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| Boilerpipe Text | This article is about the decentralized social movement; not to be confused with
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation
or other specific organizations that also use the term.
Black Lives Matter
Logo and flag often used in the Black Lives Matter movement
Date
2013–present
Location
International, largely in the United States
Also known as
Black Lives Matter movement
BLM
Cause
Racial discrimination
and
Police brutality against black people in the United States
Motive
Anti-racism
Outcome
Multiple mass protests in the United States
Impact on popular culture and politics
Spread of protests outside the United States
Founding of
Black Lives Matter Global Network
A Black Lives Matter
die-in
over rail tracks, protesting police brutality in
Saint Paul, Minnesota
(September 20, 2015)
Black Lives Matter
(
BLM
) is a
decentralized
political and
social movement
that aims to highlight
racism
,
discrimination
and
racial inequality
experienced by
Black people
in the United States, and to promote
anti-racism
.
[
1
]
[
2
]
Its primary concerns are
police brutality
and
racially motivated violence
against Black people.
[
3
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
The movement began in response to the killings of
Trayvon Martin
,
Michael Brown
,
Eric Garner
, and
Rekia Boyd
, among others. BLM and its related organizations typically advocate for various policy changes related to
Black liberation
[
8
]
and
criminal justice reform
. While there are specific organizations that label themselves "Black Lives Matter", such as the
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation
, the overall movement is a decentralized network with no formal hierarchy.
[
9
]
As of 2021
, there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada.
[
1
]
The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself has not been
trademarked
by any group.
[
10
]
In 2013, activists and friends
Alicia Garza
,
Patrisse Cullors
, and
Ayọ Tometi
originated the
hashtag
#BlackLivesMatter on social media following the
acquittal of George Zimmerman
in the fatal shooting of African-American teen
Trayvon Martin
. The movement became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two more African Americans,
Michael Brown
—resulting in
protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri
—and
Eric Garner
in New York City.
[
11
]
[
12
]
Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody, in the summer of 2015. The movement gained international attention during
global protests in 2020
following the
murder of George Floyd
by Minneapolis police officer
Derek Chauvin
.
[
13
]
[
14
]
An estimated 15 to 26 million people participated in Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the largest protest movements in the country's history.
[
15
]
The vast majority of BLM demonstrations in 2020 were peaceful,
[
16
]
but BLM protests from late May to early June 2020 escalated into
riots and looting
in most major cities.
[
17
]
[
18
]
[
19
]
Support for Black Lives Matter has fluctuated in recent years. In 2020, 67% of American adults expressed support for BLM, declining to 45% of American adults in 2024.
[
20
]
[
21
]
Support among
people of color
has, however, held strong, with 81% of African Americans, 61% of Hispanics and 63% of Asian Americans expressing support for Black Lives Matter as of 2023.
[
20
]
Structure and organization
Decentralization
The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a
Twitter
hashtag
, a
slogan
, a social movement, a
political action committee
,
[
22
]
or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is
grassroots
and decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership.
[
23
]
[
24
]
The structure differs from previous black movements, like the
civil rights movement
of the 1950s and 1960s. Such differences have been the subject of scholarly literature.
[
25
]
Activist
DeRay Mckesson
has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly".
[
26
]
In 2013,
Patrisse Cullors
,
Alicia Garza
, and
Ayọ Tometi
formed the
Black Lives Matter Network
. Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles but are autonomous,
[
1
]
: 124
operating without a central structure or hierarchy. Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement."
[
27
]
[
28
]
As of 2021
, there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada.
[
1
]
: 124
This has caused confusion in both the media and activists circles, as actions or statements by individual chapters or members are often misattributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole.
[
29
]
[
30
]
Matt Pearce, writing for the
Los Angeles Times
, commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality."
[
31
]
On at least one occasion, a person represented as
Managing Director of BLM Global Network
has released a statement represented to be on behalf of that organization.
[
32
]
Broader movement
Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter", as well.
[
33
]
[
34
]
In 2015,
Johnetta Elzie
,
DeRay Mckesson
,
Brittany Packnett
, and
Samuel Sinyangwe
initiated
Campaign Zero
, aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending
broken windows theory
policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the
use of force
.
[
35
]
The New York Times
reporter, John Eligon, wrote that some activists expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence.
[
36
]
Black Lives Matter also voices support for various movements and causes beyond police brutality, including LGBTQ activism, feminism, immigration.
[
37
]
Black Lives Matter protest on September 20, 2015, against police brutality in
St. Paul, Minnesota
Movement for Black Lives
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is a coalition of more than 50 groups representing the interests of
black communities
across the United States.
[
38
]
Members include the Black Lives Matter Network, the
National Conference of Black Lawyers
, and the
Ella Baker Center for Human Rights
.
[
39
]
Endorsed by groups such as
Color of Change
,
Race Forward
, Brooklyn Movement Center,
PolicyLink
, Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC,
[
40
]
the coalition receives communications and tactical support from an organization named Blackbird.
[
41
]
Following the
murder of George Floyd
, M4BL released the
BREATHE Act
, which called for sweeping legislative changes surrounding policing; the policy bill included calls to divest from policing and reinvest funds directly in community resources and alternative emergency response models.
