🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa037)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical, ml_categories_json AS ml_categories_json, ml_types_json AS ml_types_json, ml_intent_types_json AS ml_intent_types_json, meta_language AS meta_language, attrs_author AS attrs_author, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_publish_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(attrs_original_publish_time), 0) AS attrs_original_publish_time, ifNull(attrs_is_republished, 0) AS attrs_is_republished, ifNull(attrs_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_nr_words, ifNull(attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, 0) AS attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words, ifNull(body_ext_links_number, 0) AS body_ext_links_number, ifNull(body_int_links_number, 0) AS body_int_links_number, ifNull(meta_nofollow, 0) AS meta_nofollow, ifNull(meta_noarchive, 0) AS meta_noarchive, ifNull(props_was_rendered, 0) AS props_was_rendered, ifNull(src_redirect, \'\') AS src_redirect, ifNull(download_time_msec, 0) AS download_time_msec, ifNull(download_ttfb_msec, 0) AS download_ttfb_msec, ifNull(download_size, 0) AS download_size FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement","crawl_time":1774155546,"first_indexed_time":1546951773,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Brexit withdrawal agreement - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Brexit withdrawal agreement\nAgreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\n \n \nUnited Kingdom (UK)\n \n \nEuropean Union (EU)\nand\nEuratom\nType\nTreaty setting out terms of withdrawal\nContext\nUK withdrawal from the EU\n(Brexit)\nDrafted\nNovember 2018\nOctober 2019 (revision)\nSigned\n24 January 2020\nEffective\n1 February 2020\n[\n1\n]\nCondition\nRatification\nby the European Union (\nCouncil of the European Union\nafter consent of the\nEuropean Parliament\n), Euratom (Council of the European Union) and the United Kingdom (\nParliament of the United Kingdom\n).\nNegotiators\nTheresa May\n(\nPrime Minister\n)\n(November 2018 draft)\nBoris Johnson\n(\nPrime Minister\n)\n(October 2019 draft)\nOlly Robbins\n[\na\n]\n(\nPrime Minister's Europe Adviser\n)\n[\n2\n]\n(2018 draft)\nDavid Frost\n(\nPrime Minister's Europe Adviser\n)\n(2019 draft)\nSteve Barclay\n(\nDExEU Secretary of State\n)\n[\nb\n]\nJean-Claude Juncker\n(\nCommission President\n)\nUrsula von der Leyen\n(\nCommission President\n)\nMichel Barnier\n(\nEuropean Union Chief Negotiator\n)\nMaroš Šefčovič\n(\nCommission Vice-President\n)\nSignatories\nBoris Johnson\nfor the UK\nUrsula von der Leyen\nand\nCharles Michel\nfor the EU and Euratom\nParties\nUnited Kingdom\nEuropean Union\nEuratom\nDepositary\nSecretary General of the Council of the European Union\nLanguages\nThe 24\nEU languages\n^\nOlly Robbins was appointed as the Prime Minister's Europe Advisor on 18 September 2017. He was previously the\nBrexit Department\n's first Permanent Secretary.\n^\nOther incumbents during the negotiations were\nDavid Davis\n(July 2016 to July 2018) and\nDominic Raab\n(July 2018 to November 2018).\nThe\nBrexit withdrawal agreement\n, officially titled\nAgreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\n,\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nis a treaty between the\nEuropean Union\n(EU),\nEuratom\n, and the\nUnited Kingdom\n(UK), signed on 24 January 2020,\n[\n5\n]\nsetting the terms of the\nwithdrawal of the UK from the EU\nand Euratom. The text of the treaty was published on 17 October 2019,\n[\n6\n]\nand is a renegotiated version of an agreement published in November 2018. The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the\nHouse of Commons\non three occasions, leading to the resignation of\nTheresa May\nas\nPrime Minister\nand the appointment of\nBoris Johnson\nas the new prime minister on 24 July 2019.\nThe\nParliament of the United Kingdom\ngave its approval to the agreement on 23 January 2020 and the UK government deposited Britain's instrument of ratification on 29 January 2020.\n[\n7\n]\n[\n8\n]\nThe agreement was ratified by the\nCouncil of the European Union\non 30 January 2020, following the consent of the\nEuropean Parliament\non 29 January 2020. The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union took effect on 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, and at that moment the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, as per its article 185.\nThe Agreement covers such matters as money, citizens' rights, border arrangements and dispute resolution. It also contains a transition period and an outline of the\nfuture relationship between the UK and the EU\n. Published on 14 November 2018, it was a result of the\nBrexit negotiations\n. The agreement was endorsed by the leaders of the 27 remaining EU countries\n[\n9\n]\nand the\nBritish Government\nled by Prime Minister Theresa May, but faced opposition in the British parliament, whose\napproval was necessary\nfor ratification. Approval by the\nEuropean Parliament\nwould also have been required. On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons rejected the withdrawal agreement by a vote of 432 to 202.\n[\n10\n]\nThe Commons rejected the agreement again on 12 March 2019, on a vote of 391 to 242,\n[\n11\n]\nand rejected a third time of 29 March 2019 by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a\ngeneral election\n.\n[\n12\n]\nOn 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the\nWithdrawal Agreement Act\n; on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement. It was subsequently concluded by the\nCouncil of the European Union\non 30 January 2020.\nThe withdrawal agreement, in Part Four,\n[\n13\n]\nprovided for a transition or implementation period\n[\n14\n]\nuntil 00:00\nCentral European Time\non 1 January 2021 (11p.m.\nGreenwich Mean Time\non 31 December 2020 in the UK)\n[\n15\n]\n(referred to as \"IP completion day\" in British law and state terminology\n[\n16\n]\n[\n17\n]\n[\n18\n]\n), during which time the UK remained in the single market, in order to ensure frictionless trade until a long-term relationship was agreed. If no agreement was reached by this date, then the UK would have left the single market without a\ntrade deal\non 1 January 2021. Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship.\n2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum\n[\nedit\n]\nIn the\nConservative Party\n's manifesto for the\nUnited Kingdom general election in May 2015\n, the party promised an EU referendum by the end of 2017.\n[\n19\n]\n[\n20\n]\nThe\nreferendum\n, held on 23 June 2016, resulted in a 51.9% to 48.1% majority vote for leaving the\nEuropean Union\n.\n[\n21\n]\nThe proposed 2018 withdrawal agreement, which ran to 599 pages, covered the following main areas:\n[\n22\n]\nMoney, particularly the division of assets and liabilities, and payment of any debt outstanding\nCitizens rights, both of British citizens in EU countries and vice versa\nBorder arrangements and customs, particularly along the border between the UK and the EU on the island of\nIreland\nThe law, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes, currently vested with the\nEuropean Court of Justice\nThe agreement also set up a transitional period, which lasted until 31 December 2020 with a provision for extension by mutual consent. During the transitional period, EU law continued to apply to the UK (including participation in the\nEuropean Economic Area\n, the\nsingle market\n, and the\ncustoms union\n), and the UK continued to pay into the EU budget, but the UK was not represented in the decision-making bodies of the EU. The transition period gave businesses time to adjust to the new situation and time for the British and EU governments to negotiate a new trade deal between the EU and UK.\n[\n23\n]\n[\n24\n]\nOn the\nIrish border question\n, the\nIrish backstop\nwas appended to the agreement. This set out a fall-back position should effective alternative arrangements fail to be agreed. Its purpose was to avoid a\nhard border\ncoming into place before the end of the transition period, with the UK shadowing the EU's\nCommon external tariff\nand Northern Ireland keeping in aspects of the Single Market.\n[\n25\n]\nThe governance was to be through a\nJoint Committee\nwith representatives of both the European Union and the British government. There was to be a number of specialised committees reporting to the Joint Committee.\nThe withdrawal agreement also includes\nprovisions\nfor the UK to leave the Convention Defining the Statute of the\nEuropean Schools\n, with the UK bound by the Convention and the accompanying regulations on Accredited European Schools until the end of the last academic year of the transition period, i.e. the end of the spring semester of 2020–2021.\n[\n26\n]\nThe more important elements of the draft agreement are these:\n[\n27\n]\nThe Agreement assists the arrangements of withdrawing the UK from the European Union and\nEuratom\n(Art. 1), provides a clear definition for the territorial scope of the United Kingdom (Art. 3), and assures the legal liability of the Agreement (Art. 4). Additionally, it states that by the end of the transition period, the UK shall be denied access to \"any network, any information system and any database established on the basis of Union law\" (Art. 8).\nCitizens' rights: general provisions\n[\nedit\n]\nThe Agreement defines and provides the personal scope of citizens, family members, frontier workers, host states, and nationals. Article 11 deals with continuity of residence and Article 12 discusses non-discrimination (i.e., it would be prohibited to discriminate on grounds of nationality).\nRights and obligations\n[\nedit\n]\nBritish nationals and European Union citizens, family members who are British nationals or European Union citizens and family members who are neither of those two shall maintain the right to reside in the host State (Art. 13). The host State may not limit or condition the persons for obtaining, retaining or losing residence rights (Art. 13). Persons with valid documentation\n[\nclarification needed\n]\nwould not require entry and exit visas or equal formalities and would be permitted to leave or enter the host state without complications (Art. 14). In case the host State demands \"family members who join the Union citizen or United Kingdom national after the end of the transition period to have an entry visa\", the host State is required to grant necessary visas through an accelerated process in appropriate facilities free of charge (Art. 14). The Agreement further deals with the issuance of permanent residence permits during and after the transition period, as well as its restrictions. Moreover, it clarifies the rights of workers and self-employed individuals, and provides recognition and identification of professional qualifications.\nThis title discusses special cases, administrative cooperation, legal adaptations and development of Union laws.\nGoods placed on the market\n[\nedit\n]\nThe Agreement defines the goods, services and the processes connected to them. It claims that any good or service that was lawfully placed in the market prior to the withdrawal from the Union may be further made available to the consumers in the UK or the Union States (Art. 40 & 41).\nOngoing customs procedures\n[\nedit\n]\nThis title addresses the custom procedures of goods moving from the customs territory of the UK to the customs territory of the Union and vice versa (Art. 47). The processes that start before the end of the transition period \"shall be treated as an intra-Union movement regarding importation and exportation licensing requirements in Union law\". The Agreement also addresses the ending of temporary storage or customs procedures (Art. 49).\nOngoing value added tax and excise duty matters\n[\nedit\n]\nThe VAT applies to goods that are exchanged between the Union and the UK. By way of derogation from previous Articles, the Title permits access to information systems that are necessary for the application or processing of the VAT (Art. 51).\nThere are ten annexes to the draft. The first is a protocol to maintain an\nopen border\nbetween the EU and the UK on the island of\nIreland\n(generally known as the 'Irish backstop'). The second covers the arrangements for a common customs territory to operate between the EU and the UK, until a technical solution can be found that delivers both an open border and independent customs policies. The third covers operations of the joint customs territory. The fourth covers 'good governance in the area of taxation, environmental protection, labour and social standards,\nstate aid\n, competition, and state-owned undertakings'. The fifth to eighth cover relevant provisions in EU law. The ninth and tenth details procedures arising from main sections of the draft.\nNorthern Ireland Backstop\n[\nedit\n]\nThe Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the \"Irish backstop\", was an annex to the November 2018 draft agreement that described the provisions to prevent a\nhard border in Ireland\nafter the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. The Protocol included a safety-net provision to handle the circumstances where satisfactory alternative arrangements remain to come into operation at the end of the transition period.\nThis created considerable difficulties for the government, particularly with the\nDemocratic Unionist Party\non which the government depended on for votes.\nThis draft was replaced in the 2019 negotiations by a new\nNorthern Ireland Protocol\n.\nThe agreement was subject to revisions under the\nJohnson ministry\n's\nrenegotiation in 2019\n. The amendments adjust approximately 5% of the text.\n[\n28\n]\nIn the agreement, protocols also exist for the '\nSovereign Base Areas in Cyprus\n' and\nGibraltar\n.\nNorthern Ireland protocol\n[\nedit\n]\nThe\nIrish backstop\nwas removed, and replaced by\na new protocol\non\nNorthern Ireland\n\/\nIreland\n. This new protocol meant that Great Britain could fully leave the\nEuropean Single Market\nand the\nEU Customs Union\nbut that Northern Ireland would be out of the EU Customs Union\nde jure\nbut not\nde facto\n.\n[\n29\n]\n[\n30\n]\nAnother difference was a unilateral exit mechanism for the\nNorthern Ireland Assembly\nwhich has a vote every four years on whether to continue with these arrangements, for which a simple majority is required.\n[\n31\n]\nA continuity with the backstop was providing for the application of EU-law in the area of goods and electricity and a role for the\nEuropean Court of Justice\nwith regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for\npreliminary rulings\non the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol.\n[\n32\n]\nannex 1:\nsocial security\ncoordination\nannex 2: provisions of\nunion law\nreferred to in article 41(4)\nannex 3: time limits for situations or customs procedures referred to in article 49(1)\nannex 4: list of networks, information systems and databases referred in articles 50, 53, 99 and 100\nannex 5:\neuratom\nannex 6: list of administrative cooperation procedures referred to in article 98\nannex 7: list of acts\/provisions referred to in article 128(6)\nannex 8: rules of procedures of the joint committee and specialized committees\nannex 9: rules of procedures for dispute settlement and code of conduct for members of arbitration panels\nPolitical declaration\n[\nedit\n]\nThe 2019 revisions also adjusted elements of the political declaration, replacing the word \"adequate\" with \"appropriate\" in regard to labour standards. According to Sam Lowe, trade fellow at the\nCentre for European Reform\n, the change excludes labour standards from dispute settlement mechanisms.\n[\n33\n]\nIn addition, the\nlevel playing field\nmechanism has been moved from the legally-binding withdrawal agreement to the political declaration,\n[\n29\n]\nand the line in the political declaration that “the United Kingdom will consider aligning with union rules in relevant areas” has been removed.\n[\n31\n]\nJoint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement\n[\nedit\n]\n\"EU-UK Joint Committee\" redirects here. For the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, see\nEU–UK Partnership Council\n.\nArticle 164 establishes a\njoint committee\nfor the implementation of the agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees. The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon. A Joint Committee is a commonly used process within deeper trade treaties to manage tensions.\nThere is equal representation from both sides with no casting vote and the ability to go to an\ninternational arbitration\npanel if there is no agreement. There are a number of specialist subcommittees that report to the main committee, of which the 'Northern Ireland subcommittee' (dealing with the\nNorthern Ireland Protocol\n) attracted most news-media attention in Spring 2021, because of the controversy over what became known as the\nIrish Sea border\n.\nAs of 21 February 2022\n, the Joint Committee had met nine times.\n[\n34\n]\nSpecialised Committee on Citizens' Rights\n[\nedit\n]\nThe\nSpecialised Committee on Citizens' Rights\nwas established to monitor the implementation and application of citizens' rights under the agreement. \nAs of 15 June 2022\n, it had met 10 times.\n[\n35\n]\nThe reception of the agreement in the House of Commons ranged from cool to hostile and the vote was delayed more than a month.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nBritish government resignations\n[\nedit\n]\nOn 15 November 2018, the day after the agreement was presented and received backing from the\ncabinet\nof the British government, several members of the government resigned, including\nDominic Raab\n,\nSecretary of State for Exiting the European Union\n.\n[\n36\n]\nContempt of Parliament\n[\nedit\n]\nFollowing an unprecedented vote on 4 December 2018, MPs ruled that the British government was in\ncontempt of parliament\nfor refusing to provide to Parliament the full legal advice it had been given on the effect of its proposed terms for withdrawal.\n[\n37\n]\nThe key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the \"backstop\" agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the\nGood Friday agreement\nwhich had led to the end of\nthe Troubles\nin Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals.\nThe following day, the advice was published. The question asked was,\n\"What is the legal effect of the UK agreeing to the Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement on Ireland and Northern Ireland in particular its effect in conjunction with Articles\n \n5 and 184 of the main Withdrawal Agreement?\"\nThe advice given was that:\n[\n37\n]\nThe Protocol is binding on the UK and EU [para 3], and anticipates a final future resolution of the border and customs issues being reached [para 5,12,13]. But \"the Protocol is intended to subsist even when negotiations have clearly broken down\" [para 16] and \"In conclusion, the current drafting of the Protocol\n \n... does not provide for a mechanism that is likely to enable the UK lawfully to exit the UK wide customs union without a subsequent agreement. This remains the case even if parties are still negotiating many years later, and even if the parties believe that talks have clearly broken down and there is no prospect of a future relationship agreement.\" [para 30]\nImmediately following announcement of a revised withdrawal agreement on 17 October 2019,\nLabour\n, the\nLiberal Democrats\n, and\nDUP\nsaid that they could not support the new deal.\n[\n38\n]\nUnited Kingdom Parliament votes\n[\nedit\n]\nBoris Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement in January 2020\nOn 15 January 2019, the House of Commons voted down the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 230 votes,\n[\n10\n]\nthe largest vote against the United Kingdom government in history.\n[\n39\n]\nThe May government survived a confidence vote\nthe following day\n.\n[\n10\n]\nOn 12 March 2019, the Commons voted down the agreement a second time by 149 votes, the fourth-largest  defeat of the government in the history of the Commons.\n[\n40\n]\n[\n41\n]\nA third vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, widely expected to be held on 19 March 2019, was refused by the\nSpeaker of the House of Commons\non 18 March 2019 on the basis of a parliamentary convention dating from 2 April 1604 that prevents British governments from forcing the Commons to repeatedly vote on an issue that the Commons has already voted upon.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n43\n]\n[\n44\n]\nA cut-down version of the withdrawal agreement, where the attached political declaration had been removed, passed the speaker's test for 'substantial change', so a third vote was held on 29 March 2019, but was voted down by 58 votes.\n[\n45\n]\nOn 22 October 2019, the House of Commons agreed by 329 votes to 299 to give a\nSecond Reading\nto the revised withdrawal agreement (negotiated by Boris Johnson earlier that month), but when the accelerated timetable which he proposed failed to gain the necessary parliamentary support, Johnson announced that the legislation would be paused.\n[\n46\n]\n[\n12\n]\nUnited Kingdom’s notification about the Brexit withdrawal agreement\nOn 20 December 2019, following the Conservative victory in the\n2019 United Kingdom general election\n, the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by a margin of 358–234. After amendments proposed by the\nHouse of Lords\nand ping-pong between the two houses, the bill received\nroyal assent\non 23 January 2020, enabling ratification on the British side.\n[\n47\n]\nEuropean Union ratification\n[\nedit\n]\nPresident of the European Parliament\nDavid Sassoli\nsigns the resolution consenting to the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement\nOn the part of the European Union, the European Parliament gave its consent to the ratification of the Agreement also on 29 January 2020,\n[\n48\n]\nand the Council of the European Union approved the conclusion of the Agreement on 30 January 2020\n[\n49\n]\nby written procedure.\n[\n50\n]\nAccordingly, also on 30 January 2020, the European Union deposited its instrument of ratification of the Agreement, thus concluding the deal,\n[\n51\n]\nand allowing it to enter into force at the moment of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020.\nPolitical declaration of future relationship\n[\nedit\n]\nThe\nDeclaration on Future European Union–United Kingdom Relations\n, also referred to as the Political Declaration, is a non-binding declaration that was negotiated and signed along with the binding and more comprehensive Withdrawal Agreement in connection with the\nwithdrawal\nof the\nUnited Kingdom\n(UK) from the\nEuropean Union\n(EU), colloquially known as Brexit, and the planned end of the transitional period.\nAccording to evidence presented by lobby group \"British in Europe\" (representing British citizens resident in EU countries) to the Brexit Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 2020, \"as many as 23 EU member states [had] yet to implement systems to document the future rights of the estimated 1.2 million British citizens already living on the continent, who are in the dark over their future rights and obligations\".\n[\n52\n]\n\"The UK launched its [registration] system for EU citizens last March [2020], with more than 3.3 million people granted pre-settled or settled status to remain in the country after Brexit\", the Committee was told.\n[\n52\n]\nBrexit also removed the right to vote in European Parliament elections as well as the right to work in other EU countries from UK citizens living in EU countries.\n[\n53\n]\nOn 6 September 2020, the\nFinancial Times\nreported that the British government planned to draw up new legislation that would bypass the withdrawal agreement's\nNorthern Ireland Protocol\n.\n[\n54\n]\n[\n55\n]\nThe new law would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU, and define what products that at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland (the withdrawal agreement states that in the absence of a mutual agreement, all products should be considered at risk).\n[\n56\n]\nThe government defended the move, saying the legislation was compliant with the protocol and merely \"clarified\" ambiguity in the protocol.\n[\n57\n]\nUrsula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a \"prerequisite for any future partnership\".\n[\n58\n]\nOn 8 September, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland\nBrandon Lewis\ntold the British Parliament that the government's planned\nInternal Market Bill\nwill \"break international law\".\n[\n59\n]\nOn 1 October 2020, the European Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the British government as the first step in an infringement procedure, as the UK's Internal Market Bill would be \"in full contradiction\" to the Northern Ireland Protocol if adopted as-is.\n[\n60\n]\nFollowing discussions of the\nEU-UK Joint Committee\non 8 December 2020, the two sides reached an agreement in principle on all issues regarding the implementation of the withdrawal agreement, and the UK agreed to withdraw the offending clauses of the Internal Market Bill.\n[\n61\n]\nOn 3 March 2021, without having used the Joint Committee process, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's intention to extend unilaterally (beyond 31 March 2021) the grace period for post-Brexit checks on some goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain.\n[\n62\n]\nThe EU objected to this and threatened to resort to legal action over what it said was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol. On 4 March 2021,\nIrish\nMinister for Foreign Affairs\nSimon Coveney\nsupported the Commission's threat of legal action if the UK \"cannot be trusted\" to implement the Protocol.\n[\n63\n]\n[\n64\n]\nThe European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement.\n[\n64\n]\nThe\nWindsor Framework\n, announced on 27 February 2023 and formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023, changes aspects of the Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom checks on goods arriving from Great Britain.\n[\n65\n]\nThe Framework came into effect on 1 October 2023 and provides a new basis for trusted traders to move their goods through a new “green lane” between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, gives the UK government more control over VAT rates applying in Northern Ireland and states that medicines placed on the market Northern Ireland will be regulated by the  UK and not the EU.\n[\n66\n]\nIt gives the Northern Ireland administration and UK government a mechanism to object to, pause, and potentially disapply updated and amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods.\n[\n67\n]\nEuropean Atomic Energy Community\n(Euratom) – legally distinct from the EU but having the same membership, from which the United Kingdom also withdrew\nEU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\nNo-deal Brexit\nProposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\nTrade negotiation between the UK and the EU\n^\n\"Notice concerning the entry into force of the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\"\n.\n^\n\"Theresa May takes personal charge of Brexit talks\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 24 July 2018.\n^\n\"INFORMATION FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES\"\n(PDF)\n.\neur-lex.europa.eu\n. Retrieved\n3 February\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Data\"\n(PDF)\n. assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\n. Retrieved\n3 February\n2020\n.\n^\nProctor, Kate; Boffey, Daniel (24 January 2020).\n\"\n'Fantastic moment': Boris Johnson signs Brexit withdrawal deal\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n– via www.theguardian.com.\n^\nTaylor, Rebecca; Heffer, Greg (17 October 2019).\n\"Boris Johnson declares a Brexit agreement in place – 'We've got great new deal'\n\"\n.\nSky News\n. Retrieved\n17 October\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Tears and cheers as EU lawmakers give final nod to Brexit\"\n.\nReuters\n. 30 January 2020.\n^\n\"Brexit\"\n.\nwww.consilium.europa.eu\n.\n^\nKesbeh, Dina (25 November 2018).\n\"European Union Leaders Approve Brexit Plan\"\n.\nNational Public Radio\n. Retrieved\n16 December\n2018\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nStewart, Heather (15 January 2019).\n\"Theresa May loses Brexit deal vote by majority of 230\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n15 January\n2019\n.\n^\nStewart, Heather (13 March 2019).\n\"MPs ignore May's pleas and defeat her Brexit deal by 149 votes\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n13 March\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nJames, William; MacLellan, Kylie; Piper, Elizabeth (22 October 2019).\n\"Brexit in chaos after parliament defeats Johnson's ratification timetable\"\n. Reuters. Archived from\nthe original\non 22 October 2019\n. Retrieved\n17 November\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\"\n.\nlegislation.gov.uk\n. Part Four: Transition, Article 126: Transition period\n. Retrieved\n26 October\n2022\n.\n^\n\"Implementation period\"\n(PDF)\n.\nDepartment for Exiting the European Union\n. 2019\n. Retrieved\n26 October\n2022\n.\n^\nSecretariat to the Joint Committee (8 June 2022).\nAnnual Report for the Year 2021\n(PDF)\n(Report). pp. 12, 33, 96.\nEverton, Jane (19 November 2020).\n\"EU Transition - Notification of change letter\"\n(PDF)\n. Letter to Chief Executives, Chief Housing Officers and Chief Officers for Children’ Services of Local Authorities in England\n. Retrieved\n26 October\n2022\n.\n\"Policy equality statement: EU Settlement Scheme\"\n.\nUK Home Office\n. 2 December 2020\n. Retrieved\n26 October\n2022\n.\n\"Retaining protection in the UK for EU Intellectual Property rights\"\n.\nIntellectual Property Office\n. 4 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n26 October\n2022\n.\n^\nParliament of the United Kingdom\n(23 January 2020).\n\"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\"\n.\nlegislation.gov.uk\n. Section 39\n. Retrieved\n27 October\n2022\n.\n^\nMinistry of Justice\nand Civil Procedure Rule Committee (19 December 2020).\n\"Practice Direction update 126: Brexit changes\"\n. Retrieved\n27 October\n2022\n.\n^\nDepartment of Health and Social Care\n(2021).\n\"EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE EUROPEAN QUALIFICATIONS (HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE PROFESSIONS) (AMENDMENT ETC.) (EU EXIT) REGULATIONS 2022\"\n(PDF)\n. Retrieved\n27 October\n2022\n.\n^\n\"At-a-glance: Conservative manifesto\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 15 April 2015\n. Retrieved\n22 September\n2018\n.\n^\nPerraudin, Frances (14 April 2015).\n\"Conservatives election manifesto 2015 – the key points\"\n.\nthe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n22 September\n2018\n.\n^\n\"EU referendum results\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 24 June 2016\n. Retrieved\n5 March\n2019\n.\n^\nChris Morris (25 November 2018)\nBritain's withdrawal agreement-what it all means\n. Reality Check,\nBBC\n; retrieved 2 April 2019\n^\nRankin, Jennifer (18 November 2018).\n\"Brexit transition could be extended to 2022, says Barnier\"\n.\nthe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n26 November\n2018\n.\n^\nBBC News (19 November 2018),\nBrexit: The transition period explained – BBC News\n, retrieved\n26 November\n2018\n^\nHenley, Jon (14 November 2018).\n\"Brexit deal: key points from the draft withdrawal agreement\"\n.\nthe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n26 November\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Europa School: 10 Jan 2019: House of Commons debates\"\n.\nTheyWorkForYou\n. 10 January 2019\n. Retrieved\n21 January\n2019\n.\n^\nText of draft withdrawal agreement\n–\nEuropean Commission\n^\nHolder, Josh (18 October 2019).\n\"How much of Johnson's 'great new deal' is actually new?\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson's new deal with the EU?\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 21 October 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 December\n2019\n.\n^\nParker, George; Brunsden, Jim (11 October 2019).\n\"How Boris Johnson moved to break the Brexit deadlock\"\n.\nFinancial Times\n. Retrieved\n23 December\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nLisa O'Carroll (17 October 2019).\n\"How is Boris Johnson's Brexit deal different from Theresa May's?\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n24 December\n2019\n.\n^\n\"The Protocol on Ireland\/Northern Ireland Contents. Chapter 11: Implementation, application, supervision and enforcement, and other provisions (Articles 12, 13, 16, 17 and 19)\"\n.\nBritish Parliament\n. Retrieved\n31 December\n2020\n.\n^\nIslam, Faisal (27 October 2019).\n\"Key word 'adequate' removed from Brexit plan\"\n.\nBBC News\n.\n^\nEuropean Commission,\nJoint Statement by Vice-President Maroš Šefčovič and the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, the Rt Hon Elizabeth Truss MP, co-Chairs of the Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement\n, accessed 21 February 2022\n^\nEuropean Commission,\nJOINT STATEMENT FOLLOWING THE TENTH MEETING OF THE SPECIALISED COMMITTEE ON CITIZENS’ RIGHTS\n, accessed 5 October 2022\n^\nBloom, Dan (15 November 2018).\n\"Dominic Raab resigns as Brexit Secretary over Theresa May's Brexit deal\"\n.\nDaily Mirror\n. Retrieved\n26 November\n2018\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Brexit: Legal advice warns of Irish border 'stalemate'\n\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 5 December 2018\n. Retrieved\n24 December\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Brexit: EU and UK reach deal but DUP refuse support\"\n.\nBBC\n. 17 October 2019\n. Retrieved\n17 October\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Brexit: Theresa May's deal is voted down in historic Commons defeat\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 15 January 2019\n. Retrieved\n15 January\n2019\n.\n^\nWhite, Megan (12 March 2019).\n\"MPs tell of 'difficult situation' after May's latest Brexit defeat\"\n.\nEvening Standard\n. Retrieved\n12 March\n2019\n.\n^\n\"MPs reject revised Brexit deal by overwhelming majority\"\n.\nRTÉ.ie\n. 12 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n12 March\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Explained: The '1604 rule' cited by Speaker ... and a question for all Scots\"\n.\nThe National\n. 19 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n19 March\n2019\n.\n^\nElgot, Jessica; Mason, Rowena; Boffey, Daniel; Syal, Rajeev (19 March 2019).\n\"Brexit: constitutional chaos after third vote on deal blocked\"\n.\nthe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n19 March\n2019\n.\n^\n\"A convention from 1604 just sent Brexit deeper into the abyss of uncertainty\"\n.\nNBC News\n. 19 March 2019.\n^\n\"MPs reject May's EU withdrawal agreement\"\n. 29 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n29 March\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Johnson to Press Ahead After Timetable Setback: Brexit Update\"\n.\nbloomberg.com\n. 23 October 2019\n. Retrieved\n17 November\n2019\n.\n^\n\"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament\"\n.\nbills.parliament.uk\n.\n^\n\"European Parliament approves Brexit agreement\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 29 January 2020\n. Retrieved\n31 January\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Brexit: Council adopts decision to conclude the withdrawal agreement\"\n.\nwww.consilium.europa.eu\n. Council of the European Union\n. Retrieved\n31 January\n2020\n.\n^\nStevis-Gridneff, Matina (30 January 2020).\n\"Press Send for Brexit: E.U. Seals U.K. Withdrawal by Email\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n. Retrieved\n31 January\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Brexit\"\n.\nwww.consilium.europa.eu\n. Council of the European Union\n. Retrieved\n31 January\n2020\n.\n^\na\nb\nLisa O'Carroll (30 June 2020).\n\"Rights of UK citizens in EU at risk as member states' legislation not yet in place. Experts express concern over the loss of Britons' free movement rights after Brexit\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n30 June\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Britons living in EU can't keep pre-Brexit rights, European court advised\"\n.\nTheGuardian.com\n. 24 February 2022.\n^\n\"UK plan to undermine withdrawal treaty puts Brexit talks at risk\"\n.\nFinancial Times\n. 6 September 2020.\n^\nElgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020).\n\"Brexit: Boris Johnson to override EU withdrawal agreement\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n8 September\n2020\n.\n^\nBoffey, Daniel; Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather (7 September 2020).\n\"Leaked EU cables reveal growing mistrust of UK in Brexit talks\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n8 September\n2020\n.\n^\nElgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa (7 September 2020).\n\"Downing Street defends Brexit plans for Northern Ireland\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n8 September\n2020\n.\n^\nBoffey, Daniel; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020).\n\"Von der Leyen warns UK against breaking international law over Brexit deal\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n8 September\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Northern Ireland Secretary admits new bill will 'break international law'\n\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 8 September 2020\n. Retrieved\n9 September\n2020\n.\n^\nvon der Leyen, Ursula (1 October 2020).\n\"Press statement by President von der Leyen on the implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement between the EU and the UK\"\n(Press release).\nBrussels\n:\nEuropean Commission\n. Retrieved\n2 October\n2020\n.\n^\nŠefčovič, Maroš; Gove, Michael (1 October 2020).\n\"Joint statement by the co-chairs of the EU-UK Joint Committee\"\n(Press release).\nBrussels\n:\nEuropean Commission\n. Retrieved\n8 December\n2020\n.\n^\nDaniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (3 March 2021).\n\"Brussels says plan to extend Brexit grace period breaks international law. EU says move to exempt goods entering Northern Ireland from checks is 'violation' of withdrawal treaty\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n4 March\n2021\n.\n^\nClarke, Vivienne (4 March 2021).\n\"EU forced to take legal action as UK 'cannot be trusted' on protocol, says Coveney\"\n.\nThe Irish Times\n. Retrieved\n4 March\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\nDaniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (4 March 2021).\n\"EU postpones setting date for ratifying Brexit trade deal. Move follows Boris Johnson being accused of breaking international law for second time over Northern Ireland\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. Retrieved\n4 March\n2021\n.\n^\n\"UK and EU formally adopt new Brexit Windsor Framework deal\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 24 March 2023.\n^\nMcClafferty, Enda (2 October 2023).\n\"Windsor Framework: New NI trade rules 'will work unbelievably well'\n\"\n.\nBBC News\n.\n^\n\"Northern Ireland Protocol: The Windsor Framework\"\n(PDF)\n.\nHouse of Commons Library\n. March 2023.\nEnglish\nWikisource\nhas original text related to this article:\nUK\nDraft European Union (Future Relationship) Bill\n29 December 2020\nAgreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\non\nEur-Lex\nThe UK's withdrawal from the EU\n- news and documents on\nEur-Lex\nThe Withdrawal Agreement – a commentary\n:\nthomashobbes.co.uk\nGov.UK – Department for Exiting the European Union\nUK Government – \"Plan for Britain\" website\nEuropa (EU official website) – UK – Brexit – overview\nEuropean Commission – Brexit negotiations website\nEuropean Commission – list of published negotiating documents\nBrexit\n, EC, CEU Timeline and list of key documents for Brexit negotiations\nResource page\nand commentary by\nDavid Allen Green\nExplanatory Memorandum for the\nWithdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Consequential Provisions) Bill 2019\nintroduced by the Irish government in the legislature\n(\nOireachtas\n)\n\"Brexit-related guidance for companies\"\n.\nEuropean Medicines Agency\n(EMA)\n.\nHouse of Commons Briefings: The October 2019 EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brexit+withdrawal+agreement \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brexit+withdrawal+agreement \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement)\n- [1 Background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Background)\n  Toggle Background subsection\n  - [1\\.1 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_and_2016_Brexit_referendum)\n- [2 The 2018 draft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#The_2018_draft)\n  Toggle The 2018 draft subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Common provisions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Common_provisions)\n  - [2\\.2 Citizens' rights: general provisions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Citizens'_rights:_general_provisions)\n  - [2\\.3 Rights and obligations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Rights_and_obligations)\n  - [2\\.4 Coordination of social security systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Coordination_of_social_security_systems)\n  - [2\\.5 Goods placed on the market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Goods_placed_on_the_market)\n  - [2\\.6 Ongoing customs procedures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Ongoing_customs_procedures)\n  - [2\\.7 Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Ongoing_value_added_tax_and_excise_duty_matters)\n  - [2\\.8 Annexes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Annexes)\n    - [2\\.8.1 Northern Ireland Backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Northern_Ireland_Backstop)\n- [3 Revisions in 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019)\n  Toggle Revisions in 2019 subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Protocols](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Protocols)\n    - [3\\.1.1 Northern Ireland protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Northern_Ireland_protocol)\n  - [3\\.2 Annexes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Annexes_2)\n  - [3\\.3 Political declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Political_declaration)\n- [4 Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Joint_Committee_of_the_Withdrawal_Agreement)\n  Toggle Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Specialised_Committee_on_Citizens'_Rights)\n- [5 Reception](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Reception)\n  Toggle Reception subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Original deal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Original_deal)\n    - [5\\.1.1 British government resignations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#British_government_resignations)\n  - [5\\.2 Contempt of Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Contempt_of_Parliament)\n  - [5\\.3 Revised deal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revised_deal)\n- [6 United Kingdom Parliament votes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#United_Kingdom_Parliament_votes)\n- [7 European Union ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#European_Union_ratification)\n- [8 Political declaration of future relationship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Political_declaration_of_future_relationship)\n- [9 Implementation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Implementation)\n  Toggle Implementation subsection\n  - [9\\.1 Citizens' rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Citizens'_rights)\n  - [9\\.2 Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Northern_Ireland)\n- [10 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#See_also)\n- [11 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#References)\n- [12 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Brexit withdrawal agreement\n9 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA \"اتفاقية بريكست – Arabic\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexiti_v%C3%A4ljaastumisleping \"Brexiti väljaastumisleping – Estonian\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accord_du_Brexit \"Accord du Brexit – French\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8_%ED%83%88%ED%87%B4_%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95 \"브렉시트 탈퇴 협정 – Korean\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avtalen_om_Storbritannias_uttreden_av_EU \"Avtalen om Storbritannias uttreden av EU – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avtalet_om_Storbritanniens_uttr%C3%A4de_ur_Europeiska_unionen \"Avtalet om Storbritanniens utträde ur Europeiska unionen – Swedish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83 \"Угода про вихід Сполученого Королівства з Європейського Союзу – Ukrainian\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%80%E6%AC%A7%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE \"英国退欧协议 – Wu\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%84%AB%E6%AD%90%E5%8D%94%E8%AD%B0 \"英國脫歐協議 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q60476704#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to 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[Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Draft_Agreement_on_the_Withdrawal_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_the_European_Union)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q60476704 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\n2020 EU–UK agreement for implementing Brexit\n\n\"Brexit deal\" redirects here. For the trade agreement signed in December 2020, see [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\").\n\n| Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b6\/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg\/330px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg)**United Kingdom (UK)** **European Union (EU)** and **Euratom** |   |\n| Type | Treaty setting out terms of withdrawal |\n| Context | [UK withdrawal from the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") (Brexit) |\n| Drafted | November 2018 October 2019 (revision) |\n| Signed | 24 January 2020 |\n| Effective | 1 February 2020[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-1) |\n| Condition | [Ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ratification \"Ratification\") by the European Union ([Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\") after consent of the [European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\")), Euratom (Council of the European Union) and the United Kingdom ([Parliament of the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\")). |\n| Negotiators | [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") ([Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\")) (November 2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\")  ([Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\")) (October 2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Olly Robbins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olly_Robbins \"Olly Robbins\")[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor-2) ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)\"))[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-3) (2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [David Frost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Frost_\\(British_diplomat\\) \"David Frost (British diplomat)\") ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)\")) (2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Steve Barclay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Barclay_\\(politician\\) \"Steve Barclay (politician)\") ([DExEU Secretary of State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\"))[\\[b\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Former_Brexit_Secretaries-4)  [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Juncker \"Jean-Claude Juncker\") ([Commission President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\")) [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Ursula von der Leyen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursula_von_der_Leyen \"Ursula von der Leyen\") ([Commission President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\")) [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Michel Barnier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michel_Barnier \"Michel Barnier\") ([European Union Chief Negotiator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit \"European Union negotiating directives for Brexit\")) [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Maroš Šefčovič](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D \"Maroš Šefčovič\") ([Commission Vice-President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission \"Vice-President of the European Commission\")) |\n| Signatories | [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") for the UK [Ursula von der Leyen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursula_von_der_Leyen \"Ursula von der Leyen\") and [Charles Michel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Michel \"Charles Michel\") for the EU and Euratom |\n| Parties | ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\") |\n| Depositary | [Secretary General of the Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_General_of_the_Council \"Secretary General of the Council\") |\n| Languages | The 24 [EU languages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Languages_of_the_European_Union \"Languages of the European Union\") |\n| **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor_2-0)** Olly Robbins was appointed as the Prime Minister's Europe Advisor on 18 September 2017. He was previously the [Brexit Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Department for Exiting the European Union\")'s first Permanent Secretary. