in Europe, commented that "While the international public health emergency may have ended, the pandemic certainly has not".
[
672
]
Epidemics and pandemics usually end when the disease becomes
endemic
, and when the disease becomes "an accepted, manageable part of normal life in a given society".
[
16
]
As of March 2024, there was no widely agreed definition of when a disease is or is not a pandemic, though efforts at a formal definition were underway. Experts asked by
Time
that month noted that COVID-19 continued to circulate and cause disease, but expressed uncertainty as to whether it should still be described as a pandemic.
[
15
]
In December 2024,
Director-General of the World Health Organization
Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
stated that COVID should not be referred to in past tense as it is "still with us, still causes acute disease and
Long COVID
and still kills... The world might want to forget about COVID-19, but we cannot afford to."
[
673
]
By 2025, five years after the start of the pandemic, experts asked by
The Independent
and
The Washington Post
generally considered COVID-19 to have become endemic.
[
13
]
[
14
]
Cases and deaths from COVID-19 still remained high; in the United States, the only two infectious diseases causing more than 10,000 deaths a year were flu and COVID, according to an expert in
The Washington Post
.
[
13
]
Long-term effects
Economic
Despite strong economic rebounds following the initial lockdowns in early 2020, towards the latter phases of the pandemic, many countries began to experience long-term economic effects. Several countries saw high
inflation rates
which had global impacts, particularly in developing countries.
[
674
]
Some economic impacts such as
supply chain
and trade operations were seen as more permanent as the pandemic exposed major weaknesses in these systems.
[
675
]
In Australia, the pandemic caused an increase in
occupational burnout
in 2022.
[
676
]
During the pandemic, a large percentage of workers in Canada came to prefer working from home, which had an impact on the traditional work model. Some corporations made efforts to force workers to return to work on-site, while some embraced the idea.
[
677
]
Travel
There was a "travel boom" causing air travel to recover at rates faster than anticipated, and the aviation industry became profitable in 2023 for the first time since 2019, before the pandemic.
[
678
]
However, economic issues meant some predicted that the boom would begin to slow down.
[
679
]
Business travel on airlines was still below pre-pandemic levels and is predicted not to recover.
[
680
]
Health
An increase in excess deaths from underlying causes not related to COVID-19 has been largely blamed on systematic issues causing delays in health care and screening during the pandemic, which has resulted in an increase of non-COVID-19 related deaths.
[
681
]
Immunisations
During the pandemic, millions of children missed out on vaccinations as countries focused efforts on combating COVID-19. Efforts were made to increase vaccination rates among children in
low-income countries
. These efforts were successful in increasing vaccination rates for some diseases, though the UN noted that post-pandemic
measles vaccinations
were still falling behind.
[
682
]
Some of the decrease in immunisation was driven by an increase in mistrust of public health officials. This was seen in both low-income and high-income countries. Several
African countries
saw a decline in vaccinations due to misinformation around the pandemic flowing into other areas.
[
683
]
Immunisation rates have yet to recover in the United States
[
684
]
and the United Kingdom.
[
685
]
See also
Coronavirus diseases
 â Diseases caused by coronavirus infections
Emerging infectious disease
 â New or rapidly increasing disease
Globalisation and disease
List of epidemics and pandemics
Memorials for the COVID-19 pandemic
Notes
^
Some refer to "fatality rate"; however, "fatality ratio" is more accurate as this is not per unit time.
[
93
]
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After evaluating the biology, pathogenesis, and emergence of the human coronaviruses that cause the common cold, we can anticipate that with increased vaccine immunity to SARS-CoV-2, it will become a seasonal, endemic coronavirus that causes less severe disease in most individuals. Much like the common cold CoVs, the potential for severe disease will likely be present in those who lack a protective immune response or are immunocompromised.
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COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings: first update
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External links
Health agencies
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic)
- [1 Terminology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Terminology)
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- [1\.1 Pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Pandemic)
- [1\.2 Virus names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Virus_names)
- [2 Epidemiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Epidemiology)
Toggle Epidemiology subsection
- [2\.1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Background)
- [2\.2 Cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Cases)
- [2\.2.1 Test positivity rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Test_positivity_rate)
- [2\.3 Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Deaths)
- [2\.3.1 Infection fatality ratio (IFR)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Infection_fatality_ratio_\(IFR\))
- [2\.3.2 Case fatality ratio (CFR)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Case_fatality_ratio_\(CFR\))
- [3 Disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Disease)
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- [3\.1 Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Variants)
- [3\.2 Signs and symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Signs_and_symptoms)
- [3\.3 Transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Transmission)
- [3\.4 Cause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Cause)
- [3\.5 Diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Diagnosis)
- [3\.6 Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Prevention)
- [3\.6.1 Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Vaccines)
- [3\.7 Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Treatment)
- [3\.8 Prognosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Prognosis)
- [4 Strategies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Strategies)
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- [4\.1 Containment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Containment)
- [4\.2 Mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Mitigation)
- [4\.2.1 Non-pharmaceutical interventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Non-pharmaceutical_interventions)
- [4\.2.2 Other measures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Other_measures)
- [4\.2.3 Contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Contact_tracing)
- [4\.3 Health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Health_care)
- [4\.3.1 Improvised manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Improvised_manufacturing)
- [4\.4 Herd immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Herd_immunity)
- [5 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#History)
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- [5\.1 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#2019)
- [5\.2 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#2020)
- [5\.3 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#2021)
- [5\.4 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#2022)
- [5\.5 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#2023)
- [6 Responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Responses)
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- [6\.1 Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Asia)
- [6\.2 Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Europe)
- [6\.3 North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#North_America)
- [6\.4 South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#South_America)
- [6\.5 Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Africa)
- [6\.6 Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Oceania)
- [6\.7 Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Antarctica)
- [6\.8 United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#United_Nations)
- [6\.9 WHO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#WHO)
- [7 Restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Restrictions)
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- [7\.1 Travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Travel_restrictions)
- [7\.2 Repatriation of foreign citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Repatriation_of_foreign_citizens)
- [8 Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Impact)
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- [8\.1 Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Economics)
- [8\.1.1 Supply shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Supply_shortages)
- [8\.2 Arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Arts_and_cultural_heritage)
- [8\.3 Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Politics)
- [8\.3.1 Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Brazil)
- [8\.3.2 China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#China)
- [8\.3.3 Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Italy)
- [8\.3.4 United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#United_States)
- [8\.3.5 Other countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Other_countries)
- [8\.4 Food systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Food_systems)
- [8\.5 Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Education)
- [8\.6 Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Health)
- [8\.7 Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Environment)
- [8\.8 Discrimination and prejudice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Discrimination_and_prejudice)
- [8\.9 Lifestyle changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Lifestyle_changes)
- [8\.10 Historiography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Historiography)
- [8\.11 Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Religion)
- [9 Information dissemination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Information_dissemination)
Toggle Information dissemination subsection
- [9\.1 Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Misinformation)
- [10 Culture and society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Culture_and_society)
- [11 Transition to later phases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Transition_to_later_phases)
- [12 Long-term effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Long-term_effects)
Toggle Long-term effects subsection
- [12\.1 Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Economic)
- [12\.2 Travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Travel)
- [12\.3 Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Health_2)
- [12\.4 Immunisations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Immunisations)
- [13 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#See_also)
- [14 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Notes)
- [15 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#References)
- [16 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Further_reading)
- [17 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#External_links)
Toggle External links subsection
- [17\.1 Health agencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Health_agencies)
- [17\.2 Data and graphs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Data_and_graphs)
- [17\.3 Medical journals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#Medical_journals)
Toggle the table of contents
# COVID-19 pandemic
168 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19-pandemie "Covid-19-pandemie â Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie "COVID-19-Pandemie â Alemannic")
- [á ááá](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-20_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AE%E1%8A%93%E1%89%AB%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%A8%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%88%E1%88%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%9D "2019-20 áŽáŽááŤáá¨áľ áá¨áá˝á â Amharic")
- [Pangcah](https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifong_no_kemi "Lifong no kemi â Amis")
- [AragonĂŠs](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19 "Pandemia de COVID-19 â Aragonese")
- [Ănglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/COFID-19_my%C4%8Belco%C3%BEu "COFID-19 myÄelcoĂžu â Old English")
- [اŮؚعبŮŘŠ](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7 "؏ا،ŘŘŠ ŮŮŘąŮŘł ŮŮŘąŮŮا â Arabic")
- [Ů
ؾعŮ](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%83%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF-19 "Ůباإ ŮŮÚ¤ŮŘŻ-19 â Egyptian Arabic")
- [ŕŚ
সমŕ§ŕŚŻŕŚźŕŚž](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80 "ŕŚ'ŕŚŕŚżŕŚĄ-১৯ বŕ§ŕŚśŕ§ŕŚŹŕŚżŕŚ মহামাৰৠâ Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19 "Pandemia de COVID-19 â Asturian")
- [ŕ¤
ाधŕĽ](https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 "༨༌༧༯-༨༌ ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤¨ŕ¤ž ŕ¤ŕ¤žŕ¤ŕ¤°ŕ¤¸ ऎचञऎञर༠â Awadhi")
- [AzÉrbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemiyas%C4%B1 "COVID-19 pandemiyasÄą â Azerbaijani")
- [ŘŞŰŘąÚŠŘŹŮ](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C "ÚŠŮŮŰŘŻ-۹ۚ ٞاŮŘŻŮ
ŰâŘłŰ â South Azerbaijani")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_koronavirus_2019-2020 "Pandemi koronavirus 2019-2020 â Balinese")
- [Ĺ˝emaitÄĹĄka](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19_pandem%C4%97j%C4%97 "Covid-19 pandemÄjÄ â Samogitian")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_nin_COVID-19 "Pandemya nin COVID-19 â Central Bikol")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃĐşĐ°Ń (ŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃковŃŃĐ°)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_\(2019\) "ĐандŃĐźŃŃ ĐşĐ°ŃанавŃŃŃŃнаК ŃĐ˝ŃŃĐşŃŃŃ (2019) â Belarusian (TaraĹĄkievica orthography)")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃкаŃ](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_COVID-19 "ĐандŃĐźŃŃ COVID-19 â Belarusian")
- [ĐŃНгаŃŃки](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82_COVID-19 "ĐĐ°Đ˝Đ´ĐľĐźĐ¸Ń ĐžŃ COVID-19 â Bulgarian")
- [ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤ŞŕĽŕ¤°ŕĽ](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-19_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤żŕ¤Ą-19 ऎचञऎञर༠â Bhojpuri")
- [Banjar](https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_COVID-19 "Pandemi COVID-19 â Banjar")
- [বাŕŚŕŚ˛ŕŚž](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF "ŕŚŕ§ŕŚŕŚżŕŚĄ-১৯ ŕŚŕŚ° বŕ§ŕŚśŕ§ŕŚŹŕŚżŕŚ মহামারি â Bangla")
- [ŕ˝ŕ˝źŕ˝ŕźŕ˝Ąŕ˝˛ŕ˝](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D "ŕ˝ŕ˝źŕ˝ŕźŕ˝ŕ˝ŕžąŕ˝˛ŕ˝ŕ˝Śŕźŕ˝Ąŕ˝źŕ˝ŕ˝Śŕźŕ˝ŕžąŕ˝ŕźŕ˝˘ŕ˝˛ŕ˝ŕ˝Śŕźŕ˝ŕ˝ŕź â Tibetan")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedreuziad_COVID-19 "Bedreuziad COVID-19 â Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_COVID-a_19 "Pandemija COVID-a 19 â Bosnian")
- [Basa Ugi](https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%89-19_%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80 "á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨-19 á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨á¨ â Buginese")
- [ĐŃŃŃĐ°Đ´](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB "ĐĐžŃОнавиŃŃŃ ŃĐ°Ń
Đ°Đť â Russia Buriat")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_COVID-19 "Pandèmia de COVID-19 â Catalan")
- [éŠćąčŞ / MĂŹng-dÄ̤ng-ngášłĚ](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%C4%ADk-c%C3%ACng "COVID-19 Äk-cĂŹng â Mindong")
- [ĐĐžŃ
ŃиКн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8 "COVID-19 ŃŃнан пандоПи â Chechen")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_sa_COVID-19 "Pandemya sa COVID-19 â Cebuano")
- [ÚŠŮعدŰ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A4%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A9%E2%80%93%D9%A2%D9%A0 "ÚŻŘ´ŘŞÚŻŰعبŮŮŮŰ Ú¤Ř§ŰŘąŰŘłŰ ÚŠŰŘąŰŮŘ§Ű Ů˘Ů ŮĄŮŠâ٢٠â Central Kurdish")
- [ÄeĹĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie_covidu-19 "Pandemie covidu-19 â Czech")
- [ЧÓваŃНа](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8 "COVID-19 пандоПи â Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemig_COVID-19 "Pandemig COVID-19 â Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviruspandemien "Coronaviruspandemien â Danish")
- [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19 â Dagbani")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie "COVID-19-Pandemie â German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemiya_COVID-19i "Pandemiya COVID-19i â Dimli")
- [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_koronawirusa "Pandemija koronawirusa â Lower Sorbian")
- [थŕĽŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤˛ŕĽ](https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF-%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 "༨༌༧༯-༨༌ ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤¨ŕ¤žŕ¤ŕ¤žŕ¤ŕ¤°ŕ¤¸ ऎचञऎञर༠â Doteli")
- [ÎΝΝΡνΚκΏ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_COVID-19 "ΠινδΡΟίι COVID-19 â Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemio_de_KOVIM-19 "Pandemio de KOVIM-19 â Esperanto")
- [EspaĂąol](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19 "Pandemia de COVID-19 â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroonapandeemia "Koroonapandeemia â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemia "COVID-19 pandemia â Basque")
- [ŮاعسŰ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DB%B1%DB%B9 "ŘŻŮŰاگŰŘąŰ ÚŠŮŮŰŘŻ-۹ۚ â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronaviruspandemia_2019%E2%80%93 "Koronaviruspandemia 2019â â Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mie_de_Covid-19 "PandĂŠmie de Covid-19 â French")
- [Arpetan](https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_cr%C3%A8va_de_coronavirus_de_2019-2020 "Pandèmia de crèva de coronavirus de 2019-2020 â Arpitan")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroanafiruspandemy "Koroanafiruspandemy â Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paind%C3%A9im_COVID-19 "PaindĂŠim COVID-19 â Irish")
- [č´čŞ](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85 "2019ĺ çśç
ćŻç
çŤć
â Gan")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19 "Pandemia de COVID-19 â Galician")
- [AvaĂąe'áş˝](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%C3%B1emosarambi_guasu "COVID-19 Ăąemosarambi guasu â Guarani")
- [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemagh_COVID-19 "Pandemagh COVID-19 â Manx")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murar_Masha%C6%99o_2019 "Murar MashaĆo 2019 â Hausa")
- [ĺŽ˘ĺŽśčŞ / Hak-kâ-ngĂŽ](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_thai-li%C3%B9-h%C3%A0ng "COVID-19 thai-liĂš-hĂ ng â Hakka Chinese")
- [HawaiĘťi](https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CA%BBi_laul%C4%81_kolona "MaĘťi laulÄ kolona â Hawaiian")
- [ע×ר×ת](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94 "××פת ×ק×ר×× × â Hebrew")
- [चिनŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽ](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-19_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤żŕ¤Ą-19 ािजŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤Žŕ¤žŕ¤°ŕĽ â Hindi")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_mahamari_\(Pandemic\) "COVID-19 mahamari (Pandemic) â Fiji Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_COVID-19 "Pandemija COVID-19 â Croatian")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_koronawirusa "Pandemija koronawirusa â Upper Sorbian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_Covid-19 "Pandemi Covid-19 â Haitian Creole")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid19-pand%C3%A9mia "Covid19-pandĂŠmia â Hungarian")
- [ŐŐĄŐľŐĽÖŐĽŐś](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF "COVID-19 Ő°ŐĄŐ´ŐĄŐžŐĄÖŐĄŐŻ â Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_Covid-19 "Pandemia de Covid-19 â Interlingua")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_COVID-19 "Pandemi COVID-19 â Indonesian")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19_faraldurinn "Covid-19 faraldurinn â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19 "Pandemia di COVID-19 â Italian")
- [áááááጠ/ inuktitut](https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%95%99%E1%92%A1%E1%94%AA%E1%90%8A%E1%95%90%E1%93%87%E1%96%85-19_%E1%96%83%E1%93%84%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%93%82%E1%90%85%E1%94%AA%E1%93%84%E1%91%A6 "áááĄáŞáááá
-19 áááááá
áŞáጠâ Inuktitut")
- [ćĽćŹčŞ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E7%97%87%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C_\(2019%E5%B9%B4-\) "ć°ĺăłăăăŚă¤ăŤăšććçăŽä¸ççćľčĄ (2019ĺš´-) â Japanese")
- [La .lojban.](https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_temci_linji_be_la_COVID-19_pandemiku "lo temci linji be la COVID-19 pandemiku â Lojban")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageblug_Covid-19 "Pageblug Covid-19 â Javanese")
- [áĽáá ááŁáá](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90 "COVID-19-áᥠáááááááá â Georgian")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemiyas%C4%B1 "COVID-19 pandemiyasÄą â Kara-Kalpak")
- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwas_n_wa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan_n_Ku%E1%B9%9Bunavirus_2019-20 "Arwas n waášášan n Kuášunavirus 2019-20 â Kabyle")
- [ŇаСаŇŃĐ°](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B "COVID-19 пандоПиŃŃŃ â Kazakh")
- [ááśááśááááá](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A_%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A9 "ááááşááśáááááśáááźáá¸á áĄáŠ â Khmer")
- [íęľě´](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%9819_%EB%B2%94%EC%9C%A0%ED%96%89 "ě˝ëĄë19 ë˛ě í â Korean")
- [KurdĂŽ](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemiya_v%C3%AErusa_Koronay%C3%AA "Pandemiya vĂŽrusa KoronayĂŞ â Kurdish")
- [KĘsaal](https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_ban%EA%9E%8Cas "COVID-19 banęas â Kusaal")
- [ĐŃŃĐłŃСŃĐ°](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B "COVID-19 пандоПиŃŃŃ â Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemia "COVID-19 pandemia â Latin")
- [LĂŤtzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19-Pandemie "COVID-19-Pandemie â Luxembourgish")
- [Lingua Franca Nova](https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_coronavirus_de_2019-2020 "Pandemia de coronavirus de 2019-2020 â Lingua Franca Nova")
- [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandem%C3%AEa_de_COVID-19 "PandemĂŽa de COVID-19 â Ligurian")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19 "Pandemia de COVID-19 â Lombard")
- [ຼາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9E%E0%BB%88%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94-19 "ŕşŕş˛ŕşŕťŕşŕťŕťŕşŕşˇŕťŕşŕşŕş°ŕşŕş˛ŕşŕşŕşťŕťŕş§ŕşŕşŕşŕťŕşŕş§ŕş´ŕş-19 â Lao")
- [LietuviĹł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemija "COVID-19 pandemija â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĹĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pand%C4%93mija "COVID-19 pandÄmija â Latvian")
- [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemi_Covid-19 "Pandemi Covid-19 â Minangkabau")
- [ĐакодОнŃки](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%98%D0%94-19 "ĐандоПиŃĐ° на ĐĐĐĐĐ-19 â Macedonian")
- [എലയഞളŕ´](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D-19_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF "ŕ´ŕľŕ´ľŕ´żŕ´Ąŕľ-19 ŕ´ŕ´ŕľŕ´ł ŕ´Žŕ´šŕ´žŕ´Žŕ´žŕ´°ŕ´ż â Malayalam")
- [ęŻęŻ¤ęŻęŻŠ ęŻęŻŁęŻ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%B2%EA%AF%B0%EA%AF%B1%EA%AF%B9_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0 "ęŻęŻŁęŻęŻŁęŻ
꯼ ęŻęŻĽęŻęŻęŻ ęŻęŻŠęŻ
꯼ ꯲꯰꯹ꯚ ęŻęŻĽęŻęŻęŻ â Manipuri")
- [ऎरञठŕĽ](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤żŕ¤Ą-༧༯ ऎचञऎञर༠â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemik_COVID-19 "Pandemik COVID-19 â Malay")
- [Malti](https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_tal-COVID-19 "Pandemija tal-COVID-19 â Maltese")
- [MirandĂŠs](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemie_de_coronab%C3%ADrus "Pandemie de coronabĂrus â Mirandese")
- [ááźááşááŹááŹááŹ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%81%E1%81%89-%E1%81%82%E1%81%80_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF "áááá-áá áááŻáááŻááŹáááŻááşá¸áááşá
áş ááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸áážáŻ â Burmese")
- [नŕĽŕ¤Şŕ¤žŕ¤˛ŕĽ](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80 "ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤żŕ¤Ą-༧༯ ŕ¤ŕĽ ािजŕĽŕ¤ľŕ¤ľŕĽŕ¤Żŕ¤žŕ¤ŞŕĽ ऎचञऎञर༠â Nepali")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronapandemie "Coronapandemie â Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronapandemien "Koronapandemien â Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmĂĽl](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronapandemien "Koronapandemien â Norwegian BokmĂĽl")
- [Chi-Chewa](https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mliri_wa_kachilombo_ka_corona_2019-20 "Mliri wa kachilombo ka corona 2019-20 â Nyanja")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_Covid-19 "Pandemia de Covid-19 â Occitan")
- [ਪੰŕ¨ŕ¨žŕ¨ŹŕŠ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80 "2019â20 ŕ¨ŕŠŕ¨°ŕŠŕ¨¨ŕ¨žŕ¨ľŕ¨žŕ¨ŕ¨°ŕ¨¸ ਎ਚਞŕ¨ŕ¨Žŕ¨žŕ¨°ŕŠ â Punjabi")
- [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_di_COVID-19 "Pandemia di COVID-19 â Papiamento")
- [NaijĂĄ](https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic "COVID-19 Pandemic â Nigerian Pidgin")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_COVID-19 "Pandemia COVID-19 â Polish")
- [ŮžŮ؏ابŰ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%8C_2019%D8%A1_-_2020%D8%A1 "ÚŠŮŘąŮŮا Ůا،عس ŘŻŰ ŘšŘ§ŮŮ
Ű ŮŘ¨Ř§Ř 2019ŘĄ - 2020ŘĄ â Western Punjabi")
- [ŮžÚŘŞŮ](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%89-%DB%B1%DB%B9_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7 "ÚŠŮŮŮÚ-۹ۚ Ůبا â Pashto")
- [PortuguĂŞs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19 "Pandemia de COVID-19 â Portuguese")
- [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurunawirus_lliw_unqurichiq "Kurunawirus lliw unqurichiq â Quechua")
- [RomânÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_de_COVID-19 "Pandemia de COVID-19 â Romanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃкиК](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_COVID-19 "ĐĐ°Đ˝Đ´ĐľĐźĐ¸Ń COVID-19 â Russian")
- [Đ ŃŃинŃŃĐşŃĐš](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_COVID-19 "ĐандоПŃŃ COVID-19 â Rusyn")
- [ĐĄĐ°Ń
Đ° ŃŃНа](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0 "COVID-19 пандоПиŃŃĐ° â Yakut")
- [Ṽáąáąąáąáąáą˛áą¤](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%92%E1%B1%90%E1%B1%91%E1%B1%99-%E1%B1%92%E1%B1%90_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD "áąáąáąáą-áąáą ṼṎṨṢṠṨṎ áą áąáą¨áąáąąáą Ṿṡáąáąáą¨áąáąĽ ṨṎáąáąáą ṥṎáąáąŽáąŤ ṍṳṚṨáąáąáą â Santali")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A8mia_de_COVID-19 "Pandèmia de COVID-19 â Sardinian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic â Scots")
- [ŘłŮÚŮ](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7 "2019â20 ÚŞŮŘąŮŮاŮا،عس Ů
Ůا Ůبا â Sindhi")
- [Srpskohrvatski / ŃŃĐżŃкОŃ
ŃваŃŃки](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_COVID-a_19 "Pandemija COVID-a 19 â Serbo-Croatian")
- [TaclḼit](https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADan_n_kurunafirus_2019 "Aášášan n kurunafirus 2019 â Tachelhit")
- [ááá¸](https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%95%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%B6%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%82%87_2019-20 "áá˝ááşáááľáźáşáá˘ááşá¸ááľáźáş áá˘áá¸áá
ááşááśá°ááşááá°ááşááźáá 2019-20 â Shan")
- [ŕˇŕˇŕśŕˇŕś˝](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A-19_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA "ŕśŕˇŕˇŕˇŕśŠŕˇ-19 ŕˇŕˇâŕśşŕˇŕś´ŕˇŕś ŕˇŕˇŕśŕśŕśŕśş â Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic â Simple English")
- [SlovenÄina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C3%A9mia_ochorenia_COVID-19 "PandĂŠmia ochorenia COVID-19 â Slovak")
- [SlovenĹĄÄina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemija_covida-19 "Pandemija covida-19 â Slovenian")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayraska_faafa_ee_Korona_2019%E2%80%9320 "Fayraska faafa ee Korona 2019â20 â Somali")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemia_e_COVID-19 "Pandemia e COVID-19 â Albanian")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃки / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_19 "ĐандоПиŃĐ° кОвида 19 â Serbian")
- [Sesotho](https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefu_la_Coronavirus "Lefu la Coronavirus â Southern Sotho")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid-19-pandemin "Covid-19-pandemin â Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlipuko_wa_virusi_vya_korona_2019-20 "Mlipuko wa virusi vya korona 2019-20 â Swahili")
- [ĹlĹŻnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandymijo_COVID-19 "Pandymijo COVID-19 â Silesian")
- [தமிழŕŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D-19_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81 "ŕŽŕŻŕŽľŕŽżŕŽŕŻ-19 பŕŻŕŽ°ŕŻŕŽ¨ŕŻŕŽ¤ŕŻŕŽąŕŻŕŽąŕŻ â Tamil")
- [ŕ°¤ŕąŕ°˛ŕąŕ°ŕą](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9321_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF "2019â21 ŕ°ŕ°°ŕąŕ°¨ŕ°žŕ°ľŕąŕ°°ŕ°¸ŕą ŕ°Žŕ°šŕ°Žŕąŕ°Žŕ°žŕ°°ŕ°ż â Telugu")
- [ТОҡикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_COVID-19 "ĐŃĐ˝ŃгиŃии COVID-19 â Tajik")
- [ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94-19 "ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸§ŕ¸´ŕ¸-19 â Thai")
- [áľááá](https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%88%E1%89%A0%E1%8B%B3_%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%B5-19 "áá áł áŽáŞáľ-19 â Tigrinya")
- [TĂźrkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korona_wirusy_\(2019-2020\) "Korona wirusy (2019-2020) â Turkmen")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_ng_COVID-19 "Pandemya ng COVID-19 â Tagalog")
- [Setswana](https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolwetse_jwa_Mogare_wa_Khorona_2019 "Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019 â Tswana")
- [Toki pona](https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/tawa_suli_pi_jaki_Kolona "tawa suli pi jaki Kolona â Toki Pona")
- [Tok Pisin](https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic â Tok Pisin")
- [TĂźrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemisi "COVID-19 pandemisi â Turkish")
- [Xitsonga](https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntungu_wa_Khorona_ya_2019 "Ntungu wa Khorona ya 2019 â Tsonga")
- [Twi](https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yare%C9%9B_a_y%C9%9B_fr%C9%9B_no_Coronavirus "YareÉ a yÉ frÉ no Coronavirus â Twi")
- [ŘŚŰŮŘşŰŘąÚŰ / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019-2020_%DB%8B%DB%87%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%89_%DB%8B%DB%95%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B3%D9%89 "2019-2020 ŰŰŘŽŰ٠تا؏ŮŘłŮŮ
ا٠ŰŮŘąŰŘłŮŮÚ Ř´ŮŘŻŘŻŰŘŞŮŮ٠تاعŮŮŮŮŘ´Ů ŰŰŮŰس٠â Uyghur")
- [ĐŁĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃŃка](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_COVID-19 "ĐандоПŃŃ COVID-19 â Ukrainian")
- [اعدŮ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7 "ÚŠŮŘąŮŮا Ůا،عس ÚŠŰ ŘšŘ§ŮŮ
Ű Ůبا â Urdu")
- [OĘťzbekcha / ŃСйокŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemiyasi "COVID-19 pandemiyasi â Uzbek")
- [Tshivenda](https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vhulwadze_Ha_Coronavirus_2019 "Vhulwadze Ha Coronavirus 2019 â Venda")
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- [Tiáşżng Viáťt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_d%E1%BB%8Bch_COVID-19 "Äấi dáťch COVID-19 â Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemya_nga_COVID-19 "Pandemya nga COVID-19 â Waray")
- [Wolof](https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A0ngoro_Koronaawiris_2019 "JĂ ngoro Koronaawiris 2019 â Wolof")
- [ĺ´čŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BD%93 "2019ć°ĺĺ çśç
ćŻčşçäşä˝ â Wu")
- [IsiXhosa](https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifo_se-Coronavirus_2019 "Isifo se-Coronavirus 2019 â Xhosa")
- [××Ö´××׊](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93-19_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7 "ק×××××-19 פ×× ×ע××ק â Yiddish")
- [YorĂšbĂĄ](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%C3%A0k%C3%A1y%C3%A9-%C3%A0r%C3%B9n_%C3%A8r%C3%A0nk%C3%B2r%C3%B3n%C3%A0_%E1%BB%8Dd%C3%BAn_2019-2020 "ĂjĂ kĂĄyĂŠ-Ă rĂšn èrĂ nkòrĂłnĂ áťdĂşn 2019-2020 â Yoruba")
- [ćč¨](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E4%BA%A5%E5%A4%A7%E7%96%AB "ĺˇąäşĽĺ¤§çŤ â Literary Chinese")
- [éŠĺčŞ / Bân-lâm-gĂ](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_t%C5%8Da-li%C3%BB-h%C3%AAng "COVID-19 tĹa-liĂť-hĂŞng â Minnan")
- [精čŞ](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%BC%A2%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%99%BC "ćŚćź˘čşç大ççź â Cantonese")
- [ä¸ć](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85 "2019ĺ çśç
ćŻç
çŤć
â Chinese")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isifo_seCoronavirus_2019 "Isifo seCoronavirus 2019 â Zulu")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
| COVID-19 pandemic | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg)Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an [intensive care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") in [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in SĂŁo Paulo (state)") in May 2020 | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg)Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population as of 20 December 2023 | |
| Cases per capita | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg)Cumulative percentage of population infected as of 19 March 2022 \>10% 3â10% 1â3% 0\.3â1% 0\.1â0.3% 0\.03â0.1% 0â0.03% None or no data | |
| Disease | [Coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) |
| Virus strain | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARSâCoVâ2) |
| Source | [Bats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_virome "Bat virome")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-1) (indirectly)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-who-origins-20210330-2) |
| Location | [Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") |
| [Index case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") | [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China [30°37â˛11âłN 114°15â˛28âłEďťż / ďťż30\.61972°N 114.25778°Eďťż / 30\.61972; 114.25778](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=COVID-19_pandemic¶ms=30_37_11_N_114_15_28_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-42) [1 December 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_COVID-19_outbreak_in_mainland_China "2019â2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China") (6 years, 4 months and 2 days ago) |
| Dates | Described as a pandemic by the [WHO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization"): 11 March 2020 (6 years ago)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-start-3) [Public health emergency of international concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern"): 30 January 2020 â 5 May 2023 (3 years, 3 months and 5 days)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4) |
| Confirmed cases | 779,056,637[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-6) |
| Suspected cases⥠| Far higher (\>70% of the world population, by the end of 2022)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-the_end-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Omicron_outbreak_in_China-8) |
| Deaths | 7,111,504[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) (reported) 18.2â33.5 million[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2023-9) (estimated) |
| Fatality rate | As of 10 March 2023: 1\.02%[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JHU_ticker-10) |
| âĄ*Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.* | |
| |
|---|
| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:COVID-19_pandemic "Category:COVID-19 pandemic") on the |
| [COVID-19 pandemic]() |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus._SARS-CoV-2.png "Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each \"ball\" is an atom.") Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom. |
| [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (disease) [SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2") (virus) [Cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") 2020 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") 2021 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") 2022 [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") |
| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [By country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") By conveyance [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") |
| International response [Endemic phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_phase_of_COVID-19 "Endemic phase of COVID-19") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Origin of SARS-CoV-2") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_by_country "COVID-19 lockdowns by country") [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") [by governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [Fake treatments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [WTO IP waiver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement_waiver "TRIPS Agreement waiver") [Undercounting of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") [COVID-19 apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 "Chinese government response to COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Irish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| Medical response [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_COVID-19_tests "Development of COVID-19 tests") [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [VITT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") Current vaccines [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [Medigen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [OxfordâAstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [PfizerâBioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "PfizerâBioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") [Variants of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") Other variants [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") |
| [Economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and [recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Arts and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation") [Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Shipping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis#Shipping "2021â2022 global supply chain crisis") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [sportscasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [By sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridiron football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") |
| [Impacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Neurological and psychological symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_COVID-19_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of COVID-19 on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Post-exertional malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-exertional_malaise "Post-exertional malaise") [Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [African diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_African_diaspora "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the African diaspora") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Alzheimer's disease patients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease_and_COVID-19 "Alzheimer's disease and COVID-19") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Emergency evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_evacuation_procedures_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Emergency evacuation procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") [Female](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBTQ community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBTQ_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBTQ community") [Long-term care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_migration "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migration") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Notable deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") [Other health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Suicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_suicide_rates "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on suicide rates") [Telehealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_telehealth_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the telehealth industry") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") [Infected leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_\(Wikimedia_colors\).svg) [COVID-19 portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19 "Portal:COVID-19") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic sidebar") |
The global **COVID-19 pandemic** (also known as the **coronavirus pandemic**), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ([SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2")), began with an outbreak in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China, in December 2019. It spread to other parts of Asia and [then worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") in early 2020. The [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) declared the outbreak a [public health emergency of international concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern") (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed it as having become a [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic "Pandemic") on 11 March.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-start-3) The WHO declared that the public health emergency caused by COVID-19 had ended in May 2023.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4)
[COVID-19 symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_symptoms "COVID-19 symptoms") range from [asymptomatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic "Asymptomatic") to deadly, but most commonly include fever, [sore throat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat "Sore throat"), [nocturnal cough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_cough "Nocturnal cough"), and fatigue. [Transmission of the virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") is often [through airborne particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_transmission "Airborne transmission"). Mutations have [produced many strains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and [virulence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence "Virulence").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-11) [COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") were developed rapidly and [deployed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") to the general public beginning in December 2020, made available through government and [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization "International organization") programmes such as [COVAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX "COVAX"), aiming to provide [vaccine equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_equity "Vaccine equity"). [Treatments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") include [novel antiviral drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included [travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic"), [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns"), business restrictions and closures, [workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19"), [mask mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"), quarantines, [testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") systems, and [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing") of the infected.
The pandemic caused severe [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and [economic disruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") around the world, including [the largest global recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") since the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-RFXoH-12) [Widespread supply shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic"), including [food shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic"), were caused by [supply chain disruptions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021â2022 global supply chain crisis") and [panic buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying"). Reduced human activity led to an [unprecedented temporary decrease in pollution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment"). Educational institutions and public areas were partially or fully [closed in many jurisdictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education"), and many events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021. [Telework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") became much more common for [white-collar workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker "White-collar worker") as the pandemic evolved. [Misinformation circulated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") through social media and occasionally through mass media, and [political tensions intensified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic"). The pandemic raised issues of [racial and geographic discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic"), [health equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity "Health equity"), and the balance between [public health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health "Public health") imperatives and [individual rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights "Individual and group rights").
The disease has continued to circulate since 2023. By 2025, experts generally believed the pandemic to be over, having transitioned into the [endemic phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_\(epidemiology\) "Endemic (epidemiology)").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:0-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:3-14) Different definitions of pandemics lead to different determinations of when they end.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-charters2021-16) As of 3 April 2026, COVID-19 has caused 7,111,504[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) confirmed deaths, and 18.2 to 33.5 million estimated deaths.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2023-9) The pandemic was the fifth-[deadliest pandemic or epidemic in history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadliest_pandemics_in_history "Deadliest pandemics in history").