[
42
]
[
43
]
On July 24, 2015, the movement initially convened at
Cleveland State University
, where between 1,500 and 2,000 activists gathered to participate in open discussions and demonstrations. The conference in Cleveland, Ohio, initially attempted to "strategize ways for the Movement for Black Lives to hold law enforcement accountable for their actions on a national level".
[
44
]
[
45
]
[
46
]
However, the conference resulted in the formation of a much more significant social movement. At the end of the three-day conference, on July 26, the Movement for Black Lives initiated a yearlong "process of convening local and national groups to create a United Front".
[
44
]
This year long process ultimately resulted in the establishment of an organizational platform that articulates the goals, demands, and policies which the Movement for Black Lives supports in order to achieve the "liberation" of black communities across America.
[
44
]
In 2016, the
Ford Foundation
announced plans to fund the M4BL Movement for Black Lives in a "six-year investments" plan, further partnering up with others to found the Black-led Movement Fund.
[
47
]
[
48
]
[
49
]
The sum donated by the Ford Foundation and the other donors to M4BL was reported as $100 million by
The Washington Times
in 2016 (equivalent to $134 million in 2025
[
50
]
); another donation of $33 million (equivalent to $44 million
[
50
]
) to M4BL was reportedly issued by the
Open Society Foundations
.
[
51
]
[
52
]
In 2016, M4BL called for
decarceration in the United States
,
reparations for harms related to slavery
, and more recently, specific remedies for
redlining
in housing, education policy, mass incarceration and food insecurity.
[
53
]
It also called for an end to mass surveillance, investment in public education, not incarceration, and community control of the police: empowering residents in communities of color to hire and fire police officers and issue subpoenas, decide disciplinary consequences and exercise control over city funding of police.
[
54
]
[
55
]
Funding
Politico
reported in 2015 that the
Democracy Alliance
, a gathering of Democratic-Party donors, planned to meet with leaders of several groups who were endorsing the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
56
]
According to
Politico
, Solidaire, the donor coalition focusing on "movement building" and led by Texas oil fortune heir
Leah Hunt-Hendrix
, a member of the Democracy Alliance, had donated more than $200,000 to the BLM movement by 2015.
[
56
]
According to
The Economist
, between May 2020 and December 2020, donations to Black Lives Matter related causes amounted to $10.6 billion (equivalent to $13 billion in 2025
[
50
]
).
[
57
]
The
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation
, one of the main organizations coordinating organizing and mobilization efforts across the reported raising $90 million in 2020 (equivalent to $112 million in 2025
[
50
]
), including a substantial number of individual donations online, with an average donation of $30.76 (equivalent to $38.27
[
50
]
).
[
58
]
[
59
]
Strategies and tactics
Black Lives Matter originally used various social media platforms—including
hashtag activism
—to reach thousands of people rapidly.
[
60
]
Since then, Black Lives Matter has embraced a
diversity of tactics
.
[
61
]
Black Lives Matter protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful; when violence does occur, it is often committed by counter-protesters.
[
62
]
[
63
]
[
64
]
Despite this, opponents often try to portray the movement as violent.
[
64
]
[
65
]
Internet and social media
Analysis of the usage of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag on Twitter in response to major news events
In 2014, the
American Dialect Society
chose #BlackLivesMatter as their
word of the year
.
[
66
]
[
67
]
Yes! Magazine
picked #BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.
[
68
]
From July 2013 through May 1, 2018, the hashtag "#BlackLivesMatter" had been tweeted more than 30 million times, an average of 17,002 times per day.
[
69
]
By June 10, 2020, it had been tweeted roughly 47.8 million times,
[
70
]
with the period of July 7–17, 2016 having the highest usage, at nearly 500,000 tweets a day.
[
69
]
This period also saw an increase in tweets using the hashtags "#BlackLivesMatter" and "#Alleviate".
[
69
]
On May 28, 2020, there were nearly 8.8 million tweets with the hashtag, and the average had increased to 3.7 million a day.
[
70
]
The
2016 shooting of Dallas police officers
saw the online tone of the movement become more negative than before, with 39% of tweets using the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter expressing opposition to the movement.
[
71
]
Nearly half in opposition tied the group to violence, with many describing the group as terrorist.
[
71
]
Khadijah White, a professor at
Rutgers University
, argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all over the world.
[
72
]
The hashtag's usage has gained the attention of high-ranking politicians and has sometimes encouraged them to support the movement.
[
25
]
On
Wikipedia
, a
WikiProject
dedicated to
coverage
of the Black Lives Matter movement was created in June 2020.
[
73
]
In 2020, users of the popular app
TikTok
noticed that the app seemed to be
shadow banning
posts about BLM or recent police killings of black people.
[
failed verification
]
TikTok apologized and attributed the situation to a technical glitch.
[
74
]
Direct action
A "
Hands up!
" sign displayed at a Ferguson protest in August 2014
BLM generally engages in
direct action
tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.
[
75
]
[
76
]
BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies.
[
77
]
BLM has also staged
die-ins
and held one during the 2015
Twin Cities Marathon
.
[
78
]
Black Lives Matter demonstration in Oakland, California, December 2014
Political slogans
used during demonstrations include the
eponymous
"Black Lives Matter", "
Hands up, don't shoot
" (a later discredited reference attributed to
Michael Brown
[
79
]
), "
I can't breathe
"
[
80
]
[
81
]
(referring to
Eric Garner
and later
George Floyd
), "White silence is violence",
[
82
]
"
No justice, no peace
",
[
83
]
[
84
]
and "Is my son next?",
[
85
]
among others.