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Former_Brexit_Secretaries_4-0)** Other incumbents during the negotiations were [David Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Davis_\\(British_politician\\) \"David Davis (British politician)\") (July 2016 to July 2018) and [Dominic Raab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominic_Raab \"Dominic Raab\") (July 2018 to November 2018). |   |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Part of [a series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Brexit \"Category:Brexit\") on |   |\n| [Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/97\/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg\/120px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png) |   |\n| [Withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union \"Withdrawal from the European Union\") of the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") from the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\")  [Glossary of terms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms \"Glossary of Brexit terms\") |   |\n| [Background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [European Communities Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(UK\\) \"European Communities Act 1972 (UK)\") [1975 EC membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum \"1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum\") [UK rebate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_rebate \"UK rebate\") [Bruges speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_speech \"Bruges speech\") [No. No. No.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._No._No._\\(Margaret_Thatcher\\) \"No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)\") [Maastricht Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty \"Maastricht Treaty\") ([Rebels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Rebels \"Maastricht Rebels\")) [Black Wednesday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Wednesday \"Black Wednesday\") [Treaty of Lisbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\") ([Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2008 \"European Union (Amendment) Act 2008\")) [European Union Act 2011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Act_2011 \"European Union Act 2011\") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation \"United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation\") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom\") [UK opinion polling on EU membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union \"Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union\") Campaigns for a referendum [People's Pledge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Pledge \"People's Pledge\") [Labour for a Referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_for_a_Referendum \"Labour for a Referendum\") [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") *[In or Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out \"The European Union: In or Out\")* [2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 \"European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14\") (unsuccessful) [2014 European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") 2014 UK Parliament by-elections [Clacton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Clacton_by-election \"2014 Clacton by-election\") [Heywood and Middleton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election \"2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election\") [Rochester and Strood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election \"2014 Rochester and Strood by-election\") [2015 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") [2015–16 EU membership renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") |   |\n| [2016 referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [EU Referendum Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Act_2016_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)\")) [EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_\\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\\)_Regulations_2016 \"European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016\") [EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union_Referendum_\\(Conduct\\)_Regulations_2016 \"The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016\") [Issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Endorsements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Opinion polling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [UK Government pro-EU leaflet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-EU_leaflet \"Pro-EU leaflet\") **[Campaigns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\")** **Leave campaigns** **[Vote Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave \"Vote Leave\")** (official) [Business for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_for_Britain \"Business for Britain\") [Conservatives for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservatives_for_Britain \"Conservatives for Britain\") [BeLeave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BeLeave \"BeLeave\") [Leave.EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leave.EU \"Leave.EU\") [Bpoplive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bpoplive \"Bpoplive\") [The Freedom Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Freedom_Association \"The Freedom Association\") [Better Off Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Better_Off_Out \"Better Off Out\") [Grassroots Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassroots_Out \"Grassroots Out\") [Labour Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Leave \"Labour Leave\") [Get Britain Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Get_Britain_Out \"Get Britain Out\") [Bruges Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_Group_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Bruges Group (United Kingdom)\") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain \"Campaign for an Independent Britain\") *[Brexit: The Movie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit:_The_Movie \"Brexit: The Movie\")* **Remain campaigns** **[Britain Stronger in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe \"Britain Stronger in Europe\")** (official) [Labour In for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_In_for_Britain \"Labour In for Britain\") [European Movement UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Movement_UK \"European Movement UK\") [Britain in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_in_Europe \"Britain in Europe\") [British Influence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Influence \"British Influence\") [Business for New Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_for_New_Europe \"Business for New Europe\") [Nucleus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nucleus_\\(advocacy_group\\) \"Nucleus (advocacy group)\") [Project Fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Fear \"Project Fear\") **Outcome** [Results](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Causes for result](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit \"Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit\") [International reactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Immediate aftermath](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [2016 Conservative Party election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2016 Conservative Party leadership election\") [2016 Labour Party election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\\(UK\\) \"2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)\") [2016 UKIP election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election \"July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election\") [Department for Exiting the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Department for Exiting the European Union\") [Department for International Trade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_International_Trade \"Department for International Trade\") [Allegations of unlawful campaigning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum \"Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum\") [Alleged Russian interference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum \"Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum\") |   |\n| [Notice of withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") [Article 50 process](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union \"Withdrawal from the European Union\") [*Miller* case (Article 50)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\") [EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Act_2017 \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017\") [Brexit plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_plan \"Brexit plan\") [Repeal Bill plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repeal_Bill_plan \"Repeal Bill plan\") [2017 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") |   |\n| [Negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") Negotiation positions [EU negotiation mandate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit \"European Union negotiating directives for Brexit\") [Chequers agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers_agreement \"Chequers agreement\") Timeline: [2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 \"Brexit negotiations in 2017\"), [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 \"Brexit negotiations in 2018\"), [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 \"Brexit negotiations in 2019\") [2019 European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") [2019 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") |   |\n| [Withdrawal agreement]() [Brexit divorce bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_divorce_bill \"Brexit divorce bill\") [Fish for finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_for_finance \"Fish for finance\") [Irish backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_backstop \"Irish backstop\") [No-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\") [Northern Ireland Protocol Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill \"Northern Ireland Protocol Bill\") [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") |   |\n| [Legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2018 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)\")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 \"Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018\") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") [Benn Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") [2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs \"2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs\") [Public Vote Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\\(Public_Vote\\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 \"European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19\") (not passed) [Terms of Withdrawal Bills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\\(Referendum\\)_Bills \"Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills\") (not passed) [Scottish EU Continuity Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Legal_Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Bill \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill\") (blocked) [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)\")) [Scottish EU Continuity Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Act_2021 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021\") [Internal Market Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 \"United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020\") [EU (Future Relationship) Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Future_Relationship\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_Law_\\(Revocation_and_Reform\\)_Act_2023 \"Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023\") |   |\n| [Impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit \"Impact of Brexit\") [Impact on the Irish border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border \"Brexit and the Irish border\") [Good Friday Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Good_Friday_Agreement \"Good Friday Agreement\") [Impact on the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union \"Impact of Brexit on the European Union\") [Economic effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_effects_of_Brexit \"Economic effects of Brexit\") [Effects on Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar \"Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar\") [Scientific cooperation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology \"Brexit and arrangements for science and technology\") [Effects on popular culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_in_popular_culture \"Brexit in popular culture\") [Retained EU law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_law_\\(UK_Law\\) \"Retained EU law (UK Law)\") [2021 Jersey dispute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Jersey_dispute \"2021 Jersey dispute\") |   |\n| [EU–UK relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\") [Relations pre- and post-Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations \"United Kingdom–European Union relations\") [EU–UK trade negotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") (TCA) [Partnership Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council \"EU–UK Partnership Council\") [Partnership Assembly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly \"EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly\") **Relations with EU member states** [Austria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Austria–United Kingdom relations\") [Belgium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Belgium–United Kingdom relations\") [Bulgaria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations\") [Croatia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Croatia–United Kingdom relations\") [Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Cyprus–United Kingdom relations\") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia \"Akrotiri and Dhekelia\") [Czech Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations\") [Denmark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Denmark–United Kingdom relations\") [Estonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Estonia–United Kingdom relations\") [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"France–United Kingdom relations\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Germany–United Kingdom relations\") [Greece](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Greece–United Kingdom relations\") [Hungary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Hungary–United Kingdom relations\") [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Ireland–United Kingdom relations\") [Ireland–UK border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border \"Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border\") [British–Irish Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council \"British–Irish Council\") [North\/South Ministerial Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North\/South_Ministerial_Council \"North\/South Ministerial Council\") [Italy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Italy–United Kingdom relations\") [Lithuania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Lithuania–United Kingdom relations\") [Malta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Malta–United Kingdom relations\") [Netherlands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Netherlands–United Kingdom relations\") [Poland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Poland–United Kingdom relations\") [Portugal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Portugal–United Kingdom relations\") [Romania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Romania–United Kingdom relations\") [Slovakia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Slovakia–United Kingdom relations\") [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Spain–United Kingdom relations\") [Status of Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Status_of_Gibraltar \"Status of Gibraltar\") [Gibraltar–Spain border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border \"Gibraltar–Spain border\") [Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations \"Sweden–United Kingdom relations\") [Conjectured EEA membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area \"Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area\") |   |\n| [Opposition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_Brexit \"Opposition to Brexit\") [Post-referendum opinion polling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_\\(2016%E2%80%93present\\) \"Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)\") New initiatives [Change Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_Britain \"Change Britain\") [More United](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/More_United \"More United\") [Open Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Britain \"Open Britain\") *[The New European](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_European \"The New European\")* [Unite to Remain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unite_to_Remain \"Unite to Remain\") [Led By Donkeys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Led_By_Donkeys \"Led By Donkeys\") [Revoke Article 50 petition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition \"Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition\") *[Postcards from the 48%](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postcards_from_the_48%25 \"Postcards from the 48%\")* [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum \"Proposed second Scottish independence referendum\") **Calls for a [second referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\")** **[People's Vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Vote \"People's Vote\")** [Britain for Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_for_Europe \"Britain for Europe\") [European Movement UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Movement_UK \"European Movement UK\") [For our Future's Sake](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/For_our_Future%27s_Sake \"For our Future's Sake\") [Healthier IN the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthier_IN_the_EU \"Healthier IN the EU\") [InFacts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/InFacts \"InFacts\") [Open Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Britain \"Open Britain\") [Our Future Our Choice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Our_Future_Our_Choice \"Our Future Our Choice\") [Scientists for EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scientists_for_EU \"Scientists for EU\") Other organisations [Best for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Best_for_Britain \"Best for Britain\") [Bollocks to Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bollocks_to_Brexit \"Bollocks to Brexit\") [Change UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_UK \"Change UK\") [Liberal Democrats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberal_Democrats_\\(UK\\)#Opposing_Brexit_\\(2015%E2%80%93present\\) \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") [Right to Vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_Vote \"Right to Vote\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") | Jan 2013 |\n| [Referendum Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 \"European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14\") blocked | Jan 2014 |\n| [European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") | May 2014 |\n| [2015 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") | May 2015 |\n| Renegotiation begins | Jun 2015 |\n| [Referendum Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\") passed | Dec 2015 |\n| [Renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") concluded | Feb 2016 |\n| [Referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") held | Jun 2016 |\n| [David Cameron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") resigns as [PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") | Jul 2016 |\n| [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") [becomes PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2016 Conservative Party leadership election\") | Jul 2016 |\n| [Article 50 judgement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\") | Jan 2017 |\n| [Brexit plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_plan \"Brexit plan\") presented | Feb 2017 |\n| [Notification Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Act_2017 \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017\") passed | Mar 2017 |\n| [Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") invoked | Mar 2017 |\n| [Repeal Bill plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repeal_Bill_plan \"Repeal Bill plan\") presented | Mar 2017 |\n| [2017 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") | Jun 2017 |\n| [Brexit negotiations begin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") | Jun 2017 |\n| [Withdrawal Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2018 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018\") passed | Jun 2018 |\n| [Chequers plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers_agreement \"Chequers agreement\") presented | Jul 2018 |\n| [Withdrawal agreement plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan \"Brexit withdrawal agreement plan\") presented | July 2018 |\n| [Withdrawal agreement]() released | Nov 2018 |\n| [Scottish Continuity Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Legal_Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Bill_2018 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018\") blocked | Dec 2018 |\n| [Meaningful votes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") | Jan–Mar 2019 |\n| [Brexit delayed until 12 April](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_\\(14_March_2019\\) \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") | Mar 2019 |\n| [Cooper–Letwin Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") passed | Apr 2019 |\n| [Brexit delayed until 31 October](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") | Apr 2019 |\n| [European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") | May 2019 |\n| Theresa May resigns as [PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") | Jul 2019 |\n| [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") [becomes PM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2019 Conservative Party leadership election\") | Jul 2019 |\n| [Prorogation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_British_prorogation_controversy \"2019 British prorogation controversy\") and [annulment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland \"R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland\") | Aug–Sep 2019 |\n| [Benn Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") passed | Sep 2019 |\n| Withdrawal agreement [revised](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019) | Oct 2019 |\n| [Brexit delayed until 31 January](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019#Outcome \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") | Oct 2019 |\n| [2019 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") | Dec 2019 |\n| [Agreement Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\") passed | Jan 2020 |\n| UK leaves the European Union | Jan 2020 |\n| Implementation period begins | Jan 2020 |\n| [UK–EU trade deal agreed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") | Dec 2020 |\n| [Future Relationship Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Future_Relationship\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\") passed | Dec 2020 |\n| [Scottish Continuity Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Act_2021 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021\") passed | Dec 2020 |\n| Implementation period ends | Dec 2020 |\n| New EU–UK relationship begins | Jan 2021 |\n| UK–EU trade deal ratified | Apr 2021 |\n| [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") released | Feb 2023 |\n| Windsor framework adopted | Mar 2023 |\n| ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [EU portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:European_Union \"Portal:European Union\") ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [UK portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:United_Kingdom \"Portal:United Kingdom\") |   |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Brexit_sidebar \"Template:Brexit sidebar\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar \"Template talk:Brexit sidebar\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit_sidebar \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit sidebar\") |   |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Part of [a series](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations \"Category:United Kingdom–European Union relations\") of articles on |   |\n| [UK membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union \"United Kingdom membership of the European Union\") of the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") (1973–2020) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d4\/United_Kingdom_EU.svg\/120px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:United_Kingdom_EU.svg) |   |\n| [Accession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities \"Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities\") [Treaty of Accession 1972](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 \"Treaty of Accession 1972\") [1972 EC Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(UK\\) \"European Communities Act 1972 (UK)\") [1973 enlargement of the EC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities \"1973 enlargement of the European Communities\") |   |\n| [1975 referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum \"1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum\") [Referendum Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Referendum_Act_1975 \"Referendum Act 1975\") ([results](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Results_of_the_1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum \"Results of the 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum\")) |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Single European Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_European_Act \"Single European Act\"), 1986 | ([UK ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1986 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986\")) |\n| [Maastricht Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty \"Maastricht Treaty\"), 1992 | ([UK ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1993 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993\")) |\n| [Treaty of Amsterdam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Amsterdam \"Treaty of Amsterdam\"), 1997 | ([UK ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1998 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998\")) |\n| [Treaty of Nice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Nice \"Treaty of Nice\"), 2001 | ([UK ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2002 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002\")) |\n| [Treaty of Lisbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\"), 2007 | ([UK ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2008 \"European Union (Amendment) Act 2008\")) |\n|   |   |\n| [Members 1973–1979](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1973%E2%80%931979 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1973–1979\") | (elected by parliament) |\n| [Members 1979–1984](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1979%E2%80%931984 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1979–1984\") | ([1979 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 1984–1989](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1984%E2%80%931989 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1984–1989\") | ([1984 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 1989–1994](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1989%E2%80%931994 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1989–1994\") | ([1989 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 1994–1999](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1994%E2%80%931999 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1994–1999\") | ([1994 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 1999–2004](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1999%E2%80%932004 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1999–2004\") | ([1999 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 2004–2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2004%E2%80%932009 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2004–2009\") | ([2004 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 2009–2014](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2009%E2%80%932014 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2009–2014\") | ([2009 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 2014–2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2014%E2%80%932019 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2014–2019\") | ([2014 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| [Members 2019–2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2019%E2%80%932020 \"List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2019–2020\") | ([2019 election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\")) |\n| Officials and bodies [House of Lords EU Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Committee \"European Union Committee\") [House of Commons EU Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Scrutiny_Committee \"European Scrutiny Committee\") [Permanent EU Representatives for UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union \"List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the European Union\") [Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Executive_in_Brussels \"Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels\") [EU Representative in London](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Representative_of_the_European_Union,_London \"Representative of the European Union, London\") [UK European Commissioners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#United_Kingdom \"List of European Commissioners by nationality\") [Department for Exiting the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Department for Exiting the European Union\") |   |\n| Issues and events Economy [The Euro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro \"United Kingdom and the euro\") [Black Wednesday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Wednesday \"Black Wednesday\") [UK budget rebate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_rebate \"UK rebate\") [Nationality law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_nationality_law \"British nationality law\") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom\") [United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation \"United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation\") [Maastricht Rebels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Rebels \"Maastricht Rebels\") [Balance of Competences Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balance_of_Competences_Review \"Balance of Competences Review\") |   |\n| [Withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") [2015 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") [2015–2016 membership renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") [2016 EU membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Vote Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave \"Vote Leave\") [Britain Stronger in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe \"Britain Stronger in Europe\") [Notification of withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") [2017 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") [Brexit negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") [Impact of Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit \"Impact of Brexit\") [Future relationship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\") [Withdrawal agreement]() [No-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\") [Impact on Irish border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border \"Brexit and the Irish border\") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\") [Parliamentary votes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") [Proposed second referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\") [2019 UK general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") |   |\n| ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [EU portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:European_Union \"Portal:European Union\") ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [UK portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:United_Kingdom \"Portal:United Kingdom\") |   |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union \"Template:United Kingdom in the European Union\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union \"Template talk:United Kingdom in the European Union\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union \"Special:EditPage\/Template:United Kingdom in the European Union\") |   |\n\nThe **Brexit withdrawal agreement**, officially titled **Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community**,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-5)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-6) is a treaty between the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU), [Euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\"), and the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") (UK), signed on 24 January 2020,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-7) setting the terms of the [withdrawal of the UK from the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") and Euratom. The text of the treaty was published on 17 October 2019,[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-8) and is a renegotiated version of an agreement published in November 2018. The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the [House of Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom \"House of Commons of the United Kingdom\") on three occasions, leading to the resignation of [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") as [Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") and the appointment of [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") as the new prime minister on 24 July 2019.\n\nThe [Parliament of the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\") gave its approval to the agreement on 23 January 2020 and the UK government deposited Britain's instrument of ratification on 29 January 2020.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-9)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-10) The agreement was ratified by the [Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\") on 30 January 2020, following the consent of the [European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") on 29 January 2020. The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union took effect on 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, and at that moment the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, as per its article 185.\n\nThe Agreement covers such matters as money, citizens' rights, border arrangements and dispute resolution. It also contains a transition period and an outline of the [future relationship between the UK and the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\"). Published on 14 November 2018, it was a result of the [Brexit negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\"). The agreement was endorsed by the leaders of the 27 remaining EU countries[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-11) and the [British Government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Government of the United Kingdom\") led by Prime Minister Theresa May, but faced opposition in the British parliament, whose [approval was necessary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meaningful_vote \"Meaningful vote\") for ratification. Approval by the [European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") would also have been required. On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons rejected the withdrawal agreement by a vote of 432 to 202.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) The Commons rejected the agreement again on 12 March 2019, on a vote of 391 to 242,[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_12-03-19-13) and rejected a third time of 29 March 2019 by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a [general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\").[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14) On 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\"); on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement. It was subsequently concluded by the [Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\") on 30 January 2020.\n\nThe withdrawal agreement, in Part Four,[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-15) provided for a transition or implementation period[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-DEXEU-WAB-16) until 00:00 [Central European Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_European_Time \"Central European Time\") on 1 January 2021 (11p.m. [Greenwich Mean Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenwich_Mean_Time \"Greenwich Mean Time\") on 31 December 2020 in the UK)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-IPTiming-17) (referred to as \"IP completion day\" in British law and state terminology[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-WA-39-18)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-PracticeDirection-19)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-EM-HSC-20)), during which time the UK remained in the single market, in order to ensure frictionless trade until a long-term relationship was agreed. If no agreement was reached by this date, then the UK would have left the single market without a [trade deal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") on 1 January 2021. Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship.\n\n## Background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Background\")\\]\n\nMain articles: [2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") and [United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\")\n\n### 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum\")\\]\n\nIn the [Conservative Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservative_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Conservative Party (UK)\")'s manifesto for the [United Kingdom general election in May 2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\"), the party promised an EU referendum by the end of 2017.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-21)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-22)\n\nThe [referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\"), held on 23 June 2016, resulted in a 51.9% to 48.1% majority vote for leaving the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\").[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-23)\n\n## The 2018 draft\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: The 2018 draft\")\\]\n\nFurther information: [Brexit negotiations in 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 \"Brexit negotiations in 2018\") and [Brexit and the Irish border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border \"Brexit and the Irish border\")\n\nThe proposed 2018 withdrawal agreement, which ran to 599 pages, covered the following main areas:[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-24)\n\n- Money, particularly the division of assets and liabilities, and payment of any debt outstanding\n- Citizens rights, both of British citizens in EU countries and vice versa\n- Border arrangements and customs, particularly along the border between the UK and the EU on the island of [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland \"Ireland\")\n- The law, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes, currently vested with the [European Court of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\")\n\nThe agreement also set up a transitional period, which lasted until 31 December 2020 with a provision for extension by mutual consent. During the transitional period, EU law continued to apply to the UK (including participation in the [European Economic Area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Area \"European Economic Area\"), the [single market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Single_Market \"European Single Market\"), and the [customs union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Customs_Union \"European Union Customs Union\")), and the UK continued to pay into the EU budget, but the UK was not represented in the decision-making bodies of the EU. The transition period gave businesses time to adjust to the new situation and time for the British and EU governments to negotiate a new trade deal between the EU and UK.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-25)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-26)\n\nOn the [Irish border question](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_border_question \"Irish border question\"), the [Irish backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_backstop \"Irish backstop\") was appended to the agreement. This set out a fall-back position should effective alternative arrangements fail to be agreed. Its purpose was to avoid a [hard border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hard_border \"Hard border\") coming into place before the end of the transition period, with the UK shadowing the EU's [Common external tariff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_external_tariff \"Common external tariff\") and Northern Ireland keeping in aspects of the Single Market.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-27)\n\nThe governance was to be through a [Joint Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_committee_\\(diplomatic\\) \"Joint committee (diplomatic)\") with representatives of both the European Union and the British government. There was to be a number of specialised committees reporting to the Joint Committee.\n\nThe withdrawal agreement also includes [provisions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Schools#Brexit \"European Schools\") for the UK to leave the Convention Defining the Statute of the [European Schools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Schools \"European Schools\"), with the UK bound by the Convention and the accompanying regulations on Accredited European Schools until the end of the last academic year of the transition period, i.e. the end of the spring semester of 2020–2021.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-28)\n\nThe more important elements of the draft agreement are these:[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-draft-29)\n\n### Common provisions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Common provisions\")\\]\n\nThe Agreement assists the arrangements of withdrawing the UK from the European Union and [Euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\") (Art. 1), provides a clear definition for the territorial scope of the United Kingdom (Art. 3), and assures the legal liability of the Agreement (Art. 4). Additionally, it states that by the end of the transition period, the UK shall be denied access to \"any network, any information system and any database established on the basis of Union law\" (Art. 8).\n\n### Citizens' rights: general provisions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Citizens' rights: general provisions\")\\]\n\nThe Agreement defines and provides the personal scope of citizens, family members, frontier workers, host states, and nationals. Article 11 deals with continuity of residence and Article 12 discusses non-discrimination (i.e., it would be prohibited to discriminate on grounds of nationality).\n\n### Rights and obligations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Rights and obligations\")\\]\n\nBritish nationals and European Union citizens, family members who are British nationals or European Union citizens and family members who are neither of those two shall maintain the right to reside in the host State (Art. 13). The host State may not limit or condition the persons for obtaining, retaining or losing residence rights (Art. 13). Persons with valid documentation\\[*[clarification needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Please_clarify \"Wikipedia:Please clarify\")*\\] would not require entry and exit visas or equal formalities and would be permitted to leave or enter the host state without complications (Art. 14). In case the host State demands \"family members who join the Union citizen or United Kingdom national after the end of the transition period to have an entry visa\", the host State is required to grant necessary visas through an accelerated process in appropriate facilities free of charge (Art. 14). The Agreement further deals with the issuance of permanent residence permits during and after the transition period, as well as its restrictions. Moreover, it clarifies the rights of workers and self-employed individuals, and provides recognition and identification of professional qualifications.\n\n### Coordination of social security systems\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Coordination of social security systems\")\\]\n\nThis title discusses special cases, administrative cooperation, legal adaptations and development of Union laws.\n\n### Goods placed on the market\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Goods placed on the market\")\\]\n\nThe Agreement defines the goods, services and the processes connected to them. It claims that any good or service that was lawfully placed in the market prior to the withdrawal from the Union may be further made available to the consumers in the UK or the Union States (Art. 40 & 41).\n\n### Ongoing customs procedures\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Ongoing customs procedures\")\\]\n\nThis title addresses the custom procedures of goods moving from the customs territory of the UK to the customs territory of the Union and vice versa (Art. 47). The processes that start before the end of the transition period \"shall be treated as an intra-Union movement regarding importation and exportation licensing requirements in Union law\". The Agreement also addresses the ending of temporary storage or customs procedures (Art. 49).\n\n### Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters\")\\]\n\nThe VAT applies to goods that are exchanged between the Union and the UK. By way of derogation from previous Articles, the Title permits access to information systems that are necessary for the application or processing of the VAT (Art. 51).\n\n### Annexes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Annexes\")\\]\n\nThere are ten annexes to the draft. The first is a protocol to maintain an [open border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_border \"Open border\") between the EU and the UK on the island of [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland \"Ireland\") (generally known as the 'Irish backstop'). The second covers the arrangements for a common customs territory to operate between the EU and the UK, until a technical solution can be found that delivers both an open border and independent customs policies. The third covers operations of the joint customs territory. The fourth covers 'good governance in the area of taxation, environmental protection, labour and social standards, [state aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_aid \"State aid\"), competition, and state-owned undertakings'. The fifth to eighth cover relevant provisions in EU law. The ninth and tenth details procedures arising from main sections of the draft.\n\n#### Northern Ireland Backstop\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Northern Ireland Backstop\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Irish backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_backstop \"Irish backstop\")\n\nThe Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the \"Irish backstop\", was an annex to the November 2018 draft agreement that described the provisions to prevent a [hard border in Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hard_border \"Hard border\") after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. The Protocol included a safety-net provision to handle the circumstances where satisfactory alternative arrangements remain to come into operation at the end of the transition period.\n\nThis created considerable difficulties for the government, particularly with the [Democratic Unionist Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Unionist_Party \"Democratic Unionist Party\") on which the government depended on for votes.\n\nThis draft was replaced in the 2019 negotiations by a new [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\").\n\n## Revisions in 2019\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Revisions in 2019\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Brexit negotiations in 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 \"Brexit negotiations in 2019\")\n\nThe agreement was subject to revisions under the [Johnson ministry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Johnson_ministry \"First Johnson ministry\")'s [renegotiation in 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 \"Brexit negotiations in 2019\"). The amendments adjust approximately 5% of the text.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-30)\n\n### Protocols\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Protocols\")\\]\n\nIn the agreement, protocols also exist for the '[Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovereign_Base_Areas_in_Cyprus \"Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus\")' and [Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\").\n\n#### Northern Ireland protocol\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Northern Ireland protocol\")\\]\n\nFurther information: [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\")\n\nThe [Irish backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_backstop \"Irish backstop\") was removed, and replaced by [a new protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border#2019_renegotiation:_New_protocol \"Brexit and the Irish border\") on [Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\")\/[Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\"). This new protocol meant that Great Britain could fully leave the [European Single Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Single_Market \"European Single Market\") and the [EU Customs Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Customs_Union \"European Union Customs Union\") but that Northern Ireland would be out of the EU Customs Union [de jure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_jure \"De jure\") but not [de facto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_facto \"De facto\").