## Terminology
Further information: [COVID-19 naming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_naming "COVID-19 naming")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg)
Chinese medics in [Huanggang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanggang "Huanggang"), Hubei, in 2020
### Pandemic
In [epidemiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology"), a [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic "Pandemic") is defined as "an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people". During the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other pandemics, the meaning of this term has been challenged.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-17)
The end of a pandemic or other epidemic only rarely involves the total disappearance of a disease, and historically, much less attention has been given to defining the ends of epidemics than their beginnings. The ends of particular epidemics have been defined in a variety of ways, differing according to academic field, and differently based on location and social group. An epidemic's end can be considered a social phenomenon, not just a biological one.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-charters2021-16)
[*Time*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)") reported in March 2024 that expert opinions differ on whether or not COVID-19 is currently considered endemic or pandemic, and that the WHO continued to call the disease a pandemic on its website.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15)
### Virus names
During [the initial outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-18) "the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak",[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-19) with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia")".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-21) In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report-22) and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-23) as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent [social stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma "Social stigma").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-24) WHO finalised the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO-naming-25) WHO Director-General [Tedros Ghebreyesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Ghebreyesus") explained: CO for *corona*, VI for *virus*, D for *disease* and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-26) WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO-naming-25)
WHO named [variants of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_concern "Variant of concern") and [variants of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_concern "Variant of concern") using [Greek letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet "Greek alphabet"). The initial practice of naming them according to where the variants were identified (e.g. [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") began as the "Indian variant") is no longer common.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-27) A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's [PANGO lineage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages "Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages") (e.g., [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant")'s lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BBC.May.31.2021-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-29)
## Epidemiology
| |
|---|
| For country-level [data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data"), see: |
| **[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory")** |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:732-bar-chart.svg "732-bar-chart") |
| **[Cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases")** 779,056,637[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5)**[Deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths")** 7,111,504[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) As of 3 April 2026 [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") |
### Background
Main articles: [Origin of SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Origin of SARS-CoV-2") and [COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei")
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to [bat coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_virome#Coronaviruses "Bat virome"),[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-LancetNowcasting-30) [pangolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin "Pangolin") coronaviruses,[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ia56U-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Zhang6April2020-32) and [SARS-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-1 "SARS-CoV-1").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ECDC_risk_assessment-33) The first known [outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreak "Outbreak") (the [2019â2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_COVID-19_outbreak_in_mainland_China "2019â2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China")) started in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), Hubei, China, in December 2019.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-34) Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the [Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market "Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market") there,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Sun2020epidemiology-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Maxmen2021whoReport-37) but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-39) [Molecular clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock "Molecular clock") analysis suggests that the first cases were likely to have been between October and November 2019.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-40)
The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a [zoonotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic "Zoonotic") origin, from bats or another closely related mammal.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-38)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-To2021lessons-42) While other explanations such as speculations that SARS-CoV-2 was accidentally [released from a laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") have been proposed,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CovidMayHave-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-nofact-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200208economist-45) as of 2021 these were not sufficiently supported by evidence.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Holmes2021-46)
### Cases
Main articles: [COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") and [COVID-19 pandemic cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases")
Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been [tested for COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-1ceLG-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-J0rix-48) Due to the effect of [sampling bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_bias "Sampling bias"), studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from a random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WqXOo-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BtFLV-50) Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-elpais640000-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200313reuters-52) The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, [complications of diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes "Complications of diabetes"), anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-53)
During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was not clear whether young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vox21190033-54) A retrospective [cohort study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study "Cohort study") in China found that [children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") and adults were just as likely to be infected.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-489Q3-55)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png)
Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the top six countries in 2022
Among more thorough studies, [preliminary results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Case-Cluster-Study "COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study") from 9 April 2020 found that in [Gangelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangelt "Gangelt"), the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 per cent of a population sample tested positive for [antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody "Antibody").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-otW1O-56) Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women [in New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City"), and [blood donors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donor "Blood donor") in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-rCdvL-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200416reuters-58) [Seroprevalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroprevalence "Seroprevalence")\-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-0LgFK-59)
Initial estimates of the [basic reproduction number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number "Basic reproduction number") (R0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5,[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WFNfK-60) but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent [confidence interval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval "Confidence interval") of 3.8 to 8.9).[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mmCQc-61)
In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28 December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-62) As of 14 April 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&action=edit), over 500 million cases were confirmed globally.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-63) Most cases are unconfirmed, with the [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation") estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent1-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent2-65)
#### Test positivity rate
One measure that public health officials and policymakers have used to monitor the pandemic and guide decision-making is the test positivity rate ("percent positive"). According to Johns Hopkins in 2020, one benchmark for a "too high" per cent positive is 5%, which was used by the WHO in the past.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-66)
### Deaths
Main articles: [COVID-19 pandemic deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") and [COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country")
Further information: [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg)
Gravediggers bury the body of a man suspected of having died of COVID-19 in the cemetery of Vila Alpina in eastern [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo"), 3 April 2020.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg)
The deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [Hackensack, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey "Hackensack, New Jersey"), US, in April 2020
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100,000_population.webp)
Global excess and reported COVID-19 deaths and deaths per 100,000, according to the WHO study[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-67)
As of 10 March 2023, more than 6.88 million[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JHU_ticker-10) deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-25-68) These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-69) time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-worldindata-70)
Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wBm2a-71) Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200331reuters-72) Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-stuff120443722-73) Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-npr841005901-74)
Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because [excess mortality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_displacement "Mortality displacement") (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:7-75) Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 18.2 to 33.5 million (â27.4 million) by 18 November 2023 by *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")*,[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2023-9)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:7-75) as well as over 18.5 million by 1 April 2023 by the [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation")[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-COVID-19_Projections-76) and â18.2 million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021, by a comprehensive international study.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1016/S0140-6736\(21\)02796-3-77) Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200429reason-78) Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1016/S0140-6736\(21\)02796-3-77)
In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths by the end of 2021 to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported COVID-19 deaths, with the majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because [people with other conditions could not access medical services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-80)
A December 2022 [WHO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO "WHO") study estimated excess deaths from the pandemic during 2020 and 2021, again concluding â14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming and detailing their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like [years of potential life lost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost "Years of potential life lost") and may make the pandemic 2021's [leading cause of death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate "List of causes of death by rate").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-82)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-67)
The time between symptom onset and death ranges from 6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pathogenesis-83) Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-6XONR-85)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png)
Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)
#### Infection fatality ratio (IFR)
See also: [List of human disease case fatality rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_disease_case_fatality_rates "List of human disease case fatality rates")
| Age group | IFR |
|---|---|
| 0â34 | 0\.004% |
| 35â44 | 0\.068% |
| 45â54 | 0\.23% |
| 55â64 | 0\.75% |
| 65â74 | 2\.5% |
| 75â84 | 8\.5% |
| 85 + | 28\.3% |
The [infection fatality ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_fatality_rate "Infection fatality rate") (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals). It is expressed in percentage points.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-87) Other studies refer to this metric as the *infection fatality risk*.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-88)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-89)
In November 2020, a review article in *[Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_\(journal\) "Nature (journal)")* reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-90) IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of â10,000 across the age groups.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-86) For comparison, the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude higher than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and much higher than the risk of dying from [seasonal influenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_influenza "Seasonal influenza").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-86)
In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-86) There have also been reviews that have compared the fatality rate of this pandemic with prior pandemics, such as MERS-CoV.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-91)
For comparison the infection mortality rate of seasonal flu in the United States is 0.1%, which is 13 times lower than COVID-19.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-92)
#### Case fatality ratio (CFR)
Another metric in assessing death rate is the [case fatality ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") (CFR),[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-94) which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hauser_2020-95)
Based on [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") statistics, the global CFR was 1\.02 percent (6,881,955 deaths for 676,609,955 cases) as of 10 March 2023.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JHU_ticker-10) The number varies by region and has generally declined over time.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-b0L7I-96)
## Disease
Main article: [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")
### Variants
Main article: [Variants of SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2")
Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as a [variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_concern "Variant of concern") (VoC) or a [variant of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_interest "Variant of interest") (VoI). Many of these variants have shared the more infectious [D614G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D614G "D614G"). As of May 2023, the WHO had downgraded all variants of concern to previously circulating as these were no longer detected in new infections.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-97)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2-98) Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant (BA.1 â BA.5) were considered separate VoCs by the WHO until they were downgraded in March 2023 as no longer widely circulating.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2-98) As of 24 September 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&action=edit), the [variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") of interest as specified by the WHO are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants under monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-current_variants2-99)
[World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") video describing how variants proliferate in unvaccinated areas
| Name | Lineage | Detected | Countries | Priority |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") | [B.1.1.7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.7 "Lineage B.1.1.7") | United Kingdom | 190 | VoC |
| [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") | [B.1.351](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.351 "Lineage B.1.351") | South Africa | 140 | VoC |
| [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") | [B.1.617.2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.617.2 "Lineage B.1.617.2") | India | 170 | VoC |
| [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") | [P.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_P.1 "Lineage P.1") | Brazil | 90 | VoC |
| [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") | [B.1.1.529](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.529 "Lineage B.1.1.529") | Botswana | 149 | VoC |
### Signs and symptoms
Main article: [Symptoms of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 "Symptoms of COVID-19")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg)
[Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") of COVID-19
Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2020Sym-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Grant_et_al_2020-103) Common symptoms include headache, [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia "Anosmia") and [taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageusia "Ageusia"), [nasal congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_obstruction "Nasal obstruction") and [runny nose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea "Rhinorrhea"), cough, [muscle pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_pain "Muscle pain"), [sore throat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat "Sore throat"), fever, [diarrhoea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea"), and [breathing difficulties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_difficulties "Breathing difficulties").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2020Sym-102) People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, [sputum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputum "Sputum"), shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ECDC-104) In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, [loss of taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogeusia "Hypogeusia") combined with [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyposmia "Hyposmia") is associated with [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Krishnan-105)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-106)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid32483687-107)
### Transmission
Main article: [Transmission of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19")
The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an [aerosol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol "Aerosol")) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Wang_2021-108)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AR2021-110)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto1-111) Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close to other non-infected individuals. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Wang_2021-108)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Miller_2021-112)
### Cause
Main article: [Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg)
Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 [virion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virion "Virion")
SARSâCoVâ2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fox2020-113) It is a [positive-sense single-stranded RNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_single-stranded_RNA_virus "Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus") (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-V'kovskik:21-114)
Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the [common cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold") to more severe diseases such as [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome "Middle East respiratory syndrome") (MERS, fatality rate â34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after [229E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E "Human coronavirus 229E"), [NL63](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63 "Human coronavirus NL63"), [OC43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43 "Human coronavirus OC43"), [HKU1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1 "Human coronavirus HKU1"), [MERS-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus "Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus"), and the original [SARS-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NEJM-Novel-115)
### Diagnosis
Main article: [COVID-19 § Diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19#Diagnosis "COVID-19")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg)
A nurse at [McMurdo Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurdo_Station "McMurdo Station") sets up polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing equipment in September 2020.
The standard method of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a [nucleic acid test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test "Nucleic acid test"),[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200130cdc-116) which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_InterimGuidance-117) As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited".[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-2k0iS-118) The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a [nasopharyngeal swab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab "Nasopharyngeal swab"); however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2020Testing-119)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200129cdc-120) The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-121)
### Prevention
Further information: [COVID-19 § Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19#Prevention "COVID-19"), [Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"), and [Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_\(COVID19.GOV.PH\).svg)
Common measures implemented to prevent the spread of the virus
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home or spending more time outdoors, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, wearing a mask in public, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cdc-prev-122)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-who2023-123)
Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by healthcare authorities to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-125)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-126)
#### Vaccines
Main article: [COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine")
See also: [History of COVID-19 vaccine development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") and [Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg)
An elderly woman receiving a COVID-19 vaccination in [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia")
A COVID-19 [vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine "Vaccine") is intended to provide [acquired immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_immunity "Acquired immunity") against [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARSâCoVâ2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus") causing diseases like [severe acute respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome "Severe acute respiratory syndrome") (SARS) and [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome "Middle East respiratory syndrome") (MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various [vaccine platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_platform "Vaccine platform") during early 2020.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid33341119-127)
The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic and severe illness.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-128) The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-130)
As of August 2024, more than 5.6 billion people had received one or more doses (13.7 billion in total).[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-131) The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-132) According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 million to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-134)
In 2022, the first recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (the [Novavax vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine")) was authorised for use in adults in the United Kingdom. It has subsequently received endorsement/authorisation from the WHO, US, European Union, and Australia.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-135)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-136) That same year also saw the first inhalable vaccine, developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company [CanSino Biologics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanSino_Biologics#COVID-19_vaccine_development "CanSino Biologics").[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-137)
High-income countries rapidly bought up vaccines at the start of the pandemic, leading to concerns about [vaccine equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_equity "Vaccine equity"). By April 2021, one in 500 people in [low and middle-income countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_and_middle-income_countries "Low and middle-income countries") had been vaccinated, compared with one in four in high-income countries.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-138)
### Treatment
Main article: [Treatment and management of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_\(50119127303\).jpg)
A critically ill patient receiving invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit of the [Heart Institute, University of SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Institute,_University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Heart Institute, University of SĂŁo Paulo") in July 2020. Due to a shortage of mechanical ventilators, a [bridge ventilator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resuscitator "Resuscitator") is being used to automatically actuate a [bag valve mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_mask "Bag valve mask").
For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cdcmuseum-140) In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral [protease inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_\(pharmacology\) "Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)"), [Paxlovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxlovid "Paxlovid") (nirmatrelvir plus the HIV antiviral [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritonavir "Ritonavir")), to treat adult patients.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-141) FDA later gave it an EUA.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-142)
Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as [paracetamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol "Paracetamol") or [NSAIDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAID "NSAID") to relieve symptoms (fever,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-143) body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cdcmuseum-140)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-144) Good personal hygiene and a [healthy diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diet "Healthy diet") are also recommended.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-145)
[Supportive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supportive_care "Supportive care") in severe cases includes treatment to [relieve symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomatic_treatment "Symptomatic treatment"), [fluid therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_replacement "Fluid replacement"), [oxygen support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_support "Oxygen support") and [prone positioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prone_positioning "Prone positioning"), and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-146) More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid [dexamethasone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone "Dexamethasone") is recommended to reduce mortality.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-147) [Noninvasive ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noninvasive_ventilation "Noninvasive ventilation") and, ultimately, admission to an [intensive care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") for [mechanical ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation "Mechanical ventilation") may be required to support breathing.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NIHGuidelines2020-148) [Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation") (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Guan_Ni_Hu_Liang_p.-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Henry_2020_p.-150)
Existing drugs such as [hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine "Hydroxychloroquine"), [lopinavir/ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopinavir/ritonavir "Lopinavir/ritonavir"), and [ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin "Ivermectin") are not recommended by US or European health authorities, as there is no good evidence they have any useful effect.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Kim_Read_Fauci_p=2149-151)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement-152) The antiviral [remdesivir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir "Remdesivir") is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the WHO,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hsu_p=m4457-153) due to limited evidence of its efficacy.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139)
### Prognosis
Further information: [COVID-19 § Prognosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19#Prognosis "COVID-19"), and [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID")
The severity of COVID-19 varies. It may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the [common cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold"). In 3â4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalisation.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid33087398-154) Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged [prothrombin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothrombin "Prothrombin") time and elevated [C-reactive protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein "C-reactive protein") levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to [intensive care units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") (ICU).[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-155)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-156)
Between 5% and 50% of COVID-19 patients experience [long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID"),[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-157) a condition characterised by long-term [consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequela "Sequela") persisting after the typical convalescence period of the disease.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-159) The most commonly reported clinical presentations are [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue") and memory problems, as well as [malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaise "Malaise"), headaches, [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), loss of smell, [muscle weakness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weakness "Muscle weakness"), low fever and [cognitive dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction "Cognitive dysfunction").[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ref1-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-161)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-162)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-163)
## Strategies
Main article: [Public health mitigation of COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20200410_Flatten_the_curve,_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_\(English\).gif)
Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (*[flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve")*) and lessening overall cases and health impact.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-RnW59-165) Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity (*[raising the line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_the_line "Raising the line")*) such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, help to meet increased demand.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Vox_20200407-166)
Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as "[zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID")") that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Barcelona-167) and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "[flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve")") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Livermore-168) These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the [acquired immunity phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_immunity "Acquired immunity") through natural and [vaccine-induced immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine").[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Bhopal2020-169)
*Nature* reported in 2021 that 90% of researchers who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_\(epidemiology\) "Endemic (epidemiology)")".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-170)
### Containment
Further information: [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID")
Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-f4SpW-171) The zero-COVID strategy involves using public health measures such as [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing"), [mass testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing"), [border quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic"), [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns"), and [mitigation software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") to stop [community transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Barcelona-167)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet-Li-2020-172) Successful containment or suppression reduces [Rt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number#Effective_reproduction_number "Basic reproduction number") to less than 1.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ImpCollege16mar2020-173)
### Mitigation
Further information: [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve")
Should containment fail, efforts focus on mitigation: measures taken to slow the spread and limit its effects on the healthcare system and society. Successful mitigation delays and decreases the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the [epidemic curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_curve "Epidemic curve")".[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164) This decreases the risk of overwhelming health services and provides more time for developing vaccines and treatments.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164) Individual behaviour changed in many jurisdictions. Many people worked from home instead of at their traditional workplaces.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-174)
#### Non-pharmaceutical interventions
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg)
The CDC and WHO advise that masks (such as worn here by Taiwanese president [Tsai Ing-wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen "Tsai Ing-wen")) reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
[Non-pharmaceutical interventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pharmaceutical_intervention "Non-pharmaceutical intervention") that may reduce spread include personal actions such as wearing [face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"), self-quarantine, and [hand hygiene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing "Hand washing"); community measures aimed at reducing interpersonal contacts such as closing workplaces and schools and cancelling large gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as surface cleaning.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-community_mitigation-175)
#### Other measures
More drastic actions, such as quarantining entire populations and strict travel bans have been attempted in various jurisdictions.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-RwmYm-176) The [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 "Chinese government response to COVID-19") and [Australian government approaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia#Responses "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") have included many lockdowns and are widely considered the most strict. The [New Zealand government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") included the most severe travel restrictions. As part of its [K-Quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Quarantine "K-Quarantine") programme, South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. The [Singaporean government's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Government_response "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") included so-called "[circuit breaker lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures")" and financial support for those affected while also imposing large fines for those who broke quarantine.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-shZdf-177)
#### Contact tracing
See also: [Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") and [Public health mitigation of COVID-19 § Information technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19#Information_technology "Public health mitigation of COVID-19")
[Contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing") attempts to identify recent contacts of newly infected individuals, and to screen them for infection; the traditional approach is to request a list of contacts from infectees, and then telephone or visit the contacts.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-web-178) Contact tracing was widely used during the [Western African Ebola virus epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic "Western African Ebola virus epidemic") in 2014.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-179)
Another approach is to collect location data from mobile devices to identify those who have come in significant contact with infectees, which prompted privacy concerns.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-IngramWard20200407-180) On 10 April 2020, Google and [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-0DF25-181)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200410apple-182) In Europe and in the US, [Palantir Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir_Technologies "Palantir Technologies") initially provided COVID-19 tracking services.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-0k3hR-183)
### Health care
Further information: [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve"), [list of countries by hospital beds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds "List of countries by hospital beds"), and [Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic")
WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOEuropeResponse-184) The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and [primary healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_health_care "Primary health care") services for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing [intensive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") capabilities by training personnel and increasing [ventilators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilator "Ventilator") and beds.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOEuropeResponse-184)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ECDCresponse-185) The pandemic drove widespread adoption of [telehealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telehealth "Telehealth").[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-186)
#### Improvised manufacturing
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi,_Ukraine.jpg)
A patient in Ukraine in 2020 wearing a [scuba mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_mask "Diving mask") in the absence of [artificial ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_ventilation "Artificial ventilation")
Due to [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain "Supply chain") capacity limitations, some manufacturers began [3D printing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing "3D printing") material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-technologyreview615420-187)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-aCPem-188) In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged [patent infringement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_infringement "Patent infringement") after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-189) Individuals and groups of [makers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_culture "Maker culture") created and shared [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source "Open source") designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of [face shields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_shield "Face shield"), protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps, [powered air-purifying respirators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator "Powered air-purifying respirator"), and [hand sanitiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitiser "Hand sanitiser"). Novel devices were created such as [ear savers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_saver "Ear saver"), [non-invasive ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation "Non-invasive ventilation") helmets, and ventilator splitters.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-190)
### Herd immunity
In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving [herd immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity "Herd immunity") may not be possible because Delta can transmit among vaccinated individuals.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:1-191) CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit Delta, something officials believed was less likely with other variants. Consequently, WHO and CDC encouraged vaccinated people to continue with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, social distancing, and quarantining if exposed.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:2-192)
## History
| | |
|---|---|
|  | Parts of this article (those related to years 2024 and 2025) need to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(March 2026)* |
For a chronological guide, see [Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic").
Further information: [Pandemic prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_prevention "Pandemic prevention") and [Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic")
### 2019
Main article: [Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019")
The [outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreak "Outbreak") was discovered in Wuhan in November 2019. It is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before the discovery.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-39) Based on a retrospective analysis starting from December 2019, the number of cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-original_report-193) A [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia") cluster was observed on 26 December and treated by Chinese pulmonologist [Zhang Jixian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jixian "Zhang Jixian"). She informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-D54YB-194) After analysing pneumonia patient samples, a genetic sequencing company named Vision Medicals reported the discovery of a [novel coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_coronavirus "Novel coronavirus") to the [China CDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention") (CCDC) on 28 December.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AP_OR-195)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-caixintrace-196) Two days later, a test report from CapitalBio Medlab addressed to the [Wuhan Central Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") reported an erroneous positive result for [SARS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS"), causing doctors there to alert authorities. Eight of those doctors, including ophthalmologist [Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang") (1985â2020), were detained by police on 3 January for "spreading false rumours".[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-siStf-197) That evening, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) issued a notice about "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause".[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-promedmail6864153-198) The next day, WMHC made the announcement public, confirming 27 cases[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-69-199)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-68-200)âenough to trigger an investigation.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc50984025-201) On 31 December, the WHO office in China was notified about the cluster of unknown pneumonia cases[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report-22)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-69-199) and immediately launched an investigation.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc50984025-201)
Official Chinese sources claimed that the early cases were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-characteristicsZH-202) In May 2020, CCDC director George Gao initially ruled out the market as a possible origin, as animal samples collected there had tested negative.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ALmAQ-203)
### 2020
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by month: [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020"), [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020"), [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020"), [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020"), [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020"), [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020"), [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020"), [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020"), [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020"), [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020"), [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020"), [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto,_March_2020.jpg)
A highway sign discouraging travel in [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), March 2020
On 11 January, WHO was notified by the Chinese National Health Commission that the outbreak was associated with exposures in the market, and that China had identified a new type of coronavirus, which it isolated on 7 January.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report-22)
Initially, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Qun29Jan2020-204) In early and mid-January, the virus spread to other [Chinese provinces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China "Provinces of China"), helped by the [Chinese New Year migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunyun "Chunyun"). Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report_28_February_2020-205) On 10 January, the virus' genome was shared publicly.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-206) A retrospective study published in March found that 6,174 people had reported symptoms by 20 January.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Epidemiology17Feb2020-207) A 24 January report indicated human transmission was likely occurring, and recommended [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") for health workers. It also advocated testing, given the outbreak's "pandemic potential".[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Huang24Jan2020-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Horton_18_March-209) On 30 January, 7,818 infections had been confirmed, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern "Public Health Emergency of International Concern") (PHEIC),[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_PHEICSR-210)[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_PHEIC_decl2-211)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-212) upgrading it to a pandemic on 11 March.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-start-3) On 31 January, the first published modelling study warned of inevitable "independent self-sustaining outbreaks in major cities globally" and called for "large-scale public health interventions".[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid32014114-213)
By 31 January, Italy indicated its first confirmed infections had occurred, in two tourists from China.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Corriere_20Jan-214) On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most reported deaths.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-sky11960412-215)
By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed infections.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT-20200326-216) Genomic analysis indicated that the majority of [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)")'s confirmed infections came from Europe, rather than directly from Asia.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200408nytimes-217) Testing of prior samples revealed a person who was infected in France on 27 December 2019[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-France-retest-218)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Deslandes_2020-219) and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6 February.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-PBS-2wks-220)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg)
An exhausted [anaesthesiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiology "Anesthesiology") in [Pesaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro "Pesaro"), Italy, 19 March 2020
In October, WHO reported that one in ten people around the world may have been infected, or 780 million people, while only 35 million infections had been confirmed.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc_oneinten-221)
On 9 November, Pfizer released trial results for a candidate vaccine, showing a 90 per cent effectiveness in preventing infection. That day, Novavax submitted an FDA Fast Track application for their vaccine.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-FEv4C-222)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NPZ5P-223) On 14 December, [Public Health England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_England "Public Health England") reported that a variant had been discovered in the UK's southeast, predominantly in [Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent "Kent"). The variant, later named [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 "Variant of Concern 202012/01"), showed changes to the [spike protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein "Coronavirus spike protein") that could make the virus more infectious. As of 13 December, 1,108 infections had been confirmed in the UK.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-224)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-225) On 4 February 2020, US Secretary of Health and Human Services [Alex Azar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar "Alex Azar") waived liability for vaccine manufacturers in all cases except those involving "willful misconduct".[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mXTUz-226)[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-227)
### 2021
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by month: [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021"), [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021"), [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021"), [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021"), [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021"), [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021"), [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021"), [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021"), [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021"), [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021"), [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021"), [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021")
On 2 January, the [Alpha variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant"), first discovered in the UK, had been identified in 33 countries.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-228) On 6 January, the [Gamma variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") was first identified in Japanese travellers returning from Brazil.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-229) On 29 January, it was reported that the Novavax vaccine was 49 per cent effective against the [Beta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") in a clinical trial in South Africa.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-230)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-231) The [CoronaVac vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac_vaccine "CoronaVac vaccine") was reported to be 50.4 per cent effective in a Brazil clinical trial.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-232)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg)
A temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in [Santo AndrĂŠ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Andr%C3%A9,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Santo AndrĂŠ, SĂŁo Paulo"), Brazil, in March 2021
On 12 March, several countries stopped using the [OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") due to blood clotting problems, specifically [cerebral venous sinus thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis") (CVST).[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-233) On 20 March, the WHO and European Medicines Agency found no link to [thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis "Thrombosis"), leading several countries to resume administering the vaccine.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-234) In March WHO reported that an animal host was the most likely origin, without ruling out other possibilities.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-who-origins-20210330-2)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Maxmen2021whoReport-37) The [Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") was first identified in India. In mid-April, the variant was first detected in the UK and two months later it had become a full-fledged third wave in the country, forcing the government to delay reopening that was originally scheduled for June.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-235) On 10 November, Germany advised against the [Moderna vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") for people under 30, due to a possible association with [myocarditis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis "Myocarditis").[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-236) On 24 November, the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") was detected in South Africa; a few days later the WHO declared it a VoC (variant of concern).[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-237) The new variant is more infectious than the Delta variant.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-238)
### 2022
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_\(Omicron\)_\(52665469105\).jpg)
Scanning electron micrograph (colorised) of cell infected with the Omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles *green*
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 by month: [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022"), [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022"), [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022"), [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022"), [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022"), [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022"), [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022"), [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022"), [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022"), [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022"), [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022"), [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022")
On 1 January, Europe passed 100 million cases amidst a surge in the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant").[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-239) Later that month, the WHO recommended the [rheumatoid arthritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis "Rheumatoid arthritis") drug [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") for severe or critical patients. It also recommended the monoclonal antibody [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") in patients with non-severe disease, but only those who are at highest risk of hospitalisation.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-240)
On 24 January, the [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation") estimated that about 57% of the world's population had been infected by COVID-19.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent1-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent2-65) By 6 March, it was reported that the total worldwide death count had surpassed 6 million people.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-241) By 6 July, Omicron subvariants [BA.4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA.4 "BA.4") and [BA.5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA.5 "BA.5") had spread worldwide.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-242) WHO Director-General Tedros Ghebreyesus stated on 14 September 2022, that "\[The world has\] never been in a better position to end the pandemic", citing the lowest number of weekly reported deaths since March 2020. He continued, "We are not there yet. But the end is in sightâwe can see the finish line".[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-243)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-244)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-245)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-246)
On 21 October, the United States surpassed 99 million cases of COVID-19, the most cases of any country.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-247) By 30 October, the worldwide daily death toll was 424, the lowest since 385 deaths were reported on 12 March 2020.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-248) 17 November marked the three-year anniversary since health officials in China first detected COVID-19.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-249)
On 11 November, the WHO reported that deaths since the month of February had dropped 90 per cent. Director-General Tedros said this was "cause for optimism".[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-250) On 3 December, the WHO indicated that, "at least 90% of the world's population has some level of immunity to Sars-CoV-2".[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-251) In early December, China began lifting some of its most stringent lockdown measures. Subsequent data from China's health authorities revealed that 248 million people, nearly 18 per cent of its population, had been infected in the first 20 days of that month.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-252) On 29 December, the US joined Italy, Japan, Taiwan and India in requiring negative COVID-19 test results from all people travelling from China due to the new surge in cases. The EU refused similar measures, stating that the BF7 omicron variant had already spread throughout Europe without becoming dominant.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-254)
### 2023
[Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023")
On 4 January 2023, the WHO said the information shared by China during the recent surge in infections lacked data, such as hospitalisation rates.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-255) On 10 January, the WHO's Europe office said the recent viral surge in China posed "no immediate threat."[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-256) On 16 January, the WHO recommended that China monitor excess mortality to provide "a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19".[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-257)
On 30 January, the three-year anniversary of the original declaration, the WHO determined that COVID-19 still met the criteria for a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-258)
On 19 March, WHO Director-General Tedros indicated he was "confident" the COVID-19 pandemic would cease to be a public health emergency by the end of the year.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-259) On 5 May, the WHO downgraded COVID-19 from being a global health emergency, though it continued to refer to it as a pandemic.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-260) The WHO does not make official declarations of when pandemics end.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-guardian-261) The decision came after Tedros convened with the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee, wherein the Committee noted that due to the decrease in deaths and hospitalisations, and the prevalence of vaccinations and the level of general immunity, it was time to remove the emergency designation and "transition to long-term management".[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_Statement_5_May_2023-262) Tedros agreed, and the WHO reduced the classification to an "established and ongoing health issue".[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_Statement_5_May_2023-262) In a press conference, Tedros remarked that the diminishing threat from COVID-19 had "allowed most countries to return to life as we knew it before COVID-19".[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-npr-263)
In September the WHO said it had observed "concerning" trends in COVID-19 case numbers and hospitalisations, although analysis was hampered because many countries were no longer recording COVID-19 case statistics.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-264)
In November 2023, in response to viral mutations and changing characteristics of infection, the WHO adjusted its treatment guidelines. Among other changes, remdesivir and molnupiravir were now recommended only for the most severe cases, and [deuremidevir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuremidevir "Deuremidevir") and ivermectin were recommended against.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-265)
## Responses
Main articles: [COVID-19 lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns"), [COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory"), and [National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic")
National reactions ranged from strict lockdowns to public education campaigns.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-IVdfl-266) WHO recommended that curfews and lockdowns should be short-term measures to reorganise, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect the health care system.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-58tIM-267) As of 26 March 2020, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-theguardian500000-268) This increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of Aprilâmore than half the [world's population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population "World population").[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200403euronews-269)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200328businessinsider-270)
In several countries, [protests rose against restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") such as lockdowns. A February 2021 study found that protests against restrictions were likely to directly increase the spread of the virus.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-271)
### Asia
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia")
As of the end of 2021, Asia's peak had come at the same time and at the same level as the world as a whole, in May 2021.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-272) However, cumulatively they had experienced only half of the global average in cases.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-273)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg)
A [temporary hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_Hospital "Fangcang Hospital") constructed in Wuhan in February 2020
China opted for containment, instituting strict lockdowns to eliminate viral spread.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:02-274)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-275) The vaccines distributed in China included the [BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine"), [WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine"), and [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac").[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-276) It was reported on 11 December 2021, that China had vaccinated 1.162 billion of its citizens, or 82.5% of the total population of the country against COVID-19.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-277) China's large-scale adoption of [zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") had largely contained the first waves of infections of the disease.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:02-274)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-278)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-279) When the waves of infections due to the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") followed, China was almost alone in pursuing the strategy of zero-Covid to combat the spread of the virus in 2022.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-280) Lockdown continued to be employed in November to combat a new wave of cases;[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-281)[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-282) however, [protests erupted in cities across China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") over the country's stringent measures,[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-284) and in December that year, the country relaxed its zero-COVID policy.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-285) On 20 December 2022, the Chinese State Council narrowed its definition of what would be counted as a COVID-19 death to include solely respiratory failure, which led to scepticism by health experts of the government's total death count[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-286)[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-287) at a time when hospitals reported being overwhelmed with cases following the abrupt discontinuation of zero-COVID.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-288)
The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020. India ordered a nationwide lockdown starting 24 March 2020,[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mrGsK-289) with a phased unlock beginning 1 June 2020. Six cities accounted for around half of reported casesâ[Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra"), [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi"), [Ahmedabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat"), [Chennai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu"), [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") and [Kolkata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal").[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-sHMHJ-290) Post-lockdown, the Government of India introduced a contact tracking app called [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") to help authorities manage contact tracing and vaccine distribution.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-291) India's vaccination programme was considered to be the world's largest and most successful with over 90% of citizens getting the first dose and another 65% getting the second dose.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-292)[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-293) A second wave hit India in April 2021, straining healthcare services.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-294) On 21 October 2021, it was reported that the country had surpassed 1 billion vaccinations.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-295)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg)
Disinfection of [Tehran Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Metro "Tehran Metro") trains to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Similar measures have also been taken in other countries.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-2kQpo-296)
Iran reported its first confirmed cases on 19 February 2020, in [Qom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom "Qom").[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wHBRB-297)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-4yrqM-298) Early measures included the cancellation/closure of concerts and other cultural events,[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Xm5nq-299) Friday prayers,[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Urdn6-300) and school and university campuses.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-2YX6a-301) Iran became a centre of the pandemic in February 2020.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-HHOnl-302)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-New_Yorker-303) More than ten countries had traced their outbreaks to Iran by 28 February, indicating a more severe outbreak than the 388 reported cases.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-New_Yorker-303)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-D2Xpc-304) The [Iranian Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly "Islamic Consultative Assembly") closed, after 23 of its 290 members tested positive on 3 March 2020.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-fXv2K-305) At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died by 17 March 2020.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-oxtUC-306) By August 2021, the pandemic's fifth wave peaked, with more than 400 deaths in 1 day.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-307)
COVID-19 was confirmed in South Korea on 20 January 2020. Military bases were quarantined after tests showed three infected soldiers.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-b82186-308) South Korea introduced what was then considered the world's largest and best-organised screening programme, isolating infected people, and tracing and quarantining contacts.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-science20200317-309) Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting by new international arrivals through mobile application,[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-nbcnews1167376-310) combined with [drive-through](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-through "Drive-through") testing,[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CvyZS-311) and increasing testing capability to 20,000 people/day.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-fdhQW-312) Despite some early criticisms,[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-imx38-313) South Korea's programme was considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-science20200317-309)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Wypis-314)[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-joins23778577-315)
### Europe
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg)
Deaths per 100,000 residents
The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Europe with its first confirmed case in [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France"), on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-316) and all had reported at least one death, with the exception of [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City"). Italy was the first European nation to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-317) By 13 March 2020, the WHO declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-319) and it remained so until the WHO announced it had been overtaken by [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") on 22 May.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-320) By 18 March 2020, more than 250 million people were in [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order") in Europe.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-321) Despite [deployment of COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines"), Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-322)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-323)
The [Italian outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") began on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Corriere_20Jan-214) Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the government to suspend flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-thelocal-flight-324) On 22 February 2020, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, which quarantined more than 50,000 people in northern Italy.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-201-325) On 4 March, the Italian government ordered schools and universities closed as Italy reached a hundred deaths. Sport was suspended completely for at least one month.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Kv4Ld-326) On 11 March, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte closed down nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-To26Y-327)[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ClzT6-328) On 19 April, the first wave ebbed, as 7-day deaths declined to 433.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-thehill493586-329) On 13 October, the Italian government again issued restrictive rules to contain the second wave.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-KhaW7-330) On 10 November, Italy surpassed 1 million confirmed infections.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-8XEwk-331) On 23 November, it was reported that the second wave of the virus had led some hospitals to stop accepting patients.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-332)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_\(cropped\).jpg)
Vaccinations at a [retirement home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_home "Retirement home") in [GijĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n "GijĂłn"), Spain on 12 December 2020
The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on [La Gomera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gomera "La Gomera") in the Canary Islands.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-SanidadConfirmaEnLaGomera-333) Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and [community transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_transmission "Community transmission") began by mid-February.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-genetic_analysis-334) On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-335) The number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including [Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), [Zaragoza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza "Zaragoza") and [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc25july-336)[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-elpais6aug-337)[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-telegraph_aug16-338)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-339) By September 2021, Spain was one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose).[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto2-340) Italy is ranked second at 75%.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto2-340)
Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT20200515-341) Per the [Swedish constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_constitution "Swedish constitution"), the [Public Health Agency of Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Sweden "Public Health Agency of Sweden") has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency favoured remaining open. The Swedish strategy focused on longer-term measures, based on the assumption that after lockdown the virus would resume spreading, with the same result.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-7ys2k-342)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-I06mN-343) By the end of June, Sweden no longer had [excess mortality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_mortality "Excess mortality").[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-HEUrz-344)
[Devolution in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom "Devolution in the United Kingdom") meant that each of its four [countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom "Countries of the United Kingdom") developed its own response. England's restrictions were shorter-lived than the others.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-8VnMf-345) The [UK government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Government of the United Kingdom") started enforcing social distancing and quarantine measures on 18 March 2020.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-PkWGD-346)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Pkx25-347) On 16 March, Prime Minister [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") advised against non-essential travel and social contact, praising [work from home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-5Q93q-348)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-hYdUy-349) On 20 March, the government ordered all leisure establishments to close,[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-dmBNt-350) and promised to prevent unemployment.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mV2p3-351) On 23 March, Johnson banned gatherings and restricted non-essential travel and outdoor activity. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through fines and dispersal of gatherings. Most non-essential businesses were ordered to close.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc-pm-2403-352) On 24 April 2020, it was reported that a promising vaccine trial had begun in England; the government pledged more than ÂŁ50 million towards research.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vKeXC-353) On 16 April 2020, it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine, due to a prior contract; should the trial be successful, some 30 million doses would be available.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lbt4o-354) On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first developed country to approve the Pfizer vaccine; 800,000 doses were immediately available for use.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-355) In August 2022 it was reported that viral infection cases had declined in the UK.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-356)
### North America
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America")
The virus arrived in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") on 13 January 2020.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-357) Cases were reported in all North American countries after [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") confirmed a case on 16 April.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-FirstBonaire_local-358)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg)
The hospital ship [USNS *Comfort*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Comfort "USNS Comfort") arrives in [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") on 30 March 2020.