According to a 2018 study, "Black Lives Matter protests are more likely to occur in localities where more black people have previously been killed by police."
[
86
]
Media, music and other cultural impacts
Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2013, with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter,
[
87
]
the movement has been depicted and documented in
film
,
song
,
television
,
literature
, and the
visual arts
. Several media outlets are providing material related to racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. Published books, novels, and TV shows have increased in popularity in 2020.
[
88
]
Songs, such as
Michael Jackson
's "
They Don't Care About Us
" and
Kendrick Lamar
's "
Alright
", have been widely used as a rallying call at demonstrations.
[
89
]
[
90
]
The short documentary film,
Bars4Justice
, features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual
Pan African Film Festival
.
Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement
is a 2016 American television documentary film, starring
Jesse Williams
, about the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
91
]
[
92
]
The February 2015 issue of
Essence
magazine and the cover were devoted to Black Lives Matter.
[
93
]
In December 2015, BLM was a contender for the
Time
magazine
Person of the Year
award, coming in fourth of the eight candidates.
[
94
]
Black Lives Matter Plaza
in Washington, D.C., as seen from space on June 8, 2020
A number of cities have painted
murals of "Black Lives Matter" in large letters on their streets
. The cities include
Washington, D.C.
,
Dallas
,
Denver
,
Charlotte
,
Seattle
,
Brooklyn
,
Los Angeles
, and
Birmingham, Alabama
.
[
95
]
[
96
]
On May 9, 2016,
Delrish Moss
was sworn in as the first African-American police chief in Ferguson, Missouri. He acknowledged that he faces such challenges as diversifying the police force, improving community relations, and addressing issues that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
97
]
Allegations of use of excessive force by police
According to a study from the
Bureau of Justice Statistics
from 2002 to 2011, among those who had contact with the police, "blacks (2.8%) were more likely than whites (1.0%) and Hispanics (1.4%) to perceive the threat or use of nonfatal force was excessive."
[
98
]
According to
The Washington Post
, police officers shot and killed 1,001 people in the United States in 2019. About half of those killed were white, and one quarter were black, making the rate of deaths for black Americans (31 fatal shootings per million) more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans (13 fatal shootings per million).
[
99
]
[
100
]
The Washington Post
also counts 13 unarmed black Americans shot dead by police in 2019.
[
101
]
A 2015 study by Cody Ross at UC Davis found "significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans" by police. The study found that unarmed African Americans had 3.49 times the probability of being shot compared to unarmed whites, although in some jurisdictions the risk could be as much as 20 times higher. The study found that 2.79 times more armed blacks were shot than unarmed blacks. The study also found that the documented county-level racial bias in police shootings could not be explained by differences in local crime rates.
[
102
]
A 2019 study by Cesario et al. published in
Social Psychological and Personality Science
found that after adjusting for crime, there was "no systematic evidence of anti-black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of harmless objects".
[
103
]
However, a 2020 study by Cody Ross et al. criticizes the data analysis used in the Cesario et al. study. Using the same data set for police shootings in 2015 and 2016, Ross et al. conclude that there is significant racial bias in police shooting cases involving unarmed black suspects. This bias is not seen when suspects are armed.
[
104
]
Map depicting rates of police killings by state in the United States in 2018
A study by Harvard economist
Roland Fryer
found that blacks and Hispanics were 50% more likely to experience non-lethal force in police interactions, but for officer-involved shootings there were "no racial differences in either the raw data or when contextual factors are taken into account".
[
105
]
A 2019 study in
PNAS
concluded that black people were actually less likely than
white people
to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters.
[
106
]
The authors later retracted the paper because although "our data and statistical approach were appropriate for investigating whether officer characteristics are related to the race of civilians fatally shot by police," the paper had been "cited as providing support for the idea that there are no racial biases in fatal shootings, or policing in general" whereas in fact their analyses "are inadequate to address racial disparities in the probability of being shot."
[
107
]
Another study found that such conclusions were erroneous due to
Simpson's paradox
.
[
108
]
[
109
]
According to the paper, while it was true that white people were more likely to be killed in a police encounter, overall black people were still being discriminated against because they were more likely to have interactions with the police due to structural racism.
[
108
]
They are more likely to be stopped for more petty crimes or no crime at all. Conversely, white people interact with police more rarely, and often for more serious crimes, such as shootings, where police are more likely to use force. The same paper also backed up the findings of Ross and Fryer and concluded that the overall rate of death was a much more useful statistic than the rate of death in encounters.
[
108
]
Disproportionate policing of Black Lives Matter events
Black Lives Matter protesters are themselves sometimes subject to excessive
policing
of the kind against which they are demonstrating. In May 2020, in addition to police, 43,350
military troops were deployed
against Black Lives Matter protesters nationally.
[
110
]
Military surveillance aircraft were deployed against subsequent Black Lives Matter protests.
[
110
]
Observers, such as U.S. President
Joe Biden
, have noted that violent far-right mobilizations, including the
2021 United States Capitol attack
, attracted smaller and more passive police presences than peaceful Black Lives Matter protests.