[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-FTNewDeal-32) Another difference was a unilateral exit mechanism for the [Northern Ireland Assembly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Assembly \"Northern Ireland Assembly\") which has a vote every four years on whether to continue with these arrangements, for which a simple majority is required.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33)\n\nA continuity with the backstop was providing for the application of EU-law in the area of goods and electricity and a role for the [European Court of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\") with regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for [preliminary rulings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preliminary_ruling \"Preliminary ruling\") on the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-34)\n\n### Annexes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Annexes\")\\]\n\n- annex 1: [social security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_security \"Social security\") coordination\n- annex 2: provisions of [union law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_law \"Union law\") referred to in article 41(4)\n- annex 3: time limits for situations or customs procedures referred to in article 49(1)\n- annex 4: list of networks, information systems and databases referred in articles 50, 53, 99 and 100\n- annex 5: [euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\")\n- annex 6: list of administrative cooperation procedures referred to in article 98\n- annex 7: list of acts\/provisions referred to in article 128(6)\n- annex 8: rules of procedures of the joint committee and specialized committees\n- annex 9: rules of procedures for dispute settlement and code of conduct for members of arbitration panels\n\n### Political declaration\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Political declaration\")\\]\n\nThe 2019 revisions also adjusted elements of the political declaration, replacing the word \"adequate\" with \"appropriate\" in regard to labour standards. According to Sam Lowe, trade fellow at the [Centre for European Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_for_European_Reform \"Centre for European Reform\"), the change excludes labour standards from dispute settlement mechanisms.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-35) In addition, the [level playing field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Level_playing_field \"Level playing field\") mechanism has been moved from the legally-binding withdrawal agreement to the political declaration,[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31) and the line in the political declaration that “the United Kingdom will consider aligning with union rules in relevant areas” has been removed.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33)\n\n## Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement\")\\]\n\n\"EU-UK Joint Committee\" redirects here. For the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, see [EU–UK Partnership Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council \"EU–UK Partnership Council\").\n\nArticle 164 establishes a [joint committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_committee_\\(diplomatic\\) \"Joint committee (diplomatic)\") for the implementation of the agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees. The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon. A Joint Committee is a commonly used process within deeper trade treaties to manage tensions.\n\nThere is equal representation from both sides with no casting vote and the ability to go to an [international arbitration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_arbitration \"International arbitration\") panel if there is no agreement. There are a number of specialist subcommittees that report to the main committee, of which the 'Northern Ireland subcommittee' (dealing with the [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\")) attracted most news-media attention in Spring 2021, because of the controversy over what became known as the [Irish Sea border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Sea_border \"Irish Sea border\").\n\nAs of 21 February 2022[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit), the Joint Committee had met nine times.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-36)\n\n### Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights\")\\]\n\n\"Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights\" redirects here. For the UK body monitoring the functioning of the citizens’ rights provisions under this agreement, see [Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_Monitoring_Authority_for_the_Citizens%27_Rights_Agreements \"Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements\").\n\nThe **Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights** was established to monitor the implementation and application of citizens' rights under the agreement. As of 15 June 2022[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit), it had met 10 times.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-37)\n\n## Reception\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Reception\")\\]\n\n### Original deal\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Original deal\")\\]\n\nThe reception of the agreement in the House of Commons ranged from cool to hostile and the vote was delayed more than a month.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\n#### British government resignations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: British government resignations\")\\]\n\nSee also: [List of resignations from the second May ministry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_resignations_from_the_second_May_ministry \"List of resignations from the second May ministry\")\n\nOn 15 November 2018, the day after the agreement was presented and received backing from the [cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Cabinet of the United Kingdom\") of the British government, several members of the government resigned, including [Dominic Raab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominic_Raab \"Dominic Raab\"), [Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-38)\n\n### Contempt of Parliament\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Contempt of Parliament\")\\]\n\nFollowing an unprecedented vote on 4 December 2018, MPs ruled that the British government was in [contempt of parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contempt_of_parliament \"Contempt of parliament\") for refusing to provide to Parliament the full legal advice it had been given on the effect of its proposed terms for withdrawal.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39) The key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the \"backstop\" agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the [Good Friday agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Good_Friday_agreement \"Good Friday agreement\") which had led to the end of [the Troubles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Troubles \"The Troubles\") in Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals.\n\nThe following day, the advice was published. The question asked was, *\"What is the legal effect of the UK agreeing to the Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement on Ireland and Northern Ireland in particular its effect in conjunction with Articles 5 and 184 of the main Withdrawal Agreement?\"* The advice given was that:[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39)\n\nThe Protocol is binding on the UK and EU \\[para 3\\], and anticipates a final future resolution of the border and customs issues being reached \\[para 5,12,13\\]. But \"the Protocol is intended to subsist even when negotiations have clearly broken down\" \\[para 16\\] and \"In conclusion, the current drafting of the Protocol ... does not provide for a mechanism that is likely to enable the UK lawfully to exit the UK wide customs union without a subsequent agreement. This remains the case even if parties are still negotiating many years later, and even if the parties believe that talks have clearly broken down and there is no prospect of a future relationship agreement.\" \\[para 30\\]\n\n### Revised deal\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: Revised deal\")\\]\n\nImmediately following announcement of a revised withdrawal agreement on 17 October 2019, [Labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Labour Party (UK)\"), the [Liberal Democrats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberal_Democrats_\\(UK\\) \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\"), and [DUP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Unionist_Party \"Democratic Unionist Party\") said that they could not support the new deal.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-40)\n\n## United Kingdom Parliament votes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: United Kingdom Parliament votes\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg\/250px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)\n\nBoris Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement in January 2020\n\nFurther information: [Parliamentary votes on Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\")\n\nOn 15 January 2019, the House of Commons voted down the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 230 votes,[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) the largest vote against the United Kingdom government in history.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-41) The May government survived a confidence vote [the following day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_vote_of_confidence_in_the_May_ministry \"2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) On 12 March 2019, the Commons voted down the agreement a second time by 149 votes, the fourth-largest defeat of the government in the history of the Commons.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-42)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-43) A third vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, widely expected to be held on 19 March 2019, was refused by the [Speaker of the House of Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Bercow \"John Bercow\") on 18 March 2019 on the basis of a parliamentary convention dating from 2 April 1604 that prevents British governments from forcing the Commons to repeatedly vote on an issue that the Commons has already voted upon.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-44)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-2019-03-19-gu-45)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-46) A cut-down version of the withdrawal agreement, where the attached political declaration had been removed, passed the speaker's test for 'substantial change', so a third vote was held on 29 March 2019, but was voted down by 58 votes.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-47)\n\nOn 22 October 2019, the House of Commons agreed by 329 votes to 299 to give a [Second Reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Reading \"Second Reading\") to the revised withdrawal agreement (negotiated by Boris Johnson earlier that month), but when the accelerated timetable which he proposed failed to gain the necessary parliamentary support, Johnson announced that the legislation would be paused.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Bloomberg22Oct-48)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/08\/2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf\/page1-250px-2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf)\n\nUnited Kingdom’s notification about the Brexit withdrawal agreement\n\nOn 20 December 2019, following the Conservative victory in the [2019 United Kingdom general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\"), the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by a margin of 358–234. After amendments proposed by the [House of Lords](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") and ping-pong between the two houses, the bill received [royal assent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_assent \"Royal assent\") on 23 January 2020, enabling ratification on the British side.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-49)\n\n## European Union ratification\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: European Union ratification\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg\/250px-European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._\\(49461241336\\).jpg)\n\nPresident of the European Parliament [David Sassoli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Sassoli \"David Sassoli\") signs the resolution consenting to the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement\n\nOn the part of the European Union, the European Parliament gave its consent to the ratification of the Agreement also on 29 January 2020,[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-50) and the Council of the European Union approved the conclusion of the Agreement on 30 January 2020[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-51) by written procedure.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-52) Accordingly, also on 30 January 2020, the European Union deposited its instrument of ratification of the Agreement, thus concluding the deal,[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-53) and allowing it to enter into force at the moment of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020.\n\n## Political declaration of future relationship\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=27 \"Edit section: Political declaration of future relationship\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\")\n\nThe **Declaration on Future European Union–United Kingdom Relations**, also referred to as the Political Declaration, is a non-binding declaration that was negotiated and signed along with the binding and more comprehensive Withdrawal Agreement in connection with the [withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") of the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") (UK) from the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU), colloquially known as Brexit, and the planned end of the transitional period.\n\n## Implementation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=28 \"Edit section: Implementation\")\\]\n\n### Citizens' rights\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=29 \"Edit section: Citizens' rights\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_Monitoring_Authority_for_the_Citizens%27_Rights_Agreements \"Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements\")\n\nAccording to evidence presented by lobby group \"British in Europe\" (representing British citizens resident in EU countries) to the Brexit Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 2020, \"as many as 23 EU member states \\[had\\] yet to implement systems to document the future rights of the estimated 1.2 million British citizens already living on the continent, who are in the dark over their future rights and obligations\".[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54) \"The UK launched its \\[registration\\] system for EU citizens last March \\[2020\\], with more than 3.3 million people granted pre-settled or settled status to remain in the country after Brexit\", the Committee was told.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54)\n\nBrexit also removed the right to vote in European Parliament elections as well as the right to work in other EU countries from UK citizens living in EU countries.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-55)\n\n### Northern Ireland\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=30 \"Edit section: Northern Ireland\")\\]\n\nOn 6 September 2020, the *[Financial Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* reported that the British government planned to draw up new legislation that would bypass the withdrawal agreement's [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\").[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-56)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun060720-57) The new law would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU, and define what products that at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland (the withdrawal agreement states that in the absence of a mutual agreement, all products should be considered at risk).[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun070920-58) The government defended the move, saying the legislation was compliant with the protocol and merely \"clarified\" ambiguity in the protocol.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-59) Ursula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a \"prerequisite for any future partnership\".[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-60) On 8 September, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland [Brandon Lewis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brandon_Lewis \"Brandon Lewis\") told the British Parliament that the government's planned [Internal Market Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill \"United Kingdom Internal Market Bill\") will \"break international law\".[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-61)\n\nOn 1 October 2020, the European Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the British government as the first step in an infringement procedure, as the UK's Internal Market Bill would be \"in full contradiction\" to the Northern Ireland Protocol if adopted as-is.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-62) Following discussions of the [EU-UK Joint Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU-UK_Joint_Committee \"EU-UK Joint Committee\") on 8 December 2020, the two sides reached an agreement in principle on all issues regarding the implementation of the withdrawal agreement, and the UK agreed to withdraw the offending clauses of the Internal Market Bill.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-63)\n\nOn 3 March 2021, without having used the Joint Committee process, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's intention to extend unilaterally (beyond 31 March 2021) the grace period for post-Brexit checks on some goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-64) The EU objected to this and threatened to resort to legal action over what it said was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol. On 4 March 2021, [Irish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\") [Minister for Foreign Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade \"Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade\") [Simon Coveney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Coveney \"Simon Coveney\") supported the Commission's threat of legal action if the UK \"cannot be trusted\" to implement the Protocol.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-65)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66) The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66)\n\nThe [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\"), announced on 27 February 2023 and formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023, changes aspects of the Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom checks on goods arriving from Great Britain.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-67) The Framework came into effect on 1 October 2023 and provides a new basis for trusted traders to move their goods through a new “green lane” between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, gives the UK government more control over VAT rates applying in Northern Ireland and states that medicines placed on the market Northern Ireland will be regulated by the UK and not the EU.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-68) It gives the Northern Ireland administration and UK government a mechanism to object to, pause, and potentially disapply updated and amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-69)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=31 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [European Atomic Energy Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Atomic_Energy_Community \"European Atomic Energy Community\") (Euratom) – legally distinct from the EU but having the same membership, from which the United Kingdom also withdrew\n- [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\")\n- [No-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\")\n- [Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\")\n- [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=32 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"Notice concerning the entry into force of the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\"](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:22020X0131\\(02\\)).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Theresa May takes personal charge of Brexit talks\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-44941792). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. 24 July 2018.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"INFORMATION FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES\"](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:12019W\/TXT\\(02\\)) (PDF). *eur-lex.europa.eu*. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-6)**\n   [\"Data\"](https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/862063\/TS3202_1.PDF) (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-7)**\n   Proctor, Kate; Boffey, Daniel (24 January 2020). [\"'Fantastic moment': Boris Johnson signs Brexit withdrawal deal\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/jan\/24\/sombre-eu-leaders-sign-brexit-withdrawal-agreement). *The Guardian* – via www.theguardian.com.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-8)**\n   Taylor, Rebecca; Heffer, Greg (17 October 2019). [\"Boris Johnson declares a Brexit agreement in place – 'We've got great new deal'\"](https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/boris-johnson-declares-a-brexit-agreement-in-place-weve-got-great-new-deal-11837542). [Sky News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_News \"Sky News\"). Retrieved 17 October 2019.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"Tears and cheers as EU lawmakers give final nod to Brexit\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-britain-eu-parliament-idUSKBN1ZS1EE). [Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\"). 30 January 2020.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-10)**\n   [\"Brexit\"](http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/eu-uk-after-referendum\/). *www.consilium.europa.eu*.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-11)**\n   Kesbeh, Dina (25 November 2018). [\"European Union Leaders Approve Brexit Plan\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2018\/11\/25\/670626957\/european-union-leaders-approve-brexit-plan). *National Public Radio*. Retrieved 16 December 2018.\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-2)\n    Stewart, Heather (15 January 2019). [\"Theresa May loses Brexit deal vote by majority of 230\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2019\/jan\/15\/theresa-may-loses-brexit-deal-vote-by-majority-of-230). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 15 January 2019.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_12-03-19_13-0)**\n    Stewart, Heather (13 March 2019). 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Retrieved 17 November 2019.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\"](https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/eut\/withdrawal-agreement#part-FOUR). *legislation.gov.uk*. Part Four: Transition, Article 126: Transition period. Retrieved 26 October 2022.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-DEXEU-WAB_16-0)**\n    [\"Implementation period\"](https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/854217\/WAB_Fact_Sheet_-_IMPLEMENTATION_PERIOD.pdf) (PDF). [Department for Exiting the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Department for Exiting the European Union\"). 2019. 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Retrieved 27 October 2022.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-EM-HSC_20-0)**\n    [Department of Health and Social Care](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_of_Health_and_Social_Care \"Department of Health and Social Care\") (2021). [\"EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE EUROPEAN QUALIFICATIONS (HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE PROFESSIONS) (AMENDMENT ETC.) (EU EXIT) REGULATIONS 2022\"](https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/61d70ca68fa8f50597fb2f41\/EM___The_European_Qualifications__Health_and_Social_Care_Professions___Amendment_etc.___EU_Exit__Regulations_2022.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 27 October 2022.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"At-a-glance: Conservative manifesto\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/election-2015-32302062). *BBC News*. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2018.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-22)**\n    Perraudin, Frances (14 April 2015). [\"Conservatives election manifesto 2015 – the key points\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2015\/apr\/14\/conservatives-election-manifesto-2015-the-key-points). *the Guardian*. Retrieved 22 September 2018.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"EU referendum results\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/politics\/eu_referendum\/results). *BBC News*. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2019.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-24)** Chris Morris (25 November 2018) [*Britain's withdrawal agreement-what it all means*](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-46237012). 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Retrieved 31 January 2020.\n50. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-52)**\n    Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (30 January 2020). [\"Press Send for Brexit: E.U. Seals U.K. Withdrawal by Email\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/30\/world\/europe\/eu-brexit-decision.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 31 January 2020.\n51. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-53)**\n    [\"Brexit\"](https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/eu-uk-after-referendum\/). *www.consilium.europa.eu*. Council of the European Union. Retrieved 31 January 2020.\n52. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun200630_54-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun200630_54-1)\n    Lisa O'Carroll (30 June 2020). [\"Rights of UK citizens in EU at risk as member states' legislation not yet in place. Experts express concern over the loss of Britons' free movement rights after Brexit\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/jun\/30\/uk-citizens-rights-eu-at-risk-brexit). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 30 June 2020.\n53. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-55)**\n    [\"Britons living in EU can't keep pre-Brexit rights, European court advised\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2022\/feb\/24\/britons-living-in-eu-cant-keep-pre-brexit-rights-european-court-advised). *[TheGuardian.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TheGuardian.com \"TheGuardian.com\")*. 24 February 2022.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-56)**\n    [\"UK plan to undermine withdrawal treaty puts Brexit talks at risk\"](https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/9906e0d4-0c29-4f5f-9cb0-130c75a2f7a7). *Financial Times*. 6 September 2020.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun060720_57-0)**\n    Elgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020). [\"Brexit: Boris Johnson to override EU withdrawal agreement\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/sep\/06\/five-weeks-clinch-brexit-deal-uk-move-boris-johnson-to-say). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 8 September 2020.\n56. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun070920_58-0)**\n    Boffey, Daniel; Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather (7 September 2020). [\"Leaked EU cables reveal growing mistrust of UK in Brexit talks\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/sep\/07\/leaked-eu-cables-reveal-mistrust-of-uk-motives-in-brexit-talks). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 8 September 2020.\n57. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-59)**\n    Elgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa (7 September 2020). [\"Downing Street defends Brexit plans for Northern Ireland\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/sep\/07\/downing-street-defends-brexit-plans-for-northern-ireland). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 8 September 2020.\n58. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-60)**\n    Boffey, Daniel; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020). [\"Von der Leyen warns UK against breaking international law over Brexit deal\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/sep\/07\/michel-barnier-worried-by-no-10-plans-to-renege-on-brexit-deal). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 8 September 2020.\n59. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-61)**\n    [\"Northern Ireland Secretary admits new bill will 'break international law'\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-54073836). *BBC News*. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.\n60. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-62)**\n    von der Leyen, Ursula (1 October 2020). [\"Press statement by President von der Leyen on the implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement between the EU and the UK\"](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/statement_20_1800) (Press release). [Brussels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brussels \"Brussels\"): [European Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Commission \"European Commission\"). Retrieved 2 October 2020.\n61. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-63)**\n    Šefčovič, Maroš; Gove, Michael (1 October 2020). [\"Joint statement by the co-chairs of the EU-UK Joint Committee\"](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/presscorner\/detail\/en\/statement_20_2346) (Press release). [Brussels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brussels \"Brussels\"): [European Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Commission \"European Commission\"). Retrieved 8 December 2020.\n62. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-64)**\n    Daniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (3 March 2021). [\"Brussels says plan to extend Brexit grace period breaks international law. EU says move to exempt goods entering Northern Ireland from checks is 'violation' of withdrawal treaty\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk-news\/2021\/mar\/03\/supermarkets-may-get-more-time-to-adapt-to-northern-ireland-trading-rules-brexit). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 4 March 2021.\n63. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-65)**\n    Clarke, Vivienne (4 March 2021). [\"EU forced to take legal action as UK 'cannot be trusted' on protocol, says Coveney\"](https:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/news\/ireland\/irish-news\/eu-forced-to-take-legal-action-as-uk-cannot-be-trusted-on-protocol-says-coveney-1.4500990). [The Irish Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Irish_Times \"The Irish Times\"). Retrieved 4 March 2021.\n64. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun4321_66-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun4321_66-1)\n    Daniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (4 March 2021). [\"EU postpones setting date for ratifying Brexit trade deal. Move follows Boris Johnson being accused of breaking international law for second time over Northern Ireland\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2021\/mar\/04\/uks-plan-to-extend-brexit-grace-period-infuriates-irish-and-eu-officials). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 4 March 2021.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-67)**\n    [\"UK and EU formally adopt new Brexit Windsor Framework deal\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-65058955). *BBC News*. 24 March 2023.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-68)**\n    McClafferty, Enda (2 October 2023). [\"Windsor Framework: New NI trade rules 'will work unbelievably well'\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-66953035). *BBC News*.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-69)**\n    [\"Northern Ireland Protocol: The Windsor Framework\"](https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CBP-9736\/CBP-9736.pdf) (PDF). *House of Commons Library*. March 2023.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=33 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)\n\nEnglish [Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikisource \"Wikisource\") has original text related to this article:\n\n**[UK notification on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/en:UK_notification_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"s:en:UK notification on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\")**\n\n- [UK *Draft European Union (Future Relationship) Bill* 29 December 2020](https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/948181\/20201229_Draft_Gov.uk_EU__Future_Relationship__Bill_.pdf)\n- [Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:12020W\/TXT) on [Eur-Lex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eur-Lex \"Eur-Lex\")\n- [The UK's withdrawal from the EU](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/content\/news\/Brexit-UK-withdrawal-from-the-eu.html) - news and documents on [Eur-Lex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eur-Lex \"Eur-Lex\")\n- [The Withdrawal Agreement – a commentary](http:\/\/thomashobbes.co.uk\/brexit\/the-withdrawal-agreement-a-commentary\/): *thomashobbes.co.uk*\n- [Gov.UK – Department for Exiting the European Union](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/department-for-exiting-the-european-union)\n- [UK Government – \"Plan for Britain\" website](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181224011110\/http:\/\/planforbritain.gov.uk\/)\n- [Europa (EU official website) – UK – Brexit – overview](http:\/\/europa.eu\/european-union\/about-eu\/countries\/member-countries\/unitedkingdom_en#brexit)\n- [European Commission – Brexit negotiations website](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/brexit-negotiations_en)\n- [European Commission – list of published negotiating documents](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/brexit-negotiations\/negotiating-documents-article-50-negotiations-united-kingdom_en)\n- [*Brexit*, EC, CEU Timeline and list of key documents for Brexit negotiations](http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/eu-uk-after-referendum\/)\n- [Resource page](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170828215154\/http:\/\/jackofkent.com\/brexit-negotiations-resource-page\/) and commentary by [David Allen Green](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Allen_Green \"David Allen Green\")\n- [Explanatory Memorandum for the *Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Consequential Provisions) Bill 2019* introduced by the Irish government in the legislature](https:\/\/www.dfa.ie\/media\/dfa\/eu\/brexit\/keydocuments\/Omnibus-Bill-Memo.pdf) ([Oireachtas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oireachtas \"Oireachtas\"))\n- [\"Brexit-related guidance for companies\"](https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/about-us\/brexit-uk-withdrawal-eu\/brexit-related-guidance-companies). *[European Medicines Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA)*.\n- [House of Commons Briefings: The October 2019 EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement](http:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CBP-8713\/CBP-8713.pdf)\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Brexit_topics \"Template:Brexit topics\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Brexit_topics \"Template talk:Brexit topics\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit_topics \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Brexit topics\")[2016 UK European Union Membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") and [Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") [Referendum results](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Invocation of Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") [Negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") [Withdrawal agreement]() [Northern Ireland protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_protocol \"Northern Ireland protocol\") [Trade negotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\") [Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") [Timeline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_Brexit \"Timeline of Brexit\") |   |\n| Referendum question | \"[Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\")\" |\n| Referendum legislation | [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 \"European Union Referendum Act 2015\") [Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Act_2016_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)\") [European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Referendum_\\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\\)_Regulations_2016 \"European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016\") [The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union_Referendum_\\(Conduct\\)_Regulations_2016 \"The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016\") |\n| Background |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Treaties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaties_of_the_European_Union \"Treaties of the European Union\") | [Rome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Rome \"Treaty of Rome\") [1972 Accession Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 \"Treaty of Accession 1972\") [Single European Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_European_Act \"Single European Act\") [Maastricht](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty \"Maastricht Treaty\") [Amsterdam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Amsterdam \"Treaty of Amsterdam\") [Nice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Nice \"Treaty of Nice\") [European Constitution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe \"Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe\") [Lisbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation \"United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation\") |\n| [Legislation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union \"Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union\") | [European Communities Act 1972](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(UK\\) \"European Communities Act 1972 (UK)\") Amendments: [1986](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1986 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986\") [1993](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1993 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993\") [1998](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_1998 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998\") [2002](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2002 \"European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002\") [2008](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Amendment\\)_Act_2008 \"European Union (Amendment) Act 2008\") [2011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Act_2011 \"European Union Act 2011\") [European Economic Area Act 1993](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993 \"European Economic Area Act 1993\") |\n| Proposed bills | [European Union Bill 2004–05](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005 \"European Union Bill 2004–2005\") [European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities_Act_1972_\\(Repeal\\)_Bills \"European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills\") [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Referendum\\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 \"European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14\") |\n| Elections | [2014 European Parliament election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") [2015 general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") |\n| By-elections | [2014 Clacton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Clacton_by-election \"2014 Clacton by-election\") [2014 Heywood and Middleton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election \"2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election\") [2014 Rochester and Strood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election \"2014 Rochester and Strood by-election\") |\n| Other | [UK accession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities \"Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities\") [1973 EC enlargement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities \"1973 enlargement of the European Communities\") [UK membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union \"United Kingdom membership of the European Union\") [1975 EC membership referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum \"1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum\") [UK rebate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_rebate \"UK rebate\") [Bruges speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_speech \"Bruges speech\") [No. No. No.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._No._No._\\(Margaret_Thatcher\\) \"No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)\") [Black Wednesday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Wednesday \"Black Wednesday\") [EEA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Area \"European Economic Area\") [Maastricht Rebels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Rebels \"Maastricht Rebels\") *[The European Union: In or Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out \"The European Union: In or Out\")* [Bloomberg speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_speech \"Bloomberg speech\") [Russian interference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum \"Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum\") [Balance of Competences Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balance_of_Competences_Review \"Balance of Competences Review\") [2015–16 renegotiation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom\") |\n| [Campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") | [Issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Opinion polling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Endorsements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [Project Fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Fear \"Project Fear\") [Unlawful campaigning allegations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum \"Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum\") *[Brexit: The Movie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit:_The_Movie \"Brexit: The Movie\")* [Pro-EU leaflet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-EU_leaflet \"Pro-EU leaflet\") [Breaking Point (UKIP poster)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breaking_Point_\\(UKIP_poster\\) \"Breaking Point (UKIP poster)\") |\n| Campaign organisations |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Remain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") | [Britain Stronger in Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe \"Britain Stronger in Europe\") (official campaign) [Labour In for Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_In_for_Britain \"Labour In for Britain\") |\n| Leave | [Vote Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave \"Vote Leave\") (official campaign) [Vote Leave bus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vote_Leave_bus \"Vote Leave bus\") [Leave.EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leave.EU \"Leave.EU\") [BeLeave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BeLeave \"BeLeave\") [Grassroots Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grassroots_Out \"Grassroots Out\") [Labour Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Leave \"Labour Leave\") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain \"Campaign for an Independent Britain\") [The Freedom Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Freedom_Association \"The Freedom Association\") [Better Off Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Better_Off_Out \"Better Off Out\") [Get Britain Out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Get_Britain_Out \"Get Britain Out\") [Bruges Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bruges_Group_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Bruges Group (United Kingdom)\") |\n| [Aftermath of referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Political party leadership elections | Conservative [2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2016 Conservative Party leadership election\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election \"2019 Conservative Party leadership election\") [Scottish, February 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election \"February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election\") [Labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\\(UK\\) \"2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)\") [UKIP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election \"July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election\") |\n| [Opposition to Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_Brexit \"Opposition to Brexit\") | [Proposed second referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\") [People's Vote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Vote \"People's Vote\") [Petition to revoke Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition \"Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition\") [Led By Donkeys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Led_By_Donkeys \"Led By Donkeys\") [Bollocks to Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bollocks_to_Brexit \"Bollocks to Brexit\") |\n| Elections | [2017 local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"2017 United Kingdom local elections\") [2017 general](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2017 United Kingdom general election\") [2018 local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"2018 United Kingdom local elections\") [2019 local](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections \"2019 United Kingdom local elections\") [2019 European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom \"2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom\") [Brexit Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_Party \"Brexit Party\") [2019 general](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\") |\n| By-elections | [2016 Witney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Witney_by-election \"2016 Witney by-election\") [2016 Richmond Park](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election \"2016 Richmond Park by-election\") [2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election \"2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election\") [2017 Copeland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Copeland_by-election \"2017 Copeland by-election\") [2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election \"2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election\") [2019 Peterborough](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Peterborough_by-election \"2019 Peterborough by-election\") [2019 Brecon and Radnorshire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election \"2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election\") |\n| Other | [International reactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\") [March to Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_to_Leave \"March to Leave\") [Brexit Alliance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_Alliance \"Brexit Alliance\") [Blue Collar Conservativism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Collar_Conservativism \"Blue Collar Conservativism\") [Brexit Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_Party \"Brexit Party\") [Independent Alliance for Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform \"Independent Alliance for Reform\") |\n| Brexit process | [*Miller I* case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\") [Invocation of Article 50](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union \"United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union\") [Negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\") [Brexit divorce bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_divorce_bill \"Brexit divorce bill\") [2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 \"Brexit negotiations in 2017\") [2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 \"Brexit negotiations in 2018\") [2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 \"Brexit negotiations in 2019\") [Withdrawal agreement]() [Parliamentary votes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit \"Parliamentary votes on Brexit\") [No-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\") [Operation Yellowhammer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Yellowhammer \"Operation Yellowhammer\") [Prorogation of Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_British_prorogation_controversy \"2019 British prorogation controversy\") [*Miller II \/ Cherry* case](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R_\\(Miller\\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland \"R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland\") [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\") [Fish for finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fish_for_finance \"Fish for finance\") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") |\n| [Impact of Brexit and potential effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit \"Impact of Brexit\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| on Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland | [2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation \"2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation\") [Brexit and the Irish border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border \"Brexit and the Irish border\") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\") [proposed changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill \"Northern Ireland Protocol Bill\") [Irish Sea border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Sea_border \"Irish Sea border\") [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\") |\n| Other | [on Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar \"Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar\") [on the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union \"Impact of Brexit on the European Union\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology \"Brexit and arrangements for science and technology\") [Economic effects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_effects_of_Brexit \"Economic effects of Brexit\") [EU–UK relations after Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\") |\n| Brexit legislation |   |\n|   |   |\n| White papers | [Brexit plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_plan \"Brexit plan\") [Repeal Bill plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repeal_Bill_plan \"Repeal Bill plan\") [Chequers plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chequers_plan \"Chequers plan\") [Brexit withdrawal agreement plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan \"Brexit withdrawal agreement plan\") |\n| Enacted | [Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\\)_Act_2017 \"European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017\") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2018 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)\")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 \"Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018\") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019\") [Benn Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal\\)_\\(No._2\\)_Act_2019 \"European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019\") [Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\") ([Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020_\\(Gibraltar\\) \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)\")) [Internal Market Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 \"United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020\") [Future Relationship Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Future_Relationship\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020\") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Act_2020 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020\") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_Law_\\(Revocation_and_Reform\\)_Act_2023 \"Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023\") |\n| Proposed | [Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\\(Referendum\\)_Bills \"Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills\") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\\(Legal_Continuity\\)_\\(Scotland\\)_Bill_2018 \"UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018\") [European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\\(Public_Vote\\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 \"European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19\") |\n| Related | [Brexit 50p coin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_50p_coin \"Brexit 50p coin\") [Change Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_Britain \"Change Britain\") [Change UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Change_UK \"Change UK\") [Chaos with Ed Miliband](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband \"Chaos with Ed Miliband\") [European Research Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Research_Group \"European Research Group\") \"[Enemies of the People](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enemies_of_the_People_\\(headline\\) \"Enemies of the People (headline)\")\" [Leave Means Leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leave_Means_Leave \"Leave Means Leave\") [Led By Donkeys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Led_By_Donkeys \"Led By Donkeys\") [More United](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/More_United \"More United\") [Northern Future Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Future_Forum \"Northern Future Forum\") *[The New European](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_European \"The New European\")* [Open Britain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Britain \"Open Britain\") [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum \"Proposed second Scottish independence referendum\") [Reform UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reform_UK \"Reform UK\") [Rue du Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rue_du_Brexit \"Rue du Brexit\") [Terminology (Glossary)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms \"Glossary of Brexit terms\") [Tufton Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tufton_Street \"Tufton Street\") [United Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Ireland \"United Ireland\") [Voting pencil conspiracy theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory \"Voting pencil conspiracy theory\") [Retained EU law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retained_EU_law_\\(UK_Law\\) \"Retained EU law (UK Law)\") [2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2017_Diane_Abbott%E2%80%93David_Davis_controversy \"2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy\") |\n| [Media depictions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_in_popular_culture \"Brexit in popular culture\") | *[Remainiacs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remainiacs \"Remainiacs\")*  (2017) *[Postcards from the 48%](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postcards_from_the_48%25 \"Postcards from the 48%\")* (2018) *[Not Tonight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Not_Tonight_\\(video_game\\) \"Not Tonight (video game)\")* (2018) *[Brexit: The Uncivil War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War \"Brexit: The Uncivil War\")* (2019) [@BorderIrish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BorderIrish \"BorderIrish\") (2018–2020) |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Brexit \"Category:Brexit\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations \"Template:EU treaties and declarations\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:EU_treaties_and_declarations \"Template talk:EU treaties and declarations\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations \"Special:EditPage\/Template:EU treaties and declarations\")[Founding treaties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaties_of_the_European_Union \"Treaties of the European Union\") of the European [Communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities \"European Communities\") (1951–1993) and [Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") (since 1993) and related political documents |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Founding treaties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaties_of_the_European_Union \"Treaties of the European Union\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Consolidated versions | [Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union \"Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union\") (1957) [Treaty on European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_on_European_Union \"Treaty on European Union\") (1992) [Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom_Treaty \"Euratom Treaty\") (1957) |\n| Amendments |   |\n|   |   |\n| General |   |\n|   |   |\n| In force | [Paris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_and_Paris_Conferences \"London and Paris Conferences\") (1954) [Rome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Rome \"Treaty of Rome\") (1957) [Netherlands Antilles Association Convention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_on_the_association_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_with_the_European_Economic_Community \"Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community\") (1962) [Merger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merger_Treaty \"Merger Treaty\") (1965) [First Budgetary Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities \"Budgetary treaties of the European Communities\") (1970) [Second Budgetary Treaty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities \"Budgetary treaties of the European Communities\") (1975) [Single European Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_European_Act \"Single European Act\") (1986) [Maastricht](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maastricht_Treaty \"Maastricht Treaty\") (1992) [Amsterdam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Amsterdam \"Treaty of Amsterdam\") (1997) [Nice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Nice \"Treaty of Nice\") (2001) [Lisbon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Lisbon \"Treaty of Lisbon\") (2007) Protocol 36 (2011) [Article 136](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Stability_Mechanism#Treaty_basis \"European Stability Mechanism\") (2011) |\n| Unratified | [Renegotiation of UK membership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership \"2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership\") (2016) |\n| Changes in membership |   |\n|   |   |\n| Accession | [1972](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 \"Treaty of Accession 1972\") [1979](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1979 \"Treaty of Accession 1979\") [1985](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1985 \"Treaty of Accession 1985\") [1994](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_1994 \"Treaty of Accession 1994\") [2003](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_2003 \"Treaty of Accession 2003\") [2005](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_2005 \"Treaty of Accession 2005\") [2011](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Accession_2011 \"Treaty of Accession 2011\") |\n| Secession | [Greenland (1984)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities \"Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities\") [United Kingdom (“Brexit” 2020)]() |\n| Unratified | [Treaty establishing the European Defence Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community \"Treaty establishing the European Defence Community\") (1952) [Treaty establishing the European Political Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Political_Community_\\(1952\\) \"European Political Community (1952)\") (1952) [Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe \"Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe\") (2004) |\n| Expired or terminated | [Brussels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Brussels \"Treaty of Brussels\") ([Western Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Union_\\(alliance\\) \"Western Union (alliance)\"), 1948) [Modified Brussels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Brussels#Modification \"Treaty of Brussels\") ([Western European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_European_Union \"Western European Union\"), 1954) [Paris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Paris_\\(1951\\) \"Treaty of Paris (1951)\") (European Coal and Steel Community, 1951) |\n| Related political documents | [Schuman Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schuman_Declaration \"Schuman Declaration\") (1950) [Europe Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europe_Declaration \"Europe Declaration\") (1951) Declarations at the [London and Paris Conferences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London_and_Paris_Conferences \"London and Paris Conferences\") (1954) [Benelux memorandum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benelux_memorandum \"Benelux memorandum\") (1955) [Spaak Report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaak_Report \"Spaak Report\") (1956) [Fouchet Plan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fouchet_Plan \"Fouchet Plan\") (1961) [Davignon report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Davignon_report \"Davignon report\") (1970) [Copenhagen report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Copenhagen_report&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Copenhagen report (page does not exist)\") (1973) [London report](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=London_report&action=edit&redlink=1 \"London report (page does not exist)\") (1981) [Solemn Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union \"Solemn Declaration on European Union\") (1983) [Rome Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome_Declaration \"Rome Declaration\") (1984) [Schengen Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schengen_Agreement \"Schengen Agreement\") (1985) [Schengen Convention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schengen_Area \"Schengen Area\") (1990) [Petersberg Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petersberg_Declaration \"Petersberg Declaration\") (1992) [Saint-Malo declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saint-Malo_declaration \"Saint-Malo declaration\") (1998) [Schengen acquis of the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schengen_acquis \"Schengen acquis\") (1999) [Bologna declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bologna_declaration \"Bologna declaration\") [Charter of Fundamental Rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union \"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union\") (2000) [PFI Convention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PFI_Convention \"PFI Convention\") (2002) [Seville Declarations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seville_Declarations_on_the_Treaty_of_Nice \"Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice\") (2002) [Prüm Convention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention \"Prüm Convention\") (2005) [Berlin Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berlin_Declaration_\\(2007\\) \"Berlin Declaration (2007)\") (2007) [European Stability Mechanism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Stability_Mechanism \"Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism\") (2012) [European Fiscal Compact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Fiscal_Compact \"European Fiscal Compact\") (2012) [Agreement on a Unified Patent Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unified_Patent_Court \"Unified Patent Court\") (2013) [Single Resolution Fund Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_Resolution_Mechanism \"Single Resolution Mechanism\") (2014) [Malta Declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malta_Declaration_\\(European_Union\\) \"Malta Declaration (European Union)\") (2017) [Versailles declaration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Versailles_declaration \"Versailles declaration\") (2022) |\n| [European Union Portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:European_Union \"Portal:European Union\") |   |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&oldid=1329687578>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Brexit withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Category:Brexit withdrawal agreement\")\n- [Treaties concluded in 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Treaties_concluded_in_2020 \"Category:Treaties concluded in 2020\")\n- [Treaties entered into force in 2020](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Treaties_entered_into_force_in_2020 \"Category:Treaties entered into force in 2020\")\n- [Treaties of the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Treaties_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom\")\n- [Treaties entered into by the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Treaties_entered_into_by_the_European_Union \"Category:Treaties entered into by the European Union\")\n- [Treaties entered into by the European Atomic Energy Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Treaties_entered_into_by_the_European_Atomic_Energy_Community \"Category:Treaties entered into by the European Atomic Energy Community\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Articles with short description](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Articles_with_short_description \"Category:Articles with short description\")\n- [Short description is different from 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nBrexit withdrawal agreement\n\n9 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement)","attrs_readable_markdown":"| Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b6\/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg\/330px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg)**United Kingdom (UK)** **European Union (EU)** and **Euratom** |   |\n| Type | Treaty setting out terms of withdrawal |\n| Context | [UK withdrawal from the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") (Brexit) |\n| Drafted | November 2018 October 2019 (revision) |\n| Signed | 24 January 2020 |\n| Effective | 1 February 2020[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-1) |\n| Condition | [Ratification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ratification \"Ratification\") by the European Union ([Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\") after consent of the [European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\")), Euratom (Council of the European Union) and the United Kingdom ([Parliament of the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\")). |\n| Negotiators | [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") ([Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\")) (November 2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\")  ([Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\")) (October 2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Olly Robbins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olly_Robbins \"Olly Robbins\")[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor-2) ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)\"))[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-3) (2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [David Frost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Frost_\\(British_diplomat\\) \"David Frost (British diplomat)\") ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\\(United_Kingdom\\) \"Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)\")) (2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") [Steve Barclay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Barclay_\\(politician\\) \"Steve Barclay (politician)\") ([DExEU Secretary of State](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\"))[\\[b\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Former_Brexit_Secretaries-4)  [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean-Claude_Juncker \"Jean-Claude Juncker\") ([Commission President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\")) [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Ursula von der Leyen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursula_von_der_Leyen \"Ursula von der Leyen\") ([Commission President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_European_Commission \"President of the European Commission\")) [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Michel Barnier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michel_Barnier \"Michel Barnier\") ([European Union Chief Negotiator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit \"European Union negotiating directives for Brexit\")) [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Maroš Šefčovič](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D \"Maroš Šefčovič\") ([Commission Vice-President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission \"Vice-President of the European Commission\")) |\n| Signatories | [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") for the UK [Ursula von der Leyen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ursula_von_der_Leyen \"Ursula von der Leyen\") and [Charles Michel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Michel \"Charles Michel\") for the EU and Euratom |\n| Parties | ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [![European Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b7\/Flag_of_Europe.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") [Euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\") |\n| Depositary | [Secretary General of the Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_General_of_the_Council \"Secretary General of the Council\") |\n| Languages | The 24 [EU languages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Languages_of_the_European_Union \"Languages of the European Union\") |\n| **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor_2-0)** Olly Robbins was appointed as the Prime Minister's Europe Advisor on 18 September 2017. He was previously the [Brexit Department](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Department for Exiting the European Union\")'s first Permanent Secretary. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Former_Brexit_Secretaries_4-0)** Other incumbents during the negotiations were [David Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Davis_\\(British_politician\\) \"David Davis (British politician)\") (July 2016 to July 2018) and [Dominic Raab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominic_Raab \"Dominic Raab\") (July 2018 to November 2018). |   |\n\nThe **Brexit withdrawal agreement**, officially titled **Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community**,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-5)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-6) is a treaty between the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU), [Euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\"), and the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") (UK), signed on 24 January 2020,[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-7) setting the terms of the [withdrawal of the UK from the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") and Euratom. The text of the treaty was published on 17 October 2019,[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-8) and is a renegotiated version of an agreement published in November 2018. The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the [House of Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom \"House of Commons of the United Kingdom\") on three occasions, leading to the resignation of [Theresa May](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") as [Prime Minister](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\") and the appointment of [Boris Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Johnson \"Boris Johnson\") as the new prime minister on 24 July 2019.\n\nThe [Parliament of the United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Parliament of the United Kingdom\") gave its approval to the agreement on 23 January 2020 and the UK government deposited Britain's instrument of ratification on 29 January 2020.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-9)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-10) The agreement was ratified by the [Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\") on 30 January 2020, following the consent of the [European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") on 29 January 2020. The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union took effect on 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, and at that moment the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, as per its article 185.\n\nThe Agreement covers such matters as money, citizens' rights, border arrangements and dispute resolution. It also contains a transition period and an outline of the [future relationship between the UK and the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union \"Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union\"). Published on 14 November 2018, it was a result of the [Brexit negotiations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations \"Brexit negotiations\"). The agreement was endorsed by the leaders of the 27 remaining EU countries[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-11) and the [British Government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Government of the United Kingdom\") led by Prime Minister Theresa May, but faced opposition in the British parliament, whose [approval was necessary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meaningful_vote \"Meaningful vote\") for ratification. Approval by the [European Parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Parliament \"European Parliament\") would also have been required. On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons rejected the withdrawal agreement by a vote of 432 to 202.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) The Commons rejected the agreement again on 12 March 2019, on a vote of 391 to 242,[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_12-03-19-13) and rejected a third time of 29 March 2019 by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a [general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\").[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14) On 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_\\(Withdrawal_Agreement\\)_Act_2020 \"European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020\"); on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement. It was subsequently concluded by the [Council of the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Council_of_the_European_Union \"Council of the European Union\") on 30 January 2020.\n\nThe withdrawal agreement, in Part Four,[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-15) provided for a transition or implementation period[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-DEXEU-WAB-16) until 00:00 [Central European Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_European_Time \"Central European Time\") on 1 January 2021 (11p.m. [Greenwich Mean Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greenwich_Mean_Time \"Greenwich Mean Time\") on 31 December 2020 in the UK)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-IPTiming-17) (referred to as \"IP completion day\" in British law and state terminology[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-WA-39-18)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-PracticeDirection-19)[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-EM-HSC-20)), during which time the UK remained in the single market, in order to ensure frictionless trade until a long-term relationship was agreed. If no agreement was reached by this date, then the UK would have left the single market without a [trade deal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\") on 1 January 2021. Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship.\n\n### 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum\")\\]\n\nIn the [Conservative Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservative_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Conservative Party (UK)\")'s manifesto for the [United Kingdom general election in May 2015](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\"), the party promised an EU referendum by the end of 2017.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-21)[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-22)\n\nThe [referendum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum \"2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum\"), held on 23 June 2016, resulted in a 51.9% to 48.1% majority vote for leaving the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\").[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-23)\n\nThe proposed 2018 withdrawal agreement, which ran to 599 pages, covered the following main areas:[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-24)\n\n- Money, particularly the division of assets and liabilities, and payment of any debt outstanding\n- Citizens rights, both of British citizens in EU countries and vice versa\n- Border arrangements and customs, particularly along the border between the UK and the EU on the island of [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland \"Ireland\")\n- The law, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes, currently vested with the [European Court of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\")\n\nThe agreement also set up a transitional period, which lasted until 31 December 2020 with a provision for extension by mutual consent. During the transitional period, EU law continued to apply to the UK (including participation in the [European Economic Area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Economic_Area \"European Economic Area\"), the [single market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Single_Market \"European Single Market\"), and the [customs union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Customs_Union \"European Union Customs Union\")), and the UK continued to pay into the EU budget, but the UK was not represented in the decision-making bodies of the EU. The transition period gave businesses time to adjust to the new situation and time for the British and EU governments to negotiate a new trade deal between the EU and UK.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-25)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-26)\n\nOn the [Irish border question](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_border_question \"Irish border question\"), the [Irish backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_backstop \"Irish backstop\") was appended to the agreement. This set out a fall-back position should effective alternative arrangements fail to be agreed. Its purpose was to avoid a [hard border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hard_border \"Hard border\") coming into place before the end of the transition period, with the UK shadowing the EU's [Common external tariff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_external_tariff \"Common external tariff\") and Northern Ireland keeping in aspects of the Single Market.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-27)\n\nThe governance was to be through a [Joint Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_committee_\\(diplomatic\\) \"Joint committee (diplomatic)\") with representatives of both the European Union and the British government. There was to be a number of specialised committees reporting to the Joint Committee.\n\nThe withdrawal agreement also includes [provisions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Schools#Brexit \"European Schools\") for the UK to leave the Convention Defining the Statute of the [European Schools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Schools \"European Schools\"), with the UK bound by the Convention and the accompanying regulations on Accredited European Schools until the end of the last academic year of the transition period, i.e. the end of the spring semester of 2020–2021.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-28)\n\nThe more important elements of the draft agreement are these:[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-draft-29)\n\nThe Agreement assists the arrangements of withdrawing the UK from the European Union and [Euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\") (Art. 1), provides a clear definition for the territorial scope of the United Kingdom (Art. 3), and assures the legal liability of the Agreement (Art. 4). Additionally, it states that by the end of the transition period, the UK shall be denied access to \"any network, any information system and any database established on the basis of Union law\" (Art. 8).\n\n### Citizens' rights: general provisions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Citizens' rights: general provisions\")\\]\n\nThe Agreement defines and provides the personal scope of citizens, family members, frontier workers, host states, and nationals. Article 11 deals with continuity of residence and Article 12 discusses non-discrimination (i.e., it would be prohibited to discriminate on grounds of nationality).\n\n### Rights and obligations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Rights and obligations\")\\]\n\nBritish nationals and European Union citizens, family members who are British nationals or European Union citizens and family members who are neither of those two shall maintain the right to reside in the host State (Art. 13). The host State may not limit or condition the persons for obtaining, retaining or losing residence rights (Art. 13). Persons with valid documentation\\[*[clarification needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Please_clarify \"Wikipedia:Please clarify\")*\\] would not require entry and exit visas or equal formalities and would be permitted to leave or enter the host state without complications (Art. 14). In case the host State demands \"family members who join the Union citizen or United Kingdom national after the end of the transition period to have an entry visa\", the host State is required to grant necessary visas through an accelerated process in appropriate facilities free of charge (Art. 14). The Agreement further deals with the issuance of permanent residence permits during and after the transition period, as well as its restrictions. Moreover, it clarifies the rights of workers and self-employed individuals, and provides recognition and identification of professional qualifications.\n\nThis title discusses special cases, administrative cooperation, legal adaptations and development of Union laws.\n\n### Goods placed on the market\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Goods placed on the market\")\\]\n\nThe Agreement defines the goods, services and the processes connected to them. It claims that any good or service that was lawfully placed in the market prior to the withdrawal from the Union may be further made available to the consumers in the UK or the Union States (Art. 40 & 41).\n\n### Ongoing customs procedures\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Ongoing customs procedures\")\\]\n\nThis title addresses the custom procedures of goods moving from the customs territory of the UK to the customs territory of the Union and vice versa (Art. 47). The processes that start before the end of the transition period \"shall be treated as an intra-Union movement regarding importation and exportation licensing requirements in Union law\". The Agreement also addresses the ending of temporary storage or customs procedures (Art. 49).\n\n### Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters\")\\]\n\nThe VAT applies to goods that are exchanged between the Union and the UK. By way of derogation from previous Articles, the Title permits access to information systems that are necessary for the application or processing of the VAT (Art. 51).\n\nThere are ten annexes to the draft. The first is a protocol to maintain an [open border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_border \"Open border\") between the EU and the UK on the island of [Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland \"Ireland\") (generally known as the 'Irish backstop'). The second covers the arrangements for a common customs territory to operate between the EU and the UK, until a technical solution can be found that delivers both an open border and independent customs policies. The third covers operations of the joint customs territory. The fourth covers 'good governance in the area of taxation, environmental protection, labour and social standards, [state aid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_aid \"State aid\"), competition, and state-owned undertakings'. The fifth to eighth cover relevant provisions in EU law. The ninth and tenth details procedures arising from main sections of the draft.\n\n#### Northern Ireland Backstop\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Northern Ireland Backstop\")\\]\n\nThe Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the \"Irish backstop\", was an annex to the November 2018 draft agreement that described the provisions to prevent a [hard border in Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hard_border \"Hard border\") after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. The Protocol included a safety-net provision to handle the circumstances where satisfactory alternative arrangements remain to come into operation at the end of the transition period.\n\nThis created considerable difficulties for the government, particularly with the [Democratic Unionist Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Unionist_Party \"Democratic Unionist Party\") on which the government depended on for votes.\n\nThis draft was replaced in the 2019 negotiations by a new [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\").\n\nThe agreement was subject to revisions under the [Johnson ministry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Johnson_ministry \"First Johnson ministry\")'s [renegotiation in 2019](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 \"Brexit negotiations in 2019\"). The amendments adjust approximately 5% of the text.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-30)\n\nIn the agreement, protocols also exist for the '[Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovereign_Base_Areas_in_Cyprus \"Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus\")' and [Gibraltar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\").\n\n#### Northern Ireland protocol\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Northern Ireland protocol\")\\]\n\nThe [Irish backstop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_backstop \"Irish backstop\") was removed, and replaced by [a new protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border#2019_renegotiation:_New_protocol \"Brexit and the Irish border\") on [Northern Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland \"Northern Ireland\")\/[Ireland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\"). This new protocol meant that Great Britain could fully leave the [European Single Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Single_Market \"European Single Market\") and the [EU Customs Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union_Customs_Union \"European Union Customs Union\") but that Northern Ireland would be out of the EU Customs Union [de jure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_jure \"De jure\") but not [de facto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_facto \"De facto\").[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-FTNewDeal-32) Another difference was a unilateral exit mechanism for the [Northern Ireland Assembly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Assembly \"Northern Ireland Assembly\") which has a vote every four years on whether to continue with these arrangements, for which a simple majority is required.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33)\n\nA continuity with the backstop was providing for the application of EU-law in the area of goods and electricity and a role for the [European Court of Justice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Court_of_Justice \"European Court of Justice\") with regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for [preliminary rulings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preliminary_ruling \"Preliminary ruling\") on the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-34)\n\n- annex 1: [social security](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_security \"Social security\") coordination\n- annex 2: provisions of [union law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_law \"Union law\") referred to in article 41(4)\n- annex 3: time limits for situations or customs procedures referred to in article 49(1)\n- annex 4: list of networks, information systems and databases referred in articles 50, 53, 99 and 100\n- annex 5: [euratom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom \"Euratom\")\n- annex 6: list of administrative cooperation procedures referred to in article 98\n- annex 7: list of acts\/provisions referred to in article 128(6)\n- annex 8: rules of procedures of the joint committee and specialized committees\n- annex 9: rules of procedures for dispute settlement and code of conduct for members of arbitration panels\n\n### Political declaration\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Political declaration\")\\]\n\nThe 2019 revisions also adjusted elements of the political declaration, replacing the word \"adequate\" with \"appropriate\" in regard to labour standards. According to Sam Lowe, trade fellow at the [Centre for European Reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_for_European_Reform \"Centre for European Reform\"), the change excludes labour standards from dispute settlement mechanisms.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-35) In addition, the [level playing field](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Level_playing_field \"Level playing field\") mechanism has been moved from the legally-binding withdrawal agreement to the political declaration,[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31) and the line in the political declaration that “the United Kingdom will consider aligning with union rules in relevant areas” has been removed.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33)\n\n## Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement\")\\]\n\n\"EU-UK Joint Committee\" redirects here. For the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, see [EU–UK Partnership Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council \"EU–UK Partnership Council\").\n\nArticle 164 establishes a [joint committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_committee_\\(diplomatic\\) \"Joint committee (diplomatic)\") for the implementation of the agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees. The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon. A Joint Committee is a commonly used process within deeper trade treaties to manage tensions.\n\nThere is equal representation from both sides with no casting vote and the ability to go to an [international arbitration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_arbitration \"International arbitration\") panel if there is no agreement. There are a number of specialist subcommittees that report to the main committee, of which the 'Northern Ireland subcommittee' (dealing with the [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\")) attracted most news-media attention in Spring 2021, because of the controversy over what became known as the [Irish Sea border](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Sea_border \"Irish Sea border\").\n\nAs of 21 February 2022, the Joint Committee had met nine times.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-36)\n\n### Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights\")\\]\n\nThe **Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights** was established to monitor the implementation and application of citizens' rights under the agreement. As of 15 June 2022, it had met 10 times.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-37)\n\nThe reception of the agreement in the House of Commons ranged from cool to hostile and the vote was delayed more than a month.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\n#### British government resignations\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: British government resignations\")\\]\n\nOn 15 November 2018, the day after the agreement was presented and received backing from the [cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Cabinet of the United Kingdom\") of the British government, several members of the government resigned, including [Dominic Raab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominic_Raab \"Dominic Raab\"), [Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union \"Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union\").[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-38)\n\n### Contempt of Parliament\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Contempt of Parliament\")\\]\n\nFollowing an unprecedented vote on 4 December 2018, MPs ruled that the British government was in [contempt of parliament](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contempt_of_parliament \"Contempt of parliament\") for refusing to provide to Parliament the full legal advice it had been given on the effect of its proposed terms for withdrawal.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39) The key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the \"backstop\" agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the [Good Friday agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Good_Friday_agreement \"Good Friday agreement\") which had led to the end of [the Troubles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Troubles \"The Troubles\") in Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals.\n\nThe following day, the advice was published. The question asked was, *\"What is the legal effect of the UK agreeing to the Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement on Ireland and Northern Ireland in particular its effect in conjunction with Articles 5 and 184 of the main Withdrawal Agreement?\"* The advice given was that:[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39)\n\nThe Protocol is binding on the UK and EU \\[para 3\\], and anticipates a final future resolution of the border and customs issues being reached \\[para 5,12,13\\]. But \"the Protocol is intended to subsist even when negotiations have clearly broken down\" \\[para 16\\] and \"In conclusion, the current drafting of the Protocol ... does not provide for a mechanism that is likely to enable the UK lawfully to exit the UK wide customs union without a subsequent agreement. This remains the case even if parties are still negotiating many years later, and even if the parties believe that talks have clearly broken down and there is no prospect of a future relationship agreement.\" \\[para 30\\]\n\nImmediately following announcement of a revised withdrawal agreement on 17 October 2019, [Labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Party_\\(UK\\) \"Labour Party (UK)\"), the [Liberal Democrats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberal_Democrats_\\(UK\\) \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\"), and [DUP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Unionist_Party \"Democratic Unionist Party\") said that they could not support the new deal.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-40)\n\n## United Kingdom Parliament votes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: United Kingdom Parliament votes\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/82\/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg\/250px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)\n\nBoris Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement in January 2020\n\nOn 15 January 2019, the House of Commons voted down the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 230 votes,[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) the largest vote against the United Kingdom government in history.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-41) The May government survived a confidence vote [the following day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_vote_of_confidence_in_the_May_ministry \"2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) On 12 March 2019, the Commons voted down the agreement a second time by 149 votes, the fourth-largest defeat of the government in the history of the Commons.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-42)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-43) A third vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, widely expected to be held on 19 March 2019, was refused by the [Speaker of the House of Commons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Bercow \"John Bercow\") on 18 March 2019 on the basis of a parliamentary convention dating from 2 April 1604 that prevents British governments from forcing the Commons to repeatedly vote on an issue that the Commons has already voted upon.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-44)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-2019-03-19-gu-45)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-46) A cut-down version of the withdrawal agreement, where the attached political declaration had been removed, passed the speaker's test for 'substantial change', so a third vote was held on 29 March 2019, but was voted down by 58 votes.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-47)\n\nOn 22 October 2019, the House of Commons agreed by 329 votes to 299 to give a [Second Reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Reading \"Second Reading\") to the revised withdrawal agreement (negotiated by Boris Johnson earlier that month), but when the accelerated timetable which he proposed failed to gain the necessary parliamentary support, Johnson announced that the legislation would be paused.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Bloomberg22Oct-48)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/08\/2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf\/page1-250px-2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf)\n\nUnited Kingdom’s notification about the Brexit withdrawal agreement\n\nOn 20 December 2019, following the Conservative victory in the [2019 United Kingdom general election](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2019 United Kingdom general election\"), the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by a margin of 358–234. After amendments proposed by the [House of Lords](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Lords \"House of Lords\") and ping-pong between the two houses, the bill received [royal assent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_assent \"Royal assent\") on 23 January 2020, enabling ratification on the British side.