🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa046)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa","crawl_time":1775132795,"first_indexed_time":1375990138,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Burj Khalifa - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Burj Khalifa\nبرج خليفة\nThe Burj Khalifa viewed across the\nDubai Fountain\nin October 2012\nInteractive map of the Burj Khalifa area\nRecord height\nTallest in the world since 2009\n[I]\nPreceded by\nTaipei 101\nGeneral information\nStatus\nCompleted\nType\nMixed-use\nArchitectural style\nNeo-futurism\nLocation\n1\nSheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard\n,\nDubai\n,\nEmirate of Dubai\n,\nUnited Arab Emirates\nNamed for\nSheikh Khalifa\nConstruction started\n6 January 2004\n; 22 years ago\nTopped-out\n17 January 2009\n; 17 years ago\nCompleted\n1 October 2009\n; 16 years ago\nOpened\n4 January 2010\n; 16 years ago\nCost\nUS$1.5 billion\nAED\n5.5 billion\nOwner\nEmaar Properties\nHeight\nArchitectural\n828 m (2,717 ft)\nTip\n829.8 m (2,722 ft)\nAntenna spire\n242.5 m (796 ft)\nRoof\n739.4 m (2,426 ft)\nTop floor\n585.4 m (1,921 ft)\nObservatory\n555.7 m (1,823 ft)\nTechnical details\nStructural system\nReinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium\nFloor count\n154 + 9 maintenance\nFloor area\n309,473 m\n2\n(3,331,100 sq ft)\nLifts\/elevators\n57 (mall included)\nDesign and construction\nArchitect\nAdrian Smith\nArchitecture firm\nSkidmore, Owings & Merrill\nStructural engineer\nBill Baker\nMain contractor\nSamsung C&T\nBESIX\nArabtec\nOther information\nParking\n2 subterranean levels\nPublic transit access\n \nM1\n \nAt\nBurj Khalifa\/Dubai Mall\nWebsite\nburjkhalifa.ae\nReferences\n[\n1\n]\nPhotographic\nsilhouette\nof the\nDubai\nskyline\n; the Burj Khalifa is visible at the centre\nThe\nBurj Khalifa\n[\na\n]\n(previously known as\nBurj Dubai\nprior to inauguration) is a\nmegatall\nskyscraper\nin\nDubai\n, United Arab Emirates. Designed by\nSkidmore, Owings & Merrill\n, it is the\nworld's tallest structure\n, with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire)\n[\n2\n]\nof 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the\ntallest building\nin the world since its\ntopping out\nin 2009, surpassing\nTaipei 101\n, which had held the record for a half-decade.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nConstruction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is\nreinforced concrete\n. Some of the\nstructural steel\nfor the building was salvaged from the demolished\nPalace of the Republic\nin East Berlin.\n[\n5\n]\nThe building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called\nDowntown Dubai\n. It was designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development.\nThe building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh\nKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\n.\n[\n6\n]\nThe\nUnited Arab Emirates government\nprovided Dubai with financial support as the developer,\nEmaar Properties\n, experienced financial problems during the\nGreat Recession\n. Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organised federal financial support. For his support,\nMohammad bin Rashid\n,\nRuler of Dubai\n, changed the name from \"Burj Dubai\" to \"Burj Khalifa\" during inauguration.\nThe design is derived from the\nIslamic architecture\nof the region, such as in the\nGreat Mosque of Samarra\n. The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A\nbuttressed central core and wings\nare used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings.\n[\n7\n]\nThe structure also features a\ncladding\nsystem which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.\n[\n8\n]\nIt contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.\nDevelopment\nConstruction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010\n[\n9\n]\n[\n10\n]\nand is part of the 2 km\n2\n(490 acres)\nDowntown Dubai\ndevelopment at the 'First Interchange' along\nSheikh Zayed Road\n, near Dubai's main business district.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nThe tower's architecture and engineering were performed by\nSkidmore, Owings & Merrill\nof Chicago, with\nAdrian Smith\nas chief architect, and\nBill Baker\nas a chief structural engineer.\n[\n11\n]\n[\n12\n]\nThe firm had designed the\nSears Tower\nin Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.\n[\n13\n]\nHyder Consulting\nwas supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was\nSamsung C&T\nof\nSouth Korea\n, together with the Belgian group\nBESIX\nand the local company\nArabtec\n.\nNumerous complaints concerned migrant workers from\nSouth Asia\n, the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.\n[\n15\n]\nConception\nBurj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes,\n[\n16\n]\nnine hotels (including\nThe Address Downtown Dubai\n), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the\nDubai Mall\n, and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. \"He (Sheikh\nMohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum\n) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational,\" said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at\nNakheel Properties\n.\n[\n17\n]\nThe tower was known as Burj Dubai (\"Dubai Tower\") until its official opening in January 2010.\n[\n18\n]\nIt was renamed in honour of the ruler of\nAbu Dhabi\n,\nKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\n;\nAbu Dhabi\nand the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects.\n[\n18\n]\nIn the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the\n2008 financial crisis\nand the\nGreat Recession\n, leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.\n[\n19\n]\nRecords\nThe Burj Khalifa set several world records, including:\nTallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously\nKVLY-TV mast\n – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)\nTallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously\nWarsaw radio mast\n – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)\nTallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously\nCN Tower\n – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)\nTallest skyscraper (to top of\nspire\n): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously\nTaipei 101\n – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)\n[\n20\n]\nTallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the\nWillis (formerly Sears) Tower\n – 527 m or 1,729 ft)\nBuilding with most floors: 163 (previously\nWorld Trade Center\n – 110)\n[\n21\n]\nWorld's highest\nelevator\ninstallation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)\n[\n22\n]\nWorld's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)\n[\n22\n]\n[\n23\n]\nHighest vertical\nconcrete pumping\n(for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)\n[\n24\n]\nWorld's tallest structure\nthat includes residential space\n[\n25\n]\nWorld's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)\n[\n26\n]\nWorld's highest restaurant (\nAt.mosphere\n): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)\n[\n27\n]\nWorld's highest New Year display of\nfireworks\n.\n[\n28\n]\nWorld's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.\n[\n29\n]\n[\n30\n]\n[\n31\n]\nArchitecture and design\nA cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa,\nTaipei 101\n,\nWillis Tower\n, and\nthe original World Trade Center\nThe tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the\nWillis Tower\n(formerly the Sears Tower) in\nChicago\nand the\nOne World Trade Center\nin New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled\ntube\ndesign of the Willis Tower, invented by\nFazlur Rahman Khan\n.\n[\n32\n]\n[\n33\n]\nDue to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the\nEmpire State Building\n.\n[\n32\n]\n[\n34\n]\nKhan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.\n[\n35\n]\nThe design is reminiscent of\nFrank Lloyd Wright\n's vision for\nThe Illinois\n, a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's\nLake Point Tower\n. When\nAdrian Smith\nwas conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward\nLake Point Tower\n's curved three-wing layout and thought, \"There's the prototype\".\n[\n36\n]\nAccording to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor\nTower Palace Three\n, an all-residential building in\nSeoul\n. In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.\n[\n37\n]\nAfter the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project.\n[\n38\n]\nHyder was selected for their expertise in structural and\nMEP\n(mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.\n[\n39\n]\nHyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.\n[\n38\n]\nNORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged\nGHD\n,\n[\n40\n]\nan international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.\nThe design is derived from Islamic architecture.\n[\n22\n]\nAs the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27\nsetbacks\nin a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimises vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.\n[\n7\n]\nAt the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).\n[\n41\n]\nThe spiral minaret at the\nGreat Mosque of Samarra\nThe spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.\n[\n42\n]\nThis 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered\nvanity height\n, since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a\nCouncil on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat\nstudy, which notes that the empty spire \"could be a skyscraper on its own\".\n[\n2\n]\nSuch a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.\n[\n43\n]\nIn 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of\nJaume Plensa\n.\n[\n44\n]\nThe cladding system consists of 142,000 m\n2\n(1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured\nstainless steel\nspandrel\npanels with vertical tubular fins.\n[\n42\n]\nThe\narchitectural glass\nprovides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m\n2\n(1,870,000 sq ft) in area.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nThe Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top.\n[\n45\n]\nThe exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.\n[\n46\n]\n[\nneeds update\n]\nA 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by\nArmani\n, occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n47\n]\nThe hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,\n[\n48\n]\n[\n49\n]\nbut after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.\n[\n50\n]\nThe corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,\n[\n51\n]\nyet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.\nThe\nsky lobbies\non the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.\n[\n52\n]\nFloors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor\nzero-entry swimming pool\nis located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the\nAt.mosphere\nrestaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.\n[\n52\n]\n[\n53\n]\nThe building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.\n[\n42\n]\nThe elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest\ndouble-deck elevators\n, rising and descending at up to 10 m\/s (33 ft\/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators.\n[\n25\n]\nThe double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.\n[\n54\n]\nThe building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.\n[\n55\n]\nPlumbing systems\nThe Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.\n[\n22\n]\n[\n56\n]\nAn additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.\n[\n56\n]\nAir conditioning\nThe air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.\n[\n57\n]\nAt peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.\n[\n56\n]\nWater is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.\n[\n22\n]\nWindow cleaning\nTo wash the 24,348 windows, totalling 120,000 m\n2\n(1,290,000 ft\n2\n) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from\ndavits\nare used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access.\n[\n58\n]\n[\n59\n]\nUnder normal conditions, when all\nbuilding maintenance units\nare operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n60\n]\nUnmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in\nMelbourne\n, Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units,\n[\n61\n]\nat a cost of\nA$\n8 million.\n[\n60\n]\nFeatures\nFountain\nThe Dubai Fountain\nOutside the Burj Khalifa,\nWET Enterprises\ndesigned a fountain system at a cost of\nDh\n 800 million (US$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain.\n[\n62\n]\nOn 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.\n[\n63\n]\nObservation deck\nView of\nThe Dubai Fountain\nfrom the observation deck\nView from the observation deck\nAn outdoor\nobservation deck\n, named\nAt the Top\n, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft).\n[\n64\n]\nIt opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it\nthe highest observation deck in the world\non 15 October 2014.\n[\n65\n]\n[\n66\n]\nHowever, in June 2016 the\nShanghai Tower\nopened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest\nobservation deck\n. Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world.\n[\n67\n]\nThe Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an\naugmented reality\ndevice developed by\nGsmprjct°\nof\nMontréal\n, which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.\n[\n68\n]\n[\n69\n]\n[\n70\n]\nTo reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.\n[\n71\n]\nOn 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.\n[\n72\n]\n[\n73\n]\n[\n74\n]\n[\n75\n]\n[\n76\n]\nWhen the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper.\n[\n77\n]\nPark\nBurj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.\n[\n78\n]\nLike the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the\nHymenocallis\n, a desert plant.\n[\n79\n]\nAt the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the\nHymenocallis\nflower.\n[\n80\n]\nThe plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually.\n[\n80\n]\nWET Enterprises\n, who also developed the\nDubai Fountain\n, developed the park's six water features.\n[\n81\n]\nFloor plan\nFloors\nPurpose\n[\n42\n]\n[\n82\n]\nDimetric projection\nwith floors colour-coded by function\n[\n83\n]\n160–163\nMechanical\n156–159\nCommunication and broadcast\n155\nMechanical\n152–154\nThe Lounge\nobservatory\n149–151\nCorporate suites\n148\nAt the Top Sky\nobservatory\n139–147\nCorporate suites\n136–138\nMechanical\n125–135\nCorporate suites\n124\nAt the Top\nobservatory\n123\nSky lobby\n122\nAt.mosphere\nrestaurant\n111–121\nCorporate suites\n109–110\nMechanical\n77–108\nResidential\n76\nSky lobby\n73–75\nMechanical\n44–72\nResidential\n43\nSky lobby\n40–42\nMechanical\n38–39\nArmani Hotel suites\n19–37\nResidential\n17–18\nMechanical\n9–16\nArmani Residences\n1–8\nArmani Hotel\nGround\nArmani Hotel, Lobby\nConcourse\nArmani Hotel, Lobby\nB1–B2\nParking, Mechanical\nRamadan observance\nOn the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor wait two extra minutes to\nbreak their Ramadan fast\n, and those living above the 150th floor  wait three minutes.\n[\n84\n]\nConstruction\nAnimation of construction process\nAerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008\nThe tower was constructed by\nSamsung C&T\nfrom\nSouth Korea\n, which also did work on the\nPetronas Twin Towers\nand\nTaipei 101\n.\n[\n85\n]\nSamsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with\nBESIX\nfrom Belgium and\nArabtec\nfrom the UAE.\n[\n86\n]\n[\n87\n]\nTurner\nwas the project manager on the main construction contract.\n[\n88\n]\nHong Kong-based\nFar East Aluminium\ncombined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.\n[\n89\n]\n[\n90\n]\nThe contractor and the engineer of record was\nHyder Consulting\n.\n[\n91\n]\nUnder UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is\njointly and severally liable\nfor the performance of Burj Khalifa.\nThe primary structure is reinforced concrete.\nPutzmeister\ncreated a new, super high-pressure trailer\nconcrete pump\n, the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.\n[\n24\n]\nBurj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m\n3\n(431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel\nrebar\n, and construction took 22 million man-hours.\n[\n11\n]\nIn May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns\njacketed\nor\ncovered\nwith concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),\n[\n24\n]\nthe 156th floor. Three\ntower cranes\nwere used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.\n[\n92\n]\nThe remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel.\nIn 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the\nbedrock\nunderlying the structure.\n[\n93\n]\n\"Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone\"\nwas found, just metres below the surface.\n[\n94\n]\nSamples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.\n[\n95\n]\nThe study described the site as part of a \"seismically active area\".\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nAnother challenging element was the\nshamal\nwhich often creates sandstorms.\n[\n20\n]\nOver 45,000 m\n3\n(58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000\ntonnes\n(120,000\nshort tons\n; 110,000\nlong tons\n) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.\n[\n25\n]\nThe foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000\ntonnes\n(500,000\nshort tons\n; 440,000\nlong tons\n). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions.\n[\n96\n]\nA\ncathodic protection\nsystem is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n20\n]\nDuring the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the\nPalace of the Republic\nin Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the\nVolkskammer\nof the former\nEast Germany\n. The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008.\n[\n5\n]\nThe Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n97\n]\nSpecial mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures.\nCTLGroup\n, working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage\ntesting critical for the structural analysis of the building\n.\n[\n98\n]\nThe consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and\nPersian Gulf\ntemperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.\n[\n99\n]\n[\n100\n]\n[\n101\n]\n[\n102\n]\n[\n103\n]\nMilestones\nBurj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010\nJanuary 2004: Excavation commences.\n[\n26\n]\nFebruary 2004: Piling starts.\n[\n26\n]\n21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.\n[\n104\n]\nMarch 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.\n[\n26\n]\nJune 2006: Level 50 is reached.\n[\n26\n]\nFebruary 2007: Surpasses the\nSears Tower\nas the\nbuilding with the most floors\n.\n13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical\nconcrete pumping\non any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of\nTaipei 101\n, while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.\n[\n26\n]\n[\n105\n]\n21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.\n[\n26\n]\n[\n106\n]\n12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).\n12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the\nCN Tower\nin Toronto, and level 150 reached.\n[\n26\n]\n[\n107\n]\n7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the\nKVLY-TV Mast\nto become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.\n[\n26\n]\n[\n108\n]\n17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.\n[\n109\n]\n1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the\nWarsaw Radio Mast\nin\nKonstantynów\n, Poland.\n[\n110\n]\n17 January 2009:\nTopped out\nat 829.8 m (2,722 ft).\n[\n111\n]\n1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.\n[\n112\n]\n4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi,\nSheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan\n.\n[\n4\n]\n10 March 2010:\nCouncil on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat\ncertifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.\n[\n113\n]\nReal estate values\nIn March 2009,\nMohamed Ali Alabbar\n, chairman of the project's developer,\nEmaar Properties\n, said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m\n2\n) and the\nArmani Residences\n, also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m\n2\n).\n[\n114\n]\nHe estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$1.5 billion.\n[\n6\n]\nThe project's completion coincided with the\nGreat Recession\n, and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures.\n[\n115\n]\nWith Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbour\nAbu Dhabi\n. Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President\nKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\nfor his crucial support.\n[\n4\n]\n[\n116\n]\nBecause of the\nslumping demand\nin Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.\n[\n117\n]\n[\n118\n]\nOver the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space.\n[\n119\n]\nBy October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.\n[\n120\n]\nOfficial launch ceremony\nThe opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa\nThe ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on\nBurj Park\nIsland and on smaller screens elsewhere.\n[\n121\n]\nHundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.\n[\n122\n]\nIn addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.\n[\n123\n]\nThe opening was held on 4 January 2010.\n[\n124\n]\nThe ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.\n[\n122\n]\nThe celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers\nSpeirs and Major Associates\n.\n[\n125\n]\nUsing the 868 powerful\nstroboscope\nlights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nControversies\nIncidents\nOn 10 May 2011, an\nAsian migrant worker\nin his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.\n[\n126\n]\nOn 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the\nJumeirah Lake Towers\n.\n[\n127\n]\n[\n128\n]\nNine News\nobtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under\nfreedom of information laws\n, which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.\n[\n129\n]\nLabour\nThe Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.\n[\n130\n]\n[\n131\n]\nThis is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.\n[\n132\n]\n[\n133\n]\nOn 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.\n[\n109\n]\nPress reports indicated in 2006 that skilled\ncarpenters\nat the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.\n[\n130\n]\nAccording to a BBC investigation and a\nHuman Rights Watch\nreport, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.\n[\n134\n]\n[\n135\n]\n[\n136\n]\nDuring construction, one construction-related death was reported.\n[\n137\n]\nWorkplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch.\n[\n134\n]\nIn March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.\n[\n130\n]\nA Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.\n[\n130\n]\nMost of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.\n[\n130\n]\nNew Year's Eve\nEmaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by\nEmaar Properties\n.\n[\n138\n]\n[\n139\n]\nThe event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on\nThe Dubai Fountain\nchoreographed to the soundtrack.\n[\n140\n]\n[\n141\n]\nThe Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.\n[\n142\n]\nSince 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by\nDubai Media Incorporated\nand\nDubai TV\n.\n[\n142\n]\nEmaar New Year's Eve has won two\nGuinness World Records\n, including \"\nLargest LED-Illuminated\nFacade\" in 2015 and 2019.\n[\n143\n]\n[\n144\n]\n[\n145\n]\nIn 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on\nTwitter\n,\n[\n146\n]\n[\n147\n]\nand\nYouTube\n. In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on\nZoom\n.\n[\n148\n]\nIn 2021, Emaar celebrated\nsolidarity\nin honour of\nfrontline workers\nof the\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n.\n[\n149\n]\nFor the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.\n[\n150\n]\nBASE jumping\nThe building has been used by several experienced\nBASE jumpers\nfor authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:\nIn May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.\n[\n151\n]\n[\n152\n]\nOn 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km\/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.\n[\n153\n]\n[\n154\n]\nOn 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers\nVince Reffet\nand Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).\n[\n155\n]\n[\n156\n]\n[\n157\n]\nClimbing\nOn 28 March 2011,\nAlain \"Spiderman\" Robert\nscaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in\nfree solo\nstyle, used a rope and harness.\n[\n158\n]\nAwards\nBurj Khalifa artwork project made of\nLego\nin Bricksworld 2014\nIn June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 \"Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa\" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.\n[\n159\n]\nOn 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.\n[\n160\n]\nAwards Chair Gordon Gill, of\nAdrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture\n, said:\nWe are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it.\n[\n161\n]\nBurj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.\n[\n162\n]\n[\n163\n]\nYear\nAward\n2012\nAward of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from\nStructural Engineers Association of Illinois\n(SEAOI), Chicago.\n2011\nInterior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.\nDistinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter.\nInterior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter.\nDesign Excellence Award: Special Function Room.\nExcellence in Engineering from\nASHRAE\n(American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter.\nOutstanding Structure Award from\nInternational Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering\n.\nDecade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).\nDecade of Design • Best of Category\/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA).\nGCC Technical Building Project of the Year from\nMEED\n(formerly\nMiddle East Economic Digest\n).\nProject of the Year from MEED.\n2010\nInternational Architecture Award.\nArab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit.\nArchitecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards.\nArchitecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards.\nInternational Architecture Award from\nChicago Athenaeum\n.\nAmerican Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum.\nCommercial \/ Mixed Use Built from Cityscape.\nBest Mixed Use Built Development in\nCityscape Abu Dhabi\n.\nSkyscraper Award: Silver Medal from\nEmporis\n.\nAward for Commercial or Retail Structure from\nInstitution of Structural Engineers\n.\nInternational Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards.\nSpecial Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards.\nBest Structural Design of the Year from\nLEAF Award\n.\nInternational Projects Category: Outstanding Project from\nNational Council of Structural Engineers Associations\n.\nBest of What's New from\nPopular Science\nMagazine.\nSpark Awards, Silver Award.\nExcellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI.\nSee also\nList of buildings in Dubai\nList of buildings with 100 floors or more\nList of development projects in Dubai\nList of tallest buildings and structures\nList of tallest freestanding structures\nList of tallest buildings in Dubai\nList of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates\nList of tallest buildings\nList of tallest structures\nJeddah Tower\nNotes\n^\nArabic\n:\nبُرْج خَلِيفَة\n,\nBurj Khalīfah\n,\npronounced\n[bʊrd͡ʒ\nxaˈliːfa]\n,\nlit.\n \n'\nKhalifa\ntower\n'\nReferences\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa\"\n.\nCVU\nSkyscraper Center\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"the world's vainest skyscrapers\"\n. 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Retrieved\n7 December\n2009\n.\n^\nWindow cleaning the world's tallest building\non\nYouTube\nfrom\nSupersized Earth – Episode 1 – BBC One\nArchived\n4 April 2015 at the\nWayback Machine\n^\na\nb\nDobbin, Marika (5 January 2010).\n\"So you think your windows are hard to keep clean?\"\n.\nThe Age\n. Melbourne, Australia.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 7 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n6 January\n2010\n.\n^\nMalkin, Bonnie (5 January 2010).\n\"Burj Khalifa: window cleaners to spend months on world's tallest building\"\n.\nThe Daily Telegraph\n. London.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 January 2022\n. Retrieved\n15 August\n2011\n.\n,\n^\nTolbert, Jason (6 February 2015).\n\"The Dubai Fountain\"\n.\nArchitect Magazine\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 September 2015\n. Retrieved\n13 July\n2021\n.\n^\n\"\n'Dubai Fountain' is winning name of Emaar's water spectacle in Downtown Burj Dubai\"\n.\nEmaar Properties\n. 26 October 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 January 2014\n. 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Retrieved\n6 December\n2014\n.\n^\n\"Une firme québécoise dans la plus haute tour du monde\"\n.\nJournal de Montréal\n(in French). 4 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n19 August\n2010\n.\n{{\ncite news\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"\n'At The Top' Observation Deck Ticket Information\"\n. Emaar Properties. Archived from\nthe original\non 7 February 2010\n. Retrieved\n9 February\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Emaar Says Burj Khalifa Observation Deck Closed for Maintenance\"\n.\nBloomberg\n. 8 February 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 11 February 2010\n. Retrieved\n9 February\n2010\n.\n^\nTomlinson, Hugh (10 February 2010).\n\"Terrifying lift ordeal at Burj Khalifa tower, the world's tallest building\"\n.\nThe Times\n. UK. Archived from\nthe original\non 5 January 2023\n. Retrieved\n10 February\n2010\n.\n^\n\"World's tallest building, Burj Khalifa, reopens observation deck\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. UK. 5 April 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 15 February 2023\n. Retrieved\n6 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa observation deck reopens\"\n. GulfNews.com. 5 April 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 January 2023\n. Retrieved\n6 April\n2010\n.\n^\nRackl, Lori (5 April 2010).\n\"Machu Picchu and Burj Khalifa back in biz\"\n.\nChicago Sun-Times\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 8 April 2010\n. Retrieved\n5 April\n2010\n.\n^\n\"The View From Dubai\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n. 6 October 2013.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 12 November 2020\n. Retrieved\n26 February\n2017\n.\n^\n\"An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai\"\n.\nEmaar Properties\n. 20 December 2009.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n20 March\n2010\n.\n^\n\"An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai\"\n. BurjDubai.com. 20 December 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 10 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n10 January\n2010\n.\n^\na\nb\nBaxter, Elsa (20 December 2009).\n\"11-hectare park unveiled at Burj Dubai site\"\n.\nArabian Business\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 23 December 2009\n. Retrieved\n10 January\n2010\n.\n^\n\"An 11-hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai\"\n.\nEmaar Properties\n. 20 December 2009.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n10 January\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Inside the Burj Dubai\"\n.\nMaktoob\nNews. 28 December 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 23 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n10 January\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa – Structural engineering\"\n.\nSkidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP\n. Retrieved\n2 December\n2018\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\nBBC Staff (7 August 2011).\n\"Dubai Burj Khalifa: Ramadan fast 'lasts longer high up'\n\"\n.\nBBC News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n20 February\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Samsung E&C Projects\"\n.\nSamsung Engineering & Construction\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 4 March 2016\n. Retrieved\n23 March\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Profits on the descent at Burj Khalifa builder Arabtec\"\n.\nThe National\n. 8 March 2012.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 7 September 2018\n. Retrieved\n6 September\n2018\n.\nArabtec Holding, the UAE's biggest construction company, posted a 15 per cent decline in full-year profit.\n^\n\"Besix wins $2.7bn Abu Dhabi building orders\"\n.\nArabian Business\n. 24 May 2010\n. Retrieved\n6 September\n2018\n.\nBesix, the Belgian contractor that helped build the Burj Khalifa, said that it had won $2.7bn worth of orders in Abu Dhabi.\n^\n\"Turner International Projects – Burj Dubai\"\n.\nTurner Construction\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 December 2008\n. Retrieved\n23 March\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Technical Case Studies – Burj Khalifa\"\n. Far East Global Group.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 22 July 2018\n. Retrieved\n7 July\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Dubai skyscraper missing its 'curtain wall' exterior\"\n. Far East Global Group.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 July 2019\n. Retrieved\n7 July\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Hyder consulting presenting Burj Dubai to the world\"\n.\nArabian Business\n. 16 August 2007\n. Retrieved\n6 September\n2018\n.\n^\nCroucher, Martin (11 November 2009).\n\"Myth of 'Babu Sassi' Remains After Burj Cranes Come Down\"\n.\nKhaleej Times\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 1 October 2012\n. Retrieved\n3 June\n2011\n.\n^\nHarry G. Poulos, Grahame Bunce (2008).\n\"Foundation Design for the Burj Dubai – The World's Tallest Building\"\n(PDF)\n. 6th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 9 April 2011\n. Retrieved\n24 September\n2016\n.\nMedium dense to very loose granular silty sands (Marine Deposits) are underlain by successions of very weak to weak sandstone interbedded with very weakly cemented sand, gypsiferous fine-grained sandstone\/siltstone, and weak to moderately weak conglomerate\/calcisiltite.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa | PDF | Engineering | Civil Engineering\"\n.\nScribd\n. Retrieved\n9 July\n2024\n.\n^\nRandy Post (4 January 2010).\n\"Foundations and Geotechnical Engineering for the Burj Dubai – World's Tallest Building\"\n. GeoPrac.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 September 2016\n. Retrieved\n24 September\n2016\n.\nThe soil\/rock conditions were generally loose to medium dense sands overlying weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone with interbeds of gypsiferous and carbonate cemented layers (still relatively weak).\n^\nVan Hampton, Tudor (2 April 2008).\n\"Clyde N. Baker Jr\"\n.\nEngineering News-Record\n. New York: McGraw Hill Construction. Archived from\nthe original\non 11 September 2015\n. Retrieved\n11 August\n2015\n.\n^\nPuckett, Katie (3 October 2008).\n\"Burj Dubai: Top of the world\"\n.\nBuilding\n. Retrieved\n31 December\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Clients & Projects – Burj Khalifa, the Tallest Building in the World\"\n. CTLGroup. Archived from\nthe original\non 8 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2011\n.\n^\nAl-Tayyib, A.J.; Baluch, M.H.; Sharif, Al-Farabi M.; Mahamud, M.M. (1989). \"The effect of thermal cycling on the durability of concrete made from local materials in the Arabian Gulf countries\".\nCement and Concrete Research\n.\n19\n(1):\n131–\n142.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/0008-8846(89)90073-2\n.\nISSN\n \n0008-8846\n.\n^\nJi, Jun; Elnashai, Amr S.; Kuchma, Daniel A. (2009). \"Seismic fragility relationships of reinforced concrete high-rise buildings\".\nThe Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings\n.\n18\n(3):\n259–\n277.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/tal.408\n.\nISSN\n \n1541-7794\n.\nS2CID\n \n109960316\n.\n^\nGjørv, Odd E. (2011).\n\"Durability of concrete structures\"\n.\nArabian Journal for Science and Engineering\n.\n36\n(2):\n151–\n172.\nBibcode\n:\n2011AJSE...36..151G\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/s13369-010-0033-5\n.\nISSN\n \n1319-8025\n.\nS2CID\n \n110936887\n.\n^\nFriedman, Daniel (2018).\n\"Effects of curing temperature on concrete: shrinkage cracks and spalling concrete\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 19 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n13 September\n2020\n.\n^\nBester, Nicholas (2013). \"Concrete for high-rise buildings: Performance requirements, mix design and construction considerations\".\nStructural Concrete Properties and Practice\n:\n1–\n4.\n^\n\"Dubai skyscraper world's tallest\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 22 July 2007.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 9 February 2009\n. Retrieved\n31 December\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai: Unimix sets record for concrete pumping\"\n. Dubai News Online. 25 May 2007. Archived from\nthe original\non 23 November 2007\n. Retrieved\n11 April\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai Official Website\"\n.\nEmaar Properties\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 3 February 2011\n. Retrieved\n8 March\n2008\n.\n^\n\"CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building\"\n.\nCanadian Broadcasting Corporation\n. 12 September 2007.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 July 2007\n. Retrieved\n13 September\n2007\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world's tallest man-made structure\"\n.\nEmaar Properties\n. 7 April 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n7 April\n2008\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Emaar increases height of Burj Dubai; completion in September 2009\"\n.\nEmaar Properties\n. 17 June 2008. Archived from\nthe original\non 10 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n17 October\n2008\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai now a record 688 m tall and continues to rise\"\n.\nEmaar Properties\n. 1 September 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 January 2014\n. Retrieved\n1 September\n2008\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai all set for 09\/09\/09 soft opening\"\n. Emirates Business 24-7.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 19 January 2009\n. Retrieved\n17 January\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai exterior done, to open this year\"\n.\nMaktoob\nNews. 1 October 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 2 October 2009\n. Retrieved\n1 October\n2009\n.\n^\n\"Tallest Trends and the Burj Khalifa\"\n.\nCouncil on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat\n. 10 March 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 14 September 2016\n. Retrieved\n27 April\n2012\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai offices to top US$4,000 per sq ft\"\n. Zawya. 5 March 2008. Archived from\nthe original\non 10 August 2011\n. Retrieved\n23 March\n2009\n.\n^\nChristopher Hawthorne (1 January 2010).\n\"The Burj Dubai and architecture's vacant stare\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 4 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n4 January\n2010\n.\n^\n\"828-metre Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa\"\n. Maktoob Group. 4 January 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 February 2010\n. Retrieved\n10 February\n2010\n.\n^\nReagan, Brad (14 October 2010).\n\"Burj Khalifa rents tumble 40%\"\n.\nThe National\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 October 2010\n. Retrieved\n6 November\n2010\n.\n^\nMcGinley, Shane (21 October 2010).\n\"Armani Residences defy 70% Burj Khalifa price drop\"\n.\nArabian Business\n. Retrieved\n6 November\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Offices stand empty in tallest tower, the Burj Khalifa\"\n. BBC. 21 July 2012.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 26 January 2013\n. Retrieved\n28 March\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Emaar Reports 80% Occupancy Levels In Burj Khalifa\"\n. REIDIN.com\n. Retrieved\n1 October\n2012\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\nMoonshiner (29 November 2018).\n\"Best Bars in Dubai with Burj Khalifa Views\"\n.\nMoonshine\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 6 December 2018\n. Retrieved\n9 December\n2018\n.\n^\na\nb\nSambidge, Andy (3 January 2010).\n\"Burj Dubai ceremony details revealed\"\n.\nArabian Business\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 6 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n5 January\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Two billion to watch Burj Dubai opening\"\n.\nMaktoob\nBusiness. 3 January 2010. Archived from\nthe original\non 1 February 2010\n. Retrieved\n5 January\n2010\n.\n^\nHuang, Carol (5 January 2010).\n\"World's tallest building: What's it worth to have the Dubai tower – and what should people call it?\"\n.\nThe Christian Science Monitor\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n6 January\n2010\n.\n^\nDevine, Rachel (21 February 2010).\n\"Designer's light touches far and wide\"\n.\nThe Times\n. UK. Archived from\nthe original\non 15 June 2011\n. Retrieved\n29 November\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Man dies in jump from world's tallest building\"\n. CNN. 12 May 2011. Archived from\nthe original\non 29 May 2011\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2011\n.\n^\n\"No suicide at Burj Khalifa say Dubai Police\"\n.\nGulf News\n. 18 May 2015. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 July 2015\n. Retrieved\n28 August\n2015\n.\n^\nPerring, Rebecca (19 May 2015).\n\"Is Dubai trying to cover-up woman's death from the top of world's tallest building?\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 October 2017\n. Retrieved\n5 October\n2017\n.\n^\nSaunokonoko, Mark (16 November 2017).\n\"How rich Gulf emirate Dubai covered up woman's suicide from top of Burj Khalifa\"\n. Nine News Australia.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 November 2017\n. Retrieved\n22 November\n2017\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nWhitaker, Brian (23 March 2006).\n\"Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. UK.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 21 December 2016\n. Retrieved\n25 March\n2006\n.\n^\n\"Burj Dubai opens tomorrow, final height still a secret!\"\n.\nThe Hindu\n. India. 3 January 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 August 2011\n. Retrieved\n6 January\n2010\n.\n^\nAyesha Almazroui.\n\"Emiratisation won't work if people don't want to learn\"\n.\nthenational.ae\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 26 April 2016\n. Retrieved\n11 June\n2014\n.\n^\nRania Moussly, Staff Reporter (10 February 2012).\n\"Blacklist seeks to deter Emirati job aspirants from being fussy\"\n.\ngulfnews.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 7 September 2018\n. Retrieved\n21 August\n2015\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Building Towers, Cheating Workers Section V.\"\nHuman Rights Watch. 11 November 2006.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 11 May 2012\n. Retrieved\n26 July\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Dark side of the Dubai dream\"\n. BBC. 6 April 2009.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2 August 2013\n. Retrieved\n15 July\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa\"\n. Migrant-Rights.org. 4 January 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 9 May 2012\n. Retrieved\n6 January\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Keeping the Burj Dubai site safe for workers\"\n. gulfnews. 4 January 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 May 2012\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2011\n.\n^\n\"Emaar Properties\"\n.\nwww.forbes.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 21 November 2021\n. Retrieved\n24 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"NYE fireworks at Dubai's Burj Khalifa: How you can get access to Downtown\"\n. khaleejtimes.com.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n26 September\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Live broadcast of Burj Khalifa New Year's Eve\"\n.\ngulfnews.com\n. 28 December 2011.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n20 September\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Emaar bags Guinness World Record title for largest light and sound show on a single building\"\n. 6 January 2018.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n29 December\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Live broadcast of Burj Khalifa New Year's Eve\"\n.\nwww.emirates247.com\n. 28 December 2011.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 26 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n24 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Emaar's NYE spectacular was world's most-watched\"\n. 4 January 2015.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 September 2018\n. Retrieved\n24 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Fireworks around the world light the night for New Year's Eve\"\n.\nwww.news.com.au\n. 1 January 2015.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 15 September 2015\n. Retrieved\n26 September\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Dubai's New Year's Eve Burj Khalifa light show to run for months\"\n. 1 January 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n22 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Largest LED-illuminated façade – Guinness World Records\"\n. guinnessworldrecords.com. January 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n24 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Tallest LED-illuminated façade – Guinness World Records\"\n. guinnessworldrecords.com. January 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n26 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai bring in 2021 with a spectacular New Year's Eve celebration\"\n(Press release).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 August 2023\n. Retrieved\n24 October\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai bring in 2021 with a spectacular New Year's Eve celebration\"\n.\nThe Indian Sun\n. 3 January 2021.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 22 September 2021.\n^\nAbbas, Waheed.\n\"New Year 2022 in Dubai: Catch spectacular fireworks, laser show at Burj Khalifa\"\n.\nKhaleej Times\n. Retrieved\n31 December\n2024\n.\n^\nBednarz, Jan; Schmidt, Robin; Harvey, Andy; Le Gallou, Hervé (2008).\n\"World record BASE jump\"\n.\nCurrent Edge\n.\nCurrent TV\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 14 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n4 January\n2010\n.\nVideo documentary about the BASE jump from the Burj Dubai tower.\n^\nSpender, Tom (24 November 2008).\n\"Daredevils jumped off Burj Dubai undetected\"\n.\nThe National\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 10 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n4 January\n2010\n.\n^\nHighest base jump-Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan sets world record\nArchived\n13 June 2010 at the\nWayback Machine\n. Retrieved 9 January 2010.\n^\nMansfield, Roddy (8 January 2010).\n\"Daredevils Jump Off World's Tallest Building\"\n.\nSky News\n. Retrieved\n8 January\n2010\n.\n{{\ncite news\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"Highest BASE jump from a building\"\n.\nGuinness World Records Limited\n. 21 April 2014.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 30 May 2014\n. Retrieved\n19 November\n2020\n.\n^\nSampiero, Josh (23 April 2014).\n\"Fred Fugen and Vincent Reffet took BASE jumping higher than ever before in Dubai\"\n.\nRed Bull\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 May 2016\n. Retrieved\n19 November\n2020\n.\n^\nBurj Khalifa Pinnacle BASE Jump – 4K\n.\nYouTube\n. 24 April 2014. Archived from\nthe original\non 27 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n22 August\n2014\n.\n^\n\"\n'Spiderman' Alain Robert scales Burj Khalifa in Dubai\"\n. BBC. 28 March 2011.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 1 April 2011\n. Retrieved\n29 March\n2011\n.\n^\n\"CTBUH 9th Annual Awards, 2010\"\n. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 19 June 2010\n. Retrieved\n5 June\n2007\n.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa won Best Project of Year at Middle East Architect Awards 2010\"\n. Constructionweekonline.com. 29 September 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2 October 2010\n. Retrieved\n30 September\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa Becomes First Recipient of New Tall Building Global Icon Award\"\n.\nCivil + Structural Engineer\n. 26 October 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 11 February 2017\n. Retrieved\n8 February\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Burj Khalifa Project Awards\"\n. Skidmore, Owings & Merril LLP. Archived from\nthe original\non 27 January 2013\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Jmhdezhdez.com\"\n. Burj Khalifa Project Awards.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 15 January 2013\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2013\n.\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\"The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering\"\n(PDF)\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 8 December 2023\n. Retrieved\n12 January\n2026\n.\n (597 KB) (\nStructure\nmagazine, June 2006)\n\"The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower\"\n(PDF)\n. Archived from the original on 14 September 2017.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (\nlink\n)\n (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006)\nBBC reports:\nBurj Khalifa opening\n, with video and links;\nMaintaining the world's tallest building\nGeographic data related to\nBurj Khalifa\nat\nOpenStreetMap\n25°11′50″N\n55°16′27″E\n \/ \n25.1972°N 55.2742°E","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Burj+Khalifa \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Burj+Khalifa \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Burj+Khalifa \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Burj+Khalifa \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa)\n- [1 Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Development)\n- [2 Conception](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Conception)\n- [3 Records](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Records)\n- [4 Architecture and design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Architecture_and_design)\n  Toggle Architecture and design subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Plumbing systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Plumbing_systems)\n  - [4\\.2 Air conditioning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Air_conditioning)\n  - [4\\.3 Window cleaning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Window_cleaning)\n- [5 Features](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Features)\n  Toggle Features subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Fountain)\n  - [5\\.2 Observation deck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Observation_deck)\n  - [5\\.3 Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Park)\n- [6 Floor plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Floor_plan)\n- [7 Ramadan observance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Ramadan_observance)\n- [8 Construction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Construction)\n  Toggle Construction subsection\n  - [8\\.1 Milestones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Milestones)\n  - [8\\.2 Real estate values](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Real_estate_values)\n  - [8\\.3 Official launch ceremony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Official_launch_ceremony)\n- [9 Controversies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Controversies)\n  Toggle Controversies subsection\n  - [9\\.1 Incidents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Incidents)\n  - [9\\.2 Labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Labour)\n- [10 New Year's Eve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#New_Year's_Eve)\n- [11 BASE jumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#BASE_jumping)\n- [12 Climbing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Climbing)\n- [13 Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Awards)\n- [14 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#See_also)\n- [15 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Notes)\n- [16 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#References)\n- [17 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Burj Khalifa\n136 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Afrikaans\")\n- [አማርኛ](https:\/\/am.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85_%E1%8A%BB%E1%88%8A%E1%8D%8B \"ቡርጅ ኻሊፋ – Amharic\")\n- [Aragonés](https:\/\/an.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burch_Khalifa \"Burch Khalifa – Aragonese\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9 \"برج خليفة – Arabic\")\n- [مصرى](https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87 \"برج خليفه – Egyptian Arabic\")\n- [অসমীয়া](https:\/\/as.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE \"বুৰ্জ খালিফা – Assamese\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Asturian\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B%C3%BCrc_X%C9%99lif%C9%99 \"Bürc Xəlifə – Azerbaijani\")\n- [تۆرکجه](https:\/\/azb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87 \"بورج خلیفه – South Azerbaijani\")\n- [Башҡортса](https:\/\/ba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D3%99 \"Бурдж-Хәлифә – Bashkir\")\n- [Basa Bali](https:\/\/ban.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Balinese\")\n- [Žemaitėška](https:\/\/bat-smg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burd%C5%BE_Kal%C4%97fa \"Burdž Kalėfa – Samogitian\")\n- [Bikol Central](https:\/\/bcl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Central Bikol\")\n- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https:\/\/be-tarask.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурдж Халіфа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)\")\n- [Беларуская](https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурдж-Халіфа – Belarusian\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурдж Халифа – Bulgarian\")\n- [भोजपुरी](https:\/\/bh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE \"बुर्ज खलीफा – Bhojpuri\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE \"বুর্জ খ়লিফ়া – Bangla\")\n- [Brezhoneg](https:\/\/br.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Breton\")\n- [Bosanski](https:\/\/bs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Bosnian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Catalan\")\n- [کوردی](https:\/\/ckb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%95 \"بورجی خەلیفە – Central Kurdish\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burd%C5%BE_Chal%C3%ADfa \"Burdž Chalífa – Czech\")\n- [Словѣньскъ \/ ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ](https:\/\/cu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Боурджь Халифа – Church Slavic\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%86%CE%B1 \"Μπουρτζ Χαλίφα – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bur%C4%9D_%C4%A4alifa \"Burĝ Ĥalifa – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khal%C4%ABfah \"Burj Khalīfah – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87 \"برج خلیفه – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Finnish\")\n- [Võro](https:\/\/fiu-vro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Võro\")\n- [Føroyskt](https:\/\/fo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Faroese\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – French\")\n- [Frysk](https:\/\/fy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Western Frisian\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Galician\")\n- [Avañe'ẽ](https:\/\/gn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Guarani\")\n- [Bahasa Hulontalo](https:\/\/gor.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Gorontalo\")\n- [ગુજરાતી](https:\/\/gu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%88 \"બુર્જ દુબઈ – Gujarati\")\n- [Gaelg](https:\/\/gv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Manx\")\n- [Hausa](https:\/\/ha.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Hausa\")\n- [客家語 \/ Hak-kâ-ngî](https:\/\/hak.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khal%C4%ABfa_Thap \"Khalīfa Thap – Hakka Chinese\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94 \"בורג' ח'ליפה – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE \"बुर्ज ख़लीफ़ा – Hindi\")\n- [Fiji Hindi](https:\/\/hif.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Dubai \"Burj Dubai – Fiji Hindi\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Croatian\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burdzs_Kalifa \"Burdzs Kalifa – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1 \"Բուրջ Խալիֆա – Armenian\")\n- [Jaku Iban](https:\/\/iba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Iban\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Indonesian\")\n- [Interlingue](https:\/\/ie.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Interlingue\")\n- [Íslenska](https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Icelandic\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1 \"ブルジュ・ハリファ – Japanese\")\n- [Jawa](https:\/\/jv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Javanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90 \"ბურჯ-ხალიფა – Georgian\")\n- [Taqbaylit](https:\/\/kab.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ber%C7%A7_Xalifa \"Berǧ Xalifa – Kabyle\")\n- [Kabɩyɛ](https:\/\/kbp.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Kabiye\")\n- [Kumoring](https:\/\/kge.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Komering\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурж Халифа – Kazakh\")\n- [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https:\/\/km.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%87_%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6 \"ប៊ឺជ ខាលីហ្វា – Khmer\")\n- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https:\/\/kn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE \"ಬುರ್ಜ್ ಖಲೀಫಾ – Kannada\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%A6%88_%ED%95%A0%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C \"부르즈 할리파 – Korean\")\n- [کٲشُر](https:\/\/ks.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81 \"بُرٛج خلیفہ – Kashmiri\")\n- [Kurdî](https:\/\/ku.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birca_Xel%C3%AEfe \"Birca Xelîfe – Kurdish\")\n- [Kernowek](https:\/\/kw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Cornish\")\n- [Кыргызча](https:\/\/ky.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурж Халифа – Kyrgyz\")\n- [Latina](https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turris_Khalifa \"Turris Khalifa – Latin\")\n- [Лакку](https:\/\/lbe.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6 \"Халифлул Бурж – Lak\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burd%C5%BE_Chalifa \"Burdž Chalifa – Lithuanian\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hal%C4%ABfa_tornis \"Halīfa tornis – Latvian\")\n- [Madhurâ](https:\/\/mad.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Madurese\")\n- [मैथिली](https:\/\/mai.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE \"बुर्ज खलिफा – Maithili\")\n- [Македонски](https:\/\/mk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурџ Халифа – Macedonian\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AB \"ബുർജ് ഖലീഫ – Malayalam\")\n- [Монгол](https:\/\/mn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурж Халифа – Mongolian\")\n- [मराठी](https:\/\/mr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE \"बुर्ज खलिफा – Marathi\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Malay\")\n- [Malti](https:\/\/mt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Maltese\")\n- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https:\/\/my.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA \"ခါလီဖာ မိုးမျှော်တိုက် – Burmese\")\n- [Nedersaksies](https:\/\/nds-nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Low Saxon\")\n- [नेपाली](https:\/\/ne.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE \"बुर्ज खलिफा – Nepali\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Novial](https:\/\/nov.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Kalifa \"Burj Kalifa – Novial\")\n- [Occitan](https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Occitan\")\n- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https:\/\/or.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE,_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87 \"ବୁର୍ଜ ଖଲିଫା, ଦୁବାଇ – Odia\")\n- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https:\/\/pa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE \"ਬੁਰਜ ਖ਼ਲੀਫ਼ਾ – Punjabi\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burd%C5%BC_Chalifa \"Burdż Chalifa – Polish\")\n- [Piemontèis](https:\/\/pms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Piedmontese\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81 \"برج خلیفہ – Western Punjabi\")\n- [پښتو](https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87 \"برج خلیفه – Pashto\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Portuguese\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Romanian\")\n- [Tarandíne](https:\/\/roa-tara.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Tarantino\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурдж-Халифа – Russian\")\n- [Саха тыла](https:\/\/sah.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурдь Халифа – Yakut\")\n- [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https:\/\/sat.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F \"ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟ – Santali\")\n- [Scots](https:\/\/sco.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Scots\")\n- [سنڌي](https:\/\/sd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%DB%81 \"برج خليفہ – Sindhi\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [සිංහල](https:\/\/si.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8F \"බර්ජ් ඛලීෆා – Sinhala\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burd%C5%BE_chal%C3%ADfa \"Burdž chalífa – Slovak\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burd%C5%BE_Kalifa \"Burdž Kalifa – Slovenian\")\n- [Soomaaliga](https:\/\/so.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Somali\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bur%C3%A7_Kalifa \"Burç Kalifa – Albanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burd%C5%BE_Halifa \"Burdž Halifa – Serbian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Swedish\")\n- [Kiswahili](https:\/\/sw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Swahili\")\n- [ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ](https:\/\/syl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EA%A0%9B%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%8E_%EA%A0%88%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%9A%EA%A0%A3 \"ꠛꠥꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ – Sylheti\")\n- [Ślůnski](https:\/\/szl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Silesian\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE \"புர்ஜ் கலிஃபா – Tamil\")\n- [తెలుగు](https:\/\/te.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE \"బుర్జ్ ఖలీఫా – Telugu\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурҷи Халифа – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C \"บุรจญ์เคาะลีฟะฮ์ – Thai\")\n- [Tagalog](https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Tagalog\")\n- [Toki pona](https:\/\/tok.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/tomo_Pukalipa \"tomo Pukalipa – Toki Pona\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burc_Halife \"Burc Halife – Turkish\")\n- [Татарча \/ tatarça](https:\/\/tt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burc_X%C3%A4lif%C3%A4 \"Burc Xälifä – Tatar\")\n- [ئۇيغۇرچە \/ Uyghurche](https:\/\/ug.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89 \"خەلىپە مۇنارى – Uyghur\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0 \"Бурдж Халіфа – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81 \"برج خلیفہ – Urdu\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Xalifa \"Burj Xalifa – Uzbek\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Vietnamese\")\n- [Winaray](https:\/\/war.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Waray\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94 \"哈利法塔 – Wu\")\n- [ייִדיש](https:\/\/yi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%90 \"בורדזש כאליפא – Yiddish\")\n- [文言](https:\/\/zh-classical.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%A1%94 \"哈里發塔 – Literary Chinese\")\n- [閩南語 \/ Bân-lâm-gí](https:\/\/zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"Burj Khalifa – Minnan\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94 \"哈利法塔 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94 \"哈利法塔 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q12495#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Burj_Khalifa \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&action=edit \"This page is protected.\n  You can view its source [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&action=edit)\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Burj_Khalifa \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Burj_Khalifa \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&oldid=1343888977 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Burj_Khalifa&id=1343888977&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBurj_Khalifa)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Burj_Khalifa&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q12495 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): [25°11′50″N 55°16′27″E \/ 25\\.1972°N 55.2742°E \/ 25\\.1972; 55.2742](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Burj_Khalifa&params=25.1972_N_55.2742_E_)\n\n[![Page semi-protected](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Semi-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi \"This article is semi-protected due to vandalism\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nSkyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates\n\n| Burj Khalifa |   |\n|---|---|\n| برج خليفة |   |\n| [![Wordmark and logo based on official website and Facebook page](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/5\/51\/Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg\/250px-Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/93\/Burj_Khalifa.jpg\/250px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg)The Burj Khalifa viewed across the [Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Fountain \"Dubai Fountain\") in October 2012 |   |\n| [![Map](https:\/\/maps.wikimedia.org\/img\/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Burj_Khalifa&revid=1343888977&groups=_849d75488bd2dc715bbeed6209dd364d45b23dcc&parser=legacy)]()Interactive map of the Burj Khalifa area |   |\n| Record height |   |\n| Tallest in the world since 2009[\\[I\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#endnote_talleststatus) |   |\n| Preceded by | [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\") |\n| General information |   |\n| Status | Completed |\n| Type | Mixed-use |\n| Architectural style | [Neo-futurism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neo-futurism \"Neo-futurism\") |\n| Location | 1 [Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheikh_Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Boulevard \"Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard\"), [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\"), [Emirate of Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirate_of_Dubai \"Emirate of Dubai\"), [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") |\n| Named for | [Sheikh Khalifa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\") |\n| Construction started | 6 January 2004; 22 years ago (2004-01-06) |\n| Topped-out | 17 January 2009; 17 years ago (2009-01-17) |\n| Completed | 1 October 2009; 16 years ago (2009-10-01) |\n| Opened | 4 January 2010; 16 years ago (2010-01-04) |\n| Cost | US\\$1.5 billion [AED](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham \"United Arab Emirates dirham\") 5.5 billion |\n| Owner | [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\") |\n| Height |   |\n| Architectural | 828 m (2,717 ft) |\n| Tip | 829\\.8 m (2,722 ft) |\n| Antenna spire | 242\\.5 m (796 ft) |\n| Roof | 739\\.4 m (2,426 ft) |\n| Top floor | 585\\.4 m (1,921 ft) |\n| Observatory | 555\\.7 m (1,823 ft) |\n| Technical details |   |\n| Structural system | Reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium |\n| Floor count | [154 + 9 maintenance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Floor_plan) |\n| Floor area | 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft) |\n| Lifts\/elevators | 57 (mall included) |\n| Design and construction |   |\n| Architect | [Adrian Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_\$architect\$ \"Adrian Smith (architect)\") |\n| Architecture firm | [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\") |\n| Structural engineer | [Bill Baker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_F._Baker_\$engineer\$ \"William F. Baker (engineer)\") |\n| Main contractor | [Samsung C\\&T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation \"Samsung C&T Corporation\")  [BESIX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Besix \"Besix\")  [Arabtec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC \"Arabtec Holding PJSC\") |\n| Other information |   |\n| Parking | 2 subterranean levels |\n| Public transit access | [![Metro interchange](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/BSicon_SUBWAY.svg\/20px-BSicon_SUBWAY.