[
111
]
[
112
]
[
113
]
[
114
]
[
115
]
In November 2015, a police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a
social media
post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event.
[
116
]
According to a report released by the
Movement for Black Lives
in August 2021, the
United States federal government
deliberately targeted Black Lives Matter protesters in an attempt to disrupt and discourage the Black Lives Matter movement during the summer of 2020. According to the report, "The empirical data and findings in this report largely corroborate what Black organizers have long known intellectually, intuitively, and from lived experience about the federal government's disparate policing and prosecution of racial justice protests and related activity".
[
117
]
Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States
2014
Black Lives Matter protester at
Macy's Herald Square
, November 2014
Black Lives Matter protest at
Herald Square
,
Manhattan
, November 2014
In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of
Dontre Hamilton
,
Eric Garner
,
John Crawford III
,
Michael Brown
,
Ezell Ford
,
Laquan McDonald
,
Akai Gurley
,
Tamir Rice
,
Antonio Martin
, and
Jerame Reid
, among others.
[
118
]
In July, Eric Garner died in New York City after a
New York City Police Department
officer put him in a banned
chokehold
while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
119
]
During the Labor Day weekend in August, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into
Ferguson, Missouri
, to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.
[
120
]
[
121
]
The movement continued to be involved in the
Ferguson protests
, following the
killing of Michael Brown
.
[
122
]
The protests at times came into conflict with local and state police departments, who typically responded in an armed manner. At one point, the National Guard was called in and
a state of emergency
was declared.
[
24
]
Also in August,
Los Angeles Police Department
officers shot and killed Ezell Ford; BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015.
[
123
]
In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and killed Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City.
[
124
]
In
Oakland
, California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a
Bay Area Rapid Transit
(BART) train for more than an hour on
Black Friday
, one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the
killing of Michael Brown
.
[
125
]
[
126
]
Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy, was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also been cited as contributing to "sparking" the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
119
]
[
127
]
A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the
Mall of America
in
Bloomington, Minnesota
, in December 2014
In December, two to three thousand people gathered at the
Mall of America
in
Bloomington, Minnesota
to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.
[
128
]
The police at the mall were equipped with riot gear and bomb-sniffing dogs; at least twenty members of the protest were arrested.
[
129
]
[
130
]
Management said that they were "extremely disappointed that organizers of Black Lives Matter protest chose to ignore our stated policy and repeated reminders that political protests and demonstrations are not allowed on Mall of America property".
[
129
]
In
Milwaukee
, Wisconsin, BLM protested the police
killing of Dontre Hamilton
, who died in April.
[
131
]
Black Lives Matter protested the
killing of John Crawford III
.
[
132
]
The
Murder of Renisha McBride
was protested by Black Lives Matter.
[
133
]
Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the
killing of Michael Brown
, a protest march was held in
Berkeley
, California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees.
[
134
]
A week after the Michael Brown verdict, two police officers were killed in New York City by Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who expressed a desire to kill police officers in retribution for the deaths of Garner and Brown. Black Lives Matter condemned the shooting, though some right-wing media attempted to connect the group to it, with the
Patrolman's Benevolent Association
president claiming that there was "blood on [the] hands [of] those that incited violence on the street under the guise of protests".
[
24
]
A conservative television commentator also attempted to connect Black Lives Matter to protesters chanting that they wanted to see "dead cops," at the December "Millions March" which was organized by different groups.
[
24
]
2015
A demonstrator raising awareness of the
death of Freddie Gray
in Baltimore, April 2015
In 2015, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of
Charley Leundeu Keunang
,
Tony Robinson
,
Anthony Hill
,
Meagan Hockaday
,
Eric Harris
,
Walter Scott
,
Freddie Gray
,
William Chapman
,
Jonathan Sanders
,
Sandra Bland
,
Samuel DuBose
,
Jeremy McDole
,
Corey Jones
, and
Jamar Clark
as well Dylann Roof's murder of
The Charleston Nine
.
[
135
]
[
136
]
In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor
Rahm Emanuel
's office, demanding reforms within the
Chicago Police Department
.
[
137
]
Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations.
[
138
]
In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the
death of Freddie Gray
which included the
2015 Baltimore protests
.
[
139
]
[
140
]
The National Guard was called in.
[
24
]
After the killing of Walter Scott in
North Charleston
, South Carolina, Black Lives Matter protested Scott's death and called for
Civilian oversight
of police.
[
141
]
In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest,
SayHerName
, decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday,
Aiyana Jones
,
Rekia Boyd
, and others.
[
142
]
In
Cleveland
, Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the
Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams
, BLM protested.
[
143
]
In
Madison
, Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the killing of Tony Robinson.
[
144
]
In June, after
Dylann Roof
's
shooting
in
a historically black church
in
Charleston
, South Carolina, BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.
[
145
]
[
146
]
BLM was part of a march for peace on the
Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge
in
South Carolina
.
[
147
]
After the Charleston shooting, a number of
memorials to the Confederate States of America
were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.
[
148
]
[
149
]
Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after
a video was released
showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in
McKinney
, Texas—to the ground with his knees.
[
150
]
In July, BLM activists across the United States began protests over the
death of Sandra Bland
, an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in
Waller County
, Texas.