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-49)\n\n## European Union ratification\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: European Union ratification\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ef\/European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg\/250px-European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._\\(49461241336\\).jpg)\n\nPresident of the European Parliament [David Sassoli](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Sassoli \"David Sassoli\") signs the resolution consenting to the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement\n\nOn the part of the European Union, the European Parliament gave its consent to the ratification of the Agreement also on 29 January 2020,[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-50) and the Council of the European Union approved the conclusion of the Agreement on 30 January 2020[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-51) by written procedure.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-52) Accordingly, also on 30 January 2020, the European Union deposited its instrument of ratification of the Agreement, thus concluding the deal,[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-53) and allowing it to enter into force at the moment of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020.\n\n## Political declaration of future relationship\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=27 \"Edit section: Political declaration of future relationship\")\\]\n\nThe **Declaration on Future European Union–United Kingdom Relations**, also referred to as the Political Declaration, is a non-binding declaration that was negotiated and signed along with the binding and more comprehensive Withdrawal Agreement in connection with the [withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit \"Brexit\") of the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") (UK) from the [European Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union \"European Union\") (EU), colloquially known as Brexit, and the planned end of the transitional period.\n\nAccording to evidence presented by lobby group \"British in Europe\" (representing British citizens resident in EU countries) to the Brexit Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 2020, \"as many as 23 EU member states \\[had\\] yet to implement systems to document the future rights of the estimated 1.2 million British citizens already living on the continent, who are in the dark over their future rights and obligations\".[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54) \"The UK launched its \\[registration\\] system for EU citizens last March \\[2020\\], with more than 3.3 million people granted pre-settled or settled status to remain in the country after Brexit\", the Committee was told.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54)\n\nBrexit also removed the right to vote in European Parliament elections as well as the right to work in other EU countries from UK citizens living in EU countries.[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-55)\n\nOn 6 September 2020, the *[Financial Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Times \"Financial Times\")* reported that the British government planned to draw up new legislation that would bypass the withdrawal agreement's [Northern Ireland Protocol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland_Protocol \"Northern Ireland Protocol\").[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-56)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun060720-57) The new law would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU, and define what products that at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland (the withdrawal agreement states that in the absence of a mutual agreement, all products should be considered at risk).[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun070920-58) The government defended the move, saying the legislation was compliant with the protocol and merely \"clarified\" ambiguity in the protocol.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-59) Ursula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a \"prerequisite for any future partnership\".[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-60) On 8 September, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland [Brandon Lewis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brandon_Lewis \"Brandon Lewis\") told the British Parliament that the government's planned [Internal Market Bill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill \"United Kingdom Internal Market Bill\") will \"break international law\".[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-61)\n\nOn 1 October 2020, the European Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the British government as the first step in an infringement procedure, as the UK's Internal Market Bill would be \"in full contradiction\" to the Northern Ireland Protocol if adopted as-is.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-62) Following discussions of the [EU-UK Joint Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU-UK_Joint_Committee \"EU-UK Joint Committee\") on 8 December 2020, the two sides reached an agreement in principle on all issues regarding the implementation of the withdrawal agreement, and the UK agreed to withdraw the offending clauses of the Internal Market Bill.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-63)\n\nOn 3 March 2021, without having used the Joint Committee process, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's intention to extend unilaterally (beyond 31 March 2021) the grace period for post-Brexit checks on some goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-64) The EU objected to this and threatened to resort to legal action over what it said was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol. On 4 March 2021, [Irish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Ireland \"Republic of Ireland\") [Minister for Foreign Affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade \"Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade\") [Simon Coveney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Coveney \"Simon Coveney\") supported the Commission's threat of legal action if the UK \"cannot be trusted\" to implement the Protocol.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-65)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66) The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement.[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66)\n\nThe [Windsor Framework](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Windsor_Framework \"Windsor Framework\"), announced on 27 February 2023 and formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023, changes aspects of the Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom checks on goods arriving from Great Britain.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-67) The Framework came into effect on 1 October 2023 and provides a new basis for trusted traders to move their goods through a new “green lane” between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, gives the UK government more control over VAT rates applying in Northern Ireland and states that medicines placed on the market Northern Ireland will be regulated by the UK and not the EU.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-68) It gives the Northern Ireland administration and UK government a mechanism to object to, pause, and potentially disapply updated and amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-69)\n\n- [European Atomic Energy Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Atomic_Energy_Community \"European Atomic Energy Community\") (Euratom) – legally distinct from the EU but having the same membership, from which the United Kingdom also withdrew\n- [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement \"EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement\")\n- [No-deal Brexit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-deal_Brexit \"No-deal Brexit\")\n- [Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement \"Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement\")\n- [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU \"Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-1)**\n   [\"Notice concerning the entry into force of the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community\"](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:22020X0131\\(02\\)).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Theresa May takes personal charge of Brexit talks\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-politics-44941792). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. 24 July 2018.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"INFORMATION FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES\"](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:12019W\/TXT\\(02\\)) (PDF). *eur-lex.europa.eu*. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-6)**\n   [\"Data\"](https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/862063\/TS3202_1.PDF) (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2020.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-7)**\n   Proctor, Kate; Boffey, Daniel (24 January 2020). [\"'Fantastic moment': Boris Johnson signs Brexit withdrawal deal\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2020\/jan\/24\/sombre-eu-leaders-sign-brexit-withdrawal-agreement). *The Guardian* – via www.theguardian.com.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-8)**\n   Taylor, Rebecca; Heffer, Greg (17 October 2019). [\"Boris Johnson declares a Brexit agreement in place – 'We've got great new deal'\"](https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/boris-johnson-declares-a-brexit-agreement-in-place-weve-got-great-new-deal-11837542). [Sky News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_News \"Sky News\"). Retrieved 17 October 2019.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-9)**\n   [\"Tears and cheers as EU lawmakers give final nod to Brexit\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/uk-britain-eu-parliament-idUSKBN1ZS1EE). [Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reuters \"Reuters\"). 30 January 2020.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-10)**\n   [\"Brexit\"](http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/eu-uk-after-referendum\/). *www.consilium.europa.eu*.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-11)**\n   Kesbeh, Dina (25 November 2018). 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Retrieved 4 March 2021.\n64. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun4321_66-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Graun4321_66-1)\n    Daniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (4 March 2021). [\"EU postpones setting date for ratifying Brexit trade deal. Move follows Boris Johnson being accused of breaking international law for second time over Northern Ireland\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/politics\/2021\/mar\/04\/uks-plan-to-extend-brexit-grace-period-infuriates-irish-and-eu-officials). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 4 March 2021.\n65. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-67)**\n    [\"UK and EU formally adopt new Brexit Windsor Framework deal\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-65058955). *BBC News*. 24 March 2023.\n66. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-68)**\n    McClafferty, Enda (2 October 2023). [\"Windsor Framework: New NI trade rules 'will work unbelievably well'\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-66953035). *BBC News*.\n67. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-69)**\n    [\"Northern Ireland Protocol: The Windsor Framework\"](https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CBP-9736\/CBP-9736.pdf) (PDF). *House of Commons Library*. March 2023.\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/4c\/Wikisource-logo.svg\/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)\n\nEnglish [Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikisource \"Wikisource\") has original text related to this article:\n\n- [UK *Draft European Union (Future Relationship) Bill* 29 December 2020](https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/948181\/20201229_Draft_Gov.uk_EU__Future_Relationship__Bill_.pdf)\n- [Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX:12020W\/TXT) on [Eur-Lex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eur-Lex \"Eur-Lex\")\n- [The UK's withdrawal from the EU](https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/content\/news\/Brexit-UK-withdrawal-from-the-eu.html) - news and documents on [Eur-Lex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eur-Lex \"Eur-Lex\")\n- [The Withdrawal Agreement – a commentary](http:\/\/thomashobbes.co.uk\/brexit\/the-withdrawal-agreement-a-commentary\/): *thomashobbes.co.uk*\n- [Gov.UK – Department for Exiting the European Union](https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/department-for-exiting-the-european-union)\n- [UK Government – \"Plan for Britain\" website](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181224011110\/http:\/\/planforbritain.gov.uk\/)\n- [Europa (EU official website) – UK – Brexit – overview](http:\/\/europa.eu\/european-union\/about-eu\/countries\/member-countries\/unitedkingdom_en#brexit)\n- [European Commission – Brexit negotiations website](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/brexit-negotiations_en)\n- [European Commission – list of published negotiating documents](https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/commission\/brexit-negotiations\/negotiating-documents-article-50-negotiations-united-kingdom_en)\n- [*Brexit*, EC, CEU Timeline and list of key documents for Brexit negotiations](http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/eu-uk-after-referendum\/)\n- [Resource page](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170828215154\/http:\/\/jackofkent.com\/brexit-negotiations-resource-page\/) and commentary by [David Allen Green](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Allen_Green \"David Allen Green\")\n- [Explanatory Memorandum for the *Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Consequential Provisions) Bill 2019* introduced by the Irish government in the legislature](https:\/\/www.dfa.ie\/media\/dfa\/eu\/brexit\/keydocuments\/Omnibus-Bill-Memo.pdf) ([Oireachtas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oireachtas \"Oireachtas\"))\n- [\"Brexit-related guidance for companies\"](https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/about-us\/brexit-uk-withdrawal-eu\/brexit-related-guidance-companies). *[European Medicines Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Medicines_Agency \"European Medicines Agency\") (EMA)*.\n- [House of Commons Briefings: The October 2019 EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement](http:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CBP-8713\/CBP-8713.pdf)","meta_canonical":null,"ml_categories_json":"{\"\/Law_and_Government\":942,\"\/Law_and_Government\/Government\":687,\"\/Law_and_Government\/Government\/Public_Policy\":288}","ml_types_json":"{\"\/Article\":997,\"\/Article\/Wiki\":660}","ml_intent_types_json":"{\"Informational\":999}","meta_language":"en","attrs_author":null,"attrs_publish_time":0,"attrs_original_publish_time":1546951773,"attrs_is_republished":0,"attrs_nr_words":"8990","attrs_boilerpipe_nr_words":"6284","body_ext_links_number":115,"body_int_links_number":547,"meta_nofollow":0,"meta_noarchive":0,"props_was_rendered":0,"src_redirect":"","download_time_msec":76,"download_ttfb_msec":73,"download_size":64629}

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Brexit withdrawal agreement Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community United Kingdom (UK) European Union (EU) and Euratom Type Treaty setting out terms of withdrawal Context UK withdrawal from the EU (Brexit) Drafted November 2018 October 2019 (revision) Signed 24 January 2020 Effective 1 February 2020 [ 1 ] Condition Ratification by the European Union ( Council of the European Union after consent of the European Parliament ), Euratom (Council of the European Union) and the United Kingdom ( Parliament of the United Kingdom ). Negotiators Theresa May ( Prime Minister ) (November 2018 draft) Boris Johnson ( Prime Minister ) (October 2019 draft) Olly Robbins [ a ] ( Prime Minister's Europe Adviser ) [ 2 ] (2018 draft) David Frost ( Prime Minister's Europe Adviser ) (2019 draft) Steve Barclay ( DExEU Secretary of State ) [ b ] Jean-Claude Juncker ( Commission President ) Ursula von der Leyen ( Commission President ) Michel Barnier ( European Union Chief Negotiator ) Maroš Šefčovič ( Commission Vice-President ) Signatories Boris Johnson for the UK Ursula von der Leyen and Charles Michel for the EU and Euratom Parties United Kingdom European Union Euratom Depositary Secretary General of the Council of the European Union Languages The 24 EU languages ^ Olly Robbins was appointed as the Prime Minister's Europe Advisor on 18 September 2017. He was previously the Brexit Department 's first Permanent Secretary. ^ Other incumbents during the negotiations were David Davis (July 2016 to July 2018) and Dominic Raab (July 2018 to November 2018). The Brexit withdrawal agreement , officially titled Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] is a treaty between the European Union (EU), Euratom , and the United Kingdom (UK), signed on 24 January 2020, [ 5 ] setting the terms of the withdrawal of the UK from the EU and Euratom. The text of the treaty was published on 17 October 2019, [ 6 ] and is a renegotiated version of an agreement published in November 2018. The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the House of Commons on three occasions, leading to the resignation of Theresa May as Prime Minister and the appointment of Boris Johnson as the new prime minister on 24 July 2019. The Parliament of the United Kingdom gave its approval to the agreement on 23 January 2020 and the UK government deposited Britain's instrument of ratification on 29 January 2020. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] The agreement was ratified by the Council of the European Union on 30 January 2020, following the consent of the European Parliament on 29 January 2020. The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union took effect on 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, and at that moment the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, as per its article 185. The Agreement covers such matters as money, citizens' rights, border arrangements and dispute resolution. It also contains a transition period and an outline of the future relationship between the UK and the EU . Published on 14 November 2018, it was a result of the Brexit negotiations . The agreement was endorsed by the leaders of the 27 remaining EU countries [ 9 ] and the British Government led by Prime Minister Theresa May, but faced opposition in the British parliament, whose approval was necessary for ratification. Approval by the European Parliament would also have been required. On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons rejected the withdrawal agreement by a vote of 432 to 202. [ 10 ] The Commons rejected the agreement again on 12 March 2019, on a vote of 391 to 242, [ 11 ] and rejected a third time of 29 March 2019 by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a general election . [ 12 ] On 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the Withdrawal Agreement Act ; on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement. It was subsequently concluded by the Council of the European Union on 30 January 2020. The withdrawal agreement, in Part Four, [ 13 ] provided for a transition or implementation period [ 14 ] until 00:00 Central European Time on 1 January 2021 (11p.m. Greenwich Mean Time on 31 December 2020 in the UK) [ 15 ] (referred to as "IP completion day" in British law and state terminology [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] ), during which time the UK remained in the single market, in order to ensure frictionless trade until a long-term relationship was agreed. If no agreement was reached by this date, then the UK would have left the single market without a trade deal on 1 January 2021. Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship. 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum [ edit ] In the Conservative Party 's manifesto for the United Kingdom general election in May 2015 , the party promised an EU referendum by the end of 2017. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] The referendum , held on 23 June 2016, resulted in a 51.9% to 48.1% majority vote for leaving the European Union . [ 21 ] The proposed 2018 withdrawal agreement, which ran to 599 pages, covered the following main areas: [ 22 ] Money, particularly the division of assets and liabilities, and payment of any debt outstanding Citizens rights, both of British citizens in EU countries and vice versa Border arrangements and customs, particularly along the border between the UK and the EU on the island of Ireland The law, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes, currently vested with the European Court of Justice The agreement also set up a transitional period, which lasted until 31 December 2020 with a provision for extension by mutual consent. During the transitional period, EU law continued to apply to the UK (including participation in the European Economic Area , the single market , and the customs union ), and the UK continued to pay into the EU budget, but the UK was not represented in the decision-making bodies of the EU. The transition period gave businesses time to adjust to the new situation and time for the British and EU governments to negotiate a new trade deal between the EU and UK. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] On the Irish border question , the Irish backstop was appended to the agreement. This set out a fall-back position should effective alternative arrangements fail to be agreed. Its purpose was to avoid a hard border coming into place before the end of the transition period, with the UK shadowing the EU's Common external tariff and Northern Ireland keeping in aspects of the Single Market. [ 25 ] The governance was to be through a Joint Committee with representatives of both the European Union and the British government. There was to be a number of specialised committees reporting to the Joint Committee. The withdrawal agreement also includes provisions for the UK to leave the Convention Defining the Statute of the European Schools , with the UK bound by the Convention and the accompanying regulations on Accredited European Schools until the end of the last academic year of the transition period, i.e. the end of the spring semester of 2020–2021. [ 26 ] The more important elements of the draft agreement are these: [ 27 ] The Agreement assists the arrangements of withdrawing the UK from the European Union and Euratom (Art. 1), provides a clear definition for the territorial scope of the United Kingdom (Art. 3), and assures the legal liability of the Agreement (Art. 4). Additionally, it states that by the end of the transition period, the UK shall be denied access to "any network, any information system and any database established on the basis of Union law" (Art. 8). Citizens' rights: general provisions [ edit ] The Agreement defines and provides the personal scope of citizens, family members, frontier workers, host states, and nationals. Article 11 deals with continuity of residence and Article 12 discusses non-discrimination (i.e., it would be prohibited to discriminate on grounds of nationality). Rights and obligations [ edit ] British nationals and European Union citizens, family members who are British nationals or European Union citizens and family members who are neither of those two shall maintain the right to reside in the host State (Art. 13). The host State may not limit or condition the persons for obtaining, retaining or losing residence rights (Art. 13). Persons with valid documentation [ clarification needed ] would not require entry and exit visas or equal formalities and would be permitted to leave or enter the host state without complications (Art. 14). In case the host State demands "family members who join the Union citizen or United Kingdom national after the end of the transition period to have an entry visa", the host State is required to grant necessary visas through an accelerated process in appropriate facilities free of charge (Art. 14). The Agreement further deals with the issuance of permanent residence permits during and after the transition period, as well as its restrictions. Moreover, it clarifies the rights of workers and self-employed individuals, and provides recognition and identification of professional qualifications. This title discusses special cases, administrative cooperation, legal adaptations and development of Union laws. Goods placed on the market [ edit ] The Agreement defines the goods, services and the processes connected to them. It claims that any good or service that was lawfully placed in the market prior to the withdrawal from the Union may be further made available to the consumers in the UK or the Union States (Art. 40 & 41). Ongoing customs procedures [ edit ] This title addresses the custom procedures of goods moving from the customs territory of the UK to the customs territory of the Union and vice versa (Art. 47). The processes that start before the end of the transition period "shall be treated as an intra-Union movement regarding importation and exportation licensing requirements in Union law". The Agreement also addresses the ending of temporary storage or customs procedures (Art. 49). Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters [ edit ] The VAT applies to goods that are exchanged between the Union and the UK. By way of derogation from previous Articles, the Title permits access to information systems that are necessary for the application or processing of the VAT (Art. 51). There are ten annexes to the draft. The first is a protocol to maintain an open border between the EU and the UK on the island of Ireland (generally known as the 'Irish backstop'). The second covers the arrangements for a common customs territory to operate between the EU and the UK, until a technical solution can be found that delivers both an open border and independent customs policies. The third covers operations of the joint customs territory. The fourth covers 'good governance in the area of taxation, environmental protection, labour and social standards, state aid , competition, and state-owned undertakings'. The fifth to eighth cover relevant provisions in EU law. The ninth and tenth details procedures arising from main sections of the draft. Northern Ireland Backstop [ edit ] The Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the "Irish backstop", was an annex to the November 2018 draft agreement that described the provisions to prevent a hard border in Ireland after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. The Protocol included a safety-net provision to handle the circumstances where satisfactory alternative arrangements remain to come into operation at the end of the transition period. This created considerable difficulties for the government, particularly with the Democratic Unionist Party on which the government depended on for votes. This draft was replaced in the 2019 negotiations by a new Northern Ireland Protocol . The agreement was subject to revisions under the Johnson ministry 's renegotiation in 2019 . The amendments adjust approximately 5% of the text. [ 28 ] In the agreement, protocols also exist for the ' Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus ' and Gibraltar . Northern Ireland protocol [ edit ] The Irish backstop was removed, and replaced by a new protocol on Northern Ireland / Ireland . This new protocol meant that Great Britain could fully leave the European Single Market and the EU Customs Union but that Northern Ireland would be out of the EU Customs Union de jure but not de facto . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Another difference was a unilateral exit mechanism for the Northern Ireland Assembly which has a vote every four years on whether to continue with these arrangements, for which a simple majority is required. [ 31 ] A continuity with the backstop was providing for the application of EU-law in the area of goods and electricity and a role for the European Court of Justice with regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for preliminary rulings on the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol. [ 32 ] annex 1: social security coordination annex 2: provisions of union law referred to in article 41(4) annex 3: time limits for situations or customs procedures referred to in article 49(1) annex 4: list of networks, information systems and databases referred in articles 50, 53, 99 and 100 annex 5: euratom annex 6: list of administrative cooperation procedures referred to in article 98 annex 7: list of acts/provisions referred to in article 128(6) annex 8: rules of procedures of the joint committee and specialized committees annex 9: rules of procedures for dispute settlement and code of conduct for members of arbitration panels Political declaration [ edit ] The 2019 revisions also adjusted elements of the political declaration, replacing the word "adequate" with "appropriate" in regard to labour standards. According to Sam Lowe, trade fellow at the Centre for European Reform , the change excludes labour standards from dispute settlement mechanisms. [ 33 ] In addition, the level playing field mechanism has been moved from the legally-binding withdrawal agreement to the political declaration, [ 29 ] and the line in the political declaration that “the United Kingdom will consider aligning with union rules in relevant areas” has been removed. [ 31 ] Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement [ edit ] "EU-UK Joint Committee" redirects here. For the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, see EU–UK Partnership Council . Article 164 establishes a joint committee for the implementation of the agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees. The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon. A Joint Committee is a commonly used process within deeper trade treaties to manage tensions. There is equal representation from both sides with no casting vote and the ability to go to an international arbitration panel if there is no agreement. There are a number of specialist subcommittees that report to the main committee, of which the 'Northern Ireland subcommittee' (dealing with the Northern Ireland Protocol ) attracted most news-media attention in Spring 2021, because of the controversy over what became known as the Irish Sea border . As of 21 February 2022 , the Joint Committee had met nine times. [ 34 ] Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights [ edit ] The Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights was established to monitor the implementation and application of citizens' rights under the agreement. As of 15 June 2022 , it had met 10 times. [ 35 ] The reception of the agreement in the House of Commons ranged from cool to hostile and the vote was delayed more than a month. [ citation needed ] British government resignations [ edit ] On 15 November 2018, the day after the agreement was presented and received backing from the cabinet of the British government, several members of the government resigned, including Dominic Raab , Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union . [ 36 ] Contempt of Parliament [ edit ] Following an unprecedented vote on 4 December 2018, MPs ruled that the British government was in contempt of parliament for refusing to provide to Parliament the full legal advice it had been given on the effect of its proposed terms for withdrawal. [ 37 ] The key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the "backstop" agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the Good Friday agreement which had led to the end of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals. The following day, the advice was published. The question asked was, "What is the legal effect of the UK agreeing to the Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement on Ireland and Northern Ireland in particular its effect in conjunction with Articles 5 and 184 of the main Withdrawal Agreement?" The advice given was that: [ 37 ] The Protocol is binding on the UK and EU [para 3], and anticipates a final future resolution of the border and customs issues being reached [para 5,12,13]. But "the Protocol is intended to subsist even when negotiations have clearly broken down" [para 16] and "In conclusion, the current drafting of the Protocol ... does not provide for a mechanism that is likely to enable the UK lawfully to exit the UK wide customs union without a subsequent agreement. This remains the case even if parties are still negotiating many years later, and even if the parties believe that talks have clearly broken down and there is no prospect of a future relationship agreement." [para 30] Immediately following announcement of a revised withdrawal agreement on 17 October 2019, Labour , the Liberal Democrats , and DUP said that they could not support the new deal. [ 38 ] United Kingdom Parliament votes [ edit ] Boris Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement in January 2020 On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons voted down the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 230 votes, [ 10 ] the largest vote against the United Kingdom government in history. [ 39 ] The May government survived a confidence vote the following day . [ 10 ] On 12 March 2019, the Commons voted down the agreement a second time by 149 votes, the fourth-largest defeat of the government in the history of the Commons. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] A third vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, widely expected to be held on 19 March 2019, was refused by the Speaker of the House of Commons on 18 March 2019 on the basis of a parliamentary convention dating from 2 April 1604 that prevents British governments from forcing the Commons to repeatedly vote on an issue that the Commons has already voted upon. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] A cut-down version of the withdrawal agreement, where the attached political declaration had been removed, passed the speaker's test for 'substantial change', so a third vote was held on 29 March 2019, but was voted down by 58 votes. [ 45 ] On 22 October 2019, the House of Commons agreed by 329 votes to 299 to give a Second Reading to the revised withdrawal agreement (negotiated by Boris Johnson earlier that month), but when the accelerated timetable which he proposed failed to gain the necessary parliamentary support, Johnson announced that the legislation would be paused. [ 46 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom’s notification about the Brexit withdrawal agreement On 20 December 2019, following the Conservative victory in the 2019 United Kingdom general election , the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by a margin of 358–234. After amendments proposed by the House of Lords and ping-pong between the two houses, the bill received royal assent on 23 January 2020, enabling ratification on the British side. [ 47 ] European Union ratification [ edit ] President of the European Parliament David Sassoli signs the resolution consenting to the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement On the part of the European Union, the European Parliament gave its consent to the ratification of the Agreement also on 29 January 2020, [ 48 ] and the Council of the European Union approved the conclusion of the Agreement on 30 January 2020 [ 49 ] by written procedure. [ 50 ] Accordingly, also on 30 January 2020, the European Union deposited its instrument of ratification of the Agreement, thus concluding the deal, [ 51 ] and allowing it to enter into force at the moment of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020. Political declaration of future relationship [ edit ] The Declaration on Future European Union–United Kingdom Relations , also referred to as the Political Declaration, is a non-binding declaration that was negotiated and signed along with the binding and more comprehensive Withdrawal Agreement in connection with the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU), colloquially known as Brexit, and the planned end of the transitional period. According to evidence presented by lobby group "British in Europe" (representing British citizens resident in EU countries) to the Brexit Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 2020, "as many as 23 EU member states [had] yet to implement systems to document the future rights of the estimated 1.2 million British citizens already living on the continent, who are in the dark over their future rights and obligations". [ 52 ] "The UK launched its [registration] system for EU citizens last March [2020], with more than 3.3 million people granted pre-settled or settled status to remain in the country after Brexit", the Committee was told. [ 52 ] Brexit also removed the right to vote in European Parliament elections as well as the right to work in other EU countries from UK citizens living in EU countries. [ 53 ] On 6 September 2020, the Financial Times reported that the British government planned to draw up new legislation that would bypass the withdrawal agreement's Northern Ireland Protocol . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] The new law would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU, and define what products that at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland (the withdrawal agreement states that in the absence of a mutual agreement, all products should be considered at risk). [ 56 ] The government defended the move, saying the legislation was compliant with the protocol and merely "clarified" ambiguity in the protocol. [ 57 ] Ursula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a "prerequisite for any future partnership". [ 58 ] On 8 September, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Brandon Lewis told the British Parliament that the government's planned Internal Market Bill will "break international law". [ 59 ] On 1 October 2020, the European Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the British government as the first step in an infringement procedure, as the UK's Internal Market Bill would be "in full contradiction" to the Northern Ireland Protocol if adopted as-is. [ 60 ] Following discussions of the EU-UK Joint Committee on 8 December 2020, the two sides reached an agreement in principle on all issues regarding the implementation of the withdrawal agreement, and the UK agreed to withdraw the offending clauses of the Internal Market Bill. [ 61 ] On 3 March 2021, without having used the Joint Committee process, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's intention to extend unilaterally (beyond 31 March 2021) the grace period for post-Brexit checks on some goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain. [ 62 ] The EU objected to this and threatened to resort to legal action over what it said was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol. On 4 March 2021, Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Simon Coveney supported the Commission's threat of legal action if the UK "cannot be trusted" to implement the Protocol. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement. [ 64 ] The Windsor Framework , announced on 27 February 2023 and formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023, changes aspects of the Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom checks on goods arriving from Great Britain. [ 65 ] The Framework came into effect on 1 October 2023 and provides a new basis for trusted traders to move their goods through a new “green lane” between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, gives the UK government more control over VAT rates applying in Northern Ireland and states that medicines placed on the market Northern Ireland will be regulated by the UK and not the EU. [ 66 ] It gives the Northern Ireland administration and UK government a mechanism to object to, pause, and potentially disapply updated and amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods. [ 67 ] European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) – legally distinct from the EU but having the same membership, from which the United Kingdom also withdrew EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement No-deal Brexit Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU ^ "Notice concerning the entry into force of the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community" . ^ "Theresa May takes personal charge of Brexit talks" . BBC News . 24 July 2018. ^ "INFORMATION FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES" (PDF) . eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 3 February 2020 . ^ "Data" (PDF) . assets.publishing.service.gov.uk . Retrieved 3 February 2020 . ^ Proctor, Kate; Boffey, Daniel (24 January 2020). " 'Fantastic moment': Boris Johnson signs Brexit withdrawal deal" . The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com. ^ Taylor, Rebecca; Heffer, Greg (17 October 2019). "Boris Johnson declares a Brexit agreement in place – 'We've got great new deal' " . Sky News . Retrieved 17 October 2019 . ^ "Tears and cheers as EU lawmakers give final nod to Brexit" . Reuters . 30 January 2020. ^ "Brexit" . www.consilium.europa.eu . ^ Kesbeh, Dina (25 November 2018). "European Union Leaders Approve Brexit Plan" . National Public Radio . Retrieved 16 December 2018 . ^ a b c Stewart, Heather (15 January 2019). "Theresa May loses Brexit deal vote by majority of 230" . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 January 2019 . ^ Stewart, Heather (13 March 2019). "MPs ignore May's pleas and defeat her Brexit deal by 149 votes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 March 2019 . ^ a b James, William; MacLellan, Kylie; Piper, Elizabeth (22 October 2019). "Brexit in chaos after parliament defeats Johnson's ratification timetable" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 November 2019 . ^ "Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community" . legislation.gov.uk . Part Four: Transition, Article 126: Transition period . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ "Implementation period" (PDF) . Department for Exiting the European Union . 2019 . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ Secretariat to the Joint Committee (8 June 2022). Annual Report for the Year 2021 (PDF) (Report). pp. 12, 33, 96. Everton, Jane (19 November 2020). "EU Transition - Notification of change letter" (PDF) . Letter to Chief Executives, Chief Housing Officers and Chief Officers for Children’ Services of Local Authorities in England . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . "Policy equality statement: EU Settlement Scheme" . UK Home Office . 2 December 2020 . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . "Retaining protection in the UK for EU Intellectual Property rights" . Intellectual Property Office . 4 January 2021 . Retrieved 26 October 2022 . ^ Parliament of the United Kingdom (23 January 2020). "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020" . legislation.gov.uk . Section 39 . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Ministry of Justice and Civil Procedure Rule Committee (19 December 2020). "Practice Direction update 126: Brexit changes" . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Department of Health and Social Care (2021). "EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE EUROPEAN QUALIFICATIONS (HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE PROFESSIONS) (AMENDMENT ETC.) (EU EXIT) REGULATIONS 2022" (PDF) . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ "At-a-glance: Conservative manifesto" . BBC News . 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . ^ Perraudin, Frances (14 April 2015). "Conservatives election manifesto 2015 – the key points" . the Guardian . Retrieved 22 September 2018 . ^ "EU referendum results" . BBC News . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2019 . ^ Chris Morris (25 November 2018) Britain's withdrawal agreement-what it all means . Reality Check, BBC ; retrieved 2 April 2019 ^ Rankin, Jennifer (18 November 2018). "Brexit transition could be extended to 2022, says Barnier" . the Guardian . Retrieved 26 November 2018 . ^ BBC News (19 November 2018), Brexit: The transition period explained – BBC News , retrieved 26 November 2018 ^ Henley, Jon (14 November 2018). "Brexit deal: key points from the draft withdrawal agreement" . the Guardian . Retrieved 26 November 2018 . ^ "Europa School: 10 Jan 2019: House of Commons debates" . TheyWorkForYou . 10 January 2019 . Retrieved 21 January 2019 . ^ Text of draft withdrawal agreement – European Commission ^ Holder, Josh (18 October 2019). "How much of Johnson's 'great new deal' is actually new?" . The Guardian . ^ a b "Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson's new deal with the EU?" . BBC News . 21 October 2019 . Retrieved 23 December 2019 . ^ Parker, George; Brunsden, Jim (11 October 2019). "How Boris Johnson moved to break the Brexit deadlock" . Financial Times . Retrieved 23 December 2019 . ^ a b Lisa O'Carroll (17 October 2019). "How is Boris Johnson's Brexit deal different from Theresa May's?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2019 . ^ "The Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland Contents. Chapter 11: Implementation, application, supervision and enforcement, and other provisions (Articles 12, 13, 16, 17 and 19)" . British Parliament . Retrieved 31 December 2020 . ^ Islam, Faisal (27 October 2019). "Key word 'adequate' removed from Brexit plan" . BBC News . ^ European Commission, Joint Statement by Vice-President Maroš Šefčovič and the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom, the Rt Hon Elizabeth Truss MP, co-Chairs of the Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement , accessed 21 February 2022 ^ European Commission, JOINT STATEMENT FOLLOWING THE TENTH MEETING OF THE SPECIALISED COMMITTEE ON CITIZENS’ RIGHTS , accessed 5 October 2022 ^ Bloom, Dan (15 November 2018). "Dominic Raab resigns as Brexit Secretary over Theresa May's Brexit deal" . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 26 November 2018 . ^ a b "Brexit: Legal advice warns of Irish border 'stalemate' " . BBC News . 5 December 2018 . Retrieved 24 December 2018 . ^ "Brexit: EU and UK reach deal but DUP refuse support" . BBC . 17 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 October 2019 . ^ "Brexit: Theresa May's deal is voted down in historic Commons defeat" . BBC News . 15 January 2019 . Retrieved 15 January 2019 . ^ White, Megan (12 March 2019). "MPs tell of 'difficult situation' after May's latest Brexit defeat" . Evening Standard . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ "MPs reject revised Brexit deal by overwhelming majority" . RTÉ.ie . 12 March 2019 . Retrieved 12 March 2019 . ^ "Explained: The '1604 rule' cited by Speaker ... and a question for all Scots" . The National . 19 March 2019 . Retrieved 19 March 2019 . ^ Elgot, Jessica; Mason, Rowena; Boffey, Daniel; Syal, Rajeev (19 March 2019). "Brexit: constitutional chaos after third vote on deal blocked" . the Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2019 . ^ "A convention from 1604 just sent Brexit deeper into the abyss of uncertainty" . NBC News . 19 March 2019. ^ "MPs reject May's EU withdrawal agreement" . 29 March 2019 . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . ^ "Johnson to Press Ahead After Timetable Setback: Brexit Update" . bloomberg.com . 23 October 2019 . Retrieved 17 November 2019 . ^ "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 - Parliamentary Bills - UK Parliament" . bills.parliament.uk . ^ "European Parliament approves Brexit agreement" . BBC News . 29 January 2020 . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ "Brexit: Council adopts decision to conclude the withdrawal agreement" . www.consilium.europa.eu . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (30 January 2020). "Press Send for Brexit: E.U. Seals U.K. Withdrawal by Email" . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ "Brexit" . www.consilium.europa.eu . Council of the European Union . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ a b Lisa O'Carroll (30 June 2020). "Rights of UK citizens in EU at risk as member states' legislation not yet in place. Experts express concern over the loss of Britons' free movement rights after Brexit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2020 . ^ "Britons living in EU can't keep pre-Brexit rights, European court advised" . TheGuardian.com . 24 February 2022. ^ "UK plan to undermine withdrawal treaty puts Brexit talks at risk" . Financial Times . 6 September 2020. ^ Elgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020). "Brexit: Boris Johnson to override EU withdrawal agreement" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ Boffey, Daniel; Elgot, Jessica; Stewart, Heather (7 September 2020). "Leaked EU cables reveal growing mistrust of UK in Brexit talks" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ Elgot, Jessica; O'Carroll, Lisa (7 September 2020). "Downing Street defends Brexit plans for Northern Ireland" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ Boffey, Daniel; Rankin, Jennifer (7 September 2020). "Von der Leyen warns UK against breaking international law over Brexit deal" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 September 2020 . ^ "Northern Ireland Secretary admits new bill will 'break international law' " . BBC News . 8 September 2020 . Retrieved 9 September 2020 . ^ von der Leyen, Ursula (1 October 2020). "Press statement by President von der Leyen on the implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement between the EU and the UK" (Press release). Brussels : European Commission . Retrieved 2 October 2020 . ^ Šefčovič, Maroš; Gove, Michael (1 October 2020). "Joint statement by the co-chairs of the EU-UK Joint Committee" (Press release). Brussels : European Commission . Retrieved 8 December 2020 . ^ Daniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (3 March 2021). "Brussels says plan to extend Brexit grace period breaks international law. EU says move to exempt goods entering Northern Ireland from checks is 'violation' of withdrawal treaty" . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 March 2021 . ^ Clarke, Vivienne (4 March 2021). "EU forced to take legal action as UK 'cannot be trusted' on protocol, says Coveney" . The Irish Times . Retrieved 4 March 2021 . ^ a b Daniel Boffey and Rory Carroll (4 March 2021). "EU postpones setting date for ratifying Brexit trade deal. Move follows Boris Johnson being accused of breaking international law for second time over Northern Ireland" . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 March 2021 . ^ "UK and EU formally adopt new Brexit Windsor Framework deal" . BBC News . 24 March 2023. ^ McClafferty, Enda (2 October 2023). "Windsor Framework: New NI trade rules 'will work unbelievably well' " . BBC News . ^ "Northern Ireland Protocol: The Windsor Framework" (PDF) . House of Commons Library . March 2023. English Wikisource has original text related to this article: UK Draft European Union (Future Relationship) Bill 29 December 2020 Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community on Eur-Lex The UK's withdrawal from the EU - news and documents on Eur-Lex The Withdrawal Agreement – a commentary : thomashobbes.co.uk Gov.UK – Department for Exiting the European Union UK Government – "Plan for Britain" website Europa (EU official website) – UK – Brexit – overview European Commission – Brexit negotiations website European Commission – list of published negotiating documents Brexit , EC, CEU Timeline and list of key documents for Brexit negotiations Resource page and commentary by David Allen Green Explanatory Memorandum for the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Consequential Provisions) Bill 2019 introduced by the Irish government in the legislature ( Oireachtas ) "Brexit-related guidance for companies" . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . House of Commons Briefings: The October 2019 EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement

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[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brexit+withdrawal+agreement "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brexit+withdrawal+agreement "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement) - [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Background) Toggle Background subsection - [1\.1 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_and_2016_Brexit_referendum) - [2 The 2018 draft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#The_2018_draft) Toggle The 2018 draft subsection - [2\.1 Common provisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Common_provisions) - [2\.2 Citizens' rights: general provisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Citizens'_rights:_general_provisions) - [2\.3 Rights and obligations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Rights_and_obligations) - [2\.4 Coordination of social security systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Coordination_of_social_security_systems) - [2\.5 Goods placed on the market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Goods_placed_on_the_market) - [2\.6 Ongoing customs procedures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Ongoing_customs_procedures) - [2\.7 Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Ongoing_value_added_tax_and_excise_duty_matters) - [2\.8 Annexes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Annexes) - [2\.8.1 Northern Ireland Backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Northern_Ireland_Backstop) - [3 Revisions in 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019) Toggle Revisions in 2019 subsection - [3\.1 Protocols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Protocols) - [3\.1.1 Northern Ireland protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Northern_Ireland_protocol) - [3\.2 Annexes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Annexes_2) - [3\.3 Political declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Political_declaration) - [4 Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Joint_Committee_of_the_Withdrawal_Agreement) Toggle Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement subsection - [4\.1 Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Specialised_Committee_on_Citizens'_Rights) - [5 Reception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Reception) Toggle Reception subsection - [5\.1 Original deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Original_deal) - [5\.1.1 British government resignations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#British_government_resignations) - [5\.2 Contempt of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Contempt_of_Parliament) - [5\.3 Revised deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revised_deal) - [6 United Kingdom Parliament votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#United_Kingdom_Parliament_votes) - [7 European Union ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#European_Union_ratification) - [8 Political declaration of future relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Political_declaration_of_future_relationship) - [9 Implementation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Implementation) Toggle Implementation subsection - [9\.1 Citizens' rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Citizens'_rights) - [9\.2 Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Northern_Ireland) - [10 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#See_also) - [11 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#References) - [12 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Brexit withdrawal agreement 9 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA "اتفاقية بريكست – Arabic") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexiti_v%C3%A4ljaastumisleping "Brexiti väljaastumisleping – Estonian") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_du_Brexit "Accord du Brexit – French") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8_%ED%83%88%ED%87%B4_%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95 "브렉시트 탈퇴 협정 – Korean") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtalen_om_Storbritannias_uttreden_av_EU "Avtalen om Storbritannias uttreden av EU – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtalet_om_Storbritanniens_uttr%C3%A4de_ur_Europeiska_unionen "Avtalet om Storbritanniens utträde ur Europeiska unionen – Swedish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83 "Угода про вихід Сполученого Королівства з Європейського Союзу – Ukrainian") - 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For the trade agreement signed in December 2020, see [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement"). | Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community | | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/330px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg)**United Kingdom (UK)** **European Union (EU)** and **Euratom** | | | Type | Treaty setting out terms of withdrawal | | Context | [UK withdrawal from the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") (Brexit) | | Drafted | November 2018 October 2019 (revision) | | Signed | 24 January 2020 | | Effective | 1 February 2020[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-1) | | Condition | [Ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification "Ratification") by the European Union ([Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union") after consent of the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament")), Euratom (Council of the European Union) and the United Kingdom ([Parliament of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom")). | | Negotiators | [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") ([Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom")) (November 2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") ([Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom")) (October 2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Olly Robbins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olly_Robbins "Olly Robbins")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor-2) ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\(United_Kingdom\) "Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)"))[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-3) (2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [David Frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost_\(British_diplomat\) "David Frost (British diplomat)") ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\(United_Kingdom\) "Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)")) (2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Steve Barclay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barclay_\(politician\) "Steve Barclay (politician)") ([DExEU Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"))[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Former_Brexit_Secretaries-4) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker "Jean-Claude Juncker") ([Commission President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission")) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") ([Commission President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission")) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Michel Barnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier "Michel Barnier") ([European Union Chief Negotiator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit "European Union negotiating directives for Brexit")) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Maroš Šefčovič](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D "Maroš Šefčovič") ([Commission Vice-President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission "Vice-President of the European Commission")) | | Signatories | [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") for the UK [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") and [Charles Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel "Charles Michel") for the EU and Euratom | | Parties | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom") | | Depositary | [Secretary General of the Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council "Secretary General of the Council") | | Languages | The 24 [EU languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union "Languages of the European Union") | | **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor_2-0)** Olly Robbins was appointed as the Prime Minister's Europe Advisor on 18 September 2017. He was previously the [Brexit Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union")'s first Permanent Secretary. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Former_Brexit_Secretaries_4-0)** Other incumbents during the negotiations were [David Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_\(British_politician\) "David Davis (British politician)") (July 2016 to July 2018) and [Dominic Raab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Raab "Dominic Raab") (July 2018 to November 2018). | | | | | |---|---| | Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit "Category:Brexit") on | | | [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") | | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg/120px-EU-Austritt_%2847521165961%29.svg.png) | | | [Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Glossary of terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms "Glossary of Brexit terms") | | | [Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [European Communities Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") [1975 EC membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate") [Bruges speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_speech "Bruges speech") [No. No. No.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._No._No._\(Margaret_Thatcher\) "No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)") [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") ([Rebels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels "Maastricht Rebels")) [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") [Treaty of Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") ([Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Amendment\)_Act_2008 "European Union (Amendment) Act 2008")) [European Union Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") [UK opinion polling on EU membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union") Campaigns for a referendum [People's Pledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Pledge "People's Pledge") [Labour for a Referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_for_a_Referendum "Labour for a Referendum") [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") *[In or Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out "The European Union: In or Out")* [2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14") (unsuccessful) [2014 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") 2014 UK Parliament by-elections [Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election "2014 Clacton by-election") [Heywood and Middleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election "2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election") [Rochester and Strood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election "2014 Rochester and Strood by-election") [2015 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [2015–16 EU membership renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") | | | [2016 referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [EU Referendum Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)")) [EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\)_Regulations_2016 "European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016") [EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_\(Conduct\)_Regulations_2016 "The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016") [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [UK Government pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") **[Campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")** **Leave campaigns** **[Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave")** (official) [Business for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_for_Britain "Business for Britain") [Conservatives for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain "Conservatives for Britain") [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave") [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") [Bpoplive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bpoplive "Bpoplive") [The Freedom Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Association "The Freedom Association") [Better Off Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Off_Out "Better Off Out") [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") [Labour Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Leave "Labour Leave") [Get Britain Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Britain_Out "Get Britain Out") [Bruges Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Group_\(United_Kingdom\) "Bruges Group (United Kingdom)") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain "Campaign for an Independent Britain") *[Brexit: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie "Brexit: The Movie")* **Remain campaigns** **[Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe")** (official) [Labour In for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain "Labour In for Britain") [European Movement UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement_UK "European Movement UK") [Britain in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_in_Europe "Britain in Europe") [British Influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Influence "British Influence") [Business for New Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe "Business for New Europe") [Nucleus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_\(advocacy_group\) "Nucleus (advocacy group)") [Project Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fear "Project Fear") **Outcome** [Results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Causes for result](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit") [International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Immediate aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [2016 Conservative Party election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") [2016 Labour Party election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") [2016 UKIP election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") [Department for Exiting the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union") [Department for International Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade "Department for International Trade") [Allegations of unlawful campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") [Alleged Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") | | | [Notice of withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Article 50 process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") [*Miller* case (Article 50)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") [EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") [2017 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") | | | [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") Negotiation positions [EU negotiation mandate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit "European Union negotiating directives for Brexit") [Chequers agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_agreement "Chequers agreement") Timeline: [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 "Brexit negotiations in 2017"), [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 "Brexit negotiations in 2018"), [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019") [2019 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2019 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | | | [Withdrawal agreement]() [Brexit divorce bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill "Brexit divorce bill") [Fish for finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_for_finance "Fish for finance") [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") [Northern Ireland Protocol Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill "Northern Ireland Protocol Bill") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") | | | [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 "Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") [2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs "2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs") [Public Vote Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\(Public_Vote\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 "European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19") (not passed) [Terms of Withdrawal Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\(Referendum\)_Bills "Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills") (not passed) [Scottish EU Continuity Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill") (blocked) [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)")) [Scottish EU Continuity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2021 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021") [Internal Market Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 "United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020") [EU (Future Relationship) Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_\(Revocation_and_Reform\)_Act_2023 "Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023") | | | [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit "Impact of Brexit") [Impact on the Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") [Good Friday Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement "Good Friday Agreement") [Impact on the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union "Impact of Brexit on the European Union") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit") [Effects on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar") [Scientific cooperation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology") [Effects on popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture "Brexit in popular culture") [Retained EU law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_law_\(UK_Law\) "Retained EU law (UK Law)") [2021 Jersey dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute "2021 Jersey dispute") | | | [EU–UK relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") [Relations pre- and post-Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations "United Kingdom–European Union relations") [EU–UK trade negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") (TCA) [Partnership Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council "EU–UK Partnership Council") [Partnership Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly "EU–UK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly") **Relations with EU member states** [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Austria–United Kingdom relations") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Belgium–United Kingdom relations") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Croatia–United Kingdom relations") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Cyprus–United Kingdom relations") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Czech Republic–United Kingdom relations") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Denmark–United Kingdom relations") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Estonia–United Kingdom relations") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "France–United Kingdom relations") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Germany–United Kingdom relations") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Greece–United Kingdom relations") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Hungary–United Kingdom relations") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Ireland–United Kingdom relations") [Ireland–UK border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border") [British–Irish Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council "British–Irish Council") [North/South Ministerial Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council "North/South Ministerial Council") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Italy–United Kingdom relations") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Lithuania–United Kingdom relations") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Malta–United Kingdom relations") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Netherlands–United Kingdom relations") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Poland–United Kingdom relations") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Portugal–United Kingdom relations") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Romania–United Kingdom relations") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Slovakia–United Kingdom relations") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Spain–United Kingdom relations") [Status of Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar "Status of Gibraltar") [Gibraltar–Spain border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border "Gibraltar–Spain border") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Sweden–United Kingdom relations") [Conjectured EEA membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area "Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area") | | | [Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit "Opposition to Brexit") [Post-referendum opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_\(2016%E2%80%93present\) "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016–present)") New initiatives [Change Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Britain "Change Britain") [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United") [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") *[The New European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_European "The New European")* [Unite to Remain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_to_Remain "Unite to Remain") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [Revoke Article 50 petition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition "Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition") *[Postcards from the 48%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25 "Postcards from the 48%")* [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") **Calls for a [second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement")** **[People's Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Vote "People's Vote")** [Britain for Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_for_Europe "Britain for Europe") [European Movement UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement_UK "European Movement UK") [For our Future's Sake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_our_Future%27s_Sake "For our Future's Sake") [Healthier IN the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthier_IN_the_EU "Healthier IN the EU") [InFacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InFacts "InFacts") [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") [Our Future Our Choice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Future_Our_Choice "Our Future Our Choice") [Scientists for EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_for_EU "Scientists for EU") Other organisations [Best for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_for_Britain "Best for Britain") [Bollocks to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit "Bollocks to Brexit") [Change UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_UK "Change UK") [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\)#Opposing_Brexit_\(2015%E2%80%93present\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") [Right to Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Vote "Right to Vote") | | | | | | [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") | Jan 2013 | | [Referendum Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14") blocked | Jan 2014 | | [European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") | May 2014 | | [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") | May 2015 | | Renegotiation begins | Jun 2015 | | [Referendum Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") passed | Dec 2015 | | [Renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") concluded | Feb 2016 | | [Referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") held | Jun 2016 | | [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") resigns as [PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") | Jul 2016 | | [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") [becomes PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") | Jul 2016 | | [Article 50 judgement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") | Jan 2017 | | [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") presented | Feb 2017 | | [Notification Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") passed | Mar 2017 | | [Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") invoked | Mar 2017 | | [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") presented | Mar 2017 | | [2017 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") | Jun 2017 | | [Brexit negotiations begin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") | Jun 2017 | | [Withdrawal Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") passed | Jun 2018 | | [Chequers plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_agreement "Chequers agreement") presented | Jul 2018 | | [Withdrawal agreement plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan "Brexit withdrawal agreement plan") presented | July 2018 | | [Withdrawal agreement]() released | Nov 2018 | | [Scottish Continuity Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill_2018 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018") blocked | Dec 2018 | | [Meaningful votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") | Jan–Mar 2019 | | [Brexit delayed until 12 April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_\(14_March_2019\) "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") | Mar 2019 | | [Cooper–Letwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") passed | Apr 2019 | | [Brexit delayed until 31 October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") | Apr 2019 | | [European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") | May 2019 | | Theresa May resigns as [PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") | Jul 2019 | | [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") [becomes PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2019 Conservative Party leadership election") | Jul 2019 | | [Prorogation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy "2019 British prorogation controversy") and [annulment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland") | Aug–Sep 2019 | | [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") passed | Sep 2019 | | Withdrawal agreement [revised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019) | Oct 2019 | | [Brexit delayed until 31 January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019#Outcome "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") | Oct 2019 | | [2019 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | Dec 2019 | | [Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") passed | Jan 2020 | | UK leaves the European Union | Jan 2020 | | Implementation period begins | Jan 2020 | | [UK–EU trade deal agreed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") | Dec 2020 | | [Future Relationship Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") passed | Dec 2020 | | [Scottish Continuity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2021 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021") passed | Dec 2020 | | Implementation period ends | Dec 2020 | | New EU–UK relationship begins | Jan 2021 | | UK–EU trade deal ratified | Apr 2021 | | [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") released | Feb 2023 | | Windsor framework adopted | Mar 2023 | | ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [EU portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union "Portal:European Union") ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [UK portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom "Portal:United Kingdom") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brexit_sidebar "Template:Brexit sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar "Template talk:Brexit sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit sidebar") | | | | | |---|---| | Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations "Category:United Kingdom–European Union relations") of articles on | | | [UK membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union "United Kingdom membership of the European Union") of the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (1973–2020) | | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/United_Kingdom_EU.svg/120px-United_Kingdom_EU.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU.svg) | | | [Accession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities") [Treaty of Accession 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972") [1972 EC Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") [1973 enlargement of the EC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities "1973 enlargement of the European Communities") | | | [1975 referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [Referendum Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_Act_1975 "Referendum Act 1975") ([results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "Results of the 1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum")) | | | | | | [Single European Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act "Single European Act"), 1986 | ([UK ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1986 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986")) | | [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty"), 1992 | ([UK ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1993 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993")) | | [Treaty of Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam "Treaty of Amsterdam"), 1997 | ([UK ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1998 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998")) | | [Treaty of Nice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice "Treaty of Nice"), 2001 | ([UK ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_2002 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002")) | | [Treaty of Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon"), 2007 | ([UK ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Amendment\)_Act_2008 "European Union (Amendment) Act 2008")) | | | | | [Members 1973–1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1973%E2%80%931979 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1973–1979") | (elected by parliament) | | [Members 1979–1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1979%E2%80%931984 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1979–1984") | ([1979 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 1984–1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1984%E2%80%931989 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1984–1989") | ([1984 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 1989–1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1989%E2%80%931994 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1989–1994") | ([1989 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 1994–1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1994%E2%80%931999 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1994–1999") | ([1994 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 1999–2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_1999%E2%80%932004 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 1999–2004") | ([1999 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 2004–2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2004%E2%80%932009 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2004–2009") | ([2004 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 2009–2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2009%E2%80%932014 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2009–2014") | ([2009 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 2014–2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2014%E2%80%932019 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2014–2019") | ([2014 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | [Members 2019–2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_for_the_United_Kingdom,_2019%E2%80%932020 "List of members of the European Parliament for the United Kingdom, 2019–2020") | ([2019 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom")) | | Officials and bodies [House of Lords EU Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Committee "European Union Committee") [House of Commons EU Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Scrutiny_Committee "European Scrutiny Committee") [Permanent EU Representatives for UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Permanent_Representatives_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union "List of Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the European Union") [Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Executive_in_Brussels "Office of the Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels") [EU Representative in London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_of_the_European_Union,_London "Representative of the European Union, London") [UK European Commissioners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality#United_Kingdom "List of European Commissioners by nationality") [Department for Exiting the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union") | | | Issues and events Economy [The Euro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_euro "United Kingdom and the euro") [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") [UK budget rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate") [Nationality law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nationality_law "British nationality law") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") [United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") [Maastricht Rebels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels "Maastricht Rebels") [Balance of Competences Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review "Balance of Competences Review") | | | [Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") [2015 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [2015–2016 membership renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [2016 EU membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") [Notification of withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [2017 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") [Brexit negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") [Impact of Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit "Impact of Brexit") [Future relationship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") [Withdrawal agreement]() [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") [Impact on Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") [Parliamentary votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") [Proposed second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement") [2019 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | | | ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/20px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [EU portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union "Portal:European Union") ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [UK portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom "Portal:United Kingdom") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union "Template:United Kingdom in the European Union") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union "Template talk:United Kingdom in the European Union") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Union "Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom in the European Union") | | The **Brexit withdrawal agreement**, officially titled **Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community**,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-5)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-6) is a treaty between the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU), [Euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom"), and the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") (UK), signed on 24 January 2020,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-7) setting the terms of the [withdrawal of the UK from the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") and Euratom. The text of the treaty was published on 17 October 2019,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-8) and is a renegotiated version of an agreement published in November 2018. The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") on three occasions, leading to the resignation of [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") as [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") and the appointment of [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") as the new prime minister on 24 July 2019. The [Parliament of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") gave its approval to the agreement on 23 January 2020 and the UK government deposited Britain's instrument of ratification on 29 January 2020.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-9)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-10) The agreement was ratified by the [Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union") on 30 January 2020, following the consent of the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") on 29 January 2020. The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union took effect on 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, and at that moment the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, as per its article 185. The Agreement covers such matters as money, citizens' rights, border arrangements and dispute resolution. It also contains a transition period and an outline of the [future relationship between the UK and the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union"). Published on 14 November 2018, it was a result of the [Brexit negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations"). The agreement was endorsed by the leaders of the 27 remaining EU countries[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-11) and the [British Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Government of the United Kingdom") led by Prime Minister Theresa May, but faced opposition in the British parliament, whose [approval was necessary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaningful_vote "Meaningful vote") for ratification. Approval by the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") would also have been required. On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons rejected the withdrawal agreement by a vote of 432 to 202.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) The Commons rejected the agreement again on 12 March 2019, on a vote of 391 to 242,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_12-03-19-13) and rejected a third time of 29 March 2019 by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a [general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14) On 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020"); on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement. It was subsequently concluded by the [Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union") on 30 January 2020. The withdrawal agreement, in Part Four,[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-15) provided for a transition or implementation period[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-DEXEU-WAB-16) until 00:00 [Central European Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time "Central European Time") on 1 January 2021 (11p.m. [Greenwich Mean Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time "Greenwich Mean Time") on 31 December 2020 in the UK)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-IPTiming-17) (referred to as "IP completion day" in British law and state terminology[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-WA-39-18)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-PracticeDirection-19)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-EM-HSC-20)), during which time the UK remained in the single market, in order to ensure frictionless trade until a long-term relationship was agreed. If no agreement was reached by this date, then the UK would have left the single market without a [trade deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") on 1 January 2021. Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship. ## Background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\] Main articles: [2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") and [United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") ### 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum")\] In the [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")'s manifesto for the [United Kingdom general election in May 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election"), the party promised an EU referendum by the end of 2017.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-21)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-22) The [referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum"), held on 23 June 2016, resulted in a 51.9% to 48.1% majority vote for leaving the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union").[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-23) ## The 2018 draft \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: The 2018 draft")\] Further information: [Brexit negotiations in 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 "Brexit negotiations in 2018") and [Brexit and the Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") The proposed 2018 withdrawal agreement, which ran to 599 pages, covered the following main areas:[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-24) - Money, particularly the division of assets and liabilities, and payment of any debt outstanding - Citizens rights, both of British citizens in EU countries and vice versa - Border arrangements and customs, particularly along the border between the UK and the EU on the island of [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") - The law, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes, currently vested with the [European Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice") The agreement also set up a transitional period, which lasted until 31 December 2020 with a provision for extension by mutual consent. During the transitional period, EU law continued to apply to the UK (including participation in the [European Economic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area "European Economic Area"), the [single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Single_Market "European Single Market"), and the [customs union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union "European Union Customs Union")), and the UK continued to pay into the EU budget, but the UK was not represented in the decision-making bodies of the EU. The transition period gave businesses time to adjust to the new situation and time for the British and EU governments to negotiate a new trade deal between the EU and UK.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-25)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-26) On the [Irish border question](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_border_question "Irish border question"), the [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") was appended to the agreement. This set out a fall-back position should effective alternative arrangements fail to be agreed. Its purpose was to avoid a [hard border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_border "Hard border") coming into place before the end of the transition period, with the UK shadowing the EU's [Common external tariff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_external_tariff "Common external tariff") and Northern Ireland keeping in aspects of the Single Market.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-27) The governance was to be through a [Joint Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_committee_\(diplomatic\) "Joint committee (diplomatic)") with representatives of both the European Union and the British government. There was to be a number of specialised committees reporting to the Joint Committee. The withdrawal agreement also includes [provisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Schools#Brexit "European Schools") for the UK to leave the Convention Defining the Statute of the [European Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Schools "European Schools"), with the UK bound by the Convention and the accompanying regulations on Accredited European Schools until the end of the last academic year of the transition period, i.e. the end of the spring semester of 2020–2021.