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\")  [M1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Line_\$Dubai_Metro\$ \"Red Line (Dubai Metro)\")  At [Burj Khalifa\/Dubai Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa\/Dubai_Mall_\$Dubai_Metro\$ \"Burj Khalifa\/Dubai Mall (Dubai Metro)\") |\n| Website |   |\n| [burjkhalifa.ae](https:\/\/www.burjkhalifa.ae\/) |   |\n| References |   |\n| [\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-1) |   |\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg\/250px-Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Khalifa_\$worlds_tallest_building\$_and_the_Dubai_skyline_\$25781049892\$.jpg)\n\nPhotographic [silhouette](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silhouette \"Silhouette\") of the [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\") [skyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyline \"Skyline\"); the Burj Khalifa is visible at the centre\n\nThe **Burj Khalifa**[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-2) (previously known as **Burj Dubai** prior to inauguration) is a [megatall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_megatall_skyscrapers \"List of megatall skyscrapers\") [skyscraper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyscraper \"Skyscraper\") in [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\"), United Arab Emirates. Designed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\"), it is the [world's tallest structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_world \"List of tallest structures in the world\"), with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) of 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the [tallest building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures \"List of tallest buildings and structures\") in the world since its [topping out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topping_out \"Topping out\") in 2009, surpassing [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\"), which had held the record for a half-decade.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)\n\nConstruction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is [reinforced concrete](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reinforced_concrete \"Reinforced concrete\"). Some of the [structural steel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Structural_steel \"Structural steel\") for the building was salvaged from the demolished [Palace of the Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin \"Palace of the Republic, Berlin\") in East Berlin.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6) The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called [Downtown Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downtown_Dubai \"Downtown Dubai\"). It was designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development.\n\nThe building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7) The [United Arab Emirates government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates_government \"United Arab Emirates government\") provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\"), experienced financial problems during the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"). Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organised federal financial support. For his support, [Mohammad bin Rashid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammad_bin_Rashid \"Mohammad bin Rashid\"), [Ruler of Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruler_of_Dubai \"Ruler of Dubai\"), changed the name from \"Burj Dubai\" to \"Burj Khalifa\" during inauguration.\n\nThe design is derived from the [Islamic architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_architecture \"Islamic architecture\") of the region, such as in the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra \"Great Mosque of Samarra\"). The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A [buttressed central core and wings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buttressed_core \"Buttressed core\") are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) The structure also features a [cladding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cladding_\$construction\$ \"Cladding (construction)\") system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-9) It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.\n\n## Development\nConstruction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-opening-10)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-11) and is part of the 2 km2 (490 acres) [Downtown Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downtown_Dubai \"Downtown Dubai\") development at the 'First Interchange' along [Sheikh Zayed Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheikh_Zayed_Road \"Sheikh Zayed Road\"), near Dubai's main business district.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nThe tower's architecture and engineering were performed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\") of Chicago, with [Adrian Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_\$architect\$ \"Adrian Smith (architect)\") as chief architect, and [Bill Baker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_F._Baker_\$engineer\$ \"William F. Baker (engineer)\") as a chief structural engineer.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-13) The firm had designed the [Sears Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-14)\n\n[Hyder Consulting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyder_Consulting \"Hyder Consulting\") was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was [Samsung C\\&T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_C%26T \"Samsung C&T\") of [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), together with the Belgian group [BESIX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Besix \"Besix\") and the local company [Arabtec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC \"Arabtec Holding PJSC\").[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-SkyscraperPage-15)\n\nNumerous complaints concerned migrant workers from [South Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-16)\n\n## Conception\nBurj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-17) nine hotels (including [The Address Downtown Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Address_Downtown_Dubai \"The Address Downtown Dubai\")), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the [Dubai Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Mall \"Dubai Mall\"), and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. \"He (Sheikh [Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum \"Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum\")) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational,\" said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at [Nakheel Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nakheel_Properties \"Nakheel Properties\").[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-18)\n\nThe tower was known as Burj Dubai (\"Dubai Tower\") until its official opening in January 2010.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) It was renamed in honour of the ruler of [Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi \"Emirate of Abu Dhabi\"), [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\"); [Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abu_Dhabi \"Abu Dhabi\") and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least \\$80 billion for construction projects.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the [2008 financial crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_financial_crisis \"2008 financial crisis\") and the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"), leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-20)\n\n## Records\nThe Burj Khalifa set several world records, including:\n\n- Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [KVLY-TV mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KVLY-TV_mast \"KVLY-TV mast\") – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)\n- Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [Warsaw radio mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_radio_mast \"Warsaw radio mast\") – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)\n- Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [CN Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)\n- Tallest skyscraper (to top of [spire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spire \"Spire\")): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\") – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21)\n- Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the [Willis (formerly Sears) Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") – 527 m or 1,729 ft)\n- Building with most floors: 163 (previously [World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Center_\$1973%E2%80%932001\$ \"World Trade Center (1973–2001)\") – 110)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-22)\n- World's highest [elevator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elevator \"Elevator\") installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)\n- World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Otis-24)\n- Highest vertical [concrete pumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concrete_pump \"Concrete pump\") (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25)\n- [World's tallest structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World%27s_tallest_structures \"World's tallest structures\") that includes residential space[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26)\n- World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- World's highest restaurant (*[At.mosphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At.mosphere \"At.mosphere\")*): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-28)\n- World's highest New Year display of [fireworks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fireworks \"Fireworks\").[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gulfnews.com-29)\n- World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-30)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-31)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-32)\n## Architecture and design\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Comparisonfinal001fx7.png\/330px-Comparisonfinal001fx7.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Comparisonfinal001fx7.png)\n\nA cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\"), [Willis Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\"), and [the original World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Center_\$1973%E2%80%932001\$ \"World Trade Center (1973–2001)\")\n\nThe tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the [Willis Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") (formerly the Sears Tower) in [Chicago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago \"Chicago\") and the [One World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_World_Trade_Center \"One World Trade Center\") in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled [tube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_\$structure\$ \"Tube (structure)\") design of the Willis Tower, invented by [Fazlur Rahman Khan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan \"Fazlur Rahman Khan\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-34) Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the [Empire State Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_State_Building \"Empire State Building\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-35) Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-36) The design is reminiscent of [Frank Lloyd Wright](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Lloyd_Wright \"Frank Lloyd Wright\")'s vision for [The Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Illinois \"The Illinois\"), a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's [Lake Point Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Point_Tower \"Lake Point Tower\"). When [Adrian Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_\$architect\$ \"Adrian Smith (architect)\") was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward [Lake Point Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Point_Tower \"Lake Point Tower\")'s curved three-wing layout and thought, \"There's the prototype\".[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-37) According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor [Tower Palace Three](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_Palace_Three_Tower \"Tower Palace Three Tower\"), an all-residential building in [Seoul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seoul \"Seoul\"). In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Height_Revealed-38)\n\nAfter the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and [MEP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architectural_engineering#Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing_\$MEP\$ \"Architectural engineering\") (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder2-40) Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged [GHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GHD_Group \"GHD Group\"),[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GHD_Projects-41) an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.\n\nThe design is derived from Islamic architecture.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 [setbacks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setback_\$architecture\$ \"Setback (architecture)\") in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimises vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-42)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2b\/Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg\/250px-Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg)\n\nThe spiral minaret at the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra \"Great Mosque of Samarra\")\n\nThe spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) This 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered [vanity height](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanity_height \"Vanity height\"), since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat \"Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat\") study, which notes that the empty spire \"could be a skyscraper on its own\".[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-44)\n\nIn 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of [Jaume Plensa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jaume_Plensa \"Jaume Plensa\").[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-45)\n\nThe cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured [stainless steel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\") [spandrel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spandrel \"Spandrel\") panels with vertical tubular fins.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The [architectural glass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architectural_glass \"Architectural glass\") provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-46)\n\nThe exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-47)\\[*[needs update](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Dates and numbers\")*\\]\n\nA 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by [Armani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armani \"Armani\"), occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-48) The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-49)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-50) but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-51) The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-52) yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.\n\nThe [sky lobbies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_lobby \"Sky lobby\") on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53) Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor [zero-entry swimming pool](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swimming_pool#Zero-entry_swimming_pools \"Swimming pool\") is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the [At.mosphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At.mosphere \"At.mosphere\") restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-54)\n\nThe building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest [double-deck elevators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double-deck_elevator \"Double-deck elevator\"), rising and descending at up to 10 m\/s (33 ft\/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-55) The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-56)\n\n### Plumbing systems\nThe Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57)\n\n### Air conditioning\nThe air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-58) At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)\n\n### Window cleaning\nTo wash the 24,348 windows, totalling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 ft2) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from [davits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Davit \"Davit\") are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-59)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-60) Under normal conditions, when all [building maintenance units](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Building_maintenance_unit \"Building maintenance unit\") are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61)\n\nUnmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in [Melbourne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units,[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-telegraphwindowcleaning-62) at a cost of [A\\$](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\")8 million.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61)\n\n## Features\n### Fountain\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG\/250px-Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG)\n\n[The Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Fountain \"The Dubai Fountain\")\n\nMain article: [The Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Fountain \"The Dubai Fountain\")\n\nOutside the Burj Khalifa, [WET Enterprises](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WET_Enterprises \"WET Enterprises\") designed a fountain system at a cost of [Dh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham \"United Arab Emirates dirham\") 800 million (US\\$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-63) On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-64)\n\n### Observation deck\nMain article: [At the Top (Burj Khalifa)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At_the_Top_\$Burj_Khalifa\$ \"At the Top (Burj Khalifa)\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG\/250px-Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG)\n\nView of [The Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Fountain \"The Dubai Fountain\") from the observation deck\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg\/250px-View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg)\n\nView from the observation deck\n\nAn outdoor [observation deck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation_deck \"Observation deck\"), named *[At the Top](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At_the_Top_\$Burj_Khalifa\$ \"At the Top (Burj Khalifa)\")*, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft).[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-65) It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it [the highest observation deck in the world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures#Observation_decks \"History of the world's tallest structures\") on 15 October 2014.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-bus-insider-66)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-at_the_top-67) However, in June 2016 the [Shanghai Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_Tower \"Shanghai Tower\") opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest [observation deck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation_deck \"Observation deck\"). Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-68)\n\nThe Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an [augmented reality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augmented_reality \"Augmented reality\") device developed by [Gsmprjct°](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gsmprjct%C2%B0 \"Gsmprjct°\") of [Montréal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montr%C3%A9al \"Montréal\"), which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm-69)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm2-70)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-71) To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-72)\n\nOn 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-73)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-74)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-75)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-76)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-77)\n\nWhen the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-78)\n\n### Park\nMain article: [Burj Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Park \"Burj Park\")\n\nBurj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-79) Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the *[Hymenocallis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hymenocallis \"Hymenocallis\")*, a desert plant.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-80) At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the *[Hymenocallis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hymenocallis \"Hymenocallis\")* flower.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81)\n\nThe plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81) [WET Enterprises](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WET_Enterprises \"WET Enterprises\"), who also developed the [Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Fountain \"Dubai Fountain\"), developed the park's six water features.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-82)\n\n## Floor plan\n| Floors | Purpose[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-83) | [Dimetric projection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimetric_projection \"Dimetric projection\") with floors colour-coded by function[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-84) |   |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| 160–163 | Mechanical | ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/timeline\/k44ravh5cmnamo8053fclouhog7322z.png) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/0\/06\/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg\/960px-Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg) |\n| 156–159 | Communication and broadcast |   |   |\n| 155 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 152–154 | [*The Lounge* observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Observation_deck) |   |   |\n| 149–151 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 148 | [*At the Top Sky* observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At_the_Top_\$Burj_Khalifa\$ \"At the Top (Burj Khalifa)\") |   |   |\n| 139–147 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 136–138 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 125–135 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 124 | [*At the Top* observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At_the_Top_\$Burj_Khalifa\$ \"At the Top (Burj Khalifa)\") |   |   |\n| 123 | [Sky lobby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_lobby \"Sky lobby\") |   |   |\n| 122 | *[At.mosphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At.mosphere \"At.mosphere\")* restaurant |   |   |\n| 111–121 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 109–110 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 77–108 | Residential |   |   |\n| 76 | Sky lobby |   |   |\n| 73–75 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 44–72 | Residential |   |   |\n| 43 | Sky lobby |   |   |\n| 40–42 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 38–39 | [Armani Hotel suites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armani_Hotels_and_Resorts \"Armani Hotels and Resorts\") |   |   |\n| 19–37 | Residential |   |   |\n| 17–18 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 9–16 | Armani Residences |   |   |\n| 1–8 | Armani Hotel |   |   |\n| Ground | Armani Hotel, Lobby |   |   |\n| Concourse | Armani Hotel, Lobby |   |   |\n| B1–B2 | Parking, Mechanical |   |   |\n## Ramadan observance\nOn the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor wait two extra minutes to [break their Ramadan fast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iftar \"Iftar\"), and those living above the 150th floor wait three minutes.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-85)\n\n## Construction\nAnimation of construction process\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg\/250px-Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg)\n\nAerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008\n\nThe tower was constructed by [Samsung C\\&T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation \"Samsung C&T Corporation\") from [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), which also did work on the [Petronas Twin Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petronas_Twin_Towers \"Petronas Twin Towers\") and [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\").[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Samsung_E&C-86) Samsung C\\&T built the tower in a joint venture with [BESIX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BESIX \"BESIX\") from Belgium and [Arabtec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabtec \"Arabtec\") from the UAE.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-87)[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-88) [Turner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turner_Construction_Company \"Turner Construction Company\") was the project manager on the main construction contract.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-89) Hong Kong-based [Far East Aluminium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Far_East_Group \"Far East Group\") combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-90)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-91)\n\nThe contractor and the engineer of record was [Hyder Consulting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyder_Consulting \"Hyder Consulting\").[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-92) Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is [jointly and severally liable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Severally_liable#Joint_and_several_liability \"Severally liable\") for the performance of Burj Khalifa.\n\nThe primary structure is reinforced concrete. [Putzmeister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Putzmeister \"Putzmeister\") created a new, super high-pressure trailer [concrete pump](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concrete_pump \"Concrete pump\"), the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel [rebar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rebar \"Rebar\"), and construction took 22 million man-hours.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12) In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns *jacketed* or *covered* with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) the 156th floor. Three [tower cranes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_crane \"Tower crane\") were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-93) The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel.\n\nIn 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the [bedrock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bedrock \"Bedrock\") underlying the structure.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoMarc-94) *\"Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone\"* was found, just metres below the surface.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-95) Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoPrac2010-01-04-96) The study described the site as part of a \"seismically active area\".\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] Another challenging element was the [shamal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shamal_\$wind\$ \"Shamal (wind)\") which often creates sandstorms.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21)\n\nOver 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 [tonnes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonne \"Tonne\") (120,000 [short tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Short_ton \"Short ton\"); 110,000 [long tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_ton \"Long ton\")) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 [tonnes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonne \"Tonne\") (500,000 [short tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Short_ton \"Short ton\"); 440,000 [long tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_ton \"Long ton\")). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-VanHamptonApril2008-97) A [cathodic protection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cathodic_protection \"Cathodic protection\") system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21)\n\nDuring the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the [Palace of the Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin \"Palace of the Republic, Berlin\") in Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the [Volkskammer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volkskammer \"Volkskammer\") of the former [East Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany \"East Germany\"). The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6)\n\nThe Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-98)\n\nSpecial mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. [CTLGroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CTLGroup \"CTLGroup\"), working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage [testing critical for the structural analysis of the building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_architecture \"Islamic architecture\").[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-99)\n\nThe consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and [Persian Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Al-Tayyib1989-100)[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Ji2009-101)[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Gj%C3%B8rv2011-102)[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Friedman2018-103)[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Bester2013-104)\n\n### Milestones\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Burj_Dubai_001.jpg\/500px-Burj_Dubai_001.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Dubai_001.jpg)\n\nBurj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010\n\n- January 2004: Excavation commences.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- February 2004: Piling starts.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-105)\n- March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- February 2007: Surpasses the [Sears Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") as the [building with the most floors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more \"List of buildings with 100 floors or more\").\n- 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical [concrete pumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concrete_pump \"Concrete pump\") on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\"), while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-106)\n- 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-official_site-107)\n- 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).\n- 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the [CN Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CBC-108)\n- 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the [KVLY-TV Mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KVLY-TV_mast \"KVLY-TV mast\") to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080407-109)\n- 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110)\n- 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the [Warsaw Radio Mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Radio_Mast \"Warsaw Radio Mast\") in [Konstantynów](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantyn%C3%B3w_\$P%C5%82ock_County\$ \"Konstantynów (Płock County)\"), Poland.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-111)\n- 17 January 2009: [Topped out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topped_out \"Topped out\") at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Biz24720090117-112)\n- 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Maktoob20091001-113)\n- 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, [Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)\n- 10 March 2010: [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat \"Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat\") certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUH_WorldsTallest-114)\n### Real estate values\nIn March 2009, [Mohamed Ali Alabbar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohamed_Ali_Alabbar \"Mohamed Ali Alabbar\"), chairman of the project's developer, [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\"), said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US\\$4,000 per sq ft (over US\\$43,000 per m2) and the [Armani Residences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armani_Residences \"Armani Residences\"), also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US\\$3,500 per sq ft (over US\\$37,500 per m2).[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-115) He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US\\$1.5 billion.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7)\n\nThe project's completion coincided with the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"), and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures.[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-monument-116) With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbour [Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abu_Dhabi \"Abu Dhabi\"). Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\") for his crucial support.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-117)\n\nBecause of the [slumping demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real_estate_bubble \"Real estate bubble\") in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-118)[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-119) Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space.[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-120) By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-121)\n\n### Official launch ceremony\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg\/250px-Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_khalifa_fireworks_\$cropped\$.jpg)\n\nThe opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa\n\nThe ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on [Burj Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Park \"Burj Park\") Island and on smaller screens elsewhere.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-122) Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-billions_and_billions-124)\n\nThe opening was held on 4 January 2010.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-125) The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers [Speirs and Major Associates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speirs_and_Major_Associates \"Speirs and Major Associates\").[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-126) Using the 868 powerful [stroboscope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stroboscope \"Stroboscope\") lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\n## Controversies\n### Incidents\nOn 10 May 2011, an [Asian migrant worker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates\") in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-127)\n\nOn 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the [Jumeirah Lake Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Lake_Towers \"Jumeirah Lake Towers\").[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-128)[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-129) [Nine News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nine_News \"Nine News\") obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under [freedom of information laws](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country#Portugal \"Freedom of information laws by country\"), which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-130)\n\n### Labour\nFurther information: [Human rights in the United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"Human rights in the United Arab Emirates\")\n\nThe Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131)[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-132) This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-133)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-134) On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110) Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled [carpenters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carpentry \"Carpentry\") at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) According to a BBC investigation and a [Human Rights Watch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135)[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-136)[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-137) During construction, one construction-related death was reported.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-138) Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135)\n\nIn March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131)\n\n## New Year's Eve\nEmaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\").[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-139)[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-140) The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on [The Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Fountain \"The Dubai Fountain\") choreographed to the soundtrack.[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-141)[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-142) The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143)\n\nSince 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by [Dubai Media Incorporated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Media_Incorporated \"Dubai Media Incorporated\") and [Dubai TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_TV \"Dubai TV\").[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143)\n\nEmaar New Year's Eve has won two [Guinness World Records](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\"), including \"[Largest LED-Illuminated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Light-emitting_diode \"Light-emitting diode\") Facade\" in 2015 and 2019.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye1-144)[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-145)[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye2-146)\n\nIn 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on [Twitter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitter \"Twitter\"),[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye8-147)[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-148) and [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\"). In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on [Zoom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_\$software\$ \"Zoom (software)\").[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye10-149)\n\nIn 2021, Emaar celebrated [solidarity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity \"Solidarity\") in honour of [frontline workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frontline_worker \"Frontline worker\") of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-150)\n\nFor the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-151)\n\n## BASE jumping\nThe building has been used by several experienced [BASE jumpers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BASE_jumping \"BASE jumping\") for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:\n\nIn May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-152)[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-153)\n\nOn 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km\/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-154)[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-BASE_jumping-155)\n\nOn 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers [Vince Reffet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vince_Reffet \"Vince Reffet\") and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-156)[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-157)[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-158)\n\n## Climbing\nOn 28 March 2011, [Alain \"Spiderman\" Robert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alain_Robert \"Alain Robert\") scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in [free solo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_solo_climbing \"Free solo climbing\") style, used a rope and harness.[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-159)\n\n## Awards\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg\/250px-P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:P1040471_\$14230484239\$.jpg)\n\nBurj Khalifa artwork project made of [Lego](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lego \"Lego\") in Bricksworld 2014\n\nIn June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 \"Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa\" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-160) On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-161) Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of [Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_%2B_Gordon_Gill_Architecture \"Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture\"), said:\n\n> We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it.[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-162)\n\nBurj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-163)[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-164)\n\n| Year | Award |\n|---|---|\n| 2012 | Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from [Structural Engineers Association of Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations \"National Council of Structural Engineers Associations\") (SEAOI), Chicago. |\n| 2011 | Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. |\n| Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. |   |\n| Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter. |   |\n| Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room. |   |\n| Excellence in Engineering from [ASHRAE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASHRAE \"ASHRAE\") (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter. |   |\n| Outstanding Structure Award from [International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineering \"International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering\"). |   |\n| Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). |   |\n| Decade of Design • Best of Category\/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). |   |\n| GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from [MEED](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MEED \"MEED\") (formerly *Middle East Economic Digest*). |   |\n| Project of the Year from MEED. |   |\n| 2010 | International Architecture Award. |\n| Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit. |   |\n| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards. |   |\n| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards. |   |\n| International Architecture Award from [Chicago Athenaeum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Good_Design_Award_\$Chicago\$ \"Good Design Award (Chicago)\"). |   |\n| American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum. |   |\n| Commercial \/ Mixed Use Built from Cityscape. |   |\n| Best Mixed Use Built Development in [Cityscape Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cityscape_Abu_Dhabi \"Cityscape Abu Dhabi\"). |   |\n| Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from [Emporis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emporis \"Emporis\"). |   |\n| Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from [Institution of Structural Engineers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers \"Institution of Structural Engineers\"). |   |\n| International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards. |   |\n| Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards. |   |\n| Best Structural Design of the Year from [LEAF Award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LEAF_Award \"LEAF Award\"). |   |\n| International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from [National Council of Structural Engineers Associations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations \"National Council of Structural Engineers Associations\"). |   |\n| Best of What's New from *Popular Science* Magazine. |   |\n| Spark Awards, Silver Award. |   |\n| Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI. |   |\n## See also\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/cb\/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png)[United Arab Emirates portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates \"Portal:United Arab Emirates\")\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f4\/P_parthenon.svg\/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:P_parthenon.svg)[Architecture portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Architecture \"Portal:Architecture\")\n\n- [List of buildings in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_buildings_in_Dubai \"List of buildings in Dubai\")\n- [List of buildings with 100 floors or more](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more \"List of buildings with 100 floors or more\")\n- [List of development projects in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai \"List of development projects in Dubai\")\n- [List of tallest buildings and structures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures \"List of tallest buildings and structures\")\n- [List of tallest freestanding structures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures \"List of tallest freestanding structures\")\n- [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai \"List of tallest buildings in Dubai\")\n- [List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates\")\n- [List of tallest buildings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings \"List of tallest buildings\")\n- [List of tallest structures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_structures \"List of tallest structures\")\n- [Jeddah Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeddah_Tower \"Jeddah Tower\")\n## Notes\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-2)**\n   [Arabic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabic_language \"Arabic language\"): بُرْج خَلِيفَة, *Burj Khalīfah*, pronounced [\\[bʊrd͡ʒ xaˈliːfa\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Arabic \"Help:IPA\/Arabic\"),\n   \n   lit.\n   \n   '[Khalifa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\") tower'\n## References\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"Burj Khalifa\"](http:\/\/www.skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/wd\/3). *[CVU Skyscraper Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Vertical_Urbanism \"Council on Vertical Urbanism\")*.\n   \n   [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q12495#P1305 \"Edit this at Wikidata\")\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-1)\n   [\"the world's vainest skyscrapers\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131117120309\/http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Publications\/Journal\/InNumbers\/TBINVanityHeight\/tabid\/5837\/language\/en-US\/Default.aspx). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Publications\/Journal\/InNumbers\/TBINVanityHeight\/tabid\/5837\/language\/en-US\/Default.aspx) on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-1)\n   [\"Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center\"](http:\/\/skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/burj-khalifa\/3). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141224151319\/http:\/\/skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/burj-khalifa\/3) from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-2)\n   Bianchi, Stefania; Andrew Critchlow (4 January 2010). [\"World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806). *The Wall Street Journal*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228200922\/https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-1)\n   [\"Berlin's Demolished Socialist Palace is Revived in Dubai\"](http:\/\/www.dw-world.de\/dw\/article\/0,2144,3554502,00.html). [Deutsche Welle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Welle \"Deutsche Welle\"). 11 August 2008. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090509024015\/http:\/\/www.dw-world.de\/dw\/article\/0,2144,3554502,00.html) from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2008.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-1)\n   Stanglin, Douglas (2 January 2010). [\"Dubai opens world's tallest building\"](http:\/\/content.usatoday.com\/communities\/ondeadline\/post\/2010\/01\/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building\/1). *[USA Today](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100105034122\/http:\/\/content.usatoday.com\/communities\/ondeadline\/post\/2010\/01\/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building\/1) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-1)\n   Baker, William; Pawlikowski, James. [\"Higher and Higher: The Evolution of the Buttressed Core\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170810080936\/http:\/\/academic.csuohio.edu\/duffy_s\/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF). *academic.csuohio.edu*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/academic.csuohio.edu\/duffy_s\/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"State-of-the-Art & Structural Design Elements\"](https:\/\/www.burjkhalifa.ae\/en\/the-tower\/structures\/). Burj Khalifa.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-opening_10-0)**\n   [\"Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091106052129\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471). *Gulfnews*. 4 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471) on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_11-0)**\n    [\"World's tallest building opens in Dubai\"](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm). *BBC News*. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100105054239\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-1)\n    [\"Burj Dubai reaches a record high\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110710184915\/http:\/\/www.emaar.com\/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361). [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\"). 21 July 2007. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.emaar.com\/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361) on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2008.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-13)**\n    Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). [\"Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm\"](http:\/\/www.architectmagazine.com\/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534). ArchitectOnline. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081227011127\/http:\/\/www.architectmagazine.com\/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534) from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2009.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-14)**\n    [\"Willis Tower – The Skyscraper Center\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191223043034\/http:\/\/www.skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/willis-tower\/169). *Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat*. 13 June 2015. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/willis-tower\/169) on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2015.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-SkyscraperPage_15-0)**\n    [\"Burj Dubai, Dubai – SkyscraperPage.com\"](http:\/\/skyscraperpage.com\/cities\/?buildingID=7787). SkyscraperPage. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20121011071204\/http:\/\/skyscraperpage.com\/cities\/?buildingID=7787) from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2009.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Archi-Ninja \\| Burj Khalifa (Dubai) – The Truth Behind the Bling\"](https:\/\/www.archi-ninja.com\/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling\/). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220628030943\/https:\/\/www.archi-ninja.com\/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling\/) from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2023.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Buildings that elevated cities: Dubai's Burj Khalifa\"](https:\/\/ww3.rics.org\/uk\/en\/modus\/built-environment\/urbanisation\/buildings-that-elevated-cities--dubai-s-burj-khalifa.html). *ww3.rics.org*. Retrieved 9 July 2024.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-18)**\n    Stack, Megan (13 October 2005). [\"In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2005-oct-13-fg-dubai13-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081021032112\/http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2005\/oct\/13\/world\/fg-dubai13) from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2006.\n18. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-1)\n    [\"Dubai Tower's Name Reflects U.A.E. Shift\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150530182733\/http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/globalbiz\/content\/jan2010\/gb2010015_736675.htm). *Businessweek.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/globalbiz\/content\/jan2010\/gb2010015_736675.htm) on 30 May 2015.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-20)**\n    Lewis, Paul (13 February 2009). [\"Dubai's six-year building boom grinds to a halt as financial crisis takes hold\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/feb\/13\/dubai-boom-halt). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210123121036\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/feb\/13\/dubai-boom-halt) from the original on 23 January 2021.\n20. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-2)\n    [Dupré, Judith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judith_Dupr%C3%A9 \"Judith Dupré\") (2013). [*Skyscrapers: A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings-Revised and Updated*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ). New York: Hachette\/Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 140–141\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-57912-942-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-57912-942-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-57912-942-2\")\n    \n    . [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230326164801\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"WTC Timeline\"](http:\/\/www.wtc.com\/about\/wtchistory-wtc-timeline). [Silverstein Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silverstein_Properties \"Silverstein Properties\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130528154654\/http:\/\/www.wtc.com\/about\/wtchistory-wtc-timeline) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.\n22. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-4)\n    [\"Burj Khalifa: Towering challenge for builders\"](http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802). GulfNews.com. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110125112740\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802) from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2010.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Otis_24-0)**\n    [\"Burj Khalifa\"](http:\/\/www.otisworldwide.com\/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106). Otis Elevator. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006111348\/http:\/\/www.otisworldwide.com\/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013.\n24. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-2)\n    [\"Burj Khalifa – Conquering the World's Tallest Building\"](http:\/\/www.forconstructionpros.com\/article\/10293208\/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building). *ForConstructionPros.com*. 12 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221128224811\/http:\/\/www.forconstructionpros.com\/article\/10293208\/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2012.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-2)\n    [\"Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070120063252\/http:\/\/www.emporis.com\/en\/wm\/bu\/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates). [Emporis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emporis \"Emporis\"). Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.\n26. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-8)\n    [\"Burj Dubai Construction Timeline\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091215060325\/http:\/\/www.burjdubai.com\/the-tower\/construction.aspx). BurjDubai.com. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.burjdubai.com\/the-tower\/construction.aspx) on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-28)**\n    [\"And the world's highest restaurant is ready to serve\"](https:\/\/www.emirates247.com\/lifestyle\/dubai-opens-world-s-highest-restaurant-2011-01-20-1.343732). Emirates 24\/7. 20 January 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120722124738\/http:\/\/www.emirates247.com\/lifestyle\/and-the-world-s-highest-restaurant-is-ready-to-serve-2011-01-20-1.343732) from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2011.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gulfnews.com_29-0)**\n    [\"Jaw-Dropping Fireworks at Burj Khalifa Enthrall Thousands\"](http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/news\/gulf\/uae\/general\/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088). Gulfnews.com. 31 December 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110120013501\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/news\/gulf\/uae\/general\/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-30)**\n    [\"New Year fireworks at Burj Khalifa to return this year\"](https:\/\/www.khaleejtimes.com\/nation\/dubai\/new-year-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-to-return-this-year-). *Khaleej Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200727061617\/https:\/\/www.khaleejtimes.com\/nation\/dubai\/new-year-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-to-return-this-year-) from the original on 27 July 2020. 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Retrieved 31 December 2024.\n151. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-152)**\n     Bednarz, Jan; Schmidt, Robin; Harvey, Andy; Le Gallou, Hervé (2008). [\"World record BASE jump\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100114022033\/http:\/\/current.com\/items\/89546563_world-record-base-jump.htm). *Current Edge*. [Current TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Current_TV \"Current TV\"). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/current.com\/items\/89546563_world-record-base-jump.htm) on 14 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n     \n     Video documentary about the BASE jump from the Burj Dubai tower.\n152. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-153)**\n     Spender, Tom (24 November 2008). [\"Daredevils jumped off Burj Dubai undetected\"](https:\/\/www.thenationalnews.com\/uae\/daredevils-jumped-off-burj-dubai-undetected-1.520752\/). *[The National](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_National_\$Abu_Dhabi\$ \"The National (Abu Dhabi)\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100110215852\/http:\/\/www.thenational.ae\/article\/20081124\/NATIONAL\/625952895\/-1\/NEWS) from the original on 10 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n153. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-154)** [Highest base jump-Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan sets world record](http:\/\/www.worldrecordsacademy.org\/sports\/highest_base_jump_Nasr_Al_Niyadi_and_Omar_Al_Hegelan_sets_world_record_101495.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100613031026\/http:\/\/worldrecordsacademy.org\/sports\/highest_base_jump_Nasr_Al_Niyadi_and_Omar_Al_Hegelan_sets_world_record_101495.htm) 13 June 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). Retrieved 9 January 2010.\n154. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-BASE_jumping_155-0)**\n     Mansfield, Roddy (8 January 2010). [\"Daredevils Jump Off World's Tallest Building\"](http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Base-Jumpers-From-The-Burj-Khalifa-Dubai-Omar-Al-Hegelan-And-Nasser-Al-Neyadi-Set-New-Record\/Article\/201001115516376?lpos=World_News_Second_Home_Page_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15516376_Base_Jumpers_From_The_Burj_Khalifa_Dubai%3A_Omar_Al_Hegelan_And_Nasser_Al_Neyadi_Set_New_Record). [Sky News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_News \"Sky News\"). Retrieved 8 January 2010.\n     \n     `{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n155. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-156)**\n     [\"Highest BASE jump from a building\"](http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/records-9000\/highest-base-jump-from-a-building\/). [Guinness World Records Limited](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinness_World_Records_Limited \"Guinness World Records Limited\"). 21 April 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140530081953\/http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/records-9000\/highest-base-jump-from-a-building) from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2020.\n156. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-157)**\n     Sampiero, Josh (23 April 2014). [\"Fred Fugen and Vincent Reffet took BASE jumping higher than ever before in Dubai\"](http:\/\/www.redbull.com\/en\/adventure\/stories\/1331647102489\/base-jump-record-off-the-world-s-tallest-building). [Red Bull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Bull \"Red Bull\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160528201113\/http:\/\/www.redbull.com\/en\/adventure\/stories\/1331647102489\/base-jump-record-off-the-world-s-tallest-building) from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2020.\n157. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-158)**\n     [*Burj Khalifa Pinnacle BASE Jump – 4K*](https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/varchive\/youtube\/20211027\/iD4qsWnjsNU). *YouTube*. 24 April 2014. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iD4qsWnjsNU) on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2014.\n158. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-159)**\n     [\"'Spiderman' Alain Robert scales Burj Khalifa in Dubai\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12888817). BBC. 28 March 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110401031717\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12888817) from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\n159. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-160)**\n     [\"CTBUH 9th Annual Awards, 2010\"](http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Events\/Awards\/2010Awards\/tabid\/1571\/language\/en-GB\/Default.aspx). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619090405\/http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Events\/Awards\/2010Awards\/tabid\/1571\/language\/en-GB\/Default.aspx) from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2007.\n160. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-161)**\n     [\"Burj Khalifa won Best Project of Year at Middle East Architect Awards 2010\"](http:\/\/www.constructionweekonline.com\/article-9617-burj-khalifa-wins-best-project\/). Constructionweekonline.com. 29 September 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101002121553\/http:\/\/www.constructionweekonline.com\/article-9617-burj-khalifa-wins-best-project\/) from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.\n161. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-162)**\n     [\"Burj Khalifa Becomes First Recipient of New Tall Building Global Icon Award\"](https:\/\/csengineermag.com\/burj-khalifa-becomes-first-recipient-of-new-tall-building-global-icon-award\/). *Civil + Structural Engineer*. 26 October 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170211082423\/https:\/\/csengineermag.com\/burj-khalifa-becomes-first-recipient-of-new-tall-building-global-icon-award\/) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.\n162. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-163)**\n     [\"Burj Khalifa Project Awards\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130127093624\/http:\/\/www.som.com\/project\/burj-khalifa-formerly-burj-dubai). Skidmore, Owings & Merril LLP. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.som.com\/project\/burj-khalifa-formerly-burj-dubai) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n163. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-164)**\n     [\"Jmhdezhdez.com\"](http:\/\/www.jmhdezhdez.com\/2011\/04\/burj-khalifa-dubai-supertall-som.html). Burj Khalifa Project Awards. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130115172448\/http:\/\/www.jmhdezhdez.com\/2011\/04\/burj-khalifa-dubai-supertall-som.html) from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n## External links\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\n[Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikimedia_Commons \"Wikimedia Commons\") has media related to:  \n [Burj Khalifa](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa \"commons:Burj Khalifa\") ([category](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Burj_Khalifa \"commons:Category:Burj Khalifa\"))\n\n- [Official website](https:\/\/www.burjkhalifa.ae\/en\/)\n- [\"The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231208072751\/http:\/\/www.structuremag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-061.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.structuremag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-061.pdf) (PDF) on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2026.\n  (597 KB) (*Structure* magazine, June 2006)\n- [\"The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170914220438\/http:\/\/ikb.edu.pl\/jacek.wdowicki\/Pliki\/materialy\/dydaktyka\/budynki_wysokie\/dyplom\/budynki\/burj%20dubai%20tower\/Irw05.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 September 2017.