[
151
]
[
152
]
In
Cincinnati
, Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a
University of Cincinnati
police officer.
[
153
]
In
Newark
, New Jersey, more than a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.
[
154
]
Also in July, BLM protested the death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi.
[
155
]
[
156
]
One-year commemoration of the
killing of Michael Brown
and the
Ferguson unrest
at
Barclays Center
in
Brooklyn
, New York, August 2015
In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against
transgender women
.
[
157
]
In
Charlotte
, North Carolina, after a judge declared a
mistrial
in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man,
Jonathan Ferrell
, BLM protested and staged
die-ins
.
[
158
]
In
Philadelphia
,
Pennsylvania
,
Janelle Monáe
,
Jidenna
, and other BLM activists marched through
North Philadelphia
to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.
[
159
]
Around August 9, the first anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in
St. Louis
and across the country.
[
160
]
[
161
]
Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at
Metro Green Line
, September 2015
In September, more than five hundred BLM protesters in
Austin
, Texas, rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto
Interstate 35
.
[
162
]
In
Baltimore
, Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the
Freddie Gray
police brutality case.
[
163
]
In
Sacramento
, California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a
California State Senate
bill that would increase police oversight.
[
164
]
BLM protested the killing of Jeremy McDole.
[
165
]
In October, Black Lives Matter activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago.
[
166
]
"Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.
[
167
]
Quentin Tarantino
and
Cornel West
, participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence.
[
168
]
Protest march in response to the
Jamar Clark killing
, Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 2015
An activist holds a "Black Lives Matter" sign outside the Minneapolis Police Fourth Precinct building following the officer-involved killing of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015
In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by
Minneapolis Police Department
.
[
169
]
A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police. During the encamped protest, protesters, and outside agitators clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the station with an SUV.
[
170
]
[
171
]
Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men carrying firearms and body armor
[
172
]
appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters.
[
173
]
[
174
]
All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three men arrested were young and white, and observers called them
white supremacists
.
[
175
]
[
176
]
In February 2017, one of the men arrested, Allen Scarsella, was convicted of a dozen felony counts of assault and riot in connection with the shooting. Based in part on months of racist messages Scarsella had sent his friends before the shooting, the judge rejected arguments by his defense that Scarsella was "naïve" and sentenced him in April 2017 to 15 years out of a maximum 20-year sentence.
[
177
]
[
178
]
From November 2016, BLM protested the
Murder of Laquan McDonald
, calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake of the shooting and its handling. McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.
[
179
]
2016
In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce Kelley Jr.,
Alton Sterling
,
Philando Castile
,
Joseph Mann
,
Abdirahman Abdi
,
Paul O'Neal
,
Korryn Gaines
,
Sylville Smith
,
Terence Crutcher
,
Keith Lamont Scott
,
Alfred Olango
, and
Deborah Danner
, among others.
In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in
San Francisco
to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by
San Francisco Police
officers. The march was held during a
Super Bowl
event.
[
180
]
BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins, and direct actions across the country with the goal of "reclaim[ing] the radical legacy of
Martin Luther King Jr.
"
[
181
]
In February, Abdullahi Omar Mohamed, a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by
Salt Lake City
,
Utah
, police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests.
[
182
]
In June, members of BLM and
Color of Change
protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a charge that the state penal code had designated as "
lynching
" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident.
[
183
]
On July 5, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot several times at point-blank range while pinned to the ground by two white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in
Baton Rouge
, Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton Rouge shouted, "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an intersection to protest Sterling's death.
[
184
]
On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a
candlelight vigil
in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice.
[
185
]
On July 6, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a
St. Anthony
, Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in
Falcon Heights
, a suburb of
St. Paul
. Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her four-year-old daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer.
[
186
]
According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to
carry a weapon
and had one in the car.
[
187
]
She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times."
[
188
]
She
live-streamed
a video on
Facebook
in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United States.
[
189
]
Protest march in response to the
killing of Philando Castile
, St. Paul, Minnesota, July 7, 2016
On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas, that was organized to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson
opened fire in an ambush
, killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb.
[
190
]
Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."
[
191
]
Texas Lt. Governor
Dan Patrick
and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
192
]
[
193
]
The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings.
[
194
]
[
195
]
On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States.
[
196
]
Protest in response to the
Alton Sterling killing
, San Francisco, California, July 8, 2016
In the first half of July, there were at least 112 protests in 88 American cities.
[
197
]
On July 13,
NBA
stars
LeBron James
,
Carmelo Anthony
,
Chris Paul
, and
Dwyane Wade
opened the
2016 ESPY Awards
with a Black Lives Matter message.
[
198
]
On July 26, Black Lives Matter held a protest in Austin, Texas, to mark the third anniversary of the shooting death of
Larry Jackson Jr.
[
199
]
On July 28,
Chicago Police Department
officers shot Paul O'Neal in the back and killed him following a car chase.
[
200
]
After the shooting, hundreds marched in Chicago, Illinois.
[
201
]
In
Randallstown
, Maryland, near Baltimore, on August 1, police officers shot and killed Korryn Gaines, a 23-year-old African American woman, also shooting and injuring her son.
[
202
]
Gaines' death was protested in Baltimore.
[
203
]
In August, Black Lives Matter protested in
Pittsburgh
, Pennsylvania the death of Bruce Kelley Jr., who was shot after fatally stabbing a police dog while trying to escape from police the previous January.