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-28) The more important elements of the draft agreement are these:[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-draft-29) ### Common provisions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Common provisions")\] The Agreement assists the arrangements of withdrawing the UK from the European Union and [Euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom") (Art. 1), provides a clear definition for the territorial scope of the United Kingdom (Art. 3), and assures the legal liability of the Agreement (Art. 4). Additionally, it states that by the end of the transition period, the UK shall be denied access to "any network, any information system and any database established on the basis of Union law" (Art. 8). ### Citizens' rights: general provisions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Citizens' rights: general provisions")\] The Agreement defines and provides the personal scope of citizens, family members, frontier workers, host states, and nationals. Article 11 deals with continuity of residence and Article 12 discusses non-discrimination (i.e., it would be prohibited to discriminate on grounds of nationality). ### Rights and obligations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Rights and obligations")\] British nationals and European Union citizens, family members who are British nationals or European Union citizens and family members who are neither of those two shall maintain the right to reside in the host State (Art. 13). The host State may not limit or condition the persons for obtaining, retaining or losing residence rights (Art. 13). Persons with valid documentation\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] would not require entry and exit visas or equal formalities and would be permitted to leave or enter the host state without complications (Art. 14). In case the host State demands "family members who join the Union citizen or United Kingdom national after the end of the transition period to have an entry visa", the host State is required to grant necessary visas through an accelerated process in appropriate facilities free of charge (Art. 14). The Agreement further deals with the issuance of permanent residence permits during and after the transition period, as well as its restrictions. Moreover, it clarifies the rights of workers and self-employed individuals, and provides recognition and identification of professional qualifications. ### Coordination of social security systems \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Coordination of social security systems")\] This title discusses special cases, administrative cooperation, legal adaptations and development of Union laws. ### Goods placed on the market \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Goods placed on the market")\] The Agreement defines the goods, services and the processes connected to them. It claims that any good or service that was lawfully placed in the market prior to the withdrawal from the Union may be further made available to the consumers in the UK or the Union States (Art. 40 & 41). ### Ongoing customs procedures \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Ongoing customs procedures")\] This title addresses the custom procedures of goods moving from the customs territory of the UK to the customs territory of the Union and vice versa (Art. 47). The processes that start before the end of the transition period "shall be treated as an intra-Union movement regarding importation and exportation licensing requirements in Union law". The Agreement also addresses the ending of temporary storage or customs procedures (Art. 49). ### Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters")\] The VAT applies to goods that are exchanged between the Union and the UK. By way of derogation from previous Articles, the Title permits access to information systems that are necessary for the application or processing of the VAT (Art. 51). ### Annexes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Annexes")\] There are ten annexes to the draft. The first is a protocol to maintain an [open border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_border "Open border") between the EU and the UK on the island of [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") (generally known as the 'Irish backstop'). The second covers the arrangements for a common customs territory to operate between the EU and the UK, until a technical solution can be found that delivers both an open border and independent customs policies. The third covers operations of the joint customs territory. The fourth covers 'good governance in the area of taxation, environmental protection, labour and social standards, [state aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_aid "State aid"), competition, and state-owned undertakings'. The fifth to eighth cover relevant provisions in EU law. The ninth and tenth details procedures arising from main sections of the draft. #### Northern Ireland Backstop \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Northern Ireland Backstop")\] Main article: [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") The Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the "Irish backstop", was an annex to the November 2018 draft agreement that described the provisions to prevent a [hard border in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_border "Hard border") after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. The Protocol included a safety-net provision to handle the circumstances where satisfactory alternative arrangements remain to come into operation at the end of the transition period. This created considerable difficulties for the government, particularly with the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") on which the government depended on for votes. This draft was replaced in the 2019 negotiations by a new [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol"). ## Revisions in 2019 \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Revisions in 2019")\] Main article: [Brexit negotiations in 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019") The agreement was subject to revisions under the [Johnson ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry "First Johnson ministry")'s [renegotiation in 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019"). The amendments adjust approximately 5% of the text.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-30) ### Protocols \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Protocols")\] In the agreement, protocols also exist for the '[Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_in_Cyprus "Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus")' and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"). #### Northern Ireland protocol \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Northern Ireland protocol")\] Further information: [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") The [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") was removed, and replaced by [a new protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border#2019_renegotiation:_New_protocol "Brexit and the Irish border") on [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland")/[Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"). This new protocol meant that Great Britain could fully leave the [European Single Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Single_Market "European Single Market") and the [EU Customs Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union "European Union Customs Union") but that Northern Ireland would be out of the EU Customs Union [de jure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure "De jure") but not [de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto "De facto").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-FTNewDeal-32) Another difference was a unilateral exit mechanism for the [Northern Ireland Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly") which has a vote every four years on whether to continue with these arrangements, for which a simple majority is required.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33) A continuity with the backstop was providing for the application of EU-law in the area of goods and electricity and a role for the [European Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice") with regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for [preliminary rulings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_ruling "Preliminary ruling") on the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-34) ### Annexes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Annexes")\] - annex 1: [social security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security "Social security") coordination - annex 2: provisions of [union law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_law "Union law") referred to in article 41(4) - annex 3: time limits for situations or customs procedures referred to in article 49(1) - annex 4: list of networks, information systems and databases referred in articles 50, 53, 99 and 100 - annex 5: [euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom") - annex 6: list of administrative cooperation procedures referred to in article 98 - annex 7: list of acts/provisions referred to in article 128(6) - annex 8: rules of procedures of the joint committee and specialized committees - annex 9: rules of procedures for dispute settlement and code of conduct for members of arbitration panels ### Political declaration \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Political declaration")\] The 2019 revisions also adjusted elements of the political declaration, replacing the word "adequate" with "appropriate" in regard to labour standards. According to Sam Lowe, trade fellow at the [Centre for European Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform "Centre for European Reform"), the change excludes labour standards from dispute settlement mechanisms.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-35) In addition, the [level playing field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_playing_field "Level playing field") mechanism has been moved from the legally-binding withdrawal agreement to the political declaration,[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31) and the line in the political declaration that “the United Kingdom will consider aligning with union rules in relevant areas” has been removed.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33) ## Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement")\] "EU-UK Joint Committee" redirects here. For the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, see [EU–UK Partnership Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council "EU–UK Partnership Council"). Article 164 establishes a [joint committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_committee_\(diplomatic\) "Joint committee (diplomatic)") for the implementation of the agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees. The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon. A Joint Committee is a commonly used process within deeper trade treaties to manage tensions. There is equal representation from both sides with no casting vote and the ability to go to an [international arbitration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_arbitration "International arbitration") panel if there is no agreement. There are a number of specialist subcommittees that report to the main committee, of which the 'Northern Ireland subcommittee' (dealing with the [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol")) attracted most news-media attention in Spring 2021, because of the controversy over what became known as the [Irish Sea border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea_border "Irish Sea border"). As of 21 February 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit), the Joint Committee had met nine times.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-36) ### Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights")\] "Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights" redirects here. For the UK body monitoring the functioning of the citizens’ rights provisions under this agreement, see [Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Authority_for_the_Citizens%27_Rights_Agreements "Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements"). The **Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights** was established to monitor the implementation and application of citizens' rights under the agreement. As of 15 June 2022[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit), it had met 10 times.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-37) ## Reception \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Reception")\] ### Original deal \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Original deal")\] The reception of the agreement in the House of Commons ranged from cool to hostile and the vote was delayed more than a month.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] #### British government resignations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: British government resignations")\] See also: [List of resignations from the second May ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_resignations_from_the_second_May_ministry "List of resignations from the second May ministry") On 15 November 2018, the day after the agreement was presented and received backing from the [cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom "Cabinet of the United Kingdom") of the British government, several members of the government resigned, including [Dominic Raab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Raab "Dominic Raab"), [Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-38) ### Contempt of Parliament \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Contempt of Parliament")\] Following an unprecedented vote on 4 December 2018, MPs ruled that the British government was in [contempt of parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament "Contempt of parliament") for refusing to provide to Parliament the full legal advice it had been given on the effect of its proposed terms for withdrawal.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39) The key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the "backstop" agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the [Good Friday agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_agreement "Good Friday agreement") which had led to the end of [the Troubles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles") in Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals. The following day, the advice was published. The question asked was, *"What is the legal effect of the UK agreeing to the Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement on Ireland and Northern Ireland in particular its effect in conjunction with Articles 5 and 184 of the main Withdrawal Agreement?"* The advice given was that:[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39) The Protocol is binding on the UK and EU \[para 3\], and anticipates a final future resolution of the border and customs issues being reached \[para 5,12,13\]. But "the Protocol is intended to subsist even when negotiations have clearly broken down" \[para 16\] and "In conclusion, the current drafting of the Protocol ... does not provide for a mechanism that is likely to enable the UK lawfully to exit the UK wide customs union without a subsequent agreement. This remains the case even if parties are still negotiating many years later, and even if the parties believe that talks have clearly broken down and there is no prospect of a future relationship agreement." \[para 30\] ### Revised deal \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: Revised deal")\] Immediately following announcement of a revised withdrawal agreement on 17 October 2019, [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)"), the [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)"), and [DUP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") said that they could not support the new deal.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-40) ## United Kingdom Parliament votes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: United Kingdom Parliament votes")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/250px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg) Boris Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement in January 2020 Further information: [Parliamentary votes on Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons voted down the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 230 votes,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) the largest vote against the United Kingdom government in history.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-41) The May government survived a confidence vote [the following day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_vote_of_confidence_in_the_May_ministry "2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) On 12 March 2019, the Commons voted down the agreement a second time by 149 votes, the fourth-largest defeat of the government in the history of the Commons.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-42)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-43) A third vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, widely expected to be held on 19 March 2019, was refused by the [Speaker of the House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bercow "John Bercow") on 18 March 2019 on the basis of a parliamentary convention dating from 2 April 1604 that prevents British governments from forcing the Commons to repeatedly vote on an issue that the Commons has already voted upon.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-44)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-2019-03-19-gu-45)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-46) A cut-down version of the withdrawal agreement, where the attached political declaration had been removed, passed the speaker's test for 'substantial change', so a third vote was held on 29 March 2019, but was voted down by 58 votes.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-47) On 22 October 2019, the House of Commons agreed by 329 votes to 299 to give a [Second Reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Reading "Second Reading") to the revised withdrawal agreement (negotiated by Boris Johnson earlier that month), but when the accelerated timetable which he proposed failed to gain the necessary parliamentary support, Johnson announced that the legislation would be paused.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Bloomberg22Oct-48)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf/page1-250px-2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf) United Kingdom’s notification about the Brexit withdrawal agreement On 20 December 2019, following the Conservative victory in the [2019 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election"), the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by a margin of 358–234. After amendments proposed by the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") and ping-pong between the two houses, the bill received [royal assent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent "Royal assent") on 23 January 2020, enabling ratification on the British side.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-49) ## European Union ratification \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: European Union ratification")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg/250px-European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._\(49461241336\).jpg) President of the European Parliament [David Sassoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sassoli "David Sassoli") signs the resolution consenting to the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement On the part of the European Union, the European Parliament gave its consent to the ratification of the Agreement also on 29 January 2020,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-50) and the Council of the European Union approved the conclusion of the Agreement on 30 January 2020[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-51) by written procedure.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-52) Accordingly, also on 30 January 2020, the European Union deposited its instrument of ratification of the Agreement, thus concluding the deal,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-53) and allowing it to enter into force at the moment of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020. ## Political declaration of future relationship \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Political declaration of future relationship")\] See also: [Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") The **Declaration on Future European Union–United Kingdom Relations**, also referred to as the Political Declaration, is a non-binding declaration that was negotiated and signed along with the binding and more comprehensive Withdrawal Agreement in connection with the [withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") (UK) from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU), colloquially known as Brexit, and the planned end of the transitional period. ## Implementation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=28 "Edit section: Implementation")\] ### Citizens' rights \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=29 "Edit section: Citizens' rights")\] See also: [Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Monitoring_Authority_for_the_Citizens%27_Rights_Agreements "Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens' Rights Agreements") According to evidence presented by lobby group "British in Europe" (representing British citizens resident in EU countries) to the Brexit Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 2020, "as many as 23 EU member states \[had\] yet to implement systems to document the future rights of the estimated 1.2 million British citizens already living on the continent, who are in the dark over their future rights and obligations".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54) "The UK launched its \[registration\] system for EU citizens last March \[2020\], with more than 3.3 million people granted pre-settled or settled status to remain in the country after Brexit", the Committee was told.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54) Brexit also removed the right to vote in European Parliament elections as well as the right to work in other EU countries from UK citizens living in EU countries.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-55) ### Northern Ireland \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=30 "Edit section: Northern Ireland")\] On 6 September 2020, the *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* reported that the British government planned to draw up new legislation that would bypass the withdrawal agreement's [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-56)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun060720-57) The new law would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU, and define what products that at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland (the withdrawal agreement states that in the absence of a mutual agreement, all products should be considered at risk).[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun070920-58) The government defended the move, saying the legislation was compliant with the protocol and merely "clarified" ambiguity in the protocol.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-59) Ursula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a "prerequisite for any future partnership".[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-60) On 8 September, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland [Brandon Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Lewis "Brandon Lewis") told the British Parliament that the government's planned [Internal Market Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill "United Kingdom Internal Market Bill") will "break international law".[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-61) On 1 October 2020, the European Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the British government as the first step in an infringement procedure, as the UK's Internal Market Bill would be "in full contradiction" to the Northern Ireland Protocol if adopted as-is.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-62) Following discussions of the [EU-UK Joint Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-UK_Joint_Committee "EU-UK Joint Committee") on 8 December 2020, the two sides reached an agreement in principle on all issues regarding the implementation of the withdrawal agreement, and the UK agreed to withdraw the offending clauses of the Internal Market Bill.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-63) On 3 March 2021, without having used the Joint Committee process, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's intention to extend unilaterally (beyond 31 March 2021) the grace period for post-Brexit checks on some goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-64) The EU objected to this and threatened to resort to legal action over what it said was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol. On 4 March 2021, [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") [Minister for Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade "Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade") [Simon Coveney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Coveney "Simon Coveney") supported the Commission's threat of legal action if the UK "cannot be trusted" to implement the Protocol.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-65)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66) The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66) The [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework"), announced on 27 February 2023 and formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023, changes aspects of the Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom checks on goods arriving from Great Britain.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-67) The Framework came into effect on 1 October 2023 and provides a new basis for trusted traders to move their goods through a new “green lane” between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, gives the UK government more control over VAT rates applying in Northern Ireland and states that medicines placed on the market Northern Ireland will be regulated by the UK and not the EU.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-68) It gives the Northern Ireland administration and UK government a mechanism to object to, pause, and potentially disapply updated and amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-69) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=31 "Edit section: See also")\] - [European Atomic Energy Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community "European Atomic Energy Community") (Euratom) – legally distinct from the EU but having the same membership, from which the United Kingdom also withdrew - [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") - [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") - [Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement") - [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=32 "Edit section: References")\] 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-1)** ["Notice concerning the entry into force of the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community"](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22020X0131\(02\)). 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-3)** ["Theresa May takes personal charge of Brexit talks"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44941792). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. 24 July 2018. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-5)** ["INFORMATION FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES"](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12019W/TXT\(02\)) (PDF). *eur-lex.europa.eu*. Retrieved 3 February 2020. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-6)** ["Data"](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/862063/TS3202_1.PDF) (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2020. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-7)** Proctor, Kate; Boffey, Daniel (24 January 2020). ["'Fantastic moment': Boris Johnson signs Brexit withdrawal deal"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jan/24/sombre-eu-leaders-sign-brexit-withdrawal-agreement). *The Guardian* – via www.theguardian.com. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-8)** Taylor, Rebecca; Heffer, Greg (17 October 2019). ["Boris Johnson declares a Brexit agreement in place – 'We've got great new deal'"](https://news.sky.com/story/boris-johnson-declares-a-brexit-agreement-in-place-weve-got-great-new-deal-11837542). [Sky News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News"). Retrieved 17 October 2019. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-9)** ["Tears and cheers as EU lawmakers give final nod to Brexit"](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-parliament-idUSKBN1ZS1EE). [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters "Reuters"). 30 January 2020. 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-10)** ["Brexit"](http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-uk-after-referendum/). *www.consilium.europa.eu*. 9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-11)** Kesbeh, Dina (25 November 2018). ["European Union Leaders Approve Brexit Plan"](https://www.npr.org/2018/11/25/670626957/european-union-leaders-approve-brexit-plan). *National Public Radio*. Retrieved 16 December 2018. 10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_15-01-19_12-2) Stewart, Heather (15 January 2019). ["Theresa May loses Brexit deal vote by majority of 230"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/15/theresa-may-loses-brexit-deal-vote-by-majority-of-230). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 15 January 2019. 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Guardian_12-03-19_13-0)** Stewart, Heather (13 March 2019). ["MPs ignore May's pleas and defeat her Brexit deal by 149 votes"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/mar/12/mps-ignore-mays-pleas-and-defeat-her-brexit-deal-by-149-votes). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 13 March 2019. 12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Reuters22Oct_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Reuters22Oct_14-1) James, William; MacLellan, Kylie; Piper, Elizabeth (22 October 2019). ["Brexit in chaos after parliament defeats Johnson's ratification timetable"](https://web.archive.org/web/20191022182756/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu/british-parliament-backs-pm-johnsons-brexit-deal-at-important-stage-idUKKBN1X10K0). Reuters. Archived from [the original](https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu/british-parliament-backs-pm-johnsons-brexit-deal-at-important-stage-idUKKBN1X10K0) on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2019. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-15)** ["Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community"](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eut/withdrawal-agreement#part-FOUR). *legislation.gov.uk*. Part Four: Transition, Article 126: Transition period. Retrieved 26 October 2022. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-DEXEU-WAB_16-0)** ["Implementation period"](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/854217/WAB_Fact_Sheet_-_IMPLEMENTATION_PERIOD.pdf) (PDF). [Department for Exiting the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union"). 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2022. 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-IPTiming_17-0)** - Secretariat to the Joint Committee (8 June 2022). [Annual Report for the Year 2021](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1083495/Separation_Agreement_Joint_Committee_Annual_Report_2021_with_annexes.pdf) (PDF) (Report). pp. 12, 33, 96. - Everton, Jane (19 November 2020). ["EU Transition - Notification of change letter"](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/939394/EU_Transition_-_Notification_of_change_letter_to_LAs_.pdf) (PDF). Letter to Chief Executives, Chief Housing Officers and Chief Officers for Children’ Services of Local Authorities in England. Retrieved 26 October 2022. - ["Policy equality statement: EU Settlement Scheme"](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/eu-settlement-scheme-policy-equality-statement/policy-equality-statement-eu-settlement-scheme). [UK Home Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Home_Office "UK Home Office"). 2 December 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2022. - ["Retaining protection in the UK for EU Intellectual Property rights"](https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/retaining-protection-in-the-uk-for-eu-intellectual-property-rights/retaining-protection-in-the-uk-for-eu-intellectual-property-rights). [Intellectual Property Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_\(United_Kingdom\) "Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)"). 4 January 2021. 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March 2023. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=33 "Edit section: External links")\] [![logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg) English [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has original text related to this article: **[UK notification on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:UK_notification_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "s:en:UK notification on the Brexit withdrawal agreement")** - [UK *Draft European Union (Future Relationship) Bill* 29 December 2020](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/948181/20201229_Draft_Gov.uk_EU__Future_Relationship__Bill_.pdf) - [Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:12020W/TXT) on [Eur-Lex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur-Lex "Eur-Lex") - [The UK's withdrawal from the EU](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/news/Brexit-UK-withdrawal-from-the-eu.html) - news and documents on [Eur-Lex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur-Lex "Eur-Lex") - [The Withdrawal Agreement – a commentary](http://thomashobbes.co.uk/brexit/the-withdrawal-agreement-a-commentary/): *thomashobbes.co.uk* - [Gov.UK – Department for Exiting the European Union](https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-exiting-the-european-union) - [UK Government – "Plan for Britain" website](https://web.archive.org/web/20181224011110/http://planforbritain.gov.uk/) - [Europa (EU official website) – UK – Brexit – overview](http://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/countries/member-countries/unitedkingdom_en#brexit) - [European Commission – Brexit negotiations website](https://ec.europa.eu/commission/brexit-negotiations_en) - [European Commission – list of published negotiating documents](https://ec.europa.eu/commission/brexit-negotiations/negotiating-documents-article-50-negotiations-united-kingdom_en) - [*Brexit*, EC, CEU Timeline and list of key documents for Brexit negotiations](http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-uk-after-referendum/) - [Resource page](https://web.archive.org/web/20170828215154/http://jackofkent.com/brexit-negotiations-resource-page/) and commentary by [David Allen Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Allen_Green "David Allen Green") - [Explanatory Memorandum for the *Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Consequential Provisions) Bill 2019* introduced by the Irish government in the legislature](https://www.dfa.ie/media/dfa/eu/brexit/keydocuments/Omnibus-Bill-Memo.pdf) ([Oireachtas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas "Oireachtas")) - ["Brexit-related guidance for companies"](https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/about-us/brexit-uk-withdrawal-eu/brexit-related-guidance-companies). *[European Medicines Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency "European Medicines Agency") (EMA)*. - [House of Commons Briefings: The October 2019 EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement](http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8713/CBP-8713.pdf) | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brexit_topics "Template:Brexit topics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_topics "Template talk:Brexit topics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit topics")[2016 UK European Union Membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") and [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") | | |---|---| | [Renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [Referendum results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Invocation of Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") [Withdrawal agreement]() [Northern Ireland protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol "Northern Ireland protocol") [Trade negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit "Timeline of Brexit") | | | Referendum question | "[Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question "European Union Referendum Act 2015")" | | Referendum legislation | [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)") [European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\)_Regulations_2016 "European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016") [The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_\(Conduct\)_Regulations_2016 "The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016") | | Background | | | | | | [Treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union "Treaties of the European Union") | [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome "Treaty of Rome") [1972 Accession Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972") [Single European Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act "Single European Act") [Maastricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam "Treaty of Amsterdam") [Nice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice "Treaty of Nice") [European Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe") [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") | | [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union "Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union") | [European Communities Act 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") Amendments: [1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1986 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986") [1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1993 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1998 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_2002 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Amendment\)_Act_2008 "European Union (Amendment) Act 2008") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011") [European Economic Area Act 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993 "European Economic Area Act 1993") | | Proposed bills | [European Union Bill 2004–05](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005 "European Union Bill 2004–2005") [European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(Repeal\)_Bills "European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills") [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013–14") | | Elections | [2014 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") | | By-elections | [2014 Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election "2014 Clacton by-election") [2014 Heywood and Middleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election "2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election") [2014 Rochester and Strood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election "2014 Rochester and Strood by-election") | | Other | [UK accession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities") [1973 EC enlargement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities "1973 enlargement of the European Communities") [UK membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union "United Kingdom membership of the European Union") [1975 EC membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate") [Bruges speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_speech "Bruges speech") [No. No. No.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._No._No._\(Margaret_Thatcher\) "No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)") [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") [EEA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area "European Economic Area") [Maastricht Rebels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels "Maastricht Rebels") *[The European Union: In or Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out "The European Union: In or Out")* [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") [Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") [Balance of Competences Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review "Balance of Competences Review") [2015–16 renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") | | [Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") | [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Project Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fear "Project Fear") [Unlawful campaigning allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") *[Brexit: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie "Brexit: The Movie")* [Pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") [Breaking Point (UKIP poster)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Point_\(UKIP_poster\) "Breaking Point (UKIP poster)") | | Campaign organisations | | | | | | [Remain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") | [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") (official campaign) [Labour In for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain "Labour In for Britain") | | Leave | [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") (official campaign) [Vote Leave bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave_bus "Vote Leave bus") [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave") [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") [Labour Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Leave "Labour Leave") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain "Campaign for an Independent Britain") [The Freedom Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Association "The Freedom Association") [Better Off Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Off_Out "Better Off Out") [Get Britain Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Britain_Out "Get Britain Out") [Bruges Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Group_\(United_Kingdom\) "Bruges Group (United Kingdom)") | | [Aftermath of referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") | | | | | | Political party leadership elections | Conservative [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2019 Conservative Party leadership election") [Scottish, February 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election "February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election") [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") [UKIP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "July–September 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") | | [Opposition to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit "Opposition to Brexit") | [Proposed second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement") [People's Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Vote "People's Vote") [Petition to revoke Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition "Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [Bollocks to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit "Bollocks to Brexit") | | Elections | [2017 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2017 United Kingdom local elections") [2017 general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") [2018 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2018 United Kingdom local elections") [2019 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2019 United Kingdom local elections") [2019 European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [Brexit Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Party "Brexit Party") [2019 general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | | By-elections | [2016 Witney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election "2016 Witney by-election") [2016 Richmond Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election "2016 Richmond Park by-election") [2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election "2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election") [2017 Copeland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election "2017 Copeland by-election") [2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election "2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election") [2019 Peterborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election "2019 Peterborough by-election") [2019 Brecon and Radnorshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election "2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election") | | Other | [International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [March to Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_to_Leave "March to Leave") [Brexit Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Alliance "Brexit Alliance") [Blue Collar Conservativism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism "Blue Collar Conservativism") [Brexit Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Party "Brexit Party") [Independent Alliance for Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform "Independent Alliance for Reform") | | Brexit process | [*Miller I* case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") [Invocation of Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") [Brexit divorce bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill "Brexit divorce bill") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 "Brexit negotiations in 2017") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 "Brexit negotiations in 2018") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019") [Withdrawal agreement]() [Parliamentary votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") [Operation Yellowhammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer "Operation Yellowhammer") [Prorogation of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy "2019 British prorogation controversy") [*Miller II / Cherry* case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland") [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [Fish for finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_for_finance "Fish for finance") [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") | | [Impact of Brexit and potential effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit "Impact of Brexit") | | | | | | on Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland | [2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation "2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation") [Brexit and the Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") [proposed changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill "Northern Ireland Protocol Bill") [Irish Sea border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea_border "Irish Sea border") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") | | Other | [on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar") [on the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union "Impact of Brexit on the European Union") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit") [EU–UK relations after Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") | | Brexit legislation | | | | | | White papers | [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") [Chequers plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_plan "Chequers plan") [Brexit withdrawal agreement plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan "Brexit withdrawal agreement plan") | | Enacted | [Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 "Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018") [Cooper–Letwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") [Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)")) [Internal Market Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 "United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020") [Future Relationship Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2020 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_\(Revocation_and_Reform\)_Act_2023 "Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023") | | Proposed | [Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\(Referendum\)_Bills "Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill_2018 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018") [European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\(Public_Vote\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 "European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017–19") | | Related | [Brexit 50p coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin "Brexit 50p coin") [Change Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Britain "Change Britain") [Change UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_UK "Change UK") [Chaos with Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband "Chaos with Ed Miliband") [European Research Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Group "European Research Group") "[Enemies of the People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_\(headline\) "Enemies of the People (headline)")" [Leave Means Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave "Leave Means Leave") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United") [Northern Future Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum "Northern Future Forum") *[The New European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_European "The New European")* [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK") [Rue du Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit "Rue du Brexit") [Terminology (Glossary)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms "Glossary of Brexit terms") [Tufton Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufton_Street "Tufton Street") [United Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ireland "United Ireland") [Voting pencil conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory "Voting pencil conspiracy theory") [Retained EU law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_law_\(UK_Law\) "Retained EU law (UK Law)") [2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Diane_Abbott%E2%80%93David_Davis_controversy "2017 Diane Abbott–David Davis controversy") | | [Media depictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture "Brexit in popular culture") | *[Remainiacs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainiacs "Remainiacs")* (2017) *[Postcards from the 48%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25 "Postcards from the 48%")* (2018) *[Not Tonight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Tonight_\(video_game\) "Not Tonight (video game)")* (2018) *[Brexit: The Uncivil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War "Brexit: The Uncivil War")* (2019) [@BorderIrish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BorderIrish "BorderIrish") (2018–2020) | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit "Category:Brexit") | | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations "Template:EU treaties and declarations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:EU_treaties_and_declarations "Template talk:EU treaties and declarations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations "Special:EditPage/Template:EU treaties and declarations")[Founding treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union "Treaties of the European Union") of the European [Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") (1951–1993) and [Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (since 1993) and related political documents | | |---|---| | [Founding treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union "Treaties of the European Union") | | | | | | Consolidated versions | [Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union") (1957) [Treaty on European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union "Treaty on European Union") (1992) [Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom_Treaty "Euratom Treaty") (1957) | | Amendments | | | | | | General | | | | | | In force | [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences "London and Paris Conferences") (1954) [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome "Treaty of Rome") (1957) [Netherlands Antilles