\n  `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\")) (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006)\n- BBC reports: [Burj Khalifa opening](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/8438857.stm), with video and links; [Maintaining the world's tallest building](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/av\/world-20526216)\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Openstreetmap_logo.svg\/20px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png) Geographic data related to [Burj Khalifa](https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/way\/137153127) at [OpenStreetMap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenStreetMap \"OpenStreetMap\")\n\n| Records |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| Preceded by[Warsaw Radio Mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Radio_Mast \"Warsaw Radio Mast\") 646\\.38 m (2,120.67 ft) | **[World's tallest structure ever built on dry land](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures \"History of the world's tallest structures\")**  2008 – present | **Incumbent** |\n| Preceded by[KVLY-TV mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KVLY-TV_mast \"KVLY-TV mast\") 628\\.8 m (2,063 ft) | **[World's tallest structure on dry land](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures \"History of the world's tallest structures\")**  2008 – present |   |\n| Preceded by[CN Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") 553\\.33 m (1,815.39 ft) | **[World's tallest free-standing structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures#Freestanding_structures \"History of the world's tallest structures\")**  2007 – present |   |\n| Preceded by[Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\") 509\\.2 m (1,670.6 ft) | **[World's tallest building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings \"List of tallest buildings\")**  2009 – present |   |\n| Preceded by[Willis Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") 108 floors | **Building with the most floors**  2007 – present |   |\n| Preceded by[Almas Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almas_Tower \"Almas Tower\") 360 m (1,180 ft) | **[Tallest building in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai \"List of tallest buildings in Dubai\")**  2009 – present |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Dubai_skyscrapers \"Template:Dubai skyscrapers\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Dubai_skyscrapers \"Template talk:Dubai skyscrapers\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Dubai_skyscrapers \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Dubai skyscrapers\")[Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\") [skyscrapers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyscraper \"Skyscraper\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai \"List of tallest buildings in Dubai\") |   |\n| [Supertalls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supertall_building \"Supertall building\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| \\> 350 m | [Burj Khalifa]() (828 m) [Marina 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marina_101 \"Marina 101\") (425 m) [Princess Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Princess_Tower \"Princess Tower\") (414 m) [23 Marina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/23_Marina \"23 Marina\") (392.8 m) [Elite Residence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elite_Residence \"Elite Residence\") (381 m) [Ciel Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciel_Dubai_Marina \"Ciel Dubai Marina\") (377 m) [Address Boulevard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Address_Boulevard \"Address Boulevard\") (370 m) [Almas Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almas_Tower \"Almas Tower\") (360 m) [Gevora Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gevora_Hotel \"Gevora Hotel\") (356 m) [Il Primo Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Il_Primo_Dubai \"Il Primo Dubai\") (356 m) [JW Marriott Marquis Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JW_Marriott_Marquis_Dubai \"JW Marriott Marquis Dubai\") (355 m) [Emirates Office Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirates_Office_Tower \"Emirates Office Tower\") (355 m) [The Marina Torch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Marina_Torch \"The Marina Torch\") (352 m) |\n| 300-350 m | [Uptown Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uptown_Tower \"Uptown Tower\") (340 m) [DAMAC Residenze](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DAMAC_Residenze \"DAMAC Residenze\") (335 m) [Rose Rayhaan by Rotana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rose_Rayhaan_by_Rotana \"Rose Rayhaan by Rotana\") (333 m) [Big Ben Tower, Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Ben_Tower,_Dubai \"Big Ben Tower, Dubai\") (328 m) [The Index](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Index_\$Dubai\$ \"The Index (Dubai)\") (326 m) [Burj Al Arab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Al_Arab \"Burj Al Arab\") (321 m) [HHHR Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HHHR_Tower \"HHHR Tower\") (318 m) [Ocean Heights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Heights_\$Dubai\$ \"Ocean Heights (Dubai)\") (310 m) [Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Emirates_Towers_Hotel \"Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel\") (309 m) [Amna Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Habtoor_City \"Al Habtoor City\") (307 m) [Noora Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Habtoor_City \"Al Habtoor City\") (307 m) [Cayan Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cayan_Tower \"Cayan Tower\") (306 m) [One Za'abeel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Za%27abeel \"One Za'abeel\") (305 m) [Address Downtown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Address_Downtown \"Address Downtown\") (302 m) |\n| [Skyscraper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyscraper \"Skyscraper\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| 250-300 m | [Emirates Crown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirates_Crown \"Emirates Crown\") (296 m) [Khalid Al Attar Tower 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalid_Al_Attar_Tower_2 \"Khalid Al Attar Tower 2\") (294 m) [Sulafa Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sulafa_Tower \"Sulafa Tower\") (288 m) [Opera Grand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opera_Grand \"Opera Grand\") (288 m) [Millennium Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Millennium_Tower_\$Dubai\$ \"Millennium Tower (Dubai)\") (285 m) [Al Hekma Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Hekma_Tower \"Al Hekma Tower\") (282 m) [Marina Pinnacle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marina_Pinnacle \"Marina Pinnacle\") (280 m) [D1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D1_Tower \"D1 Tower\") (277.5 m) [Burj Vista Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Vista \"Burj Vista\") (272 m) [Central Park Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Park_Towers \"Central Park Towers\") (270 m) [Radisson Royal Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radisson_Royal_Dubai \"Radisson Royal Dubai\") (269 m) [21st Century Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/21st_Century_Tower \"21st Century Tower\") (269 m) [DAMAC Towers by Paramount Hotels & Resorts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DAMAC_Towers_by_Paramount_Hotels_%26_Resorts \"DAMAC Towers by Paramount Hotels & Resorts\") (268.1 m) [Al Kazim Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Kazim_Towers \"Al Kazim Towers\") (265 m) [Ubora Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ubora_Towers \"Ubora Towers\") (263 m) [Vision Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vision_Tower \"Vision Tower\") (260 m) [Paramount Tower Hotel & Residences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paramount_Tower_Hotel_%26_Residences \"Paramount Tower Hotel & Residences\") (258 m) [Conrad Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conrad_Dubai \"Conrad Dubai\") (255 m) [Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Marriott_Harbour_Hotel_%26_Suites \"Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites\") (254 m) [Chelsea Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chelsea_Tower \"Chelsea Tower\") (250 m) |\n| 200-250 m | [Al Tayer Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Tayer_Tower \"Al Tayer Tower\") (249 m) [Rolex Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolex_Tower \"Rolex Tower\") (247 m) [Al Fattan Marine Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Fattan_Marine_Towers \"Al Fattan Marine Towers\") (245 m) [AAM Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AAM_Tower \"AAM Tower\") (244 m) [Sama Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sama_Tower \"Sama Tower\") (240 m) [Churchill Residence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Churchill_Residence \"Churchill Residence\") (235 m) [Burj Daman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Daman \"Burj Daman\") (235 m) [Park Place](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Park_Place_\$Dubai\$ \"Park Place (Dubai)\") (234 m) [Mag 218 Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mag_218_Tower \"Mag 218 Tower\") (232 m) [Carlton Hotels & Suites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlton_Hotels_%26_Suites \"Carlton Hotels & Suites\") (221 m) [Jumeirah Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Bay \"Jumeirah Bay\") (218 m) [Jumeirah Beach Residence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Beach_Residence \"Jumeirah Beach Residence\") (216 m) [Al Seef Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Seef_Towers \"Al Seef Towers\") (215 m) [Grosvenor House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grosvenor_House_\$Dubai\$ \"Grosvenor House (Dubai)\") (210 m) [Al Rostamani Maze Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Rostamani_Maze_Tower \"Al Rostamani Maze Tower\") (210 m) [The One Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_One_Tower \"The One Tower\") (209 m) [Executive Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executive_Towers \"Executive Towers\") (208 m) [Tamani Hotel Marina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tamani_Hotel_Marina \"Tamani Hotel Marina\") (207 m) [Dubai Mixed-Use Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Mixed-Use_Towers \"Dubai Mixed-Use Towers\") (201 m) [Shangri-La Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shangri-La_Hotel_\$Dubai\$ \"Shangri-La Hotel (Dubai)\") (200 m) |\n| 150-200 m | [Al Salam Tecom Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Salam_Tecom_Tower \"Al Salam Tecom Tower\") (195 m) [Concorde Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concorde_Tower \"Concorde Tower\") (190 m) [Al Sahab Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Sahab_Towers \"Al Sahab Towers\") (187 m) [Dubai World Trade Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_World_Trade_Centre \"Dubai World Trade Centre\") (184 m) [Armada Tower 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armada_Towers \"Armada Towers\") (167 m) [Four Points by Sheraton Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Sheikh_Zayed_Road,_Dubai \"Four Points by Sheraton Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai\") (167 m) [Sky Gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_Gardens \"Sky Gardens\") (160 m) [Al Attar Business Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Attar_Business_Tower \"Al Attar Business Tower\") (158 m) [World Trade Centre Residence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Centre_Residence \"World Trade Centre Residence\") (158 m) |\n| Clusters | [Jumeirah Lake Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Lake_Towers \"Jumeirah Lake Towers\") [Marina 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marina_1 \"Marina 1\") [The Residences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Residences \"The Residences\") |\n| See also: [Future Dubai skyscrapers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Future_Dubai_skyscrapers \"Template:Future Dubai skyscrapers\") and [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai \"List of tallest buildings in Dubai\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Skyscrapers_in_Dubai \"Category:Skyscrapers in Dubai\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Supertall_skyscrapers \"Template:Supertall skyscrapers\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Supertall_skyscrapers \"Template talk:Supertall skyscrapers\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Supertall_skyscrapers \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Supertall skyscrapers\")[Supertall skyscrapers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_supertall_skyscrapers \"List of supertall skyscrapers\") (300 m\/984 ft and taller) |   |\n|---|---|\n| Completed |   |\n|   |   |\n| Africa |   |\n|   |   |\n| Egypt | [Iconic Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iconic_Tower_\$Egypt\$ \"Iconic Tower (Egypt)\") |\n| Americas |   |\n|   |   |\n| Chile | [Gran Torre Santiago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gran_Torre_Santiago \"Gran Torre Santiago\") |\n| Mexico | [Torres Obispado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torres_Obispado \"Torres Obispado\") |\n| United States | [1 World Trade Center (1970–2001)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1_World_Trade_Center_\$1970%E2%80%932001\$ \"1 World Trade Center (1970–2001)\") † [111 West 57th Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/111_West_57th_Street \"111 West 57th Street\") [2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2_World_Trade_Center_\$1971%E2%80%932001\$ \"2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)\") † [270 Park Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/270_Park_Avenue_\$2025%E2%80%93present\$ \"270 Park Avenue (2025–present)\") [3 World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3_World_Trade_Center \"3 World Trade Center\") [30 Hudson Yards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/30_Hudson_Yards \"30 Hudson Yards\") [35 Hudson Yards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/35_Hudson_Yards \"35 Hudson Yards\") [432 Park Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/432_Park_Avenue \"432 Park Avenue\") [50 Hudson Yards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/50_Hudson_Yards \"50 Hudson Yards\") [53W53](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/53W53 \"53W53\") [875 North Michigan Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/875_North_Michigan_Avenue \"875 North Michigan Avenue\") [Aon Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aon_Center_\$Chicago\$ \"Aon Center (Chicago)\") [Bank of America Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_America_Plaza_\$Atlanta\$ \"Bank of America Plaza (Atlanta)\") [Bank of America Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_America_Tower_\$Manhattan\$ \"Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)\") [Brooklyn Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brooklyn_Tower \"Brooklyn Tower\") [Central Park Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Park_Tower \"Central Park Tower\") [Chrysler Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chrysler_Building \"Chrysler Building\") [Comcast Technology Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comcast_Technology_Center \"Comcast Technology Center\") [Empire State Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_State_Building \"Empire State Building\") [Franklin Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_Center_\$Chicago\$ \"Franklin Center (Chicago)\") [JPMorgan Chase Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JPMorgan_Chase_Tower_\$Houston\$ \"JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)\") [One57](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One57 \"One57\") [One Manhattan West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Manhattan_West \"One Manhattan West\") [One Vanderbilt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Vanderbilt \"One Vanderbilt\") [One World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_World_Trade_Center \"One World Trade Center\") [Salesforce Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salesforce_Tower \"Salesforce Tower\") [St. Regis Chicago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Regis_Chicago \"St. Regis Chicago\") [The New York Times Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Times_Building \"The New York Times Building\") [The Spiral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Spiral_\$New_York_City\$ \"The Spiral (New York City)\") [Trump International Hotel and Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_\$Chicago\$ \"Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)\") [Two Prudential Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Two_Prudential_Plaza \"Two Prudential Plaza\") [U.S. Bank Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Bank_Tower_\$Los_Angeles\$ \"U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)\") [Wells Fargo Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wells_Fargo_Plaza_\$Houston\$ \"Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)\") [Willis Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") [Wilshire Grand Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilshire_Grand_Center \"Wilshire Grand Center\") |\n| Asia |   |\n|   |   |\n| China | [Baoneng Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baoneng_Center \"Baoneng Center\") [Changsha A9 Financial District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Changsha_A9_Financial_District \"Changsha A9 Financial District\") [Changsha IFS Tower T1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Changsha_IFS_Tower_T1 \"Changsha IFS Tower T1\") [China Merchants Bank Tower Global HQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Merchants_Bank_Tower_Global_HQ \"China Merchants Bank Tower Global HQ\") [China Resources Headquarters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Resources_Headquarters \"China Resources Headquarters\") [China World Trade Center Tower III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_World_Trade_Center_Tower_III \"China World Trade Center Tower III\") [China Zun](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Zun \"China Zun\") [Chongqing IFS T1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongqing_IFS_T1 \"Chongqing IFS T1\") [Chongqing World Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongqing_World_Financial_Center \"Chongqing World Financial Center\") [CITIC Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CITIC_Plaza \"CITIC Plaza\") [Citymark Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citymark_Centre \"Citymark Centre\") [Dalian International Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dalian_International_Trade_Center \"Dalian International Trade Center\") [Diwang International Fortune Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diwang_International_Fortune_Center \"Diwang International Fortune Center\") [Dongguan International Trade Center 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dongguan_International_Trade_Center_1 \"Dongguan International Trade Center 1\") [East Pacific Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Pacific_Center \"East Pacific Center\") [Eton Place Dalian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eton_Place_Dalian \"Eton Place Dalian\") [Fortune Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortune_Center \"Fortune Center\") [Gate to the East](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gate_to_the_East \"Gate to the East\") [Greenland Hangzhou Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenland_Hangzhou_Center \"Greenland Hangzhou Center\") [Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden_Eagle_Tiandi_Tower_A \"Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A\") [Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden_Eagle_Tiandi_Tower_B \"Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B\") [Greenland Puli Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenland_Puli_Center \"Greenland Puli Center\") [Guangdong Business Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangdong_Business_Center \"Guangdong Business Center\") [Guangxi China Resources Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangxi_China_Resources_Tower \"Guangxi China Resources Tower\") [Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangzhou_CTF_Finance_Centre \"Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre\") [Guangzhou International Finance Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangzhou_International_Finance_Center \"Guangzhou International Finance Center\") [Guiyang International Financial Center Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guiyang_International_Financial_Center \"Guiyang International Financial Center\") [Hanking Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanking_Center \"Hanking Center\") [Heartland 66 Office Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heartland_66_Office_Tower \"Heartland 66 Office Tower\") [Hengqin International Finance Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hengqin_International_Finance_Center \"Hengqin International Finance Center\") [Hon Kwok City Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hon_Kwok_City_Center \"Hon Kwok City Center\") [Huachuang International Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huachuang_International_Plaza \"Huachuang International Plaza\") [Huaguoyuan Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huaguoyuan_Tower_1 \"Huaguoyuan Tower 1\") [Huaguoyuan Tower 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huaguoyuan_Tower_2 \"Huaguoyuan Tower 2\") [Huijin Center Guangzhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huijin_Center_Guangzhou \"Huijin Center Guangzhou\") [Huiyun Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huiyun_Center \"Huiyun Center\") [Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jiangxi_Nanchang_Greenland_Central_Plaza \"Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza\") [Jin Mao Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jin_Mao_Tower \"Jin Mao Tower\") [Jin Wan Plaza 9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jin_Wan_Plaza_9 \"Jin Wan Plaza 9\") [Jinan Center Financial City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jinan_Center_Financial_City \"Jinan Center Financial City\") [KK100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KK100 \"KK100\") [Leatop Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leatop_Plaza \"Leatop Plaza\") [Logan Century Center 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logan_Century_Center_1 \"Logan Century Center 1\") [Longxi International Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Longxi_International_Hotel \"Longxi International Hotel\") [Minsheng Bank Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minsheng_Bank_Building \"Minsheng Bank Building\") [Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanjing_International_Youth_Cultural_Centre \"Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre\") [Nanjing Financial City Phase II Plot C Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanjing_Financial_City_II \"Nanjing Financial City II\") [One Shenzhen Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Shenzhen_Bay \"One Shenzhen Bay\") [Pearl River Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pearl_River_Tower \"Pearl River Tower\") [Ping An International Finance Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ping_An_International_Finance_Centre \"Ping An International Finance Centre\") [The Pinnacle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Pinnacle_\$Guangzhou\$ \"The Pinnacle (Guangzhou)\") [Poly Pazhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poly_Pazhou \"Poly Pazhou\") [Riverview Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riverview_Plaza \"Riverview Plaza\") [Shanghai Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_Tower \"Shanghai Tower\") [Shanghai World Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center \"Shanghai World Financial Center\") [Shenglong Global Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shenglong_Global_Center \"Shenglong Global Center\") [Shenzhen Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shenzhen_Center \"Shenzhen Center\") [Shenzhen CFC Changfu Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shenzhen_CFC_Changfu_Centre \"Shenzhen CFC Changfu Centre\") [Shenzhen Urban Construction & Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shenzhen_Urban_Construction_%26_Tower \"Shenzhen Urban Construction & Tower\") [Shimao Hunan Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shimao_Hunan_Center \"Shimao Hunan Center\") [Shanghai Shimao Festival City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_Shimao_Festival_City \"Shanghai Shimao Festival City\") [Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shum_Yip_Upperhills_Tower_1 \"Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1\") [Shun Hing Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shun_Hing_Square \"Shun Hing Square\") [Spring City 66](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spring_City_66 \"Spring City 66\") [Suning Plaza 1, Wuxi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suning_Plaza,_Wuxi \"Suning Plaza, Wuxi\") [Suning Plaza Tower 1, Zhenjiang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suning_Plaza,_Zhenjiang \"Suning Plaza, Zhenjiang\") [Suzhou IFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suzhou_IFS \"Suzhou IFS\") [Tianjin CTF Finance Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianjin_CTF_Finance_Centre \"Tianjin CTF Finance Centre\") [Tianjin Modern City Office Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianjin_Modern_City_Office_Tower \"Tianjin Modern City Office Tower\") [Tianjin World Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianjin_World_Financial_Center \"Tianjin World Financial Center\") [Wanda Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wanda_Plaza \"Wanda Plaza\") [Wenzhou World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wenzhou_World_Trade_Center \"Wenzhou World Trade Center\") [White Magnolia Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_Magnolia_Plaza \"White Magnolia Plaza\") [Wuhan Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Center \"Wuhan Center\") [Wuhan Greenland Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Greenland_Center \"Wuhan Greenland Center\") [Wuhan Yangtze River Shipping Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Shipping_Center \"Wuhan Yangtze River Shipping Center\") [Wuxi IFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuxi_IFS \"Wuxi IFS\") [Wuxi Maoye City – Marriott Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuxi_Maoye_City_%E2%80%93_Marriott_Hotel \"Wuxi Maoye City – Marriott Hotel\") [Xi'an Glory International Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi%27an_Glory_International_Financial_Center \"Xi'an Glory International Financial Center\") [Xiangjiang Fortune Finance Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiangjiang_Fortune_Finance_Center \"Xiangjiang Fortune Finance Center\") [Yantai Shimao No.1 The Harbour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yantai_Shimao_No.1_The_Harbour \"Yantai Shimao No.1 The Harbour\") [Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuexiu_Fortune_Center_Tower_1 \"Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1\") [Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhongzhou_Holdings_Financial_Center \"Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center\") [Zhuhai Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhuhai_Tower \"Zhuhai Tower\") [Zhujiang New City Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhujiang_New_City_Tower \"Zhujiang New City Tower\") [Zifeng Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zifeng_Tower \"Zifeng Tower\") |\n| Hong Kong | [Bank of China Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_China_Tower_\$Hong_Kong\$ \"Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)\") [Central Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Plaza_\$Hong_Kong\$ \"Central Plaza (Hong Kong)\") [International Commerce Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Commerce_Centre \"International Commerce Centre\") [International Finance Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Finance_Centre_\$Hong_Kong\$ \"International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)\") [Nina Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nina_Tower \"Nina Tower\") [The Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Center \"The Center\") |\n| Indonesia | [Autograph Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thamrin_Nine \"Thamrin Nine\") [Luminary Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thamrin_Nine \"Thamrin Nine\") |\n| Japan | [Abeno Harukas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abeno_Harukas \"Abeno Harukas\") [Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Azabudai_Hills \"Azabudai Hills\") |\n| Kazakhstan | [Abu Dhabi Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abu_Dhabi_Plaza \"Abu Dhabi Plaza\") |\n| Kuwait | [Al Hamra Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Hamra_Tower \"Al Hamra Tower\") [Arraya Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arraya_Tower \"Arraya Tower\") |\n| Malaysia | [The Exchange 106](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Exchange_106 \"The Exchange 106\") [Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Four_Seasons_Place_Kuala_Lumpur \"Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur\") [Merdeka 118](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merdeka_118 \"Merdeka 118\") [Oxley Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxley_Towers \"Oxley Towers\") [Petronas Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petronas_Towers \"Petronas Towers\") [Telekom Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telekom_Tower \"Telekom Tower\") |\n| Philippines | [Metrobank Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metrobank_Center \"Metrobank Center\") |\n| Qatar | [Aspire Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aspire_Tower \"Aspire Tower\") [Lusail Plaza Towers 3 and 4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lusail_Plaza_Towers \"Lusail Plaza Towers\") |\n| Saudi Arabia | [The Clock Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Clock_Towers \"The Clock Towers\") [Kingdom Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_Centre \"Kingdom Centre\") [PIF Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_Market_Authority_Tower \"Capital Market Authority Tower\") |\n| South Korea | [Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haeundae_Doosan_We%27ve_the_Zenith \"Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith\") [Haeundae LCT The Sharp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haeundae_LCT_The_Sharp \"Haeundae LCT The Sharp\") [Lotte World Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lotte_World_Tower \"Lotte World Tower\") [Parc1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parc1 \"Parc1\") [Posco Tower-Songdo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Posco_Tower-Songdo \"Posco Tower-Songdo\") |\n| Taiwan | [85 Sky Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/85_Sky_Tower \"85 Sky Tower\") [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\") |\n| Thailand | [Baiyoke Tower II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baiyoke_Tower_II \"Baiyoke Tower II\") [ICONSIAM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iconsiam \"Iconsiam\") [MahaNakhon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/King_Power_Mahanakhon \"King Power Mahanakhon\") |\n| Turkey | [CBRT Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBRT_Tower \"CBRT Tower\") |\n| United Arab Emirates | [23 Marina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/23_Marina \"23 Marina\") [Address Boulevard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Address_Boulevard \"Address Boulevard\") [Address Downtown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Address_Downtown \"Address Downtown\") [ADNOC Headquarters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ADNOC_Headquarters \"ADNOC Headquarters\") [Almas Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almas_Tower \"Almas Tower\") [Amna Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Habtoor_City \"Al Habtoor City\") [Burj Al Arab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Al_Arab \"Burj Al Arab\") [Burj Khalifa]() [Cayan Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cayan_Tower \"Cayan Tower\") [DAMAC Residenze](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DAMAC_Residenze \"DAMAC Residenze\") [Elite Residence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elite_Residence \"Elite Residence\") [Emirates Office Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirates_Office_Tower \"Emirates Office Tower\") [Etihad Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etihad_Towers \"Etihad Towers\") [Gevora Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gevora_Hotel \"Gevora Hotel\") [HHHR Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HHHR_Tower \"HHHR Tower\") [Il Primo Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Il_Primo_Dubai \"Il Primo Dubai\") [The Index](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Index_\$Dubai\$ \"The Index (Dubai)\") [Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Emirates_Towers_Hotel \"Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel\") [JW Marriott Marquis Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JW_Marriott_Marquis_Dubai \"JW Marriott Marquis Dubai\") [The Landmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Landmark_\$Abu_Dhabi\$ \"The Landmark (Abu Dhabi)\") [Marina 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marina_101 \"Marina 101\") [The Marina Torch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Marina_Torch \"The Marina Torch\") [Ocean Heights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocean_Heights_\$Dubai\$ \"Ocean Heights (Dubai)\") [Princess Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Princess_Tower \"Princess Tower\") [Rose Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rose_Rayhaan_by_Rotana \"Rose Rayhaan by Rotana\") [World Trade Center Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi \"World Trade Center Abu Dhabi\") |\n| Vietnam | [Landmark 72](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landmark_72 \"Landmark 72\") [Landmark 81](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Landmark_81 \"Landmark 81\") |\n| Europe |   |\n|   |   |\n| Poland | [Varso Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Varso \"Varso\") |\n| Russia | [City of Capitals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/City_of_Capitals \"City of Capitals\") [Eurasia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurasia_\$skyscraper\$ \"Eurasia (skyscraper)\") [Federation Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_Tower \"Federation Tower\") [Lakhta Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lakhta_Center \"Lakhta Center\") [Mercury City Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercury_City_Tower \"Mercury City Tower\") [Neva Towers 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neva_Towers \"Neva Towers\") [OKO Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OKO \"OKO\") |\n| United Kingdom | [The Shard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Shard \"The Shard\") |\n| Oceania |   |\n|   |   |\n| Australia | [Australia 108](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia_108 \"Australia 108\") [Q1 Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Q1_Tower \"Q1 Tower\") |\n| † No longer standing. |   |\n| Under construction |   |\n|   |   |\n| Africa |   |\n|   |   |\n| Ethiopia | [Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopian_Electric_Power_Headquarters \"Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters\") |\n| Côte d'Ivoire | [Tour F](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tour_F \"Tour F\") |\n| Asia |   |\n|   |   |\n| China | [Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongqing_International_Trade_and_Commerce_Center \"Chongqing International Trade and Commerce Center\") [Evergrande Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evergrande_Center \"Evergrande Center\") [Eye of Spring Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eye_of_Spring_Trade_Center \"Eye of Spring Trade Center\") [Greenland Group Suzhou Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenland_Group_Suzhou_Center \"Greenland Group Suzhou Center\") [Haikou Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haikou_Tower \"Haikou Tower\") [Knowledge Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knowledge_Tower \"Knowledge Tower\") [Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanjing_World_Trade_Center_Tower_1 \"Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1\") [Ningbo Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ningbo_Center \"Ningbo Center\") [North Bund Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_North_Bund_Center \"Shanghai North Bund Center\") [Shandong IFC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shandong_IFC \"Shandong IFC\") [South Asian Gate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Asian_Gate \"South Asian Gate\") [Suzhou Zhongnan Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suzhou_Zhongnan_Center \"Suzhou Zhongnan Center\") [Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianshan_Gate_of_the_World_Plots_27_and_28 \"Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28\") [Wuhan CTF Finance Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wuhan_Chow_Tai_Fook_Finance_Centre \"Wuhan Chow Tai Fook Finance Centre\") [Xi'an Greenland Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xi%27an_Greenland_Center \"Xi'an Greenland Center\") [Xiamen International Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiamen_International_Centre \"Xiamen International Centre\") [Xiangmi Lake New Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiangmi_Lake_New_Financial_Center \"Xiangmi Lake New Financial Center\") |\n| Other | [Beyond Office Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beyond_Towers \"Beyond Towers\") [Burj Azizi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Azizi \"Burj Azizi\") [Burj Binghatti Jacob & Co Residences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Binghatti_Jacob_%26_Co_Residences \"Burj Binghatti Jacob & Co Residences\") [Highwealth Huiguo 90](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Highwealth_Huiguo_90 \"Highwealth Huiguo 90\") [Jeddah Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeddah_Tower \"Jeddah Tower\") [Legacy Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legacy_Tower_\$Purbachal,_Dhaka\$ \"Legacy Tower (Purbachal, Dhaka)\") [One Bangkok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Bangkok \"One Bangkok\") [Taipei Twin Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_Twin_Towers \"Taipei Twin Towers\") [Thamrin Nine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thamrin_Nine \"Thamrin Nine\") [Torch Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torch_Tower_\$Japan\$ \"Torch Tower (Japan)\") |\n| North America | [520 Fifth Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/520_Fifth_Avenue \"520 Fifth Avenue\") [Concord Sky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concord_Sky \"Concord Sky\") [SkyTower at Pinnacle One Yonge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SkyTower_at_Pinnacle_One_Yonge \"SkyTower at Pinnacle One Yonge\") [One Bloor West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Bloor_West \"One Bloor West\") [Waldorf Astoria Miami](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waldorf_Astoria_Miami \"Waldorf Astoria Miami\") |\n| South America | [Senna Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senna_Tower \"Senna Tower\") |\n| On hold |   |\n| [2 World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2_World_Trade_Center \"2 World Trade Center\") [45 Broad Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/45_Broad_Street \"45 Broad Street\") [Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baoneng_Shenyang_Global_Financial_Center \"Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center\") [Busan Lotte Town Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Busan_Lotte_Town_Tower \"Busan Lotte Town Tower\") [Chengdu Greenland Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chengdu_Greenland_Tower \"Chengdu Greenland Tower\") [Chongqing Tall Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chongqing_Tall_Tower \"Chongqing Tall Tower\") [Dalian Greenland Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dalian_Greenland_Center \"Dalian Greenland Center\") [Diamond Tower (Jeddah)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diamond_Tower_\$Jeddah\$ \"Diamond Tower (Jeddah)\") [Dubai Pearl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Pearl \"Dubai Pearl\") [Dubai Towers Doha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Towers_Doha \"Dubai Towers Doha\") [Forum 66](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forum_66 \"Forum 66\") [Gate of Kuwait](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gate_of_Kuwait \"Gate of Kuwait\") [Goldin Finance 117](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldin_Finance_117 \"Goldin Finance 117\") [Hyundai Global Business Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyundai_Global_Business_Center \"Hyundai Global Business Center\") [Sumou Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sumou_Towers \"Sumou Towers\") [Mandarin Oriental Chengdu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandarin_Oriental_Chengdu \"Mandarin Oriental Chengdu\") [Marina 106](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marina_106 \"Marina 106\") [Namaste Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Namaste_Tower \"Namaste Tower\") [Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanjing_Olympic_Suning_Tower \"Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower\") [One Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Tower_\$Moscow\$ \"One Tower (Moscow)\") [Palais Royale, Mumbai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palais_Royale,_Mumbai \"Palais Royale, Mumbai\") [Pentominium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentominium \"Pentominium\") [Runhua Global Center 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Runhua_Global_Center_1 \"Runhua Global Center 1\") [Ryugyong Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryugyong_Hotel \"Ryugyong Hotel\") [Sino-Steel Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Steel_Tower \"Sino-Steel Tower\") [Skycity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skycity_\$Mandaluyong\$ \"Skycity (Mandaluyong)\") [Square Capital Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Square_Capital_Tower \"Square Capital Tower\") [The Stratford Residences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Stratford_Residences \"The Stratford Residences\") [Tameer Commercial Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tameer_Commercial_Tower \"Tameer Commercial Tower\") [Tianjin R\\&F Guangdong Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianjin_R%26F_Guangdong_Tower \"Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower\") [Tour Financial Hub Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tour_Financial_Hub_Center \"Tour Financial Hub Center\") [Tower Infinity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_Infinity \"Tower Infinity\") [VietinBank Business Center Office Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VietinBank_Business_Center_Office_Tower \"VietinBank Business Center Office Tower\") |   |\n| See also [Proposed supertall skyscrapers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Supertall_proposed_skyscrapers \"Template:Supertall proposed skyscrapers\") [List of architects of supertall buildings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_architects_of_supertall_buildings \"List of architects of supertall buildings\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Dubai_landmarks \"Template:Dubai landmarks\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Dubai_landmarks \"Template talk:Dubai landmarks\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Dubai_landmarks \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Dubai landmarks\")Landmarks and attractions in [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\") |\n|---|\n| [Ain Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ain_Dubai \"Ain Dubai\") [Al Bastakiya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Bastakiya \"Al Bastakiya\") [Al Fahidi Fort](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Museum \"Dubai Museum\") [Atlantis, The Palm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantis,_The_Palm \"Atlantis, The Palm\") [Atlantis The Royal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantis_The_Royal,_Dubai \"Atlantis The Royal, Dubai\") [Burj Al Arab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Al_Arab \"Burj Al Arab\") [Burj Khalifa]() [Deep Dive Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_Dive_Dubai \"Deep Dive Dubai\") [Deira Clocktower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deira_Clocktower \"Deira Clocktower\") [Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Aquarium_and_Underwater_Zoo \"Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo\") [Dubai Autodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Autodrome \"Dubai Autodrome\") [Dubai Butterfly Garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Butterfly_Garden \"Dubai Butterfly Garden\") [Dubai Dolphinarium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Dolphinarium \"Dubai Dolphinarium\") [Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Fountain \"Dubai Fountain\") [Dubai Frame](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Frame \"Dubai Frame\") [Dubai Gold Souk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Gold_Souk \"Dubai Gold Souk\") [The Dubai Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Mall \"The Dubai Mall\") [Dubai Marina](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Marina \"Dubai Marina\") [Dubai Marina Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Marina_Mall \"Dubai Marina Mall\") [Dubai Miracle Garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Miracle_Garden \"Dubai Miracle Garden\") [Dubai Opera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Opera \"Dubai Opera\") [Dubai Parks and Resorts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Parks_and_Resorts \"Dubai Parks and Resorts\") [Dubai Spice Souk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Spice_Souk \"Dubai Spice Souk\") [Dubai Textile Souk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Textile_Souk \"Dubai Textile Souk\") [Dubai Trolley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Trolley \"Dubai Trolley\") [Dubai World Trade Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_World_Trade_Centre \"Dubai World Trade Centre\") [Emirates Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirates_Towers \"Emirates Towers\") [Global Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Village_\$Dubai\$ \"Global Village (Dubai)\") [Hatta Heritage Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hatta_Heritage_Village \"Hatta Heritage Village\") [Heritage Village Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heritage_Village_Dubai \"Heritage Village Dubai\") [Hyatt Regency Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyatt_Regency_Dubai \"Hyatt Regency Dubai\") [Jumeirah Beach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Beach \"Jumeirah Beach\") [Jumeirah Beach Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Beach_Hotel \"Jumeirah Beach Hotel\") [Madame Tussauds Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madame_Tussauds_Dubai \"Madame Tussauds Dubai\") [Madinat Jumeirah](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madinat_Jumeirah \"Madinat Jumeirah\") [Museum of the Future](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Museum_of_the_Future \"Museum of the Future\") [National Bank of Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Bank_of_Dubai_\$building\$ \"National Bank of Dubai (building)\") [One Za'abeel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Za%27abeel \"One Za'abeel\") [Orbi Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbi_Dubai \"Orbi Dubai\") [Palm Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm_Islands \"Palm Islands\") *[Queen Elizabeth 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queen_Elizabeth_2 \"Queen Elizabeth 2\")* [Real Madrid Resort Island](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real_Madrid_Resort_Island \"Real Madrid Resort Island\") [Real Madrid World](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real_Madrid_World \"Real Madrid World\") [Saeed Al Maktoum House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saeed_Al_Maktoum_House \"Saeed Al Maktoum House\") [Ski Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ski_Dubai \"Ski Dubai\") [Souk Al Bahar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souk_Al_Bahar \"Souk Al Bahar\") [Waterfront Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waterfront_Market \"Waterfront Market\") [Wild Wadi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wild_Wadi_Water_Park \"Wild Wadi Water Park\") [The World](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_World_\$archipelago\$ \"The World (archipelago)\") [Zabeel Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zabeel_Park \"Zabeel Park\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Template:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Template talk:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\")[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SOM_\$architectural_firm\$ \"SOM (architectural firm)\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [List of works](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill_buildings \"List of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings\") |   |\n| U.S. works |   |\n|   |   |\n| California | [One Front Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Front_Street \"One Front Street\") [One Bush Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Bush_Plaza \"One Bush Plaza\") [One Maritime Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Maritime_Plaza \"One Maritime Plaza\") [One Montgomery Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Montgomery_Tower \"One Montgomery Tower\") [One Wilshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Wilshire \"One Wilshire\") [10 Universal City Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/10_Universal_City_Plaza \"10 Universal City Plaza\") [45 Fremont Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/45_Fremont_Street \"45 Fremont Street\") [50 Beale Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/50_Beale_Street \"50 Beale Street\") [88 Kearny Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/88_Kearny_Street \"88 Kearny Street\") [100 First Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/100_First_Plaza \"100 First Plaza\") [101 Second Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/101_Second_Street \"101 Second Street\") [123 Mission Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/123_Mission_Street \"123 Mission Street\") [333 Bush Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/333_Bush_Street \"333 Bush Street\") [345 California Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/345_California_Center \"345 California Center\") [350 Mission Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/350_Mission_Street \"350 Mission Street\") [388 Market Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/388_Market_Street \"388 Market Street\") [425 Market Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/425_Market_Street \"425 Market Street\") [505 Montgomery Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/505_Montgomery_Street \"505 Montgomery Street\") [555 California Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/555_California_Street \"555 California Street\") [595 Market Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/595_Market_Street \"595 Market Street\") [650 California Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/650_California_Street \"650 California Street\") [Cathedral of Christ the Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Light_\$Oakland,_California\$ \"Cathedral of Christ the Light (Oakland, California)\") [Crocker Galleria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crocker_Galleria \"Crocker Galleria\") [EY Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EY_Plaza \"EY Plaza\") [Fairmont Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fairmont_Plaza \"Fairmont Plaza\") [Gas Company Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gas_Company_Tower \"Gas Company Tower\") [Kaiser Engineering Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaiser_Engineering_Building \"Kaiser Engineering Building\") [Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louise_M._Davies_Symphony_Hall \"Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall\") [Oakland Coliseum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oakland_Coliseum \"Oakland Coliseum\") [Ordway Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ordway_Building \"Ordway Building\") [Salesforce West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salesforce_West \"Salesforce West\") [St. Regis Museum Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/St._Regis_Museum_Tower \"St. Regis Museum Tower\") [Tiffany Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tiffany_Building_\$San_Francisco\$ \"Tiffany Building (San Francisco)\") [Treasure Island Development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treasure_Island_Development \"Treasure Island Development\") [Symphony Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symphony_Towers \"Symphony Towers\") |\n| Connecticut | [Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library \"Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library\") [City Place I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/City_Place_I \"City Place I\") [Goodwin Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodwin_Square \"Goodwin Square\") *[Stamford Cone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stamford_Cone \"Stamford Cone\")* [Hartford Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hartford_Plaza \"Hartford Plaza\") |\n| Colorado | [17th Street Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/17th_Street_Plaza \"17th Street Plaza\") [555 17th Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/555_17th_Street \"555 17th Street\") [1125 17th Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1125_17th_Street \"1125 17th Street\") [Denver Energy Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denver_Energy_Center \"Denver Energy Center\") [Denver Union Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denver_Union_Station \"Denver Union Station\") [Republic Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_Plaza_\$Denver\$ \"Republic Plaza (Denver)\") [United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Chapel \"United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel\") [United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Air_Force_Academy,_Cadet_Area \"United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area\") |\n| Florida | [200 South Orange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/200_South_Orange \"200 South Orange\") [Fort Lauderdale station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Lauderdale_station_\$Brightline\$ \"Fort Lauderdale station (Brightline)\") [MiamiCentral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MiamiCentral \"MiamiCentral\") [Southeast Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southeast_Financial_Center \"Southeast Financial Center\") [West Palm Beach station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Palm_Beach_station_\$Brightline\$ \"West Palm Beach station (Brightline)\") |\n| Georgia | [Equitable Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equitable_Building_\$Atlanta\$ \"Equitable Building (Atlanta)\") [Georgia-Pacific Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgia-Pacific_Tower \"Georgia-Pacific Tower\") [Tower Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_Square_\$Atlanta\$ \"Tower Square (Atlanta)\") |\n| Illinois | [One Magnificent Mile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Magnificent_Mile \"One Magnificent Mile\") [200 West Madison](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/200_West_Madison \"200 West Madison\") [321 North Clark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/321_North_Clark \"321 North Clark\") [350 North Orleans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/350_North_Orleans \"350 North Orleans\") [425 South Financial Place](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/425_South_Financial_Place \"425 South Financial Place\") [875 North Michigan Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/875_North_Michigan_Avenue \"875 North Michigan Avenue\") [Axis Apartments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_Apartments \"Axis Apartments\") [Chicago Place](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago_Place \"Chicago Place\") [Equitable Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equitable_Building_\$Chicago\$ \"Equitable Building (Chicago)\") [Franklin Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_Center_\$Chicago\$ \"Franklin Center (Chicago)\") [Harris Bank Addition II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harris_Bank_Addition_II \"Harris Bank Addition II\") [Heller International Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heller_International_Building \"Heller International Building\") [Illinois Institute of Technology Academic Campus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology_Academic_Campus \"Illinois Institute of Technology Academic Campus\") [Inland Steel Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inland_Steel_Building \"Inland Steel Building\") [NBC Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NBC_Tower \"NBC Tower\") [Olympia Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olympia_Centre \"Olympia Centre\") [Plaza on DeWitt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plaza_on_DeWitt \"Plaza on DeWitt\") [Regenstein Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regenstein_Library \"Regenstein Library\") [Three First National Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three_First_National_Plaza \"Three First National Plaza\") [Trump International Hotel and Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_\$Chicago\$ \"Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)\") [Willis Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") |\n| Indiana | [Fort Wayne Museum of Art](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Wayne_Museum_of_Art \"Fort Wayne Museum of Art\") [OneAmerica Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OneAmerica_Tower \"OneAmerica Tower\") [The Republic Newspaper Office](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Republic_Newspaper_Office \"The Republic Newspaper Office\") |\n| Louisiana | [400 Poydras Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/400_Poydras_Tower \"400 Poydras Tower\") [1010 Common](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1010_Common \"1010 Common\") [1515 Poydras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1515_Poydras \"1515 Poydras\") [Hancock Whitney Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hancock_Whitney_Center \"Hancock Whitney Center\") [Pan American Life Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pan_American_Life_Center \"Pan American Life Center\") |\n| Massachusetts | [One Beacon Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Beacon_Street \"One Beacon Street\") [60 State Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/60_State_Street \"60 State Street\") [75 State Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/75_State_Street \"75 State Street\") |\n| Michigan | [Ford World Headquarters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ford_World_Headquarters \"Ford World Headquarters\") [Kalamazoo Institute of Arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalamazoo_Institute_of_Arts \"Kalamazoo Institute of Arts\") [Renaissance Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaissance_Center \"Renaissance Center\") |\n| Minnesota | [33 South Sixth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/33_South_Sixth \"33 South Sixth\") [50 South Sixth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/50_South_Sixth \"50 South Sixth\") [Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome \"Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\") [Minneapolis City Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minneapolis_City_Center \"Minneapolis City Center\") [Town Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Town_Square_\$Saint_Paul\$ \"Town Square (Saint Paul)\") [U.S. Bank Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Bank_Plaza_\$Minneapolis\$ \"U.S. Bank Plaza (Minneapolis)\") |\n| New York | [One Court Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Court_Square \"One Court Square\") [One Liberty Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Liberty_Plaza \"One Liberty Plaza\") [One Manhattan West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Manhattan_West \"One Manhattan West\") [One North End Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_North_End_Avenue \"One North End Avenue\") [One Worldwide Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Worldwide_Plaza \"One Worldwide Plaza\") [One World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_World_Trade_Center \"One World Trade Center\") [7 World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/7_World_Trade_Center \"7 World Trade Center\") [28 Liberty Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/28_Liberty_Street \"28 Liberty Street\") [101 Warren Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/101_Warren_Street \"101 Warren Street\") [140 Broadway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/140_Broadway \"140 Broadway\") [252 East 57th Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/252_East_57th_Street \"252 East 57th Street\") [270 Park Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/270_Park_Avenue_\$1960%E2%80%932021\$ \"270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)\") [383 Madison Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/383_Madison_Avenue \"383 Madison Avenue\") [450 Lexington Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/450_Lexington_Avenue \"450 Lexington Avenue\") [461 Fifth Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/461_Fifth_Avenue \"461 Fifth Avenue\") [500 Park Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/500_Park_Avenue \"500 Park Avenue\") [919 Third Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/919_Third_Avenue \"919 Third Avenue\") [1166 Avenue of the Americas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1166_Avenue_of_the_Americas \"1166 Avenue of the Americas\") [1540 Broadway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1540_Broadway \"1540 Broadway\") [Buffalo AKG Art Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buffalo_AKG_Art_Museum \"Buffalo AKG Art Museum\") [Deutsche Bank Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Bank_Center \"Deutsche Bank Center\") [The Eugene](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Eugene \"The Eugene\") [Five Star Bank Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five_Star_Bank_Plaza \"Five Star Bank Plaza\") [Islamic Cultural Center of New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_Cultural_Center_of_New_York \"Islamic Cultural Center of New York\") [John Jay College of Criminal Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice \"John Jay College of Criminal Justice\") [Lever House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lever_House \"Lever House\") [Manhattan House](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_House \"Manhattan House\") [Manhattan West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_West \"Manhattan West\") [Manufacturers Trust Company Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manufacturers_Trust_Company_Building \"Manufacturers Trust Company Building\") [Mount Sinai West](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Sinai_West \"Mount Sinai West\") [Moynihan Train Hall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moynihan_Train_Hall \"Moynihan Train Hall\") [Olympic Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olympic_Tower \"Olympic Tower\") [Park Loggia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Park_Loggia \"Park Loggia\") [Queens Place Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Queens_Place_Mall \"Queens Place Mall\") [Random House Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Random_House_Tower \"Random House Tower\") [Mount Sinai Morningside](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Sinai_Morningside \"Mount Sinai Morningside\") [Seneca One Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seneca_One_Tower \"Seneca One Tower\") [Skyscraper Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyscraper_Museum \"Skyscraper Museum\") [Solow Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solow_Building \"Solow Building\") [Texaco Headquarters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texaco_Headquarters \"Texaco Headquarters\") [Times Square Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Times_Square_Tower \"Times Square Tower\") [Tower 49](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_49 \"Tower 49\") [W. R. Grace Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._R._Grace_Building \"W. R. Grace Building\") |\n| Ohio | [1100 Superior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1100_Superior \"1100 Superior\") [AECOM Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AECOM_Building \"AECOM Building\") [Eaton Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eaton_Center_\$Cleveland\$ \"Eaton Center (Cleveland)\") [Huntington Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huntington_Center_\$Columbus,_Ohio\$ \"Huntington Center (Columbus, Ohio)\") [Preston Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preston_Centre \"Preston Centre\") [Richard and Carole Cocks Art Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_and_Carole_Cocks_Art_Museum \"Richard and Carole Cocks Art Museum\") [Terrace Plaza Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terrace_Plaza_Hotel \"Terrace Plaza Hotel\") |\n| Oregon | [Autzen Stadium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autzen_Stadium \"Autzen Stadium\") [Congress Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_Center \"Congress Center\") [Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Federal Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edith_Green_%E2%80%93_Wendell_Wyatt_Federal_Building \"Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Federal Building\") [Hilton Portland Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hilton_Portland_Hotel \"Hilton Portland Hotel\") [PNC Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNC_Center_\$Cleveland\$ \"PNC Center (Cleveland)\") [One Main Place](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Main_Place_\$Portland,_Oregon\$ \"One Main Place (Portland, Oregon)\") [PacWest Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PacWest_Center \"PacWest Center\") [Standard Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Plaza \"Standard Plaza\") [Standard Insurance Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Insurance_Center \"Standard Insurance Center\") [U.S. Bancorp Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Bancorp_Tower \"U.S. Bancorp Tower\") [Veterans Affairs Medical Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veterans_Affairs_Medical_Center_\$Oregon\$ \"Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Oregon)\") [Veterans Memorial Coliseum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veterans_Memorial_Coliseum_\$Portland,_Oregon\$ \"Veterans Memorial Coliseum (Portland, Oregon)\") |\n| Texas | [Bank of America Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_America_Plaza_\$San_Antonio\$ \"Bank of America Plaza (San Antonio)\") [Chase Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chase_Tower_\$Dallas\$ \"Chase Tower (Dallas)\") [El Paso Energy Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Paso_Energy_Building \"El Paso Energy Building\") [Enterprise Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enterprise_Plaza \"Enterprise Plaza\") [Moody Performance Hall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moody_Performance_Hall \"Moody Performance Hall\") [Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison_Convention_Center \"Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center\") [Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum \"Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum\") [One City Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_City_Centre_\$Houston\$ \"One City Centre (Houston)\") [One Main Place](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Main_Place_\$Dallas\$ \"One Main Place (Dallas)\") [One Shell Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Shell_Plaza \"One Shell Plaza\") [San Felipe Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Felipe_Plaza \"San Felipe Plaza\") [Wells Fargo Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wells_Fargo_Plaza_\$Houston\$ \"Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)\") [Westlake Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Westlake_Park_\$Houston\$ \"Westlake Park (Houston)\") |\n| Virginia | [Dulles International Airport Main Terminal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dulles_International_Airport_Main_Terminal \"Dulles International Airport Main Terminal\") [Fairfax Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fairfax_Square \"Fairfax Square\") [Icon Norfolk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Icon_Norfolk \"Icon Norfolk\") [National Museum of the United States Army](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Army \"National Museum of the United States Army\") [Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reynolds_Metals_Company_International_Headquarters \"Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters\") |\n| Washington, D.C. | [1201 Pennsylvania Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1201_Pennsylvania_Avenue \"1201 Pennsylvania Avenue\") [1310 G Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1310_G_Street \"1310 G Street\") [1625 Eye Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1625_Eye_Street \"1625 Eye Street\") [Connecticut Connection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Connecticut_Connection \"Connecticut Connection\") [Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden \"Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden\") |\n| Wisconsin | [Associated Bank River Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associated_Bank_River_Center \"Associated Bank River Center\") [U.S. Bank Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Bank_Center_\$Milwaukee\$ \"U.S. Bank Center (Milwaukee)\") [University Club Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_Club_Tower_\$Milwaukee\$ \"University Club Tower (Milwaukee)\") |\n| Other states | [222 Main](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/222_Main \"222 Main\") (Utah) [250 West Pratt Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/250_West_Pratt_Street \"250 West Pratt Street\") (Maryland) [1201 North Market Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1201_North_Market_Street \"1201 North Market Street\") (Delaware) [1201 Pacific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1201_Pacific \"1201 Pacific\") (Washington) [3300 North Central Avenue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3300_North_Central_Avenue \"3300 North Central Avenue\") (Arizona) [American Republic Insurance Company Headquarters Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Republic_Insurance_Company_Headquarters_Building \"American Republic Insurance Company Headquarters Building\") (Iowa) [BMA Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMA_Tower \"BMA Tower\") (Missouri) [City Center Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/City_Center_Square \"City Center Square\") (Missouri) [Mauna Kea Beach Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mauna_Kea_Beach_Hotel \"Mauna Kea Beach Hotel\") (Hawaii) [Norton Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norton_Building \"Norton Building\") (Washington) [PNC