Per *Our World in Data*, 103,436,829[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) confirmed cases have been reported in the United States with 1,235,885[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) deaths, the most of any country, and [the nineteenth-highest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") per capita worldwide.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JH_Mortality-359) COVID-19 is the [deadliest pandemic in US history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll "List of disasters in the United States by death toll");[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-360) it was the third-leading cause of death in the US in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-361) From 2019 to 2020, US life expectancy dropped by 3 years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9 years for African Americans, and 1.2 years for white Americans.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Bosman-362) These effects have persisted as US deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-363) In the United States, COVID-19 vaccines became available under emergency use in December 2020, beginning the [national vaccination programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States"). The first COVID-19 vaccine was officially approved by the [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") on 23 August 2021.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-364) By 18 November 2022, while cases in the U.S. had declined, COVID variants BQ.1/BQ.1.1 had become dominant in the country.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-365)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-366)
In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed across [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "COVID-19 pandemic in Canada"), all of its provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-367) Cases surged across Canada, notably in the provinces of [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia"), [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta"), [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") and [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario"), with the formation of the [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble"), a [travel-restricted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic") area of the country (formed of the four [Atlantic provinces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada "Atlantic Canada")).[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-368) Vaccine passports were adopted in all provinces and two of the territories.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-369)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-370) Per a report on 11 November 2022, Canadian health authorities saw a surge in influenza, while COVID-19 was expected to rise during winter.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-371)
### South America
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fosas_comunes_en_Cochabamba.jpg)
Mass graves being prepared for COVID-19 victims in [Cochabamba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba "Cochabamba"), Bolivia
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020, when Brazil confirmed a case in [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo").[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-372) By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stuff/Fairfax-373) On 13 May 2020, it was reported that Latin America and the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") had reported over 400,000 cases of COVID-19 infection with 23,091 deaths. On 22 May 2020, citing the rapid increase of [infections in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil"), the WHO declared South America the epicentre of the pandemic.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-374)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-375) As of 16 July 2021, South America had recorded 34,359,631 confirmed cases and 1,047,229 deaths from COVID-19. Due to a shortage of testing and medical facilities, it is believed that the outbreak is far larger than the official numbers show.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-376)
The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020,[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-377) when a man from [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo") who had travelled to Italy tested positive for the virus.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-378) The disease had spread to every [federative unit of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil "Federative units of Brazil") by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-379)[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-380) One estimate of [under-reporting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-reporting#Disease "Under-reporting") was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-381)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-382)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-383) As of 03 April 2026, Brazil, with 37,978,000[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) confirmed cases and 703,774[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only [those of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") and [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India").[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-384)
### Africa
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_\(49829156488\).jpg)
[US Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") personnel unload a [C-17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III "Boeing C-17 Globemaster III") aircraft carrying medical supplies in [Niamey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey "Niamey"), Niger, in April 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt").[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc_51509248-385)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-386) The first confirmed case in [sub-Saharan Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa "Sub-Saharan Africa") was announced in [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") at the end of February 2020.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc_51671834-387) Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent; [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho"), the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported its first case on 13 May 2020.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters_idUSKBN22P1R4-388)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-latimes.com-389) By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-theguardian_20200526_africa-390) Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Africa_Braces-391) Many preventive measures [were implemented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") by different countries in Africa including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, and event cancellations.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-392) Despite fears, Africa reported lower death rates than other, more economically developed regions.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_Africa_deaths-393)
In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-theguardian_20210607_third-394) By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new COVID cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") and [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal"), recorded an uptick in new cases.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Mendez-395) The WHO labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-396) In October 2022, WHO reported that most countries on the African continent will miss the goal of 70 per cent vaccination by the end of 2022.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-397)
### Oceania
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane,_Australia.jpg)
Empty shelves at a [Coles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets "Coles Supermarkets") grocery store in [Brisbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), Australia, in April 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020, with the first confirmed case reported in [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia").[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AustraliaCase1-398)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Brisbane2021-399) It has since spread elsewhere in the region.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_Dashboard-400)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Brisbane2021-399) [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction into the community.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-oz-10days-401)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bloomberg-oz-tassie-price-402)[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-403)
As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant, however, by August 2021, the Australian states of [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") and [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_\(Australia\) "Victoria (Australia)") had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-404) In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-The_Guardian_NZ_abandons_elimination-405) In November and December, following vaccination efforts, the remaining states of Australia, excluding Western Australia, voluntarily gave up [COVID-Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") to open up state and international borders.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-406)[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-407)[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-408) The open borders allowed the Omicron variant of COVID-19 to enter quickly, and cases subsequently exceeded 120,000 a day.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-409) By early March 2022, with cases exceeding 1,000 a day, Western Australia conceded defeat in its eradication strategy and opened its borders.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-410) Despite record cases, Australian jurisdictions slowly removed restrictions such as close contact isolation, mask wearing, and density limits by April 2022.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-411)
On 9 September 2022, restrictions were significantly relaxed. The aircraft mask mandate was scrapped nationwide, and daily reporting transitioned to weekly reporting.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-412)[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-413)[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-414) On 14 September, COVID-19 disaster payment for isolating persons was extended for mandatory isolation.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-415) By 22 September, all states had ended mask mandates on public transport, including in Victoria, where the mandate had lasted for approximately 800 days.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-416) On 30 September 2022, all Australian leaders declared the emergency response finished and announced the end of isolation requirements. These changes were due in part to high levels of 'hybrid immunity' and low case numbers.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-417)
### Antarctica
Main article: [COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica")
Due to its remoteness and sparse population, [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica "Antarctica") was the last continent to have confirmed cases of COVID-19.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-418)[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-419)[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-420) The first cases were reported in December 2020, almost a year after the first cases of COVID-19 were detected in China. At least 36 people were infected in the first outbreak in 2020,[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-421) with several other outbreaks taking place in 2021 and 2022.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-422)
### United Nations
Main article: [United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Nations response to the COVID-19 pandemic")
The [United Nations Conference on Trade and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development") (UNSC) was criticised for its slow response, especially regarding the UN's [global ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_ceasefire "Global ceasefire"), which aimed to open up humanitarian access to conflict zones.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:22-423)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Krm4a-424) The United Nations Security Council was criticised due to the inadequate manner in which it dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic, namely the poor ability to create international collaboration during this crisis.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-425)[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-426)
On 23 March 2020, United Nations Secretary-General [AntĂłnio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "AntĂłnio Guterres") appealed for a global [ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire "Ceasefire");[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-tFb4N-427)[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-lzoeV-428) 172 UN member states and observers signed a non-binding supporting statement in June,[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AGhvz-429) and the [UN Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council "UN Security Council") passed a [resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2532 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2532") supporting it in July.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-9rN79-430)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-nJTuX-431)
On 29 September 2020, Guterres urged the [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") to help certain countries via debt relief and also call for countries to increase contributions to develop vaccines.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-432)
### WHO
Main article: [World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization%27s_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "World Health Organization's response to the COVID-19 pandemic")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg)
[World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") representatives holding joint meeting with [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") city administrators in March 2020
The WHO spearheaded initiatives such as the [COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Solidarity_Response_Fund "COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund") to raise money for the pandemic response, the [UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_COVID-19_Supply_Chain_Task_Force "UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force"), and the [solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") for investigating potential treatment options for the disease. The [COVAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX "COVAX") programme, co-led by the WHO, [GAVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAVI "GAVI"), and the [Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations "Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations") (CEPI), aimed to accelerate the development, manufacture, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access across the world.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-433)[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-434)
## Restrictions
Further information: [Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") and [International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg)
Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines
The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe and Latin America.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-435)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Effect_of_COVID-19_on_food_security-436) A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalised groups". COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-437)
### Travel restrictions
Main article: [Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic")
The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200326nytimes-438) or for all travellers.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-439)[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-440) Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200224nationalgeographic-441) One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other [infection prevention and control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control "Infection prevention and control") measures.[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-DJYtB-442)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-443) Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-283GD-444) The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the [Schengen free travel zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement "Schengen Agreement").[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-dw52497811-445)[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200313euractiv-446)
### Repatriation of foreign citizens
Main article: [Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg)
Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian citizens from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China.
Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surrounding areas, primarily through [charter flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_charter "Air charter"). Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany and Thailand were among the first to do so.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-169-447) Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-171-448)[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-6l9jG-449) On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto3-450) Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200131dialoguepakistan-451)
On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the *[Diamond Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Princess_outbreak "Diamond Princess outbreak")* cruise ship,[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-174-452) and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-175-453) In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-czjOG-454)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-indiatimes74647353-455) On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-USWithdraw-456)
## Impact
Main article: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic")
Further information: [Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic")
### Economics
Main article: [Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic")
See also: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_aviation "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation"), [on science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology"), [on financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic"), [2020 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash"), and [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg)
A [stock index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_index "Stock index") chart shows the [2020 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash").
The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-U7teI-457)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990-_Cruise_ship_passenger_count_-_annually.svg)
Industries such as [cruising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_line "Cruise line") experienced a significant declineâdown to levels not seen in thirty years.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Cruise_202412-458)
Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline [Flybe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flybe_\(1979%E2%80%932020\) "Flybe (1979â2020)") collapsed.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-z2VrM-459) The cruise line industry was hard hit,[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-smh20200227-460) and train stations and ferry ports closed.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wnn7L-461) International mail stopped or was delayed.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wsj1158868721-462)
The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-463) Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 per cent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50â60 per cent drop.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200402aislelabs-464) Shopping centres faced a 33â43 per cent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-J6Y6Z-465)
Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost,[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-aljazeera2004271718-466)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200506csmonitor-467) including more than 40 million jobs in the US.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200528WaPo-468) According to a report by [Yelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp "Yelp"), about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vLHxV-469) The [International Labour Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") (ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7%, or \$3.5 trillion.[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-rd8bm-470)
#### Supply shortages
Main article: [Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ntuc_super_store,_Singapore_\(49505410793\).jpg)
COVID-19 fears led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including toilet paper, instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and rubbing alcohol (picture taken in February 2020).
Pandemic fears led to [panic buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying"), emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g. [social influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence "Social influence") and trust).[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cSvA4-471)
Supply [shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortage "Shortage") were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations; shortages were worsened by [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain "Supply chain") disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-XvcU9-472)
Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of [semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor "Semiconductor") demand for vehicles and other products.[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-263-473)
According to WHO Secretary-General Tedros Ghebreyesus, demand for [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") (PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-275-474)[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-276-475) PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Mycfo-476)[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-477)[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-478)
In September 2021, the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") reported that food prices remained generally stable and the supply outlook remained positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-479)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto4-480) The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilised in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-481)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto4-480)
By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BBC,_US_oil_prices,_21_April_2020-482) The [2021 global energy crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_global_energy_crisis "2021 global energy crisis") was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-483)[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-484)
### Arts and cultural heritage
Main article: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage")
The performing arts and [cultural heritage sectors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage_sector "Cultural heritage sector") were profoundly affected by the pandemic. Both organisations' and individuals' operations have been impacted globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-v5Qlx-485) A 2021 [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") report estimated ten million job losses worldwide in the culture and creative industries.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Ottone-486)[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-487) Some services continued through digital platforms,[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ZljIY-488)[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Burke2020-489)[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-SxIEK-490) such as live streaming concerts[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-SZ5Mc-491) or web-based arts festivals.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mYlLn-492)
### Politics
Main article: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics")
See also: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations")
The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200313nationalpost-493) isolations or deaths of politicians,[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200318foreignpolicy-494) and rescheduled elections.[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200427nytimes-495) Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-74OHE-496)
#### Brazil
The pandemic (and the [response of Brazilian politicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Responses "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") to it) led to widespread panic, confusion, and pessimism in Brazil.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497) When questioned regarding record deaths in the country in April 2020, Brazilian president [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") said "So what? I'm sorry. What do you want me to do about it?"[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Conde_2020-498) Bolsonaro disregarded WHO-recommended mitigation techniques and instead [downplayed the risks of the virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Comments_by_Bolsonaro "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil"), promoted increased economic activity, spread [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Presidential_responses "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") about the efficacy of masks, vaccines and public health measures, and distributed unproven treatments including [hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") and [ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic").[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497) A series of [federal health ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Health_of_Brazil "List of Ministers of Health of Brazil") resigned or were dismissed after they refused to implement Bolsonaro's policies.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Londono2020-499)
Disagreements between federal and state governments led to a chaotic and delayed response to the rapid spread of the virus,[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Dantas2020-500) exacerbated by preexisting social and economic disparities in the country.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497)[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CarnutMendesGuerra2020-501) Employment, investment and valuation of the [Brazilian real](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_real "Brazilian real") plummeted to record lows.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497)[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ReutersBrazil2020-502) Brazil was also heavily affected by the Delta and Omicron variants.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AlcantaraNogueiraShuabTosta2022-503) At the height of the outbreak in the spring of 2021, 3,000+ Brazilians were dying per day.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BBCBrazilMarch2021-504)[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NPRBrazilApril2021-505) Bolsonaro's loss to [Lula da Silva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lula_da_Silva "Lula da Silva") in the [2022 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election "2022 Brazilian general election") is widely credited to the former's [mishandling of the pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro#Response_to_COVID-19_pandemic "Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro").[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ChomskyPolychroniou2023-506)[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EconomistBolsonaroLoss2022-507)[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Milhorance2022October-508)
#### China
Further information: [ChinaâUnited States relations § COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations#COVID-19 "ChinaâUnited States relations")
Multiple provincial-level administrators of the [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") (CCP) were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP General Secretary [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping").[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vLpPa-509) The [US intelligence community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intelligence_community "US intelligence community") claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200402nytimes-510) The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-hMc3w-511)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-512) Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-513)[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-514) including [Zhang Zhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhan "Zhang Zhan"), who was arrested and tortured.[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-515)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-516)
#### Italy
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg)
Palazzo Margherita lit in the Italian flag colours to show solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic on 26 March 2020
In early March 2020, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-517)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-518)[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-politico-corona-519) On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister [Giuseppe Conte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte "Giuseppe Conte"), Russian president [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") ordered the [Russian army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces "Russian Armed Forces") to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters219081-520)[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200328insideover-521) In early April, Norway and EU states like Romania and Austria started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-eumedicalteams-522) and [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") president [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") offered an official apology to the country.[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-euapology-523)
#### United States
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_\(49799974031\).jpg)
Anti-lockdown [protesters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") rallied at the [Ohio Statehouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse "Ohio Statehouse") 20 April 2020.[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Columbus_Dispatch-524)
Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and assembly.[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-5YqAF-525) Simultaneously, [essential workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_workers "Essential workers") protested unsafe conditions and low wages by participating in a brief [general strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike "General strike").[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-c114M-526) Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to US president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")'s [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") defeat.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-TrumpChances-527)[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AtlanticChances-528)
The [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [universal health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care "Universal health care"), [universal child care](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_child_care&action=edit&redlink=1 "Universal child care (page does not exist)"), [paid sick leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_sick_leave "Paid sick leave"), and higher levels of funding for public health.[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_Calls-529)[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hill5-530)[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Ddn2P-531) The [Kaiser Family Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation "Kaiser Family Foundation") estimated that preventable hospitalisations of unvaccinated Americans in the second half of 2021 cost US\$13.8 billion.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Amin-532)
There were also protest in regards to vaccine mandates in the United States.[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-533) In January 2022, the US Supreme Court struck down an OSHA rule that mandated vaccination or a testing regimen for all companies with greater than 100 employees.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-534)[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-535)
#### Other countries
The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide; some detentions were related to the pandemic.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-536)[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-537) The planned [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") "[Defender 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_exercises#2020 "List of NATO exercises")" military exercise in Germany, [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") and the [Baltic states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states "Baltic states"), the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), was held on a reduced scale.[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200320spectator-538)[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200319reuters-539)
The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-D2Xpc-304)[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-540) Iranian president [Hassan Rouhani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani "Hassan Rouhani") wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-u2rRX-541) Saudi Arabia, which had launched a [military intervention in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen "Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen") in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200409foreignpolicy-542)
Diplomatic relations between [Japan and South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations "JapanâSouth Korea relations") worsened.[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-543) South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-HnqN4-544) South Korean society was initially polarised on president [Moon Jae-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Jae-in "Moon Jae-in")'s response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's [impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment "Impeachment") or praising his response.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-imx38-313)
Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200331theguardian-545)[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200330nytimes-546) In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow Prime Minister [Viktor OrbĂĄn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n "Viktor OrbĂĄn") to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200330cnn-547) In countries such as [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"),[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-dw53009293-548) [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"),[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200401foreignpolicy-549) and [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"),[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-550) opposition activists and government critics were [arrested](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation "Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic") for allegedly spreading [fake news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news "Fake news").[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200410straitstimes-551) In [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India"), journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.[\[551\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-552)
### Food systems
Further information: [Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic")
The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9b-553)[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-554) hitting at a time when hunger and undernourishment were rising- an estimated 690 million people lacked food security in 2019.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:10-555) Food access fell â driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production.[\[555\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-556) In some cases, food prices rose.[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9b-553)[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:10-555) The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. According to the WHO, 811 million people were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".[\[556\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-557)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Effect_of_COVID-19_on_food_security-436)
### Education
Main article: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg)
Students take end-of-year exams in [Tabriz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz "Tabriz"), Iran, during the pandemic.
The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by [online education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_education "Online education"). Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077 billion [learners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning "Learning") were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences.[\[557\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-558) They shed light on social and economic issues, including [student debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_debt "Student debt"), [digital learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_learning "Digital learning"), food insecurity, and [homelessness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness "Homelessness"), as well as access to [childcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_care "Child care"), health care, housing, internet, and [disability services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_rights_movement "Disability rights movement"). The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.[\[558\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-559) Many countries, including Bangladesh, granted auto promotion to the public examination candidates.[\[559\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-560) The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.[\[560\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-561)
### Health
Main articles: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") and [Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic")
The pandemic impacted global health for many conditions. Hospital visits fell.[\[561\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-562) Visits for heart attack symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.[\[562\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-563) The head of cardiology at the [University of Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital".[\[563\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stat_News,_with_serious_heart_symptoms_away,_April_23-564) People with strokes and [appendicitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis "Appendicitis") were less likely to seek treatment.[\[564\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-565)[\[565\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-566)[\[563\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stat_News,_with_serious_heart_symptoms_away,_April_23-564) [Medical supply shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") impacted many people.[\[566\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Atlantic_Shortages-567) The pandemic impacted [mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health"),[\[567\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-568)[\[568\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stix_2021-569) increasing [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety"), depression, and [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder"), affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.[\[569\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-570)[\[570\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Santomauro_2021-571)
In late 2022, during the first northern hemisphere autumn and winter seasons following the widespread relaxation of global public health measures, North America and Europe experienced a surge in respiratory viruses and coinfections in both adults and children.[\[571\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-572) This formed the beginning of the 2022â2023 paediatric care crisis and what some experts termed a "[tripledemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripledemic "Tripledemic")" of seasonal influenza, [respiratory syncytial virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus "Respiratory syncytial virus") (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 throughout North America.[\[572\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-573)[\[573\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-574) In the United Kingdom, paediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as [Group A streptococcal infection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection "Group A streptococcal infection") and resultant [scarlet fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever "Scarlet fever").[\[574\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-575)[\[575\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-United_Kingdom-576) As of mid-December 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to [Strep A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes "Streptococcus pyogenes") and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.[\[576\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Strep_A_death-577)[\[577\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Strep_Expansion-578)
The B/Yamagata lineage of [influenza B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_B "Influenza B") might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures.[\[578\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Alhoufie2021-579)[\[579\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Koutsakos2021-580) There have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020.[\[580\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOflu2023-581)[\[581\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-UMN2023-582) In 2023, the WHO concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal [flu vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_vaccine "Flu vaccine"), reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.[\[580\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOflu2023-581)[\[581\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-UMN2023-582)
Preventative measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the number of [bronchiolitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis "Bronchiolitis") cases, with observed decreases in cases during the pandemic followed by an increase when preventative measures were rolled back.[\[582\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Sabeena-583)[\[583\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hogan2025-584)
### Environment
Main article: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png)
Images from the [NASA Earth Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory "NASA Earth Observatory") show a stark drop in pollution in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), when comparing [NO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide "Nitrogen dioxide") levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).[\[584\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-585)
The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the [environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment "Natural environment") and [climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate "Climate") as a result of reduced human activity. During the "[anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause")", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.[\[585\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9-586) [Planned air travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Transportation "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and vehicle transportation declined. In China, [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_Hubei "COVID-19 lockdown in Hubei") and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.[\[585\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9-586)[\[586\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-587)[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-588)
In 2020, a worldwide study on mammalian wildlife responses to human presence during COVID lockdowns found complex patterns of animal behaviour. Carnivores were generally less active when humans were around, while herbivores in developed areas were more active. Among other findings, this suggested that herbivores may view humans as a shield against predators, highlighting the importance of location and human presence history in understanding wildlife responses to changes in human activity in a given area.[\[588\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-589)
A [wide variety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_that_can_get_SARS-CoV-2 "List of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2") of largely mammalian species, both captive and wild, have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, with some encountering a particularly high degree of fatal outcomes.[\[589\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-590) In particular, both [farmed and wild mink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_in_mink "SARS-CoV-2 in mink") have developed highly symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infections, with a mortality rate as high as 35â55% according to one study.[\[590\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Frontiers_Spread-591)[\[591\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-592) [White-tailed deer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_in_white-tailed_deer "SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer"), on the other hand, have largely avoided severe outcomes but have effectively become [natural reservoirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reservoir "Natural reservoir") of the virus, with large numbers of free-ranging deer infected throughout the US and Canada, including approximately 80% of [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa")'s wild deer herd.[\[592\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-593)[\[593\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Nature_April-594) An August 2023 study appeared to confirm the status of white-tailed deer as a disease reservoir, noting that the viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in deer occurs at triple the rate of its evolution in humans and that infection rates remained high, even in areas rarely frequented by humans.[\[594\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Triple_Evolution-595)
### Discrimination and prejudice
Main article: [Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_\(49935630543\).jpg)
A socially distanced homeless encampment in San Francisco, California, in May 2020[\[595\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-596)
Heightened prejudice, [xenophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia "Xenophobia"), and racism toward people of [Chinese and East Asian descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinophobe "Sinophobe") were documented around the world.[\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-251-597)[\[597\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-zogcf-598) Reports from February 2020, when most confirmed cases were confined to China, cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bangkokpost1854094-599)[\[599\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-psychologytoday202002-600)[\[600\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200201telegraph-601) Individuals of Asian descent in Europe and North America reported increasing instances of racially motivated abuse and assaults as a result of the pandemic.[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_Racism-602)[\[602\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-05O7n-603)[\[603\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_April_Racism-604) US president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", terms which were condemned as being racist and xenophobic.[\[604\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-trumpnyt-605)[\[605\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200320BI-606)[\[606\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-MNCw4-607)
[Age-based discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism "Ageism") against older adults increased during the pandemic. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, depression, and loneliness.[\[607\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-608)
In a correspondence published in *[The Lancet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet")* in 2021, German epidemiologist GĂźnter Kampf described the harmful effects of "inappropriate stigmatisation of unvaccinated people, who include our patients, colleagues, and other fellow citizens", noting the evidence that vaccinated individuals play a large role in transmission.[\[608\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-609) American bioethicist Arthur Caplan responded to Kampf, writing "Criticising \[the unvaccinated\] who... wind up in hospitals and morgues in huge numbers, put stress on finite resources, and prolong the pandemic... is not stigmatising, it is deserved moral condemnation".[\[609\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-610)
In January 2022, [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") urged [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") to change their anti-COVID-19 restrictions to avoid discrimination against unvaccinated people, saying that "the government must continue to ensure that the entire population can enjoy its fundamental rights". The restrictions included mandatory vaccination over the age of 50, and mandatory vaccination to use public transport.[\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-611)
### Lifestyle changes
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wee_Annie,_Kempock_Street,_face_mask.jpg)
The "Wee Annie" statue in [Gourock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourock,_Scotland "Gourock, Scotland"), Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.
The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the workplace. Online retailers in the US posted \$791.70 billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from \$598.02 billion the year before.[\[611\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-DDCV1ECMR-612) Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.[\[612\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty783-613)[\[613\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty784-614) Hackers, [cybercriminals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercriminal "Cybercriminal") and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new online attacks.[\[614\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty787-615)
Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.[\[615\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty790-616) Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.[\[616\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty6966-617)[\[617\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty9999-618) Despite most corporations implementing measures to address COVID-19 in the workplace, a poll from [Catalyst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_\(nonprofit_organization\) "Catalyst (nonprofit organization)") found that as many as 68% of employees around the world felt that these policies were only performative and "not genuine".[\[618\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-619)
The pandemic led to a surge in [remote work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work"). According to a [Gallup poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll "Gallup poll"), only 4% of US employees were fully remote before the pandemic, compared to 43% in May 2020. Among white collar workers, that shift was more pronounced, with 6% increasing to 65% in the same period.[\[619\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2022-620) That trend continued in later stages of the pandemic, with many workers choosing to remain remote even after workplaces reopened.[\[620\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Mitchell_2022-621)[\[621\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Kagubare_2023-622) Many Nordic, European, and Asian companies increased their recruitment of international remote workers even as the pandemic waned, partially to save on labour costs.[\[622\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ComputerWeekly.com_2023-623)[\[623\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Braesemann_Stephany_Teutloff_K%C3%A4ssi_2022_p=e0274630-624) This also led to a talent drain in the global south and in remote areas in the global north.[\[623\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Braesemann_Stephany_Teutloff_K%C3%A4ssi_2022_p=e0274630-624)[\[624\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EuropeanStingWEF2023-625) High cost of living and dense urban areas also lost office real estate value due to remote worker exodus.[\[625\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2022Jan-626) By May 2023, due to increasing layoffs and concerns over productivity, some white collar workplaces in the US had resorted to performance review penalties and indirect incentives (e.g. donations to charity) to encourage workers to return to the office.[\[626\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Peck_2023-627)
### Historiography
A 2021 study noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased interest in epidemics and infectious diseases among both historians and the general public. Prior to the pandemic, these topics were usually overlooked by "general" history and only received attention in the [history of medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine "History of medicine").[\[627\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-628) Many comparisons were made between the COVID-19 and [1918 influenza pandemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_influenza_pandemic "1918 influenza pandemic"),[\[628\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-629)[\[629\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-630) including the development of anti-mask movements,[\[630\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-631)[\[631\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-632) the widespread promotion of misinformation[\[632\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-633)[\[633\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-634) and the impact of [socioeconomic disparities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health "Social determinants of health").[\[634\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-635)
### Religion
Main article: [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solenidade_de_Pentecostes_2020,_m%C3%A1scaras.png)
[Jorge Ortiga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ortiga "Jorge Ortiga"), [Archbishop of Braga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Braga "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga"), Portugal, wearing a protective mask during [Pentecost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost "Pentecost") Mass in May 2020
In some areas, religious groups exacerbated the spread of the virus, through large gatherings and the dissemination of misinformation.[\[635\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-636)[\[636\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-637)[\[637\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-638) Some religious leaders decried what they saw as violations of religious freedom.[\[638\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-639) In other cases, religious identity was a beneficial factor for health, increasing compliance with public health measures and protecting against the negative effects of isolation on mental wellbeing.[\[639\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-640)[\[640\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-641)[\[641\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-642)
## Information dissemination
Further information: [Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic"), [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media"), and [Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism")
Some news organisations removed their online paywalls for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts.[\[642\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-643) Many scientific publishers provided pandemic-related journal articles to the public free of charge as part of the National Institutes of Health's COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Initiative.[\[643\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-644)[\[644\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-645) According to one estimate from researchers at the University of Rome, 89.5% of COVID-19-related papers were open access, compared to an average of 48.8% for the ten most deadly human diseases.[\[645\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-646) The share of papers published on preprint servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.[\[646\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-647)
During the pandemic, [Web GIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_GIS "Web GIS") technology was leveraged to provide up to date visualisations of data related to the pandemic with the public.[\[647\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Juergens2020-648) Employing this technology, the [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") COVID-19 [dashboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard_\(computing\) "Dashboard (computing)") served as the first global visualisation of COVID-19 data, which established it as the default method for government agencies to dissemeniate relevant spatial information.[\[648\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Everts2020-649)[\[649\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Adams2025-650) These dashboards were described by Jonathan Everts as "the most striking cultural artefact of the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic",[\[648\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Everts2020-649) and during the pandemic every state government in the United States maintained one.[\[650\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Adams2023-651)
### Misinformation
Main article: [COVID-19 misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation")
[Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and [conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory "Conspiracy theory") about the pandemic have been widespread; they travel through [mass media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic"), [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media#Misinformation "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") and text messaging.[\[651\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-FTTextMsg-652) In March 2020, WHO declared an "[infodemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infodemic "Infodemic")" of incorrect information.[\[652\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lowy-653) [Cognitive biases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias "Cognitive bias"), such as [confirmation bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias "Confirmation bias"), are linked to conspiracy beliefs, including [COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy").[\[653\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-654)
## Culture and society
Further information: [COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture")
The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on popular culture. It was included in the narratives of ongoing pre-pandemic television series and become a central narrative in new ones, with mixed results.[\[654\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-655) Writing for *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* about the then-upcoming [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") sitcom *[Pandemonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_We_Go_\(TV_series\)#Pilot "Here We Go (TV series)")* on 16 December 2020, [David Segal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Segal_\(journalist\) "David Segal (journalist)") asked, "Are we ready to laugh about Covid-19? Or rather, is there anything amusing, or recognizable in a humorous way, about life during a plague, with all of its indignities and setbacks, not to mention its rituals and rules".[\[655\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-656)
The pandemic had driven some people to seek peaceful [escapism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapism "Escapism") in media, while others were drawn towards fictional pandemics (e.g. [zombie apocalypses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse "Zombie apocalypse")) as an alternate form of escapism.[\[656\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-657) Common themes have included [contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_disease "Contagious disease"), [isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_\(health_care\) "Isolation (health care)") and loss of [control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_\(psychology\) "Control (psychology)").[\[657\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-658) Many drew comparisons to the fictional film *[Contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagion_\(2011_film\) "Contagion (2011 film)")* (2011),[\[658\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-659)[\[659\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-660) praising its accuracies while noting some differences,[\[660\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-661) such as the lack of an orderly vaccine rollout.[\[661\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-662)[\[662\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-663)
As people turned to music to relieve emotions evoked by the pandemic, [Spotify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify "Spotify") listenership showed that classical, [ambient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music "Ambient music") and [children's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_music "Children's music") genres grew, while pop, [country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music "Country music") and dance remained relatively stable.[\[663\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-664)
## Transition to later phases
Main article: [Endemic COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19")
A March 2022 review declared a transition to endemic status to be "inevitable".[\[664\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-665) In June 2022, an article in *[Human Genomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Organisation "Human Genome Organisation")* said that the pandemic was still "raging", but that "now is the time to explore the transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase".[\[665\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-666) Another review that month predicted that the virus that causes COVID-19 would become the fifth endemic seasonal coronavirus, alongside four other [human coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCoV "HCoV").[\[666\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-667) A February 2023 review of the four [common cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold") coronaviruses concluded that the virus would become seasonal and, like the common cold, cause less severe disease for most people.[\[667\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-668) Another 2023 review stated that the transition to endemic COVID-19 may take years or decades.[\[668\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-669)
On 5 May 2023, the WHO declared that the pandemic was no longer a [public health emergency of international concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern").[\[669\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-670) This led several media outlets to incorrectly report that this meant the pandemic was "over". The WHO commented to [Full Fact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Fact "Full Fact") that it was unlikely to declare the pandemic over "in the near future" and mentioned [cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera "Cholera"), which it considers to have been a [pandemic since 1961](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic "Seventh cholera pandemic") (i.e., continuously for the last 64 years).[\[670\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ff-671) The WHO does not have an official category for pandemics or make declarations of when pandemics start or end.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-guardian-261)[\[671\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-672)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15) In June 2023, [Hans Kluge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kluge "Hans Kluge"), director of the WHO in Europe, commented that "While the international public health emergency may have ended, the pandemic certainly has not".[\[672\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-kluge-673)
Epidemics and pandemics usually end when the disease becomes [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19"), and when the disease becomes "an accepted, manageable part of normal life in a given society".[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-charters2021-16) As of March 2024, there was no widely agreed definition of when a disease is or is not a pandemic, though efforts at a formal definition were underway. Experts asked by *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* that month noted that COVID-19 continued to circulate and cause disease, but expressed uncertainty as to whether it should still be described as a pandemic.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15) In December 2024, [Director-General of the World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Health_Organization "Director-General of the World Health Organization") [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") stated that COVID should not be referred to in past tense as it is "still with us, still causes acute disease and [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") and still kills... The world might want to forget about COVID-19, but we cannot afford to."[\[673\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pasttense-who-674)
By 2025, five years after the start of the pandemic, experts asked by *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")* and *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* generally considered COVID-19 to have become endemic.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:0-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:3-14) Cases and deaths from COVID-19 still remained high; in the United States, the only two infectious diseases causing more than 10,000 deaths a year were flu and COVID, according to an expert in *The Washington Post*.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:0-13)
## Long-term effects
### Economic
Despite strong economic rebounds following the initial lockdowns in early 2020, towards the latter phases of the pandemic, many countries began to experience long-term economic effects. Several countries saw high [inflation rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_rate "Inflation rate") which had global impacts, particularly in developing countries.[\[674\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-675) Some economic impacts such as [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain "Supply chain") and trade operations were seen as more permanent as the pandemic exposed major weaknesses in these systems.[\[675\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-676)
In Australia, the pandemic caused an increase in [occupational burnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout "Occupational burnout") in 2022.[\[676\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-677)
During the pandemic, a large percentage of workers in Canada came to prefer working from home, which had an impact on the traditional work model. Some corporations made efforts to force workers to return to work on-site, while some embraced the idea.[\[677\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-678)
### Travel
There was a "travel boom" causing air travel to recover at rates faster than anticipated, and the aviation industry became profitable in 2023 for the first time since 2019, before the pandemic.[\[678\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-679) However, economic issues meant some predicted that the boom would begin to slow down.[\[679\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-680) Business travel on airlines was still below pre-pandemic levels and is predicted not to recover.[\[680\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-681)
### Health
An increase in excess deaths from underlying causes not related to COVID-19 has been largely blamed on systematic issues causing delays in health care and screening during the pandemic, which has resulted in an increase of non-COVID-19 related deaths.[\[681\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-682)
### Immunisations
During the pandemic, millions of children missed out on vaccinations as countries focused efforts on combating COVID-19. Efforts were made to increase vaccination rates among children in [low-income countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-income_countries "Low-income countries"). These efforts were successful in increasing vaccination rates for some diseases, though the UN noted that post-pandemic [measles vaccinations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccination "Measles vaccination") were still falling behind.[\[682\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-683)
Some of the decrease in immunisation was driven by an increase in mistrust of public health officials. This was seen in both low-income and high-income countries. Several [African countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_countries "African countries") saw a decline in vaccinations due to misinformation around the pandemic flowing into other areas.[\[683\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-684) Immunisation rates have yet to recover in the United States[\[684\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-685) and the United Kingdom.[\[685\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-686)
## See also
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SARS-CoV-2_\(Wikimedia_colors\).svg)[COVID-19 portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19 "Portal:COVID-19")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png)[Viruses portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Viruses "Portal:Viruses")
- [Medicine portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine "Portal:Medicine")
- [2020s portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:2020s "Portal:2020s")
- [Coronavirus diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_diseases "Coronavirus diseases") â Diseases caused by coronavirus infections
- [Emerging infectious disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease "Emerging infectious disease") â New or rapidly increasing disease
- [Globalisation and disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_disease "Globalization and disease")
- [List of epidemics and pandemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics "List of epidemics and pandemics")
- [Memorials for the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorials_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Memorials for the COVID-19 pandemic")
## Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-94)** Some refer to "fatality rate"; however, "fatality ratio" is more accurate as this is not per unit time.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOest-93)
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Cohen LE, Spiro DJ, Viboud C (30 June 2022). ["Projecting the SARS-CoV-2 transition from pandemicity to endemicity: Epidemiological and immunological considerations"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246171). *PLOS Pathogens*. **18** (6) e1010591. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1371/journal.ppat.1010591](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1010591). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1553-7374](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7374). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [9246171](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9246171). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [35771775](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35771775).
667. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-668)**
Harrison CM, Doster JM, Landwehr EH, Kumar NP, White EJ, Beachboard DC, et al. (10 February 2023). ["Evaluating the Virology and Evolution of Seasonal Human Coronaviruses Associated with the Common Cold in the COVID-19 Era"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9961755). *Microorganisms*. **11** (2): 445. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3390/microorganisms11020445](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmicroorganisms11020445). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2076-2607](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-2607). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [9961755](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9961755). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [36838410](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36838410). "After evaluating the biology, pathogenesis, and emergence of the human coronaviruses that cause the common cold, we can anticipate that with increased vaccine immunity to SARS-CoV-2, it will become a seasonal, endemic coronavirus that causes less severe disease in most individuals. Much like the common cold CoVs, the potential for severe disease will likely be present in those who lack a protective immune response or are immunocompromised."
668. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-669)**
Markov PV, Ghafari M, Beer M, Lythgoe K, Simmonds P, Stilianakis NI, et al. (June 2023). ["The evolution of SARS-CoV-2"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-023-00878-2). *Nat Rev Microbiol* (Review). **21** (6): 361â379\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41579-023-00878-2](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41579-023-00878-2). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [37020110](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37020110). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [257983412](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257983412).
669. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-670)**
["WHO declares end to Covid global health emergency"](https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/who-ends-covid-global-health-emergency-rcna83046). *NBC News*. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
670. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-ff_671-0)**
Brown F (12 May 2023). ["The WHO has not declared the Covid-19 pandemic over"](https://fullfact.org/health/who-covid-pandemic-over/). FullFact.org.
671. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-672)**
Nebehay S (24 February 2020). ["WHO says it no longer uses 'pandemic' category, but virus still emergency"](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-health-who-idUKKCN20I0PD). *Reuters*. Retrieved 5 August 2023. ""There is no official category (for a pandemic)," WHO spokesman Tarik Jasarevic said."
672. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-kluge_673-0)**
["With the international public health emergency ending, WHO/Europe launches its transition plan for COVID-19"](https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/12-06-2023-with-the-international-public-health-emergency-ending--who-europe-launches-its-transition-plan-for-covid-19). World Health Organization. 12 June 2023.
673. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-pasttense-who_674-0)**
Ghebreyesus TA. ["WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing â 10 December 2024"](https://www.who.int/news-room/speeches/item/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing---10-december-2024). *World Health Organization*. Retrieved 29 December 2025.
674. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-675)**
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["Not Everything Is Getting Back to Normal In the Post-Pandemic Economy"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-23/podcast-not-everything-is-getting-back-to-normal-in-the-post-pandemic-economy). *Bloomberg.com*. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
676. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-677)**
Churchill B, Bissell D, Ruppanner L (19 March 2023). ["The 'great resignation' didn't happen in Australia, but the 'great burnout' did"](https://theconversation.com/the-great-resignation-didnt-happen-in-australia-but-the-great-burnout-did-201173). *The Conversation*. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
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Granja AD, Champagne E, Choinière O (27 April 2023). ["Post-pandemic work in the public sector: A new way forward or a return to the past?"](https://theconversation.com/post-pandemic-work-in-the-public-sector-a-new-way-forward-or-a-return-to-the-past-204008). *The Conversation*. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
678. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-679)**
["IATA says airline industry is rapidly returning to profitability"](https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/05/iata-says-air-passenger-numbers-have-almost-recovered-to-pre-covid-19-levels). *euronews*. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
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680. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-681)**
Sugiura E, Wright R (7 July 2023). ["Can the post-pandemic travel boom endure?"](https://www.ft.com/content/f9cb24f5-8da8-4956-966b-a1348b79e151). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
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682. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-683)**
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683. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-684)**
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684. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-685)**
Joseph A (12 January 2023). ["Routine vaccinations drop among U.S. kindergartners for the third year in a row"](https://www.statnews.com/2023/01/12/routine-vaccinations-kindergartners/). *STAT*. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
685. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-686)**
["Teenagers at risk after drop in vaccine take-up"](https://www.bbc.com/news/health-65372941). *BBC News*. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
## Further reading
- ["Progress report on the coronavirus pandemic"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02414-1). *Nature*. **584** (7821): 325. August 2020. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/d41586-020-02414-1](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02414-1). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32814893](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32814893).
- Tay MZ, Poh CM, RĂŠnia L, MacAry PA, Ng LF (June 2020). ["The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187672). *Nature Reviews. Immunology*. **20** (6): 363â374\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020NatRI..20..363T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatRI..20..363T). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41577-020-0311-8](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41577-020-0311-8). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7187672](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187672). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32346093](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32346093).
- [COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings: first update](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care). *[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control") (ECDC)* (Report). October 2020.
- Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R (April 2020). ["SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694). *eLife*. **9** e57309. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_\(identifier\) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2003\.12886](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12886). [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020arXiv200312886B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020arXiv200312886B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.7554/eLife.57309](https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.57309). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7224694](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32228860](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32228860).