Association Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_association_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_with_the_European_Economic_Community "Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community") (1962) [Merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_Treaty "Merger Treaty") (1965) [First Budgetary Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities "Budgetary treaties of the European Communities") (1970) [Second Budgetary Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities "Budgetary treaties of the European Communities") (1975) [Single European Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act "Single European Act") (1986) [Maastricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") (1992) [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam "Treaty of Amsterdam") (1997) [Nice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice "Treaty of Nice") (2001) [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") (2007) Protocol 36 (2011) [Article 136](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism#Treaty_basis "European Stability Mechanism") (2011) | | Unratified | [Renegotiation of UK membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") (2016) | | Changes in membership | | | | | | Accession | [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972") [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1979 "Treaty of Accession 1979") [1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1985 "Treaty of Accession 1985") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1994 "Treaty of Accession 1994") [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003 "Treaty of Accession 2003") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005 "Treaty of Accession 2005") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2011 "Treaty of Accession 2011") | | Secession | [Greenland (1984)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities "Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities") [United Kingdom (“Brexit” 2020)]() | | Unratified | [Treaty establishing the European Defence Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community "Treaty establishing the European Defence Community") (1952) [Treaty establishing the European Political Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Political_Community_\(1952\) "European Political Community (1952)") (1952) [Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe") (2004) | | Expired or terminated | [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels "Treaty of Brussels") ([Western Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union_\(alliance\) "Western Union (alliance)"), 1948) [Modified Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels#Modification "Treaty of Brussels") ([Western European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Union "Western European Union"), 1954) [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_\(1951\) "Treaty of Paris (1951)") (European Coal and Steel Community, 1951) | | Related political documents | [Schuman Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuman_Declaration "Schuman Declaration") (1950) [Europe Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Declaration "Europe Declaration") (1951) Declarations at the [London and Paris Conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences "London and Paris Conferences") (1954) [Benelux memorandum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux_memorandum "Benelux memorandum") (1955) [Spaak Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaak_Report "Spaak Report") (1956) [Fouchet Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouchet_Plan "Fouchet Plan") (1961) [Davignon report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davignon_report "Davignon report") (1970) [Copenhagen report](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_report&action=edit&redlink=1 "Copenhagen report (page does not exist)") (1973) [London report](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_report&action=edit&redlink=1 "London report (page does not exist)") (1981) [Solemn Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union "Solemn Declaration on European Union") (1983) [Rome Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Declaration "Rome Declaration") (1984) [Schengen Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement "Schengen Agreement") (1985) [Schengen Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area "Schengen Area") (1990) [Petersberg Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersberg_Declaration "Petersberg Declaration") (1992) [Saint-Malo declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo_declaration "Saint-Malo declaration") (1998) [Schengen acquis of the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_acquis "Schengen acquis") (1999) [Bologna declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_declaration "Bologna declaration") [Charter of Fundamental Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union") (2000) [PFI Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFI_Convention "PFI Convention") (2002) [Seville Declarations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville_Declarations_on_the_Treaty_of_Nice "Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice") (2002) [Prüm Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention "Prüm Convention") (2005) [Berlin Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_\(2007\) "Berlin Declaration (2007)") (2007) [European Stability Mechanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Stability_Mechanism "Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism") (2012) [European Fiscal Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact "European Fiscal Compact") (2012) [Agreement on a Unified Patent Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court "Unified Patent Court") (2013) [Single Resolution Fund Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism "Single Resolution Mechanism") (2014) [Malta Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Declaration_\(European_Union\) "Malta Declaration (European Union)") (2017) [Versailles declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_declaration "Versailles declaration") (2022) | | [European Union Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union "Portal:European Union") | | ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&oldid=1329687578>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Brexit withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Category:Brexit withdrawal agreement") - [Treaties concluded in 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Treaties_concluded_in_2020 "Category:Treaties concluded in 2020") - [Treaties entered into force in 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| Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community | | |---|---| | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg/330px-Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_map_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_the_European_Union.svg)**United Kingdom (UK)** **European Union (EU)** and **Euratom** | | | Type | Treaty setting out terms of withdrawal | | Context | [UK withdrawal from the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") (Brexit) | | Drafted | November 2018 October 2019 (revision) | | Signed | 24 January 2020 | | Effective | 1 February 2020[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-1) | | Condition | [Ratification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification "Ratification") by the European Union ([Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union") after consent of the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament")), Euratom (Council of the European Union) and the United Kingdom ([Parliament of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom")). | | Negotiators | [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") ([Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom")) (November 2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") ([Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom")) (October 2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Olly Robbins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olly_Robbins "Olly Robbins")[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor-2) ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\(United_Kingdom\) "Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)"))[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-3) (2018 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [David Frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frost_\(British_diplomat\) "David Frost (British diplomat)") ([Prime Minister's Europe Adviser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_\(United_Kingdom\) "Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)")) (2019 draft) [![United Kingdom](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Steve Barclay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Barclay_\(politician\) "Steve Barclay (politician)") ([DExEU Secretary of State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union"))[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Former_Brexit_Secretaries-4) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker "Jean-Claude Juncker") ([Commission President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission")) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") ([Commission President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission "President of the European Commission")) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Michel Barnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier "Michel Barnier") ([European Union Chief Negotiator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit "European Union negotiating directives for Brexit")) [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Maroš Šefčovič](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maro%C5%A1_%C5%A0ef%C4%8Dovi%C4%8D "Maroš Šefčovič") ([Commission Vice-President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission "Vice-President of the European Commission")) | | Signatories | [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") for the UK [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen "Ursula von der Leyen") and [Charles Michel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Michel "Charles Michel") for the EU and Euratom | | Parties | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png) [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png) [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [![European Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/40px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom") | | Depositary | [Secretary General of the Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council "Secretary General of the Council") | | Languages | The 24 [EU languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union "Languages of the European Union") | | **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Prime_Minister's_Europe_Advisor_2-0)** Olly Robbins was appointed as the Prime Minister's Europe Advisor on 18 September 2017. He was previously the [Brexit Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union")'s first Permanent Secretary. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-Former_Brexit_Secretaries_4-0)** Other incumbents during the negotiations were [David Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_\(British_politician\) "David Davis (British politician)") (July 2016 to July 2018) and [Dominic Raab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Raab "Dominic Raab") (July 2018 to November 2018). | | The **Brexit withdrawal agreement**, officially titled **Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community**,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-5)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-6) is a treaty between the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU), [Euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom"), and the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") (UK), signed on 24 January 2020,[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-7) setting the terms of the [withdrawal of the UK from the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") and Euratom. The text of the treaty was published on 17 October 2019,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-8) and is a renegotiated version of an agreement published in November 2018. The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") on three occasions, leading to the resignation of [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") as [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") and the appointment of [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") as the new prime minister on 24 July 2019. The [Parliament of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom "Parliament of the United Kingdom") gave its approval to the agreement on 23 January 2020 and the UK government deposited Britain's instrument of ratification on 29 January 2020.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-9)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-10) The agreement was ratified by the [Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union") on 30 January 2020, following the consent of the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") on 29 January 2020. The United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union took effect on 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, and at that moment the Withdrawal Agreement entered into force, as per its article 185. The Agreement covers such matters as money, citizens' rights, border arrangements and dispute resolution. It also contains a transition period and an outline of the [future relationship between the UK and the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union"). Published on 14 November 2018, it was a result of the [Brexit negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations"). The agreement was endorsed by the leaders of the 27 remaining EU countries[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-11) and the [British Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Government of the United Kingdom") led by Prime Minister Theresa May, but faced opposition in the British parliament, whose [approval was necessary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaningful_vote "Meaningful vote") for ratification. Approval by the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") would also have been required. On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons rejected the withdrawal agreement by a vote of 432 to 202.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) The Commons rejected the agreement again on 12 March 2019, on a vote of 391 to 242,[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_12-03-19-13) and rejected a third time of 29 March 2019 by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a [general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14) On 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020"); on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement. It was subsequently concluded by the [Council of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union "Council of the European Union") on 30 January 2020. The withdrawal agreement, in Part Four,[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-15) provided for a transition or implementation period[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-DEXEU-WAB-16) until 00:00 [Central European Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time "Central European Time") on 1 January 2021 (11p.m. [Greenwich Mean Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time "Greenwich Mean Time") on 31 December 2020 in the UK)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-IPTiming-17) (referred to as "IP completion day" in British law and state terminology[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-WA-39-18)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-PracticeDirection-19)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-EM-HSC-20)), during which time the UK remained in the single market, in order to ensure frictionless trade until a long-term relationship was agreed. If no agreement was reached by this date, then the UK would have left the single market without a [trade deal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") on 1 January 2021. Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship. ### 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: 2015 United Kingdom general election and 2016 Brexit referendum")\] In the [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")'s manifesto for the [United Kingdom general election in May 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election"), the party promised an EU referendum by the end of 2017.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-21)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-22) The [referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum"), held on 23 June 2016, resulted in a 51.9% to 48.1% majority vote for leaving the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union").[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-23) The proposed 2018 withdrawal agreement, which ran to 599 pages, covered the following main areas:[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-24) - Money, particularly the division of assets and liabilities, and payment of any debt outstanding - Citizens rights, both of British citizens in EU countries and vice versa - Border arrangements and customs, particularly along the border between the UK and the EU on the island of [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") - The law, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes, currently vested with the [European Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice") The agreement also set up a transitional period, which lasted until 31 December 2020 with a provision for extension by mutual consent. During the transitional period, EU law continued to apply to the UK (including participation in the [European Economic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area "European Economic Area"), the [single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Single_Market "European Single Market"), and the [customs union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union "European Union Customs Union")), and the UK continued to pay into the EU budget, but the UK was not represented in the decision-making bodies of the EU. The transition period gave businesses time to adjust to the new situation and time for the British and EU governments to negotiate a new trade deal between the EU and UK.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-25)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-26) On the [Irish border question](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_border_question "Irish border question"), the [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") was appended to the agreement. This set out a fall-back position should effective alternative arrangements fail to be agreed. Its purpose was to avoid a [hard border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_border "Hard border") coming into place before the end of the transition period, with the UK shadowing the EU's [Common external tariff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_external_tariff "Common external tariff") and Northern Ireland keeping in aspects of the Single Market.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-27) The governance was to be through a [Joint Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_committee_\(diplomatic\) "Joint committee (diplomatic)") with representatives of both the European Union and the British government. There was to be a number of specialised committees reporting to the Joint Committee. The withdrawal agreement also includes [provisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Schools#Brexit "European Schools") for the UK to leave the Convention Defining the Statute of the [European Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Schools "European Schools"), with the UK bound by the Convention and the accompanying regulations on Accredited European Schools until the end of the last academic year of the transition period, i.e. the end of the spring semester of 2020–2021.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-28) The more important elements of the draft agreement are these:[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-draft-29) The Agreement assists the arrangements of withdrawing the UK from the European Union and [Euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom") (Art. 1), provides a clear definition for the territorial scope of the United Kingdom (Art. 3), and assures the legal liability of the Agreement (Art. 4). Additionally, it states that by the end of the transition period, the UK shall be denied access to "any network, any information system and any database established on the basis of Union law" (Art. 8). ### Citizens' rights: general provisions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Citizens' rights: general provisions")\] The Agreement defines and provides the personal scope of citizens, family members, frontier workers, host states, and nationals. Article 11 deals with continuity of residence and Article 12 discusses non-discrimination (i.e., it would be prohibited to discriminate on grounds of nationality). ### Rights and obligations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Rights and obligations")\] British nationals and European Union citizens, family members who are British nationals or European Union citizens and family members who are neither of those two shall maintain the right to reside in the host State (Art. 13). The host State may not limit or condition the persons for obtaining, retaining or losing residence rights (Art. 13). Persons with valid documentation\[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify "Wikipedia:Please clarify")*\] would not require entry and exit visas or equal formalities and would be permitted to leave or enter the host state without complications (Art. 14). In case the host State demands "family members who join the Union citizen or United Kingdom national after the end of the transition period to have an entry visa", the host State is required to grant necessary visas through an accelerated process in appropriate facilities free of charge (Art. 14). The Agreement further deals with the issuance of permanent residence permits during and after the transition period, as well as its restrictions. Moreover, it clarifies the rights of workers and self-employed individuals, and provides recognition and identification of professional qualifications. This title discusses special cases, administrative cooperation, legal adaptations and development of Union laws. ### Goods placed on the market \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Goods placed on the market")\] The Agreement defines the goods, services and the processes connected to them. It claims that any good or service that was lawfully placed in the market prior to the withdrawal from the Union may be further made available to the consumers in the UK or the Union States (Art. 40 & 41). ### Ongoing customs procedures \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Ongoing customs procedures")\] This title addresses the custom procedures of goods moving from the customs territory of the UK to the customs territory of the Union and vice versa (Art. 47). The processes that start before the end of the transition period "shall be treated as an intra-Union movement regarding importation and exportation licensing requirements in Union law". The Agreement also addresses the ending of temporary storage or customs procedures (Art. 49). ### Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Ongoing value added tax and excise duty matters")\] The VAT applies to goods that are exchanged between the Union and the UK. By way of derogation from previous Articles, the Title permits access to information systems that are necessary for the application or processing of the VAT (Art. 51). There are ten annexes to the draft. The first is a protocol to maintain an [open border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_border "Open border") between the EU and the UK on the island of [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland "Ireland") (generally known as the 'Irish backstop'). The second covers the arrangements for a common customs territory to operate between the EU and the UK, until a technical solution can be found that delivers both an open border and independent customs policies. The third covers operations of the joint customs territory. The fourth covers 'good governance in the area of taxation, environmental protection, labour and social standards, [state aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_aid "State aid"), competition, and state-owned undertakings'. The fifth to eighth cover relevant provisions in EU law. The ninth and tenth details procedures arising from main sections of the draft. #### Northern Ireland Backstop \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Northern Ireland Backstop")\] The Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the "Irish backstop", was an annex to the November 2018 draft agreement that described the provisions to prevent a [hard border in Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_border "Hard border") after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union. The Protocol included a safety-net provision to handle the circumstances where satisfactory alternative arrangements remain to come into operation at the end of the transition period. This created considerable difficulties for the government, particularly with the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") on which the government depended on for votes. This draft was replaced in the 2019 negotiations by a new [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol"). The agreement was subject to revisions under the [Johnson ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Johnson_ministry "First Johnson ministry")'s [renegotiation in 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019"). The amendments adjust approximately 5% of the text.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-30) In the agreement, protocols also exist for the '[Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Base_Areas_in_Cyprus "Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus")' and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"). #### Northern Ireland protocol \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Northern Ireland protocol")\] The [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") was removed, and replaced by [a new protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border#2019_renegotiation:_New_protocol "Brexit and the Irish border") on [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland")/[Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"). This new protocol meant that Great Britain could fully leave the [European Single Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Single_Market "European Single Market") and the [EU Customs Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union "European Union Customs Union") but that Northern Ireland would be out of the EU Customs Union [de jure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure "De jure") but not [de facto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto "De facto").[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-FTNewDeal-32) Another difference was a unilateral exit mechanism for the [Northern Ireland Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly") which has a vote every four years on whether to continue with these arrangements, for which a simple majority is required.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33) A continuity with the backstop was providing for the application of EU-law in the area of goods and electricity and a role for the [European Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice "European Court of Justice") with regards to procedures in case of non-compliance as well as the possibility and requirement for UK courts to ask for [preliminary rulings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preliminary_ruling "Preliminary ruling") on the application of EU law and related parts of the protocol.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-34) - annex 1: [social security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security "Social security") coordination - annex 2: provisions of [union law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_law "Union law") referred to in article 41(4) - annex 3: time limits for situations or customs procedures referred to in article 49(1) - annex 4: list of networks, information systems and databases referred in articles 50, 53, 99 and 100 - annex 5: [euratom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom "Euratom") - annex 6: list of administrative cooperation procedures referred to in article 98 - annex 7: list of acts/provisions referred to in article 128(6) - annex 8: rules of procedures of the joint committee and specialized committees - annex 9: rules of procedures for dispute settlement and code of conduct for members of arbitration panels ### Political declaration \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Political declaration")\] The 2019 revisions also adjusted elements of the political declaration, replacing the word "adequate" with "appropriate" in regard to labour standards. According to Sam Lowe, trade fellow at the [Centre for European Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_for_European_Reform "Centre for European Reform"), the change excludes labour standards from dispute settlement mechanisms.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-35) In addition, the [level playing field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_playing_field "Level playing field") mechanism has been moved from the legally-binding withdrawal agreement to the political declaration,[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-bbcNewDeal-31) and the line in the political declaration that “the United Kingdom will consider aligning with union rules in relevant areas” has been removed.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-guardianOnDeal-33) ## Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Joint Committee of the Withdrawal Agreement")\] "EU-UK Joint Committee" redirects here. For the body established by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, see [EU–UK Partnership Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council "EU–UK Partnership Council"). Article 164 establishes a [joint committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_committee_\(diplomatic\) "Joint committee (diplomatic)") for the implementation of the agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees. The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon. A Joint Committee is a commonly used process within deeper trade treaties to manage tensions. There is equal representation from both sides with no casting vote and the ability to go to an [international arbitration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_arbitration "International arbitration") panel if there is no agreement. There are a number of specialist subcommittees that report to the main committee, of which the 'Northern Ireland subcommittee' (dealing with the [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol")) attracted most news-media attention in Spring 2021, because of the controversy over what became known as the [Irish Sea border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea_border "Irish Sea border"). As of 21 February 2022, the Joint Committee had met nine times.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-36) ### Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights")\] The **Specialised Committee on Citizens' Rights** was established to monitor the implementation and application of citizens' rights under the agreement. As of 15 June 2022, it had met 10 times.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-37) The reception of the agreement in the House of Commons ranged from cool to hostile and the vote was delayed more than a month.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] #### British government resignations \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: British government resignations")\] On 15 November 2018, the day after the agreement was presented and received backing from the [cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom "Cabinet of the United Kingdom") of the British government, several members of the government resigned, including [Dominic Raab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Raab "Dominic Raab"), [Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-38) ### Contempt of Parliament \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Contempt of Parliament")\] Following an unprecedented vote on 4 December 2018, MPs ruled that the British government was in [contempt of parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament "Contempt of parliament") for refusing to provide to Parliament the full legal advice it had been given on the effect of its proposed terms for withdrawal.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39) The key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the "backstop" agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the [Good Friday agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_agreement "Good Friday agreement") which had led to the end of [the Troubles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles "The Troubles") in Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals. The following day, the advice was published. The question asked was, *"What is the legal effect of the UK agreeing to the Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement on Ireland and Northern Ireland in particular its effect in conjunction with Articles 5 and 184 of the main Withdrawal Agreement?"* The advice given was that:[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-brexitbbc20181205-39) The Protocol is binding on the UK and EU \[para 3\], and anticipates a final future resolution of the border and customs issues being reached \[para 5,12,13\]. But "the Protocol is intended to subsist even when negotiations have clearly broken down" \[para 16\] and "In conclusion, the current drafting of the Protocol ... does not provide for a mechanism that is likely to enable the UK lawfully to exit the UK wide customs union without a subsequent agreement. This remains the case even if parties are still negotiating many years later, and even if the parties believe that talks have clearly broken down and there is no prospect of a future relationship agreement." \[para 30\] Immediately following announcement of a revised withdrawal agreement on 17 October 2019, [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)"), the [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)"), and [DUP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") said that they could not support the new deal.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-40) ## United Kingdom Parliament votes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: United Kingdom Parliament votes")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg/250px-Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnson_signed_Brexit_Withdrawal_Agreement.jpg) Boris Johnson signing the withdrawal agreement in January 2020 On 15 January 2019, the House of Commons voted down the Brexit withdrawal agreement by 230 votes,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) the largest vote against the United Kingdom government in history.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-41) The May government survived a confidence vote [the following day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_vote_of_confidence_in_the_May_ministry "2019 vote of confidence in the May ministry").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Guardian_15-01-19-12) On 12 March 2019, the Commons voted down the agreement a second time by 149 votes, the fourth-largest defeat of the government in the history of the Commons.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-42)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-43) A third vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, widely expected to be held on 19 March 2019, was refused by the [Speaker of the House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bercow "John Bercow") on 18 March 2019 on the basis of a parliamentary convention dating from 2 April 1604 that prevents British governments from forcing the Commons to repeatedly vote on an issue that the Commons has already voted upon.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-44)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-2019-03-19-gu-45)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-46) A cut-down version of the withdrawal agreement, where the attached political declaration had been removed, passed the speaker's test for 'substantial change', so a third vote was held on 29 March 2019, but was voted down by 58 votes.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-47) On 22 October 2019, the House of Commons agreed by 329 votes to 299 to give a [Second Reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Reading "Second Reading") to the revised withdrawal agreement (negotiated by Boris Johnson earlier that month), but when the accelerated timetable which he proposed failed to gain the necessary parliamentary support, Johnson announced that the legislation would be paused.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Bloomberg22Oct-48)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Reuters22Oct-14) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf/page1-250px-2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020-01-29_UK_notification_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement.pdf) United Kingdom’s notification about the Brexit withdrawal agreement On 20 December 2019, following the Conservative victory in the [2019 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election"), the House of Commons passed the second reading of the Withdrawal Agreement Bill by a margin of 358–234. After amendments proposed by the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") and ping-pong between the two houses, the bill received [royal assent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent "Royal assent") on 23 January 2020, enabling ratification on the British side.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-49) ## European Union ratification \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: European Union ratification")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg/250px-European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._%2849461241336%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Parliament_President_David_Sassoli_signs_the_UK_Withdrawal_Agreement._\(49461241336\).jpg) President of the European Parliament [David Sassoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sassoli "David Sassoli") signs the resolution consenting to the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement On the part of the European Union, the European Parliament gave its consent to the ratification of the Agreement also on 29 January 2020,[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-50) and the Council of the European Union approved the conclusion of the Agreement on 30 January 2020[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-51) by written procedure.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-52) Accordingly, also on 30 January 2020, the European Union deposited its instrument of ratification of the Agreement, thus concluding the deal,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-53) and allowing it to enter into force at the moment of the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the Union at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020. ## Political declaration of future relationship \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brexit_withdrawal_agreement&action=edit&section=27 "Edit section: Political declaration of future relationship")\] The **Declaration on Future European Union–United Kingdom Relations**, also referred to as the Political Declaration, is a non-binding declaration that was negotiated and signed along with the binding and more comprehensive Withdrawal Agreement in connection with the [withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") (UK) from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU), colloquially known as Brexit, and the planned end of the transitional period. According to evidence presented by lobby group "British in Europe" (representing British citizens resident in EU countries) to the Brexit Select Committee of the House of Commons in June 2020, "as many as 23 EU member states \[had\] yet to implement systems to document the future rights of the estimated 1.2 million British citizens already living on the continent, who are in the dark over their future rights and obligations".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54) "The UK launched its \[registration\] system for EU citizens last March \[2020\], with more than 3.3 million people granted pre-settled or settled status to remain in the country after Brexit", the Committee was told.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun200630-54) Brexit also removed the right to vote in European Parliament elections as well as the right to work in other EU countries from UK citizens living in EU countries.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-55) On 6 September 2020, the *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")* reported that the British government planned to draw up new legislation that would bypass the withdrawal agreement's [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol").[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-56)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun060720-57) The new law would give ministers the power to define what state aid needs to be reported to the EU, and define what products that at risk of being brought into Ireland from Northern Ireland (the withdrawal agreement states that in the absence of a mutual agreement, all products should be considered at risk).[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun070920-58) The government defended the move, saying the legislation was compliant with the protocol and merely "clarified" ambiguity in the protocol.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-59) Ursula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a "prerequisite for any future partnership".[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-60) On 8 September, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland [Brandon Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Lewis "Brandon Lewis") told the British Parliament that the government's planned [Internal Market Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Bill "United Kingdom Internal Market Bill") will "break international law".[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-61) On 1 October 2020, the European Commission sent a letter of formal notice to the British government as the first step in an infringement procedure, as the UK's Internal Market Bill would be "in full contradiction" to the Northern Ireland Protocol if adopted as-is.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-62) Following discussions of the [EU-UK Joint Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-UK_Joint_Committee "EU-UK Joint Committee") on 8 December 2020, the two sides reached an agreement in principle on all issues regarding the implementation of the withdrawal agreement, and the UK agreed to withdraw the offending clauses of the Internal Market Bill.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-63) On 3 March 2021, without having used the Joint Committee process, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland informed the UK Parliament of the Government's intention to extend unilaterally (beyond 31 March 2021) the grace period for post-Brexit checks on some goods entering Northern Ireland from Great Britain.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-64) The EU objected to this and threatened to resort to legal action over what it said was the second time the UK had sought to breach international law in relation to the Northern Ireland Protocol. On 4 March 2021, [Irish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") [Minister for Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade "Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade") [Simon Coveney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Coveney "Simon Coveney") supported the Commission's threat of legal action if the UK "cannot be trusted" to implement the Protocol.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-65)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66) The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-Graun4321-66) The [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework"), announced on 27 February 2023 and formally adopted by both parties on 24 March 2023, changes aspects of the Protocol's operation, particularly to ease custom checks on goods arriving from Great Britain.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-67) The Framework came into effect on 1 October 2023 and provides a new basis for trusted traders to move their goods through a new “green lane” between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, gives the UK government more control over VAT rates applying in Northern Ireland and states that medicines placed on the market Northern Ireland will be regulated by the UK and not the EU.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-68) It gives the Northern Ireland administration and UK government a mechanism to object to, pause, and potentially disapply updated and amended EU laws, mainly concerning goods.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_note-69) - [European Atomic Energy Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community "European Atomic Energy Community") (Euratom) – legally distinct from the EU but having the same membership, from which the United Kingdom also withdrew - [EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") - [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") - [Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement") - [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-1)** ["Notice concerning the entry into force of the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community"](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:22020X0131\(02\)). 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-3)** ["Theresa May takes personal charge of Brexit talks"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44941792). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. 24 July 2018. 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-5)** ["INFORMATION FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES"](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:12019W/TXT\(02\)) (PDF). *eur-lex.europa.eu*. Retrieved 3 February 2020. 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-6)** ["Data"](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/862063/TS3202_1.PDF) (PDF). assets.publishing.service.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2020. 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-7)** Proctor, Kate; Boffey, Daniel (24 January 2020). ["'Fantastic moment': Boris Johnson signs Brexit withdrawal deal"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/jan/24/sombre-eu-leaders-sign-brexit-withdrawal-agreement). *The Guardian* – via www.theguardian.com. 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-8)** Taylor, Rebecca; Heffer, Greg (17 October 2019). ["Boris Johnson declares a Brexit agreement in place – 'We've got great new deal'"](https://news.sky.com/story/boris-johnson-declares-a-brexit-agreement-in-place-weve-got-great-new-deal-11837542). 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Retrieved 17 November 2019. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-15)** ["Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community"](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eut/withdrawal-agreement#part-FOUR). *legislation.gov.uk*. Part Four: Transition, Article 126: Transition period. Retrieved 26 October 2022. 14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-DEXEU-WAB_16-0)** ["Implementation period"](https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/854217/WAB_Fact_Sheet_-_IMPLEMENTATION_PERIOD.pdf) (PDF). [Department for Exiting the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union"). 2019. 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["Brexit transition could be extended to 2022, says Barnier"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/18/brexit-transition-could-be-extended-to-2022-says-barnier). *the Guardian*. Retrieved 26 November 2018. 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-26)** BBC News (19 November 2018), [*Brexit: The transition period explained – BBC News*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO_Fg6R0i5w), retrieved 26 November 2018 25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-27)** Henley, Jon (14 November 2018). ["Brexit deal: key points from the draft withdrawal agreement"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/14/brexit-deal-key-points-from-the-draft-withdrawal-agreement). *the Guardian*. 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["How much of Johnson's 'great new deal' is actually new?"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2019/oct/18/how-much-johnson-great-new-deal-actually-new). *The Guardian*. 29. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-bbcNewDeal_31-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-bbcNewDeal_31-1) ["Brexit: What is in Boris Johnson's new deal with the EU?"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-50083026). *BBC News*. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 30. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#cite_ref-FTNewDeal_32-0)** Parker, George; Brunsden, Jim (11 October 2019). ["How Boris Johnson moved to break the Brexit deadlock"](https://www.ft.com/content/cdb2dadc-ec40-11e9-a240-3b065ef5fc55). *Financial Times*. 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