Bank Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNC_Bank_Building_\$Philadelphia\$ \"PNC Bank Building (Philadelphia)\") (Pennsylvania) [RDO Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RDO_Building \"RDO Building\") (North Dakota) [Shipt Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shipt_Tower \"Shipt Tower\") (Alabama) [William R. Snodgrass Tennessee Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_R._Snodgrass_Tennessee_Tower \"William R. Snodgrass Tennessee Tower\") (Tennessee) |\n| Non-U.S. works |   |\n|   |   |\n| Canada | [Bell Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bell_Tower_\$Edmonton\$ \"Bell Tower (Edmonton)\") [Brookfield Place](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brookfield_Place_\$Toronto\$ \"Brookfield Place (Toronto)\") [Embassy of the United States, Ottawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Ottawa \"Embassy of the United States, Ottawa\") [Minto Midtown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minto_Midtown \"Minto Midtown\") [Oxford Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_Tower_\$Edmonton\$ \"Oxford Tower (Edmonton)\") [Richardson Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richardson_Building_\$Winnipeg\$ \"Richardson Building (Winnipeg)\") [TD Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TD_Tower_\$Edmonton\$ \"TD Tower (Edmonton)\") [Telus Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telus_Tower_\$Montreal\$ \"Telus Tower (Montreal)\") |\n| China and Hong Kong | [AIA Central](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AIA_Central \"AIA Central\") [AVIC Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AVIC_Plaza \"AVIC Plaza\") [Binhai railway station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binhai_railway_station \"Binhai railway station\") [China Merchants Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Merchants_Tower \"China Merchants Tower\") [China World Trade Center Tower III](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_World_Trade_Center_Tower_III \"China World Trade Center Tower III\") [Greenland Hangzhou Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenland_Hangzhou_Center \"Greenland Hangzhou Center\") [Hangzhou Wangchao Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hangzhou_Wangchao_Center \"Hangzhou Wangchao Center\") [Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre \"Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre\") [Jin Mao Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jin_Mao_Tower \"Jin Mao Tower\") [Pearl River Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pearl_River_Tower \"Pearl River Tower\") [Poly Pazhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poly_Pazhou \"Poly Pazhou\") [Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shum_Yip_Upperhills_Tower_1 \"Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1\") [Tianjin Kerry Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianjin_Kerry_Centre \"Tianjin Kerry Centre\") [Tianjin World Financial Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianjin_World_Financial_Center \"Tianjin World Financial Center\") [White Magnolia Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_Magnolia_Plaza \"White Magnolia Plaza\") [Zifeng Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zifeng_Tower \"Zifeng Tower\") |\n| Philippines | [AIA Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AIA_Tower_\$Makati\$ \"AIA Tower (Makati)\") [ArthaLand Century Pacific Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ArthaLand_Century_Pacific_Tower \"ArthaLand Century Pacific Tower\") [Ayala Tower One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayala_Tower_One \"Ayala Tower One\") [Luna Gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_Gardens \"Luna Gardens\") [One Roxas Triangle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Roxas_Triangle \"One Roxas Triangle\") [PBCom Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PBCom_Tower \"PBCom Tower\") [Petron Megaplaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petron_Megaplaza \"Petron Megaplaza\") [RCBC Plaza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RCBC_Plaza \"RCBC Plaza\") [Rizal Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rizal_Tower \"Rizal Tower\") [The World Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_World_Centre \"The World Centre\") [Zuellig Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zuellig_Building \"Zuellig Building\") |\n| Singapore | [Changi Airport MRT station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Changi_Airport_MRT_station \"Changi Airport MRT station\") [Guoco Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guoco_Tower \"Guoco Tower\") [One George Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_George_Street \"One George Street\") |\n| South Korea | [63 Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/63_Building \"63 Building\") [ASEM Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASEM_Tower \"ASEM Tower\") [Busan Lotte Town Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Busan_Lotte_Town_Tower \"Busan Lotte Town Tower\") [GS Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GS_Tower \"GS Tower\") [Haeundae LCT The Sharp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haeundae_LCT_The_Sharp \"Haeundae LCT The Sharp\") [Samsung Tower Palace 3 – Tower G](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_Tower_Palace_3_%E2%80%93_Tower_G \"Samsung Tower Palace 3 – Tower G\") |\n| UAE | [Burj Khalifa]() [Cayan Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cayan_Tower \"Cayan Tower\") [Rolex Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolex_Tower \"Rolex Tower\") |\n| UK | [5 Canada Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5_Canada_Square \"5 Canada Square\") [20 Bank Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20_Bank_Street_\$London\$ \"20 Bank Street (London)\") [20 Canada Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/20_Canada_Square \"20 Canada Square\") [25 Cabot Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/25_Cabot_Square \"25 Cabot Square\") [100 Leadenhall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/100_Leadenhall \"100 Leadenhall\") [Baltimore Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltimore_Tower \"Baltimore Tower\") [Broadgate Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadgate_Tower \"Broadgate Tower\") [Charrington Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charrington_Tower \"Charrington Tower\") [Chronicle Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chronicle_Tower \"Chronicle Tower\") [Manhattan Loft Gardens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_Loft_Gardens \"Manhattan Loft Gardens\") [Pan Peninsula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pan_Peninsula \"Pan Peninsula\") |\n| Other countries | [Al Hamra Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al_Hamra_Tower \"Al Hamra Tower\") (Kuwait) [AMP Square](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AMP_Square \"AMP Square\") (Australia) [Ben Gurion Airport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ben_Gurion_Airport \"Ben Gurion Airport\") (Israel) [Carlton Centre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlton_Centre \"Carlton Centre\") (South Africa) [Carlton Hotel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlton_Hotel_\$Johannesburg\$ \"Carlton Hotel (Johannesburg)\") (South Africa) [Esentai Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esentai_Tower \"Esentai Tower\") (Kazakhstan) [Istanbul Tower 205](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Istanbul_Tower_205 \"Istanbul Tower 205\") (Turkey) [Karlatornet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karlatornet \"Karlatornet\") (Sweden) [Matitone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matitone \"Matitone\") (Italy) [MEO Arena](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MEO_Arena \"MEO Arena\") (Portugal) [Midtown Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midtown_Tower \"Midtown Tower\") (Japan) [Milan Olympic Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Milan_Olympic_Village \"Milan Olympic Village\") (Italy) [Pertamina Energy Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pertamina_Energy_Tower \"Pertamina Energy Tower\") (Indonesia) [Rama IX Super Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rama_IX_Super_Tower \"Rama IX Super Tower\") (Thailand) [Rondo 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rondo_1 \"Rondo 1\") (Poland) [Sofitel Sydney Wentworth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sofitel_Sydney_Wentworth \"Sofitel Sydney Wentworth\") (Australia) [Tokyo Midtown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tokyo_Midtown \"Tokyo Midtown\") (Japan) [Torre Paradox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Torre_Paradox \"Torre Paradox\") (Mexico) |\n| Proposed or unbuilt |   |\n| [250 Water Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/250_Water_Street \"250 Water Street\") [400 Lake Shore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/400_Lake_Shore \"400 Lake Shore\") [Lopez Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lopez_Center \"Lopez Center\") [Seoul Lite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seoul_Lite \"Seoul Lite\") |   |\n| People |   |\n|   |   |\n| Founders | [Louis Skidmore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Skidmore \"Louis Skidmore\") [Nathaniel A. Owings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nathaniel_A._Owings \"Nathaniel A. Owings\") [John O. Merrill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_O._Merrill \"John O. Merrill\") |\n| Other figures | [Davis Allen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Davis_Allen \"Davis Allen\") [William F. Baker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_F._Baker_\$engineer\$ \"William F. Baker (engineer)\") [Gordon Bunshaft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gordon_Bunshaft \"Gordon Bunshaft\") [Nir Buras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nir_Buras \"Nir Buras\") [Vishaan Chakrabarti](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vishaan_Chakrabarti \"Vishaan Chakrabarti\") [David Childs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Childs \"David Childs\") [Julie Christensen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julie_Christensen_\$politician\$ \"Julie Christensen (politician)\") [Natalie de Blois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Natalie_de_Blois \"Natalie de Blois\") [Roger Duffy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Duffy_\$architect\$ \"Roger Duffy (architect)\") [George J. Efstathiou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_J._Efstathiou \"George J. Efstathiou\") [Myron Goldsmith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myron_Goldsmith \"Myron Goldsmith\") [T. J. Gottesdiener](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T._J._Gottesdiener \"T. J. Gottesdiener\") [Bruce Graham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruce_Graham \"Bruce Graham\") [Gary Haney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gary_Haney \"Gary Haney\") [Daniel Inocente](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Inocente \"Daniel Inocente\") [Fazlur Rahman Khan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan \"Fazlur Rahman Khan\") [André Richardson King](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andr%C3%A9_Richardson_King \"André Richardson King\") [Vincent Kling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vincent_Kling_\$architect\$ \"Vincent Kling (architect)\") [Margaret McCurry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_McCurry \"Margaret McCurry\") [Gyo Obata](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gyo_Obata \"Gyo Obata\") [Mark Sarkisian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Sarkisian \"Mark Sarkisian\") [Adrian Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_\$architect\$ \"Adrian Smith (architect)\") [Randall Stout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Randall_Stout 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Baker (engineer)\") |\n| Main contractor | [Samsung C\\&T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation \"Samsung C&T Corporation\")  [BESIX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Besix \"Besix\")  [Arabtec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC \"Arabtec Holding PJSC\") |\n| Other information |   |\n| Parking | 2 subterranean levels |\n| Public transit access | [![Metro interchange](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c1\/BSicon_SUBWAY.svg\/20px-BSicon_SUBWAY.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapid_transit \"Rapid transit\")  [M1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Line_\$Dubai_Metro\$ \"Red Line (Dubai Metro)\")  At [Burj Khalifa\/Dubai Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa\/Dubai_Mall_\$Dubai_Metro\$ \"Burj Khalifa\/Dubai Mall (Dubai Metro)\") |\n| Website |   |\n| [burjkhalifa.ae](https:\/\/www.burjkhalifa.ae\/) |   |\n| References |   |\n| [\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-1) |   |\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/90\/Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg\/250px-Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Khalifa_\$worlds_tallest_building\$_and_the_Dubai_skyline_\$25781049892\$.jpg)\n\nPhotographic [silhouette](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silhouette \"Silhouette\") of the [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\") [skyline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyline \"Skyline\"); the Burj Khalifa is visible at the centre\n\nThe **Burj Khalifa**[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-2) (previously known as **Burj Dubai** prior to inauguration) is a [megatall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_megatall_skyscrapers \"List of megatall skyscrapers\") [skyscraper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyscraper \"Skyscraper\") in [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\"), United Arab Emirates. Designed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\"), it is the [world's tallest structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_world \"List of tallest structures in the world\"), with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) of 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the [tallest building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures \"List of tallest buildings and structures\") in the world since its [topping out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topping_out \"Topping out\") in 2009, surpassing [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\"), which had held the record for a half-decade.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)\n\nConstruction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is [reinforced concrete](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reinforced_concrete \"Reinforced concrete\"). Some of the [structural steel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Structural_steel \"Structural steel\") for the building was salvaged from the demolished [Palace of the Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin \"Palace of the Republic, Berlin\") in East Berlin.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6) The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called [Downtown Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downtown_Dubai \"Downtown Dubai\"). It was designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development.\n\nThe building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7) The [United Arab Emirates government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates_government \"United Arab Emirates government\") provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\"), experienced financial problems during the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"). Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organised federal financial support. For his support, [Mohammad bin Rashid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammad_bin_Rashid \"Mohammad bin Rashid\"), [Ruler of Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruler_of_Dubai \"Ruler of Dubai\"), changed the name from \"Burj Dubai\" to \"Burj Khalifa\" during inauguration.\n\nThe design is derived from the [Islamic architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_architecture \"Islamic architecture\") of the region, such as in the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra \"Great Mosque of Samarra\"). The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A [buttressed central core and wings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buttressed_core \"Buttressed core\") are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) The structure also features a [cladding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cladding_\$construction\$ \"Cladding (construction)\") system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-9) It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators.\n\nDevelopment\n\nConstruction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-opening-10)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-11) and is part of the 2 km2 (490 acres) [Downtown Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downtown_Dubai \"Downtown Dubai\") development at the 'First Interchange' along [Sheikh Zayed Road](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sheikh_Zayed_Road \"Sheikh Zayed Road\"), near Dubai's main business district.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nThe tower's architecture and engineering were performed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill \"Skidmore, Owings & Merrill\") of Chicago, with [Adrian Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_\$architect\$ \"Adrian Smith (architect)\") as chief architect, and [Bill Baker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_F._Baker_\$engineer\$ \"William F. Baker (engineer)\") as a chief structural engineer.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-13) The firm had designed the [Sears Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-14)\n\n[Hyder Consulting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyder_Consulting \"Hyder Consulting\") was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was [Samsung C\\&T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_C%26T \"Samsung C&T\") of [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), together with the Belgian group [BESIX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Besix \"Besix\") and the local company [Arabtec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC \"Arabtec Holding PJSC\").\n\nNumerous complaints concerned migrant workers from [South Asia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Asia \"South Asia\"), the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-16)\n\nConception\n\nBurj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-17) nine hotels (including [The Address Downtown Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Address_Downtown_Dubai \"The Address Downtown Dubai\")), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the [Dubai Mall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Mall \"Dubai Mall\"), and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. \"He (Sheikh [Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum \"Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum\")) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational,\" said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at [Nakheel Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nakheel_Properties \"Nakheel Properties\").[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-18)\n\nThe tower was known as Burj Dubai (\"Dubai Tower\") until its official opening in January 2010.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) It was renamed in honour of the ruler of [Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi \"Emirate of Abu Dhabi\"), [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\"); [Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abu_Dhabi \"Abu Dhabi\") and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least \\$80 billion for construction projects.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the [2008 financial crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_financial_crisis \"2008 financial crisis\") and the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"), leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-20)\n\nRecords\n\nThe Burj Khalifa set several world records, including:\n\n- Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [KVLY-TV mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KVLY-TV_mast \"KVLY-TV mast\") – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft)\n- Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [Warsaw radio mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_radio_mast \"Warsaw radio mast\") – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft)\n- Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [CN Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft)\n- Tallest skyscraper (to top of [spire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spire \"Spire\")): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\") – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21)\n- Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the [Willis (formerly Sears) Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") – 527 m or 1,729 ft)\n- Building with most floors: 163 (previously [World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Center_\$1973%E2%80%932001\$ \"World Trade Center (1973–2001)\") – 110)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-22)\n- World's highest [elevator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elevator \"Elevator\") installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)\n- World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Otis-24)\n- Highest vertical [concrete pumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concrete_pump \"Concrete pump\") (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25)\n- [World's tallest structure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World%27s_tallest_structures \"World's tallest structures\") that includes residential space[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26)\n- World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- World's highest restaurant (*[At.mosphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At.mosphere \"At.mosphere\")*): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-28)\n- World's highest New Year display of [fireworks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fireworks \"Fireworks\").[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gulfnews.com-29)\n- World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-30)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-31)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-32)\n\nArchitecture and design\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a4\/Comparisonfinal001fx7.png\/330px-Comparisonfinal001fx7.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Comparisonfinal001fx7.png)\n\nA cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\"), [Willis Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\"), and [the original World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Trade_Center_\$1973%E2%80%932001\$ \"World Trade Center (1973–2001)\")\n\nThe tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the [Willis Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") (formerly the Sears Tower) in [Chicago](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago \"Chicago\") and the [One World Trade Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_World_Trade_Center \"One World Trade Center\") in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled [tube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_\$structure\$ \"Tube (structure)\") design of the Willis Tower, invented by [Fazlur Rahman Khan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan \"Fazlur Rahman Khan\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-34) Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the [Empire State Building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_State_Building \"Empire State Building\").[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-35) Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-36) The design is reminiscent of [Frank Lloyd Wright](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Lloyd_Wright \"Frank Lloyd Wright\")'s vision for [The Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Illinois \"The Illinois\"), a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's [Lake Point Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Point_Tower \"Lake Point Tower\"). When [Adrian Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_\$architect\$ \"Adrian Smith (architect)\") was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward [Lake Point Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Point_Tower \"Lake Point Tower\")'s curved three-wing layout and thought, \"There's the prototype\".[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-37) According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor [Tower Palace Three](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_Palace_Three_Tower \"Tower Palace Three Tower\"), an all-residential building in [Seoul](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seoul \"Seoul\"). In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Height_Revealed-38)\n\nAfter the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and [MEP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architectural_engineering#Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing_\$MEP\$ \"Architectural engineering\") (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder2-40) Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged [GHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GHD_Group \"GHD Group\"),[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GHD_Projects-41) an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork.\n\nThe design is derived from Islamic architecture.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 [setbacks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setback_\$architecture\$ \"Setback (architecture)\") in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimises vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-42)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2b\/Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg\/250px-Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg)\n\nThe spiral minaret at the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra \"Great Mosque of Samarra\")\n\nThe spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) This 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered [vanity height](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanity_height \"Vanity height\"), since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat \"Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat\") study, which notes that the empty spire \"could be a skyscraper on its own\".[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-44)\n\nIn 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of [Jaume Plensa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jaume_Plensa \"Jaume Plensa\").[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-45)\n\nThe cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured [stainless steel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\") [spandrel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spandrel \"Spandrel\") panels with vertical tubular fins.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The [architectural glass](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architectural_glass \"Architectural glass\") provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-46)\n\nThe exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-47)\\[*[needs update](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style\/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items \"Wikipedia:Manual of Style\/Dates and numbers\")*\\]\n\nA 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by [Armani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armani \"Armani\"), occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-48) The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-49)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-50) but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-51) The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-52) yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010.\n\nThe [sky lobbies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_lobby \"Sky lobby\") on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53) Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor [zero-entry swimming pool](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swimming_pool#Zero-entry_swimming_pools \"Swimming pool\") is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the [At.mosphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At.mosphere \"At.mosphere\") restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-54)\n\nThe building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest [double-deck elevators](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double-deck_elevator \"Double-deck elevator\"), rising and descending at up to 10 m\/s (33 ft\/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-55) The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-56)\n\nPlumbing systems\n\nThe Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57)\n\nAir conditioning\n\nThe air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-58) At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)\n\nWindow cleaning\n\nTo wash the 24,348 windows, totalling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 ft2) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from [davits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Davit \"Davit\") are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-59)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-60) Under normal conditions, when all [building maintenance units](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Building_maintenance_unit \"Building maintenance unit\") are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61)\n\nUnmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in [Melbourne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melbourne \"Melbourne\"), Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units,[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-telegraphwindowcleaning-62) at a cost of [A\\$](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_dollar \"Australian dollar\")8 million.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61)\n\nFeatures\n\nFountain\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fe\/Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG\/250px-Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG)\n\n[The Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Fountain \"The Dubai Fountain\")\n\nOutside the Burj Khalifa, [WET Enterprises](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WET_Enterprises \"WET Enterprises\") designed a fountain system at a cost of [Dh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham \"United Arab Emirates dirham\") 800 million (US\\$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-63) On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-64)\n\nObservation deck\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG\/250px-Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG)\n\nView of [The Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Fountain \"The Dubai Fountain\") from the observation deck\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f1\/View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg\/250px-View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg)\n\nView from the observation deck\n\nAn outdoor [observation deck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation_deck \"Observation deck\"), named *[At the Top](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At_the_Top_\$Burj_Khalifa\$ \"At the Top (Burj Khalifa)\")*, opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft).[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-65) It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it [the highest observation deck in the world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures#Observation_decks \"History of the world's tallest structures\") on 15 October 2014.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-bus-insider-66)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-at_the_top-67) However, in June 2016 the [Shanghai Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai_Tower \"Shanghai Tower\") opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest [observation deck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation_deck \"Observation deck\"). Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-68)\n\nThe Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an [augmented reality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augmented_reality \"Augmented reality\") device developed by [Gsmprjct°](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gsmprjct%C2%B0 \"Gsmprjct°\") of [Montréal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montr%C3%A9al \"Montréal\"), which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm-69)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm2-70)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-71) To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-72)\n\nOn 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-73)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-74)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-75)[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-76)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-77)\n\nWhen the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper.[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-78)\n\nPark\n\nBurj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-79) Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the *[Hymenocallis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hymenocallis \"Hymenocallis\")*, a desert plant.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-80) At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the *[Hymenocallis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hymenocallis \"Hymenocallis\")* flower.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81)\n\nThe plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually.[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81) [WET Enterprises](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WET_Enterprises \"WET Enterprises\"), who also developed the [Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Fountain \"Dubai Fountain\"), developed the park's six water features.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-82)\n\nFloor plan\n\n| Floors | Purpose[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-83) | [Dimetric projection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimetric_projection \"Dimetric projection\") with floors colour-coded by function[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-84) |   |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| 160–163 | Mechanical | ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/timeline\/k44ravh5cmnamo8053fclouhog7322z.png) | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/0\/06\/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg\/960px-Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg) |\n| 156–159 | Communication and broadcast |   |   |\n| 155 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 152–154 | [*The Lounge* observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#Observation_deck) |   |   |\n| 149–151 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 148 | [*At the Top Sky* observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At_the_Top_\$Burj_Khalifa\$ \"At the Top (Burj Khalifa)\") |   |   |\n| 139–147 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 136–138 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 125–135 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 124 | [*At the Top* observatory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At_the_Top_\$Burj_Khalifa\$ \"At the Top (Burj Khalifa)\") |   |   |\n| 123 | [Sky lobby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_lobby \"Sky lobby\") |   |   |\n| 122 | *[At.mosphere](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At.mosphere \"At.mosphere\")* restaurant |   |   |\n| 111–121 | Corporate suites |   |   |\n| 109–110 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 77–108 | Residential |   |   |\n| 76 | Sky lobby |   |   |\n| 73–75 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 44–72 | Residential |   |   |\n| 43 | Sky lobby |   |   |\n| 40–42 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 38–39 | [Armani Hotel suites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armani_Hotels_and_Resorts \"Armani Hotels and Resorts\") |   |   |\n| 19–37 | Residential |   |   |\n| 17–18 | Mechanical |   |   |\n| 9–16 | Armani Residences |   |   |\n| 1–8 | Armani Hotel |   |   |\n| Ground | Armani Hotel, Lobby |   |   |\n| Concourse | Armani Hotel, Lobby |   |   |\n| B1–B2 | Parking, Mechanical |   |   |\n\nRamadan observance\n\nOn the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor wait two extra minutes to [break their Ramadan fast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iftar \"Iftar\"), and those living above the 150th floor wait three minutes.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-85)\n\nConstruction\n\nAnimation of construction process\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg\/250px-Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg)\n\nAerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008\n\nThe tower was constructed by [Samsung C\\&T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation \"Samsung C&T Corporation\") from [South Korea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea \"South Korea\"), which also did work on the [Petronas Twin Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petronas_Twin_Towers \"Petronas Twin Towers\") and [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\").[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Samsung_E&C-86) Samsung C\\&T built the tower in a joint venture with [BESIX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BESIX \"BESIX\") from Belgium and [Arabtec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabtec \"Arabtec\") from the UAE.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-87)[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-88) [Turner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turner_Construction_Company \"Turner Construction Company\") was the project manager on the main construction contract.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-89) Hong Kong-based [Far East Aluminium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Far_East_Group \"Far East Group\") combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-90)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-91)\n\nThe contractor and the engineer of record was [Hyder Consulting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyder_Consulting \"Hyder Consulting\").[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-92) Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is [jointly and severally liable](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Severally_liable#Joint_and_several_liability \"Severally liable\") for the performance of Burj Khalifa.\n\nThe primary structure is reinforced concrete. [Putzmeister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Putzmeister \"Putzmeister\") created a new, super high-pressure trailer [concrete pump](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concrete_pump \"Concrete pump\"), the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel [rebar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rebar \"Rebar\"), and construction took 22 million man-hours.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12) In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns *jacketed* or *covered* with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) the 156th floor. Three [tower cranes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_crane \"Tower crane\") were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-93) The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel.\n\nIn 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the [bedrock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bedrock \"Bedrock\") underlying the structure.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoMarc-94) *\"Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone\"* was found, just metres below the surface.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-95) Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoPrac2010-01-04-96) The study described the site as part of a \"seismically active area\".\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] Another challenging element was the [shamal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shamal_\$wind\$ \"Shamal (wind)\") which often creates sandstorms.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21)\n\nOver 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 [tonnes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonne \"Tonne\") (120,000 [short tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Short_ton \"Short ton\"); 110,000 [long tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_ton \"Long ton\")) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 [tonnes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonne \"Tonne\") (500,000 [short tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Short_ton \"Short ton\"); 440,000 [long tons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_ton \"Long ton\")). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-VanHamptonApril2008-97) A [cathodic protection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cathodic_protection \"Cathodic protection\") system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21)\n\nDuring the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the [Palace of the Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin \"Palace of the Republic, Berlin\") in Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the [Volkskammer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volkskammer \"Volkskammer\") of the former [East Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany \"East Germany\"). The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6)\n\nThe Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-98)\n\nSpecial mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. [CTLGroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CTLGroup \"CTLGroup\"), working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage [testing critical for the structural analysis of the building](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_architecture \"Islamic architecture\").[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-99)\n\nThe consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and [Persian Gulf](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf \"Persian Gulf\") temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Al-Tayyib1989-100)[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Ji2009-101)[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Gj%C3%B8rv2011-102)[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Friedman2018-103)[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Bester2013-104)\n\nMilestones\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7b\/Burj_Dubai_001.jpg\/500px-Burj_Dubai_001.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_Dubai_001.jpg)\n\nBurj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010\n\n- January 2004: Excavation commences.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- February 2004: Piling starts.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-105)\n- March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)\n- February 2007: Surpasses the [Sears Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Tower \"Willis Tower\") as the [building with the most floors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more \"List of buildings with 100 floors or more\").\n- 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical [concrete pumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concrete_pump \"Concrete pump\") on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of [Taipei 101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taipei_101 \"Taipei 101\"), while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-106)\n- 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-official_site-107)\n- 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft).\n- 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the [CN Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CN_Tower \"CN Tower\") in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CBC-108)\n- 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the [KVLY-TV Mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KVLY-TV_mast \"KVLY-TV mast\") to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080407-109)\n- 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110)\n- 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the [Warsaw Radio Mast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Radio_Mast \"Warsaw Radio Mast\") in [Konstantynów](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantyn%C3%B3w_\$P%C5%82ock_County\$ \"Konstantynów (Płock County)\"), Poland.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-111)\n- 17 January 2009: [Topped out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topped_out \"Topped out\") at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Biz24720090117-112)\n- 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Maktoob20091001-113)\n- 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, [Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\").[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)\n- 10 March 2010: [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat \"Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat\") certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUH_WorldsTallest-114)\n\nReal estate values\n\nIn March 2009, [Mohamed Ali Alabbar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohamed_Ali_Alabbar \"Mohamed Ali Alabbar\"), chairman of the project's developer, [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\"), said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US\\$4,000 per sq ft (over US\\$43,000 per m2) and the [Armani Residences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armani_Residences \"Armani Residences\"), also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US\\$3,500 per sq ft (over US\\$37,500 per m2).[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-115) He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US\\$1.5 billion.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7)\n\nThe project's completion coincided with the [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\"), and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures.[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-monument-116) With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbour [Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abu_Dhabi \"Abu Dhabi\"). Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\") for his crucial support.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-117)\n\nBecause of the [slumping demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real_estate_bubble \"Real estate bubble\") in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-118)[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-119) Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space.[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-120) By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-121)\n\nOfficial launch ceremony\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg\/250px-Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Burj_khalifa_fireworks_\$cropped\$.jpg)\n\nThe opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa\n\nThe ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on [Burj Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Park \"Burj Park\") Island and on smaller screens elsewhere.[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-122) Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-billions_and_billions-124)\n\nThe opening was held on 4 January 2010.[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-125) The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers [Speirs and Major Associates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speirs_and_Major_Associates \"Speirs and Major Associates\").[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-126) Using the 868 powerful [stroboscope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stroboscope \"Stroboscope\") lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nControversies\n\nIncidents\n\nOn 10 May 2011, an [Asian migrant worker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates\") in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-127)\n\nOn 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the [Jumeirah Lake Towers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jumeirah_Lake_Towers \"Jumeirah Lake Towers\").[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-128)[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-129) [Nine News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nine_News \"Nine News\") obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under [freedom of information laws](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country#Portugal \"Freedom of information laws by country\"), which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-130)\n\nLabour\n\nThe Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131)[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-132) This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-133)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-134) On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110) Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled [carpenters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carpentry \"Carpentry\") at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) According to a BBC investigation and a [Human Rights Watch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_Rights_Watch \"Human Rights Watch\") report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135)[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-136)[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-137) During construction, one construction-related death was reported.[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-138) Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135)\n\nIn March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131)\n\nNew Year's Eve\n\nEmaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\").[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-139)[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-140) The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on [The Dubai Fountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dubai_Fountain \"The Dubai Fountain\") choreographed to the soundtrack.[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-141)[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-142) The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143)\n\nSince 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by [Dubai Media Incorporated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_Media_Incorporated \"Dubai Media Incorporated\") and [Dubai TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai_TV \"Dubai TV\").[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143)\n\nEmaar New Year's Eve has won two [Guinness World Records](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinness_World_Records \"Guinness World Records\"), including \"[Largest LED-Illuminated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Light-emitting_diode \"Light-emitting diode\") Facade\" in 2015 and 2019.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye1-144)[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-145)[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye2-146)\n\nIn 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on [Twitter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitter \"Twitter\"),[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye8-147)[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-148) and [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube \"YouTube\"). In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on [Zoom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoom_\$software\$ \"Zoom (software)\").[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye10-149)\n\nIn 2021, Emaar celebrated [solidarity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solidarity \"Solidarity\") in honour of [frontline workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frontline_worker \"Frontline worker\") of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\").[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-150)\n\nFor the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-151)\n\nBASE jumping\n\nThe building has been used by several experienced [BASE jumpers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BASE_jumping \"BASE jumping\") for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping:\n\nIn May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-152)[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-153)\n\nOn 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km\/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-154)[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-BASE_jumping-155)\n\nOn 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers [Vince Reffet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vince_Reffet \"Vince Reffet\") and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-156)[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-157)[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-158)\n\nClimbing\n\nOn 28 March 2011, [Alain \"Spiderman\" Robert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alain_Robert \"Alain Robert\") scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in [free solo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_solo_climbing \"Free solo climbing\") style, used a rope and harness.[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-159)\n\nAwards\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7e\/P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg\/250px-P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:P1040471_\$14230484239\$.jpg)\n\nBurj Khalifa artwork project made of [Lego](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lego \"Lego\") in Bricksworld 2014\n\nIn June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 \"Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa\" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-160) On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-161) Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of [Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrian_Smith_%2B_Gordon_Gill_Architecture \"Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture\"), said:\n\n> We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it.[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-162)\n\nBurj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-163)[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-164)\n\n| Year | Award |\n|---|---|\n| 2012 | Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from [Structural Engineers Association of Illinois](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations \"National Council of Structural Engineers Associations\") (SEAOI), Chicago. |\n| 2011 | Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. |\n| Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. |   |\n| Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter. |   |\n| Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room. |   |\n| Excellence in Engineering from [ASHRAE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASHRAE \"ASHRAE\") (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter. |   |\n| Outstanding Structure Award from [International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineering \"International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering\"). |   |\n| Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). |   |\n| Decade of Design • Best of Category\/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). |   |\n| GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from [MEED](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MEED \"MEED\") (formerly *Middle East Economic Digest*). |   |\n| Project of the Year from MEED. |   |\n| 2010 | International Architecture Award. |\n| Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit. |   |\n| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards. |   |\n| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards. |   |\n| International Architecture Award from [Chicago Athenaeum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Good_Design_Award_\$Chicago\$ \"Good Design Award (Chicago)\"). |   |\n| American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum. |   |\n| Commercial \/ Mixed Use Built from Cityscape. |   |\n| Best Mixed Use Built Development in [Cityscape Abu Dhabi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cityscape_Abu_Dhabi \"Cityscape Abu Dhabi\"). |   |\n| Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from [Emporis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emporis \"Emporis\"). |   |\n| Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from [Institution of Structural Engineers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers \"Institution of Structural Engineers\"). |   |\n| International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards. |   |\n| Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards. |   |\n| Best Structural Design of the Year from [LEAF Award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LEAF_Award \"LEAF Award\"). |   |\n| International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from [National Council of Structural Engineers Associations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations \"National Council of Structural Engineers Associations\"). |   |\n| Best of What's New from *Popular Science* Magazine. |   |\n| Spark Awards, Silver Award. |   |\n| Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI. |   |\n\nSee also\n\n- [List of buildings in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_buildings_in_Dubai \"List of buildings in Dubai\")\n- [List of buildings with 100 floors or more](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more \"List of buildings with 100 floors or more\")\n- [List of development projects in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai \"List of development projects in Dubai\")\n- [List of tallest buildings and structures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures \"List of tallest buildings and structures\")\n- [List of tallest freestanding structures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures \"List of tallest freestanding structures\")\n- [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai \"List of tallest buildings in Dubai\")\n- [List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates \"List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates\")\n- [List of tallest buildings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_buildings \"List of tallest buildings\")\n- [List of tallest structures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_tallest_structures \"List of tallest structures\")\n- [Jeddah Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeddah_Tower \"Jeddah Tower\")\n\nNotes\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-2)**\n   [Arabic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabic_language \"Arabic language\"): بُرْج خَلِيفَة, *Burj Khalīfah*, pronounced [\\[bʊrd͡ʒ xaˈliːfa\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Arabic \"Help:IPA\/Arabic\"),\n   \n   lit.\n   \n   '[Khalifa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan \"Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan\") tower'\n\nReferences\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"Burj Khalifa\"](http:\/\/www.skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/wd\/3). *[CVU Skyscraper Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_on_Vertical_Urbanism \"Council on Vertical Urbanism\")*.\n   \n   [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q12495#P1305 \"Edit this at Wikidata\")\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-1)\n   [\"the world's vainest skyscrapers\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20131117120309\/http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Publications\/Journal\/InNumbers\/TBINVanityHeight\/tabid\/5837\/language\/en-US\/Default.aspx). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Publications\/Journal\/InNumbers\/TBINVanityHeight\/tabid\/5837\/language\/en-US\/Default.aspx) on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-1)\n   [\"Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center\"](http:\/\/skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/burj-khalifa\/3). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141224151319\/http:\/\/skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/burj-khalifa\/3) from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-2)\n   Bianchi, Stefania; Andrew Critchlow (4 January 2010). [\"World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806). *The Wall Street Journal*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210228200922\/https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-1)\n   [\"Berlin's Demolished Socialist Palace is Revived in Dubai\"](http:\/\/www.dw-world.de\/dw\/article\/0,2144,3554502,00.html). [Deutsche Welle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Welle \"Deutsche Welle\"). 11 August 2008. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090509024015\/http:\/\/www.dw-world.de\/dw\/article\/0,2144,3554502,00.html) from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2008.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-1)\n   Stanglin, Douglas (2 January 2010). [\"Dubai opens world's tallest building\"](http:\/\/content.usatoday.com\/communities\/ondeadline\/post\/2010\/01\/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building\/1). *[USA Today](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USA_Today \"USA Today\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100105034122\/http:\/\/content.usatoday.com\/communities\/ondeadline\/post\/2010\/01\/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building\/1) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-1)\n   Baker, William; Pawlikowski, James. [\"Higher and Higher: The Evolution of the Buttressed Core\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170810080936\/http:\/\/academic.csuohio.edu\/duffy_s\/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF). *academic.csuohio.edu*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/academic.csuohio.edu\/duffy_s\/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"State-of-the-Art & Structural Design Elements\"](https:\/\/www.burjkhalifa.ae\/en\/the-tower\/structures\/). Burj Khalifa.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-opening_10-0)**\n   [\"Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091106052129\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471). *Gulfnews*. 4 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471) on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_11-0)**\n    [\"World's tallest building opens in Dubai\"](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm). *BBC News*. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100105054239\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-1)\n    [\"Burj Dubai reaches a record high\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110710184915\/http:\/\/www.emaar.com\/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361). [Emaar Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emaar_Properties \"Emaar Properties\"). 21 July 2007. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.emaar.com\/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361) on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2008.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-13)**\n    Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). [\"Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm\"](http:\/\/www.architectmagazine.com\/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534). ArchitectOnline. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081227011127\/http:\/\/www.architectmagazine.com\/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534) from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2009.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-14)**\n    [\"Willis Tower – The Skyscraper Center\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20191223043034\/http:\/\/www.skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/willis-tower\/169). *Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat*. 13 June 2015. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/skyscrapercenter.com\/building\/willis-tower\/169) on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2015.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Archi-Ninja \\| Burj Khalifa (Dubai) – The Truth Behind the Bling\"](https:\/\/www.archi-ninja.com\/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling\/). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220628030943\/https:\/\/www.archi-ninja.com\/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling\/) from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2023.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Buildings that elevated cities: Dubai's Burj Khalifa\"](https:\/\/ww3.rics.org\/uk\/en\/modus\/built-environment\/urbanisation\/buildings-that-elevated-cities--dubai-s-burj-khalifa.html). *ww3.rics.org*. Retrieved 9 July 2024.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-18)**\n    Stack, Megan (13 October 2005). [\"In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/archives\/la-xpm-2005-oct-13-fg-dubai13-story.html). *Los Angeles Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081021032112\/http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2005\/oct\/13\/world\/fg-dubai13) from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2006.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-1)\n    [\"Dubai Tower's Name Reflects U.A.E. Shift\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150530182733\/http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/globalbiz\/content\/jan2010\/gb2010015_736675.htm). *Businessweek.com*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.businessweek.com\/globalbiz\/content\/jan2010\/gb2010015_736675.htm) on 30 May 2015.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-20)**\n    Lewis, Paul (13 February 2009). [\"Dubai's six-year building boom grinds to a halt as financial crisis takes hold\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/feb\/13\/dubai-boom-halt). *[The Guardian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210123121036\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/feb\/13\/dubai-boom-halt) from the original on 23 January 2021.\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-2)\n    [Dupré, Judith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judith_Dupr%C3%A9 \"Judith Dupré\") (2013). [*Skyscrapers: A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings-Revised and Updated*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ). New York: Hachette\/Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 140–141\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-57912-942-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-57912-942-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-57912-942-2\")\n    \n    . [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230326164801\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"WTC Timeline\"](http:\/\/www.wtc.com\/about\/wtchistory-wtc-timeline). [Silverstein Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silverstein_Properties \"Silverstein Properties\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130528154654\/http:\/\/www.wtc.com\/about\/wtchistory-wtc-timeline) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013.\n21. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-4)\n    [\"Burj Khalifa: Towering challenge for builders\"](http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802). GulfNews.com. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110125112740\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802) from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2010.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Otis_24-0)**\n    [\"Burj Khalifa\"](http:\/\/www.otisworldwide.com\/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106). Otis Elevator. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20141006111348\/http:\/\/www.otisworldwide.com\/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013.\n23. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-2)\n    [\"Burj Khalifa – Conquering the World's Tallest Building\"](http:\/\/www.forconstructionpros.com\/article\/10293208\/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building). *ForConstructionPros.com*. 12 May 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20221128224811\/http:\/\/www.forconstructionpros.com\/article\/10293208\/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2012.\n24. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-2)\n    [\"Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070120063252\/http:\/\/www.emporis.com\/en\/wm\/bu\/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates). [Emporis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emporis \"Emporis\"). Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007.\n25. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-8)\n    [\"Burj Dubai Construction Timeline\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091215060325\/http:\/\/www.burjdubai.com\/the-tower\/construction.aspx). BurjDubai.com. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.burjdubai.com\/the-tower\/construction.aspx) on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-28)**\n    [\"And the world's highest restaurant is ready to serve\"](https:\/\/www.emirates247.com\/lifestyle\/dubai-opens-world-s-highest-restaurant-2011-01-20-1.343732). Emirates 24\/7. 20 January 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20120722124738\/http:\/\/www.emirates247.com\/lifestyle\/and-the-world-s-highest-restaurant-is-ready-to-serve-2011-01-20-1.343732) from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2011.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gulfnews.com_29-0)**\n    [\"Jaw-Dropping Fireworks at Burj Khalifa Enthrall Thousands\"](http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/news\/gulf\/uae\/general\/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088). Gulfnews.com. 31 December 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110120013501\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/news\/gulf\/uae\/general\/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-30)**\n    [\"New Year fireworks at Burj Khalifa to return this year\"](https:\/\/www.khaleejtimes.com\/nation\/dubai\/new-year-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-to-return-this-year-). *Khaleej Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200727061617\/https:\/\/www.khaleejtimes.com\/nation\/dubai\/new-year-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-to-return-this-year-) from the original on 27 July 2020. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181128075642\/http:\/\/saudigazette.com.sa\/article\/525571\/BUSINESS\/Emaar-bags-Guinness-World-Record-title-for-largest-light-and-sound-show-on-a-single-building) from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.\n31. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-constructionweekonline.com_33-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-constructionweekonline.com_33-1)\n    [\"Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings\"](http:\/\/www.constructionweekonline.com\/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings\/1\/). Constructionweekonline.com. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150203033624\/http:\/\/www.constructionweekonline.com\/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings\/1\/) from the original on 3 February 2015. 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Retrieved 4 January 2010.\n152. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-154)** [Highest base jump-Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan sets world record](http:\/\/www.worldrecordsacademy.org\/sports\/highest_base_jump_Nasr_Al_Niyadi_and_Omar_Al_Hegelan_sets_world_record_101495.htm) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100613031026\/http:\/\/worldrecordsacademy.org\/sports\/highest_base_jump_Nasr_Al_Niyadi_and_Omar_Al_Hegelan_sets_world_record_101495.htm) 13 June 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"). Retrieved 9 January 2010.\n153. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-BASE_jumping_155-0)**\n     Mansfield, Roddy (8 January 2010). [\"Daredevils Jump Off World's Tallest Building\"](http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Base-Jumpers-From-The-Burj-Khalifa-Dubai-Omar-Al-Hegelan-And-Nasser-Al-Neyadi-Set-New-Record\/Article\/201001115516376?lpos=World_News_Second_Home_Page_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15516376_Base_Jumpers_From_The_Burj_Khalifa_Dubai%3A_Omar_Al_Hegelan_And_Nasser_Al_Neyadi_Set_New_Record). [Sky News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_News \"Sky News\"). Retrieved 8 January 2010.\n     \n     `{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n154. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-156)**\n     [\"Highest BASE jump from a building\"](http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/records-9000\/highest-base-jump-from-a-building\/). [Guinness World Records Limited](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guinness_World_Records_Limited \"Guinness World Records Limited\"). 21 April 2014. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20140530081953\/http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/records-9000\/highest-base-jump-from-a-building) from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2020.\n155. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-157)**\n     Sampiero, Josh (23 April 2014). [\"Fred Fugen and Vincent Reffet took BASE jumping higher than ever before in Dubai\"](http:\/\/www.redbull.com\/en\/adventure\/stories\/1331647102489\/base-jump-record-off-the-world-s-tallest-building). [Red Bull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Bull \"Red Bull\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160528201113\/http:\/\/www.redbull.com\/en\/adventure\/stories\/1331647102489\/base-jump-record-off-the-world-s-tallest-building) from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2020.\n156. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-158)**\n     [*Burj Khalifa Pinnacle BASE Jump – 4K*](https:\/\/ghostarchive.org\/varchive\/youtube\/20211027\/iD4qsWnjsNU). *YouTube*. 24 April 2014. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iD4qsWnjsNU) on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2014.\n157. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-159)**\n     [\"'Spiderman' Alain Robert scales Burj Khalifa in Dubai\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12888817). BBC. 28 March 2011. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110401031717\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12888817) from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2011.\n158. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-160)**\n     [\"CTBUH 9th Annual Awards, 2010\"](http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Events\/Awards\/2010Awards\/tabid\/1571\/language\/en-GB\/Default.aspx). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100619090405\/http:\/\/www.ctbuh.org\/Events\/Awards\/2010Awards\/tabid\/1571\/language\/en-GB\/Default.aspx) from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2007.\n159. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-161)**\n     [\"Burj Khalifa won Best Project of Year at Middle East Architect Awards 2010\"](http:\/\/www.constructionweekonline.com\/article-9617-burj-khalifa-wins-best-project\/). Constructionweekonline.com. 29 September 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101002121553\/http:\/\/www.constructionweekonline.com\/article-9617-burj-khalifa-wins-best-project\/) from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 30 September 2010.\n160. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-162)**\n     [\"Burj Khalifa Becomes First Recipient of New Tall Building Global Icon Award\"](https:\/\/csengineermag.com\/burj-khalifa-becomes-first-recipient-of-new-tall-building-global-icon-award\/). *Civil + Structural Engineer*. 26 October 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170211082423\/https:\/\/csengineermag.com\/burj-khalifa-becomes-first-recipient-of-new-tall-building-global-icon-award\/) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.\n161. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-163)**\n     [\"Burj Khalifa Project Awards\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130127093624\/http:\/\/www.som.com\/project\/burj-khalifa-formerly-burj-dubai). Skidmore, Owings & Merril LLP. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.som.com\/project\/burj-khalifa-formerly-burj-dubai) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n162. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-164)**\n     [\"Jmhdezhdez.com\"](http:\/\/www.jmhdezhdez.com\/2011\/04\/burj-khalifa-dubai-supertall-som.html). Burj Khalifa Project Awards. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130115172448\/http:\/\/www.jmhdezhdez.com\/2011\/04\/burj-khalifa-dubai-supertall-som.html) from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n\nExternal links\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\n- [Official website](https:\/\/www.burjkhalifa.ae\/en\/)\n- [\"The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20231208072751\/http:\/\/www.structuremag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-061.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.structuremag.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-061.pdf) (PDF) on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2026.\n  (597 KB) (*Structure* magazine, June 2006)\n- [\"The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170914220438\/http:\/\/ikb.edu.pl\/jacek.wdowicki\/Pliki\/materialy\/dydaktyka\/budynki_wysokie\/dyplom\/budynki\/burj%20dubai%20tower\/Irw05.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 September 2017.\n  `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown \"Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown\")) (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006)\n- BBC reports: [Burj Khalifa opening](http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/8438857.stm), with video and links; [Maintaining the world's tallest building](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/av\/world-20526216)\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Openstreetmap_logo.svg\/20px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png) Geographic data related to [Burj Khalifa](https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/way\/137153127) at [OpenStreetMap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenStreetMap \"OpenStreetMap\")\n\n[25°11′50″N 55°16′27″E \/ 25\\.1972°N 55.2742°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Burj_Khalifa&params=25.1972_N_55.2742_E_)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Burj Khalifa برج خليفة The Burj Khalifa viewed across the Dubai Fountain in October 2012 Interactive map of the Burj Khalifa area Record height Tallest in the world since 2009 [I] Preceded by Taipei 101 General information Status Completed Type Mixed-use Architectural style Neo-futurism Location 1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard , Dubai , Emirate of Dubai , United Arab Emirates Named for Sheikh Khalifa Construction started 6 January 2004 ; 22 years ago Topped-out 17 January 2009 ; 17 years ago Completed 1 October 2009 ; 16 years ago Opened 4 January 2010 ; 16 years ago Cost US$1.5 billion AED 5.5 billion Owner Emaar Properties Height Architectural 828 m (2,717 ft) Tip 829.8 m (2,722 ft) Antenna spire 242.5 m (796 ft) Roof 739.4 m (2,426 ft) Top floor 585.4 m (1,921 ft) Observatory 555.7 m (1,823 ft) Technical details Structural system Reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium Floor count 154 + 9 maintenance Floor area 309,473 m 2 (3,331,100 sq ft) Lifts/elevators 57 (mall included) Design and construction Architect Adrian Smith Architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Structural engineer Bill Baker Main contractor Samsung C&T BESIX Arabtec Other information Parking 2 subterranean levels Public transit access M1 At Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall Website burjkhalifa.ae References [ 1 ] Photographic silhouette of the Dubai skyline ; the Burj Khalifa is visible at the centre The Burj Khalifa [ a ] (previously known as Burj Dubai prior to inauguration) is a megatall skyscraper in Dubai , United Arab Emirates. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , it is the world's tallest structure , with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire) [ 2 ] of 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the tallest building in the world since its topping out in 2009, surpassing Taipei 101 , which had held the record for a half-decade. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is reinforced concrete . Some of the structural steel for the building was salvaged from the demolished Palace of the Republic in East Berlin. [ 5 ] The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai . It was designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan . [ 6 ] The United Arab Emirates government provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, Emaar Properties , experienced financial problems during the Great Recession . Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organised federal financial support. For his support, Mohammad bin Rashid , Ruler of Dubai , changed the name from "Burj Dubai" to "Burj Khalifa" during inauguration. The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region, such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra . The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings. [ 7 ] The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures. [ 8 ] It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators. Development Construction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010 [ 9 ] [ 10 ] and is part of the 2 km 2 (490 acres) Downtown Dubai development at the 'First Interchange' along Sheikh Zayed Road , near Dubai's main business district. [ citation needed ] The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill of Chicago, with Adrian Smith as chief architect, and Bill Baker as a chief structural engineer. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The firm had designed the Sears Tower in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building. [ 13 ] Hyder Consulting was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea , together with the Belgian group BESIX and the local company Arabtec . Numerous complaints concerned migrant workers from South Asia , the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated. [ 15 ] Conception Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes, [ 16 ] nine hotels (including The Address Downtown Dubai ), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the Dubai Mall , and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. "He (Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties . [ 17 ] The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010. [ 18 ] It was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi , Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects. [ 18 ] In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the 2008 financial crisis and the Great Recession , leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned. [ 19 ] Records The Burj Khalifa set several world records, including: Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously KVLY-TV mast – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft) Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously Warsaw radio mast – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft) Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously CN Tower – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft) Tallest skyscraper (to top of spire ): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously Taipei 101 – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft) [ 20 ] Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the Willis (formerly Sears) Tower – 527 m or 1,729 ft) Building with most floors: 163 (previously World Trade Center – 110) [ 21 ] World's highest elevator installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building) [ 22 ] World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft) [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft) [ 24 ] World's tallest structure that includes residential space [ 25 ] World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft) [ 26 ] World's highest restaurant ( At.mosphere ): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower) [ 27 ] World's highest New Year display of fireworks . [ 28 ] World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Architecture and design A cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, Taipei 101 , Willis Tower , and the original World Trade Center The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower, invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan . [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the Empire State Building . [ 32 ] [ 34 ] Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work. [ 35 ] The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright 's vision for The Illinois , a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's Lake Point Tower . When Adrian Smith was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward Lake Point Tower 's curved three-wing layout and thought, "There's the prototype". [ 36 ] According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace Three , an all-residential building in Seoul . In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential. [ 37 ] After the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project. [ 38 ] Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering. [ 39 ] Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities. [ 38 ] NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged GHD , [ 40 ] an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork. The design is derived from Islamic architecture. [ 22 ] As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 setbacks in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimises vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices. [ 7 ] At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft). [ 41 ] The spiral minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment. [ 42 ] This 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered vanity height , since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat study, which notes that the empty spire "could be a skyscraper on its own". [ 2 ] Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent. [ 43 ] In 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa . [ 44 ] The cladding system consists of 142,000 m 2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins. [ 42 ] The architectural glass provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m 2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area. [ citation needed ] The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top. [ 45 ] The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base. [ 46 ] [ needs update ] A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by Armani , occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors. [ 3 ] [ 47 ] The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010, [ 48 ] [ 49 ] but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010. [ 50 ] The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards, [ 51 ] yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010. The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools. [ 52 ] Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor zero-entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the At.mosphere restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators. [ 42 ] The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest double-deck elevators , rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators. [ 25 ] The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck. [ 54 ] The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor. [ 55 ] Plumbing systems The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes. [ 22 ] [ 56 ] An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system. [ 56 ] Air conditioning The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground. [ 57 ] At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day. [ 56 ] Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park. [ 22 ] Window cleaning To wash the 24,348 windows, totalling 120,000 m 2 (1,290,000 ft 2 ) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from davits are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Under normal conditions, when all building maintenance units are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior. [ 42 ] [ 60 ] Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne , Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units, [ 61 ] at a cost of A$ 8 million. [ 60 ] Features Fountain The Dubai Fountain Outside the Burj Khalifa, WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh 800 million (US$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain. [ 62 ] On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain. [ 63 ] Observation deck View of The Dubai Fountain from the observation deck View from the observation deck An outdoor observation deck , named At the Top , opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft). [ 64 ] It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] However, in June 2016 the Shanghai Tower opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest observation deck . Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world. [ 67 ] The Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct° of Montréal , which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot. [ 71 ] On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper. [ 77 ] Park Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group. [ 78 ] Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis , a desert plant. [ 79 ] At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower. [ 80 ] The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually. [ 80 ] WET Enterprises , who also developed the Dubai Fountain , developed the park's six water features. [ 81 ] Floor plan Floors Purpose [ 42 ] [ 82 ] Dimetric projection with floors colour-coded by function [ 83 ] 160–163 Mechanical 156–159 Communication and broadcast 155 Mechanical 152–154 The Lounge observatory 149–151 Corporate suites 148 At the Top Sky observatory 139–147 Corporate suites 136–138 Mechanical 125–135 Corporate suites 124 At the Top observatory 123 Sky lobby 122 At.mosphere restaurant 111–121 Corporate suites 109–110 Mechanical 77–108 Residential 76 Sky lobby 73–75 Mechanical 44–72 Residential 43 Sky lobby 40–42 Mechanical 38–39 Armani Hotel suites 19–37 Residential 17–18 Mechanical 9–16 Armani Residences 1–8 Armani Hotel Ground Armani Hotel, Lobby Concourse Armani Hotel, Lobby B1–B2 Parking, Mechanical Ramadan observance On the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor wait two extra minutes to break their Ramadan fast , and those living above the 150th floor wait three minutes. [ 84 ] Construction Animation of construction process Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008 The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea , which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101 . [ 85 ] Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with BESIX from Belgium and Arabtec from the UAE. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Turner was the project manager on the main construction contract. [ 88 ] Hong Kong-based Far East Aluminium combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The contractor and the engineer of record was Hyder Consulting . [ 91 ] Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Putzmeister created a new, super high-pressure trailer concrete pump , the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project. [ 24 ] Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m 3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel rebar , and construction took 22 million man-hours. [ 11 ] In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft), [ 24 ] the 156th floor. Three tower cranes were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load. [ 92 ] The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel. In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure. [ 93 ] "Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the surface. [ 94 ] Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way. [ 95 ] The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area". [ citation needed ] Another challenging element was the shamal which often creates sandstorms. [ 20 ] Over 45,000 m 3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 tonnes (120,000 short tons ; 110,000 long tons ) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep. [ 25 ] The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes (500,000 short tons ; 440,000 long tons ). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions. [ 96 ] A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion. [ 42 ] [ 20 ] During the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the Palace of the Republic in Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the Volkskammer of the former East Germany . The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008. [ 5 ] The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire. [ 42 ] [ 97 ] Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. CTLGroup , working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building . [ 98 ] The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Milestones Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010 January 2004: Excavation commences. [ 26 ] February 2004: Piling starts. [ 26 ] 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction. [ 104 ] March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising. [ 26 ] June 2006: Level 50 is reached. [ 26 ] February 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors . 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101 , while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor. [ 26 ] [ 105 ] 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached. [ 26 ] [ 106 ] 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft). 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto, and level 150 reached. [ 26 ] [ 107 ] 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the KVLY-TV Mast to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached. [ 26 ] [ 108 ] 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009. [ 109 ] 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów , Poland. [ 110 ] 17 January 2009: Topped out at 829.8 m (2,722 ft). [ 111 ] 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed. [ 112 ] 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan . [ 4 ] 10 March 2010: Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building. [ 113 ] Real estate values In March 2009, Mohamed Ali Alabbar , chairman of the project's developer, Emaar Properties , said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US$4,000 per sq ft (over US$43,000 per m 2 ) and the Armani Residences , also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US$3,500 per sq ft (over US$37,500 per m 2 ). [ 114 ] He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US$1.5 billion. [ 6 ] The project's completion coincided with the Great Recession , and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures. [ 115 ] With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbour Abu Dhabi . Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support. [ 4 ] [ 116 ] Because of the slumping demand in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space. [ 119 ] By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied. [ 120 ] Official launch ceremony The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere. [ 121 ] Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene. [ 122 ] In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected. [ 123 ] The opening was held on 4 January 2010. [ 124 ] The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects. [ 122 ] The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates . [ 125 ] Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects. [ citation needed ] Controversies Incidents On 10 May 2011, an Asian migrant worker in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country. [ 126 ] On 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the Jumeirah Lake Towers . [ 127 ] [ 128 ] Nine News obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under freedom of information laws , which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa. [ 129 ] Labour The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site. [ 109 ] Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84. [ 130 ] According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay. [ 134 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] During construction, one construction-related death was reported. [ 137 ] Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch. [ 134 ] In March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment. [ 130 ] A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage. [ 130 ] Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work. [ 130 ] New Year's Eve Emaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by Emaar Properties . [ 138 ] [ 139 ] The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on The Dubai Fountain choreographed to the soundtrack. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes. [ 142 ] Since 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by Dubai Media Incorporated and Dubai TV . [ 142 ] Emaar New Year's Eve has won two Guinness World Records , including " Largest LED-Illuminated Facade" in 2015 and 2019. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] In 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on Twitter , [ 146 ] [ 147 ] and YouTube . In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on Zoom . [ 148 ] In 2021, Emaar celebrated solidarity in honour of frontline workers of the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 149 ] For the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show. [ 150 ] BASE jumping The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping: In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet). [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Climbing On 28 March 2011, Alain "Spiderman" Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in free solo style, used a rope and harness. [ 158 ] Awards Burj Khalifa artwork project made of Lego in Bricksworld 2014 In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. [ 159 ] On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010. [ 160 ] Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture , said: We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it. [ 161 ] Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards. [ 162 ] [ 163 ] Year Award 2012 Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI), Chicago. 2011 Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter. Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room. Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter. Outstanding Structure Award from International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering . Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from MEED (formerly Middle East Economic Digest ). Project of the Year from MEED. 2010 International Architecture Award. Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit. Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards. Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards. International Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum . American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum. Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape. Best Mixed Use Built Development in Cityscape Abu Dhabi . Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from Emporis . Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from Institution of Structural Engineers . International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards. Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards. Best Structural Design of the Year from LEAF Award . International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from National Council of Structural Engineers Associations . Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine. Spark Awards, Silver Award. Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI. See also List of buildings in Dubai List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of development projects in Dubai List of tallest buildings and structures List of tallest freestanding structures List of tallest buildings in Dubai List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates List of tallest buildings List of tallest structures Jeddah Tower Notes ^ Arabic : بُرْج خَلِيفَة , Burj Khalīfah , pronounced [bʊrd͡ʒ xaˈliːfa] , lit. ' Khalifa tower ' References ^ "Burj Khalifa" . CVU Skyscraper Center . ^ a b "the world's vainest skyscrapers" . Archived from the original on 17 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . ^ a b "Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center" . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ a b c Bianchi, Stefania; Andrew Critchlow (4 January 2010). "World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 28 February 2021 . 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Far East Global Group. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2019 . ^ "Dubai skyscraper missing its 'curtain wall' exterior" . Far East Global Group. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019 . Retrieved 7 July 2019 . ^ "Hyder consulting presenting Burj Dubai to the world" . Arabian Business . 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 6 September 2018 . ^ Croucher, Martin (11 November 2009). "Myth of 'Babu Sassi' Remains After Burj Cranes Come Down" . Khaleej Times . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2011 . ^ Harry G. Poulos, Grahame Bunce (2008). "Foundation Design for the Burj Dubai – The World's Tallest Building" (PDF) . 6th International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Medium dense to very loose granular silty sands (Marine Deposits) are underlain by successions of very weak to weak sandstone interbedded with very weakly cemented sand, gypsiferous fine-grained sandstone/siltstone, and weak to moderately weak conglomerate/calcisiltite. ^ "Burj Khalifa \| PDF \| Engineering \| Civil Engineering" . Scribd . Retrieved 9 July 2024 . ^ Randy Post (4 January 2010). "Foundations and Geotechnical Engineering for the Burj Dubai – World's Tallest Building" . GeoPrac. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . The soil/rock conditions were generally loose to medium dense sands overlying weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone with interbeds of gypsiferous and carbonate cemented layers (still relatively weak). ^ Van Hampton, Tudor (2 April 2008). "Clyde N. Baker Jr" . Engineering News-Record . New York: McGraw Hill Construction. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015 . 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Bibcode : 2011AJSE...36..151G . doi : 10.1007/s13369-010-0033-5 . ISSN 1319-8025 . S2CID 110936887 . ^ Friedman, Daniel (2018). "Effects of curing temperature on concrete: shrinkage cracks and spalling concrete" . Archived from the original on 19 February 2021 . Retrieved 13 September 2020 . ^ Bester, Nicholas (2013). "Concrete for high-rise buildings: Performance requirements, mix design and construction considerations". Structural Concrete Properties and Practice : 1– 4. ^ "Dubai skyscraper world's tallest" . BBC News . 22 July 2007. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . ^ "Burj Dubai: Unimix sets record for concrete pumping" . Dubai News Online. 25 May 2007. Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ "Burj Dubai Official Website" . Emaar Properties . Archived from the original on 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . ^ "CN Tower dethroned by Dubai building" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 12 September 2007. Archived from the original on 3 July 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . ^ "Burj Dubai surpasses KVLY-TV mast to become the world's tallest man-made structure" . Emaar Properties . 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 April 2008 . ^ a b "Emaar increases height of Burj Dubai; completion in September 2009" . Emaar Properties . 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . ^ "Burj Dubai now a record 688 m tall and continues to rise" . Emaar Properties . 1 September 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . ^ "Burj Dubai all set for 09/09/09 soft opening" . Emirates Business 24-7. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . ^ "Burj Dubai exterior done, to open this year" . Maktoob News. 1 October 2009. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . ^ "Tallest Trends and the Burj Khalifa" . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ "Burj Dubai offices to top US$4,000 per sq ft" . Zawya. 5 March 2008. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . ^ Christopher Hawthorne (1 January 2010). "The Burj Dubai and architecture's vacant stare" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . ^ "828-metre Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa" . Maktoob Group. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . ^ Reagan, Brad (14 October 2010). "Burj Khalifa rents tumble 40%" . The National . Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . ^ McGinley, Shane (21 October 2010). "Armani Residences defy 70% Burj Khalifa price drop" . Arabian Business . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . ^ "Offices stand empty in tallest tower, the Burj Khalifa" . BBC. 21 July 2012. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . ^ "Emaar Reports 80% Occupancy Levels In Burj Khalifa" . REIDIN.com . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) ^ Moonshiner (29 November 2018). "Best Bars in Dubai with Burj Khalifa Views" . Moonshine . Archived from the original on 6 December 2018 . Retrieved 9 December 2018 . ^ a b Sambidge, Andy (3 January 2010). "Burj Dubai ceremony details revealed" . Arabian Business . Archived from the original on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . ^ "Two billion to watch Burj Dubai opening" . Maktoob Business. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . ^ Huang, Carol (5 January 2010). "World's tallest building: What's it worth to have the Dubai tower – and what should people call it?" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . ^ Devine, Rachel (21 February 2010). "Designer's light touches far and wide" . The Times . UK. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . ^ "Man dies in jump from world's tallest building" . CNN. 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . ^ "No suicide at Burj Khalifa say Dubai Police" . Gulf News . 18 May 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . ^ Perring, Rebecca (19 May 2015). "Is Dubai trying to cover-up woman's death from the top of world's tallest building?" . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Saunokonoko, Mark (16 November 2017). "How rich Gulf emirate Dubai covered up woman's suicide from top of Burj Khalifa" . Nine News Australia. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . ^ a b c d e Whitaker, Brian (23 March 2006). "Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper" . The Guardian . UK. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2006 . ^ "Burj Dubai opens tomorrow, final height still a secret!" . The Hindu . India. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . ^ Ayesha Almazroui. "Emiratisation won't work if people don't want to learn" . thenational.ae . Archived from the original on 26 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . ^ Rania Moussly, Staff Reporter (10 February 2012). "Blacklist seeks to deter Emirati job aspirants from being fussy" . gulfnews.com . Archived from the original on 7 September 2018 . Retrieved 21 August 2015 . ^ a b "Building Towers, Cheating Workers Section V." Human Rights Watch. 11 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . ^ "Dark side of the Dubai dream" . BBC. 6 April 2009. Archived from the original on 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . ^ "Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa" . Migrant-Rights.org. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . ^ "Keeping the Burj Dubai site safe for workers" . gulfnews. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . ^ "Emaar Properties" . www.forbes.com . Archived from the original on 21 November 2021 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "NYE fireworks at Dubai's Burj Khalifa: How you can get access to Downtown" . khaleejtimes.com. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 September 2021 . ^ "Live broadcast of Burj Khalifa New Year's Eve" . gulfnews.com . 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 September 2021 . ^ "Emaar bags Guinness World Record title for largest light and sound show on a single building" . 6 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 29 December 2021 . ^ a b "Live broadcast of Burj Khalifa New Year's Eve" . www.emirates247.com . 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "Emaar's NYE spectacular was world's most-watched" . 4 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "Fireworks around the world light the night for New Year's Eve" . www.news.com.au . 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2021 . ^ "Dubai's New Year's Eve Burj Khalifa light show to run for months" . 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 22 October 2021 . ^ "Largest LED-illuminated façade – Guinness World Records" . guinnessworldrecords.com. January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "Tallest LED-illuminated façade – Guinness World Records" . guinnessworldrecords.com. January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 . ^ "Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai bring in 2021 with a spectacular New Year's Eve celebration" (Press release). Archived from the original on 18 August 2023 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "Burj Khalifa and Downtown Dubai bring in 2021 with a spectacular New Year's Eve celebration" . The Indian Sun . 3 January 2021. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. ^ Abbas, Waheed. "New Year 2022 in Dubai: Catch spectacular fireworks, laser show at Burj Khalifa" . Khaleej Times . Retrieved 31 December 2024 . ^ Bednarz, Jan; Schmidt, Robin; Harvey, Andy; Le Gallou, Hervé (2008). "World record BASE jump" . Current Edge . Current TV . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Video documentary about the BASE jump from the Burj Dubai tower. ^ Spender, Tom (24 November 2008). "Daredevils jumped off Burj Dubai undetected" . The National . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . ^ Highest base jump-Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan sets world record Archived 13 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 9 January 2010. ^ Mansfield, Roddy (8 January 2010). "Daredevils Jump Off World's Tallest Building" . Sky News . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) ^ "Highest BASE jump from a building" . Guinness World Records Limited . 21 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2020 . ^ Sampiero, Josh (23 April 2014). "Fred Fugen and Vincent Reffet took BASE jumping higher than ever before in Dubai" . Red Bull . Archived from the original on 28 May 2016 . Retrieved 19 November 2020 . ^ Burj Khalifa Pinnacle BASE Jump – 4K . YouTube . 24 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . ^ " 'Spiderman' Alain Robert scales Burj Khalifa in Dubai" . BBC. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . ^ "CTBUH 9th Annual Awards, 2010" . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . ^ "Burj Khalifa won Best Project of Year at Middle East Architect Awards 2010" . Constructionweekonline.com. 29 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . ^ "Burj Khalifa Becomes First Recipient of New Tall Building Global Icon Award" . Civil + Structural Engineer . 26 October 2010. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . ^ "Burj Khalifa Project Awards" . Skidmore, Owings & Merril LLP. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ "Jmhdezhdez.com" . Burj Khalifa Project Awards. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . External links Official website "The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2023 . Retrieved 12 January 2026 . (597 KB) ( Structure magazine, June 2006) "The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower" (PDF) . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006) BBC reports: Burj Khalifa opening , with video and links; Maintaining the world's tallest building Geographic data related to Burj Khalifa at OpenStreetMap 25°11′50″N 55°16′27″E / 25.1972°N 55.2742°E
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Burj+Khalifa "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Burj+Khalifa "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa) - [1 Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Development) - [2 Conception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Conception) - [3 Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Records) - [4 Architecture and design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Architecture_and_design) Toggle Architecture and design subsection - [4\.1 Plumbing systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Plumbing_systems) - [4\.2 Air conditioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Air_conditioning) - [4\.3 Window cleaning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Window_cleaning) - [5 Features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Features) Toggle Features subsection - [5\.1 Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Fountain) - [5\.2 Observation deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Observation_deck) - [5\.3 Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Park) - [6 Floor plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Floor_plan) - [7 Ramadan observance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Ramadan_observance) - [8 Construction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Construction) Toggle Construction subsection - [8\.1 Milestones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Milestones) - [8\.2 Real estate values](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Real_estate_values) - [8\.3 Official launch ceremony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Official_launch_ceremony) - [9 Controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Controversies) Toggle Controversies subsection - [9\.1 Incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Incidents) - [9\.2 Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Labour) - [10 New Year's Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#New_Year's_Eve) - [11 BASE jumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#BASE_jumping) - [12 Climbing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Climbing) - [13 Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Awards) - [14 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#See_also) - [15 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Notes) - [16 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#References) - [17 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Burj Khalifa 136 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Afrikaans") - [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85_%E1%8A%BB%E1%88%8A%E1%8D%8B "ቡርጅ ኻሊፋ – Amharic") - [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burch_Khalifa "Burch Khalifa – Aragonese") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9 "برج خليفة – Arabic") - [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87 "برج خليفه – Egyptian Arabic") - [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE "বুৰ্জ খালিফা – Assamese") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrc_X%C9%99lif%C9%99 "Bürc Xəlifə – Azerbaijani") - [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87 "بورج خلیفه – South Azerbaijani") - [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D3%99 "Бурдж-Хәлифә – Bashkir") - [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Balinese") - [Žemaitėška](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burd%C5%BE_Kal%C4%97fa "Burdž Kalėfa – Samogitian") - [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Central Bikol") - [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурдж Халіфа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)") - [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурдж-Халіфа – Belarusian") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурдж Халифа – Bulgarian") - [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE "बुर्ज खलीफा – Bhojpuri") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE "বুর্জ খ়লিফ়া – Bangla") - [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Breton") - [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Bosnian") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Catalan") - [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%95 "بورجی خەلیفە – Central Kurdish") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burd%C5%BE_Chal%C3%ADfa "Burdž Chalífa – Czech") - [Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ](https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Боурджь Халифа – Church Slavic") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CF%86%CE%B1 "Μπουρτζ Χαλίφα – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C4%9D_%C4%A4alifa "Burĝ Ĥalifa – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khal%C4%ABfah "Burj Khalīfah – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87 "برج خلیفه – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Finnish") - [Võro](https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Võro") - [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Faroese") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – French") - [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Western Frisian") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Galician") - [Avañe'ẽ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Guarani") - [Bahasa Hulontalo](https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Gorontalo") - [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%88 "બુર્જ દુબઈ – Gujarati") - [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Manx") - [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Hausa") - [客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khal%C4%ABfa_Thap "Khalīfa Thap – Hakka Chinese") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%97%27%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94 "בורג' ח'ליפה – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE "बुर्ज ख़लीफ़ा – Hindi") - [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Dubai "Burj Dubai – Fiji Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdzs_Kalifa "Burdzs Kalifa – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BB_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1 "Բուրջ Խալիֆա – Armenian") - [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Iban") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Indonesian") - [Interlingue](https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Interlingue") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1 "ブルジュ・ハリファ – Japanese") - [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Javanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF-%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90 "ბურჯ-ხალიფა – Georgian") - [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C7%A7_Xalifa "Berǧ Xalifa – Kabyle") - [Kabɩyɛ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Kabiye") - [Kumoring](https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Komering") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурж Халифа – Kazakh") - [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%87_%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6 "ប៊ឺជ ខាលីហ្វា – Khmer") - [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE "ಬುರ್ಜ್ ಖಲೀಫಾ – Kannada") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%A6%88_%ED%95%A0%EB%A6%AC%ED%8C%8C "부르즈 할리파 – Korean") - [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81 "بُرٛج خلیفہ – Kashmiri") - [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birca_Xel%C3%AEfe "Birca Xelîfe – Kurdish") - [Kernowek](https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Cornish") - [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурж Халифа – Kyrgyz") - [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turris_Khalifa "Turris Khalifa – Latin") - [Лакку](https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6 "Халифлул Бурж – Lak") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burd%C5%BE_Chalifa "Burdž Chalifa – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C4%ABfa_tornis "Halīfa tornis – Latvian") - [Madhurâ](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Madurese") - [मैथिली](https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE "बुर्ज खलिफा – Maithili") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурџ Халифа – Macedonian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AB "ബുർജ് ഖലീഫ – Malayalam") - [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурж Халифа – Mongolian") - [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE "बुर्ज खलिफा – Marathi") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Malay") - [Malti](https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Maltese") - [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA "ခါလီဖာ မိုးမျှော်တိုက် – Burmese") - [Nedersaksies](https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Low Saxon") - [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE "बुर्ज खलिफा – Nepali") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Novial](https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Kalifa "Burj Kalifa – Novial") - [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Occitan") - [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE,_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87 "ବୁର୍ଜ ଖଲିଫା, ଦୁବାଇ – Odia") - [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE "ਬੁਰਜ ਖ਼ਲੀਫ਼ਾ – Punjabi") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burd%C5%BC_Chalifa "Burdż Chalifa – Polish") - [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Piedmontese") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81 "برج خلیفہ – Western Punjabi") - [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87 "برج خلیفه – Pashto") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Portuguese") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Romanian") - [Tarandíne](https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Tarantino") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурдж-Халифа – Russian") - [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурдь Халифа – Yakut") - [ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ](https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F "ᱵᱩᱨᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱞᱤᱯᱷᱟ – Santali") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Scots") - [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%DB%81 "برج خليفہ – Sindhi") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Serbo-Croatian") - [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8F "බර්ජ් ඛලීෆා – Sinhala") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burd%C5%BE_chal%C3%ADfa "Burdž chalífa – Slovak") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burd%C5%BE_Kalifa "Burdž Kalifa – Slovenian") - [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Somali") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%A7_Kalifa "Burç Kalifa – Albanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burd%C5%BE_Halifa "Burdž Halifa – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Swedish") - [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Swahili") - [ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ](https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%9B%EA%A0%A5%EA%A0%9E%EA%A0%86%EA%A0%8E_%EA%A0%88%EA%A0%9F%EA%A0%A4%EA%A0%9A%EA%A0%A3 "ꠛꠥꠞ꠆ꠎ ꠈꠟꠤꠚꠣ – Sylheti") - [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Silesian") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE "புர்ஜ் கலிஃபா – Tamil") - [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE "బుర్జ్ ఖలీఫా – Telugu") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B7%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурҷи Халифа – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C "บุรจญ์เคาะลีฟะฮ์ – Thai") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Tagalog") - [Toki pona](https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/tomo_Pukalipa "tomo Pukalipa – Toki Pona") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burc_Halife "Burc Halife – Turkish") - [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burc_X%C3%A4lif%C3%A4 "Burc Xälifä – Tatar") - [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%84%D9%89%D9%BE%DB%95_%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89 "خەلىپە مۇنارى – Uyghur") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0 "Бурдж Халіфа – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81 "برج خلیفہ – Urdu") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Xalifa "Burj Xalifa – Uzbek") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Vietnamese") - [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Waray") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94 "哈利法塔 – Wu") - [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%90 "בורדזש כאליפא – Yiddish") - [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%A1%94 "哈里發塔 – Literary Chinese") - [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "Burj Khalifa – Minnan") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94 "哈利法塔 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%A1%94 "哈利法塔 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12495#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Burj_Khalifa "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&action=edit "This page is protected. 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55.2742](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burj_Khalifa&params=25.1972_N_55.2742_E_) [![Page semi-protected](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi "This article is semi-protected due to vandalism") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates \| Burj Khalifa \| \| \|---\|---\| \| برج خليفة \| \| \| [![Wordmark and logo based on official website and Facebook page](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg/250px-Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/250px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg)The Burj Khalifa viewed across the [Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Fountain "Dubai Fountain") in October 2012 \| \| \| [![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Burj_Khalifa&revid=1343888977&groups=_849d75488bd2dc715bbeed6209dd364d45b23dcc&parser=legacy)]()Interactive map of the Burj Khalifa area \| \| \| Record height \| \| \| Tallest in the world since 2009[\[I\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#endnote_talleststatus) \| \| \| Preceded by \| [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101") \| \| General information \| \| \| Status \| Completed \| \| Type \| Mixed-use \| \| Architectural style \| [Neo-futurism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-futurism "Neo-futurism") \| \| Location \| 1 [Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Boulevard "Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard"), [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), [Emirate of Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai "Emirate of Dubai"), [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") \| \| Named for \| [Sheikh Khalifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan") \| \| Construction started \| 6 January 2004; 22 years ago (2004-01-06) \| \| Topped-out \| 17 January 2009; 17 years ago (2009-01-17) \| \| Completed \| 1 October 2009; 16 years ago (2009-10-01) \| \| Opened \| 4 January 2010; 16 years ago (2010-01-04) \| \| Cost \| US\$1.5 billion [AED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham "United Arab Emirates dirham") 5.5 billion \| \| Owner \| [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties") \| \| Height \| \| \| Architectural \| 828 m (2,717 ft) \| \| Tip \| 829\.8 m (2,722 ft) \| \| Antenna spire \| 242\.5 m (796 ft) \| \| Roof \| 739\.4 m (2,426 ft) \| \| Top floor \| 585\.4 m (1,921 ft) \| \| Observatory \| 555\.7 m (1,823 ft) \| \| Technical details \| \| \| Structural system \| Reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium \| \| Floor count \| [154 + 9 maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Floor_plan) \| \| Floor area \| 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft) \| \| Lifts/elevators \| 57 (mall included) \| \| Design and construction \| \| \| Architect \| [Adrian Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_$architect$ "Adrian Smith (architect)") \| \| Architecture firm \| [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill") \| \| Structural engineer \| [Bill Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Baker_$engineer$ "William F. Baker (engineer)") \| \| Main contractor \| [Samsung C\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation "Samsung C&T Corporation") [BESIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besix "Besix") [Arabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC "Arabtec Holding PJSC") \| \| Other information \| \| \| Parking \| 2 subterranean levels \| \| Public transit access \| [![Metro interchange](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_SUBWAY.svg/20px-BSicon_SUBWAY.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") [M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_$Dubai_Metro$ "Red Line (Dubai Metro)") At [Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa/Dubai_Mall_$Dubai_Metro$ "Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall (Dubai Metro)") \| \| Website \| \| \| [burjkhalifa.ae](https://www.burjkhalifa.ae/) \| \| \| References \| \| \| [\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-1) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg/250px-Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa_$worlds_tallest_building$_and_the_Dubai_skyline_$25781049892$.jpg) Photographic [silhouette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette "Silhouette") of the [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") [skyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline "Skyline"); the Burj Khalifa is visible at the centre The Burj Khalifa[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-2) (previously known as Burj Dubai prior to inauguration) is a [megatall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_megatall_skyscrapers "List of megatall skyscrapers") [skyscraper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper "Skyscraper") in [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), United Arab Emirates. Designed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill"), it is the [world's tallest structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_world "List of tallest structures in the world"), with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) of 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the [tallest building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures "List of tallest buildings and structures") in the world since its [topping out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_out "Topping out") in 2009, surpassing [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101"), which had held the record for a half-decade.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5) Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is [reinforced concrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete "Reinforced concrete"). Some of the [structural steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel "Structural steel") for the building was salvaged from the demolished [Palace of the Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin "Palace of the Republic, Berlin") in East Berlin.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6) The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called [Downtown Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Dubai "Downtown Dubai"). It was designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7) The [United Arab Emirates government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_government "United Arab Emirates government") provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties"), experienced financial problems during the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"). Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organised federal financial support. For his support, [Mohammad bin Rashid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Rashid "Mohammad bin Rashid"), [Ruler of Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler_of_Dubai "Ruler of Dubai"), changed the name from "Burj Dubai" to "Burj Khalifa" during inauguration. The design is derived from the [Islamic architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture "Islamic architecture") of the region, such as in the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra "Great Mosque of Samarra"). The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A [buttressed central core and wings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttressed_core "Buttressed core") are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) The structure also features a [cladding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_$construction$ "Cladding (construction)") system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-9) It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators. ## Development Construction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-opening-10)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-11) and is part of the 2 km2 (490 acres) [Downtown Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Dubai "Downtown Dubai") development at the 'First Interchange' along [Sheikh Zayed Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Road "Sheikh Zayed Road"), near Dubai's main business district.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill") of Chicago, with [Adrian Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_$architect$ "Adrian Smith (architect)") as chief architect, and [Bill Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Baker_$engineer$ "William F. Baker (engineer)") as a chief structural engineer.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-13) The firm had designed the [Sears Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-14) [Hyder Consulting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Consulting "Hyder Consulting") was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was [Samsung C\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26T "Samsung C&T") of [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), together with the Belgian group [BESIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besix "Besix") and the local company [Arabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC "Arabtec Holding PJSC").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-SkyscraperPage-15) Numerous complaints concerned migrant workers from [South Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-16) ## Conception Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-17) nine hotels (including [The Address Downtown Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Address_Downtown_Dubai "The Address Downtown Dubai")), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the [Dubai Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Mall "Dubai Mall"), and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. "He (Sheikh [Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum "Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum")) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at [Nakheel Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel_Properties "Nakheel Properties").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-18) The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) It was renamed in honour of the ruler of [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi "Emirate of Abu Dhabi"), [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan"); [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi") and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least \$80 billion for construction projects.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis") and the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"), leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-20) ## Records The Burj Khalifa set several world records, including: - Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [KVLY-TV mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVLY-TV_mast "KVLY-TV mast") – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft) - Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [Warsaw radio mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_radio_mast "Warsaw radio mast") – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft) - Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [CN Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft) - Tallest skyscraper (to top of [spire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire "Spire")): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101") – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21) - Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the [Willis (formerly Sears) Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") – 527 m or 1,729 ft) - Building with most floors: 163 (previously [World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_$1973%E2%80%932001$ "World Trade Center (1973–2001)") – 110)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-22) - World's highest [elevator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator "Elevator") installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) - World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Otis-24) - Highest vertical [concrete pumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump "Concrete pump") (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) - [World's tallest structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_tallest_structures "World's tallest structures") that includes residential space[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) - World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - World's highest restaurant ([At.mosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At.mosphere "At.mosphere")): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-28) - World's highest New Year display of [fireworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks "Fireworks").