- BrĂźssow H (May 2020). ["The Novel Coronavirus â A Snapshot of Current Knowledge"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111068). *Microbial Biotechnology*. **13** (3): 607â612\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/1751-7915.13557](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1751-7915.13557). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7111068](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111068). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32144890](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32144890).
- Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R (2020). ["Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/). *StatPearls*. StatPearls Publishing. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32150360](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32150360).
- Funk CD, Laferrière C, Ardakani A (2020). ["A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7317023). *Frontiers in Pharmacology*. **11** 937. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3389/fphar.2020.00937](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2020.00937). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7317023](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7317023). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32636754](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32636754).
- ["Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19"](https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download) (PDF). *U.S. [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA)*. June 2020.
- Birhane M, Bressler S, Chang G, Clark T, Dorough L, Fischer M, et al. (May 2021). ["COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC â United States, January 1 â April 30, 2021"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158893). *MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report*. **70** (21): 792â793\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.15585/mmwr.mm7021e3](https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm7021e3). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [8158893](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158893). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [34043615](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043615).
- Bieksiene K, Zaveckiene J, Malakauskas K, Vaguliene N, Zemaitis M, Miliauskas S (March 2021). ["Post COVID-19 Organizing Pneumonia: The Right Time to Interfere"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003092). *Medicina*. **57** (3): 283. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3390/medicina57030283](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmedicina57030283). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [8003092](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003092). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [33803690](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33803690).
- Chen Q, Allot A, Lu Z (January 2021). ["LitCovid: an open database of COVID-19 literature"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778958). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **49** (D1): D1534âD1540. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/nar/gkaa952](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkaa952). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7778958](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778958). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [33166392](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33166392).
- Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Katchur NJ, Chaves-Sell F, Asaad WF, Murphy SA (June 2021). ["Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358290). *Neurocritical Care*. **34** (3): 1062â1071\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s12028-020-01049-4](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12028-020-01049-4). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7358290](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358290). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32661794](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661794).
## External links
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scholia_logo.svg)
[Scholia](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia "d:Wikidata:Scholia") has a profile for [**COVID-19 pandemic (Q81068910)**](https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q81068910 "toolforge:scholia/Q81068910").
### Health agencies
- [COVID-19](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019) ([Questions & Answers](https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses), [instructional videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH5PLTT1yfXxcxDsNM40N1uG); [Facts/MythBusters](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters)) by the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO)
- [COVID-19](https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html) by the [Government of Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada "Government of Canada")
- [COVID-19](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china) ([Q\&A](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers)) by the [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control")
- [COVID-19](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19) ([Q\&A](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210803190927/https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs) 3 August 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")) by the [Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Health (Singapore)"), Singapore
- [COVID-19](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html) ([Q\&A](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html)) by the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") (CDC)
- [COVID-19 Information for the Workplace](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/2019_ncov_default.html) by the US [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health") (NIOSH)
### Data and graphs
- [Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/) and [map](https://covid19.who.int/) by the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO)
- [COVID-19 Resource Center](https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/), [map](https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html), and [historical data](https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19) by [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University")
- [COVID-19 data sets](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data) published by the [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control") (ECDC)
- [COVID-19 Observer](https://covid.observer/) based on [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") data
- [COVID-19 Statistics and Research](https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus) published by [Our World in Data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_World_in_Data "Our World in Data")
- [COVID-19 Tracker](https://www.statnews.com/feature/coronavirus/covid-19-tracker/) from [Stat News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_\(website\) "Stat (website)")
- [COVID-19 Projections](https://covid19.healthdata.org/global) for many countries published by [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation")
### Medical journals
- [Coronavirus (COVID-19)](https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus) by *[The New England Journal of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine "The New England Journal of Medicine")*
- [Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hub](https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus) by [BMJ Publishing Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ_\(company\) "BMJ (company)")
- [Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert) by *[JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_\(journal\) "JAMA (journal)")*
- [COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak](https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200924195411/https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/) 24 September 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") by [Wiley Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_\(publisher\) "Wiley (publisher)")
- [COVID-19 pandemic (2019â20) Collection](https://collections.plos.org/covid-19) by [Public Library of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science "Public Library of Science") (PLOS)
- [COVID-19 Portfolio](https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200811123243/https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/) 11 August 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), a curated collection of publications and preprints by [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") (NIH)
- [COVID-19 Research Highlights](https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus) by [Springer Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature "Springer Nature")
- [COVID-19 Resource Centre](https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus) by *[The Lancet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet")*
- [Novel Coronavirus Information Center](https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center) by [Elsevier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier "Elsevier")
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Template:COVID-19 pandemic") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:COVID-19_pandemic "Template talk:COVID-19 pandemic") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19_pandemic "Special:EditPage/Template:COVID-19 pandemic")[COVID-19 pandemic]() | |
|---|---|
| **[COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")** (disease) **[SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2")** (virus) | |
| [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [Pre-pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS") (SARS) [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERS "MERS") (MERS) [Crimson Contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Contagion "Crimson Contagion") [Disease X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_X "Disease X") [Exercise Cygnus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus "Exercise Cygnus") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019") |
| 2020 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020") |
| 2021 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021") |
| 2022 | [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022") [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022") [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022") [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022") [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022") [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022") [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022") [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022") [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022") [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022") [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022") [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022") |
| 2023 | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023") |
| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") | |
| | |
| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")([national responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa")) | |
| | |
| Northern | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Algeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Algeria") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Libya "COVID-19 pandemic in Libya") [Mauritania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritania "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritania") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Morocco "COVID-19 pandemic in Morocco") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sudan") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tunisia "COVID-19 pandemic in Tunisia") [Western Sahara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Sahara "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Sahara") [Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic") |
| Eastern | [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burundi "COVID-19 pandemic in Burundi") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 pandemic in the Comoros") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 pandemic in Djibouti") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eritrea "COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ethiopia "COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia") [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kenya "COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya") [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madagascar "COVID-19 pandemic in Madagascar") [Mauritius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mauritius "COVID-19 pandemic in Mauritius") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [RĂŠunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in RĂŠunion") [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rwanda "COVID-19 pandemic in Rwanda") [Seychelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Seychelles "COVID-19 pandemic in Seychelles") [Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somalia "COVID-19 pandemic in Somalia") [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puntland "COVID-19 pandemic in Puntland") [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Somaliland "COVID-19 pandemic in Somaliland") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Sudan "COVID-19 pandemic in South Sudan") [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania") [Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uganda "COVID-19 pandemic in Uganda") |
| Southern | [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Angola "COVID-19 pandemic in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana "COVID-19 pandemic in Botswana") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 pandemic in Eswatini") [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho") [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") [Mozambique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mozambique "COVID-19 pandemic in Mozambique") [Namibia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Namibia "COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa") [list of deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_deaths_in_South_Africa "List of COVID-19 deaths in South Africa") [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zambia "COVID-19 pandemic in Zambia") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 pandemic in Zimbabwe") |
| Central | [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 pandemic in Cameroon") [Central African Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Central_African_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Central African Republic") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chad "COVID-19 pandemic in Chad") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of the Congo") [Gabon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gabon "COVID-19 pandemic in Gabon") [SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe "COVID-19 pandemic in SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe") |
| Western | [Benin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin "COVID-19 pandemic in Benin") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 pandemic in Burkina Faso") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 pandemic in Cape Verde") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Equatorial Guinea") [Gambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Gambia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Gambia") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana "COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana") timeline 2020 [MarchâJuly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(March%E2%80%93July_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (MarchâJuly 2020)") [AugustâDecember](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(August%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (AugustâDecember 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana (2021)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanaian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ghanaian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") impact [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea") [Guinea-Bissau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guinea-Bissau "COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea-Bissau") [Ivory Coast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ivory_Coast "COVID-19 pandemic in Ivory Coast") [Liberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liberia "COVID-19 pandemic in Liberia") [Mali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mali "COVID-19 pandemic in Mali") [Niger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niger "COVID-19 pandemic in Niger") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Nigerian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal") [Sierra Leone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sierra_Leone "COVID-19 pandemic in Sierra Leone") [Togo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Togo "COVID-19 pandemic in Togo") |
| [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") | |
| | |
| Central/North | [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kyrgyzstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kyrgyzstan") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [JanuaryâJune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (JanuaryâJune 2020)") [JulyâDecember](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (JulyâDecember 2020)") impact [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tajikistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Tajikistan") [Turkmenistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan") [Uzbekistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uzbekistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Uzbekistan") |
| East | |
| | |
| [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong "COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan") [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokyo "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo") [2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_and_2020_Summer_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea") [Macau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Macau "COVID-19 pandemic in Macau") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Mongolia") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan") [respirator diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") | |
| [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") | [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_China "COVID-19 lockdown in China") [detail](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:COVID-19_pandemic_lockdowns_in_mainland_China&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template:COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns in mainland China (page does not exist)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Beijing "COVID-19 pandemic in Beijing") [2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_cases_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_and_2022_Winter_Paralympics "COVID-19 cases at the 2022 Winter Olympics and 2022 Winter Paralympics") [Heilongjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Heilongjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Heilongjiang") [Henan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Henan "COVID-19 pandemic in Henan") [Hubei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") [Inner Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Inner_Mongolia "COVID-19 pandemic in Inner Mongolia") [Liaoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liaoning "COVID-19 pandemic in Liaoning") [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Shanghai "COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai") [2022 outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Shanghai_COVID-19_outbreak "2022 Shanghai COVID-19 outbreak") [Sichuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sichuan "COVID-19 pandemic in Sichuan") [Tibet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tibet "COVID-19 pandemic in Tibet") [Xinjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Xinjiang "COVID-19 pandemic in Xinjiang") |
| [South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia") | |
| | |
| [Afghanistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Afghanistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangladesh "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan") [Maldives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maldives "COVID-19 pandemic in Maldives") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nepal "COVID-19 pandemic in Nepal") [Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pakistan "COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Pakistan "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Pakistan") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 pandemic in Sri Lanka") | |
| [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India") | |
| | |
| [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_India "COVID-19 lockdown in India") [migrant workers' crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") timeline 2020 [JanuaryâMay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(January%E2%80%93May_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (JanuaryâMay 2020)") [JuneâDecember](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(June%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (JuneâDecember 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)") [union government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") [state government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Vaccine Maitri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Maitri "Vaccine Maitri") | |
| By location | [Andaman and Nicobar Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands") [Andhra Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andhra_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh") [Arunachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arunachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Arunachal Pradesh") [Assam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Assam "COVID-19 pandemic in Assam") [Bihar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bihar "COVID-19 pandemic in Bihar") [Chandigarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chandigarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chandigarh") [Chhattisgarh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chhattisgarh "COVID-19 pandemic in Chhattisgarh") [Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu "COVID-19 pandemic in Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu") [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi") [Tablighi Jamaat hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Delhi "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi") [Goa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Goa "COVID-19 pandemic in Goa") [Gujarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat") [Haryana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haryana "COVID-19 pandemic in Haryana") [Himachal Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Himachal_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Himachal Pradesh") [Jammu and Kashmir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir "COVID-19 pandemic in Jammu and Kashmir") [Jharkhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jharkhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand") [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Karnataka "COVID-19 pandemic in Karnataka") [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kerala") [Ladakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ladakh "COVID-19 pandemic in Ladakh") [Lakshadweep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lakshadweep "COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep") [Madhya Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Madhya_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Madhya Pradesh") [Maharashtra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") [Manipur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manipur "COVID-19 pandemic in Manipur") [Meghalaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Meghalaya "COVID-19 pandemic in Meghalaya") [Mizoram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mizoram "COVID-19 pandemic in Mizoram") [Nagaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nagaland "COVID-19 pandemic in Nagaland") [Odisha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Odisha "COVID-19 pandemic in Odisha") [Puducherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puducherry "COVID-19 pandemic in Puducherry") [Punjab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Punjab,_India "COVID-19 pandemic in Punjab, India") [Rajasthan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rajasthan "COVID-19 pandemic in Rajasthan") [Sikkim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sikkim "COVID-19 pandemic in Sikkim") [Tamil Nadu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu") [Telangana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Telangana "COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana") [Tripura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tripura "COVID-19 pandemic in Tripura") [Uttar Pradesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttar_Pradesh "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttar Pradesh") [Uttarakhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand "COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand") [West Bengal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal") |
| [Southeast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Southeast_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia") | |
| | |
| [Brunei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brunei "COVID-19 pandemic in Brunei") [Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia "COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia") timeline [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indonesia_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia (2021)") [social restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia_large-scale_social_restrictions "Indonesia large-scale social restrictions") [Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Activities_Restrictions_Enforcement "Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement") [Laos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos "COVID-19 pandemic in Laos") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar "COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore (2022)") [circuit breaker response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020â21 Singapore circuit breaker measures") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Thailand "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand") [Timor-Leste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Timor-Leste "COVID-19 pandemic in Timor-Leste") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vietnamese government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") | impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Aid and relief efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aid_and_relief_efforts_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Aid and relief efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [movement control order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order "Malaysian movement control order") [Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tablighi_Jamaat_COVID-19_hotspot_in_Malaysia "2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Malaysia") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2023)") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [Johor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Johor "COVID-19 pandemic in Johor") [Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuala_Lumpur "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuala Lumpur") [Sabah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sabah "COVID-19 pandemic in Sabah") [Sarawak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sarawak "COVID-19 pandemic in Sarawak") [Selangor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Selangor "COVID-19 pandemic in Selangor") |
| [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines (2022)") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [community quarantines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_community_quarantines_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines") [Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_community_quarantine_in_Luzon "Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon") [evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_by_the_Philippines_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations by the Philippines related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Bangsamoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bangsamoro "COVID-19 pandemic in Bangsamoro") [Bicol Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bicol_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bicol Region") [Cagayan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cagayan_Valley "COVID-19 pandemic in Cagayan Valley") [Calabarzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Calabarzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Calabarzon") [Caraga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Caraga "COVID-19 pandemic in Caraga") [Central Luzon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Luzon "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Luzon") [Central Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Central_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Central Visayas") [Cordillera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cordillera_Administrative_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cordillera Administrative Region") [Davao Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Davao_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Davao Region") [Eastern Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Eastern_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Eastern Visayas") [Ilocos Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Ilocos_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Ilocos Region") [Metro Manila](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila "COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila") [Mimaropa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mimaropa "COVID-19 pandemic in Mimaropa") [Northern Mindanao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Mindanao "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Mindanao") [Soccsksargen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Soccsksargen "COVID-19 pandemic in Soccsksargen") [Western Visayas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Visayas "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Visayas") [Zamboanga Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Zamboanga_Peninsula "COVID-19 pandemic in Zamboanga Peninsula") [Overseas Filipinos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Overseas Filipinos during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| West | [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Armenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Armenia") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Azerbaijan "COVID-19 pandemic in Azerbaijan") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Artsakh") [Bahrain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bahrain "COVID-19 pandemic in Bahrain") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\(country\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (country)") [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Abkhazia "COVID-19 pandemic in Abkhazia") [South Ossetia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Ossetia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Ossetia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran "COVID-19 pandemic in Iran") [Iraq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iraq "COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq") [Kurdistan Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Kurdistan_Region "COVID-19 pandemic in the Kurdistan Region") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel "COVID-19 pandemic in Israel") [Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jordan "COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan") [Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kuwait "COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait") [Lebanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lebanon "COVID-19 pandemic in Lebanon") [Oman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oman "COVID-19 pandemic in Oman") [Palestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_State_of_Palestine "COVID-19 pandemic in the State of Palestine") [Qatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Qatar "COVID-19 pandemic in Qatar") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_programme_in_Saudi_Arabia "COVID-19 vaccination programme in Saudi Arabia") [Syria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Syria "COVID-19 pandemic in Syria") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Arab Emirates") [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen "COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen") |
| [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") | |
| | |
| [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") | |
| | |
| [history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "History of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") timeline [JanuaryâJune 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (JanuaryâJune 2020)") [JulyâDecember 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (JulyâDecember 2020)") [JanuaryâJune 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (JanuaryâJune 2021)") [JulyâDecember 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (JulyâDecember 2021)") [JanuaryâJune 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(January%E2%80%93June_2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (JanuaryâJune 2022)") [JulyâDecember 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(July%E2%80%93December_2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (JulyâDecember 2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom (2023)") [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United Kingdom responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") [Operation Rescript](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rescript "Operation Rescript") [contracts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_regarding_COVID-19_contracts_in_the_United_Kingdom "Controversies regarding COVID-19 contracts in the United Kingdom") impact [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") | |
| By location | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_England "COVID-19 pandemic in England") timeline 2020 [JanuaryâJune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (JanuaryâJune 2020)") [JulyâDecember](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (JulyâDecember 2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_England_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in England (2022)") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London "COVID-19 pandemic in London") [local lockdown regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_local_lockdown_regulations_in_England "COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England") [first tier regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_COVID-19_tier_regulations_in_England "First COVID-19 tier regulations in England") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland (2022)") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland "COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Scotland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Scotland (2022)") [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in Wales") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wales_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales (2021)") [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Crown_Dependencies "COVID-19 pandemic in the Crown Dependencies") [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Isle_of_Man "COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man") [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in Jersey") [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guernsey "COVID-19 pandemic in Guernsey") [Overseas territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "COVID-19 pandemic in Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [British Indian Ocean Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Indian Ocean Territory") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar "COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar") |
| Eastern | [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus "COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belarus_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belarus (2022)") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Moldova "COVID-19 pandemic in Moldova") [Gagauzia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gagauzia "COVID-19 pandemic in Gagauzia") [Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Transnistria "COVID-19 pandemic in Transnistria") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") timeline [JanuaryâJune 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (JanuaryâJune 2020)") [JulyâDecember 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia (JulyâDecember 2020)") [government responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Russian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkey "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine") [Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Crimea "COVID-19 pandemic in Crimea") [Sevastopol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sevastopol "COVID-19 pandemic in Sevastopol") |
| Western Balkans | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Albania "COVID-19 pandemic in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Kosovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kosovo "COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo") [Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montenegro "COVID-19 pandemic in Montenegro") [North Macedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Macedonia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Macedonia") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Serbia "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Serbia") |
| [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austria "COVID-19 pandemic in Austria") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belgium "COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Croatia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus") [Northern Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Northern_Cyprus "COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Czech_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Denmark "COVID-19 pandemic in Denmark") [Faroe Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Faroe_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Faroe Islands") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Estonia "COVID-19 pandemic in Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Finland "COVID-19 pandemic in Finland") [Ă
land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_%C3%85land "COVID-19 pandemic in Ă
land") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France") [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [RĂŠunion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_R%C3%A9union "COVID-19 pandemic in RĂŠunion") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Mayotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mayotte "COVID-19 pandemic in Mayotte") [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Normandy "COVID-19 pandemic in Normandy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany "COVID-19 pandemic in Germany") [North Rhine-Westphalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Rhine-Westphalia "COVID-19 pandemic in North Rhine-Westphalia") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greece "COVID-19 pandemic in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hungary "COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland (2022)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Latvia "COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lithuania "COVID-19 pandemic in Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Luxembourg "COVID-19 pandemic in Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malta "COVID-19 pandemic in Malta") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Dutch government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Poland "COVID-19 pandemic in Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal "COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Romania "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovakia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Slovenia "COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain") [Asturias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asturias "COVID-19 pandemic in Asturias") [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Canary_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Canary Islands") [Ceuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ceuta "COVID-19 pandemic in Ceuta") [Community of Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Community_of_Madrid "COVID-19 pandemic in the Community of Madrid") [Melilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Melilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Melilla") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sweden "COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Swedish government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Operation Gloria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Gloria "Operation Gloria") |
| EFTA countries | [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iceland "COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland") [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Liechtenstein "COVID-19 pandemic in Liechtenstein") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norway "COVID-19 pandemic in Norway") [Svalbard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Svalbard "COVID-19 pandemic in Svalbard") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland") |
| Microstates | [Andorra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Andorra "COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra") [Monaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Monaco "COVID-19 pandemic in Monaco") [San Marino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_San_Marino "COVID-19 pandemic in San Marino") [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City") |
| [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") | |
| | |
| Atlantic | [Bermuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bermuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Bermuda") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Greenland "COVID-19 pandemic in Greenland") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Pierre and Miquelon") |
| Canada | [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [federal aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_aid_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [military response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Laser "Operation Laser") [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble") [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta") [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia") [Manitoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Manitoba "COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba") [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Brunswick "COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick") [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador "COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador") [Northwest Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northwest_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories") [Nova Scotia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nova_Scotia "COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia") [Nunavut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nunavut "COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario (2022)") [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ottawa "COVID-19 pandemic in Ottawa") [Peel Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_Peel "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel") [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto "COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto") [York Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Regional_Municipality_of_York "COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of York") [Provincial government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "Provincial government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario") [Vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Prince Edward Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Prince_Edward_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") [Montreal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montreal "COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal") [boroughs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroughs_of_Montreal_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Boroughs of Montreal during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Saskatchewan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saskatchewan "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan") [Yukon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yukon "COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon") |
| Caribbean | |
| | |
| Countries | [Antigua and Barbuda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda "COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda") [Bahamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Bahamas "COVID-19 pandemic in the Bahamas") [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Barbados "COVID-19 pandemic in Barbados") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba "COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba") [Guantanamo Bay Naval Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base "COVID-19 pandemic in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base") [Dominica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Dominica "COVID-19 pandemic in Dominica") [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic "COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic") [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Grenada "COVID-19 pandemic in Grenada") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti "COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti") [Jamaica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Jamaica "COVID-19 pandemic in Jamaica") [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Lucia "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia") [Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines") [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Trinidad and Tobago") |
| [British Overseas Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Overseas_Territories "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Overseas Territories") | [Anguilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Anguilla "COVID-19 pandemic in Anguilla") [British Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the British Virgin Islands") [Cayman Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cayman_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cayman Islands") [Montserrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montserrat "COVID-19 pandemic in Montserrat") [Turks and Caicos Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Turks and Caicos Islands") [response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Broadshare "Operation Broadshare") |
| | |
| [Aruba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Aruba "COVID-19 pandemic in Aruba") [Curaçao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cura%C3%A7ao "COVID-19 pandemic in Curaçao") [Sint Maarten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Maarten "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Maarten") | |
| Caribbean Netherlands | [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") [Saba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saba "COVID-19 pandemic in Saba") [Sint Eustatius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Sint_Eustatius "COVID-19 pandemic in Sint Eustatius") |
| French West Indies | [Guadeloupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guadeloupe "COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe") [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Martinique "COVID-19 pandemic in Martinique") [Saint BarthĂŠlemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint BarthĂŠlemy") [Saint Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin "COVID-19 pandemic in the Collectivity of Saint Martin") |
| US insular areas | [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") |
| Central America | [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Belize "COVID-19 pandemic in Belize") [Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Costa_Rica "COVID-19 pandemic in Costa Rica") [El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_El_Salvador "COVID-19 pandemic in El Salvador") [Guatemala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guatemala "COVID-19 pandemic in Guatemala") [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Honduras "COVID-19 pandemic in Honduras") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico") [vaccination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua "COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua") [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Panama "COVID-19 pandemic in Panama") |
| [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") | |
| | |
| [Trump administration communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_of_the_Trump_administration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Communication of the Trump administration during the COVID-19 pandemic") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States (2021)") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [2021 hospital crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_hospital_crisis_in_the_U.S._from_COVID-19 "2021 hospital crisis in the U.S. from COVID-19") | |
| [responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "United States responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._federal_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [state and local governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state_and_local_government_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [California government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "California government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [New York government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New York state government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Texas government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Texas government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Eastern States Multi-state Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_States_Multi-state_Council "Eastern States Multi-state Council") [Midwest Governors Regional Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest_Governors_Regional_Pact "Midwest Governors Regional Pact") [Western States Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_States_Pact "Western States Pact") |
| By location | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alabama "COVID-19 pandemic in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alaska "COVID-19 pandemic in Alaska") [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arizona "COVID-19 pandemic in Arizona") [Navajo Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Navajo_Nation "COVID-19 pandemic in the Navajo Nation") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Arkansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "COVID-19 pandemic in California") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_California "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in California") [S.F. Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "COVID-19 pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colorado "COVID-19 pandemic in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Connecticut "COVID-19 pandemic in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delaware "COVID-19 pandemic in Delaware") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Florida "COVID-19 pandemic in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Georgia_\(U.S._state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state)") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Idaho "COVID-19 pandemic in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Illinois "COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Indiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iowa "COVID-19 pandemic in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kansas "COVID-19 pandemic in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kentucky "COVID-19 pandemic in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Louisiana "COVID-19 pandemic in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maine "COVID-19 pandemic in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maryland "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Massachusetts "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts") [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Boston "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Michigan "COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Minnesota "COVID-19 pandemic in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mississippi "COVID-19 pandemic in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Missouri "COVID-19 pandemic in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Montana "COVID-19 pandemic in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nebraska "COVID-19 pandemic in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nevada "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Hampshire "COVID-19 pandemic in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Jersey "COVID-19 pandemic in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Mexico "COVID-19 pandemic in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)") [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in North Dakota") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Ohio") [Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Columbus,_Ohio "COVID-19 pandemic in Columbus, Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oklahoma "COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Oregon") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portland,_Oregon "COVID-19 pandemic in Portland, Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Pennsylvania "COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania") [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Philadelphia "COVID-19 pandemic in Philadelphia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Puerto_Rico "COVID-19 pandemic in Puerto Rico") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Rhode_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Carolina "COVID-19 pandemic in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Dakota "COVID-19 pandemic in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tennessee "COVID-19 pandemic in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Texas "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas") [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Austin,_Texas "COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas") [U.S. Virgin Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States Virgin Islands") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Utah "COVID-19 pandemic in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vermont "COVID-19 pandemic in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington (state)") [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Washington,_D.C. "COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C.") [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_outbreak "White House COVID-19 outbreak") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Virginia "COVID-19 pandemic in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wisconsin "COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wyoming "COVID-19 pandemic in Wyoming") |
| [Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") | |
| | |
| [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_American_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in American Samoa") [Cook Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cook_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cook Islands") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Federated States of Micronesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia "COVID-19 pandemic in the Federated States of Micronesia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Fiji "COVID-19 pandemic in Fiji") [French Polynesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Polynesia "COVID-19 pandemic in French Polynesia") [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guam "COVID-19 pandemic in Guam") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii "COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii") [Kiribati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kiribati "COVID-19 pandemic in Kiribati") [Marshall Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Marshall_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Marshall Islands") [Nauru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nauru "COVID-19 pandemic in Nauru") [New Caledonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Caledonia "COVID-19 pandemic in New Caledonia") [Niue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Niue "COVID-19 pandemic in Niue") [Northern Mariana Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Mariana Islands") [Palau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palau "COVID-19 pandemic in Palau") [Papua New Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Papua_New_Guinea "COVID-19 pandemic in Papua New Guinea") [Bougainville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville "COVID-19 pandemic in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville") [Pitcairn Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Pitcairn Islands") [Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Samoa "COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa") [Solomon Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Solomon_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands") [Tokelau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tokelau "COVID-19 pandemic in Tokelau") [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga "COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga") [Tuvalu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tuvalu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tuvalu") [Vanuatu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vanuatu "COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu") [Wallis and Futuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Wallis_and_Futuna "COVID-19 pandemic in Wallis and Futuna") | |
| [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2020)") 2021 [JanuaryâJune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(January%E2%80%93June_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (JanuaryâJune 2021)") [JulyâDecember](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(July%E2%80%93December_2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (JulyâDecember 2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia (2022)") [Australian Capital Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Australian_Capital_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Australian Capital Territory") [Christmas Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Christmas_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Christmas Island") [Cocos (Keeling) Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Cocos_\(Keeling\)_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands") [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_South_Wales "COVID-19 pandemic in New South Wales") [Norfolk Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Norfolk_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Norfolk Island") [Northern Territory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Northern_Territory "COVID-19 pandemic in the Northern Territory") [Queensland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Queensland "COVID-19 pandemic in Queensland") [South Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in South Australia") [Tasmania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tasmania "COVID-19 pandemic in Tasmania") [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Victoria "COVID-19 pandemic in Victoria") [Western Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Western_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Western Australia") |
| [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") | timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2020\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2020)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2021\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2021)") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2022\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2022)") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand_\(2023\) "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand (2023)") [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Alert levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_alert_levels_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 alert levels in New Zealand") [Traffic light system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Protection_Framework "COVID-19 Protection Framework") [social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [managed isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_managed_isolation_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 managed isolation in New Zealand") |
| [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Argentina "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina") [human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia "COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in SĂŁo Paulo (state)") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Chile "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile") [Easter Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Easter_Island "COVID-19 pandemic in Easter Island") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Colombia "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia") [Ecuador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ecuador "COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador") [Falkland Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Falkland_Islands "COVID-19 pandemic in the Falkland Islands") [French Guiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_French_Guiana "COVID-19 pandemic in French Guiana") [Guyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Guyana "COVID-19 pandemic in Guyana") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Paraguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Paraguay") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Peru "Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru") [Cusco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cusco "COVID-19 pandemic in Cusco") [Suriname](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Suriname "COVID-19 pandemic in Suriname") [Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uruguay "COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay") [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Venezuela "COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela") |
| Others | [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica "COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica") [Cruise ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships") [*Diamond Princess*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Diamond_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Diamond Princess") [*Grand Princess*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Grand_Princess "COVID-19 pandemic on Grand Princess") [Naval ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships "COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships") [*Charles de Gaulle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_Charles_de_Gaulle "COVID-19 pandemic on Charles de Gaulle") [USS *Theodore Roosevelt*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_USS_Theodore_Roosevelt "COVID-19 pandemic on USS Theodore Roosevelt") |
| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| Culture and entertainment | |
| | |
| [Arts and cultural heritage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage") | [References in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture "COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema") [films affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Corona-chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-chan "Corona-chan") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company") [Fashion industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry") [Music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry") [Performing arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States") [U.S. sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting") [programs affected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry") |
| [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education") | |
| | |
| [Female education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education") [Homeschooling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| By country | [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom") [exam grading controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy "2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States") |
| [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports") | |
| | |
| [Bio-secure bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble "Bio-secure bubble") | |
| By country | [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports") |
| By sport | [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football") [Baseball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball") [Basketball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball") [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season "Suspension of the 2019â20 NBA season") [Combat sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports") [Cricket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket") [Disc golf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf") [Gaelic games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games") [Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football") [Ice hockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey") [Motorsport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport") [Rugby league](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league") |
| Society and rights | |
| | |
| [Social impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") [Stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19 "Social stigma associated with COVID-19") [Children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") [foster care in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States") [Pandemic baking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic_baking "Pandemic baking") |
| Labor | [Healthcare workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Great Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Resignation "Great Resignation") [Strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina") [Myanmar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat "2021 Myanmar coup d'ĂŠtat") |
| Legal | [Abortion in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime") [Domestic violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence") [Prisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons") [U.S. immigration detention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention "COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention") |
| Minority | [Gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [LGBT community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community") [African communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities") [Indian migrant workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Indian_migrant_workers "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indian migrant workers") [Disability community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities") [Native American communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities") [Xenophobia and racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion") | [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church") [Hajj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj") |
| [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [Charitable activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [COVID-19 scams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_scams "COVID-19 scams") [Travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| By country | [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland") [COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment "COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia") [U.K.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom") [U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") |
| By industry | [Aviation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport") [Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic "List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic") [Cannabis industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry") [Food industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry") [meat industry in Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada") [meat industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States") [restaurant industry in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States") [Hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals") [ICU capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity") [Long-term care facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities") [Mink farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Public transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport") [Retail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism") |
| Supply and trade | [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Chip supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage "2020â2023 global chip shortage") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis "2021â2023 global energy crisis") [Global supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021â2023 global supply chain crisis") [Oil price war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war "2020 RussiaâSaudi Arabia oil price war") [Food security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| [Financial markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Global stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [COVID-19 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [Inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge "2021â2022 inflation surge") |
| Information | |
| | |
| [Journalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism") [Media coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Wikipedia's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") | [Governments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments "COVID-19 misinformation by governments") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China "COVID-19 misinformation by China") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States "COVID-19 misinformation by the United States") By country [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada "COVID-19 misinformation in Canada") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines") [Ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic") *[Plandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plandemic "Plandemic")* |
| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| | |
| [National responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation "List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation") [List of political officials who have tested positive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_officials_who_have_tested_positive_for_COVID-19 "List of political officials who have tested positive for COVID-19") [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic") | |
| [Political impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia") |
| [Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Abkhazia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest "2021 Abkhazia unrest") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17A "17A") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia "COVID-19 protests in Australia") [Convoy to Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra "Convoy to Canberra") [Azerbaijan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests "2020 Azerbaijani protests") [Belarus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests "2020â2021 Belarusian protests") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests "2022 Brussels protests") [2020 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests "2020 Brazilian protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests "2021 Brazilian protests") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests "2020â2021 Bulgarian protests") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada "COVID-19 protests in Canada") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest "Canada convoy protest") [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests "2019â2022 Chilean protests") [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") [Beijing Sitong Bridge protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest "2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest") [healthcare reform protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests "2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests") [2021 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests "2021 Colombian protests") [2022 protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests "2022 Colombian protests") [Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests "2021 Cuban protests") [Yellow vests protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests "Yellow vests protests") [labor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests "2021 French labor protests") [French West Indies social unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies "2021â2022 social unrest in the French West Indies") [convoy protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_convoy_protest "France convoy protest") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany "COVID-19 protests in Germany") [Idar-Oberstein shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting "2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Greek_protests "2021 Greek protests") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel "COVID-19 protests in Israel") [protests against Benjamin Netanyahu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu "2020â2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy "Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy") [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests "2021 Mongolian protests") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands "COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands") [curfew riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots "2021 Dutch curfew riots") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 protests in New Zealand") [Wellington protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest "2022 Wellington protest") [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests "2021 Paraguayan protests") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests "2020â2022 Serbian protests") [Tunisia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests "2021 Tunisian protests") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 protests in the United States") [Open the States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_the_States "Open the States") |