[
204
]
In August, several professional athletes began participating in
National Anthem protests
. The protests began in the
National Football League
(NFL) after
Colin Kaepernick
of the
San Francisco 49ers
sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third
preseason
game of 2016.
[
205
]
During a post-game interview he explained his position stating, "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and
people of color
. To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder,"
[
206
]
a protest widely interpreted as in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
207
]
[
208
]
[
209
]
The protests have generated mixed reactions and have since spread to other U.S. sports leagues.
In September, BLM protested the shooting deaths by police officers of Terence Crutcher in
Tulsa
, Oklahoma, and Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina.
[
210
]
[
211
]
[
212
]
The Charlotte Observer
reported "The protesters began to gather as night fell, hours after the shooting. They held themed signs that said 'Stop Killing Us' and 'Black Lives Matter,' and they chanted 'No justice, no peace.' The scene was sometimes chaotic and tense, with water bottles and stones chucked at police lines, but many protesters called for peace and implored their fellow demonstrators not to act violently."
[
213
]
Multiple nights of protests in September and October were held in
El Cajon
, California, following the killing of Alfred Olango.
[
214
]
[
215
]
2017
During the 2017
Black History Month
, a month-long "Black Lives Matter" art exhibition was organized by three
Richmond
, Virginia artists at the First Unitarian Universalist Church of Richmond in the Byrd Park area of the city. The show featured more than 30 diverse multicultural artists on a theme exploring racial equality and justice.
[
216
]
In the same month
Virginia Commonwealth University's
(VCU) James Branch Cabell Library focused on a month-long schedule of events relating to
African-American history
[
217
]
and showed photos from the church's "Black Lives Matter" exhibition on its outdoor screen.
[
218
]
The VCU schedule of events also included: the Real Life Film Series
The Angry Heart: The Impact of Racism on Heart Disease among African-Americans
;
Keith Knight
presented the 14th Annual VCU Libraries Black History Month lecture;
Lawrence Ross
, author of the book
Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses
talked about how his book related to the "Black Lives Matter" movement; and
Velma P. Scantlebury
, M.D., the first black female transplant surgeon in the United States, discussed "Health Equity in Kidney Transplantation: Experiences from a surgeon's perspective."
Black Lives Matter protested the
killing of Jocques Clemmons
which occurred in
Nashville
, Tennessee on February 10, 2017.
[
219
]
On May 12, 2017, a day after Glenn Funk, the district attorney of
Davidson County
decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert, the Nashville chapter of BLM held a demonstration near the
Vanderbilt University
campus all the way to the residence of Nashville mayor
Megan Barry
.
[
220
]
[
221
]
On September 27 at the
College of William & Mary
, students associated with Black Lives Matter protested an
American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU) event because the ACLU had fought for the right of the
Unite the Right rally
to be held in Charlottesville, Virginia.
[
222
]
William & Mary's president
Taylor Reveley
responded with a statement defending the college's commitment to open debate.
[
223
]
[
224
]
2018
In February and March 2018, as part of its social justice focus, First
Unitarian Church
of Richmond, Virginia in Richmond, Virginia presented its
Second Annual Black Lives Matter Art Exhibition
.
[
225
]
Works of art in the exhibition were projected at scheduled hours on the large exterior screen (jumbotron) at
Virginia Commonwealth University's
Cabell Library. Artists with art in the exhibition were invited to discuss their work in the Black Lives Matter show as it was projected at an evening forum in a small amphitheater at VCU's Hibbs Hall. They were also invited to exhibit afterward at a local showing of the 1961 film adaptation of
A Raisin in the Sun
.
In April, CNN reported that the largest Facebook account claiming to be a part of the "Black Lives Matter" movement was a "scam" tied to a white man in Australia. The account, with 700,000 followers, was linked to fundraisers that raised $100,000 or more, purportedly for U.S. Black Lives Matter causes; however, some of the money was instead transferred to Australian bank accounts, according to CNN. Facebook has suspended the offending page.
[
226
]
[
227
]
[
228
]
2020
On February 23, 2020, Ahmaud Arbery, an unarmed 25-year-old African American man, was
murdered
while jogging in
Glynn County, Georgia
.
[
229
]
Arbery had been pursued and confronted by three white residents driving two vehicles, including a father and son who were armed.
[
230
]
All three men were indicted on nine counts, including felony murder.
[
231
]
On March 13, Louisville police officers knocked down the apartment door of 26-year-old African American Breonna Taylor, serving a no-knock search warrant for drug suspicions. After her boyfriend shot a police officer in the leg,
[
232
]
Police fired several shots which led to her death
. Her boyfriend called 911 and said, "someone kicked in the door and shot my girlfriend".
[
233
]
Protests were held in Louisville with calls for police reform.
[
234
]
George Floyd protests
George Floyd protests at Lafayette Square, Washington D.C., May 30, 2020
At the end of May, spurred on by a rash of racially charged events including those above, more than 450 major protests
[
235
]
[
236
]
were held in cities and towns across the United States and three continents.
[
237
]
The breaking point was due primarily to the
murder of George Floyd
by Minneapolis police officer
Derek Chauvin
,
[
238
]
eventually charged with second-degree murder after a video circulated showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes while Floyd pleaded for his life, repeating: "
I can't breathe
."