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gulfnews.com-29) - World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-30)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-31)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-32) ## Architecture and design [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Comparisonfinal001fx7.png/330px-Comparisonfinal001fx7.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparisonfinal001fx7.png) A cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101"), [Willis Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower"), and [the original World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_$1973%E2%80%932001$ "World Trade Center (1973–2001)") The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the [Willis Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") (formerly the Sears Tower) in [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and the [One World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center "One World Trade Center") in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled [tube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_$structure$ "Tube (structure)") design of the Willis Tower, invented by [Fazlur Rahman Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan "Fazlur Rahman Khan").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-34) Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the [Empire State Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building "Empire State Building").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-35) Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-36) The design is reminiscent of [Frank Lloyd Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright "Frank Lloyd Wright")'s vision for [The Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illinois "The Illinois"), a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's [Lake Point Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Point_Tower "Lake Point Tower"). When [Adrian Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_$architect$ "Adrian Smith (architect)") was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward [Lake Point Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Point_Tower "Lake Point Tower")'s curved three-wing layout and thought, "There's the prototype".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-37) According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor [Tower Palace Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Palace_Three_Tower "Tower Palace Three Tower"), an all-residential building in [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"). In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Height_Revealed-38) After the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and [MEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering#Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing_$MEP$ "Architectural engineering") (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder2-40) Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged [GHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHD_Group "GHD Group"),[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GHD_Projects-41) an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork. The design is derived from Islamic architecture.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 [setbacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setback_$architecture$ "Setback (architecture)") in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimises vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-42) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg/250px-Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg) The spiral minaret at the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra "Great Mosque of Samarra") The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) This 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered [vanity height](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_height "Vanity height"), since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat "Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat") study, which notes that the empty spire "could be a skyscraper on its own".[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-44) In 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of [Jaume Plensa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Plensa "Jaume Plensa").[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-45) The cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured [stainless steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel") [spandrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandrel "Spandrel") panels with vertical tubular fins.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The [architectural glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_glass "Architectural glass") provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-46) The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-47)\[[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")\] A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by [Armani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani "Armani"), occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-48) The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-49)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-50) but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-51) The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-52) yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010. The [sky lobbies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_lobby "Sky lobby") on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53) Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor [zero-entry swimming pool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool#Zero-entry_swimming_pools "Swimming pool") is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the [At.mosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At.mosphere "At.mosphere") restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-54) The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest [double-deck elevators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-deck_elevator "Double-deck elevator"), rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-55) The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-56) ### Plumbing systems The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) ### Air conditioning The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-58) At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) ### Window cleaning To wash the 24,348 windows, totalling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 ft2) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from [davits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit "Davit") are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-60) Under normal conditions, when all [building maintenance units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_maintenance_unit "Building maintenance unit") are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61) Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units,[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-telegraphwindowcleaning-62) at a cost of [A\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_dollar "Australian dollar")8 million.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61) ## Features ### Fountain [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG/250px-Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG) [The Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Fountain "The Dubai Fountain") Main article: [The Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Fountain "The Dubai Fountain") Outside the Burj Khalifa, [WET Enterprises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WET_Enterprises "WET Enterprises") designed a fountain system at a cost of [Dh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham "United Arab Emirates dirham") 800 million (US\$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-63) On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-64) ### Observation deck Main article: [At the Top (Burj Khalifa)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Top_$Burj_Khalifa$ "At the Top (Burj Khalifa)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG/250px-Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG) View of [The Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Fountain "The Dubai Fountain") from the observation deck [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg/250px-View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg) View from the observation deck An outdoor [observation deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_deck "Observation deck"), named [At the Top](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Top_$Burj_Khalifa$ "At the Top (Burj Khalifa)"), opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-65) It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it [the highest observation deck in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures#Observation_decks "History of the world's tallest structures") on 15 October 2014.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-bus-insider-66)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-at_the_top-67) However, in June 2016 the [Shanghai Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Tower "Shanghai Tower") opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest [observation deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_deck "Observation deck"). Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-68) The Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an [augmented reality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality "Augmented reality") device developed by [Gsmprjct°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsmprjct%C2%B0 "Gsmprjct°") of [Montréal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al "Montréal"), which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm2-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-71) To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-72) On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-74)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-75)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-77) When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-78) ### Park Main article: [Burj Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Park "Burj Park") Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-79) Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the [Hymenocallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenocallis "Hymenocallis"), a desert plant.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-80) At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the [Hymenocallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenocallis "Hymenocallis") flower.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81) The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81) [WET Enterprises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WET_Enterprises "WET Enterprises"), who also developed the [Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Fountain "Dubai Fountain"), developed the park's six water features.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-82) ## Floor plan \| Floors \| Purpose[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-83) \| [Dimetric projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetric_projection "Dimetric projection") with floors colour-coded by function[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-84) \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 160–163 \| Mechanical \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/k44ravh5cmnamo8053fclouhog7322z.png) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg/960px-Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg) \| \| 156–159 \| Communication and broadcast \| \| \| \| 155 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 152–154 \| [The Lounge observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Observation_deck) \| \| \| \| 149–151 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 148 \| [At the Top Sky observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Top_$Burj_Khalifa$ "At the Top (Burj Khalifa)") \| \| \| \| 139–147 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 136–138 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 125–135 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 124 \| [At the Top observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Top_$Burj_Khalifa$ "At the Top (Burj Khalifa)") \| \| \| \| 123 \| [Sky lobby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_lobby "Sky lobby") \| \| \| \| 122 \| [At.mosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At.mosphere "At.mosphere") restaurant \| \| \| \| 111–121 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 109–110 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 77–108 \| Residential \| \| \| \| 76 \| Sky lobby \| \| \| \| 73–75 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 44–72 \| Residential \| \| \| \| 43 \| Sky lobby \| \| \| \| 40–42 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 38–39 \| [Armani Hotel suites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani_Hotels_and_Resorts "Armani Hotels and Resorts") \| \| \| \| 19–37 \| Residential \| \| \| \| 17–18 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 9–16 \| Armani Residences \| \| \| \| 1–8 \| Armani Hotel \| \| \| \| Ground \| Armani Hotel, Lobby \| \| \| \| Concourse \| Armani Hotel, Lobby \| \| \| \| B1–B2 \| Parking, Mechanical \| \| \| ## Ramadan observance On the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor wait two extra minutes to [break their Ramadan fast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftar "Iftar"), and those living above the 150th floor wait three minutes.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-85) ## Construction Animation of construction process [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg/250px-Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg) Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008 The tower was constructed by [Samsung C\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation "Samsung C&T Corporation") from [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), which also did work on the [Petronas Twin Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers "Petronas Twin Towers") and [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Samsung_E&C-86) Samsung C\&T built the tower in a joint venture with [BESIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESIX "BESIX") from Belgium and [Arabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabtec "Arabtec") from the UAE.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-87)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-88) [Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Construction_Company "Turner Construction Company") was the project manager on the main construction contract.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-89) Hong Kong-based [Far East Aluminium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Group "Far East Group") combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-90)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-91) The contractor and the engineer of record was [Hyder Consulting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Consulting "Hyder Consulting").[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-92) Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is [jointly and severally liable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severally_liable#Joint_and_several_liability "Severally liable") for the performance of Burj Khalifa. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. [Putzmeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putzmeister "Putzmeister") created a new, super high-pressure trailer [concrete pump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump "Concrete pump"), the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel [rebar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar "Rebar"), and construction took 22 million man-hours.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12) In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) the 156th floor. Three [tower cranes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_crane "Tower crane") were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-93) The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel. In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the [bedrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock "Bedrock") underlying the structure.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoMarc-94) "Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the surface.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-95) Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoPrac2010-01-04-96) The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area".\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Another challenging element was the [shamal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamal_$wind$ "Shamal (wind)") which often creates sandstorms.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21) Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne") (120,000 [short tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton "Short ton"); 110,000 [long tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton "Long ton")) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne") (500,000 [short tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton "Short ton"); 440,000 [long tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton "Long ton")). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-VanHamptonApril2008-97) A [cathodic protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection "Cathodic protection") system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21) During the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the [Palace of the Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin "Palace of the Republic, Berlin") in Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the [Volkskammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkskammer "Volkskammer") of the former [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"). The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6) The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-98) Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. [CTLGroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTLGroup "CTLGroup"), working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage [testing critical for the structural analysis of the building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture "Islamic architecture").[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-99) The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Al-Tayyib1989-100)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Ji2009-101)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Gj%C3%B8rv2011-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Friedman2018-103)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Bester2013-104) ### Milestones [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Burj_Dubai_001.jpg/500px-Burj_Dubai_001.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Dubai_001.jpg) Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010 - January 2004: Excavation commences.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - February 2004: Piling starts.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-105) - March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - February 2007: Surpasses the [Sears Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") as the [building with the most floors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more "List of buildings with 100 floors or more"). - 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical [concrete pumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump "Concrete pump") on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101"), while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-106) - 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-official_site-107) - 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft). - 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the [CN Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CBC-108) - 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the [KVLY-TV Mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVLY-TV_mast "KVLY-TV mast") to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080407-109) - 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110) - 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the [Warsaw Radio Mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Radio_Mast "Warsaw Radio Mast") in [Konstantynów](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn%C3%B3w_$P%C5%82ock_County$ "Konstantynów (Płock County)"), Poland.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-111) - 17 January 2009: [Topped out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topped_out "Topped out") at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Biz24720090117-112) - 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Maktoob20091001-113) - 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, [Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5) - 10 March 2010: [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat "Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat") certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUH_WorldsTallest-114) ### Real estate values In March 2009, [Mohamed Ali Alabbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ali_Alabbar "Mohamed Ali Alabbar"), chairman of the project's developer, [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties"), said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US\$4,000 per sq ft (over US\$43,000 per m2) and the [Armani Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani_Residences "Armani Residences"), also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US\$3,500 per sq ft (over US\$37,500 per m2).[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-115) He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US\$1.5 billion.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7) The project's completion coincided with the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"), and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-monument-116) With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbour [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi"). Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan") for his crucial support.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-117) Because of the [slumping demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_bubble "Real estate bubble") in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-119) Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-120) By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-121) ### Official launch ceremony [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_khalifa_fireworks_$cropped$.jpg) The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on [Burj Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Park "Burj Park") Island and on smaller screens elsewhere.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-122) Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-billions_and_billions-124) The opening was held on 4 January 2010.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-125) The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers [Speirs and Major Associates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speirs_and_Major_Associates "Speirs and Major Associates").[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-126) Using the 868 powerful [stroboscope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroboscope "Stroboscope") lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] ## Controversies ### Incidents On 10 May 2011, an [Asian migrant worker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates") in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-127) On 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the [Jumeirah Lake Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Lake_Towers "Jumeirah Lake Towers").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-128)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-129) [Nine News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_News "Nine News") obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under [freedom of information laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country#Portugal "Freedom of information laws by country"), which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-130) ### Labour Further information: [Human rights in the United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "Human rights in the United Arab Emirates") The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-132) This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-134) On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110) Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled [carpenters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry "Carpentry") at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) According to a BBC investigation and a [Human Rights Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-136)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-137) During construction, one construction-related death was reported.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-138) Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135) In March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) ## New Year's Eve Emaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-139)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-140) The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on [The Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Fountain "The Dubai Fountain") choreographed to the soundtrack.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-142) The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143) Since 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by [Dubai Media Incorporated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Media_Incorporated "Dubai Media Incorporated") and [Dubai TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_TV "Dubai TV").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143) Emaar New Year's Eve has won two [Guinness World Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records"), including "[Largest LED-Illuminated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "Light-emitting diode") Facade" in 2015 and 2019.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye1-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye2-146) In 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"),[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye8-147)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-148) and [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"). In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_$software$ "Zoom (software)").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye10-149) In 2021, Emaar celebrated [solidarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity "Solidarity") in honour of [frontline workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_worker "Frontline worker") of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-150) For the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-151) ## BASE jumping The building has been used by several experienced [BASE jumpers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping") for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping: In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-152)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-153) On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-154)[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-BASE_jumping-155) On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers [Vince Reffet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Reffet "Vince Reffet") and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-156)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-157)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-158) ## Climbing On 28 March 2011, [Alain "Spiderman" Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Robert "Alain Robert") scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in [free solo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_solo_climbing "Free solo climbing") style, used a rope and harness.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-159) ## Awards [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg/250px-P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1040471_$14230484239$.jpg) Burj Khalifa artwork project made of [Lego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego "Lego") in Bricksworld 2014 In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-160) On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-161) Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of [Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_%2B_Gordon_Gill_Architecture "Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture"), said: > We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-162) Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-164) \| Year \| Award \| \|---\|---\| \| 2012 \| Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from [Structural Engineers Association of Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations "National Council of Structural Engineers Associations") (SEAOI), Chicago. \| \| 2011 \| Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. \| \| Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. \| \| \| Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter. \| \| \| Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room. \| \| \| Excellence in Engineering from [ASHRAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAE "ASHRAE") (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter. \| \| \| Outstanding Structure Award from [International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineering "International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering"). \| \| \| Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). \| \| \| Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). \| \| \| GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from [MEED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEED "MEED") (formerly Middle East Economic Digest). \| \| \| Project of the Year from MEED. \| \| \| 2010 \| International Architecture Award. \| \| Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit. \| \| \| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards. \| \| \| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards. \| \| \| International Architecture Award from [Chicago Athenaeum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Design_Award_$Chicago$ "Good Design Award (Chicago)"). \| \| \| American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum. \| \| \| Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape. \| \| \| Best Mixed Use Built Development in [Cityscape Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape_Abu_Dhabi "Cityscape Abu Dhabi"). \| \| \| Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from [Emporis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis "Emporis"). \| \| \| Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from [Institution of Structural Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers "Institution of Structural Engineers"). \| \| \| International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards. \| \| \| Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards. \| \| \| Best Structural Design of the Year from [LEAF Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEAF_Award "LEAF Award"). \| \| \| International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from [National Council of Structural Engineers Associations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations "National Council of Structural Engineers Associations"). \| \| \| Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine. \| \| \| Spark Awards, Silver Award. \| \| \| Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI. \| \| ## See also - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png)[United Arab Emirates portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Arab_Emirates "Portal:United Arab Emirates") - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/40px-P_parthenon.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg)[Architecture portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Architecture "Portal:Architecture") - [List of buildings in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Dubai "List of buildings in Dubai") - [List of buildings with 100 floors or more](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more "List of buildings with 100 floors or more") - [List of development projects in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai "List of development projects in Dubai") - [List of tallest buildings and structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures "List of tallest buildings and structures") - [List of tallest freestanding structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures "List of tallest freestanding structures") - [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai "List of tallest buildings in Dubai") - [List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates") - [List of tallest buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings "List of tallest buildings") - [List of tallest structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures "List of tallest structures") - [Jeddah Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah_Tower "Jeddah Tower") ## Notes 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-2) [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): بُرْج خَلِيفَة, Burj Khalīfah, pronounced [\[bʊrd͡ʒ xaˈliːfa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic "Help:IPA/Arabic"), lit. '[Khalifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan") tower' ## References 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-1) ["Burj Khalifa"](http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/3). [CVU Skyscraper Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Vertical_Urbanism "Council on Vertical Urbanism"). [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12495#P1305 "Edit this at Wikidata") 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-1) ["the world's vainest skyscrapers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131117120309/http://www.ctbuh.org/Publications/Journal/InNumbers/TBINVanityHeight/tabid/5837/language/en-US/Default.aspx). Archived from [the original](http://www.ctbuh.org/Publications/Journal/InNumbers/TBINVanityHeight/tabid/5837/language/en-US/Default.aspx) on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. 3. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-1) ["Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center"](http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151319/http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3) from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014. 4. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-2) Bianchi, Stefania; Andrew Critchlow (4 January 2010). ["World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806). The Wall Street Journal. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228200922/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-1) ["Berlin's Demolished Socialist Palace is Revived in Dubai"](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3554502,00.html). [Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle"). 11 August 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090509024015/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3554502,00.html) from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2008. 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-1) Stanglin, Douglas (2 January 2010). ["Dubai opens world's tallest building"](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/01/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building/1). [USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100105034122/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/01/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building/1) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 7. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-1) Baker, William; Pawlikowski, James. ["Higher and Higher: The Evolution of the Buttressed Core"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170810080936/http://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF). academic.csuohio.edu. Archived from [the original](http://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-9)* ["State-of-the-Art & Structural Design Elements"](https://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/structures/). Burj Khalifa. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-opening_10-0) ["Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091106052129/http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471). Gulfnews. 4 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471) on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_11-0) ["World's tallest building opens in Dubai"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm). BBC News. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100105054239/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-1) ["Burj Dubai reaches a record high"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110710184915/http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361). [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties"). 21 July 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361) on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2008. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-13)* Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). ["Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm"](http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534). ArchitectOnline. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081227011127/http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534) from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-14) ["Willis Tower – The Skyscraper Center"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191223043034/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/willis-tower/169). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 13 June 2015. Archived from [the original](http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/willis-tower/169) on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2015. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-SkyscraperPage_15-0) ["Burj Dubai, Dubai – SkyscraperPage.com"](http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787). SkyscraperPage. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121011071204/http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=7787) from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-16) ["Archi-Ninja \\| Burj Khalifa (Dubai) – The Truth Behind the Bling"](https://www.archi-ninja.com/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220628030943/https://www.archi-ninja.com/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling/) from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2023. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-17) ["Buildings that elevated cities: Dubai's Burj Khalifa"](https://ww3.rics.org/uk/en/modus/built-environment/urbanisation/buildings-that-elevated-cities--dubai-s-burj-khalifa.html). ww3.rics.org. Retrieved 9 July 2024. 17. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-18) Stack, Megan (13 October 2005). ["In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-13-fg-dubai13-story.html). Los Angeles Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081021032112/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/13/world/fg-dubai13) from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2006. 18. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-1) ["Dubai Tower's Name Reflects U.A.E. Shift"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150530182733/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jan2010/gb2010015_736675.htm). Businessweek.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jan2010/gb2010015_736675.htm) on 30 May 2015. 19. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-20)* Lewis, Paul (13 February 2009). ["Dubai's six-year building boom grinds to a halt as financial crisis takes hold"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/13/dubai-boom-halt). [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210123121036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/13/dubai-boom-halt) from the original on 23 January 2021. 20. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-2) [Dupré, Judith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Dupr%C3%A9 "Judith Dupré") (2013). [Skyscrapers: A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings-Revised and Updated](https://books.google.com/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ). New York: Hachette/Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 140–141\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-57912-942-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-942-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-942-2") . [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164801/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023. 21. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-22)* ["WTC Timeline"](http://www.wtc.com/about/wtchistory-wtc-timeline). [Silverstein Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverstein_Properties "Silverstein Properties"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130528154654/http://www.wtc.com/about/wtchistory-wtc-timeline) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013. 22. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-4) ["Burj Khalifa: Towering challenge for builders"](http://gulfnews.com/business/property/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802). GulfNews.com. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110125112740/http://gulfnews.com/business/property/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802) from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2010. 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Otis_24-0)* ["Burj Khalifa"](http://www.otisworldwide.com/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106). Otis Elevator. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111348/http://www.otisworldwide.com/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 24. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-2) ["Burj Khalifa – Conquering the World's Tallest Building"](http://www.forconstructionpros.com/article/10293208/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building). ForConstructionPros.com. 12 May 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221128224811/http://www.forconstructionpros.com/article/10293208/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2012. 25. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-2) ["Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070120063252/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates). [Emporis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis "Emporis"). Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007. 26. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-8) ["Burj Dubai Construction Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091215060325/http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/construction.aspx). BurjDubai.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/construction.aspx) on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-28)* ["And the world's highest restaurant is ready to serve"](https://www.emirates247.com/lifestyle/dubai-opens-world-s-highest-restaurant-2011-01-20-1.343732). Emirates 24/7. 20 January 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120722124738/http://www.emirates247.com/lifestyle/and-the-world-s-highest-restaurant-is-ready-to-serve-2011-01-20-1.343732) from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2011. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gulfnews.com_29-0) ["Jaw-Dropping Fireworks at Burj Khalifa Enthrall Thousands"](http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088). Gulfnews.com. 31 December 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110120013501/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011. 29. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-162) ["Burj Khalifa Becomes First Recipient of New Tall Building Global Icon Award"](https://csengineermag.com/burj-khalifa-becomes-first-recipient-of-new-tall-building-global-icon-award/). Civil + Structural Engineer. 26 October 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082423/https://csengineermag.com/burj-khalifa-becomes-first-recipient-of-new-tall-building-global-icon-award/) from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017. 162. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-163) ["Burj Khalifa Project Awards"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130127093624/http://www.som.com/project/burj-khalifa-formerly-burj-dubai). Skidmore, Owings & Merril LLP. Archived from [the original](https://www.som.com/project/burj-khalifa-formerly-burj-dubai) on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013. 163. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-164) ["Jmhdezhdez.com"](http://www.jmhdezhdez.com/2011/04/burj-khalifa-dubai-supertall-som.html). Burj Khalifa Project Awards. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130115172448/http://www.jmhdezhdez.com/2011/04/burj-khalifa-dubai-supertall-som.html) from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013. ## External links [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) [Wikimedia Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons "Wikimedia Commons") has media related to: [Burj Khalifa](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa "commons:Burj Khalifa") ([category](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Burj_Khalifa "commons:Category:Burj Khalifa")) - [Official website](https://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/) - ["The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231208072751/http://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-061.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.structuremag.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/SF-Wind-Engineering-Burj-Dubai-Tower-June-061.pdf) (PDF) on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2026. (597 KB) (Structure magazine, June 2006) - ["The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220438/http://ikb.edu.pl/jacek.wdowicki/Pliki/materialy/dydaktyka/budynki_wysokie/dyplom/budynki/burj%20dubai%20tower/Irw05.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown")) (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006) - BBC reports: [Burj Khalifa opening](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8438857.stm), with video and links; [Maintaining the world's tallest building](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-20526216) - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/20px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png) Geographic data related to [Burj Khalifa](https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/137153127) at [OpenStreetMap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap "OpenStreetMap") \| Records \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Preceded by[Warsaw Radio Mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Radio_Mast "Warsaw Radio Mast") 646\.38 m (2,120.67 ft) \| [World's tallest structure ever built on dry land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures "History of the world's tallest structures") 2008 – present \| Incumbent \| \| Preceded by[KVLY-TV mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVLY-TV_mast "KVLY-TV mast") 628\.8 m (2,063 ft) \| [World's tallest structure on dry land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures "History of the world's tallest structures") 2008 – present \| \| \| Preceded by[CN Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") 553\.33 m (1,815.39 ft) \| [World's tallest free-standing structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures#Freestanding_structures "History of the world's tallest structures") 2007 – present \| \| \| Preceded by[Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101") 509\.2 m (1,670.6 ft) \| [World's tallest building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings "List of tallest buildings") 2009 – present \| \| \| Preceded by[Willis Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") 108 floors \| Building with the most floors 2007 – present \| \| \| Preceded by[Almas Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas_Tower "Almas Tower") 360 m (1,180 ft) \| [Tallest building in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai "List of tallest buildings in Dubai") 2009 – present \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dubai_skyscrapers "Template:Dubai skyscrapers") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dubai_skyscrapers "Template talk:Dubai skyscrapers") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dubai_skyscrapers "Special:EditPage/Template:Dubai skyscrapers")[Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") [skyscrapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper "Skyscraper") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai "List of tallest buildings in Dubai") \| \| \| [Supertalls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertall_building "Supertall building") \| \| \| \| \| \| \> 350 m \| [Burj Khalifa]() (828 m) [Marina 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_101 "Marina 101") (425 m) [Princess Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tower "Princess Tower") (414 m) [23 Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Marina "23 Marina") (392.8 m) [Elite Residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Residence "Elite Residence") (381 m) [Ciel Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciel_Dubai_Marina "Ciel Dubai Marina") (377 m) [Address Boulevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Boulevard "Address Boulevard") (370 m) [Almas Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas_Tower "Almas Tower") (360 m) [Gevora Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevora_Hotel "Gevora Hotel") (356 m) [Il Primo Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Primo_Dubai "Il Primo Dubai") (356 m) [JW Marriott Marquis Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JW_Marriott_Marquis_Dubai "JW Marriott Marquis Dubai") (355 m) [Emirates Office Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Office_Tower "Emirates Office Tower") (355 m) [The Marina Torch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marina_Torch "The Marina Torch") (352 m) \| \| 300-350 m \| [Uptown Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Tower "Uptown Tower") (340 m) [DAMAC Residenze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAMAC_Residenze "DAMAC Residenze") (335 m) [Rose Rayhaan by Rotana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Rayhaan_by_Rotana "Rose Rayhaan by Rotana") (333 m) [Big Ben Tower, Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben_Tower,_Dubai "Big Ben Tower, Dubai") (328 m) [The Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Index_$Dubai$ "The Index (Dubai)") (326 m) [Burj Al Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab "Burj Al Arab") (321 m) [HHHR Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHHR_Tower "HHHR Tower") (318 m) [Ocean Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Heights_$Dubai$ "Ocean Heights (Dubai)") (310 m) [Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Emirates_Towers_Hotel "Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel") (309 m) [Amna Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Habtoor_City "Al Habtoor City") (307 m) [Noora Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Habtoor_City "Al Habtoor City") (307 m) [Cayan Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayan_Tower "Cayan Tower") (306 m) [One Za'abeel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Za%27abeel "One Za'abeel") (305 m) [Address Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Downtown "Address Downtown") (302 m) \| \| [Skyscraper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper "Skyscraper") \| \| \| \| \| \| 250-300 m \| [Emirates Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Crown "Emirates Crown") (296 m) [Khalid Al Attar Tower 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Al_Attar_Tower_2 "Khalid Al Attar Tower 2") (294 m) [Sulafa Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulafa_Tower "Sulafa Tower") (288 m) [Opera Grand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Grand "Opera Grand") (288 m) [Millennium Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Tower_$Dubai$ "Millennium Tower (Dubai)") (285 m) [Al Hekma Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hekma_Tower "Al Hekma Tower") (282 m) [Marina Pinnacle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Pinnacle "Marina Pinnacle") (280 m) [D1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_Tower "D1 Tower") (277.5 m) [Burj Vista Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Vista "Burj Vista") (272 m) [Central Park Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Towers "Central Park Towers") (270 m) [Radisson Royal Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radisson_Royal_Dubai "Radisson Royal Dubai") (269 m) [21st Century Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Tower "21st Century Tower") (269 m) [DAMAC Towers by Paramount Hotels & Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAMAC_Towers_by_Paramount_Hotels_%26_Resorts "DAMAC Towers by Paramount Hotels & Resorts") (268.1 m) [Al Kazim Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Kazim_Towers "Al Kazim Towers") (265 m) [Ubora Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubora_Towers "Ubora Towers") (263 m) [Vision Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Tower "Vision Tower") (260 m) [Paramount Tower Hotel & Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Tower_Hotel_%26_Residences "Paramount Tower Hotel & Residences") (258 m) [Conrad Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Dubai "Conrad Dubai") (255 m) [Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Marriott_Harbour_Hotel_%26_Suites "Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites") (254 m) [Chelsea Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Tower "Chelsea Tower") (250 m) \| \| 200-250 m \| [Al Tayer Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Tayer_Tower "Al Tayer Tower") (249 m) [Rolex Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolex_Tower "Rolex Tower") (247 m) [Al Fattan Marine Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Fattan_Marine_Towers "Al Fattan Marine Towers") (245 m) [AAM Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAM_Tower "AAM Tower") (244 m) [Sama Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sama_Tower "Sama Tower") (240 m) [Churchill Residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Residence "Churchill Residence") (235 m) [Burj Daman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Daman "Burj Daman") (235 m) [Park Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Place_$Dubai$ "Park Place (Dubai)") (234 m) [Mag 218 Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag_218_Tower "Mag 218 Tower") (232 m) [Carlton Hotels & Suites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotels_%26_Suites "Carlton Hotels & Suites") (221 m) [Jumeirah Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Bay "Jumeirah Bay") (218 m) [Jumeirah Beach Residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Beach_Residence "Jumeirah Beach Residence") (216 m) [Al Seef Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Seef_Towers "Al Seef Towers") (215 m) [Grosvenor House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosvenor_House_$Dubai$ "Grosvenor House (Dubai)") (210 m) [Al Rostamani Maze Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Rostamani_Maze_Tower "Al Rostamani Maze Tower") (210 m) [The One Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Tower "The One Tower") (209 m) [Executive Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Towers "Executive Towers") (208 m) [Tamani Hotel Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamani_Hotel_Marina "Tamani Hotel Marina") (207 m) [Dubai Mixed-Use Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Mixed-Use_Towers "Dubai Mixed-Use Towers") (201 m) [Shangri-La Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangri-La_Hotel_$Dubai$ "Shangri-La Hotel (Dubai)") (200 m) \| \| 150-200 m \| [Al Salam Tecom Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Salam_Tecom_Tower "Al Salam Tecom Tower") (195 m) [Concorde Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde_Tower "Concorde Tower") (190 m) [Al Sahab Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sahab_Towers "Al Sahab Towers") (187 m) [Dubai World Trade Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World_Trade_Centre "Dubai World Trade Centre") (184 m) [Armada Tower 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_Towers "Armada Towers") (167 m) [Four Points by Sheraton Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Points_by_Sheraton_Sheikh_Zayed_Road,_Dubai "Four Points by Sheraton Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai") (167 m) [Sky Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Gardens "Sky Gardens") (160 m) [Al Attar Business Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Attar_Business_Tower "Al Attar Business Tower") (158 m) [World Trade Centre Residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Centre_Residence "World Trade Centre Residence") (158 m) \| \| Clusters \| [Jumeirah Lake Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Lake_Towers "Jumeirah Lake Towers") [Marina 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_1 "Marina 1") [The Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Residences "The Residences") \| \| See also: [Future Dubai skyscrapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Future_Dubai_skyscrapers "Template:Future Dubai skyscrapers") and [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai "List of tallest buildings in Dubai") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Skyscrapers_in_Dubai "Category:Skyscrapers in Dubai") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Supertall_skyscrapers "Template:Supertall skyscrapers") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Supertall_skyscrapers "Template talk:Supertall skyscrapers") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supertall_skyscrapers "Special:EditPage/Template:Supertall skyscrapers")[Supertall skyscrapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_supertall_skyscrapers "List of supertall skyscrapers") (300 m/984 ft and taller) \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Completed \| \| \| \| \| \| Africa \| \| \| \| \| \| Egypt \| [Iconic Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconic_Tower_$Egypt$ "Iconic Tower (Egypt)") \| \| Americas \| \| \| \| \| \| Chile \| [Gran Torre Santiago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Torre_Santiago "Gran Torre Santiago") \| \| Mexico \| [Torres Obispado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Obispado "Torres Obispado") \| \| United States \| [1 World Trade Center (1970–2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_World_Trade_Center_$1970%E2%80%932001$ "1 World Trade Center (1970–2001)") † [111 West 57th Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111_West_57th_Street "111 West 57th Street") [2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center_$1971%E2%80%932001$ "2 World Trade Center (1971–2001)") † [270 Park Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_$2025%E2%80%93present$ "270 Park Avenue (2025–present)") [3 World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_World_Trade_Center "3 World Trade Center") [30 Hudson Yards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Hudson_Yards "30 Hudson Yards") [35 Hudson Yards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_Hudson_Yards "35 Hudson Yards") [432 Park Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/432_Park_Avenue "432 Park Avenue") [50 Hudson Yards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Hudson_Yards "50 Hudson Yards") [53W53](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53W53 "53W53") [875 North Michigan Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/875_North_Michigan_Avenue "875 North Michigan Avenue") [Aon Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aon_Center_$Chicago$ "Aon Center (Chicago)") [Bank of America Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America_Plaza_$Atlanta$ "Bank of America Plaza (Atlanta)") [Bank of America Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_$Manhattan$ "Bank of America Tower (Manhattan)") [Brooklyn Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Tower "Brooklyn Tower") [Central Park Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park_Tower "Central Park Tower") [Chrysler Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building "Chrysler Building") [Comcast Technology Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast_Technology_Center "Comcast Technology Center") [Empire State Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building "Empire State Building") [Franklin Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Center_$Chicago$ "Franklin Center (Chicago)") [JPMorgan Chase Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Tower_$Houston$ "JPMorgan Chase Tower (Houston)") [One57](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One57 "One57") [One Manhattan West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Manhattan_West "One Manhattan West") [One Vanderbilt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Vanderbilt "One Vanderbilt") [One World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center "One World Trade Center") [Salesforce Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce_Tower "Salesforce Tower") [St. Regis Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Regis_Chicago "St. Regis Chicago") [The New York Times Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Building "The New York Times Building") [The Spiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spiral_$New_York_City$ "The Spiral (New York City)") [Trump International Hotel and Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_$Chicago$ "Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)") [Two Prudential Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Prudential_Plaza "Two Prudential Plaza") [U.S. Bank Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Tower_$Los_Angeles$ "U.S. Bank Tower (Los Angeles)") [Wells Fargo Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Plaza_$Houston$ "Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)") [Willis Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") [Wilshire Grand Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_Grand_Center "Wilshire Grand Center") \| \| Asia \| \| \| \| \| \| China \| [Baoneng Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoneng_Center "Baoneng Center") [Changsha A9 Financial District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_A9_Financial_District "Changsha A9 Financial District") [Changsha IFS Tower T1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changsha_IFS_Tower_T1 "Changsha IFS Tower T1") [China Merchants Bank Tower Global HQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Merchants_Bank_Tower_Global_HQ "China Merchants Bank Tower Global HQ") [China Resources Headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Resources_Headquarters "China Resources Headquarters") [China World Trade Center Tower III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_World_Trade_Center_Tower_III "China World Trade Center Tower III") [China Zun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Zun "China Zun") [Chongqing IFS T1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_IFS_T1 "Chongqing IFS T1") [Chongqing World Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_World_Financial_Center "Chongqing World Financial Center") [CITIC Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITIC_Plaza "CITIC Plaza") [Citymark Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citymark_Centre "Citymark Centre") [Dalian International Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_International_Trade_Center "Dalian International Trade Center") [Diwang International Fortune Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwang_International_Fortune_Center "Diwang International Fortune Center") [Dongguan International Trade Center 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongguan_International_Trade_Center_1 "Dongguan International Trade Center 1") [East Pacific Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pacific_Center "East Pacific Center") [Eton Place Dalian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_Place_Dalian "Eton Place Dalian") [Fortune Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Center "Fortune Center") [Gate to the East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_to_the_East "Gate to the East") [Greenland Hangzhou Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Hangzhou_Center "Greenland Hangzhou Center") [Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Tiandi_Tower_A "Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A") [Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Tiandi_Tower_B "Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B") [Greenland Puli Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Puli_Center "Greenland Puli Center") [Guangdong Business Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Business_Center "Guangdong Business Center") [Guangxi China Resources Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi_China_Resources_Tower "Guangxi China Resources Tower") [Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_CTF_Finance_Centre "Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre") [Guangzhou International Finance Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou_International_Finance_Center "Guangzhou International Finance Center") [Guiyang International Financial Center Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiyang_International_Financial_Center "Guiyang International Financial Center") [Hanking Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanking_Center "Hanking Center") [Heartland 66 Office Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_66_Office_Tower "Heartland 66 Office Tower") [Hengqin International Finance Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hengqin_International_Finance_Center "Hengqin International Finance Center") [Hon Kwok City Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon_Kwok_City_Center "Hon Kwok City Center") [Huachuang International Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huachuang_International_Plaza "Huachuang International Plaza") [Huaguoyuan Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaguoyuan_Tower_1 "Huaguoyuan Tower 1") [Huaguoyuan Tower 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaguoyuan_Tower_2 "Huaguoyuan Tower 2") [Huijin Center Guangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huijin_Center_Guangzhou "Huijin Center Guangzhou") [Huiyun Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiyun_Center "Huiyun Center") [Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangxi_Nanchang_Greenland_Central_Plaza "Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza") [Jin Mao Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Tower "Jin Mao Tower") [Jin Wan Plaza 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Wan_Plaza_9 "Jin Wan Plaza 9") [Jinan Center Financial City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan_Center_Financial_City "Jinan Center Financial City") [KK100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK100 "KK100") [Leatop Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatop_Plaza "Leatop Plaza") [Logan Century Center 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Century_Center_1 "Logan Century Center 1") [Longxi International Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longxi_International_Hotel "Longxi International Hotel") [Minsheng Bank Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsheng_Bank_Building "Minsheng Bank Building") [Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_International_Youth_Cultural_Centre "Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre") [Nanjing Financial City Phase II Plot C Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Financial_City_II "Nanjing Financial City II") [One Shenzhen Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Shenzhen_Bay "One Shenzhen Bay") [Pearl River Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Tower "Pearl River Tower") [Ping An International Finance Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_An_International_Finance_Centre "Ping An International Finance Centre") [The Pinnacle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pinnacle_$Guangzhou$ "The Pinnacle (Guangzhou)") [Poly Pazhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_Pazhou "Poly Pazhou") [Riverview Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_Plaza "Riverview