| [International relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations") | [Aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") [MoldovanâRomanian collaboration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "MoldovanâRomanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan "Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan") [Vaccine diplomacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy "Vaccine diplomacy") |
| [Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic") | [Anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause") [Doomscrolling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomscrolling "Doomscrolling") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Green recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_recovery "Green recovery") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing "Social distancing") [Superspreader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspreading_event "Superspreading event") [Twindemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twindemic "Twindemic") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_\(software\) "Zoom (software)") [Zoom towns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_town "Zoom town") |
| Others | [Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals "COVID-19 pandemic and animals") [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military") [Pregnant women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology") |
| Health issues | |
| | |
| Medical topics | [Transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19 "Symptoms of COVID-19") [Cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer "COVID-19 and cancer") [Endemic COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19") [Skin manifestations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19 "Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19") [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") [Mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic") [neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes") [Pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy "COVID-19 in pregnancy") [Non-COVID-19ârelated health issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues") [Shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Rehabilitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19 "Rehabilitation after COVID-19") [Unproven medical methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19 "List of unproven methods against COVID-19") |
| Testing and epidemiology | |
| | |
| [Datasets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_datasets "COVID-19 datasets") [Death rates by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") [Disease testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") [Breathalyzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer "Coronavirus breathalyzer") [Operation Moonshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moonshot "Operation Moonshot") [Test to Release](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_to_Release "Test to Release") [UK Rapid Test Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium "UK Rapid Test Consortium") [AbC-19 rapid antibody test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test "AbC-19 rapid antibody test") [investigations into the origins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19 "Investigations into the origin of COVID-19") [lab leak theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") [Rapid antigen test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test "COVID-19 rapid antigen test") [Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") [Surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance "COVID-19 surveillance") [Undercounting COVID-19 deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country "Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country") | |
| [Apps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_apps "COVID-19 apps") | [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") [BlueTrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlueTrace "BlueTrace") [careFIJI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CareFIJI "CareFIJI") [Coronavirus Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia "Coronavirus Australia") [Corona-Warn-App](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona-Warn-App "Corona-Warn-App") [COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application "COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application") [COVID Alert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Alert "COVID Alert") (Canada) [COVIDSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIDSafe "COVIDSafe") [COVID Tracker Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland "COVID Tracker Ireland") [Covid Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_Watch "Covid Watch") [Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing "Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing") [Exposure Notification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_Notification "Exposure Notification") [Health Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Code "Health Code") [Healthy Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_Together "Healthy Together") [Immuni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuni "Immuni") [Koronavilkku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronavilkku "Koronavilkku") [LeaveHomeSafe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe "LeaveHomeSafe") [MySejahtera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySejahtera "MySejahtera") [NHS COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_COVID-19 "NHS COVID-19") [NZ COVID Tracer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer "NZ COVID Tracer") [NZ Pass Verifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier "NZ Pass Verifier") [PathCheck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PathCheck "PathCheck") [PeduliLindungi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PeduliLindungi "PeduliLindungi") [SafeEntry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafeEntry "SafeEntry") [SafePass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SafePass "SafePass") [StaySafe.ph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaySafe.ph "StaySafe.ph") [SwissCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwissCovid "SwissCovid") [TCN Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCN_Protocol "TCN Protocol") [Test, Trace, Protect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect "Test, Trace, Protect") [Thai Chana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Chana "Thai Chana") [TousAntiCovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TousAntiCovid "TousAntiCovid") [TraceTogether](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TraceTogether "TraceTogether") [Valtrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtrace "Valtrace") [Zoe Health Study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study "Zoe Health Study") |
| Prevention | [Air purifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_purifier "Air purifier") ([CorsiâRosenthal Box](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box "CorsiâRosenthal Box")) [Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Evacuations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic") [Anti-mask sentiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment "Anti-mask sentiment") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") [Flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve") [Great Barrington Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration "Great Barrington Declaration") [International aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns") [Public health mitigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19 "Public health mitigation of COVID-19") [Safe Hands Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge "Safe Hands Challenge") [Social distancing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic") [Workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19") [Zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") |
| [Vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") | |
| | |
| Topics | [Authorizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations "List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations") [Clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research "COVID-19 vaccine clinical research") [Deployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") [Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development "History of COVID-19 vaccine development") [EU Certificate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate "EU Digital COVID Certificate") [Misinformation and hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy") [Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19 "Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19") [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States") [Operation Warp Speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed "Operation Warp Speed") (U.S.) [Post-vaccination complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination "Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination") [Vaccine card](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card "COVID-19 vaccine card") [Vaccine passports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic") |
| Authorized | |
| | |
| [DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_vaccine "DNA vaccine") | [ZyCoV-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZyCoV-D "ZyCoV-D") |
| [Inactivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine "Inactivated vaccine") | [Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine "Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine") [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac") [Covaxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaxin "Covaxin") [COVIran Barekat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVIran_Barekat "COVIran Barekat") [CoviVac (Russia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoviVac_\(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine\) "CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)") [FAKHRAVAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAKHRAVAC "FAKHRAVAC") [Minhai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine "Minhai COVID-19 vaccine") [QazCovid-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QazCovid-in "QazCovid-in") [Sinopharm BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Sinopharm WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine") [Turkovac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkovac "Turkovac") [Valneva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine "Valneva COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [mRNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA_vaccine "MRNA vaccine") | [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") [PfizerâBioNTech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine "PfizerâBioNTech COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Subunit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subunit_vaccine "Subunit vaccine") | [Abdala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdala_\(vaccine\) "Abdala (vaccine)") [Corbevax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbevax "Corbevax") (Bio E COVID-19) [COVAX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX-19 "COVAX-19") [EpiVacCorona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EpiVacCorona "EpiVacCorona") [IndoVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndoVac "IndoVac") [MVC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine "MVC COVID-19 vaccine") [Noora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noora_\(vaccine\) "Noora (vaccine)") [Novavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine") [Razi Cov Pars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars "Razi Cov Pars") [Sinopharm CNBG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine") [Soberana 02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_02 "Soberana 02") [Soberana Plus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberana_Plus "Soberana Plus") [ZF2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") (Zifivax) |
| [Viral vector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine "Viral vector vaccine") | [Convidecia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convidecia "Convidecia") [Janssen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine "Janssen COVID-19 vaccine") [OxfordâAstraZeneca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine "Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine") [Sputnik Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_Light "Sputnik Light") |
| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") | [CoVLP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoVLP "CoVLP") |
| In trials | |
| | |
| [Attenuated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine "Attenuated vaccine") | [COVI-VAC (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVI-VAC_\(U.S._COVID-19_vaccine\) "COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)") |
| DNA | [AG0302-COVIDâ19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119 "AG0302-COVIDâ19") [GX-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GX-19 "GX-19") [Inovio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine "Inovio COVID-19 vaccine") |
| Inactivated | [KD-414](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KD-414 "KD-414") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") |
| RNA | [ARCT-021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-021 "ARCT-021") [ARCT-154](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCT-154 "ARCT-154") [Bangavax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangavax "Bangavax") [CureVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine "CureVac COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [HGC019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGC019 "HGC019") [mRNA-1283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRNA-1283 "MRNA-1283") [PTX-COVID19-B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B "PTX-COVID19-B") [SanofiâTranslate Bio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine "SanofiâTranslate Bio COVID-19 vaccine") (terminated) [Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine "Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine") [Walvax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine "Walvax COVID-19 vaccine") |
| Subunit | [202-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202-CoV "202-CoV") [AKS-452](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKS-452 "AKS-452") [EuCorVac-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuCorVac-19 "EuCorVac-19") [IVX-411](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVX-411 "IVX-411") [Nanocovax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocovax "Nanocovax") [ReCOV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReCOV "ReCOV") [SanofiâGSK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine "SanofiâGSK COVID-19 vaccine") [S-268019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-268019 "S-268019") [SCB-2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCB-2019 "SCB-2019") [SCTV01C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTV01C "SCTV01C") [Skycovione](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycovione "Skycovione") [UB-612](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UB-612 "UB-612") [V-01](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-01 "V-01") [V451](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V451_vaccine "V451 vaccine") (terminated) [Vabiotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine "Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine") [West China Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine "West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine") [Zhongyianke BiotechâLiaoning Maokangyuan Biotech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZF2001 "ZF2001") |
| Viral vector | [AdCLD-CoV19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19 "AdCLD-CoV19") [BriLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BriLife "BriLife") [COH04S1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COH04S1 "COH04S1") [DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT "DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT") [GRAd-COV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAd-COV2 "GRAd-COV2") [ImmunityBio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine "ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine") [iNCOVACC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INCOVACC "INCOVACC") [INNA-051](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INNA-051 "INNA-051") [NDV-HXP-S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDV-HXP-S "NDV-HXP-S") [Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine "Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine") |
| [Virus-like particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus-like_particle "Virus-like particle") | [ABNCoV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABNCoV2 "ABNCoV2") [LYB001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LYB001 "LYB001") [MigVax-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MigVax-101 "MigVax-101") [VBI-2902](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VBI-2902 "VBI-2902") |
| [Deployment by location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") | |
| | |
| [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in Africa") | [Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria") [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola "COVID-19 vaccination in Angola") [Botswana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana "COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana") [Burkina Faso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso "COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso") [Burundi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi "COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Cape Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde "COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde") [Cameroon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon "COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon") [Chad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad "COVID-19 vaccination in Chad") [Comoros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros "COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros") [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti "COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti") [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt "COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt") [Equatorial Guinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea "COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea") [Eswatini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini "COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini") [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana "COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana") [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco "COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco") [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria") [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal "COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal") [South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa "COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa") [Zimbabwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe "COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe") |
| Asia | [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh "COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh") [Bhutan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan "COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan") [Mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China "COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India "COVID-19 vaccination in India") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia "COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia") [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran "COVID-19 vaccination in Iran") [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel "COVID-19 vaccination in Israel") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan "COVID-19 vaccination in Japan") [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan "COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan") [Malaysia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia "COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia") [Nepal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal "COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines "COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore "COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea "COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea") [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka "COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka") [Taiwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan "COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan") [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand "COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey "COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey") [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam "COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam") |
| Europe | [Albania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania "COVID-19 vaccination in Albania") [Bosnia and Herzegovina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina "COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria "COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia "COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark "COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France "COVID-19 vaccination in France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany "COVID-19 vaccination in Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece "COVID-19 vaccination in Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary "COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland "COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland "COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy "COVID-19 vaccination in Italy") [Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova "COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway "COVID-19 vaccination in Norway") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal "COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania "COVID-19 vaccination in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia "COVID-19 vaccination in Russia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain "COVID-19 vaccination in Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden "COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden") [Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland "COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine "COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom") |
| North America | [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada "COVID-19 vaccination in Canada") [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario "COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario") [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec "COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec") [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti "COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico "COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States") [mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States") |
| Oceania | [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia "COVID-19 vaccination in Australia") [Fiji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji "COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand") |
| South America | [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina "COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil "COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia "COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia") [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru "COVID-19 vaccination in Peru") |
| Others | |
| [Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") | |
| | |
| [Drug development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") [Drug repurposing research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research "COVID-19 drug repurposing research") [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") [PANORAMIC trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial "PANORAMIC trial") (UK) [RECOVERY Trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial "RECOVERY Trial") (UK) [Solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") (WHO) | |
| [Monoclonal antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody "Monoclonal antibody") | [Bamlanivimab/etesevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab "Bamlanivimab/etesevimab") [Bamlanivimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamlanivimab "Bamlanivimab") Etesevimab [Bebtelovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebtelovimab "Bebtelovimab") [Casirivimab/imdevimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab "Casirivimab/imdevimab") [Regdanvimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regdanvimab "Regdanvimab") [Sarilumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarilumab "Sarilumab") [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") [Tixagevimab/cilgavimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab "Tixagevimab/cilgavimab") [Tocilizumab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocilizumab "Tocilizumab") |
| [Small molecule antivirals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiviral_drug "Antiviral drug") | [Broad-spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug "Broad-spectrum antiviral drug") [Ensitrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensitrelvir "Ensitrelvir") [Molnupiravir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molnupiravir "Molnupiravir") Co-packaged [Nirmatrelvir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir "Nirmatrelvir") [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir "Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir") |
| [Variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") | |
| | |
| Specific | [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") [Epsilon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant") [Zeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant") [Eta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant") [Theta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant") [Iota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant") [Kappa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant") [Mu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant") [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") |
| General | [Cluster 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_5 "Cluster 5") [Lineage B.1.617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617 "SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617") [Variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern "SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern") |
| Institutions | |
| | |
| Hospitals and medical clinics | |
| | |
| Mainland China | [Central Hospital of Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") [Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre "Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre") [Fangcang hospitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_hospital "Fangcang hospital") [Huoshenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital "Huoshenshan Hospital") [Leishenshan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital "Leishenshan Hospital") [Xinjia Express Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel "Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel") [Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital "Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital") |
| Others | [Hospital ships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic") [Garran Surge Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre "Garran Surge Centre") (Australia) [Hospital El Salvador](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador "Hospital El Salvador") [Kemayoran Athletes Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village "Kemayoran Athletes Village") (Indonesia) [Pyongyang General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital "Pyongyang General Hospital") (North Korea) [Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang "Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang") (Malaysia) [Mega Ligtas COVID Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers "Mega Ligtas COVID Centers") (Philippines) [Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre "Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre") (Sri Lanka) [Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Ăz Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital "Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Ăz Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [YeĹilkĂśy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital "YeĹilkĂśy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital") (Turkey) [COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom "COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom") [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham "NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham") [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London "NHS Nightingale Hospital London") [North East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East "NHS Nightingale Hospital North East") [North West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West "NHS Nightingale Hospital North West") [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber") [NHS Louisa Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan "NHS Louisa Jordan") (Scotland) [Dragon's Heart Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital "Dragon's Heart Hospital") (Wales) |
| Organizations | |
| | |
| [National Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cabinet_\(Australia\) "National Cabinet (Australia)") (Australia) [ScienceUpFirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScienceUpFirst "ScienceUpFirst") (Canada) [Wuhan Institute of Virology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology "Wuhan Institute of Virology") (China) [Independent SAGE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_SAGE "Independent SAGE") (United Kingdom) | |
| Health institutes | [Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention") (African Union) [Ghana Infectious Disease Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre "Ghana Infectious Disease Centre") (Ghana) [Department of Health (Hong Kong)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_\(Hong_Kong\) "Department of Health (Hong Kong)") [Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency "Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency") (South Korea) [National Institute for Communicable Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases "National Institute for Communicable Diseases") (South Africa) [Taiwan Centers for Disease Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control "Taiwan Centers for Disease Control") (Taiwan) |
| Pandemic institutes | [National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board "National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board") (Australia) [COVID-19 Immunity Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force "COVID-19 Immunity Task Force") (Canada) [COVID-19 Supply Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council "COVID-19 Supply Council") (Canada) [PREPARE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREPARE "PREPARE") (European Union) [National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19 "National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19") (India) [COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force "COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force") (Indonesia) [National Public Health Emergency Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_\(2020\) "National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)") (Ireland) [Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting "Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting") (Japan) [Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre "Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre") (Malaysia) [Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee "Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee") (Philippines) [Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases "Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases") (Philippines) [Central Epidemic Command Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center "Central Epidemic Command Center") (Taiwan) [Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board "Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board") (Turkey) [COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium "COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium") (United Kingdom) [Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team "Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team") (United Kingdom) [Joint Biosecurity Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre "Joint Biosecurity Centre") (United Kingdom) [Vaccine Taskforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce "Vaccine Taskforce") (United Kingdom) [COVID-19 Advisory Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board "COVID-19 Advisory Board") (United States) [Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups "Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups") (United States) [White House Coronavirus Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force "White House Coronavirus Task Force") (United States) [White House COVID-19 Response Team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team "White House COVID-19 Response Team") (United States) [GACH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GACH "GACH") (Uruguay) |
| Relief funds | [PM CARES Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund "PM CARES Fund") (India) [Artist Relief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_Relief "Artist Relief") (United States) |
| People | |
| | |
| Medical professionals | [Ai Fen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Fen "Ai Fen") [Corona Rintawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_Rintawan "Corona Rintawan") [Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang") [Liu Wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Wen_\(doctor\) "Liu Wen (doctor)") [Xie Linka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xie_Linka "Xie Linka") [Zhang Wenhong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong "Zhang Wenhong") |
| [Researchers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers "Category:Coronavirus researchers") | [Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud "Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud") [Roberto Burioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Burioni "Roberto Burioni") [Chen Wei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Wei_\(medical_scientist\) "Chen Wei (medical scientist)") [Kizzmekia Corbett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett "Kizzmekia Corbett") [Andrea Crisanti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_\(scientist\) "Andrea Crisanti (scientist)") [Peter Daszak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daszak "Peter Daszak") [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") [Neil Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_\(epidemiologist\) "Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)") [Dale Fisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Fisher "Dale Fisher") [George F. Gao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Gao "George F. Gao") [Azra Ghani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azra_Ghani "Azra Ghani") [Sarah Gilbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert "Sarah Gilbert") [Guan Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Yi "Guan Yi") [Kentaro Iwata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata "Kentaro Iwata") [Katalin KarikĂł](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3 "Katalin KarikĂł") [Matt Keeling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Keeling "Matt Keeling") [Trudie Lang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trudie_Lang "Trudie Lang") [Li Lanjuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Lanjuan "Li Lanjuan") [W. Ian Lipkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin "W. Ian Lipkin") [Ma Xiaowei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei "Ma Xiaowei") [Shabir Madhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabir_Madhi "Shabir Madhi") [Allison McGeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_McGeer "Allison McGeer") [Camilla Rothe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla_Rothe "Camilla Rothe") [Shi Zhengli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Zhengli "Shi Zhengli") [Moncef Slaoui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui "Moncef Slaoui") [Mike Tildesley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tildesley "Mike Tildesley") [John Todd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Todd_\(British_biologist\) "John Todd (British biologist)") [Wang Chen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chen_\(physician\) "Wang Chen (physician)") [Wang Guangfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Guangfa "Wang Guangfa") [Drew Weissman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Weissman "Drew Weissman") [Yuen Kwok-yung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung "Yuen Kwok-yung") [Zeng Guang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeng_Guang "Zeng Guang") [Zhang Jixian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jixian "Zhang Jixian") [Zhang Yongzhen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen "Zhang Yongzhen") [Zhong Nanshan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan "Zhong Nanshan") |
| Officials | |
| | |
| WHO | [Tedros Adhanom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") (Director-General of the WHO) [Bruce Aylward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Aylward "Bruce Aylward") (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission) [Maria Van Kerkhove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove "Maria Van Kerkhove") (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response) [Michael J. Ryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_\(doctor\) "Michael J. Ryan (doctor)") (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme) |
| By location | [Frank Atherton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Atherton "Frank Atherton") (Wales) [Ashley Bloomfield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield "Ashley Bloomfield") (New Zealand) [Catherine Calderwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood "Catherine Calderwood") (Scotland) [Chang Shan-chwen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen "Chang Shan-chwen") (Taiwan) [Anutin Charnvirakul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul "Anutin Charnvirakul") (Thailand) [Chen Shih-chung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung "Chen Shih-chung") (Taiwan) [Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching "Chuang Yin-ching") (Taiwan) [Victor Costache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Costache "Victor Costache") (Romania) [Fabrizio Curcio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio "Fabrizio Curcio") (Italy) [Carmen Deseda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Deseda "Carmen Deseda") (Puerto Rico) [Jaap van Dissel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel "Jaap van Dissel") (the Netherlands) [Christian Drosten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Drosten "Christian Drosten") (Germany) [Francisco Duque III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III "Francisco Duque III") (Philippines) [Anthony Fauci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Fauci "Anthony Fauci") (United States) [Francesco Paolo Figliuolo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo "Francesco Paolo Figliuolo") (Italy) [Graça Freitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas "Graça Freitas") (Portugal) [Henrique Gouveia e Melo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo "Henrique Gouveia e Melo") (Portugal) [Matt Hancock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock "Matt Hancock") (United Kingdom) [Hamad Hasan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamad_Hasan "Hamad Hasan") (Lebanon) [Greg Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hunt "Greg Hunt") (Australia) [Tony Holohan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Holohan "Tony Holohan") (Ireland) [Jeong Eun-kyeong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong "Jeong Eun-kyeong") (South Korea) [Fahrettin Koca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca "Fahrettin Koca") (Turkey) [Li Keqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keqiang "Li Keqiang") (China) [Hugo LĂłpez-Gatell RamĂrez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez "Hugo LĂłpez-Gatell RamĂrez") (Mexico) [Michael McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McBride_\(doctor\) "Michael McBride (doctor)") (Northern Ireland) [Oriol MitjĂ ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0 "Oriol MitjĂ ") (Andorra) [Zweli Mkhize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize "Zweli Mkhize") (South Africa) [Doni Monardo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doni_Monardo "Doni Monardo") (Indonesia) [Alma MĂśller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller "Alma MĂśller") (Iceland) [Saeed Namaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Namaki "Saeed Namaki") (Iran) [Ala Nemerenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco "Ala Nemerenco") (Moldova) [Nguyáť
n Thanh Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long "Nguyáť
n Thanh Long") (Vietnam) [Noor Hisham Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah "Noor Hisham Abdullah") (Malaysia) [Ali Pilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Pilli "Ali Pilli") (Northern Cyprus) [Daniel Salinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Salinas "Daniel Salinas") (Uruguay) [JĂŠrĂ´me Salomon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon "JĂŠrĂ´me Salomon") (France) [Fernando SimĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n "Fernando SimĂłn") (Spain) [Gregor Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Smith "Gregor Smith") (Scotland) [Su Ih-jen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Ih-jen "Su Ih-jen") (Taiwan) [Ĺukasz Szumowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski "Ĺukasz Szumowski") (Poland) [Theresa Tam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Tam "Theresa Tam") (Canada) [Anders Tegnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Tegnell "Anders Tegnell") (Sweden) [ĂĂłrĂłlfur GuĂ°nason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason "ĂĂłrĂłlfur GuĂ°nason") (Iceland) [Sotiris Tsiodras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras "Sotiris Tsiodras") (Greece) [Harsh Vardhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_\(Delhi_politician\) "Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)") (India) [VĂĂ°ir Reynisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson "VĂĂ°ir Reynisson") (Iceland) [Carla Vizzotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti "Carla Vizzotti") (Argentina) [Vlad Voiculescu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu "Vlad Voiculescu") (Romania) [Chris Whitty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitty "Chris Whitty") (United Kingdom) [Lawrence Wong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Wong "Lawrence Wong") (Singapore) [Jeff Zients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Zients "Jeff Zients") (United States) |
| Others | [Chen Qiushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Qiushi "Chen Qiushi") [Brett Crozier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Crozier "Brett Crozier") [Fang Bin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Bin "Fang Bin") [Fang Fang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Fang "Fang Fang") [Joseph Ashitey Hammond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond "Joseph Ashitey Hammond") [Li Zehua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zehua "Li Zehua") [Captain Tom Moore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore "Captain Tom Moore") [Qiu Menghuang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang "Qiu Menghuang") [Ren Zhiqiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang "Ren Zhiqiang") |
| [List of deaths due to COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19 "List of deaths due to COVID-19") | |
| Data (templates) | |
| | |
| Global | WHO situation reports [cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases "COVID-19 pandemic cases") [deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths "COVID-19 pandemic deaths") [World map by countries: confirmed per capita]() |
| Asia | [Armenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Armenia_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Armenia medical cases chart") [Artsakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Republic_of_Artsakh_medical_cases_chart "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Republic of Artsakh medical cases chart") China [confirmed per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:COVID-19_pandemic_data/Mainland_China_medical_cases_map_\(dots\) "Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/Mainland China medical cases map (dots)") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Epidemics "Template:Epidemics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Epidemics "Template talk:Epidemics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics "Special:EditPage/Template:Epidemics")[Pandemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic "Pandemic"), [epidemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic "Epidemic") and notable [disease outbreaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_outbreak "Disease outbreak") | |
|---|---|
| [List of epidemics and pandemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics "List of epidemics and pandemics") | |
| Local | |
| | |
| [Ancient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_history "Ancient history") | [Hittite plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_plague "Hittite plague") ( c. 1330 BC) [Plague of Athens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens "Plague of Athens") (429â426 BC) [Antonine Plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Plague "Antonine Plague") (165â180 AD) [Plague of Cyprian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Cyprian "Plague of Cyprian") (250â266) |
| [Post- classical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-classical_history "Post-classical history") | [Plague of Justinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian "Plague of Justinian") (541â542) [Roman Plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Plague_of_590 "Roman Plague of 590") (590) [Plague of Sheroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Sheroe "Plague of Sheroe") (627â628) [Plague of Amwas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Amwas "Plague of Amwas") (638â639) [Plague of 664](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_664 "Plague of 664") (664â689) [Japanese smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/735%E2%80%93737_Japanese_smallpox_epidemic "735â737 Japanese smallpox epidemic") (735â737) [Black Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death") (1346â1353) [Sweating sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweating_sickness "Sweating sickness") (1485â1551) |
| [Early modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period "Early modern period") | |
| | |
| 16th century | [Influenza pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic "1510 influenza pandemic") (1510) [Mexican smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_smallpox_in_Mexico "History of smallpox in Mexico") (1520) ["Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics "Cocoliztli epidemics") (1545, 1576) [Influenza pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic "1557 influenza pandemic") (1557â1559) [London plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1563_London_plague "1563 London plague") (1563â1564) [Maltese plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_Malta_plague_epidemic "1592â1593 Malta plague epidemic") (1592â1593) [London plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1592%E2%80%931593_London_plague "1592â1593 London plague") (1592â1593) |
| 17th century | [London plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1603_London_plague "1603 London plague") (1603) [Maltese plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1623_Malta_plague_outbreak "1623 Malta plague outbreak") (1623) [Italian plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1629%E2%80%931631_Italian_plague "1629â1631 Italian plague") (1629â1631) [Massachusetts smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_smallpox_epidemic "Massachusetts smallpox epidemic") (1633) [Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_in_the_late_Ming_dynasty "Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty") (1633â1644) [Great Plague of Seville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Seville "Great Plague of Seville") (1647â1652) [Maltese plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1655_Malta_plague_outbreak "1655 Malta plague outbreak") (1655) [Naples Plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples_Plague_\(1656\) "Naples Plague (1656)") (1656) [Great Plague of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London "Great Plague of London") (1665â1666) [Maltese plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1675%E2%80%931676_Malta_plague_epidemic "1675â1676 Malta plague epidemic") (1675â1676) [Great Plague of Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Vienna "Great Plague of Vienna") (1679) |
| 18th century | [Iceland smallpox epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1707%E2%80%9308_Iceland_smallpox_epidemic "1707â08 Iceland smallpox epidemic") (1707â1708) [Great Northern War plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak "Great Northern War plague outbreak") (1710â1712) [Great Plague of Marseille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_Marseille "Great Plague of Marseille") (1720â1722) [Great Plague of 1738](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_1738 "Great Plague of 1738") (1738) [Russian plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague "1770â1772 Russian plague") (1770â1772) [Persian Plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1772%E2%80%931773_Persian_Plague "1772â1773 Persian Plague") (1772) [North American smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775%E2%80%931782_North_American_smallpox_epidemic "1775â1782 North American smallpox epidemic") (1780â1782) [Philadelphia yellow fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic "1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic") (1793â1798) |
| [Modern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_era "Modern era") | |
| | |
| 19th century | [Ottoman plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%E2%80%931819_Ottoman_plague_epidemic "1812â1819 Ottoman plague epidemic") (1812â1819) [Maltese plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1813%E2%80%931814_Malta_plague_epidemic "1813â1814 Malta plague epidemic") (1813â1814) [Caragea's plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caragea%27s_plague "Caragea's plague") (1813) [Groningen epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen_epidemic "Groningen epidemic") (1829) [Great Plains smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic "1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic") (1837â1838) [Typhus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_North_American_typhus_epidemic "1847 North American typhus epidemic") (1847â1848) [Copenhagen cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak "1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak") (1853) [Stockholm cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1853_Stockholm_cholera_outbreak "1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak") (1853) [Broad Street cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak "1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak") (1854) [Guam smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_Guam_smallpox_epidemic "1856 Guam smallpox epidemic") (1856) [Pacific Northwest smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic "1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic") (1862â1863) [Barcelona yellow fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870_Barcelona_yellow_fever_epidemic "1870 Barcelona yellow fever epidemic") (1870) [Buenos Aires yellow fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever_in_Buenos_Aires "Yellow fever in Buenos Aires") (1871) [Australia scarlet fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%E2%80%931876_Australia_scarlet_fever_epidemic "1875â1876 Australia scarlet fever epidemic") (1875â1876) [Hong Kong plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_Hong_Kong_plague "1894 Hong Kong plague") (1894) |
| 20th century | [San Francisco plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_plague_of_1900%E2%80%931904 "San Francisco plague of 1900â1904") (1900â1904) [Manchurian plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurian_plague "Manchurian plague") (1910â1911) [LA pneumonic plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Los_Angeles_pneumonic_plague_outbreak "1924 Los Angeles pneumonic plague outbreak") (1924) [Croydon typhoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_typhoid_outbreak_of_1937 "Croydon typhoid outbreak of 1937") (1937) [NYC smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_New_York_City_smallpox_outbreak "1947 New York City smallpox outbreak") (1947) [WrocĹaw smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_smallpox_epidemic_in_Wroc%C5%82aw "1963 smallpox epidemic in WrocĹaw") (1963) [Yugoslav smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Yugoslav_smallpox_outbreak "1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak") (1972) [London flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_flu "London flu") (1972â1973) [Indian smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_smallpox_epidemic_in_India "1974 smallpox epidemic in India") (1974) [Surat plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_plague_in_India "1994 plague in India") (1994) [Malaysian Nipah virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%931999_Malaysia_Nipah_virus_outbreak "1998â1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak") (1998â1999) |
| 21st century | [SARS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak "2002â2004 SARS outbreak") (2002â2004) [Midwest monkeypox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Midwest_monkeypox_outbreak "2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak") (2003) [Bird flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_influenza "Avian influenza") (2003â2005) [Singaporean dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore "2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore") (2005) [Indian dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_India "2006 dengue outbreak in India") (2006) [Chikungunya outbreaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_chikungunya "Epidemiology of chikungunya") (2006) [Pakistani dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan "2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan") (2006) [Iraqi cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak "2007 Iraq cholera outbreak") (2007) [Zimbabwean cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak "2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak") (2008â2009) [Madagascar plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks "21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks") (2008â2017) [Bolivian dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Bolivian_dengue_fever_epidemic "2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic") (2009) [Gujarat hepatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Gujarat_hepatitis_outbreak "2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak") (2009) [Western African meningitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%932010_West_African_meningitis_outbreak "2009â2010 West African meningitis outbreak") (2009â2010) [Haiti cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak "2010s Haiti cholera outbreak") (2010â2019) [Pakistani dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_dengue_outbreak_in_Pakistan "2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan") (2011) [Darfur yellow fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_yellow_fever_outbreak_in_Darfur,_Sudan "2012 yellow fever outbreak in Darfur, Sudan") (2012) [MERS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_MERS_outbreak "2012 MERS outbreak") (2012) [Singaporean dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore "2013 dengue outbreak in Singapore") (2013) [Swansea measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Swansea_measles_epidemic "2013 Swansea measles epidemic") (2013) [Chikungunya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_chikungunya_outbreak "2013â2014 chikungunya outbreak") (2013â2014) [Western African Ebola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic "Western African Ebola virus epidemic") (2013â2016) [DR Congo Ebola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Ebola_virus_outbreak "2014 Democratic Republic of the Congo Ebola virus outbreak") (2014) [Madagascar plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_Madagascar_plague_outbreaks "21st century Madagascar plague outbreaks") (2014) [Odisha hepatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Odisha_hepatitis_outbreak "2014 Odisha hepatitis outbreak") (2014) [Polio declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio_eradication#2011%E2%80%932015 "Polio eradication") (2014) [Indian swine flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Indian_swine_flu_outbreak "2015 Indian swine flu outbreak") (2015) [South Korean MERS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_MERS_outbreak_in_South_Korea "2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea") (2015) [Zika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Zika_virus_epidemic "2015â16 Zika virus epidemic") (2015â2016) [Angolan yellow fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Angola_and_DR_Congo_yellow_fever_outbreak "2016 Angola and DR Congo yellow fever outbreak") (2016) [Yemeni cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak "2016â2022 Yemen cholera outbreak") (2016â2022) [Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Gorakhpur_hospital_deaths "2017 Gorakhpur hospital deaths") (2017) [Saudi Arabian MERS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_MERS_outbreak "2018 MERS outbreak") (2018) [Kerala Nipah virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipah_virus_outbreaks_in_Kerala#2018_outbreak "Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala") (2018) [Ăquateur province Ebola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_%C3%89quateur_province_Ebola_outbreak "2018 Ăquateur province Ebola outbreak") (2018) [Kivu Ebola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_Ebola_epidemic "Kivu Ebola epidemic") (2018â2020) [Madagascar measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Madagascar_measles_outbreak "2018 Madagascar measles outbreak") (2018) [Samoa measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Samoa_measles_outbreak "2019 Samoa measles outbreak") (2019) [Philippine measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_measles_outbreak_in_the_Philippines "2019 measles outbreak in the Philippines") (2019) [Pacific NW measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Pacific_Northwest_measles_outbreak "2019 Pacific Northwest measles outbreak") (2019) [New York measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_New_York_measles_outbreak "2019 New York measles outbreak") (2019) [Kuala Koh measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Kuala_Koh_measles_outbreak "2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak") (2019) [Tonga measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tonga_measles_outbreak "2019 Tonga measles outbreak") (2019) [DRC measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_measles_outbreak_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo "2019â2020 measles outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo") (2019â2020) [New Zealand measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_New_Zealand_measles_outbreak "2019â2020 New Zealand measles outbreak") (2019â2020) [Singaporean dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_dengue_outbreak_in_Singapore "2020 dengue outbreak in Singapore") (2020) [Uganda Ebola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-2023_Uganda_Ebola_outbreak "2022-2023 Uganda Ebola outbreak") (2022â2023) [Jamaica dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_dengue_outbreak_in_Jamaica "2023 dengue outbreak in Jamaica") (2023) [Bangsamoro measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Bangsamoro_measles_outbreak "2023â2024 Bangsamoro measles outbreak") (2023âpresent) [2024 Latin American dengue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_dengue_outbreak_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean "2024 dengue outbreak in Latin America and the Caribbean") [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_dengue_epidemic_in_Argentina "2024 dengue epidemic in Argentina") (2024) [Sudanese cholera epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%932025_Sudanese_cholera_epidemic "2024â2025 Sudanese cholera epidemic") (2024â2025) [KasaĂŻ Province Ebola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Kasa%C3%AF_Province_Ebola_outbreak "2025 KasaĂŻ Province Ebola outbreak") (2025) [New Zealand measles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_New_Zealand_measles_outbreak "2025 New Zealand measles outbreak") (2025) |
| [Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic "Pandemic") | [First plague pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_plague_pandemic "First plague pandemic") (541â767) [Second plague pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_plague_pandemic "Second plague pandemic") (1348â19th century) [Influenza pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1510_influenza_pandemic "1510 influenza pandemic") (1510) [Influenza pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic "1557 influenza pandemic") (1557â1559) [First cholera pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic "1817â1824 cholera pandemic") (1816â1826) [Second cholera pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic "1826â1837 cholera pandemic") (1829â1851) [Third cholera pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic "1846â1860 cholera pandemic") (1852â1860) [Third plague pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic "Third plague pandemic") (1855â1860) [Fourth cholera pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic "1863â1875 cholera pandemic") (1863â1879) [Fifth cholera pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic "1881â1896 cholera pandemic") (1881â1896) [Russian flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_pandemic "1889â1890 pandemic") (1889â1890) [Sixth cholera pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic "1899â1923 cholera pandemic") (1899â1923) [Spanish flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu "Spanish flu") (1918â1920) [encephalitis lethargica epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%931930_encephalitis_lethargica_epidemic "1919â1930 encephalitis lethargica epidemic") (1919â1930) [Asian flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957%E2%80%931958_influenza_pandemic "1957â1958 influenza pandemic") (1957â1958) [Seventh cholera pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic "Seventh cholera pandemic") (1961â1975) [Hong Kong flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_flu "Hong Kong flu") (1968â1970) [Russian flu pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Russian_flu "1977 Russian flu") (1977â1979) [HIV/AIDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS") (1981âpresent) [Swine flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic "2009 swine flu pandemic") (2009â2010) [COVID-19]() (2019â2023) [Mpox (clade II) outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%932023_mpox_outbreak "2022â2023 mpox outbreak") (2022â2023) [Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%932025_mpox_epidemic "2023â2025 mpox epidemic") (2023â2025) |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_infectious_diseases "Template:History of infectious diseases") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_infectious_diseases "Template talk:History of infectious diseases") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_infectious_diseases "Special:EditPage/Template:History of infectious diseases")History of [infectious diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseases_\(medical_specialty\) "Infectious diseases (medical specialty)") | |
|---|---|
| Individual diseases | [Cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cholera "History of cholera") [HIV/AIDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS "History of HIV/AIDS") [Leprosy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_leprosy "History of leprosy") [Malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_malaria "History of malaria") [Plague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plague "History of plague") [Polio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_polio "History of polio") [Smallpox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_smallpox "History of smallpox") [Syphilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_syphilis "History of syphilis") [Tuberculosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tuberculosis "History of tuberculosis") [Typhoid fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_typhoid_fever "History of typhoid fever") [Yellow fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_yellow_fever "History of yellow fever") |
| People | [Alexander Fleming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Fleming "Alexander Fleming") [Maurice Hilleman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman "Maurice Hilleman") [Edward Jenner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner "Edward Jenner") [Robert Koch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch "Robert Koch") [Louis Pasteur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur "Louis Pasteur") [Jonas Salk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk "Jonas Salk") [Ignaz Semmelweis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis "Ignaz Semmelweis") [John Snow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Snow "John Snow") |
| [Major epidemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics "List of epidemics and pandemics") | [Black Death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death "Black Death") (1346â1353) [Spanish flu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu "Spanish flu") (1918â1920) [HIV/AIDS pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS "Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS") (1981âpresent) [COVID-19 pandemic]() (2019â2023) |
| Other | [Discovery of disease-causing pathogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_disease-causing_pathogens "Discovery of disease-causing pathogens") [Smallpox eradication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox_eradication "Smallpox eradication") [Social history of viruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history_of_viruses "Social history of viruses") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2020s_articles "Template:2020s articles") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2020s_articles "Template talk:2020s articles") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020s_articles "Special:EditPage/Template:2020s articles")2020s articles | |
|---|---|
| History | [Decade overview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s "2020s") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Africa "2020s in Africa") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Asia "2020s in Asia") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Europe "2020s in Europe") [Electoral data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_electoral_politics "2020s in electoral politics") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_military_history "2020s in military history") [Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_medicine "2020s in medicine") [Economic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_economic_history "2020s in economic history") [Environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_environmental_history "2020s in environmental history") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_science_and_technology "2020s in science and technology") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_social_history "2020s in social history") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_politics "2020s in politics") [Timeline of the 21st century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_21st_century "Timeline of the 21st century") [List of nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_2020s "List of sovereign states in the 2020s") *Lists:* [List of current heads of state and government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government "List of current heads of state and government") [List of protests in the 21st century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_21st_century "List of protests in the 21st century") [List of ongoing armed conflicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts "List of ongoing armed conflicts") |
| Events | [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") [Pandemic]() [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:COVID-19 "Portal:COVID-19") [Economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") [2020 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Paris_Agreement_on_Climate_Change "2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change") [Treaty descheduling of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961 "Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961") [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") |
| Govt | [UN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "AntĂłnio Guterres") [UN Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council "List of members of the United Nations Security Council") [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg "Jens Stoltenberg") [EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_European_Parliament "Ninth European Parliament") [African Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union "African Union") [Arab League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit "Ahmed Aboul Gheit") [OAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_of_Luis_Almagro "Administration of Luis Almagro") [BRICS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS "BRICS") [List of all groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations "List of intergovernmental organizations") [Major groups, by size](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population "List of regional organizations by population") |
| Years | *Politics:* [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_politics "2020 in politics") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_politics "2021 in politics") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_politics "2022 in politics") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_politics "2023 in politics") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_politics "2024 in politics") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_politics "2025 in politics") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_politics "2026 in politics") *Science:* [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_science "2020 in science") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_science "2021 in science") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_science "2022 in science") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_science "2023 in science") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_science "2024 in science") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_science "2025 in science") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_science "2026 in science") *Arts:* [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_art "2020 in art") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_art "2021 in art") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_art "2022 in art") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_art "2023 in art") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_art "2024 in art") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_art "2025 in art") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_art "2026 in art") *Sports:* [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_sports "2020 in sports") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_sports "2021 in sports") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_in_sports "2022 in sports") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_sports "2023 in sports") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_sports "2024 in sports") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_sports "2025 in sports") [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_sports "2026 in sports") |