[
239
]
[
240
]
Following protesters' demands for additional prosecutions, three other officers were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder.
[
241
]
Protests in May 2020 after George Floyd's death
"Black Lives Matter" on the facade of the Washington National Cathedral, June 10, 2020
Black Lives Matter organized rallies in the United States and worldwide
[
242
]
from May 30 onwards,
[
243
]
with protesters enacting Floyd's final moments, many lying down in streets and on bridges, yelling "I can't breathe," while others marched by the thousands, some carrying signs that read, "Tell your brother in blue, don't shoot"—"Who do you call when the murderer wears a badge?" and "Justice for George Floyd."
[
244
]
While global and supported by several unassociated organizations, the Black Lives Matter movement has been inextricably linked to these monumental protests.
[
245
]
Black Lives Matter called to "
defund the police
", a slogan with varying interpretations from
police abolition
to divestment from police and prisons to reinvestment in social services in communities of color.
[
246
]
In 2020,
NPR
reported that the Washington D.C. Black Lives Matter chapter's demands were
defunding the police
, halting the construction of new jails,
decriminalizing sex work
, removing police from schools, exonerating protesters and abolishing
cash bail
in
Maryland
.
[
247
]
Al Sharpton
led the
Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks
in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 2020
On June 5, Washington, D.C.'s Mayor
Muriel Bowser
announced that part of the street outside the
White House
had been officially renamed to
Black Lives Matter Plaza
, posted with a street sign.
[
248
]
On June 7, in the wake of global
George Floyd protests
and Black Lives Matter's call to "defund the police", the
Minneapolis City Council
voted to "disband its police department" to shift funding to social programs in communities of color. City Council President Lisa Bender said, "Our efforts at incremental reform have failed. Period." The council vote came after the Minneapolis Public Schools, the University of Minnesota and Minneapolis Parks and Recreation cut ties with the Minneapolis Police Department.
[
249
]
At the end of 2020, approximately $8 million of the city's $179 million police budget was reallocated for violence prevention pilot programs and was considered the type of incremental reform that activists and politicians had earlier denounced.
[
250
]
On July 20, the
Strike for Black Lives
, organized in part by Black Lives Matter, featured thousands of workers across the United States performing a
walkout
to raise awareness of systemic racism following Floyd's murder.
[
251
]
From May 26 to August 22, there were more than 7,750 BLM-linked demonstrations in more than 2,240 locations throughout the United States.
[
252
]
While the majority of protests were peaceful,
[
253
]
some escalated into
riots, looting
,
[
254
]
and street skirmishes with police and counter-protesters. By the end of June 2020, at least 14,000 people had been arrested.
[
255
]
[
256
]
[
257
]
By June 2020, more than 19 people had died in relation to the unrest. Arson, vandalism, and looting that occurred between May 26 and June 8 caused approximately $1–2 billion in insured damages nationally, the highest recorded damage from
civil disorder
in U.S. history, and surpassing the record set during the
1992 Los Angeles riots
.
[
258
]
[
259
]
2021
On April 20, 2021, a jury, consisting of six white people and six people of color, found Chauvin guilty on three counts: unintentional
second-degree murder
; third-degree murder; and second-degree manslaughter.
[
260
]
[
261
]
[
262
]
2022
In Illinois, Olivia Butts organized an effort to get the elimination of cash bail passed for 2023 under a new bill known as the
SAFE-T Act
.
[
263
]
As a result of
2021 marijuana legalization efforts
, Black Lives Matter activist Lexis Figuereo's conviction was expunged in New York.
[
264
]
2023
A vigil was held for the death of
Keenan Anderson
, who was killed by a police officer of the Los Angeles Police Department. Anderson was the cousin of Black Lives Matter co-founder
Patrisse Cullors
.
[
265
]
The releasing of camera footage regarding the
death of Tyre Nichols
in January 2023 led to
protests in Memphis
. Al Sharpton of the
National Action Network
spoke on the matter upon the release of bodycam footage.
[
266
]
A ruling made by the
Supreme Court of Alabama
continues to prevent most
police body camera
footage, including that related to Joseph Pettaway, who bled to death in 2018 after being bitten by a
police dog
, from being released to the public.
[
267
]
[
268
]
In December 2022, Judge Jerusha Adams again blocked the release of video footage related to Pettaways' death.
[
268
]
2025
Crews beginning to remove the Black Lives Matter Plaza installation.
In March 2025,
Andrew Clyde
(R-GA) introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would withhold certain federal funding from
Washington, D.C.
unless
Black Lives Matter Plaza
is renamed "Liberty Plaza", the mural is removed, and the city removes all references to "Black Lives Matter" from any official publications.
[
269
]
On March 10, 2025, city crews began to remove the installation; Mayor Bowser stated that the removal was the result of threats of encroachment from both President
Donald Trump
and the Republican-controlled Congress. She stated that "the mural inspired millions of people and helped our city through a painful period, but now we can't afford to be distracted by meaningless congressional interference. The devastating impacts of the federal job cuts must be our number one concern". It was stated that the plaza would receive new art by students and artists as part of DC's America 250 mural project.
[
270
]
[
271
]
[
272
]
[
273
]
International movement
In 2015, after the
death of Freddie Gray
in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the
Arab Spring
.