Plaza") [Shanghai Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Tower "Shanghai Tower") [Shanghai World Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_World_Financial_Center "Shanghai World Financial Center") [Shenglong Global Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenglong_Global_Center "Shenglong Global Center") [Shenzhen Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Center "Shenzhen Center") [Shenzhen CFC Changfu Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_CFC_Changfu_Centre "Shenzhen CFC Changfu Centre") [Shenzhen Urban Construction & Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen_Urban_Construction_%26_Tower "Shenzhen Urban Construction & Tower") [Shimao Hunan Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimao_Hunan_Center "Shimao Hunan Center") [Shanghai Shimao Festival City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Shimao_Festival_City "Shanghai Shimao Festival City") [Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shum_Yip_Upperhills_Tower_1 "Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1") [Shun Hing Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_Hing_Square "Shun Hing Square") [Spring City 66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_City_66 "Spring City 66") [Suning Plaza 1, Wuxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suning_Plaza,_Wuxi "Suning Plaza, Wuxi") [Suning Plaza Tower 1, Zhenjiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suning_Plaza,_Zhenjiang "Suning Plaza, Zhenjiang") [Suzhou IFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_IFS "Suzhou IFS") [Tianjin CTF Finance Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_CTF_Finance_Centre "Tianjin CTF Finance Centre") [Tianjin Modern City Office Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Modern_City_Office_Tower "Tianjin Modern City Office Tower") [Tianjin World Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_World_Financial_Center "Tianjin World Financial Center") [Wanda Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanda_Plaza "Wanda Plaza") [Wenzhou World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenzhou_World_Trade_Center "Wenzhou World Trade Center") [White Magnolia Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Magnolia_Plaza "White Magnolia Plaza") [Wuhan Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Center "Wuhan Center") [Wuhan Greenland Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Greenland_Center "Wuhan Greenland Center") [Wuhan Yangtze River Shipping Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Yangtze_River_Shipping_Center "Wuhan Yangtze River Shipping Center") [Wuxi IFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxi_IFS "Wuxi IFS") [Wuxi Maoye City – Marriott Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxi_Maoye_City_%E2%80%93_Marriott_Hotel "Wuxi Maoye City – Marriott Hotel") [Xi'an Glory International Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_Glory_International_Financial_Center "Xi'an Glory International Financial Center") [Xiangjiang Fortune Finance Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangjiang_Fortune_Finance_Center "Xiangjiang Fortune Finance Center") [Yantai Shimao No.1 The Harbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantai_Shimao_No.1_The_Harbour "Yantai Shimao No.1 The Harbour") [Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuexiu_Fortune_Center_Tower_1 "Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1") [Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongzhou_Holdings_Financial_Center "Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center") [Zhuhai Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuhai_Tower "Zhuhai Tower") [Zhujiang New City Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhujiang_New_City_Tower "Zhujiang New City Tower") [Zifeng Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zifeng_Tower "Zifeng Tower") \| \| Hong Kong \| [Bank of China Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_China_Tower_$Hong_Kong$ "Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)") [Central Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Plaza_$Hong_Kong$ "Central Plaza (Hong Kong)") [International Commerce Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commerce_Centre "International Commerce Centre") [International Finance Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Centre_$Hong_Kong$ "International Finance Centre (Hong Kong)") [Nina Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Tower "Nina Tower") [The Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Center "The Center") \| \| Indonesia \| [Autograph Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamrin_Nine "Thamrin Nine") [Luminary Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamrin_Nine "Thamrin Nine") \| \| Japan \| [Abeno Harukas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeno_Harukas "Abeno Harukas") [Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azabudai_Hills "Azabudai Hills") \| \| Kazakhstan \| [Abu Dhabi Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Plaza "Abu Dhabi Plaza") \| \| Kuwait \| [Al Hamra Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hamra_Tower "Al Hamra Tower") [Arraya Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraya_Tower "Arraya Tower") \| \| Malaysia \| [The Exchange 106](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exchange_106 "The Exchange 106") [Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Seasons_Place_Kuala_Lumpur "Four Seasons Place Kuala Lumpur") [Merdeka 118](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merdeka_118 "Merdeka 118") [Oxley Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxley_Towers "Oxley Towers") [Petronas Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Towers "Petronas Towers") [Telekom Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekom_Tower "Telekom Tower") \| \| Philippines \| [Metrobank Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrobank_Center "Metrobank Center") \| \| Qatar \| [Aspire Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspire_Tower "Aspire Tower") [Lusail Plaza Towers 3 and 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail_Plaza_Towers "Lusail Plaza Towers") \| \| Saudi Arabia \| [The Clock Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clock_Towers "The Clock Towers") [Kingdom Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Centre "Kingdom Centre") [PIF Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Market_Authority_Tower "Capital Market Authority Tower") \| \| South Korea \| [Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeundae_Doosan_We%27ve_the_Zenith "Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith") [Haeundae LCT The Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeundae_LCT_The_Sharp "Haeundae LCT The Sharp") [Lotte World Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower "Lotte World Tower") [Parc1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc1 "Parc1") [Posco Tower-Songdo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posco_Tower-Songdo "Posco Tower-Songdo") \| \| Taiwan \| [85 Sky Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85_Sky_Tower "85 Sky Tower") [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101") \| \| Thailand \| [Baiyoke Tower II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyoke_Tower_II "Baiyoke Tower II") [ICONSIAM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconsiam "Iconsiam") [MahaNakhon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Power_Mahanakhon "King Power Mahanakhon") \| \| Turkey \| [CBRT Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRT_Tower "CBRT Tower") \| \| United Arab Emirates \| [23 Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23_Marina "23 Marina") [Address Boulevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Boulevard "Address Boulevard") [Address Downtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Downtown "Address Downtown") [ADNOC Headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADNOC_Headquarters "ADNOC Headquarters") [Almas Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almas_Tower "Almas Tower") [Amna Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Habtoor_City "Al Habtoor City") [Burj Al Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab "Burj Al Arab") [Burj Khalifa]() [Cayan Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayan_Tower "Cayan Tower") [DAMAC Residenze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAMAC_Residenze "DAMAC Residenze") [Elite Residence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Residence "Elite Residence") [Emirates Office Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Office_Tower "Emirates Office Tower") [Etihad Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etihad_Towers "Etihad Towers") [Gevora Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gevora_Hotel "Gevora Hotel") [HHHR Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HHHR_Tower "HHHR Tower") [Il Primo Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Primo_Dubai "Il Primo Dubai") [The Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Index_$Dubai$ "The Index (Dubai)") [Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Emirates_Towers_Hotel "Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel") [JW Marriott Marquis Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JW_Marriott_Marquis_Dubai "JW Marriott Marquis Dubai") [The Landmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Landmark_$Abu_Dhabi$ "The Landmark (Abu Dhabi)") [Marina 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_101 "Marina 101") [The Marina Torch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marina_Torch "The Marina Torch") [Ocean Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Heights_$Dubai$ "Ocean Heights (Dubai)") [Princess Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Tower "Princess Tower") [Rose Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Rayhaan_by_Rotana "Rose Rayhaan by Rotana") [World Trade Center Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Abu_Dhabi "World Trade Center Abu Dhabi") \| \| Vietnam \| [Landmark 72](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_72 "Landmark 72") [Landmark 81](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark_81 "Landmark 81") \| \| Europe \| \| \| \| \| \| Poland \| [Varso Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varso "Varso") \| \| Russia \| [City of Capitals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Capitals "City of Capitals") [Eurasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia_$skyscraper$ "Eurasia (skyscraper)") [Federation Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Tower "Federation Tower") [Lakhta Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakhta_Center "Lakhta Center") [Mercury City Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_City_Tower "Mercury City Tower") [Neva Towers 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva_Towers "Neva Towers") [OKO Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OKO "OKO") \| \| United Kingdom \| [The Shard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shard "The Shard") \| \| Oceania \| \| \| \| \| \| Australia \| [Australia 108](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_108 "Australia 108") [Q1 Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q1_Tower "Q1 Tower") \| \| † No longer standing. \| \| \| Under construction \| \| \| \| \| \| Africa \| \| \| \| \| \| Ethiopia \| [Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Electric_Power_Headquarters "Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters") \| \| Côte d'Ivoire \| [Tour F](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_F "Tour F") \| \| Asia \| \| \| \| \| \| China \| [Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_International_Trade_and_Commerce_Center "Chongqing International Trade and Commerce Center") [Evergrande Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergrande_Center "Evergrande Center") [Eye of Spring Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Spring_Trade_Center "Eye of Spring Trade Center") [Greenland Group Suzhou Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Group_Suzhou_Center "Greenland Group Suzhou Center") [Haikou Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikou_Tower "Haikou Tower") [Knowledge Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Tower "Knowledge Tower") [Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_World_Trade_Center_Tower_1 "Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1") [Ningbo Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningbo_Center "Ningbo Center") [North Bund Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_North_Bund_Center "Shanghai North Bund Center") [Shandong IFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_IFC "Shandong IFC") [South Asian Gate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Gate "South Asian Gate") [Suzhou Zhongnan Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzhou_Zhongnan_Center "Suzhou Zhongnan Center") [Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianshan_Gate_of_the_World_Plots_27_and_28 "Tianshan Gate of the World Plots 27 and 28") [Wuhan CTF Finance Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhan_Chow_Tai_Fook_Finance_Centre "Wuhan Chow Tai Fook Finance Centre") [Xi'an Greenland Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an_Greenland_Center "Xi'an Greenland Center") [Xiamen International Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiamen_International_Centre "Xiamen International Centre") [Xiangmi Lake New Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangmi_Lake_New_Financial_Center "Xiangmi Lake New Financial Center") \| \| Other \| [Beyond Office Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Towers "Beyond Towers") [Burj Azizi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Azizi "Burj Azizi") [Burj Binghatti Jacob & Co Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Binghatti_Jacob_%26_Co_Residences "Burj Binghatti Jacob & Co Residences") [Highwealth Huiguo 90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwealth_Huiguo_90 "Highwealth Huiguo 90") [Jeddah Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah_Tower "Jeddah Tower") [Legacy Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_Tower_$Purbachal,_Dhaka$ "Legacy Tower (Purbachal, Dhaka)") [One Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Bangkok "One Bangkok") [Taipei Twin Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Twin_Towers "Taipei Twin Towers") [Thamrin Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamrin_Nine "Thamrin Nine") [Torch Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torch_Tower_$Japan$ "Torch Tower (Japan)") \| \| North America \| [520 Fifth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/520_Fifth_Avenue "520 Fifth Avenue") [Concord Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_Sky "Concord Sky") [SkyTower at Pinnacle One Yonge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyTower_at_Pinnacle_One_Yonge "SkyTower at Pinnacle One Yonge") [One Bloor West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Bloor_West "One Bloor West") [Waldorf Astoria Miami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_Miami "Waldorf Astoria Miami") \| \| South America \| [Senna Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_Tower "Senna Tower") \| \| On hold \| \| \| [2 World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center "2 World Trade Center") [45 Broad Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_Broad_Street "45 Broad Street") [Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoneng_Shenyang_Global_Financial_Center "Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center") [Busan Lotte Town Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_Lotte_Town_Tower "Busan Lotte Town Tower") [Chengdu Greenland Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Greenland_Tower "Chengdu Greenland Tower") [Chongqing Tall Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing_Tall_Tower "Chongqing Tall Tower") [Dalian Greenland Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian_Greenland_Center "Dalian Greenland Center") [Diamond Tower (Jeddah)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Tower_$Jeddah$ "Diamond Tower (Jeddah)") [Dubai Pearl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Pearl "Dubai Pearl") [Dubai Towers Doha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Towers_Doha "Dubai Towers Doha") [Forum 66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_66 "Forum 66") [Gate of Kuwait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_of_Kuwait "Gate of Kuwait") [Goldin Finance 117](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldin_Finance_117 "Goldin Finance 117") [Hyundai Global Business Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Global_Business_Center "Hyundai Global Business Center") [Sumou Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumou_Towers "Sumou Towers") [Mandarin Oriental Chengdu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Oriental_Chengdu "Mandarin Oriental Chengdu") [Marina 106](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_106 "Marina 106") [Namaste Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaste_Tower "Namaste Tower") [Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Olympic_Suning_Tower "Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower") [One Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tower_$Moscow$ "One Tower (Moscow)") [Palais Royale, Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_Royale,_Mumbai "Palais Royale, Mumbai") [Pentominium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentominium "Pentominium") [Runhua Global Center 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runhua_Global_Center_1 "Runhua Global Center 1") [Ryugyong Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel "Ryugyong Hotel") [Sino-Steel Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Steel_Tower "Sino-Steel Tower") [Skycity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skycity_$Mandaluyong$ "Skycity (Mandaluyong)") [Square Capital Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Capital_Tower "Square Capital Tower") [The Stratford Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stratford_Residences "The Stratford Residences") [Tameer Commercial Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tameer_Commercial_Tower "Tameer Commercial Tower") [Tianjin R\&F Guangdong Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_R%26F_Guangdong_Tower "Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower") [Tour Financial Hub Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Financial_Hub_Center "Tour Financial Hub Center") [Tower Infinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Infinity "Tower Infinity") [VietinBank Business Center Office Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VietinBank_Business_Center_Office_Tower "VietinBank Business Center Office Tower") \| \| \| See also [Proposed supertall skyscrapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Supertall_proposed_skyscrapers "Template:Supertall proposed skyscrapers") [List of architects of supertall buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architects_of_supertall_buildings "List of architects of supertall buildings") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dubai_landmarks "Template:Dubai landmarks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dubai_landmarks "Template talk:Dubai landmarks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dubai_landmarks "Special:EditPage/Template:Dubai landmarks")Landmarks and attractions in [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") \| \|---\| \| [Ain Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain_Dubai "Ain Dubai") [Al Bastakiya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Bastakiya "Al Bastakiya") [Al Fahidi Fort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Museum "Dubai Museum") [Atlantis, The Palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis,_The_Palm "Atlantis, The Palm") [Atlantis The Royal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_The_Royal,_Dubai "Atlantis The Royal, Dubai") [Burj Al Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Al_Arab "Burj Al Arab") [Burj Khalifa]() [Deep Dive Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Dive_Dubai "Deep Dive Dubai") [Deira Clocktower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira_Clocktower "Deira Clocktower") [Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Aquarium_and_Underwater_Zoo "Dubai Aquarium and Underwater Zoo") [Dubai Autodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Autodrome "Dubai Autodrome") [Dubai Butterfly Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Butterfly_Garden "Dubai Butterfly Garden") [Dubai Dolphinarium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Dolphinarium "Dubai Dolphinarium") [Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Fountain "Dubai Fountain") [Dubai Frame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Frame "Dubai Frame") [Dubai Gold Souk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Gold_Souk "Dubai Gold Souk") [The Dubai Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Mall "The Dubai Mall") [Dubai Marina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Marina "Dubai Marina") [Dubai Marina Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Marina_Mall "Dubai Marina Mall") [Dubai Miracle Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Miracle_Garden "Dubai Miracle Garden") [Dubai Opera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Opera "Dubai Opera") [Dubai Parks and Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Parks_and_Resorts "Dubai Parks and Resorts") [Dubai Spice Souk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Spice_Souk "Dubai Spice Souk") [Dubai Textile Souk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Textile_Souk "Dubai Textile Souk") [Dubai Trolley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Trolley "Dubai Trolley") [Dubai World Trade Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World_Trade_Centre "Dubai World Trade Centre") [Emirates Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Towers "Emirates Towers") [Global Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Village_$Dubai$ "Global Village (Dubai)") [Hatta Heritage Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatta_Heritage_Village "Hatta Heritage Village") [Heritage Village Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Village_Dubai "Heritage Village Dubai") [Hyatt Regency Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_Dubai "Hyatt Regency Dubai") [Jumeirah Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Beach "Jumeirah Beach") [Jumeirah Beach Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Beach_Hotel "Jumeirah Beach Hotel") [Madame Tussauds Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds_Dubai "Madame Tussauds Dubai") [Madinat Jumeirah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madinat_Jumeirah "Madinat Jumeirah") [Museum of the Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Future "Museum of the Future") [National Bank of Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Dubai_$building$ "National Bank of Dubai (building)") [One Za'abeel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Za%27abeel "One Za'abeel") [Orbi Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbi_Dubai "Orbi Dubai") [Palm Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Islands "Palm Islands") [Queen Elizabeth 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_2 "Queen Elizabeth 2") [Real Madrid Resort Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Resort_Island "Real Madrid Resort Island") [Real Madrid World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_World "Real Madrid World") [Saeed Al Maktoum House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeed_Al_Maktoum_House "Saeed Al Maktoum House") [Ski Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Dubai "Ski Dubai") [Souk Al Bahar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Al_Bahar "Souk Al Bahar") [Waterfront Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront_Market "Waterfront Market") [Wild Wadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Wadi_Water_Park "Wild Wadi Water Park") [The World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_$archipelago$ "The World (archipelago)") [Zabeel Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabeel_Park "Zabeel Park") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Template:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Template talk:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Special:EditPage/Template:Skidmore, Owings & Merrill")[Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOM_$architectural_firm$ "SOM (architectural firm)") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [List of works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill_buildings "List of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings") \| \| \| U.S. works \| \| \| \| \| \| California \| [One Front Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Front_Street "One Front Street") [One Bush Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Bush_Plaza "One Bush Plaza") [One Maritime Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Maritime_Plaza "One Maritime Plaza") [One Montgomery Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Montgomery_Tower "One Montgomery Tower") [One Wilshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Wilshire "One Wilshire") [10 Universal City Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Universal_City_Plaza "10 Universal City Plaza") [45 Fremont Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_Fremont_Street "45 Fremont Street") [50 Beale Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Beale_Street "50 Beale Street") [88 Kearny Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88_Kearny_Street "88 Kearny Street") [100 First Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_First_Plaza "100 First Plaza") [101 Second Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Second_Street "101 Second Street") [123 Mission Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123_Mission_Street "123 Mission Street") [333 Bush Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/333_Bush_Street "333 Bush Street") [345 California Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/345_California_Center "345 California Center") [350 Mission Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/350_Mission_Street "350 Mission Street") [388 Market Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/388_Market_Street "388 Market Street") [425 Market Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/425_Market_Street "425 Market Street") [505 Montgomery Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/505_Montgomery_Street "505 Montgomery Street") [555 California Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_California_Street "555 California Street") [595 Market Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/595_Market_Street "595 Market Street") [650 California Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/650_California_Street "650 California Street") [Cathedral of Christ the Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Light_$Oakland,_California$ "Cathedral of Christ the Light (Oakland, California)") [Crocker Galleria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_Galleria "Crocker Galleria") [EY Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EY_Plaza "EY Plaza") [Fairmont Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont_Plaza "Fairmont Plaza") [Gas Company Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Company_Tower "Gas Company Tower") [Kaiser Engineering Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Engineering_Building "Kaiser Engineering Building") [Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_M._Davies_Symphony_Hall "Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall") [Oakland Coliseum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Coliseum "Oakland Coliseum") [Ordway Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordway_Building "Ordway Building") [Salesforce West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce_West "Salesforce West") [St. Regis Museum Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Regis_Museum_Tower "St. Regis Museum Tower") [Tiffany Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Building_$San_Francisco$ "Tiffany Building (San Francisco)") [Treasure Island Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island_Development "Treasure Island Development") [Symphony Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Towers "Symphony Towers") \| \| Connecticut \| [Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library "Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library") [City Place I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Place_I "City Place I") [Goodwin Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin_Square "Goodwin Square") [Stamford Cone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Cone "Stamford Cone") [Hartford Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Plaza "Hartford Plaza") \| \| Colorado \| [17th Street Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Street_Plaza "17th Street Plaza") [555 17th Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/555_17th_Street "555 17th Street") [1125 17th Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1125_17th_Street "1125 17th Street") [Denver Energy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Energy_Center "Denver Energy Center") [Denver Union Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Union_Station "Denver Union Station") [Republic Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Plaza_$Denver$ "Republic Plaza (Denver)") [United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy_Cadet_Chapel "United States Air Force Academy Cadet Chapel") [United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy,_Cadet_Area "United States Air Force Academy, Cadet Area") \| \| Florida \| [200 South Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_South_Orange "200 South Orange") [Fort Lauderdale station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale_station_$Brightline$ "Fort Lauderdale station (Brightline)") [MiamiCentral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiamiCentral "MiamiCentral") [Southeast Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Financial_Center "Southeast Financial Center") [West Palm Beach station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach_station_$Brightline$ "West Palm Beach station (Brightline)") \| \| Georgia \| [Equitable Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Building_$Atlanta$ "Equitable Building (Atlanta)") [Georgia-Pacific Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia-Pacific_Tower "Georgia-Pacific Tower") [Tower Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Square_$Atlanta$ "Tower Square (Atlanta)") \| \| Illinois \| [One Magnificent Mile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Magnificent_Mile "One Magnificent Mile") [200 West Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_West_Madison "200 West Madison") [321 North Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/321_North_Clark "321 North Clark") [350 North Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/350_North_Orleans "350 North Orleans") [425 South Financial Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/425_South_Financial_Place "425 South Financial Place") [875 North Michigan Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/875_North_Michigan_Avenue "875 North Michigan Avenue") [Axis Apartments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_Apartments "Axis Apartments") [Chicago Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Place "Chicago Place") [Equitable Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable_Building_$Chicago$ "Equitable Building (Chicago)") [Franklin Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Center_$Chicago$ "Franklin Center (Chicago)") [Harris Bank Addition II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Bank_Addition_II "Harris Bank Addition II") [Heller International Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heller_International_Building "Heller International Building") [Illinois Institute of Technology Academic Campus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology_Academic_Campus "Illinois Institute of Technology Academic Campus") [Inland Steel Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_Steel_Building "Inland Steel Building") [NBC Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Tower "NBC Tower") [Olympia Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Centre "Olympia Centre") [Plaza on DeWitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_on_DeWitt "Plaza on DeWitt") [Regenstein Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenstein_Library "Regenstein Library") [Three First National Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_First_National_Plaza "Three First National Plaza") [Trump International Hotel and Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_International_Hotel_and_Tower_$Chicago$ "Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)") [Willis Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") \| \| Indiana \| [Fort Wayne Museum of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne_Museum_of_Art "Fort Wayne Museum of Art") [OneAmerica Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OneAmerica_Tower "OneAmerica Tower") [The Republic Newspaper Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Republic_Newspaper_Office "The Republic Newspaper Office") \| \| Louisiana \| [400 Poydras Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_Poydras_Tower "400 Poydras Tower") [1010 Common](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1010_Common "1010 Common") [1515 Poydras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1515_Poydras "1515 Poydras") [Hancock Whitney Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_Whitney_Center "Hancock Whitney Center") [Pan American Life Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_Life_Center "Pan American Life Center") \| \| Massachusetts \| [One Beacon Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Beacon_Street "One Beacon Street") [60 State Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_State_Street "60 State Street") [75 State Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75_State_Street "75 State Street") \| \| Michigan \| [Ford World Headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_World_Headquarters "Ford World Headquarters") [Kalamazoo Institute of Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo_Institute_of_Arts "Kalamazoo Institute of Arts") [Renaissance Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_Center "Renaissance Center") \| \| Minnesota \| [33 South Sixth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33_South_Sixth "33 South Sixth") [50 South Sixth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_South_Sixth "50 South Sixth") [Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey_Metrodome "Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome") [Minneapolis City Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Center "Minneapolis City Center") [Town Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Square_$Saint_Paul$ "Town Square (Saint Paul)") [U.S. Bank Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Plaza_$Minneapolis$ "U.S. Bank Plaza (Minneapolis)") \| \| New York \| [One Court Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Court_Square "One Court Square") [One Liberty Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Liberty_Plaza "One Liberty Plaza") [One Manhattan West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Manhattan_West "One Manhattan West") [One North End Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_North_End_Avenue "One North End Avenue") [One Worldwide Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Worldwide_Plaza "One Worldwide Plaza") [One World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center "One World Trade Center") [7 World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center "7 World Trade Center") [28 Liberty Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_Liberty_Street "28 Liberty Street") [101 Warren Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101_Warren_Street "101 Warren Street") [140 Broadway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140_Broadway "140 Broadway") [252 East 57th Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/252_East_57th_Street "252 East 57th Street") [270 Park Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/270_Park_Avenue_$1960%E2%80%932021$ "270 Park Avenue (1960–2021)") [383 Madison Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/383_Madison_Avenue "383 Madison Avenue") [450 Lexington Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/450_Lexington_Avenue "450 Lexington Avenue") [461 Fifth Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/461_Fifth_Avenue "461 Fifth Avenue") [500 Park Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Park_Avenue "500 Park Avenue") [919 Third Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/919_Third_Avenue "919 Third Avenue") [1166 Avenue of the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1166_Avenue_of_the_Americas "1166 Avenue of the Americas") [1540 Broadway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1540_Broadway "1540 Broadway") [Buffalo AKG Art Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_AKG_Art_Museum "Buffalo AKG Art Museum") [Deutsche Bank Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_Center "Deutsche Bank Center") [The Eugene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eugene "The Eugene") [Five Star Bank Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Star_Bank_Plaza "Five Star Bank Plaza") [Islamic Cultural Center of New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Cultural_Center_of_New_York "Islamic Cultural Center of New York") [John Jay College of Criminal Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice "John Jay College of Criminal Justice") [Lever House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever_House "Lever House") [Manhattan House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_House "Manhattan House") [Manhattan West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_West "Manhattan West") [Manufacturers Trust Company Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturers_Trust_Company_Building "Manufacturers Trust Company Building") [Mount Sinai West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_West "Mount Sinai West") [Moynihan Train Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moynihan_Train_Hall "Moynihan Train Hall") [Olympic Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Tower "Olympic Tower") [Park Loggia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Loggia "Park Loggia") [Queens Place Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Place_Mall "Queens Place Mall") [Random House Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House_Tower "Random House Tower") [Mount Sinai Morningside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai_Morningside "Mount Sinai Morningside") [Seneca One Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_One_Tower "Seneca One Tower") [Skyscraper Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper_Museum "Skyscraper Museum") [Solow Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solow_Building "Solow Building") [Texaco Headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texaco_Headquarters "Texaco Headquarters") [Times Square Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square_Tower "Times Square Tower") [Tower 49](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_49 "Tower 49") [W. R. Grace Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Grace_Building "W. R. Grace Building") \| \| Ohio \| [1100 Superior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100_Superior "1100 Superior") [AECOM Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AECOM_Building "AECOM Building") [Eaton Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Center_$Cleveland$ "Eaton Center (Cleveland)") [Huntington Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Center_$Columbus,_Ohio$ "Huntington Center (Columbus, Ohio)") [Preston Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Centre "Preston Centre") [Richard and Carole Cocks Art Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_and_Carole_Cocks_Art_Museum "Richard and Carole Cocks Art Museum") [Terrace Plaza Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_Plaza_Hotel "Terrace Plaza Hotel") \| \| Oregon \| [Autzen Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autzen_Stadium "Autzen Stadium") [Congress Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Center "Congress Center") [Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Federal Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Green_%E2%80%93_Wendell_Wyatt_Federal_Building "Edith Green – Wendell Wyatt Federal Building") [Hilton Portland Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Portland_Hotel "Hilton Portland Hotel") [PNC Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Center_$Cleveland$ "PNC Center (Cleveland)") [One Main Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Main_Place_$Portland,_Oregon$ "One Main Place (Portland, Oregon)") [PacWest Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PacWest_Center "PacWest Center") [Standard Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Plaza "Standard Plaza") [Standard Insurance Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Insurance_Center "Standard Insurance Center") [U.S. Bancorp Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bancorp_Tower "U.S. Bancorp Tower") [Veterans Affairs Medical Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Affairs_Medical_Center_$Oregon$ "Veterans Affairs Medical Center (Oregon)") [Veterans Memorial Coliseum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Memorial_Coliseum_$Portland,_Oregon$ "Veterans Memorial Coliseum (Portland, Oregon)") \| \| Texas \| [Bank of America Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America_Plaza_$San_Antonio$ "Bank of America Plaza (San Antonio)") [Chase Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Tower_$Dallas$ "Chase Tower (Dallas)") [El Paso Energy Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_Energy_Building "El Paso Energy Building") [Enterprise Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Plaza "Enterprise Plaza") [Moody Performance Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Performance_Hall "Moody Performance Hall") [Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison_Convention_Center "Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center") [Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum "Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum") [One City Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_City_Centre_$Houston$ "One City Centre (Houston)") [One Main Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Main_Place_$Dallas$ "One Main Place (Dallas)") [One Shell Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Shell_Plaza "One Shell Plaza") [San Felipe Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Felipe_Plaza "San Felipe Plaza") [Wells Fargo Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Plaza_$Houston$ "Wells Fargo Plaza (Houston)") [Westlake Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_Park_$Houston$ "Westlake Park (Houston)") \| \| Virginia \| [Dulles International Airport Main Terminal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport_Main_Terminal "Dulles International Airport Main Terminal") [Fairfax Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Square "Fairfax Square") [Icon Norfolk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_Norfolk "Icon Norfolk") [National Museum of the United States Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Army "National Museum of the United States Army") [Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_Metals_Company_International_Headquarters "Reynolds Metals Company International Headquarters") \| \| Washington, D.C. \| [1201 Pennsylvania Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1201_Pennsylvania_Avenue "1201 Pennsylvania Avenue") [1310 G Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1310_G_Street "1310 G Street") [1625 Eye Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1625_Eye_Street "1625 Eye Street") [Connecticut Connection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Connection "Connecticut Connection") [Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden "Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden") \| \| Wisconsin \| [Associated Bank River Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Bank_River_Center "Associated Bank River Center") [U.S. Bank Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bank_Center_$Milwaukee$ "U.S. Bank Center (Milwaukee)") [University Club Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Club_Tower_$Milwaukee$ "University Club Tower (Milwaukee)") \| \| Other states \| [222 Main](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222_Main "222 Main") (Utah) [250 West Pratt Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/250_West_Pratt_Street "250 West Pratt Street") (Maryland) [1201 North Market Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1201_North_Market_Street "1201 North Market Street") (Delaware) [1201 Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1201_Pacific "1201 Pacific") (Washington) [3300 North Central Avenue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3300_North_Central_Avenue "3300 North Central Avenue") (Arizona) [American Republic Insurance Company Headquarters Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Republic_Insurance_Company_Headquarters_Building "American Republic Insurance Company Headquarters Building") (Iowa) [BMA Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMA_Tower "BMA Tower") (Missouri) [City Center Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Center_Square "City Center Square") (Missouri) [Mauna Kea Beach Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea_Beach_Hotel "Mauna Kea Beach Hotel") (Hawaii) [Norton Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Building "Norton Building") (Washington) [PNC Bank Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Bank_Building_$Philadelphia$ "PNC Bank Building (Philadelphia)") (Pennsylvania) [RDO Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDO_Building "RDO Building") (North Dakota) [Shipt Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipt_Tower "Shipt Tower") (Alabama) [William R. Snodgrass Tennessee Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Snodgrass_Tennessee_Tower "William R. Snodgrass Tennessee Tower") (Tennessee) \| \| Non-U.S. works \| \| \| \| \| \| Canada \| [Bell Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Tower_$Edmonton$ "Bell Tower (Edmonton)") [Brookfield Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Place_$Toronto$ "Brookfield Place (Toronto)") [Embassy of the United States, Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Ottawa "Embassy of the United States, Ottawa") [Minto Midtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minto_Midtown "Minto Midtown") [Oxford Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Tower_$Edmonton$ "Oxford Tower (Edmonton)") [Richardson Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Building_$Winnipeg$ "Richardson Building (Winnipeg)") [TD Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Tower_$Edmonton$ "TD Tower (Edmonton)") [Telus Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telus_Tower_$Montreal$ "Telus Tower (Montreal)") \| \| China and Hong Kong \| [AIA Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIA_Central "AIA Central") [AVIC Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVIC_Plaza "AVIC Plaza") [Binhai railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binhai_railway_station "Binhai railway station") [China Merchants Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Merchants_Tower "China Merchants Tower") [China World Trade Center Tower III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_World_Trade_Center_Tower_III "China World Trade Center Tower III") [Greenland Hangzhou Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Hangzhou_Center "Greenland Hangzhou Center") [Hangzhou Wangchao Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_Wangchao_Center "Hangzhou Wangchao Center") [Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Convention_and_Exhibition_Centre "Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre") [Jin Mao Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Mao_Tower "Jin Mao Tower") [Pearl River Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_River_Tower "Pearl River Tower") [Poly Pazhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly_Pazhou "Poly Pazhou") [Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shum_Yip_Upperhills_Tower_1 "Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1") [Tianjin Kerry Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Kerry_Centre "Tianjin Kerry Centre") [Tianjin World Financial Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_World_Financial_Center "Tianjin World Financial Center") [White Magnolia Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Magnolia_Plaza "White Magnolia Plaza") [Zifeng Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zifeng_Tower "Zifeng Tower") \| \| Philippines \| [AIA Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIA_Tower_$Makati$ "AIA Tower (Makati)") [ArthaLand Century Pacific Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArthaLand_Century_Pacific_Tower "ArthaLand Century Pacific Tower") [Ayala Tower One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayala_Tower_One "Ayala Tower One") [Luna Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_Gardens "Luna Gardens") [One Roxas Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Roxas_Triangle "One Roxas Triangle") [PBCom Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBCom_Tower "PBCom Tower") [Petron Megaplaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petron_Megaplaza "Petron Megaplaza") [RCBC Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCBC_Plaza "RCBC Plaza") [Rizal Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Tower "Rizal Tower") [The World Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Centre "The World Centre") [Zuellig Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuellig_Building "Zuellig Building") \| \| Singapore \| [Changi Airport MRT station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Airport_MRT_station "Changi Airport MRT station") [Guoco Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guoco_Tower "Guoco Tower") [One George Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_George_Street "One George Street") \| \| South Korea \| [63 Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63_Building "63 Building") [ASEM Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEM_Tower "ASEM Tower") [Busan Lotte Town Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan_Lotte_Town_Tower "Busan Lotte Town Tower") [GS Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS_Tower "GS Tower") [Haeundae LCT The Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeundae_LCT_The_Sharp "Haeundae LCT The Sharp") [Samsung Tower Palace 3 – Tower G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Tower_Palace_3_%E2%80%93_Tower_G "Samsung Tower Palace 3 – Tower G") \| \| UAE \| [Burj Khalifa]() [Cayan Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayan_Tower "Cayan Tower") [Rolex Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolex_Tower "Rolex Tower") \| \| UK \| [5 Canada Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Canada_Square "5 Canada Square") [20 Bank Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Bank_Street_$London$ "20 Bank Street (London)") [20 Canada Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Canada_Square "20 Canada Square") [25 Cabot Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_Cabot_Square "25 Cabot Square") [100 Leadenhall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Leadenhall "100 Leadenhall") [Baltimore Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Tower "Baltimore Tower") [Broadgate Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadgate_Tower "Broadgate Tower") [Charrington Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charrington_Tower "Charrington Tower") [Chronicle Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle_Tower "Chronicle Tower") [Manhattan Loft Gardens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Loft_Gardens "Manhattan Loft Gardens") [Pan Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Peninsula "Pan Peninsula") \| \| Other countries \| [Al Hamra Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hamra_Tower "Al Hamra Tower") (Kuwait) [AMP Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP_Square "AMP Square") (Australia) [Ben Gurion Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport "Ben Gurion Airport") (Israel) [Carlton Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Centre "Carlton Centre") (South Africa) [Carlton Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Hotel_$Johannesburg$ "Carlton Hotel (Johannesburg)") (South Africa) [Esentai Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esentai_Tower "Esentai Tower") (Kazakhstan) [Istanbul Tower 205](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Tower_205 "Istanbul Tower 205") (Turkey) [Karlatornet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlatornet "Karlatornet") (Sweden) [Matitone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matitone "Matitone") (Italy) [MEO Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEO_Arena "MEO Arena") (Portugal) [Midtown Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midtown_Tower "Midtown Tower") (Japan) [Milan Olympic Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Olympic_Village "Milan Olympic Village") (Italy) [Pertamina Energy Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertamina_Energy_Tower "Pertamina Energy Tower") (Indonesia) [Rama IX Super Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_IX_Super_Tower "Rama IX Super Tower") (Thailand) [Rondo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondo_1 "Rondo 1") (Poland) [Sofitel Sydney Wentworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofitel_Sydney_Wentworth "Sofitel Sydney Wentworth") (Australia) [Tokyo Midtown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Midtown "Tokyo Midtown") (Japan) [Torre Paradox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Paradox "Torre Paradox") (Mexico) \| \| Proposed or unbuilt \| \| \| [250 Water Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/250_Water_Street "250 Water Street") [400 Lake Shore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_Lake_Shore "400 Lake Shore") [Lopez Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopez_Center "Lopez Center") [Seoul Lite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Lite "Seoul Lite") \| \| \| People \| \| \| \| \| \| Founders \| [Louis Skidmore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Skidmore "Louis Skidmore") [Nathaniel A. Owings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_A._Owings "Nathaniel A. Owings") [John O. Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O._Merrill "John O. Merrill") \| \| Other figures \| [Davis Allen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Allen "Davis Allen") [William F. Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Baker_$engineer$ "William F. Baker (engineer)") [Gordon Bunshaft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft "Gordon Bunshaft") [Nir Buras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_Buras "Nir Buras") [Vishaan Chakrabarti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishaan_Chakrabarti "Vishaan Chakrabarti") [David Childs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Childs "David Childs") [Julie Christensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Christensen_$politician$ "Julie Christensen (politician)") [Natalie de Blois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_de_Blois "Natalie de Blois") [Roger Duffy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Duffy_$architect$ "Roger Duffy (architect)") [George J. Efstathiou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_J._Efstathiou "George J. Efstathiou") [Myron Goldsmith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_Goldsmith "Myron Goldsmith") [T. J. Gottesdiener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._J._Gottesdiener "T. J. Gottesdiener") [Bruce Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Graham "Bruce Graham") [Gary Haney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Haney "Gary Haney") [Daniel Inocente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Inocente "Daniel Inocente") [Fazlur Rahman Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan "Fazlur Rahman Khan") [André Richardson King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Richardson_King "André Richardson King") [Vincent Kling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Kling_$architect$ "Vincent Kling (architect)") [Margaret McCurry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_McCurry "Margaret McCurry") [Gyo Obata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyo_Obata "Gyo Obata") [Mark Sarkisian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sarkisian "Mark Sarkisian") [Adrian Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_$architect$ "Adrian Smith (architect)") [Randall Stout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Stout "Randall Stout") [Marilyn Jordan Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Jordan_Taylor "Marilyn Jordan Taylor") [Margo Grant Walsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo_Grant_Walsh "Margo Grant Walsh") \| \| See also: [SOM Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOM_Foundation "SOM Foundation") \| \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12495#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| International \| [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/1461154983529267860004) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/1110912366) \| \| National \| [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010000040) \| \| Geographic \| [Structurae](https://structurae.net/structures/20016093) \| \| Other \| [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/8009699f-3dcc-4cf6-b25a-744c32d38890) \| [25°11′50″N 55°16′27″E / 25\.1972°N 55.2742°E / 25\.1972; 55.2742](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burj_Khalifa&params=25.1972_N_55.2742_E_) ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&oldid=1343888977>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - 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Readable Markdown	\| Burj Khalifa \| \| \|---\|---\| \| برج خليفة \| \| \| [![Wordmark and logo based on official website and Facebook page](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/51/Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg/250px-Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa_logo.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/93/Burj_Khalifa.jpg/250px-Burj_Khalifa.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa.jpg)The Burj Khalifa viewed across the [Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Fountain "Dubai Fountain") in October 2012 \| \| \| [![Map](https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Burj_Khalifa&revid=1343888977&groups=_849d75488bd2dc715bbeed6209dd364d45b23dcc&parser=legacy)]()Interactive map of the Burj Khalifa area \| \| \| Record height \| \| \| Tallest in the world since 2009[\[I\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#endnote_talleststatus) \| \| \| Preceded by \| [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101") \| \| General information \| \| \| Status \| Completed \| \| Type \| Mixed-use \| \| Architectural style \| [Neo-futurism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-futurism "Neo-futurism") \| \| Location \| 1 [Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Boulevard "Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard"), [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), [Emirate of Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai "Emirate of Dubai"), [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") \| \| Named for \| [Sheikh Khalifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan") \| \| Construction started \| 6 January 2004; 22 years ago \| \| Topped-out \| 17 January 2009; 17 years ago \| \| Completed \| 1 October 2009; 16 years ago \| \| Opened \| 4 January 2010; 16 years ago \| \| Cost \| US\$1.5 billion [AED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham "United Arab Emirates dirham") 5.5 billion \| \| Owner \| [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties") \| \| Height \| \| \| Architectural \| 828 m (2,717 ft) \| \| Tip \| 829\.8 m (2,722 ft) \| \| Antenna spire \| 242\.5 m (796 ft) \| \| Roof \| 739\.4 m (2,426 ft) \| \| Top floor \| 585\.4 m (1,921 ft) \| \| Observatory \| 555\.7 m (1,823 ft) \| \| Technical details \| \| \| Structural system \| Reinforced concrete, steel, and aluminium \| \| Floor count \| [154 + 9 maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Floor_plan) \| \| Floor area \| 309,473 m2 (3,331,100 sq ft) \| \| Lifts/elevators \| 57 (mall included) \| \| Design and construction \| \| \| Architect \| [Adrian Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_$architect$ "Adrian Smith (architect)") \| \| Architecture firm \| [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill") \| \| Structural engineer \| [Bill Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Baker_$engineer$ "William F. Baker (engineer)") \| \| Main contractor \| [Samsung C\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation "Samsung C&T Corporation") [BESIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besix "Besix") [Arabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC "Arabtec Holding PJSC") \| \| Other information \| \| \| Parking \| 2 subterranean levels \| \| Public transit access \| [![Metro interchange](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/BSicon_SUBWAY.svg/20px-BSicon_SUBWAY.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit "Rapid transit") [M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_$Dubai_Metro$ "Red Line (Dubai Metro)") At [Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa/Dubai_Mall_$Dubai_Metro$ "Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall (Dubai Metro)") \| \| Website \| \| \| [burjkhalifa.ae](https://www.burjkhalifa.ae/) \| \| \| References \| \| \| [\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-1) \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg/250px-Burj_Khalifa_%28worlds_tallest_building%29_and_the_Dubai_skyline_%2825781049892%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa_$worlds_tallest_building$_and_the_Dubai_skyline_$25781049892$.jpg) Photographic [silhouette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silhouette "Silhouette") of the [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai") [skyline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyline "Skyline"); the Burj Khalifa is visible at the centre The Burj Khalifa[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-2) (previously known as Burj Dubai prior to inauguration) is a [megatall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_megatall_skyscrapers "List of megatall skyscrapers") [skyscraper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper "Skyscraper") in [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), United Arab Emirates. Designed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill"), it is the [world's tallest structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_world "List of tallest structures in the world"), with a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, or just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding the antenna, but including a 242.6 m spire)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) of 828 m (2,717 ft). It has also been the [tallest building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures "List of tallest buildings and structures") in the world since its [topping out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topping_out "Topping out") in 2009, surpassing [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101"), which had held the record for a half-decade.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5) Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004; the exterior was completed five years later. The primary structure is [reinforced concrete](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete "Reinforced concrete"). Some of the [structural steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_steel "Structural steel") for the building was salvaged from the demolished [Palace of the Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin "Palace of the Republic, Berlin") in East Berlin.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6) The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called [Downtown Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Dubai "Downtown Dubai"). It was designed to be the centrepiece of large-scale, mixed-use development. The building is named after the former president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7) The [United Arab Emirates government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_government "United Arab Emirates government") provided Dubai with financial support as the developer, [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties"), experienced financial problems during the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"). Then-president of the United Arab Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed, organised federal financial support. For his support, [Mohammad bin Rashid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Rashid "Mohammad bin Rashid"), [Ruler of Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruler_of_Dubai "Ruler of Dubai"), changed the name from "Burj Dubai" to "Burj Khalifa" during inauguration. The design is derived from the [Islamic architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture "Islamic architecture") of the region, such as in the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra "Great Mosque of Samarra"). The Y-shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimise residential and hotel space. A [buttressed central core and wings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttressed_core "Buttressed core") are used to support the height of the building. The Burj Khalifa's central core houses all vertical transportation except egress stairs within each of the wings.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) The structure also features a [cladding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladding_$construction$ "Cladding (construction)") system which is designed to withstand Dubai's hot summer temperatures.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-9) It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators. Development Construction began on 12 January 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-opening-10)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-11) and is part of the 2 km2 (490 acres) [Downtown Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Dubai "Downtown Dubai") development at the 'First Interchange' along [Sheikh Zayed Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Road "Sheikh Zayed Road"), near Dubai's main business district.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The tower's architecture and engineering were performed by [Skidmore, Owings & Merrill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill "Skidmore, Owings & Merrill") of Chicago, with [Adrian Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_$architect$ "Adrian Smith (architect)") as chief architect, and [Bill Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Baker_$engineer$ "William F. Baker (engineer)") as a chief structural engineer.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-13) The firm had designed the [Sears Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") in Chicago, a previous record holder for the world's tallest building.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-14) [Hyder Consulting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Consulting "Hyder Consulting") was supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants supervised the architecture. The primary contractor was [Samsung C\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26T "Samsung C&T") of [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), together with the Belgian group [BESIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besix "Besix") and the local company [Arabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabtec_Holding_PJSC "Arabtec Holding PJSC"). Numerous complaints concerned migrant workers from [South Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia "South Asia"), the primary building labour force, who were paid low wages and sometimes had their passports confiscated.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-16) Conception Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centrepiece of a large-scale, mixed-use development to include 30,000 homes,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-17) nine hotels (including [The Address Downtown Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Address_Downtown_Dubai "The Address Downtown Dubai")), 3 hectares (7.4 acres) of parkland, at least 19 residential skyscrapers, the [Dubai Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Mall "Dubai Mall"), and the 12-hectare (30-acre) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism based. According to officials, projects like Burj Khalifa needed to be built to garner more international recognition and hence investment. "He (Sheikh [Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum "Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum")) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational," said Jacqui Josephson, a tourism and VIP delegations executive at [Nakheel Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakheel_Properties "Nakheel Properties").