| Categories | *General:* [Lists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s-related_lists "Category:2020s-related lists") [Timelines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_timelines "Category:2020s timelines") [By year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:21st-century_timelines_by_year "Category:21st-century timelines by year") *Historical:* [2020s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s "Category:2020s") [By country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_by_country "Category:2020s by country") [Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_economic_history "Category:2020s in economic history") [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_politics "Category:2020s in politics") [Women's history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_women%27s_history "Category:2020s in women's history") [Trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_fads_and_trends "Category:2020s fads and trends") *Topical:* [Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_technology "Category:2020s in technology") [Transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_transport "Category:2020s in transport") [Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_computing "Category:2020s in computing") [Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_science "Category:2020s in science") [Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_health "Category:2020s in health") [Arts and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_the_arts "Category:2020s in the arts") [Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_art "Category:2020s in art") [Paintings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_paintings "Category:2020s paintings") [Sculptures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_sculptures "Category:2020s sculptures") [Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_literature "Category:2020s in literature") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_music "Category:2020s in music") [Fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_fashion "Category:2020s fashion") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_sports "Category:2020s in sports") [Wrestling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:2020s_in_professional_wrestling "Category:2020s in professional wrestling") |
| [Portal:Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Portal:Current events") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Overviews_of_the_2020s "Template:Overviews of the 2020s") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Overviews_of_the_2020s "Template talk:Overviews of the 2020s") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overviews_of_the_2020s "Special:EditPage/Template:Overviews of the 2020s")Overviews of the 2020s | |
|---|---|
| History | [World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_history "2020s in history") [Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Africa "2020s in Africa") [Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Asia "2020s in Asia") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Europe "2020s in Europe") [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020s_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1 "2020s in North America (page does not exist)") *Sovereign states:* [Angola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Angola "2020s in Angola") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Australia "2020s in Australia") [Hong Hong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong "2020s in Hong Kong") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_the_United_Kingdom "2020s in the United Kingdom") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_the_United_States "2020s in the United States") |
| Culture | [Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_film "2020s in film") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_music "2020s in music") [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_Latin_music "2020s in Latin music") [Fashion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_fashion "2020s in fashion") [Video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_video_games "2020s in video games") |
| Societal | [Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_social_history "2020s in social history") [Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_economic_history "2020s in economic history") |
| Science | [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_science_and_technology "2020s in science and technology") [Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present "Timeline of computing 2020âpresent") [Sustainable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020_to_the_present "Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present") [Anti-aging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_senescence_research "2020s in senescence research") [Biotechnology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_biotechnology "2020s in biotechnology") [Quantum IT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_quantum_computing_and_communication "2020s in quantum computing and communication") [Transportation technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_transportation_technology "2020s in transportation technology") [Cosmology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_cosmology "2020s in cosmology") [Psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_psychology "2020s in psychology") [Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_environmental_history "2020s in environmental history") [Spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_spaceflight "2020s in spaceflight") |
| Related | [Year in topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:C21_year_in_topic "Template:C21 year in topic") [List of timelines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_timelines "List of timelines") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2020s_in_history "Template:2020s in history") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2020s_in_history "Template talk:2020s in history") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020s_in_history "Special:EditPage/Template:2020s in history")2020s in history | |
|---|---|
| [2020s in politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_politics "2020s in politics") [2020s in military history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_military_history "2020s in military history") [2020s in economic history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_economic_history "2020s in economic history") [2020s in environmental history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_environmental_history "2020s in environmental history") [2020s in science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_science_and_technology "2020s in science and technology") [2020s in climate history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_climate_history "2020s in climate history") [2020s in social history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s_in_social_history "2020s in social history") [Timeline of the 21st century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_21st_century "Timeline of the 21st century") [State leaders in the 2020s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_the_2020s "List of state leaders in the 2020s") [List of protests in the 21st century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_21st_century "List of protests in the 21st century") [List of ongoing armed conflicts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts "List of ongoing armed conflicts") | |
| World | |
| | |
| Topics | [Paris Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement "Paris Agreement") [COVID-19 pandemic]() [economic impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") [2020 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [Treaty descheduling of cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961 "Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961") |
| Govts | [UN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "AntĂłnio Guterres") [UN Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council "List of members of the United Nations Security Council") [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rutte "Mark Rutte") [EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_European_Parliament "Ninth European Parliament") [African Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union "African Union") [Arab League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Aboul_Gheit "Ahmed Aboul Gheit") [OAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_of_Luis_Almagro "Administration of Luis Almagro") [BRICS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS "BRICS") [List of all groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intergovernmental_organizations "List of intergovernmental organizations") [Major groups, by size](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population "List of regional organizations by population") |
| North America | |
| | |
| Topics | [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America "COVID-19 pandemic in North America") [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") [United States racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_racial_unrest_\(2020%E2%80%932023\) "United States racial unrest (2020â2023)") |
| Govts | United States [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "Second presidency of Donald Trump") timeline [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_United_States_politics_and_government "2020 in United States politics and government") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_United_States_politics_and_government "2021 in United States politics and government") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_in_United_States_politics_and_government "2025 in United States politics and government") Canada [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Justin_Trudeau "Premiership of Justin Trudeau") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Mark_Carney "Premiership of Mark Carney") |
| South America | |
| | |
| Topics | [Crisis in Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela "Crisis in Venezuela") [Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America "Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") |
| Govts | Chile [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era "SebastiĂĄn PiĂąera") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Boric "Gabriel Boric") Brazil [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro "Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva "Second presidency of Lula da Silva") Peru [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra "MartĂn Vizcarra") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Francisco_Sagasti "Presidency of Francisco Sagasti") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Pedro_Castillo "Presidency of Pedro Castillo") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Dina_Boluarte "Presidency of Dina Boluarte") |
| Europe | |
| | |
| Topics | [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe "COVID-19 pandemic in Europe") [Russo-Ukrainian war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war "Russo-Ukrainian war") [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine") [outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_war "Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian war") [BelarusâEuropean Union border crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_border_crisis "BelarusâEuropean Union border crisis") |
| Govts | United Kingdom [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Boris_Johnson "Premiership of Boris Johnson") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Liz_Truss "Premiership of Liz Truss") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Rishi_Sunak "Premiership of Rishi Sunak") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Keir_Starmer "Premiership of Keir Starmer") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Emmanuel_Macron "Presidency of Emmanuel Macron") Germany [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Angela_Merkel "Chancellorship of Angela Merkel") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellorship_of_Olaf_Scholz "Chancellorship of Olaf Scholz") Italy [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte#Prime_Minister_of_Italy_\(2018%E2%80%932021\) "Giuseppe Conte") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draghi_government "Draghi government") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meloni_government "Meloni government") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Vladimir_Putin "Presidency of Vladimir Putin") [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_33rd_D%C3%A1il "Government of the 33rd Dåil") Belgium [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilm%C3%A8s_II_Government "Wilmès II Government") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Croo_Government "De Croo Government") |
| Asia | |
| | |
| Topics | [2020 Kyrgyz Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Kyrgyz_Revolution "2020 Kyrgyz Revolution") [2022 Sri Lankan protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests "2022 Sri Lankan protests") [2024 Noto earthquake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Noto_earthquake "2024 Noto earthquake") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia "COVID-19 pandemic in Asia") [Myanmar civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war "Myanmar civil war") [Philippine drug war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_drug_war "Philippine drug war") [Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership "Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership") [Second Nagorno-Karabakh War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War "Second Nagorno-Karabakh War") |
| Govts | [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration "Xi Jinping Administration") [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_State_Council_of_China "12th State Council of China") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_State_Council_of_China "13th State Council of China") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_State_Council_of_China "14th State Council of China") [North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un "Kim Jong Un") Japan [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Abe_Cabinet "Fourth Abe Cabinet") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suga_Cabinet "Suga Cabinet") [3a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Kishida_Cabinet "First Kishida Cabinet") [3b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet "Second Kishida Cabinet") [3c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet_\(First_Reshuffle\) "Second Kishida Cabinet (First Reshuffle)") [3d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Kishida_Cabinet_\(Second_Reshuffle\) "Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle)") [4a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ishiba_Cabinet "First Ishiba Cabinet") [4b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Ishiba_Cabinet "Second Ishiba Cabinet") [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi "Premiership of Narendra Modi") Indonesia [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joko_Widodo "Presidency of Joko Widodo") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto "Prabowo Subianto") Malaysia [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad "Mahathir Mohamad") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhyiddin_Yassin "Muhyiddin Yassin") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Sabri_Yaakob "Ismail Sabri Yaakob") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Ibrahim "Anwar Ibrahim") Pakistan [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Ministership_of_Imran_Khan "Prime Ministership of Imran Khan") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_Shehbaz_Sharif "Premiership of Shehbaz Sharif") |
| Middle East and North Africa | |
| | |
| Topics | [Middle East economic integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_economic_integration "Middle East economic integration") [Syrian civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_civil_war "Syrian civil war") [Libyan civil war (2014â2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_\(2014%E2%80%932020\) "Libyan civil war (2014â2020)") [Yemeni civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_\(2014%E2%80%93present\) "Yemeni civil war (2014âpresent)") [Israeli political crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932022_Israeli_political_crisis "2018â2022 Israeli political crisis") [Iraqi protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests "2019â2021 Iraqi protests") [Abraham Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Accords "Abraham Accords") [Mahsa Amini protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests "Mahsa Amini protests") [Gaza war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_war "Gaza war") [outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_Gaza_war "Outline of the Gaza war") |
| Govts | [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi "Presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi") [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia "Salman of Saudi Arabia") Israel [1a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-fourth_government_of_Israel "Thirty-fourth government of Israel") [1b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-fifth_government_of_Israel "Thirty-fifth government of Israel") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-sixth_government_of_Israel "Thirty-sixth government of Israel") [3a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-seventh_government_of_Israel "Thirty-seventh government of Israel") [3b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_war_cabinet "Israeli war cabinet") |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | |
| | |
| Topics | [African Continental Free Trade Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area "African Continental Free Trade Area") [Nigeria Vision 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Vision_2020 "Nigeria Vision 2020") [Sudanese transition to democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy "Sudanese transition to democracy") [Ethiopian civil conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_\(2018%E2%80%93present\) "Ethiopian civil conflict (2018âpresent)") [Tigray war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_war "Tigray war") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") timeline [national responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") [Coup Belt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_Belt "Coup Belt") [DRCâRwanda conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_conflict_\(2022%E2%80%93present\) "Democratic Republic of the CongoâRwanda conflict (2022âpresent)") [M23 campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_campaign_\(2022%E2%80%93present\) "M23 campaign (2022âpresent)") [Nigerien crisis (2023â2024)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerien_crisis_\(2023%E2%80%932024\) "Nigerien crisis (2023â2024)") [BeninâNiger crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Niger_crisis "BeninâNiger crisis") |
| Govts | Somalia [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed "Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mohamud "Hassan Sheikh Mohamud") [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit "Salva Kiir Mayardit") [Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan "Sovereignty Council of Sudan") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed "Abiy Ahmed") [Eritrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki "Isaias Afwerki") Nigeria [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammadu_Buhari "Presidency of Muhammadu Buhari") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bola_Tinubu "Presidency of Bola Tinubu") |
| Australia and Oceania | |
| | |
| Topics | [Pacific Islands Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum "Pacific Islands Forum") [Pacific Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Community "Pacific Community") [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania "COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania") |
| Govts | Australia [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_government "Morrison government") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanese_government "Albanese government") New Zealand [1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand "Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand "Sixth National Government of New Zealand") |
| Years | |
| | |
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**COVID-19 pandemic** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"):
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COVID-19 pandemic
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic) |
| Readable Markdown | | COVID-19 pandemic | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_SP_-_UTI_V._Nova_Cachoeirinha.jpg)Medical professionals treating a COVID-19 patient in critical condition in an [intensive care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") in [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in SĂŁo Paulo (state)") in May 2020 | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_Total_Deaths_per_Capita.svg)Confirmed deaths per 100,000 population as of 20 December 2023 | |
| Cases per capita | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_Outbreak_World_Map_per_Capita.svg)Cumulative percentage of population infected as of 19 March 2022 \>10% 3â10% 1â3% 0\.3â1% 0\.1â0.3% 0\.03â0.1% 0â0.03% None or no data | |
| Disease | [Coronavirus disease 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") (COVID-19) |
| Virus strain | [Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARSâCoVâ2) |
| Source | [Bats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_virome "Bat virome")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-1) (indirectly)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-who-origins-20210330-2) |
| Location | [Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") |
| [Index case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case "Index case") | [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China [30°37â˛11âłN 114°15â˛28âłEďťż / ďťż30\.61972°N 114.25778°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=COVID-19_pandemic¶ms=30_37_11_N_114_15_28_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-42) [1 December 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_COVID-19_outbreak_in_mainland_China "2019â2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China") (6 years, 4 months and 2 days ago) |
| Dates | Described as a pandemic by the [WHO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization"): 11 March 2020 (6 years ago)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-start-3) [Public health emergency of international concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern"): 30 January 2020 â 5 May 2023 (3 years, 3 months and 5 days)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4) |
| Confirmed cases | 779,056,637[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-6) |
| Suspected cases⥠| Far higher (\>70% of the world population, by the end of 2022)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-the_end-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Omicron_outbreak_in_China-8) |
| Deaths | 7,111,504[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) (reported) 18.2â33.5 million[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2023-9) (estimated) |
| Fatality rate | As of 10 March 2023: 1\.02%[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JHU_ticker-10) |
| âĄ*Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.* | |
The global **COVID-19 pandemic** (also known as the **coronavirus pandemic**), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ([SARS-CoV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2 "SARS-CoV-2")), began with an outbreak in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China, in December 2019. It spread to other parts of Asia and [then worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory "COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory") in early 2020. The [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO) declared the outbreak a [public health emergency of international concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern") (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and assessed it as having become a [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic "Pandemic") on 11 March.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-start-3) The WHO declared that the public health emergency caused by COVID-19 had ended in May 2023.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4)
[COVID-19 symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_symptoms "COVID-19 symptoms") range from [asymptomatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptomatic "Asymptomatic") to deadly, but most commonly include fever, [sore throat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat "Sore throat"), [nocturnal cough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal_cough "Nocturnal cough"), and fatigue. [Transmission of the virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") is often [through airborne particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_transmission "Airborne transmission"). Mutations have [produced many strains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") (variants) with varying degrees of infectivity and [virulence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence "Virulence").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-11) [COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine") were developed rapidly and [deployed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines") to the general public beginning in December 2020, made available through government and [international](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization "International organization") programmes such as [COVAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX "COVAX"), aiming to provide [vaccine equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_equity "Vaccine equity"). [Treatments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19 "Treatment and management of COVID-19") include [novel antiviral drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development "COVID-19 drug development") and symptom control. Common mitigation measures during the public health emergency included [travel restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic"), [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns"), business restrictions and closures, [workplace hazard controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19 "Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19"), [mask mandates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"), quarantines, [testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") systems, and [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing") of the infected.
The pandemic caused severe [social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and [economic disruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") around the world, including [the largest global recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_recession "COVID-19 recession") since the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-RFXoH-12) [Widespread supply shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic"), including [food shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic"), were caused by [supply chain disruptions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021â2022 global supply chain crisis") and [panic buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying"). Reduced human activity led to an [unprecedented temporary decrease in pollution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment"). Educational institutions and public areas were partially or fully [closed in many jurisdictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education"), and many events were cancelled or postponed during 2020 and 2021. [Telework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") became much more common for [white-collar workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker "White-collar worker") as the pandemic evolved. [Misinformation circulated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation "COVID-19 misinformation") through social media and occasionally through mass media, and [political tensions intensified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic"). The pandemic raised issues of [racial and geographic discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic"), [health equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity "Health equity"), and the balance between [public health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health "Public health") imperatives and [individual rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights "Individual and group rights").
The disease has continued to circulate since 2023. By 2025, experts generally believed the pandemic to be over, having transitioned into the [endemic phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_\(epidemiology\) "Endemic (epidemiology)").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:0-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:3-14) Different definitions of pandemics lead to different determinations of when they end.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-charters2021-16) As of 3 April 2026, COVID-19 has caused 7,111,504[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) confirmed deaths, and 18.2 to 33.5 million estimated deaths.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2023-9) The pandemic was the fifth-[deadliest pandemic or epidemic in history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadliest_pandemics_in_history "Deadliest pandemics in history").
Terminology
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-3-20_%E9%BB%84%E5%86%88%E9%80%81%E5%88%AB%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E6%8F%B4%E9%84%82%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E9%98%9F_%E9%BB%84%E6%A2%85%E6%88%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2.jpg)
Chinese medics in [Huanggang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanggang "Huanggang"), Hubei, in 2020
Pandemic
In [epidemiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology "Epidemiology"), a [pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic "Pandemic") is defined as "an epidemic occurring over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people". During the COVID-19 pandemic, as with other pandemics, the meaning of this term has been challenged.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-17)
The end of a pandemic or other epidemic only rarely involves the total disappearance of a disease, and historically, much less attention has been given to defining the ends of epidemics than their beginnings. The ends of particular epidemics have been defined in a variety of ways, differing according to academic field, and differently based on location and social group. An epidemic's end can be considered a social phenomenon, not just a biological one.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-charters2021-16)
[*Time*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)") reported in March 2024 that expert opinions differ on whether or not COVID-19 is currently considered endemic or pandemic, and that the WHO continued to call the disease a pandemic on its website.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15)
Virus names
During [the initial outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hubei "COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei") in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus", "Wuhan coronavirus",[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-18) "the coronavirus outbreak" and the "Wuhan coronavirus outbreak",[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-19) with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia")".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-21) In January 2020, the WHO recommended 2019-nCoV[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report-22) and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-23) as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names in part to prevent [social stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma "Social stigma").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-24) WHO finalised the official names COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 on 11 February 2020.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO-naming-25) WHO Director-General [Tedros Ghebreyesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Ghebreyesus") explained: CO for *corona*, VI for *virus*, D for *disease* and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-26) WHO additionally uses "the COVID-19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID-19" in public communications.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO-naming-25)
WHO named [variants of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_concern "Variant of concern") and [variants of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_concern "Variant of concern") using [Greek letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet "Greek alphabet"). The initial practice of naming them according to where the variants were identified (e.g. [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") began as the "Indian variant") is no longer common.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-27) A more systematic naming scheme reflects the variant's [PANGO lineage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages "Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages") (e.g., [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant")'s lineage is B.1.1.529) and is used for other variants.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BBC.May.31.2021-28)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-29)
Epidemiology
Background
SARS-CoV-2 is a virus closely related to [bat coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_virome#Coronaviruses "Bat virome"),[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-LancetNowcasting-30) [pangolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangolin "Pangolin") coronaviruses,[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ia56U-31)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Zhang6April2020-32) and [SARS-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-1 "SARS-CoV-1").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ECDC_risk_assessment-33) The first known [outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreak "Outbreak") (the [2019â2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_COVID-19_outbreak_in_mainland_China "2019â2020 COVID-19 outbreak in mainland China")) started in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), Hubei, China, in December 2019.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-34) Many early cases were linked to people who had visited the [Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market "Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market") there,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Sun2020epidemiology-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Maxmen2021whoReport-37) but it is possible that human-to-human transmission began earlier.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-39) [Molecular clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_clock "Molecular clock") analysis suggests that the first cases were likely to have been between October and November 2019.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-40)
The scientific consensus is that the virus is most likely of a [zoonotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonotic "Zoonotic") origin, from bats or another closely related mammal.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-38)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-To2021lessons-42) While other explanations such as speculations that SARS-CoV-2 was accidentally [released from a laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory "COVID-19 lab leak theory") have been proposed,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CovidMayHave-43)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-nofact-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200208economist-45) as of 2021 these were not sufficiently supported by evidence.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Holmes2021-46)
Cases
Official "case" counts refer to the number of people who have been [tested for COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing") and whose test has been confirmed positive according to official protocols whether or not they experienced symptomatic disease.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-1ceLG-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-J0rix-48) Due to the effect of [sampling bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_bias "Sampling bias"), studies which obtain a more accurate number by extrapolating from a random sample have consistently found that total infections considerably exceed the reported case counts.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WqXOo-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BtFLV-50) Many countries, early on, had official policies to not test those with only mild symptoms.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-elpais640000-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200313reuters-52) The strongest risk factors for severe illness are obesity, [complications of diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes "Complications of diabetes"), anxiety disorders, and the total number of conditions.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-53)
During the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was not clear whether young people were less likely to be infected, or less likely to develop symptoms and be tested.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vox21190033-54) A retrospective [cohort study](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohort_study "Cohort study") in China found that [children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children") and adults were just as likely to be infected.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-489Q3-55)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_new_cases_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png)
Semi-log plot of weekly new cases of COVID-19 in the world and the top six countries in 2022
Among more thorough studies, [preliminary results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Case-Cluster-Study "COVID-19 Case-Cluster-Study") from 9 April 2020 found that in [Gangelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangelt "Gangelt"), the centre of a major infection cluster in Germany, 15 per cent of a population sample tested positive for [antibodies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody "Antibody").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-otW1O-56) Screening for COVID-19 in pregnant women [in New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City "COVID-19 pandemic in New York City"), and [blood donors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_donor "Blood donor") in the Netherlands, found rates of positive antibody tests that indicated more infections than reported.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-rCdvL-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200416reuters-58) [Seroprevalence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroprevalence "Seroprevalence")\-based estimates are conservative as some studies show that persons with mild symptoms do not have detectable antibodies.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-0LgFK-59)
Initial estimates of the [basic reproduction number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number "Basic reproduction number") (R0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5,[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WFNfK-60) but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent [confidence interval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval "Confidence interval") of 3.8 to 8.9).[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mmCQc-61)
In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants. As of that 28 December, 282,790,822 individuals worldwide had been confirmed as infected.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-62) As of 14 April 2022, over 500 million cases were confirmed globally.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-63) Most cases are unconfirmed, with the [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation") estimating the true number of cases as of early 2022 to be in the billions.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent1-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent2-65)
Test positivity rate
One measure that public health officials and policymakers have used to monitor the pandemic and guide decision-making is the test positivity rate ("percent positive"). According to Johns Hopkins in 2020, one benchmark for a "too high" per cent positive is 5%, which was used by the WHO in the past.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-66)
Deaths
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_-_Cemiterios.jpg)
Gravediggers bury the body of a man suspected of having died of COVID-19 in the cemetery of Vila Alpina in eastern [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo"), 3 April 2020.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID19_deceased_in_Hackensack_NJ_April_27.jpg)
The deceased in a refrigerated "mobile morgue" outside a hospital in [Hackensack, New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack,_New_Jersey "Hackensack, New Jersey"), US, in April 2020
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Global_excess_and_reported_COVID-19_deaths_and_death_rates_per_100,000_population.webp)
Global excess and reported COVID-19 deaths and deaths per 100,000, according to the WHO study[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-67)
As of 10 March 2023, more than 6.88 million[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JHU_ticker-10) deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-25-68) These numbers vary by region and over time, influenced by testing volume, healthcare system quality, treatment options, government response,[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-69) time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-worldindata-70)
Multiple measures are used to quantify mortality.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wBm2a-71) Official death counts typically include people who died after testing positive. Such counts exclude deaths without a test.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200331reuters-72) Conversely, deaths of people who died from underlying conditions following a positive test may be included.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-stuff120443722-73) Countries such as Belgium include deaths from suspected cases, including those without a test, thereby increasing counts.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-npr841005901-74)
Official death counts have been claimed to underreport the actual death toll, because [excess mortality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortality_displacement "Mortality displacement") (the number of deaths in a period compared to a long-term average) data show an increase in deaths that is not explained by COVID-19 deaths alone.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:7-75) Using such data, estimates of the true number of deaths from COVID-19 worldwide have included a range from 18.2 to 33.5 million (â27.4 million) by 18 November 2023 by *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")*,[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2023-9)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:7-75) as well as over 18.5 million by 1 April 2023 by the [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation")[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-COVID-19_Projections-76) and â18.2 million (earlier) deaths between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2021, by a comprehensive international study.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1016/S0140-6736\(21\)02796-3-77) Such deaths include deaths due to healthcare capacity constraints and priorities, as well as reluctance to seek care (to avoid possible infection).[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200429reason-78) Further research may help distinguish the proportions directly caused by COVID-19 from those caused by indirect consequences of the pandemic.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1016/S0140-6736\(21\)02796-3-77)
In May 2022, the WHO estimated the number of excess deaths by the end of 2021 to be 14.9 million compared to 5.4 million reported COVID-19 deaths, with the majority of the unreported 9.5 million deaths believed to be direct deaths due the virus, rather than indirect deaths. Some deaths were because [people with other conditions could not access medical services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues").[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-80)
A December 2022 [WHO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHO "WHO") study estimated excess deaths from the pandemic during 2020 and 2021, again concluding â14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming and detailing their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like [years of potential life lost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost "Years of potential life lost") and may make the pandemic 2021's [leading cause of death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate "List of causes of death by rate").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-82)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-10.1038/s41586-022-05522-2-67)
The time between symptom onset and death ranges from 6 to 41 days, typically about 14 days.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pathogenesis-83) Mortality rates increase as a function of age. People at the greatest mortality risk are the elderly and those with underlying conditions.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-6XONR-85)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_daily_deaths_in_top_5_countries_and_the_world.png)
Semi-log plot of weekly deaths due to COVID-19 in the world and top six current countries (mean with cases)
Infection fatality ratio (IFR)
| Age group | IFR |
|---|---|
| 0â34 | 0\.004% |
| 35â44 | 0\.068% |
| 45â54 | 0\.23% |
| 55â64 | 0\.75% |
| 65â74 | 2\.5% |
| 75â84 | 8\.5% |
| 85 + | 28\.3% |
The [infection fatality ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_fatality_rate "Infection fatality rate") (IFR) is the cumulative number of deaths attributed to the disease divided by the cumulative number of infected individuals (including asymptomatic and undiagnosed infections and excluding vaccinated infected individuals). It is expressed in percentage points.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-87) Other studies refer to this metric as the *infection fatality risk*.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-88)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-89)
In November 2020, a review article in *[Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_\(journal\) "Nature (journal)")* reported estimates of population-weighted IFRs for various countries, excluding deaths in elderly care facilities, and found a median range of 0.24% to 1.49%.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-90) IFRs rise as a function of age (from 0.002% at age 10 and 0.01% at age 25, to 0.4% at age 55, 1.4% at age 65, 4.6% at age 75, and 15% at age 85). These rates vary by a factor of â10,000 across the age groups.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-86) For comparison, the IFR for middle-aged adults is two orders of magnitude higher than the annualised risk of a fatal automobile accident and much higher than the risk of dying from [seasonal influenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_influenza "Seasonal influenza").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-86)
In December 2020, a systematic review and meta-analysis estimated that population-weighted IFR was 0.5% to 1% in some countries (France, Netherlands, New Zealand, and Portugal), 1% to 2% in other countries (Australia, England, Lithuania, and Spain), and about 2.5% in Italy. This study reported that most of the differences reflected corresponding differences in the population's age structure and the age-specific pattern of infections.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EJE_levinetal-86) There have also been reviews that have compared the fatality rate of this pandemic with prior pandemics, such as MERS-CoV.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-91)
For comparison the infection mortality rate of seasonal flu in the United States is 0.1%, which is 13 times lower than COVID-19.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-92)
Case fatality ratio (CFR)
Another metric in assessing death rate is the [case fatality ratio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_fatality_rate "Case fatality rate") (CFR),[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-94) which is the ratio of deaths to diagnoses. This metric can be misleading because of the delay between symptom onset and death and because testing focuses on symptomatic individuals.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hauser_2020-95)
Based on [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") statistics, the global CFR was 1\.02 percent (6,881,955 deaths for 676,609,955 cases) as of 10 March 2023.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JHU_ticker-10) The number varies by region and has generally declined over time.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-b0L7I-96)
Disease
Variants
Several variants have been named by WHO and labelled as a [variant of concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_concern "Variant of concern") (VoC) or a [variant of interest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_interest "Variant of interest") (VoI). Many of these variants have shared the more infectious [D614G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D614G "D614G"). As of May 2023, the WHO had downgraded all variants of concern to previously circulating as these were no longer detected in new infections.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-97)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2-98) Sub-lineages of the Omicron variant (BA.1 â BA.5) were considered separate VoCs by the WHO until they were downgraded in March 2023 as no longer widely circulating.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2-98) As of 24 September 2024, the [variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2 "Variants of SARS-CoV-2") of interest as specified by the WHO are BA.2.86 and JN.1, and the variants under monitoring are JN.1.7, KP.2, KP.3, KP.3.1.1, JN.1.18, LB.1, and XEC.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-current_variants2-99)
[World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") video describing how variants proliferate in unvaccinated areas
| Name | Lineage | Detected | Countries | Priority |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant") | [B.1.1.7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.7 "Lineage B.1.1.7") | United Kingdom | 190 | VoC |
| [Beta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") | [B.1.351](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.351 "Lineage B.1.351") | South Africa | 140 | VoC |
| [Delta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") | [B.1.617.2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.617.2 "Lineage B.1.617.2") | India | 170 | VoC |
| [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") | [P.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_P.1 "Lineage P.1") | Brazil | 90 | VoC |
| [Omicron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") | [B.1.1.529](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_B.1.1.529 "Lineage B.1.1.529") | Botswana | 149 | VoC |
Signs and symptoms
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_coronavirus_disease_2019_4.0.svg)
[Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") of COVID-19
Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2020Sym-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Grant_et_al_2020-103) Common symptoms include headache, [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anosmia "Anosmia") and [taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageusia "Ageusia"), [nasal congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_obstruction "Nasal obstruction") and [runny nose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinorrhea "Rhinorrhea"), cough, [muscle pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_pain "Muscle pain"), [sore throat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_throat "Sore throat"), fever, [diarrhoea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea"), and [breathing difficulties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathing_difficulties "Breathing difficulties").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2020Sym-102) People with the same infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, [sputum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputum "Sputum"), shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ECDC-104) In people without prior ear, nose, and throat disorders, [loss of taste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogeusia "Hypogeusia") combined with [loss of smell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyposmia "Hyposmia") is associated with [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19") and is reported in as many as 88% of cases.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Krishnan-105)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-106)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid32483687-107)
Transmission
The disease is mainly transmitted via the respiratory route when people inhale droplets and small airborne particles (that form an [aerosol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol "Aerosol")) that infected people exhale as they breathe, talk, cough, sneeze, or sing.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Wang_2021-108)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AR2021-110)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto1-111) Infected people are more likely to transmit COVID-19 when they are physically close to other non-infected individuals. However, infection can occur over longer distances, particularly indoors.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Wang_2021-108)[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Miller_2021-112)
Cause
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronavirus_virion_structure.svg)
Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 [virion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virion "Virion")
SARSâCoVâ2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus").[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fox2020-113) It is a [positive-sense single-stranded RNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-sense_single-stranded_RNA_virus "Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus") (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-V'kovskik:21-114)
Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the [common cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold") to more severe diseases such as [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome "Middle East respiratory syndrome") (MERS, fatality rate â34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after [229E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E "Human coronavirus 229E"), [NL63](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63 "Human coronavirus NL63"), [OC43](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43 "Human coronavirus OC43"), [HKU1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_HKU1 "Human coronavirus HKU1"), [MERS-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus "Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus"), and the original [SARS-CoV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus").[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NEJM-Novel-115)
Diagnosis
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020Sept26-BioFire-Waldron-HR.jpg)
A nurse at [McMurdo Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMurdo_Station "McMurdo Station") sets up polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing equipment in September 2020.
The standard method of testing for presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a [nucleic acid test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_test "Nucleic acid test"),[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200130cdc-116) which detects the presence of viral RNA fragments.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_InterimGuidance-117) As these tests detect RNA but not infectious virus, its "ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited".[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-2k0iS-118) The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a [nasopharyngeal swab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab "Nasopharyngeal swab"); however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CDC2020Testing-119)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200129cdc-120) The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-121)
Prevention
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:How_to_Contain_COVID-19_icon_\(COVID19.GOV.PH\).svg)
Common measures implemented to prevent the spread of the virus
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include getting vaccinated, staying at home or spending more time outdoors, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, wearing a mask in public, ventilating indoor spaces, managing potential exposure durations, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least twenty seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cdc-prev-122)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-who2023-123)
Those diagnosed with COVID-19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by healthcare authorities to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-125)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-126)
Vaccines
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elderly_Slovak_woman_receiving_her_third_Covid-19_vaccine_02.jpg)
An elderly woman receiving a COVID-19 vaccination in [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia")
A COVID-19 [vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine "Vaccine") is intended to provide [acquired immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_immunity "Acquired immunity") against [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2 "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2") (SARSâCoVâ2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 ([COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19")). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an established body of knowledge existed about the structure and function of [coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus "Coronavirus") causing diseases like [severe acute respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome "Severe acute respiratory syndrome") (SARS) and [Middle East respiratory syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome "Middle East respiratory syndrome") (MERS). This knowledge accelerated the development of various [vaccine platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_platform "Vaccine platform") during early 2020.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid33341119-127)
The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic and severe illness.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-128) The COVID-19 vaccines are widely credited for their role in reducing the severity and death caused by COVID-19.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-130)
As of August 2024, more than 5.6 billion people had received one or more doses (13.7 billion in total).[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-131) The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine was the most widely used.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-132) According to a June 2022 study, COVID-19 vaccines prevented an additional 14.4 million to 19.8 million deaths in 185 countries and territories from 8 December 2020 to 8 December 2021.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-134)
In 2022, the first recombinant protein-based COVID-19 vaccine (the [Novavax vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine "Novavax COVID-19 vaccine")) was authorised for use in adults in the United Kingdom. It has subsequently received endorsement/authorisation from the WHO, US, European Union, and Australia.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-135)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-136) That same year also saw the first inhalable vaccine, developed by Chinese biopharmaceutical company [CanSino Biologics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CanSino_Biologics#COVID-19_vaccine_development "CanSino Biologics").[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-137)
High-income countries rapidly bought up vaccines at the start of the pandemic, leading to concerns about [vaccine equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_equity "Vaccine equity"). By April 2021, one in 500 people in [low and middle-income countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_and_middle-income_countries "Low and middle-income countries") had been vaccinated, compared with one in four in high-income countries.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-138)
Treatment
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Respiradores_da_USP_utilizados_do_Incor_\(50119127303\).jpg)
A critically ill patient receiving invasive ventilation in the intensive care unit of the [Heart Institute, University of SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Institute,_University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Heart Institute, University of SĂŁo Paulo") in July 2020. Due to a shortage of mechanical ventilators, a [bridge ventilator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resuscitator "Resuscitator") is being used to automatically actuate a [bag valve mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_mask "Bag valve mask").
For the first two years of the pandemic, no specific and effective treatment or cure was available.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cdcmuseum-140) In 2021, the European Medicines Agency's (EMA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) approved the oral antiviral [protease inhibitor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_\(pharmacology\) "Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)"), [Paxlovid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxlovid "Paxlovid") (nirmatrelvir plus the HIV antiviral [ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritonavir "Ritonavir")), to treat adult patients.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-141) FDA later gave it an EUA.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-142)
Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as [paracetamol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracetamol "Paracetamol") or [NSAIDs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSAID "NSAID") to relieve symptoms (fever,[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-143) body aches, cough), adequate intake of oral fluids and rest.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cdcmuseum-140)[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-144) Good personal hygiene and a [healthy diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_diet "Healthy diet") are also recommended.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-145)
[Supportive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supportive_care "Supportive care") in severe cases includes treatment to [relieve symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomatic_treatment "Symptomatic treatment"), [fluid therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_replacement "Fluid replacement"), [oxygen support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_support "Oxygen support") and [prone positioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prone_positioning "Prone positioning"), and medications or devices to support other affected vital organs.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-146) More severe cases may need treatment in hospital. In those with low oxygen levels, use of the glucocorticoid [dexamethasone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone "Dexamethasone") is recommended to reduce mortality.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-147) [Noninvasive ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noninvasive_ventilation "Noninvasive ventilation") and, ultimately, admission to an [intensive care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") for [mechanical ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation "Mechanical ventilation") may be required to support breathing.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NIHGuidelines2020-148) [Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation") (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Guan_Ni_Hu_Liang_p.-149)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Henry_2020_p.-150)
Existing drugs such as [hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine "Hydroxychloroquine"), [lopinavir/ritonavir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopinavir/ritonavir "Lopinavir/ritonavir"), and [ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin "Ivermectin") are not recommended by US or European health authorities, as there is no good evidence they have any useful effect.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Kim_Read_Fauci_p=2149-151)[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NIHGuidelinesTherapeuticManagement-152) The antiviral [remdesivir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remdesivir "Remdesivir") is available in the US, Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for use with mechanical ventilation, and is discouraged altogether by the WHO,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hsu_p=m4457-153) due to limited evidence of its efficacy.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BMJLivingReview-139)
Prognosis
The severity of COVID-19 varies. It may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the [common cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold"). In 3â4% of cases (7.4% for those over age 65) symptoms are severe enough to cause hospitalisation.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid33087398-154) Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks. Prolonged [prothrombin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothrombin "Prothrombin") time and elevated [C-reactive protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein "C-reactive protein") levels on admission to the hospital are associated with severe course of COVID-19 and with a transfer to [intensive care units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") (ICU).[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-155)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-156)
Between 5% and 50% of COVID-19 patients experience [long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID"),[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-157) a condition characterised by long-term [consequences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequela "Sequela") persisting after the typical convalescence period of the disease.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-159) The most commonly reported clinical presentations are [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue") and memory problems, as well as [malaise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaise "Malaise"), headaches, [shortness of breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortness_of_breath "Shortness of breath"), loss of smell, [muscle weakness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_weakness "Muscle weakness"), low fever and [cognitive dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_dysfunction "Cognitive dysfunction").[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ref1-160)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-161)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-162)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-163)
Strategies
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20200410_Flatten_the_curve,_raise_the_line_-_pandemic_\(English\).gif)
Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak burden on healthcare (*[flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve")*) and lessening overall cases and health impact.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-RnW59-165) Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity (*[raising the line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_the_line "Raising the line")*) such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, help to meet increased demand.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Vox_20200407-166)
Many countries attempted to slow or stop the spread of COVID-19 by recommending, mandating or prohibiting behaviour changes, while others relied primarily on providing information. Measures ranged from public advisories to stringent lockdowns. Outbreak control strategies are divided into elimination and mitigation. Experts differentiate between elimination strategies (known as "[zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID")") that aim to completely stop the spread of the virus within the community,[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Barcelona-167) and mitigation strategies (commonly known as "[flattening the curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flattening_the_curve "Flattening the curve")") that attempt to lessen the effects of the virus on society, but which still tolerate some level of transmission within the community.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Livermore-168) These initial strategies can be pursued sequentially or simultaneously during the [acquired immunity phase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquired_immunity "Acquired immunity") through natural and [vaccine-induced immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine").[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Bhopal2020-169)
*Nature* reported in 2021 that 90% of researchers who responded to a survey "think that the coronavirus will become [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_\(epidemiology\) "Endemic (epidemiology)")".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-170)
Containment
Containment is undertaken to stop an outbreak from spreading into the general population. Infected individuals are isolated while they are infectious. The people they have interacted with are contacted and isolated for long enough to ensure that they are either not infected or no longer contagious. Screening is the starting point for containment. Screening is done by checking for symptoms to identify infected individuals, who can then be isolated or offered treatment.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-f4SpW-171) The zero-COVID strategy involves using public health measures such as [contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing"), [mass testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing "COVID-19 testing"), [border quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic"), [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns "COVID-19 lockdowns"), and [mitigation software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_and_development_of_software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation "Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation") to stop [community transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19 "Transmission of COVID-19") of COVID-19 as soon as it is detected, with the goal of getting the area back to zero detected infections and resuming normal economic and social activities.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Barcelona-167)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet-Li-2020-172) Successful containment or suppression reduces [Rt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_reproduction_number#Effective_reproduction_number "Basic reproduction number") to less than 1.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ImpCollege16mar2020-173)
Mitigation
Should containment fail, efforts focus on mitigation: measures taken to slow the spread and limit its effects on the healthcare system and society. Successful mitigation delays and decreases the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the [epidemic curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_curve "Epidemic curve")".[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164) This decreases the risk of overwhelming health services and provides more time for developing vaccines and treatments.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lancet2020Flatten-164) Individual behaviour changed in many jurisdictions. Many people worked from home instead of at their traditional workplaces.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-174)
Non-pharmaceutical interventions
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04.02_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E8%A6%96%E5%AF%9F%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%96%AB%E6%83%85%E6%8C%87%E6%8F%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E3%80%8D_49726568957_66543b616e_o.jpg)
The CDC and WHO advise that masks (such as worn here by Taiwanese president [Tsai Ing-wen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen "Tsai Ing-wen")) reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
[Non-pharmaceutical interventions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-pharmaceutical_intervention "Non-pharmaceutical intervention") that may reduce spread include personal actions such as wearing [face masks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic"), self-quarantine, and [hand hygiene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_washing "Hand washing"); community measures aimed at reducing interpersonal contacts such as closing workplaces and schools and cancelling large gatherings; community engagement to encourage acceptance and participation in such interventions; as well as environmental measures such as surface cleaning.
Other measures
More drastic actions, such as quarantining entire populations and strict travel bans have been attempted in various jurisdictions.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-RwmYm-176) The [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_government_response_to_COVID-19 "Chinese government response to COVID-19") and [Australian government approaches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia#Responses "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") have included many lockdowns and are widely considered the most strict. The [New Zealand government response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_government_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "New Zealand government response to the COVID-19 pandemic") included the most severe travel restrictions. As part of its [K-Quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Quarantine "K-Quarantine") programme, South Korea introduced mass screening and localised quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of infected individuals. The [Singaporean government's response](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore#Government_response "COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore") included so-called "[circuit breaker lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Singapore_circuit_breaker_measures "2020 Singapore circuit breaker measures")" and financial support for those affected while also imposing large fines for those who broke quarantine.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-shZdf-177)
Contact tracing
[Contact tracing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_tracing "Contact tracing") attempts to identify recent contacts of newly infected individuals, and to screen them for infection; the traditional approach is to request a list of contacts from infectees, and then telephone or visit the contacts.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-web-178) Contact tracing was widely used during the [Western African Ebola virus epidemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic "Western African Ebola virus epidemic") in 2014.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-179)
Another approach is to collect location data from mobile devices to identify those who have come in significant contact with infectees, which prompted privacy concerns.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-IngramWard20200407-180) On 10 April 2020, Google and [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-0DF25-181)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200410apple-182) In Europe and in the US, [Palantir Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir_Technologies "Palantir Technologies") initially provided COVID-19 tracking services.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-0k3hR-183)
Health care
WHO described increasing capacity and adapting healthcare as a fundamental mitigation.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOEuropeResponse-184) The ECDC and WHO's European regional office issued guidelines for hospitals and [primary healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_health_care "Primary health care") services for shifting resources at multiple levels, including focusing laboratory services towards testing, cancelling elective procedures, separating and isolating patients, and increasing [intensive care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit") capabilities by training personnel and increasing [ventilators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventilator "Ventilator") and beds.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOEuropeResponse-184)[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ECDCresponse-185) The pandemic drove widespread adoption of [telehealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telehealth "Telehealth").[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-186)
Improvised manufacturing
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_patient_wearing_scuba_mask_in_absence_of_available_artificial_lung_ventilation._Chernivtsi,_Ukraine.jpg)
A patient in Ukraine in 2020 wearing a [scuba mask](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_mask "Diving mask") in the absence of [artificial ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_ventilation "Artificial ventilation")
Due to [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain "Supply chain") capacity limitations, some manufacturers began [3D printing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing "3D printing") material such as nasal swabs and ventilator parts.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-technologyreview615420-187)[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-aCPem-188) In one example, an Italian startup received legal threats due to alleged [patent infringement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_infringement "Patent infringement") after reverse-engineering and printing one hundred requested ventilator valves overnight.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-189) Individuals and groups of [makers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maker_culture "Maker culture") created and shared [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source "Open source") designs, and manufacturing devices using locally sourced materials, sewing, and 3D printing. Millions of [face shields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_shield "Face shield"), protective gowns, and masks were made. Other ad hoc medical supplies included shoe covers, surgical caps, [powered air-purifying respirators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powered_air-purifying_respirator "Powered air-purifying respirator"), and [hand sanitiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_sanitiser "Hand sanitiser"). Novel devices were created such as [ear savers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_saver "Ear saver"), [non-invasive ventilation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation "Non-invasive ventilation") helmets, and ventilator splitters.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-190)
Herd immunity
In July 2021, several experts expressed concern that achieving [herd immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herd_immunity "Herd immunity") may not be possible because Delta can transmit among vaccinated individuals.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:1-191) CDC published data showing that vaccinated people could transmit Delta, something officials believed was less likely with other variants. Consequently, WHO and CDC encouraged vaccinated people to continue with non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, social distancing, and quarantining if exposed.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:2-192)
History
| | |
|---|---|
|  | Parts of this article (those related to years 2024 and 2025) need to be **updated**. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. *(March 2026)* |
2019
The [outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outbreak "Outbreak") was discovered in Wuhan in November 2019. It is possible that human-to-human transmission was happening before the discovery.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hu2020natureReviews-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Graham2020immunity-39) Based on a retrospective analysis starting from December 2019, the number of cases in Hubei gradually increased, reaching 60 by 20 December and at least 266 by 31 December.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-original_report-193) A [pneumonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia "Pneumonia") cluster was observed on 26 December and treated by Chinese pulmonologist [Zhang Jixian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Jixian "Zhang Jixian"). She informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27 December.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-D54YB-194) After analysing pneumonia patient samples, a genetic sequencing company named Vision Medicals reported the discovery of a [novel coronavirus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel_coronavirus "Novel coronavirus") to the [China CDC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention") (CCDC) on 28 December.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AP_OR-195)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-caixintrace-196) Two days later, a test report from CapitalBio Medlab addressed to the [Wuhan Central Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan "Central Hospital of Wuhan") reported an erroneous positive result for [SARS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS "SARS"), causing doctors there to alert authorities. Eight of those doctors, including ophthalmologist [Li Wenliang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Wenliang "Li Wenliang") (1985â2020), were detained by police on 3 January for "spreading false rumours".[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-siStf-197) That evening, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) issued a notice about "the treatment of pneumonia of unknown cause".[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-promedmail6864153-198) The next day, WMHC made the announcement public, confirming 27 cases[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-69-199)[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-68-200)âenough to trigger an investigation.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc50984025-201) On 31 December, the WHO office in China was notified about the cluster of unknown pneumonia cases[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report-22)[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-69-199) and immediately launched an investigation.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc50984025-201)
Official Chinese sources claimed that the early cases were mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, which also sold live animals.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-characteristicsZH-202) In May 2020, CCDC director George Gao initially ruled out the market as a possible origin, as animal samples collected there had tested negative.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ALmAQ-203)
2020
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 by month: [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020"), [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020"), [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020"), [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020"), [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020"), [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020"), [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020"), [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020"), [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020"), [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020"), [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020"), [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COVID-19_highway_sign_in_Toronto,_March_2020.jpg)
A highway sign discouraging travel in [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), March 2020
On 11 January, WHO was notified by the Chinese National Health Commission that the outbreak was associated with exposures in the market, and that China had identified a new type of coronavirus, which it isolated on 7 January.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report-22)
Initially, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half days.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Qun29Jan2020-204) In early and mid-January, the virus spread to other [Chinese provinces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_China "Provinces of China"), helped by the [Chinese New Year migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunyun "Chunyun"). Wuhan was a transport hub and major rail interchange.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_report_28_February_2020-205) On 10 January, the virus' genome was shared publicly.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-206) A retrospective study published in March found that 6,174 people had reported symptoms by 20 January.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Epidemiology17Feb2020-207) A 24 January report indicated human transmission was likely occurring, and recommended [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") for health workers. It also advocated testing, given the outbreak's "pandemic potential".[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Huang24Jan2020-208)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Horton_18_March-209) On 30 January, 7,818 infections had been confirmed, leading WHO to declare the outbreak a [Public Health Emergency of International Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Emergency_of_International_Concern "Public Health Emergency of International Concern") (PHEIC),[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_PHEICSR-210)[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_PHEIC_decl2-211)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-212) upgrading it to a pandemic on 11 March.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-start-3) On 31 January, the first published modelling study warned of inevitable "independent self-sustaining outbreaks in major cities globally" and called for "large-scale public health interventions".[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pmid32014114-213)
By 31 January, Italy indicated its first confirmed infections had occurred, in two tourists from China.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Corriere_20Jan-214) On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the country with the most reported deaths.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-sky11960412-215)
By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed infections.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT-20200326-216) Genomic analysis indicated that the majority of [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_\(state\) "COVID-19 pandemic in New York (state)")'s confirmed infections came from Europe, rather than directly from Asia.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200408nytimes-217) Testing of prior samples revealed a person who was infected in France on 27 December 2019[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-France-retest-218)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Deslandes_2020-219) and a person in the United States who died from the disease on 6 February.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-PBS-2wks-220)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg)
An exhausted [anaesthesiologist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesiology "Anesthesiology") in [Pesaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesaro "Pesaro"), Italy, 19 March 2020
In October, WHO reported that one in ten people around the world may have been infected, or 780 million people, while only 35 million infections had been confirmed.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc_oneinten-221)
On 9 November, Pfizer released trial results for a candidate vaccine, showing a 90 per cent effectiveness in preventing infection. That day, Novavax submitted an FDA Fast Track application for their vaccine.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-FEv4C-222)[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NPZ5P-223) On 14 December, [Public Health England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_England "Public Health England") reported that a variant had been discovered in the UK's southeast, predominantly in [Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent "Kent"). The variant, later named [Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variant_of_Concern_202012/01 "Variant of Concern 202012/01"), showed changes to the [spike protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein "Coronavirus spike protein") that could make the virus more infectious. As of 13 December, 1,108 infections had been confirmed in the UK.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-224)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-225) On 4 February 2020, US Secretary of Health and Human Services [Alex Azar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Azar "Alex Azar") waived liability for vaccine manufacturers in all cases except those involving "willful misconduct".[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mXTUz-226)[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-227)
2021
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 by month: [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021"), [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021"), [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021"), [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021"), [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021"), [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021"), [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021"), [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021"), [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021"), [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021"), [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021"), [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021")
On 2 January, the [Alpha variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant"), first discovered in the UK, had been identified in 33 countries.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-228) On 6 January, the [Gamma variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant") was first identified in Japanese travellers returning from Brazil.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-229) On 29 January, it was reported that the Novavax vaccine was 49 per cent effective against the [Beta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant") in a clinical trial in South Africa.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-230)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-231) The [CoronaVac vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac_vaccine "CoronaVac vaccine") was reported to be 50.4 per cent effective in a Brazil clinical trial.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-232)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covid-19_SP_-_Santo_Andre%27s_hospital_at_peak_of_pandemic.jpg)
A temporary hospital for COVID-19 patients in [Santo AndrĂŠ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Andr%C3%A9,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo "Santo AndrĂŠ, SĂŁo Paulo"), Brazil, in March 2021
On 12 March, several countries stopped using the [OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine "OxfordâAstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine") due to blood clotting problems, specifically [cerebral venous sinus thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis "Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis") (CVST).[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-233) On 20 March, the WHO and European Medicines Agency found no link to [thrombosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombosis "Thrombosis"), leading several countries to resume administering the vaccine.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-234) In March WHO reported that an animal host was the most likely origin, without ruling out other possibilities.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-who-origins-20210330-2)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Maxmen2021whoReport-37) The [Delta variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant") was first identified in India. In mid-April, the variant was first detected in the UK and two months later it had become a full-fledged third wave in the country, forcing the government to delay reopening that was originally scheduled for June.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-235) On 10 November, Germany advised against the [Moderna vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine "Moderna COVID-19 vaccine") for people under 30, due to a possible association with [myocarditis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocarditis "Myocarditis").[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-236) On 24 November, the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") was detected in South Africa; a few days later the WHO declared it a VoC (variant of concern).[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-237) The new variant is more infectious than the Delta variant.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-238)
2022
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Novel_Coronavirus_SARS-CoV-2_\(Omicron\)_\(52665469105\).jpg)
Scanning electron micrograph (colorised) of cell infected with the Omicron strain of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles *green*
Timelines of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022 by month: [January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022"), [February](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022"), [March](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022"), [April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022"), [May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022"), [June](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022"), [July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022"), [August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022"), [September](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022"), [October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022"), [November](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022"), [December](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022 "Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022")
On 1 January, Europe passed 100 million cases amidst a surge in the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant").[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-239) Later that month, the WHO recommended the [rheumatoid arthritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis "Rheumatoid arthritis") drug [Baricitinib](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baricitinib "Baricitinib") for severe or critical patients. It also recommended the monoclonal antibody [Sotrovimab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotrovimab "Sotrovimab") in patients with non-severe disease, but only those who are at highest risk of hospitalisation.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-240)
On 24 January, the [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation") estimated that about 57% of the world's population had been infected by COVID-19.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent1-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-57percent2-65) By 6 March, it was reported that the total worldwide death count had surpassed 6 million people.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-241) By 6 July, Omicron subvariants [BA.4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA.4 "BA.4") and [BA.5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BA.5 "BA.5") had spread worldwide.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-242) WHO Director-General Tedros Ghebreyesus stated on 14 September 2022, that "\[The world has\] never been in a better position to end the pandemic", citing the lowest number of weekly reported deaths since March 2020. He continued, "We are not there yet. But the end is in sightâwe can see the finish line".[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-243)[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-244)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-245)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-246)
On 21 October, the United States surpassed 99 million cases of COVID-19, the most cases of any country.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-247) By 30 October, the worldwide daily death toll was 424, the lowest since 385 deaths were reported on 12 March 2020.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-248) 17 November marked the three-year anniversary since health officials in China first detected COVID-19.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-249)
On 11 November, the WHO reported that deaths since the month of February had dropped 90 per cent. Director-General Tedros said this was "cause for optimism".[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-250) On 3 December, the WHO indicated that, "at least 90% of the world's population has some level of immunity to Sars-CoV-2".[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-251) In early December, China began lifting some of its most stringent lockdown measures. Subsequent data from China's health authorities revealed that 248 million people, nearly 18 per cent of its population, had been infected in the first 20 days of that month.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-252) On 29 December, the US joined Italy, Japan, Taiwan and India in requiring negative COVID-19 test results from all people travelling from China due to the new surge in cases. The EU refused similar measures, stating that the BF7 omicron variant had already spread throughout Europe without becoming dominant.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-254)
2023
On 4 January 2023, the WHO said the information shared by China during the recent surge in infections lacked data, such as hospitalisation rates.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-255) On 10 January, the WHO's Europe office said the recent viral surge in China posed "no immediate threat."[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-256) On 16 January, the WHO recommended that China monitor excess mortality to provide "a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of COVID-19".[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-257)
On 30 January, the three-year anniversary of the original declaration, the WHO determined that COVID-19 still met the criteria for a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-258)
On 19 March, WHO Director-General Tedros indicated he was "confident" the COVID-19 pandemic would cease to be a public health emergency by the end of the year.[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-259) On 5 May, the WHO downgraded COVID-19 from being a global health emergency, though it continued to refer to it as a pandemic.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-260) The WHO does not make official declarations of when pandemics end.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-guardian-261) The decision came after Tedros convened with the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee, wherein the Committee noted that due to the decrease in deaths and hospitalisations, and the prevalence of vaccinations and the level of general immunity, it was time to remove the emergency designation and "transition to long-term management".[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_Statement_5_May_2023-262) Tedros agreed, and the WHO reduced the classification to an "established and ongoing health issue".[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_Statement_5_May_2023-262) In a press conference, Tedros remarked that the diminishing threat from COVID-19 had "allowed most countries to return to life as we knew it before COVID-19".[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-npr-263)
In September the WHO said it had observed "concerning" trends in COVID-19 case numbers and hospitalisations, although analysis was hampered because many countries were no longer recording COVID-19 case statistics.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-264)
In November 2023, in response to viral mutations and changing characteristics of infection, the WHO adjusted its treatment guidelines. Among other changes, remdesivir and molnupiravir were now recommended only for the most severe cases, and [deuremidevir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuremidevir "Deuremidevir") and ivermectin were recommended against.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-265)
Responses
National reactions ranged from strict lockdowns to public education campaigns.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-IVdfl-266) WHO recommended that curfews and lockdowns should be short-term measures to reorganise, regroup, rebalance resources, and protect the health care system.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-58tIM-267) As of 26 March 2020, 1.7 billion people worldwide were under some form of lockdown.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-theguardian500000-268) This increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of Aprilâmore than half the [world's population](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population "World population").[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200403euronews-269)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200328businessinsider-270)
In several countries, [protests rose against restrictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") such as lockdowns. A February 2021 study found that protests against restrictions were likely to directly increase the spread of the virus.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-271)
Asia
As of the end of 2021, Asia's peak had come at the same time and at the same level as the world as a whole, in May 2021.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-272) However, cumulatively they had experienced only half of the global average in cases.[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-273)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%90%E6%B9%96%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%B9%E8%88%B1%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2_07.jpg)
A [temporary hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangcang_Hospital "Fangcang Hospital") constructed in Wuhan in February 2020
China opted for containment, instituting strict lockdowns to eliminate viral spread.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:02-274)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-275) The vaccines distributed in China included the [BIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine"), [WIBP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine "Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine"), and [CoronaVac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoronaVac "CoronaVac").[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-276) It was reported on 11 December 2021, that China had vaccinated 1.162 billion of its citizens, or 82.5% of the total population of the country against COVID-19.[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-277) China's large-scale adoption of [zero-COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") had largely contained the first waves of infections of the disease.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:02-274)[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-278)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-279) When the waves of infections due to the [Omicron variant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant "SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant") followed, China was almost alone in pursuing the strategy of zero-Covid to combat the spread of the virus in 2022.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-280) Lockdown continued to be employed in November to combat a new wave of cases;[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-281)[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-282) however, [protests erupted in cities across China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China "2022 COVID-19 protests in China") over the country's stringent measures,[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-284) and in December that year, the country relaxed its zero-COVID policy.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-285) On 20 December 2022, the Chinese State Council narrowed its definition of what would be counted as a COVID-19 death to include solely respiratory failure, which led to scepticism by health experts of the government's total death count[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-286)[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-287) at a time when hospitals reported being overwhelmed with cases following the abrupt discontinuation of zero-COVID.[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-288)
The first case in India was reported on 30 January 2020. India ordered a nationwide lockdown starting 24 March 2020,[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mrGsK-289) with a phased unlock beginning 1 June 2020. Six cities accounted for around half of reported casesâ[Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra"), [Delhi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi "COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi"), [Ahmedabad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gujarat "COVID-19 pandemic in Gujarat"), [Chennai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu "COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu"), [Pune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Maharashtra "COVID-19 pandemic in Maharashtra") and [Kolkata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_West_Bengal "COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal").[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-sHMHJ-290) Post-lockdown, the Government of India introduced a contact tracking app called [Aarogya Setu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarogya_Setu "Aarogya Setu") to help authorities manage contact tracing and vaccine distribution.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-291) India's vaccination programme was considered to be the world's largest and most successful with over 90% of citizens getting the first dose and another 65% getting the second dose.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-292)[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-293) A second wave hit India in April 2021, straining healthcare services.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-294) On 21 October 2021, it was reported that the country had surpassed 1 billion vaccinations.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-295)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disinfection_of_Tehran_subway_wagons_against_coronavirus_2020-02-26_09.jpg)
Disinfection of [Tehran Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Metro "Tehran Metro") trains to prevent COVID-19 transmission. Similar measures have also been taken in other countries.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-2kQpo-296)
Iran reported its first confirmed cases on 19 February 2020, in [Qom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom "Qom").[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wHBRB-297)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-4yrqM-298) Early measures included the cancellation/closure of concerts and other cultural events,[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Xm5nq-299) Friday prayers,[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Urdn6-300) and school and university campuses.[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-2YX6a-301) Iran became a centre of the pandemic in February 2020.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-HHOnl-302)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-New_Yorker-303) More than ten countries had traced their outbreaks to Iran by 28 February, indicating a more severe outbreak than the 388 reported cases.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-New_Yorker-303)[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-D2Xpc-304) The [Iranian Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly "Islamic Consultative Assembly") closed, after 23 of its 290 members tested positive on 3 March 2020.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-fXv2K-305) At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians and government officials had died by 17 March 2020.[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-oxtUC-306) By August 2021, the pandemic's fifth wave peaked, with more than 400 deaths in 1 day.[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-307)
COVID-19 was confirmed in South Korea on 20 January 2020. Military bases were quarantined after tests showed three infected soldiers.[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-b82186-308) South Korea introduced what was then considered the world's largest and best-organised screening programme, isolating infected people, and tracing and quarantining contacts.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-science20200317-309) Screening methods included mandatory self-reporting by new international arrivals through mobile application,[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-nbcnews1167376-310) combined with [drive-through](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-through "Drive-through") testing,[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CvyZS-311) and increasing testing capability to 20,000 people/day.[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-fdhQW-312) Despite some early criticisms,[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-imx38-313) South Korea's programme was considered a success in controlling the outbreak without quarantining entire cities.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-science20200317-309)[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Wypis-314)[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-joins23778577-315)
Europe
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persons_died_due_to_coronavirus_COVID-19_per_capita_in_Europe.svg)
Deaths per 100,000 residents
The COVID-19 pandemic arrived in Europe with its first confirmed case in [Bordeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux "Bordeaux"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France "COVID-19 pandemic in France"), on 24 January 2020, and subsequently spread widely across the continent. By 17 March 2020, every country in Europe had confirmed a case,[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-316) and all had reported at least one death, with the exception of [Vatican City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vatican_City "COVID-19 pandemic in Vatican City"). Italy was the first European nation to experience a major outbreak in early 2020, becoming the first country worldwide to introduce a national [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns_in_Italy "COVID-19 lockdowns in Italy").[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-317) By 13 March 2020, the WHO declared Europe the epicentre of the pandemic[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-319) and it remained so until the WHO announced it had been overtaken by [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America "COVID-19 pandemic in South America") on 22 May.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-320) By 18 March 2020, more than 250 million people were in [lockdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-at-home_order "Stay-at-home order") in Europe.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-321) Despite [deployment of COVID-19 vaccines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines "Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines"), Europe became the pandemic's epicentre once again in late 2021.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-322)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-323)
The [Italian outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") began on 31 January 2020, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Rome.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Corriere_20Jan-214) Cases began to rise sharply, which prompted the government to suspend flights to and from China and declare a state of emergency.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-thelocal-flight-324) On 22 February 2020, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, which quarantined more than 50,000 people in northern Italy.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-201-325) On 4 March, the Italian government ordered schools and universities closed as Italy reached a hundred deaths. Sport was suspended completely for at least one month.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Kv4Ld-326) On 11 March, Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte closed down nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and pharmacies.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-To26Y-327)[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ClzT6-328) On 19 April, the first wave ebbed, as 7-day deaths declined to 433.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-thehill493586-329) On 13 October, the Italian government again issued restrictive rules to contain the second wave.[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-KhaW7-330) On 10 November, Italy surpassed 1 million confirmed infections.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-8XEwk-331) On 23 November, it was reported that the second wave of the virus had led some hospitals to stop accepting patients.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-332)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_12_27_mas_vacunados_en_la_residencia_mixta_1_\(cropped\).jpg)
Vaccinations at a [retirement home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_home "Retirement home") in [GijĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n "GijĂłn"), Spain on 12 December 2020
The virus was first confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January 2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on [La Gomera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gomera "La Gomera") in the Canary Islands.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-SanidadConfirmaEnLaGomera-333) Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown that at least 15 strains of the virus had been imported, and [community transmission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_transmission "Community transmission") began by mid-February.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-genetic_analysis-334) On 29 March, it was announced that, beginning the following day, all non-essential workers were ordered to remain at home for the next 14 days.[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-335) The number of cases increased again in July in a number of cities including [Barcelona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona "Barcelona"), [Zaragoza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza "Zaragoza") and [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), which led to reimposition of some restrictions but no national lockdown.[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc25july-336)[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-elpais6aug-337)[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-telegraph_aug16-338)[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-339) By September 2021, Spain was one of the countries with the highest percentage of its population vaccinated (76% fully vaccinated and 79% with the first dose).[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto2-340) Italy is ranked second at 75%.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto2-340)
Sweden differed from most other European countries in that it mostly remained open.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT20200515-341) Per the [Swedish constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_constitution "Swedish constitution"), the [Public Health Agency of Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Sweden "Public Health Agency of Sweden") has autonomy that prevents political interference and the agency favoured remaining open. The Swedish strategy focused on longer-term measures, based on the assumption that after lockdown the virus would resume spreading, with the same result.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-7ys2k-342)[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-I06mN-343) By the end of June, Sweden no longer had [excess mortality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excess_mortality "Excess mortality").[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-HEUrz-344)
[Devolution in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom "Devolution in the United Kingdom") meant that each of its four [countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom "Countries of the United Kingdom") developed its own response. England's restrictions were shorter-lived than the others.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-8VnMf-345) The [UK government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Government of the United Kingdom") started enforcing social distancing and quarantine measures on 18 March 2020.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-PkWGD-346)[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Pkx25-347) On 16 March, Prime Minister [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") advised against non-essential travel and social contact, praising [work from home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") and avoiding venues such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-5Q93q-348)[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-hYdUy-349) On 20 March, the government ordered all leisure establishments to close,[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-dmBNt-350) and promised to prevent unemployment.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mV2p3-351) On 23 March, Johnson banned gatherings and restricted non-essential travel and outdoor activity. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were enforceable by police through fines and dispersal of gatherings. Most non-essential businesses were ordered to close.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc-pm-2403-352) On 24 April 2020, it was reported that a promising vaccine trial had begun in England; the government pledged more than ÂŁ50 million towards research.[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vKeXC-353) On 16 April 2020, it was reported that the UK would have first access to the Oxford vaccine, due to a prior contract; should the trial be successful, some 30 million doses would be available.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lbt4o-354) On 2 December 2020, the UK became the first developed country to approve the Pfizer vaccine; 800,000 doses were immediately available for use.[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-355) In August 2022 it was reported that viral infection cases had declined in the UK.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-356)
North America
The virus arrived in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") on 13 January 2020.[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-357) Cases were reported in all North American countries after [Saint Kitts and Nevis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis "COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Kitts and Nevis") confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North American territories after [Bonaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bonaire "COVID-19 pandemic in Bonaire") confirmed a case on 16 April.[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-FirstBonaire_local-358)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USNS_Comfort_New_York_City_2020.jpg)
The hospital ship [USNS *Comfort*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Comfort "USNS Comfort") arrives in [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan") on 30 March 2020.
Per *Our World in Data*, 103,436,829[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) confirmed cases have been reported in the United States with 1,235,885[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) deaths, the most of any country, and [the nineteenth-highest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country "COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country") per capita worldwide.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-JH_Mortality-359) COVID-19 is the [deadliest pandemic in US history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_the_United_States_by_death_toll "List of disasters in the United States by death toll");[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-360) it was the third-leading cause of death in the US in 2020, behind heart disease and cancer.[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-361) From 2019 to 2020, US life expectancy dropped by 3 years for Hispanic Americans, 2.9 years for African Americans, and 1.2 years for white Americans.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Bosman-362) These effects have persisted as US deaths due to COVID-19 in 2021 exceeded those in 2020.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-363) In the United States, COVID-19 vaccines became available under emergency use in December 2020, beginning the [national vaccination programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 vaccination in the United States"). The first COVID-19 vaccine was officially approved by the [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") on 23 August 2021.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-364) By 18 November 2022, while cases in the U.S. had declined, COVID variants BQ.1/BQ.1.1 had become dominant in the country.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-365)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-366)
In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed across [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada "COVID-19 pandemic in Canada"), all of its provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-367) Cases surged across Canada, notably in the provinces of [British Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_British_Columbia "COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia"), [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta "COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta"), [Quebec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec "COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec") and [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario "COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario"), with the formation of the [Atlantic Bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Bubble "Atlantic Bubble"), a [travel-restricted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_restrictions_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic") area of the country (formed of the four [Atlantic provinces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canada "Atlantic Canada")).[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-368) Vaccine passports were adopted in all provinces and two of the territories.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-369)[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-370) Per a report on 11 November 2022, Canadian health authorities saw a surge in influenza, while COVID-19 was expected to rise during winter.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-371)
South America
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fosas_comunes_en_Cochabamba.jpg)
Mass graves being prepared for COVID-19 victims in [Cochabamba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba "Cochabamba"), Bolivia
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached South America on 26 February 2020, when Brazil confirmed a case in [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo").[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-372) By 3 April, all countries and territories in South America had recorded at least one case.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stuff/Fairfax-373) On 13 May 2020, it was reported that Latin America and the [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean "Caribbean") had reported over 400,000 cases of COVID-19 infection with 23,091 deaths. On 22 May 2020, citing the rapid increase of [infections in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil"), the WHO declared South America the epicentre of the pandemic.[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-374)[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-375) As of 16 July 2021, South America had recorded 34,359,631 confirmed cases and 1,047,229 deaths from COVID-19. Due to a shortage of testing and medical facilities, it is believed that the outbreak is far larger than the official numbers show.[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-376)
The virus was confirmed to have spread to Brazil on 25 February 2020,[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-377) when a man from [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo") who had travelled to Italy tested positive for the virus.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-378) The disease had spread to every [federative unit of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil "Federative units of Brazil") by 21 March. On 19 June 2020, the country reported its one millionth case and nearly 49,000 reported deaths.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-379)[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-380) One estimate of [under-reporting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-reporting#Disease "Under-reporting") was 22.62% of total reported COVID-19 mortality in 2020.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-381)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-382)[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-383) As of 03 April 2026, Brazil, with 37,978,000[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) confirmed cases and 703,774[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Template:COVID-19_data-5) deaths, has the third-highest number of confirmed cases and second-highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world, behind only [those of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") and [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India").[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-384)
Africa
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air_Forces_Africa_delivers_medical_supplies_to_Ghana_\(49829156488\).jpg)
[US Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force "United States Air Force") personnel unload a [C-17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III "Boeing C-17 Globemaster III") aircraft carrying medical supplies in [Niamey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey "Niamey"), Niger, in April 2020.
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Africa on 14 February 2020, with the first confirmed case announced in [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Egypt "COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt").[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc_51509248-385)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-386) The first confirmed case in [sub-Saharan Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa "Sub-Saharan Africa") was announced in [Nigeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nigeria "COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria") at the end of February 2020.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bbc_51671834-387) Within three months, the virus had spread throughout the continent; [Lesotho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Lesotho "COVID-19 pandemic in Lesotho"), the last African sovereign state to have remained free of the virus, reported its first case on 13 May 2020.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters_idUSKBN22P1R4-388)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-latimes.com-389) By 26 May, it appeared that most African countries were experiencing community transmission, although testing capacity was limited.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-theguardian_20200526_africa-390) Most of the identified imported cases arrived from Europe and the United States rather than from China where the virus originated.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Africa_Braces-391) Many preventive measures [were implemented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa "National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa") by different countries in Africa including travel restrictions, flight cancellations, and event cancellations.[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-392) Despite fears, Africa reported lower death rates than other, more economically developed regions.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_Africa_deaths-393)
In early June 2021, Africa faced a third wave of COVID infections with cases rising in 14 countries.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-theguardian_20210607_third-394) By 4 July the continent recorded more than 251,000 new COVID cases, a 20% increase from the prior week and a 12% increase from the January peak. More than sixteen African countries, including [Malawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malawi "COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi") and [Senegal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Senegal "COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal"), recorded an uptick in new cases.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Mendez-395) The WHO labelled it Africa's 'Worst Pandemic Week Ever'.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-396) In October 2022, WHO reported that most countries on the African continent will miss the goal of 70 per cent vaccination by the end of 2022.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-397)
Oceania
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Empty_shelves_at_Coles_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brisbane,_Australia.jpg)
Empty shelves at a [Coles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets "Coles Supermarkets") grocery store in [Brisbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), Australia, in April 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have reached Oceania on 25 January 2020, with the first confirmed case reported in [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia").[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AustraliaCase1-398)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Brisbane2021-399) It has since spread elsewhere in the region.[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHO_Dashboard-400)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Brisbane2021-399) [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Australia "COVID-19 pandemic in Australia") and [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") were praised for their handling of the pandemic in comparison to other Western nations, with New Zealand and each state in Australia wiping out all community transmission of the virus several times even after re-introduction into the community.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-oz-10days-401)[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bloomberg-oz-tassie-price-402)[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-403)
As a result of the high transmissibility of the Delta variant, however, by August 2021, the Australian states of [New South Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales "New South Wales") and [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_\(Australia\) "Victoria (Australia)") had conceded defeat in their eradication efforts.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-404) In early October 2021, New Zealand also abandoned its elimination strategy.[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-The_Guardian_NZ_abandons_elimination-405) In November and December, following vaccination efforts, the remaining states of Australia, excluding Western Australia, voluntarily gave up [COVID-Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-COVID "Zero-COVID") to open up state and international borders.[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-406)[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-407)[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-408) The open borders allowed the Omicron variant of COVID-19 to enter quickly, and cases subsequently exceeded 120,000 a day.[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-409) By early March 2022, with cases exceeding 1,000 a day, Western Australia conceded defeat in its eradication strategy and opened its borders.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-410) Despite record cases, Australian jurisdictions slowly removed restrictions such as close contact isolation, mask wearing, and density limits by April 2022.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-411)
On 9 September 2022, restrictions were significantly relaxed. The aircraft mask mandate was scrapped nationwide, and daily reporting transitioned to weekly reporting.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-412)[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-413)[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-414) On 14 September, COVID-19 disaster payment for isolating persons was extended for mandatory isolation.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-415) By 22 September, all states had ended mask mandates on public transport, including in Victoria, where the mandate had lasted for approximately 800 days.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-416) On 30 September 2022, all Australian leaders declared the emergency response finished and announced the end of isolation requirements. These changes were due in part to high levels of 'hybrid immunity' and low case numbers.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-417)
Antarctica
Due to its remoteness and sparse population, [Antarctica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica "Antarctica") was the last continent to have confirmed cases of COVID-19.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-418)[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-419)[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-420) The first cases were reported in December 2020, almost a year after the first cases of COVID-19 were detected in China. At least 36 people were infected in the first outbreak in 2020,[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-421) with several other outbreaks taking place in 2021 and 2022.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-422)
United Nations
The [United Nations Conference on Trade and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development") (UNSC) was criticised for its slow response, especially regarding the UN's [global ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_ceasefire "Global ceasefire"), which aimed to open up humanitarian access to conflict zones.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:22-423)[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Krm4a-424) The United Nations Security Council was criticised due to the inadequate manner in which it dealt with the COVID-19 pandemic, namely the poor ability to create international collaboration during this crisis.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-425)[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-426)
On 23 March 2020, United Nations Secretary-General [AntĂłnio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "AntĂłnio Guterres") appealed for a global [ceasefire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceasefire "Ceasefire");[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-tFb4N-427)[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-lzoeV-428) 172 UN member states and observers signed a non-binding supporting statement in June,[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AGhvz-429) and the [UN Security Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council "UN Security Council") passed a [resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2532 "United Nations Security Council Resolution 2532") supporting it in July.[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-9rN79-430)[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-nJTuX-431)
On 29 September 2020, Guterres urged the [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") to help certain countries via debt relief and also call for countries to increase contributions to develop vaccines.[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-432)
WHO
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13981214000744637189356214810969_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg)
[World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") representatives holding joint meeting with [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran") city administrators in March 2020
The WHO spearheaded initiatives such as the [COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_Solidarity_Response_Fund "COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund") to raise money for the pandemic response, the [UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_COVID-19_Supply_Chain_Task_Force "UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force"), and the [solidarity trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity_trial "Solidarity trial") for investigating potential treatment options for the disease. The [COVAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVAX "COVAX") programme, co-led by the WHO, [GAVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAVI "GAVI"), and the [Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Epidemic_Preparedness_Innovations "Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations") (CEPI), aimed to accelerate the development, manufacture, and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, and to guarantee fair and equitable access across the world.[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-433)[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-434)
Restrictions
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:China_COVID19_test_kit_PH_donation_8.jpg)
Donated medical supplies received in the Philippines
The pandemic shook the world's economy, with especially severe economic damage in the United States, Europe and Latin America.[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-435)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Effect_of_COVID-19_on_food_security-436) A consensus report by American intelligence agencies in April 2021 concluded, "Efforts to contain and manage the virus have reinforced nationalist trends globally, as some states turned inward to protect their citizens and sometimes cast blame on marginalised groups". COVID-19 inflamed partisanship and polarisation around the world as bitter arguments exploded over how to respond. International trade was disrupted amid the formation of no-entry enclaves.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-437)
Travel restrictions
The pandemic led many countries and regions to impose quarantines, entry bans, or other restrictions, either for citizens, recent travellers to affected areas,[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200326nytimes-438) or for all travellers.[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-439)[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-440) Travel collapsed worldwide, damaging the travel sector. The effectiveness of travel restrictions was questioned as the virus spread across the world.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200224nationalgeographic-441) One study found that travel restrictions only modestly affected the initial spread, unless combined with other [infection prevention and control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control "Infection prevention and control") measures.[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-DJYtB-442)[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-443) Researchers concluded that "travel restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from Wuhan unfortunately came too late".[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-283GD-444) The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the [Schengen free travel zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement "Schengen Agreement").[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-dw52497811-445)[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200313euractiv-446)
Repatriation of foreign citizens
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ukraine_evacuates_Ukrainian_and_foreign_citizens_from_Wuhan_16.jpg)
Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian citizens from [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), China.
Several countries repatriated their citizens and diplomatic staff from Wuhan and surrounding areas, primarily through [charter flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_charter "Air charter"). Canada, the United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina, Germany and Thailand were among the first to do so.[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-169-447) Brazil and New Zealand evacuated their own nationals and others.[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-171-448)[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-6l9jG-449) On 14 March, South Africa repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative, while four who showed symptoms were left behind.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto3-450) Pakistan declined to evacuate its citizens.[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200131dialoguepakistan-451)
On 15 February, the US announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the *[Diamond Princess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Princess_outbreak "Diamond Princess outbreak")* cruise ship,[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-174-452) and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadians from the ship.[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-175-453) In early March, the Indian government began repatriating its citizens from Iran.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-czjOG-454)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-indiatimes74647353-455) On 20 March, the United States began to withdraw some troops from Iraq.[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-USWithdraw-456)
Impact
Economics
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stock-indices-2020crash%2Brecovery.svg)
A [stock index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_index "Stock index") chart shows the [2020 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash").