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-18) The tower was known as Burj Dubai ("Dubai Tower") until its official opening in January 2010.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) It was renamed in honour of the ruler of [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi "Emirate of Abu Dhabi"), [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan"); [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi") and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts – Dubai borrowed at least \$80 billion for construction projects.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-name_change-19) In the 2000s, Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from the [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis") and the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"), leaving large-scale projects already in construction abandoned.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-20) Records The Burj Khalifa set several world records, including: - Tallest existing structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [KVLY-TV mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVLY-TV_mast "KVLY-TV mast") – 628.8 m or 2,063 ft) - Tallest structure ever built: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [Warsaw radio mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_radio_mast "Warsaw radio mast") – 646.38 m or 2,121 ft) - Tallest freestanding structure: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously [CN Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") – 553.3 m or 1,815 ft) - Tallest skyscraper (to top of [spire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire "Spire")): 828 m (2,717 ft) (previously [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101") – 509.2 m or 1,671 ft)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21) - Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna: 829.8 m (2,722 ft) (previously the [Willis (formerly Sears) Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") – 527 m or 1,729 ft) - Building with most floors: 163 (previously [World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_$1973%E2%80%932001$ "World Trade Center (1973–2001)") – 110)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-22) - World's highest [elevator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator "Elevator") installation (situated inside a rod at the very top of the building)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) - World's longest travel distance elevators: 504 m (1,654 ft)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Otis-24) - Highest vertical [concrete pumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump "Concrete pump") (for a building): 606 m (1,988 ft)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) - [World's tallest structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_tallest_structures "World's tallest structures") that includes residential space[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) - World's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade: 512 m (1,680 ft)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - World's highest restaurant ([At.mosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At.mosphere "At.mosphere")): 122nd floor at 442 m (1,450 ft) (previously 360, at a height of 350 m (1,148 ft) in CN Tower)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-28) - World's highest New Year display of [fireworks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks "Fireworks").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gulfnews.com-29) - World's largest light and sound show staged on a single building.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-30)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-31)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-32) Architecture and design [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Comparisonfinal001fx7.png/330px-Comparisonfinal001fx7.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparisonfinal001fx7.png) A cross-section of comparisons of various towers, from ground level from top to bottom: Burj Khalifa, [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101"), [Willis Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower"), and [the original World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_$1973%E2%80%932001$ "World Trade Center (1973–2001)") The tower was designed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), which also designed the [Willis Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") (formerly the Sears Tower) in [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago") and the [One World Trade Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center "One World Trade Center") in New York City. Burj Khalifa uses the bundled [tube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_$structure$ "Tube (structure)") design of the Willis Tower, invented by [Fazlur Rahman Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Khan "Fazlur Rahman Khan").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-34) Due to its tubular system, proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction, compared to the [Empire State Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building "Empire State Building").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-constructionweekonline.com-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-35) Khan's contributions to the design of tall buildings have had a profound impact on architecture and engineering. It would be difficult to find any worldwide practices in the design of tall buildings that have not been directly or indirectly influenced by his work.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-36) The design is reminiscent of [Frank Lloyd Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright "Frank Lloyd Wright")'s vision for [The Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illinois "The Illinois"), a mile-high skyscraper designed for Chicago, as well as Chicago's [Lake Point Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Point_Tower "Lake Point Tower"). When [Adrian Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_$architect$ "Adrian Smith (architect)") was conceiving the project at SOM, he looked out his office window toward [Lake Point Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Point_Tower "Lake Point Tower")'s curved three-wing layout and thought, "There's the prototype".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-37) According to Strabala, Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor [Tower Palace Three](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Palace_Three_Tower "Tower Palace Three Tower"), an all-residential building in [Seoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul "Seoul"). In its early planning, Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Height_Revealed-38) After the original design by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and [MEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering#Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing_$MEP$ "Architectural engineering") (mechanical, electrical and plumbing) engineering.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder2-40) Hyder Consulting's role was to supervise construction, certify the architect's design, and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Hyder1-39) NORR's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on-site supervision during the construction and design of a 6-storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation. NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower. Emaar Properties also engaged [GHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHD_Group "GHD Group"),[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GHD_Projects-41) an international multidisciplinary consulting firm, to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork. The design is derived from Islamic architecture.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) As the tower rises from the flat desert base, there are 27 [setbacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setback_$architecture$ "Setback (architecture)") in a spiral pattern, decreasing the cross-section of the tower as it rises and creating convenient outdoor terraces. These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimises vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-academic.csuohio.edu-8) At the top, the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire. At its tallest point, the tower sways a total of 1.5 m (4.9 ft).[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-42) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg/250px-Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samara_spiralovity_minaret_rijen1973.jpg) The spiral minaret at the [Great Mosque of Samarra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra "Great Mosque of Samarra") The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes (4,400 short tons; 3,900 long tons) of structural steel. The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes (390 short tons; 340 long tons) and has a height of 200 m (660 ft). The spire also houses communications equipment.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) This 244-metre (801 ft) spire is widely considered [vanity height](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_height "Vanity height"), since very little of its space is usable. Without the spire, Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres (1,919 ft) tall. This was reported in a [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat "Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat") study, which notes that the empty spire "could be a skyscraper on its own".[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Vanity-3) Such a skyscraper, if located in Europe, would be the 11th tallest building on that continent.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-44) In 2009 architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa, while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of [Jaume Plensa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_Plensa "Jaume Plensa").[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-45) The cladding system consists of 142,000 m2 (1,528,000 sq ft) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured [stainless steel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel "Stainless steel") [spandrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandrel "Spandrel") panels with vertical tubular fins.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The [architectural glass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_glass "Architectural glass") provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun, extreme desert temperatures and strong winds. The glass covers more than 174,000 m2 (1,870,000 sq ft) in area.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The Burj's typical curtain wall panels measure 4 ft 6 in (1.4 m) wide by 10 ft 8 in (3.3 m) high and weigh about 800 pounds (360 kg) each, with wider panels near the building's edges and taller ones near the top.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-46) The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 °C (11 °F) cooler than at its base.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-47)\[[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")\] A 304-room Armani Hotel, the first of 4 by [Armani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani "Armani"), occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUHdb-4)[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-48) The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-49)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-50) but after several delays, it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-51) The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-52) yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010. The [sky lobbies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_lobby "Sky lobby") on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53) Floors 20 through 108 have 900 private residential apartments (which, according to the developer, sold out within eight hours of being on the market). An outdoor [zero-entry swimming pool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool#Zero-entry_swimming_pools "Swimming pool") is located on the 76th floor of the tower. Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors, except for the 122nd, 123rd, and 124th, where the [At.mosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At.mosphere "At.mosphere") restaurant, sky lobby, and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively. In January 2010, it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents in February 2010.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-residents-53)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-54) The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43) The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin, and include the world's fastest [double-deck elevators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-deck_elevator "Double-deck elevator"), rising and descending at up to 10 m/s (33 ft/s). Engineers initially considered installing the world's first triple-deck elevators.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The double-deckers are equipped with LCD displays to amuse visitors during their travel to the observation deck.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-55) The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-56) Plumbing systems The Burj Khalifa's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L (250,000 U.S. gal) of water per day through 100 km (62 mi) of pipes.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) An additional 213 km (132 mi) of piping serves the fire emergency system, and 34 km (21 mi) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) Air conditioning The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-58) At peak cooling times, the tower's cooling is 46 MW (62,000 hp), equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons (26,000,000 lb; 12,000,000 kg) of melting ice in one day.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Wharton-57) Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gn-23) Window cleaning To wash the 24,348 windows, totalling 120,000 m2 (1,290,000 ft2) of glass, the building has three horizontal tracks, each holding a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bucket machine. Above level 109, and up to tier 27, traditional cradles from [davits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davit "Davit") are used. The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-59)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-60) Under normal conditions, when all [building maintenance units](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_maintenance_unit "Building maintenance unit") are operational, it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61) Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire. The cleaning system was developed in [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), Australia, by CoxGomyl, a manufacturer of building maintenance units,[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-telegraphwindowcleaning-62) at a cost of [A\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_dollar "Australian dollar")8 million.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-cleaning-61) Features Fountain [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG/250px-Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubai_Fountain_7.JPG) [The Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Fountain "The Dubai Fountain") Outside the Burj Khalifa, [WET Enterprises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WET_Enterprises "WET Enterprises") designed a fountain system at a cost of [Dh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham "United Arab Emirates dirham") 800 million (US\$217 million). Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors, it is 270 m (900 ft) long and shoots water 150 m (500 ft) into the air while accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music. It is the world's largest choreographed fountain.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-63) On 26 October 2008, Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-64) Observation deck [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG/250px-Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dubai_Fountain_from_At_The_Top_of_Burj_Khalifa.JPG) View of [The Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Fountain "The Dubai Fountain") from the observation deck [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg/250px-View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_burj_khalifa6934713247_db12c311cb_o.jpg) View from the observation deck An outdoor [observation deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_deck "Observation deck"), named [At the Top](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Top_$Burj_Khalifa$ "At the Top (Burj Khalifa)"), opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor, at 452 m (1,483 ft).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-65) It opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m (1,821 ft), giving it [the highest observation deck in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world%27s_tallest_structures#Observation_decks "History of the world's tallest structures") on 15 October 2014.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-bus-insider-66)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-at_the_top-67) However, in June 2016 the [Shanghai Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Tower "Shanghai Tower") opened with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres, thus taking the title of the world's highest [observation deck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_deck "Observation deck"). Subsequently, the Burj Khalifa reclaimed the record on February 18, 2019, when it opened The Lounge observatory at 585 m (1,919 ft), which is also the highest lounge in the world.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-68) The Burj Khalifa's 124th floor observation deck also features a so-called electronic telescope, an [augmented reality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality "Augmented reality") device developed by [Gsmprjct°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsmprjct%C2%B0 "Gsmprjct°") of [Montréal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al "Montréal"), which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real-time, and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm-69)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-gsm2-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-71) To reduce the daily rush of sightseers, management allows visitors to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time, at a 75% discount on tickets purchased on the spot.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-72) On 8 February 2010, the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power-supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors, trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-74)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-75)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-77) When the tide is low and visibility is high, people can see the shores of Iran (which is around 153 km or 95 mi away) from the top of the skyscraper.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-78) Park Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an eleven-hectare (27-acre) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-79) Like the tower, the park's design was based on the flower of the [Hymenocallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenocallis "Hymenocallis"), a desert plant.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-80) At the centre of the park is the water room, which is a series of pools and water jet fountains. Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the [Hymenocallis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenocallis "Hymenocallis") flower.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81) The plants are watered by water collected from the building's cooling system. The system provides 68,000,000 L (18,000,000 US gal) annually.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-park-ab-81) [WET Enterprises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WET_Enterprises "WET Enterprises"), who also developed the [Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Fountain "Dubai Fountain"), developed the park's six water features.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-82) Floor plan \| Floors \| Purpose[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-83) \| [Dimetric projection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimetric_projection "Dimetric projection") with floors colour-coded by function[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-84) \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| 160–163 \| Mechanical \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/k44ravh5cmnamo8053fclouhog7322z.png) \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg/960px-Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Khalifa_floors.svg) \| \| 156–159 \| Communication and broadcast \| \| \| \| 155 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 152–154 \| [The Lounge observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#Observation_deck) \| \| \| \| 149–151 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 148 \| [At the Top Sky observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Top_$Burj_Khalifa$ "At the Top (Burj Khalifa)") \| \| \| \| 139–147 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 136–138 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 125–135 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 124 \| [At the Top observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Top_$Burj_Khalifa$ "At the Top (Burj Khalifa)") \| \| \| \| 123 \| [Sky lobby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_lobby "Sky lobby") \| \| \| \| 122 \| [At.mosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At.mosphere "At.mosphere") restaurant \| \| \| \| 111–121 \| Corporate suites \| \| \| \| 109–110 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 77–108 \| Residential \| \| \| \| 76 \| Sky lobby \| \| \| \| 73–75 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 44–72 \| Residential \| \| \| \| 43 \| Sky lobby \| \| \| \| 40–42 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 38–39 \| [Armani Hotel suites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani_Hotels_and_Resorts "Armani Hotels and Resorts") \| \| \| \| 19–37 \| Residential \| \| \| \| 17–18 \| Mechanical \| \| \| \| 9–16 \| Armani Residences \| \| \| \| 1–8 \| Armani Hotel \| \| \| \| Ground \| Armani Hotel, Lobby \| \| \| \| Concourse \| Armani Hotel, Lobby \| \| \| \| B1–B2 \| Parking, Mechanical \| \| \| Ramadan observance On the higher floors, the sun is seen for several minutes after it has set at ground level. Those living above the 80th floor wait two extra minutes to [break their Ramadan fast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftar "Iftar"), and those living above the 150th floor wait three minutes.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-85) Construction Animation of construction process [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg/250px-Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_dubai_aerial_closeup.jpg) Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008 The tower was constructed by [Samsung C\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_C%26T_Corporation "Samsung C&T Corporation") from [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea "South Korea"), which also did work on the [Petronas Twin Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers "Petronas Twin Towers") and [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Samsung_E&C-86) Samsung C\&T built the tower in a joint venture with [BESIX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BESIX "BESIX") from Belgium and [Arabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabtec "Arabtec") from the UAE.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-87)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-88) [Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Construction_Company "Turner Construction Company") was the project manager on the main construction contract.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-89) Hong Kong-based [Far East Aluminium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_East_Group "Far East Group") combined to provide the exterior cladding for Burj Khalifa.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-90)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-91) The contractor and the engineer of record was [Hyder Consulting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Consulting "Hyder Consulting").[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-92) Under UAE law, the contractor and the engineer of record is [jointly and severally liable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severally_liable#Joint_and_several_liability "Severally liable") for the performance of Burj Khalifa. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. [Putzmeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putzmeister "Putzmeister") created a new, super high-pressure trailer [concrete pump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump "Concrete pump"), the BSA 14000 SHP-D, for this project.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) Burj Khalifa's construction used 330,000 m3 (431,600 cu yd) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes (61,000 short tons; 54,000 long tons) of steel [rebar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebar "Rebar"), and construction took 22 million man-hours.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Record_High-12) In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 metres weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next 4th level, and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m (1,988 ft),[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Putzmeister-25) the 156th floor. Three [tower cranes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_crane "Tower crane") were used during the construction of the uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-93) The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel. In 2003, 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the [bedrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock "Bedrock") underlying the structure.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoMarc-94) "Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone" was found, just metres below the surface.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-95) Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres, finding weak to very weak rock all the way.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-GeoPrac2010-01-04-96) The study described the site as part of a "seismically active area".\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Another challenging element was the [shamal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamal_$wind$ "Shamal (wind)") which often creates sandstorms.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21) Over 45,000 m3 (58,900 cu yd) of concrete, weighing more than 110,000 [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne") (120,000 [short tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton "Short ton"); 110,000 [long tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton "Long ton")) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation, which features 192 piles; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length, buried more than 50 m (164 ft) deep.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emporis-26) The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne") (500,000 [short tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton "Short ton"); 440,000 [long tons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton "Long ton")). This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete which is 30 MPa which yielded 450 sq. metres of vertical normal effective area, which then yielded 12 metres by 12 metres dimensions.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-VanHamptonApril2008-97) A [cathodic protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathodic_protection "Cathodic protection") system is under the concrete to neutralise the sulphate and chloride-rich groundwater and prevent corrosion.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dupre-21) During the construction of the Burj Khalifa, over 35,000 tonnes of structural steel was obtained from the [Palace of the Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin "Palace of the Republic, Berlin") in Berlin, which had served as the parliament building for the [Volkskammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkskammer "Volkskammer") of the former [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"). The steel was shipped to Dubai after the Palace's demolition was completed in 2008.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-dw-6) The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised. Pressurised, air-conditioned refuge floors are located every 13 floors (on floors G, 13, 26, 39, 52, etc.) where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-structure-43)[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-98) Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures. [CTLGroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTLGroup "CTLGroup"), working for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, conducted the creep and shrinkage [testing critical for the structural analysis of the building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecture "Islamic architecture").[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-99) The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential. It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and [Persian Gulf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf "Persian Gulf") temperatures that can reach 50 °C (122 °F). To combat this problem, the concrete was not poured during the day. Instead, during the summer months, ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher. Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is, therefore, less likely to set too quickly and crack. Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Al-Tayyib1989-100)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Ji2009-101)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Gj%C3%B8rv2011-102)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Friedman2018-103)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Bester2013-104) Milestones [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Burj_Dubai_001.jpg/500px-Burj_Dubai_001.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_Dubai_001.jpg) Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai, 2010 - January 2004: Excavation commences.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - February 2004: Piling starts.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - 21 September 2004: Emaar contractors begin construction.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-105) - March 2005: Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - June 2006: Level 50 is reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27) - February 2007: Surpasses the [Sears Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Tower "Willis Tower") as the [building with the most floors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more "List of buildings with 100 floors or more"). - 13 May 2007: Sets record for vertical [concrete pumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_pump "Concrete pump") on any building at 452 m (1,483 ft), surpassing the 449.2 m (1,474 ft) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of [Taipei 101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_101 "Taipei 101"), while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-106) - 21 July 2007: Surpasses Taipei 101, whose height of 509.2 m (1,671 ft) made it the world's tallest building, and level 141 reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-official_site-107) - 12 August 2007: Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna, which stands 527 m (1,729 ft). - 12 September 2007: At 555.3 m (1,822 ft), becomes the world's tallest freestanding structure, surpassing the [CN Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower "CN Tower") in Toronto, and level 150 reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CBC-108) - 7 April 2008: At 629 m (2,064 ft), surpasses the [KVLY-TV Mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVLY-TV_mast "KVLY-TV mast") to become the tallest human-made structure, level 160 reached.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-timeline-27)[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080407-109) - 17 June 2008: Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa's height is over 636 m (2,087 ft) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110) - 1 September 2008: Height tops 688 m (2,257 ft), making it the tallest human-made structure ever built, surpassing the previous record-holder, the [Warsaw Radio Mast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Radio_Mast "Warsaw Radio Mast") in [Konstantynów](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantyn%C3%B3w_$P%C5%82ock_County$ "Konstantynów (Płock County)"), Poland.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-111) - 17 January 2009: [Topped out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topped_out "Topped out") at 829.8 m (2,722 ft).[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Biz24720090117-112) - 1 October 2009: Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Maktoob20091001-113) - 4 January 2010: Burj Khalifa's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened. Burj Dubai was renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi, [Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5) - 10 March 2010: [Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat "Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat") certifies Burj Khalifa as world's tallest building.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-CTBUH_WorldsTallest-114) Real estate values In March 2009, [Mohamed Ali Alabbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Ali_Alabbar "Mohamed Ali Alabbar"), chairman of the project's developer, [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties"), said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US\$4,000 per sq ft (over US\$43,000 per m2) and the [Armani Residences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani_Residences "Armani Residences"), also in Burj Khalifa, sold for US\$3,500 per sq ft (over US\$37,500 per m2).[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-115) He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US\$1.5 billion.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-USAtoday-7) The project's completion coincided with the [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"), and with vast overbuilding in the country, leading to high vacancies and foreclosures.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-monument-116) With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions, the government was forced to seek multibillion-dollar bailouts from its oil-rich neighbour [Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi "Abu Dhabi"). Subsequently, in a surprise move at its opening ceremony, the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa, said to honour the UAE President [Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan") for his crucial support.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-DubaiOneInauguration-5)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-117) Because of the [slumping demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_bubble "Real estate bubble") in Dubai's property market, the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40% some ten months after its opening. Out of 900 apartments in the tower, 825 were still empty at that time.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-119) Over the next 30 months, overseas investors steadily bought up available apartments and office space.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-120) By October 2012, Emaar reported that around 80% of the apartments were occupied.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-121) Official launch ceremony [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Burj_khalifa_fireworks_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burj_khalifa_fireworks_$cropped$.jpg) The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on [Burj Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Park "Burj Park") Island and on smaller screens elsewhere.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-122) Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) In addition to the media presence, 6,000 guests were expected.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-billions_and_billions-124) The opening was held on 4 January 2010.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-125) The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks, light beams projected on and around the tower, and further sound, light and water effects.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-details_revealed-123) The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers [Speirs and Major Associates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speirs_and_Major_Associates "Speirs and Major Associates").[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-126) Using the 868 powerful [stroboscope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroboscope "Stroboscope") lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower, different lighting sequences were choreographed, together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Controversies Incidents On 10 May 2011, an [Asian migrant worker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "Migrant workers in the United Arab Emirates") in his mid-30s jumped to his death from the 147th floor onto the 108th floor's deck. Dubai police said he killed himself because his company refused to let him leave the country.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-127) On 18 May 2015, Dubai police disputed a report that a Portuguese tourist named Laura Vanessa Nunes fell to her death from the Burj Khalifa the prior 16 November, claiming that she fell from the [Jumeirah Lake Towers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumeirah_Lake_Towers "Jumeirah Lake Towers").[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-128)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-129) [Nine News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_News "Nine News") obtained emails from Portugal's embassy in the UAE under [freedom of information laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country#Portugal "Freedom of information laws by country"), which indicated that the female tourist jumped from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-130) Labour The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131)[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-132) This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-134) On 17 June 2008, there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Emaar20080617-110) Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled [carpenters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry "Carpentry") at the site earned £4.34 a day, and labourers earned £2.84.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) According to a BBC investigation and a [Human Rights Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch "Human Rights Watch") report, the workers were housed in abysmal conditions, and worked long hours for low pay.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135)[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-136)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-137) During construction, one construction-related death was reported.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-138) Workplace injuries and deaths in the UAE are poorly documented, according to Human Rights Watch.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-HRW111106-135) In March 2006 about 2,500 workers, upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts, protested and triggered a riot, damaging cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £500,000 in damage.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-Riot-131) New Year's Eve Emaar New Year's Eve is an annual event held every 31 December at Burj Khalifa, organised by [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties").[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-139)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-140) The event consists of fireworks launched from Burj Khalifa, a light and laser show on the facade of Burj Khalifa, and an accompanying soundtrack and a special fountain show on [The Dubai Fountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dubai_Fountain "The Dubai Fountain") choreographed to the soundtrack.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-142) The Emaar New Year's Eve fireworks celebration originated in 2010 with the inauguration of the world's tallest building, Burj Khalifa. The celebration was broadcast live to more than 2 million people and lasted for 3 minutes.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143) Since 2011, national live broadcasting rights have been held by [Dubai Media Incorporated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Media_Incorporated "Dubai Media Incorporated") and [Dubai TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_TV "Dubai TV").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye3-143) Emaar New Year's Eve has won two [Guinness World Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records "Guinness World Records"), including "[Largest LED-Illuminated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode "Light-emitting diode") Facade" in 2015 and 2019.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye1-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-145)[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye2-146) In 2017 and 2018, Emaar New Year's Eve was broadcast live on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"),[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye8-147)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-148) and [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube "YouTube"). In 2020, it was broadcast live for the first time on [Zoom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_$software$ "Zoom (software)").[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-nye10-149) In 2021, Emaar celebrated [solidarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity "Solidarity") in honour of [frontline workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_worker "Frontline worker") of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic").[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-150) For the 2022 event, a laser feature was installed on The Dubai Fountain in sync with the Burj Khalifa's laser and fireworks show.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-151) BASE jumping The building has been used by several experienced [BASE jumpers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_jumping "BASE jumping") for authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping: In May 2008, Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell, dressed as engineers, entered Burj Khalifa (around 650 metres (2,130 ft) at the time), and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-152)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-153) On 8 January 2010, with permission of the authorities, Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan, from the Emirates Aviation Society, broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane-suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m (2,205 ft). The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km/h (140 mph), with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90-second jump.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-154)[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-BASE_jumping-155) On 21 April 2014, with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors, highly experienced French BASE jumpers [Vince Reffet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Reffet "Vince Reffet") and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform, built at the very top of the pinnacle, at 828 metres (2,717 feet).[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-156)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-157)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-158) Climbing On 28 March 2011, [Alain "Spiderman" Robert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Robert "Alain Robert") scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa. The climb to the top of the spire took 6 hours. To comply with UAE safety laws, Robert, who usually climbs in [free solo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_solo_climbing "Free solo climbing") style, used a rope and harness.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-159) Awards [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg/250px-P1040471_%2814230484239%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P1040471_$14230484239$.jpg) Burj Khalifa artwork project made of [Lego](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego "Lego") in Bricksworld 2014 In June 2010, Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 "Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa" award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-160) On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for the best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-161) Awards Chair Gordon Gill, of [Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_%2B_Gordon_Gill_Architecture "Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture"), said: > We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture – a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed. 'Building of the Century' was thought a more apt title for it.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-162) Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of the following awards.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-163)[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_note-164) \| Year \| Award \| \|---\|---\| \| 2012 \| Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture, Burj Khalifa Lobby from [Structural Engineers Association of Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations "National Council of Structural Engineers Associations") (SEAOI), Chicago. \| \| 2011 \| Interior Architecture Award, Certificate of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. \| \| Distinguished Building Award, Citation of Merit from AIA – Chicago Chapter. \| \| \| Interior Architecture Award: Special Recognition from AIA – Chicago Chapter. \| \| \| Design Excellence Award: Special Function Room. \| \| \| Excellence in Engineering from [ASHRAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASHRAE "ASHRAE") (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers) – Illinois Chapter. \| \| \| Outstanding Structure Award from [International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Bridge_and_Structural_Engineering "International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering"). \| \| \| Decade of Design, Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). \| \| \| Decade of Design • Best of Category/Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association (IIDA). \| \| \| GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from [MEED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEED "MEED") (formerly Middle East Economic Digest). \| \| \| Project of the Year from MEED. \| \| \| 2010 \| International Architecture Award. \| \| Arab Achievement Award 2010: Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit. \| \| \| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards. \| \| \| Architecture Award (Mixed Use) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards. \| \| \| International Architecture Award from [Chicago Athenaeum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Design_Award_$Chicago$ "Good Design Award (Chicago)"). \| \| \| American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum. \| \| \| Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape. \| \| \| Best Mixed Use Built Development in [Cityscape Abu Dhabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cityscape_Abu_Dhabi "Cityscape Abu Dhabi"). \| \| \| Skyscraper Award: Silver Medal from [Emporis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis "Emporis"). \| \| \| Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from [Institution of Structural Engineers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Structural_Engineers "Institution of Structural Engineers"). \| \| \| International Architecture Award (Mixed Use) from International Commercial Property Awards. \| \| \| Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards. \| \| \| Best Structural Design of the Year from [LEAF Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEAF_Award "LEAF Award"). \| \| \| International Projects Category: Outstanding Project from [National Council of Structural Engineers Associations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Structural_Engineers_Associations "National Council of Structural Engineers Associations"). \| \| \| Best of What's New from Popular Science Magazine. \| \| \| Spark Awards, Silver Award. \| \| \| Excellence in Structural Engineering: Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI. \| \| See also - [List of buildings in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Dubai "List of buildings in Dubai") - [List of buildings with 100 floors or more](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more "List of buildings with 100 floors or more") - [List of development projects in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_projects_in_Dubai "List of development projects in Dubai") - [List of tallest buildings and structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures "List of tallest buildings and structures") - [List of tallest freestanding structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures "List of tallest freestanding structures") - [List of tallest buildings in Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Dubai "List of tallest buildings in Dubai") - [List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates "List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates") - [List of tallest buildings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings "List of tallest buildings") - [List of tallest structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures "List of tallest structures") - [Jeddah Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah_Tower "Jeddah Tower") Notes 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-2) [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language "Arabic language"): بُرْج خَلِيفَة, Burj Khalīfah, pronounced [\[bʊrd͡ʒ xaˈliːfa\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic "Help:IPA/Arabic"), lit. '[Khalifa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan "Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan") tower' References 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-1) ["Burj Khalifa"](http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/wd/3). [CVU Skyscraper Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Vertical_Urbanism "Council on Vertical Urbanism"). [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12495#P1305 "Edit this at Wikidata") 2. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Vanity_3-1) ["the world's vainest skyscrapers"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131117120309/http://www.ctbuh.org/Publications/Journal/InNumbers/TBINVanityHeight/tabid/5837/language/en-US/Default.aspx). Archived from [the original](http://www.ctbuh.org/Publications/Journal/InNumbers/TBINVanityHeight/tabid/5837/language/en-US/Default.aspx) on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013. 3. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-CTBUHdb_4-1) ["Burj Khalifa – The Skyscraper Center"](http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151319/http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3) from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014. 4. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-DubaiOneInauguration_5-2) Bianchi, Stefania; Andrew Critchlow (4 January 2010). ["World's Tallest Skyscraper Opens in Dubai"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806). The Wall Street Journal. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210228200922/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703580904574638111667658806) from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dw_6-1) ["Berlin's Demolished Socialist Palace is Revived in Dubai"](http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3554502,00.html). [Deutsche Welle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle "Deutsche Welle"). 11 August 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090509024015/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3554502,00.html) from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2008. 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-USAtoday_7-1) Stanglin, Douglas (2 January 2010). ["Dubai opens world's tallest building"](http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/01/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building/1). [USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100105034122/http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/01/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building/1) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 7. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-academic.csuohio.edu_8-1) Baker, William; Pawlikowski, James. ["Higher and Higher: The Evolution of the Buttressed Core"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170810080936/http://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF). academic.csuohio.edu. Archived from [the original](http://academic.csuohio.edu/duffy_s/CVE_601_Struct_1.pdf) (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-9)* ["State-of-the-Art & Structural Design Elements"](https://www.burjkhalifa.ae/en/the-tower/structures/). Burj Khalifa. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-opening_10-0) ["Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091106052129/http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471). Gulfnews. 4 November 2009. Archived from [the original](http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471) on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009. 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_11-0) ["World's tallest building opens in Dubai"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm). BBC News. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100105054239/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8439618.stm) from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 11. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Record_High_12-1) ["Burj Dubai reaches a record high"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110710184915/http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361). [Emaar Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emaar_Properties "Emaar Properties"). 21 July 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.emaar.com/index.aspx?page=press-release-details&id=361) on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2008. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-13)* Keegan, Edward (15 October 2006). ["Adrian Smith Leaves SOM, Longtime Skidmore partner bucks retirement to start new firm"](http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534). ArchitectOnline. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081227011127/http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=385534) from the original on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2009. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-14) ["Willis Tower – The Skyscraper Center"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191223043034/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/willis-tower/169). Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 13 June 2015. Archived from [the original](http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/willis-tower/169) on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2015. 14. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-16) ["Archi-Ninja \\| Burj Khalifa (Dubai) – The Truth Behind the Bling"](https://www.archi-ninja.com/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220628030943/https://www.archi-ninja.com/burj-khalifa-dubai-the-truth-behind-the-bling/) from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2023. 15. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-17) ["Buildings that elevated cities: Dubai's Burj Khalifa"](https://ww3.rics.org/uk/en/modus/built-environment/urbanisation/buildings-that-elevated-cities--dubai-s-burj-khalifa.html). ww3.rics.org. Retrieved 9 July 2024. 16. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-18) Stack, Megan (13 October 2005). ["In Dubai, the Sky's No Limit"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-oct-13-fg-dubai13-story.html). Los Angeles Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081021032112/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/oct/13/world/fg-dubai13) from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2006. 17. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-name_change_19-1) ["Dubai Tower's Name Reflects U.A.E. Shift"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150530182733/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jan2010/gb2010015_736675.htm). Businessweek.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jan2010/gb2010015_736675.htm) on 30 May 2015. 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-20)* Lewis, Paul (13 February 2009). ["Dubai's six-year building boom grinds to a halt as financial crisis takes hold"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/13/dubai-boom-halt). [The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian"). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210123121036/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/13/dubai-boom-halt) from the original on 23 January 2021. 19. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-dupre_21-2) [Dupré, Judith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Dupr%C3%A9 "Judith Dupré") (2013). [Skyscrapers: A History of the World's Most Extraordinary Buildings-Revised and Updated](https://books.google.com/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ). New York: Hachette/Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 140–141\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-57912-942-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-942-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-57912-942-2") . [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164801/https://books.google.com/books?id=8-bXwAEACAAJ) from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023. 20. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-22)* ["WTC Timeline"](http://www.wtc.com/about/wtchistory-wtc-timeline). [Silverstein Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverstein_Properties "Silverstein Properties"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130528154654/http://www.wtc.com/about/wtchistory-wtc-timeline) from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013. 21. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gn_23-4) ["Burj Khalifa: Towering challenge for builders"](http://gulfnews.com/business/property/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802). GulfNews.com. 4 January 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110125112740/http://gulfnews.com/business/property/burj-khalifa-towering-challenge-for-builders-1.561802) from the original on 25 January 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2010. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Otis_24-0)* ["Burj Khalifa"](http://www.otisworldwide.com/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106). Otis Elevator. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006111348/http://www.otisworldwide.com/b4-newsarchdet.html?item=20100106) from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2013. 23. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Putzmeister_25-2) ["Burj Khalifa – Conquering the World's Tallest Building"](http://www.forconstructionpros.com/article/10293208/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building). ForConstructionPros.com. 12 May 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221128224811/http://www.forconstructionpros.com/article/10293208/burj-khalifa-conquering-the-worlds-tallest-building) from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2012. 24. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Emporis_26-2) ["Burj Dubai, Dubai, at Emporis.com"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070120063252/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=burjdubai-dubai-unitedarabemirates). [Emporis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emporis "Emporis"). Archived from the original on 20 January 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2007. 25. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-timeline_27-8) ["Burj Dubai Construction Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091215060325/http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/construction.aspx). BurjDubai.com. Archived from [the original](http://www.burjdubai.com/the-tower/construction.aspx) on 15 December 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2009. 26. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-28)* ["And the world's highest restaurant is ready to serve"](https://www.emirates247.com/lifestyle/dubai-opens-world-s-highest-restaurant-2011-01-20-1.343732). Emirates 24/7. 20 January 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120722124738/http://www.emirates247.com/lifestyle/and-the-world-s-highest-restaurant-is-ready-to-serve-2011-01-20-1.343732) from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2011. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-gulfnews.com_29-0) ["Jaw-Dropping Fireworks at Burj Khalifa Enthrall Thousands"](http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088). Gulfnews.com. 31 December 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110120013501/http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/jaw-dropping-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-enthrall-thousands-1.739088) from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2011. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-30) ["New Year fireworks at Burj Khalifa to return this year"](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/new-year-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-to-return-this-year-). Khaleej Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200727061617/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai/new-year-fireworks-at-burj-khalifa-to-return-this-year-) from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2018. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-31) ["Burj Khalifa to have special light show this New Year's Eve, but what about the fireworks?t"](https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai//burj-khalifa-to-have-special-light-show-this-new-years-eve-but-what-about-the-fireworks). Khaleej Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075524/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/dubai//burj-khalifa-to-have-special-light-show-this-new-years-eve-but-what-about-the-fireworks) from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-32) ["Emaar bags Guinness World Record title for largest light and sound show on a single building"](http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/525571/BUSINESS/Emaar-bags-Guinness-World-Record-title-for-largest-light-and-sound-show-on-a-single-building). Saudigazette. 6 January 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181128075642/http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/525571/BUSINESS/Emaar-bags-Guinness-World-Record-title-for-largest-light-and-sound-show-on-a-single-building) from the original on 28 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018. 31. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-constructionweekonline.com_33-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-constructionweekonline.com_33-1) ["Top 10 world's tallest steel buildings"](http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings/1/). Constructionweekonline.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150203033624/http://www.constructionweekonline.com/article-9180-top-10-worlds-tallest-steel-buildings/1/) from the original on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-34)* ["Burj Khalifa"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120712011132/http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/property/burj-khalifa-2). AllAboutSkyscrapers.com. 19 November 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.allaboutskyscrapers.com/property/burj-khalifa-2) on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-35) Bayley, Stephen (5 January 2010). ["Burj Dubai: The new pinnacle of vanity"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html). Telegraph. London. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/dubai/6934603/Burj-Dubai-The-new-pinnacle-of-vanity.html) from the original on 10 January 2022. 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-36) ["IALCCE 2012: Keynote Speakers Details"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130426000301/https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5). ialcce2012.boku.ac.at. Archived from [the original](https://ialcce2012.boku.ac.at/keynote_details.php?profile=5) on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2017. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-37) Kamin, Blair. ["50 years later, Lake Point Tower is a singular achievement — and let's hope it stays that way"](http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/kamin/ct-ae-lake-point-tower-anniversary-0923-story.html). Chicago Tribune. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190211122235/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/kamin/ct-ae-lake-point-tower-anniversary-0923-story.html) from the original on 11 February 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2018. 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Height_Revealed_38-0) ["Architect reveals Burj Dubai height"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081204001714/http://www.arabianbusiness.com/540205-secret-of-burj-dubai-height-revealed). [Arabian Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Business "Arabian Business"). 3 December 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.arabianbusiness.com/540205-secret-of-burj-dubai-height-revealed) on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008. 37. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Hyder1_39-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Hyder1_39-1) ["Burj Dubai becomes tallest manmade structure"](http://www.hyderconsulting.com/EN/AboutUs/News/Pages/content.aspx?pageID=83). Hyder Consulting. Retrieved 10 January 2010. \[[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")\] 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-Hyder2_40-0)* ["Hyder reinforces its reputation for unrivaled engineering ability with the opening of the Burj Khalifa – the world's tallest building"](http://www.hyderconsulting.com/EN/AboutUs/News/Pages/content.aspx?pageID=190). Hyder Consulting. Retrieved 10 January 2010. \[[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")\] 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa#cite_ref-GHD_Projects_41-0) ["GHD is playing a vital role in managing the long term structural integrity of the world's tallest building, the Burj Dubai Tower"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081202052648/http://www.ghd.com.au/aptrixpublishing.nsf/Content/BurjDubaiTower_prj). [GHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHD_Group "GHD Group"). 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Retrieved 12 January 2026. (597 KB) (Structure magazine, June 2006) - ["The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220438/http://ikb.edu.pl/jacek.wdowicki/Pliki/materialy/dydaktyka/budynki_wysokie/dyplom/budynki/burj%20dubai%20tower/Irw05.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original on 14 September 2017. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown "Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown")) (620 KB) (Irwin et al., November 2006) - BBC reports: [Burj Khalifa opening](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8438857.stm), with video and links; [Maintaining the world's tallest building](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-20526216) - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/20px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png) Geographic data related to [Burj Khalifa](https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/137153127) at [OpenStreetMap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap "OpenStreetMap") [25°11′50″N 55°16′27″E / 25\.1972°N 55.2742°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burj_Khalifa&params=25.1972_N_55.2742_E_)
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