The pandemic and responses to it damaged the global economy. On 27 February 2020, worries about the outbreak crushed US stock indexes, which posted their sharpest falls since 2008.[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-U7teI-457)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990-_Cruise_ship_passenger_count_-_annually.svg)
Industries such as [cruising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_line "Cruise line") experienced a significant declineâdown to levels not seen in thirty years.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Cruise_202412-458)
Tourism collapsed due to travel restrictions, closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of governments against travel. Airlines cancelled flights, while British regional airline [Flybe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flybe_\(1979%E2%80%932020\) "Flybe (1979â2020)") collapsed.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-z2VrM-459) The cruise line industry was hard hit,[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-smh20200227-460) and train stations and ferry ports closed.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wnn7L-461) International mail stopped or was delayed.[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-wsj1158868721-462)
The retail sector faced reductions in store hours or closures.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-463) Retailers in Europe and Latin America faced traffic declines of 40 per cent. North America and Middle East retailers saw a 50â60 per cent drop.[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200402aislelabs-464) Shopping centres faced a 33â43 per cent drop in foot traffic in March compared to February. Mall operators around the world coped by increasing sanitation, installing thermal scanners to check the temperature of shoppers, and cancelling events.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-J6Y6Z-465)
Hundreds of millions of jobs were lost,[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-aljazeera2004271718-466)[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200506csmonitor-467) including more than 40 million jobs in the US.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200528WaPo-468) According to a report by [Yelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp "Yelp"), about 60% of US businesses that closed will stay shut permanently.[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vLHxV-469) The [International Labour Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") (ILO) reported that the income generated in the first nine months of 2020 from work across the world dropped by 10.7%, or \$3.5 trillion.[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-rd8bm-470)
Supply shortages
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ntuc_super_store,_Singapore_\(49505410793\).jpg)
COVID-19 fears led to panic buying of essentials across the world, including toilet paper, instant noodles, bread, rice, vegetables, disinfectant, and rubbing alcohol (picture taken in February 2020).
Pandemic fears led to [panic buying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_buying "Panic buying"), emptying groceries of essentials such as food, toilet paper, and bottled water. Panic buying stemmed from perceived threat, perceived scarcity, fear of the unknown, coping behaviour and social psychological factors (e.g. [social influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence "Social influence") and trust).[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-cSvA4-471)
Supply [shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortage "Shortage") were due to disruption to factory and logistic operations; shortages were worsened by [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain "Supply chain") disruptions from factory and port shutdowns, and labour shortages.[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-XvcU9-472)
Shortages continued as managers underestimated the speed of economic recovery after the initial economic crash. The technology industry, in particular, warned of delays from underestimates of [semiconductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor "Semiconductor") demand for vehicles and other products.[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-263-473)
According to WHO Secretary-General Tedros Ghebreyesus, demand for [personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") (PPE) rose one hundredfold, pushing prices up twentyfold.[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-275-474)[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-276-475) PPE stocks were exhausted everywhere.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Mycfo-476)[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-477)[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-478)
In September 2021, the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank") reported that food prices remained generally stable and the supply outlook remained positive. However, the poorest countries witnessed a sharp increase in food prices, reaching the highest level since the pandemic began.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-479)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto4-480) The Agricultural Commodity Price Index stabilised in the third quarter but remained 17% higher than in January 2021.[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-481)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-auto4-480)
By contrast, petroleum products were in surplus at the beginning of the pandemic, as demand for gasoline and other products collapsed due to reduced commuting and other trips.[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BBC,_US_oil_prices,_21_April_2020-482) The [2021 global energy crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_global_energy_crisis "2021 global energy crisis") was driven by a global surge in demand as the world economy recovered. Energy demand was particularly strong in Asia.[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-483)[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-484)
Arts and cultural heritage
The performing arts and [cultural heritage sectors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage_sector "Cultural heritage sector") were profoundly affected by the pandemic. Both organisations' and individuals' operations have been impacted globally. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and performances cancelled or postponed.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-v5Qlx-485) A 2021 [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") report estimated ten million job losses worldwide in the culture and creative industries.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Ottone-486)[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-487) Some services continued through digital platforms,[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ZljIY-488)[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Burke2020-489)[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-SxIEK-490) such as live streaming concerts[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-SZ5Mc-491) or web-based arts festivals.[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-mYlLn-492)
Politics
The pandemic affected political systems, causing suspensions of legislative activities,[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200313nationalpost-493) isolations or deaths of politicians,[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200318foreignpolicy-494) and rescheduled elections.[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200427nytimes-495) Although they developed broad support among epidemiologists, NPIs (non-pharmaceutical interventions) were controversial in many countries. Intellectual opposition came primarily from other fields, along with heterodox epidemiologists.[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-74OHE-496)
Brazil
The pandemic (and the [response of Brazilian politicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Responses "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") to it) led to widespread panic, confusion, and pessimism in Brazil.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497) When questioned regarding record deaths in the country in April 2020, Brazilian president [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") said "So what? I'm sorry. What do you want me to do about it?"[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Conde_2020-498) Bolsonaro disregarded WHO-recommended mitigation techniques and instead [downplayed the risks of the virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Comments_by_Bolsonaro "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil"), promoted increased economic activity, spread [misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil#Presidential_responses "COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil") about the efficacy of masks, vaccines and public health measures, and distributed unproven treatments including [hydroxychloroquine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic") and [ivermectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic").[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497) A series of [federal health ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Health_of_Brazil "List of Ministers of Health of Brazil") resigned or were dismissed after they refused to implement Bolsonaro's policies.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Londono2020-499)
Disagreements between federal and state governments led to a chaotic and delayed response to the rapid spread of the virus,[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Dantas2020-500) exacerbated by preexisting social and economic disparities in the country.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497)[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-CarnutMendesGuerra2020-501) Employment, investment and valuation of the [Brazilian real](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_real "Brazilian real") plummeted to record lows.[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BenderdaSilvaBaum2022-497)[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ReutersBrazil2020-502) Brazil was also heavily affected by the Delta and Omicron variants.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AlcantaraNogueiraShuabTosta2022-503) At the height of the outbreak in the spring of 2021, 3,000+ Brazilians were dying per day.[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-BBCBrazilMarch2021-504)[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NPRBrazilApril2021-505) Bolsonaro's loss to [Lula da Silva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lula_da_Silva "Lula da Silva") in the [2022 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election "2022 Brazilian general election") is widely credited to the former's [mishandling of the pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro#Response_to_COVID-19_pandemic "Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro").[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ChomskyPolychroniou2023-506)[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EconomistBolsonaroLoss2022-507)[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Milhorance2022October-508)
China
Multiple provincial-level administrators of the [Chinese Communist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party "Chinese Communist Party") (CCP) were dismissed over their handling of quarantine measures. Some commentators claimed this move was intended to protect CCP General Secretary [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping").[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-vLpPa-509) The [US intelligence community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_intelligence_community "US intelligence community") claimed that China intentionally under-reported its COVID-19 caseload.[\[509\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200402nytimes-510) The Chinese government maintained that it acted swiftly and transparently.[\[510\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-hMc3w-511)[\[511\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-512) Journalists and activists in China who reported on the pandemic were detained by authorities,[\[512\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-513)[\[513\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-514) including [Zhang Zhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zhan "Zhang Zhan"), who was arrested and tortured.[\[514\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-515)[\[515\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-516)
Italy
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palazzo_Margherita_lit_in_Italian_flag_to_show_solidarity_under_COVID-19_pandemic.jpg)
Palazzo Margherita lit in the Italian flag colours to show solidarity during the COVID-19 pandemic on 26 March 2020
In early March 2020, the Italian government criticised the EU's lack of solidarity with Italy.[\[516\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-517)[\[517\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-518)[\[518\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-politico-corona-519) On 22 March 2020, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister [Giuseppe Conte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte "Giuseppe Conte"), Russian president [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") ordered the [Russian army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces "Russian Armed Forces") to send military medics, disinfection vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.[\[519\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters219081-520)[\[520\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200328insideover-521) In early April, Norway and EU states like Romania and Austria started to offer help by sending medical personnel and disinfectant,[\[521\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-eumedicalteams-522) and [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission "European Commission") president [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") offered an official apology to the country.[\[522\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-euapology-523)
United States
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Ohio_Rally_IMG_0910_\(49799974031\).jpg)
Anti-lockdown [protesters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_over_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Protests over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic") rallied at the [Ohio Statehouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Statehouse "Ohio Statehouse") 20 April 2020.[\[523\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Columbus_Dispatch-524)
Beginning in mid-April 2020, protestors objected to government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and assembly.[\[524\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-5YqAF-525) Simultaneously, [essential workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_workers "Essential workers") protested unsafe conditions and low wages by participating in a brief [general strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike "General strike").[\[525\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-c114M-526) Some political analysts claimed that the pandemic contributed to US president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump")'s [2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election") defeat.[\[526\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-TrumpChances-527)[\[527\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AtlanticChances-528)
The [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [universal health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care "Universal health care"), [universal child care](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_child_care&action=edit&redlink=1 "Universal child care (page does not exist)"), [paid sick leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_sick_leave "Paid sick leave"), and higher levels of funding for public health.[\[528\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_Calls-529)[\[529\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hill5-530)[\[530\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Ddn2P-531) The [Kaiser Family Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation "Kaiser Family Foundation") estimated that preventable hospitalisations of unvaccinated Americans in the second half of 2021 cost US\$13.8 billion.[\[531\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Amin-532)
There were also protest in regards to vaccine mandates in the United States.[\[532\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-533) In January 2022, the US Supreme Court struck down an OSHA rule that mandated vaccination or a testing regimen for all companies with greater than 100 employees.[\[533\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-534)[\[534\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-535)
Other countries
The number of journalists imprisoned or detained increased worldwide; some detentions were related to the pandemic.[\[535\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-536)[\[536\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-537) The planned [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") "[Defender 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NATO_exercises#2020 "List of NATO exercises")" military exercise in Germany, [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") and the [Baltic states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states "Baltic states"), the largest NATO war exercise since the end of the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), was held on a reduced scale.[\[537\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200320spectator-538)[\[538\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200319reuters-539)
The Iranian government was heavily affected by the virus, which infected some two dozen parliament members and political figures.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-D2Xpc-304)[\[539\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-540) Iranian president [Hassan Rouhani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani "Hassan Rouhani") wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for help on 14 March 2020, due to a lack of access to international markets.[\[540\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-u2rRX-541) Saudi Arabia, which had launched a [military intervention in Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen "Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen") in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.[\[541\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200409foreignpolicy-542)
Diplomatic relations between [Japan and South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations "JapanâSouth Korea relations") worsened.[\[542\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-543) South Korea criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced travellers from South Korea must quarantine for two weeks.[\[543\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-HnqN4-544) South Korean society was initially polarised on president [Moon Jae-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Jae-in "Moon Jae-in")'s response to the crisis; many Koreans signed petitions calling for Moon's [impeachment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment "Impeachment") or praising his response.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-imx38-313)
Some countries passed emergency legislation. Some commentators expressed concern that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.[\[544\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200331theguardian-545)[\[545\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200330nytimes-546) In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow Prime Minister [Viktor OrbĂĄn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n "Viktor OrbĂĄn") to rule by decree indefinitely, suspend parliament and elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false information.[\[546\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200330cnn-547) In countries such as [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"),[\[547\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-dw53009293-548) [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"),[\[548\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200401foreignpolicy-549) and [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand "Thailand"),[\[549\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-550) opposition activists and government critics were [arrested](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Efforts_to_combat_misinformation "Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic") for allegedly spreading [fake news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news "Fake news").[\[550\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200410straitstimes-551) In [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India "COVID-19 pandemic in India"), journalists criticising the government's response were arrested or issued warnings by police and authorities.[\[551\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-552)
Food systems
The pandemic disrupted food systems worldwide,[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9b-553)[\[553\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-554) hitting at a time when hunger and undernourishment were rising- an estimated 690 million people lacked food security in 2019.[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:10-555) Food access fell â driven by falling incomes, lost remittances, and disruptions to food production.[\[555\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-556) In some cases, food prices rose.[\[552\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9b-553)[\[554\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:10-555) The pandemic and its accompanying lockdowns and travel restrictions slowed movement of food aid. According to the WHO, 811 million people were undernourished in 2020, "likely related to the fallout of COVID-19".[\[556\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-557)[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Effect_of_COVID-19_on_food_security-436)
Education
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_3470479.jpg)
Students take end-of-year exams in [Tabriz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz "Tabriz"), Iran, during the pandemic.
The pandemic impacted educational systems in many countries. Many governments temporarily closed educational institutions, often replaced by [online education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_education "Online education"). Other countries, such as Sweden, kept their schools open. As of September 2020, approximately 1.077 billion [learners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning "Learning") were affected due to school closures. School closures impacted students, teachers, and families with far-reaching economic and societal consequences.[\[557\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-558) They shed light on social and economic issues, including [student debt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_debt "Student debt"), [digital learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_learning "Digital learning"), food insecurity, and [homelessness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness "Homelessness"), as well as access to [childcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_care "Child care"), health care, housing, internet, and [disability services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_rights_movement "Disability rights movement"). The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children.[\[558\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-559) Many countries, including Bangladesh, granted auto promotion to the public examination candidates.[\[559\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-560) The Higher Education Policy Institute reported that around 63% of students claimed worsened mental health as a result of the pandemic.[\[560\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-561)
Health
The pandemic impacted global health for many conditions. Hospital visits fell.[\[561\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-562) Visits for heart attack symptoms declined by 38% in the US and 40% in Spain.[\[562\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-563) The head of cardiology at the [University of Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona "University of Arizona") said, "My worry is some of these people are dying at home because they're too scared to go to the hospital".[\[563\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stat_News,_with_serious_heart_symptoms_away,_April_23-564) People with strokes and [appendicitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis "Appendicitis") were less likely to seek treatment.[\[564\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-565)[\[565\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-566)[\[563\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stat_News,_with_serious_heart_symptoms_away,_April_23-564) [Medical supply shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic") impacted many people.[\[566\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Atlantic_Shortages-567) The pandemic impacted [mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health "Mental health"),[\[567\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-568)[\[568\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Stix_2021-569) increasing [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety"), depression, and [post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder"), affecting healthcare workers, patients and quarantined individuals.[\[569\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-570)[\[570\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Santomauro_2021-571)
In late 2022, during the first northern hemisphere autumn and winter seasons following the widespread relaxation of global public health measures, North America and Europe experienced a surge in respiratory viruses and coinfections in both adults and children.[\[571\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-572) This formed the beginning of the 2022â2023 paediatric care crisis and what some experts termed a "[tripledemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripledemic "Tripledemic")" of seasonal influenza, [respiratory syncytial virus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus "Respiratory syncytial virus") (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 throughout North America.[\[572\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-573)[\[573\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-574) In the United Kingdom, paediatric infections also began to spike beyond pre-pandemic levels, albeit with different illnesses, such as [Group A streptococcal infection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection "Group A streptococcal infection") and resultant [scarlet fever](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever "Scarlet fever").[\[574\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-575)[\[575\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-United_Kingdom-576) As of mid-December 2022, 19 children in the UK had died due to [Strep A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes "Streptococcus pyogenes") and the wave of infections had begun to spread into North America and Mainland Europe.[\[576\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Strep_A_death-577)[\[577\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Strep_Expansion-578)
The B/Yamagata lineage of [influenza B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza_B "Influenza B") might have become extinct in 2020/2021 due to COVID-19 pandemic measures.[\[578\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Alhoufie2021-579)[\[579\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Koutsakos2021-580) There have been no naturally occurring cases confirmed since March 2020.[\[580\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOflu2023-581)[\[581\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-UMN2023-582) In 2023, the WHO concluded that protection against the Yamagata lineage was no longer necessary in the seasonal [flu vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flu_vaccine "Flu vaccine"), reducing the number of lineages targeted by the vaccine from four to three.[\[580\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOflu2023-581)[\[581\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-UMN2023-582)
Preventative measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the number of [bronchiolitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchiolitis "Bronchiolitis") cases, with observed decreases in cases during the pandemic followed by an increase when preventative measures were rolled back.[\[582\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Sabeena-583)[\[583\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Hogan2025-584)
Environment
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollutant_Drops_in_wuhan_china_due_to_virus.png)
Images from the [NASA Earth Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory "NASA Earth Observatory") show a stark drop in pollution in [Wuhan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan "Wuhan"), when comparing [NO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide "Nitrogen dioxide") levels in early 2019 (top) and early 2020 (bottom).[\[584\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-585)
The pandemic and the reaction to it positively affected the [environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment "Natural environment") and [climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate "Climate") as a result of reduced human activity. During the "[anthropause](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropause "Anthropause")", fossil fuel use decreased, resource consumption declined, and waste disposal improved, generating less pollution.[\[585\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9-586) [Planned air travel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Transportation "Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic") and vehicle transportation declined. In China, [lockdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_Hubei "COVID-19 lockdown in Hubei") and other measures resulted in a 26% decrease in coal consumption, and a 50% reduction in nitrogen oxides emissions.[\[585\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:9-586)[\[586\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-587)[\[587\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-588)
In 2020, a worldwide study on mammalian wildlife responses to human presence during COVID lockdowns found complex patterns of animal behaviour. Carnivores were generally less active when humans were around, while herbivores in developed areas were more active. Among other findings, this suggested that herbivores may view humans as a shield against predators, highlighting the importance of location and human presence history in understanding wildlife responses to changes in human activity in a given area.[\[588\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-589)
A [wide variety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animals_that_can_get_SARS-CoV-2 "List of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2") of largely mammalian species, both captive and wild, have been shown to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, with some encountering a particularly high degree of fatal outcomes.[\[589\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-590) In particular, both [farmed and wild mink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_in_mink "SARS-CoV-2 in mink") have developed highly symptomatic and severe COVID-19 infections, with a mortality rate as high as 35â55% according to one study.[\[590\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Frontiers_Spread-591)[\[591\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-592) [White-tailed deer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_in_white-tailed_deer "SARS-CoV-2 in white-tailed deer"), on the other hand, have largely avoided severe outcomes but have effectively become [natural reservoirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reservoir "Natural reservoir") of the virus, with large numbers of free-ranging deer infected throughout the US and Canada, including approximately 80% of [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa "Iowa")'s wild deer herd.[\[592\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-593)[\[593\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Nature_April-594) An August 2023 study appeared to confirm the status of white-tailed deer as a disease reservoir, noting that the viral evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in deer occurs at triple the rate of its evolution in humans and that infection rates remained high, even in areas rarely frequented by humans.[\[594\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Triple_Evolution-595)
Discrimination and prejudice
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_Day_2020_-_San_Francisco_Under_Quarantine_\(49935630543\).jpg)
A socially distanced homeless encampment in San Francisco, California, in May 2020[\[595\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-596)
Heightened prejudice, [xenophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia "Xenophobia"), and racism toward people of [Chinese and East Asian descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinophobe "Sinophobe") were documented around the world.[\[596\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-AutoDW-251-597)[\[597\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-zogcf-598) Reports from February 2020, when most confirmed cases were confined to China, cited racist sentiments about Chinese people 'deserving' the virus.[\[598\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-bangkokpost1854094-599)[\[599\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-psychologytoday202002-600)[\[600\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200201telegraph-601) Individuals of Asian descent in Europe and North America reported increasing instances of racially motivated abuse and assaults as a result of the pandemic.[\[601\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_Racism-602)[\[602\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-05O7n-603)[\[603\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-NYT_April_Racism-604) US president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") was criticised for referring to SARS-CoV-2 as the "Chinese Virus" and "Kung Flu", terms which were condemned as being racist and xenophobic.[\[604\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-trumpnyt-605)[\[605\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-20200320BI-606)[\[606\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-MNCw4-607)
[Age-based discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism "Ageism") against older adults increased during the pandemic. This was attributed to their perceived vulnerability and subsequent physical and social isolation measures, which, coupled with their reduced social activity, increased dependency on others. Similarly, limited digital literacy left the elderly more vulnerable to isolation, depression, and loneliness.[\[607\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-608)
In a correspondence published in *[The Lancet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet")* in 2021, German epidemiologist GĂźnter Kampf described the harmful effects of "inappropriate stigmatisation of unvaccinated people, who include our patients, colleagues, and other fellow citizens", noting the evidence that vaccinated individuals play a large role in transmission.[\[608\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-609) American bioethicist Arthur Caplan responded to Kampf, writing "Criticising \[the unvaccinated\] who... wind up in hospitals and morgues in huge numbers, put stress on finite resources, and prolong the pandemic... is not stigmatising, it is deserved moral condemnation".[\[609\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-610)
In January 2022, [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") urged [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy "COVID-19 pandemic in Italy") to change their anti-COVID-19 restrictions to avoid discrimination against unvaccinated people, saying that "the government must continue to ensure that the entire population can enjoy its fundamental rights". The restrictions included mandatory vaccination over the age of 50, and mandatory vaccination to use public transport.[\[610\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-611)
Lifestyle changes
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wee_Annie,_Kempock_Street,_face_mask.jpg)
The "Wee Annie" statue in [Gourock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourock,_Scotland "Gourock, Scotland"), Scotland, was given a face mask during the pandemic.
The pandemic triggered massive changes in behaviour, from increased Internet commerce to cultural changes in the workplace. Online retailers in the US posted \$791.70 billion in sales in 2020, an increase of 32.4% from \$598.02 billion the year before.[\[611\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-DDCV1ECMR-612) Home delivery orders increased, while indoor restaurant dining shut down due to lockdown orders or low sales.[\[612\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty783-613)[\[613\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty784-614) Hackers, [cybercriminals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybercriminal "Cybercriminal") and scammers took advantage of the changes to launch new online attacks.[\[614\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty787-615)
Education in some countries temporarily shifted from physical attendance to video conferencing.[\[615\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty790-616) Massive layoffs shrank the airline, travel, hospitality, and other industries.[\[616\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty6966-617)[\[617\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Fo18zrty9999-618) Despite most corporations implementing measures to address COVID-19 in the workplace, a poll from [Catalyst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_\(nonprofit_organization\) "Catalyst (nonprofit organization)") found that as many as 68% of employees around the world felt that these policies were only performative and "not genuine".[\[618\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-619)
The pandemic led to a surge in [remote work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work"). According to a [Gallup poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll "Gallup poll"), only 4% of US employees were fully remote before the pandemic, compared to 43% in May 2020. Among white collar workers, that shift was more pronounced, with 6% increasing to 65% in the same period.[\[619\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2022-620) That trend continued in later stages of the pandemic, with many workers choosing to remain remote even after workplaces reopened.[\[620\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Mitchell_2022-621)[\[621\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Kagubare_2023-622) Many Nordic, European, and Asian companies increased their recruitment of international remote workers even as the pandemic waned, partially to save on labour costs.[\[622\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ComputerWeekly.com_2023-623)[\[623\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Braesemann_Stephany_Teutloff_K%C3%A4ssi_2022_p=e0274630-624) This also led to a talent drain in the global south and in remote areas in the global north.[\[623\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Braesemann_Stephany_Teutloff_K%C3%A4ssi_2022_p=e0274630-624)[\[624\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-EuropeanStingWEF2023-625) High cost of living and dense urban areas also lost office real estate value due to remote worker exodus.[\[625\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Economist2022Jan-626) By May 2023, due to increasing layoffs and concerns over productivity, some white collar workplaces in the US had resorted to performance review penalties and indirect incentives (e.g. donations to charity) to encourage workers to return to the office.[\[626\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Peck_2023-627)
Historiography
A 2021 study noted that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased interest in epidemics and infectious diseases among both historians and the general public. Prior to the pandemic, these topics were usually overlooked by "general" history and only received attention in the [history of medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine "History of medicine").[\[627\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-628) Many comparisons were made between the COVID-19 and [1918 influenza pandemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_influenza_pandemic "1918 influenza pandemic"),[\[628\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-629)[\[629\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-630) including the development of anti-mask movements,[\[630\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-631)[\[631\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-632) the widespread promotion of misinformation[\[632\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-633)[\[633\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-634) and the impact of [socioeconomic disparities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health "Social determinants of health").[\[634\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-635)
Religion
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solenidade_de_Pentecostes_2020,_m%C3%A1scaras.png)
[Jorge Ortiga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ortiga "Jorge Ortiga"), [Archbishop of Braga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Braga "Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Braga"), Portugal, wearing a protective mask during [Pentecost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost "Pentecost") Mass in May 2020
In some areas, religious groups exacerbated the spread of the virus, through large gatherings and the dissemination of misinformation.[\[635\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-636)[\[636\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-637)[\[637\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-638) Some religious leaders decried what they saw as violations of religious freedom.[\[638\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-639) In other cases, religious identity was a beneficial factor for health, increasing compliance with public health measures and protecting against the negative effects of isolation on mental wellbeing.[\[639\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-640)[\[640\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-641)[\[641\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-642)
Information dissemination
Some news organisations removed their online paywalls for some or all of their pandemic-related articles and posts.[\[642\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-643) Many scientific publishers provided pandemic-related journal articles to the public free of charge as part of the National Institutes of Health's COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Initiative.[\[643\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-644)[\[644\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-645) According to one estimate from researchers at the University of Rome, 89.5% of COVID-19-related papers were open access, compared to an average of 48.8% for the ten most deadly human diseases.[\[645\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-646) The share of papers published on preprint servers prior to peer review increased dramatically.[\[646\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-647)
During the pandemic, [Web GIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_GIS "Web GIS") technology was leveraged to provide up to date visualisations of data related to the pandemic with the public.[\[647\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Juergens2020-648) Employing this technology, the [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") COVID-19 [dashboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard_\(computing\) "Dashboard (computing)") served as the first global visualisation of COVID-19 data, which established it as the default method for government agencies to dissemeniate relevant spatial information.[\[648\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Everts2020-649)[\[649\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Adams2025-650) These dashboards were described by Jonathan Everts as "the most striking cultural artefact of the current coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic",[\[648\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Everts2020-649) and during the pandemic every state government in the United States maintained one.[\[650\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Adams2023-651)
Misinformation
[Misinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation "Misinformation") and [conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory "Conspiracy theory") about the pandemic have been widespread; they travel through [mass media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic"), [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media#Misinformation "Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media") and text messaging.[\[651\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-FTTextMsg-652) In March 2020, WHO declared an "[infodemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infodemic "Infodemic")" of incorrect information.[\[652\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-Lowy-653) [Cognitive biases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias "Cognitive bias"), such as [confirmation bias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias "Confirmation bias"), are linked to conspiracy beliefs, including [COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy "COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy").[\[653\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-654)
Culture and society
The COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on popular culture. It was included in the narratives of ongoing pre-pandemic television series and become a central narrative in new ones, with mixed results.[\[654\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-655) Writing for *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* about the then-upcoming [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") sitcom *[Pandemonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_We_Go_\(TV_series\)#Pilot "Here We Go (TV series)")* on 16 December 2020, [David Segal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Segal_\(journalist\) "David Segal (journalist)") asked, "Are we ready to laugh about Covid-19? Or rather, is there anything amusing, or recognizable in a humorous way, about life during a plague, with all of its indignities and setbacks, not to mention its rituals and rules".[\[655\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-656)
The pandemic had driven some people to seek peaceful [escapism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapism "Escapism") in media, while others were drawn towards fictional pandemics (e.g. [zombie apocalypses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse "Zombie apocalypse")) as an alternate form of escapism.[\[656\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-657) Common themes have included [contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagious_disease "Contagious disease"), [isolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_\(health_care\) "Isolation (health care)") and loss of [control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_\(psychology\) "Control (psychology)").[\[657\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-658) Many drew comparisons to the fictional film *[Contagion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagion_\(2011_film\) "Contagion (2011 film)")* (2011),[\[658\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-659)[\[659\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-660) praising its accuracies while noting some differences,[\[660\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-661) such as the lack of an orderly vaccine rollout.[\[661\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-662)[\[662\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-663)
As people turned to music to relieve emotions evoked by the pandemic, [Spotify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify "Spotify") listenership showed that classical, [ambient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music "Ambient music") and [children's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_music "Children's music") genres grew, while pop, [country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music "Country music") and dance remained relatively stable.[\[663\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-664)
Transition to later phases
A March 2022 review declared a transition to endemic status to be "inevitable".[\[664\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-665) In June 2022, an article in *[Human Genomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Organisation "Human Genome Organisation")* said that the pandemic was still "raging", but that "now is the time to explore the transition from the pandemic to the endemic phase".[\[665\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-666) Another review that month predicted that the virus that causes COVID-19 would become the fifth endemic seasonal coronavirus, alongside four other [human coronaviruses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCoV "HCoV").[\[666\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-667) A February 2023 review of the four [common cold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold "Common cold") coronaviruses concluded that the virus would become seasonal and, like the common cold, cause less severe disease for most people.[\[667\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-668) Another 2023 review stated that the transition to endemic COVID-19 may take years or decades.[\[668\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-669)
On 5 May 2023, the WHO declared that the pandemic was no longer a [public health emergency of international concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_emergency_of_international_concern "Public health emergency of international concern").[\[669\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-670) This led several media outlets to incorrectly report that this meant the pandemic was "over". The WHO commented to [Full Fact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Fact "Full Fact") that it was unlikely to declare the pandemic over "in the near future" and mentioned [cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera "Cholera"), which it considers to have been a [pandemic since 1961](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic "Seventh cholera pandemic") (i.e., continuously for the last 64 years).[\[670\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-ff-671) The WHO does not have an official category for pandemics or make declarations of when pandemics start or end.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-reuters-4)[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-guardian-261)[\[671\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-672)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15) In June 2023, [Hans Kluge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kluge "Hans Kluge"), director of the WHO in Europe, commented that "While the international public health emergency may have ended, the pandemic certainly has not".[\[672\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-kluge-673)
Epidemics and pandemics usually end when the disease becomes [endemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19 "Endemic COVID-19"), and when the disease becomes "an accepted, manageable part of normal life in a given society".[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-charters2021-16) As of March 2024, there was no widely agreed definition of when a disease is or is not a pandemic, though efforts at a formal definition were underway. Experts asked by *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* that month noted that COVID-19 continued to circulate and cause disease, but expressed uncertainty as to whether it should still be described as a pandemic.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-timemarch2024-15) In December 2024, [Director-General of the World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Health_Organization "Director-General of the World Health Organization") [Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus") stated that COVID should not be referred to in past tense as it is "still with us, still causes acute disease and [Long COVID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_COVID "Long COVID") and still kills... The world might want to forget about COVID-19, but we cannot afford to."[\[673\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-pasttense-who-674)
By 2025, five years after the start of the pandemic, experts asked by *[The Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent "The Independent")* and *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* generally considered COVID-19 to have become endemic.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:0-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:3-14) Cases and deaths from COVID-19 still remained high; in the United States, the only two infectious diseases causing more than 10,000 deaths a year were flu and COVID, according to an expert in *The Washington Post*.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-:0-13)
Long-term effects
Economic
Despite strong economic rebounds following the initial lockdowns in early 2020, towards the latter phases of the pandemic, many countries began to experience long-term economic effects. Several countries saw high [inflation rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_rate "Inflation rate") which had global impacts, particularly in developing countries.[\[674\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-675) Some economic impacts such as [supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain "Supply chain") and trade operations were seen as more permanent as the pandemic exposed major weaknesses in these systems.[\[675\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-676)
In Australia, the pandemic caused an increase in [occupational burnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout "Occupational burnout") in 2022.[\[676\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-677)
During the pandemic, a large percentage of workers in Canada came to prefer working from home, which had an impact on the traditional work model. Some corporations made efforts to force workers to return to work on-site, while some embraced the idea.[\[677\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-678)
Travel
There was a "travel boom" causing air travel to recover at rates faster than anticipated, and the aviation industry became profitable in 2023 for the first time since 2019, before the pandemic.[\[678\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-679) However, economic issues meant some predicted that the boom would begin to slow down.[\[679\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-680) Business travel on airlines was still below pre-pandemic levels and is predicted not to recover.[\[680\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-681)
Health
An increase in excess deaths from underlying causes not related to COVID-19 has been largely blamed on systematic issues causing delays in health care and screening during the pandemic, which has resulted in an increase of non-COVID-19 related deaths.[\[681\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-682)
Immunisations
During the pandemic, millions of children missed out on vaccinations as countries focused efforts on combating COVID-19. Efforts were made to increase vaccination rates among children in [low-income countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-income_countries "Low-income countries"). These efforts were successful in increasing vaccination rates for some diseases, though the UN noted that post-pandemic [measles vaccinations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccination "Measles vaccination") were still falling behind.[\[682\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-683)
Some of the decrease in immunisation was driven by an increase in mistrust of public health officials. This was seen in both low-income and high-income countries. Several [African countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_countries "African countries") saw a decline in vaccinations due to misinformation around the pandemic flowing into other areas.[\[683\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-684) Immunisation rates have yet to recover in the United States[\[684\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-685) and the United Kingdom.[\[685\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-686)
See also
- [Coronavirus diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_diseases "Coronavirus diseases") â Diseases caused by coronavirus infections
- [Emerging infectious disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_infectious_disease "Emerging infectious disease") â New or rapidly increasing disease
- [Globalisation and disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_disease "Globalization and disease")
- [List of epidemics and pandemics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics "List of epidemics and pandemics")
- [Memorials for the COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorials_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic "Memorials for the COVID-19 pandemic")
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_ref-94)** Some refer to "fatality rate"; however, "fatality ratio" is more accurate as this is not per unit time.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic#cite_note-WHOest-93)
References
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Further reading
- ["Progress report on the coronavirus pandemic"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02414-1). *Nature*. **584** (7821): 325. August 2020. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/d41586-020-02414-1](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02414-1). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32814893](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32814893).
- Tay MZ, Poh CM, RĂŠnia L, MacAry PA, Ng LF (June 2020). ["The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187672). *Nature Reviews. Immunology*. **20** (6): 363â374\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020NatRI..20..363T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatRI..20..363T). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/s41577-020-0311-8](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41577-020-0311-8). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7187672](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187672). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32346093](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32346093).
- [COVID-19 infection prevention and control measures for primary care, including general practitioner practices, dental clinics and pharmacy settings: first update](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-infection-prevention-and-control-primary-care). *[European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control") (ECDC)* (Report). October 2020.
- Bar-On YM, Flamholz A, Phillips R, Milo R (April 2020). ["SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694). *eLife*. **9** e57309. [arXiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_\(identifier\) "ArXiv (identifier)"):[2003\.12886](https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12886). [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2020arXiv200312886B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020arXiv200312886B). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.7554/eLife.57309](https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.57309). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7224694](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7224694). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32228860](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32228860).
- BrĂźssow H (May 2020). ["The Novel Coronavirus â A Snapshot of Current Knowledge"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111068). *Microbial Biotechnology*. **13** (3): 607â612\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/1751-7915.13557](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1751-7915.13557). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7111068](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111068). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32144890](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32144890).
- Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn S, Di Napoli R (2020). ["Features, Evaluation, and Treatment of Coronavirus"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/). *StatPearls*. StatPearls Publishing. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32150360](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32150360).
- Funk CD, Laferrière C, Ardakani A (2020). ["A Snapshot of the Global Race for Vaccines Targeting SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 Pandemic"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7317023). *Frontiers in Pharmacology*. **11** 937. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3389/fphar.2020.00937](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphar.2020.00937). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7317023](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7317023). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32636754](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32636754).
- ["Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19"](https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download) (PDF). *U.S. [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") (FDA)*. June 2020.
- Birhane M, Bressler S, Chang G, Clark T, Dorough L, Fischer M, et al. (May 2021). ["COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections Reported to CDC â United States, January 1 â April 30, 2021"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158893). *MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report*. **70** (21): 792â793\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.15585/mmwr.mm7021e3](https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm7021e3). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [8158893](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8158893). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [34043615](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34043615).
- Bieksiene K, Zaveckiene J, Malakauskas K, Vaguliene N, Zemaitis M, Miliauskas S (March 2021). ["Post COVID-19 Organizing Pneumonia: The Right Time to Interfere"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003092). *Medicina*. **57** (3): 283. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3390/medicina57030283](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmedicina57030283). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [8003092](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8003092). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [33803690](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33803690).
- Chen Q, Allot A, Lu Z (January 2021). ["LitCovid: an open database of COVID-19 literature"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778958). *Nucleic Acids Research*. **49** (D1): D1534âD1540. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/nar/gkaa952](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkaa952). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7778958](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778958). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [33166392](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33166392).
- Aghagoli G, Gallo Marin B, Katchur NJ, Chaves-Sell F, Asaad WF, Murphy SA (June 2021). ["Neurological Involvement in COVID-19 and Potential Mechanisms: A Review"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358290). *Neurocritical Care*. **34** (3): 1062â1071\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s12028-020-01049-4](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12028-020-01049-4). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [7358290](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7358290). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [32661794](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661794).
External links
Health agencies
- [COVID-19](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019) ([Questions & Answers](https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses), [instructional videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH5PLTT1yfXxcxDsNM40N1uG); [Facts/MythBusters](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters)) by the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO)
- [COVID-19](https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19.html) by the [Government of Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada "Government of Canada")
- [COVID-19](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china) ([Q\&A](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/novel-coronavirus-china/questions-answers)) by the [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control")
- [COVID-19](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19) ([Q\&A](https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210803190927/https://www.moh.gov.sg/covid-19/faqs) 3 August 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")) by the [Ministry of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_\(Singapore\) "Ministry of Health (Singapore)"), Singapore
- [COVID-19](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html) ([Q\&A](https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html)) by the US [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention") (CDC)
- [COVID-19 Information for the Workplace](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emres/2019_ncov_default.html) by the US [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health") (NIOSH)
Data and graphs
- [Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports](https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/) and [map](https://covid19.who.int/) by the [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") (WHO)
- [COVID-19 Resource Center](https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/), [map](https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html), and [historical data](https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19) by [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University")
- [COVID-19 data sets](https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data) published by the [European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control") (ECDC)
- [COVID-19 Observer](https://covid.observer/) based on [Johns Hopkins University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University "Johns Hopkins University") data
- [COVID-19 Statistics and Research](https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus) published by [Our World in Data](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_World_in_Data "Our World in Data")
- [COVID-19 Tracker](https://www.statnews.com/feature/coronavirus/covid-19-tracker/) from [Stat News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_\(website\) "Stat (website)")
- [COVID-19 Projections](https://covid19.healthdata.org/global) for many countries published by [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation "Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation")
Medical journals
- [Coronavirus (COVID-19)](https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus) by *[The New England Journal of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine "The New England Journal of Medicine")*
- [Coronavirus (COVID-19) Hub](https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus) by [BMJ Publishing Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMJ_\(company\) "BMJ (company)")
- [Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)](https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronavirus-alert) by *[JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAMA_\(journal\) "JAMA (journal)")*
- [COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus Outbreak](https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200924195411/https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/) 24 September 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") by [Wiley Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley_\(publisher\) "Wiley (publisher)")
- [COVID-19 pandemic (2019â20) Collection](https://collections.plos.org/covid-19) by [Public Library of Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Library_of_Science "Public Library of Science") (PLOS)
- [COVID-19 Portfolio](https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200811123243/https://icite.od.nih.gov/covid19/search/) 11 August 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), a curated collection of publications and preprints by [National Institutes of Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health "National Institutes of Health") (NIH)
- [COVID-19 Research Highlights](https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coronavirus) by [Springer Nature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature "Springer Nature")
- [COVID-19 Resource Centre](https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus) by *[The Lancet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet "The Lancet")*
- [Novel Coronavirus Information Center](https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-information-center) by [Elsevier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier "Elsevier") |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic s443 |