[
60
]
[
274
]
This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring".
[
275
]
[
276
]
Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the
Dalit
rights movement.
[
277
]
Australia
Protest in
Brisbane
, June 6, 2020
Following the
death of Ms Dhu
in police custody in August 2014, protests often made reference to the BLM movement.
[
278
]
[
279
]
In July 2016, a BLM rally was organized in
Melbourne
, Australia, which 3,500 people attended.
[
280
]
The protest also emphasized the issues of mistreatment of
Aboriginal Australians
by the Australian police and government.
[
281
]
In May 2017, Black Lives Matter was awarded the
Sydney Peace Prize
, which "honours a nominee who has promoted 'peace with justice', human rights and non-violence".
[
282
]
In early June 2020, soon after the George Floyd protests in the US,
protests took place in Australia
, with many of them focusing on the local issue of
Aboriginal deaths in custody
,
racism in Australia
and other injustices faced by
Indigenous Australians
.
[
283
]
Cricketer
Michael Holding
criticized Australia, as well as England, for refusing to take a knee in support of Black Lives Matter during cricket matches.
[
284
]
[
285
]
Brazil
Blacks in Brazil suffer from economic marginalization, state violence, discrimination, and lower life-expectancy.
[
286
]
In June 2020, two Black children, 5-year-old Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva and 14-year-old João Pedro Matos Pinto, died in Brazil.
[
286
]
Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva was under the watch of the white boss of his mother when he fell off the balcony of a building.
[
286
]
João Pedro Matos Pinto was shot in the back by police in
Rio de Janeiro
during a raid where the police discharged seventy shots.
[
286
]
[
287
]
He was killed the same week as George Floyd.
[
288
]
Their deaths prompted protests in cities across the country.
[
286
]
The slogan "Black Lives Matter" was translated to "Vidas Negras Importam" in Portuguese.
[
286
]
Protests continued throughout 2020 and were renewed at the end of the year after supermarket security guards
beat 40-year-old welder João Alberto Silveira Freitas to death
in
Porto Alegre
.
[
289
]
Canada
Protest in
Vancouver
, May 31, 2020
In July 2015, BLM protesters shut down
Allen Road
in
Toronto
,
Ontario
, protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police.
[
290
]
In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, citing police brutality and solidarity with "marginalized black lives" as reason for the shutdown. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the
Take Back the Night
event in Toronto.
[
291
]
In June 2016, Black Lives Matter was selected by
Pride Toronto
as the honored group in that year's Pride parade, during which they staged a
sit-in
to block the parade from moving forward for approximately half an hour.
[
292
]
They issued several demands for Pride to adjust its relationship with
LGBTQ
people of color, including stable funding and a suitable venue for the established
Blockorama
event, improved diversity in the organization's staff and volunteer base, and that
Toronto Police
officers be banned from marching in the parade in uniform.
[
293
]
Pride executive director
Mathieu Chantelois
signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed to honor the demands.
[
294
]
In late August 2016, the Toronto chapter protested outside the
Special Investigations Unit
in
Mississauga
in response to the
death of Abdirahman Abdi
, who died during an arrest in
Ottawa
.
[
295
]
In 2020, the
death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
and the killing of D'Andre Campbell in
Canada
sparked BLM protests demanding the defunding of police services.
[
296
]
[
297
]
As of December 2020, there are five Canadian BLM chapters in Toronto,
Vancouver
,
Waterloo Region
,
Edmonton
, and
New Brunswick
.
[
296
]
The other focal point of the Black Lives Matter movement in Canada is addressing issues, racism and other injustices faced by
Indigenous Canadians
.
[
298
]
[
299
]
[
300
]
Denmark
Demonstration at
Christiansborg Slotsplads
,
Copenhagen
, June 7, 2020
In Denmark, an organization named Black Lives Matter Denmark was founded in 2016 by
Bwalya Sørensen
[
da
]
, a woman from
Zambia
who came to Denmark when she was 19 years old. The organization is centered around Sørensen and mainly focuses on rejected asylum seekers and criminal foreigners, sentenced to expulsion from Denmark.
[
301
]
The connection to the U.S. organization is unclear, but Sørensen has said she was encouraged by someone in the U.S. to start a Danish chapter, and that she, in 2017, was visited by the U.S. co-founder,
Ayọ Tometi
.
[
302
]
In June 2020, following the
murder of George Floyd
, Black Lives Matter Denmark held a demonstration in
Copenhagen
that attracted 15,000 participants. Following the demonstration, the organization and Sørensen, in particular, received much criticism because the rules separated people by ethnicity: at the demonstration, only black people could be in front, and white people were disallowed from participating in some chants.
[
303
]
[
304
]
Other controversies included Sørensen refusing to co-host a demonstration with
Amnesty International
because their employees were white,
[
305
]
and illegally raising money, while calling the missing fundraising permit peaceful "
civil disobedience
".
[
306
]
Sørensen herself has been criticized for splitting the movement with her confrontational style.
[
301
]
[
307
]
A new organization, named Afro Danish Collective, was announced in June 2020, with
Roger Matthisen
[
da
]
, a former member of the
Folketing
for
The Alternative
, as spokesperson. The organization has similar goals to Black Lives Matter Denmark, but will take a more moderate approach, including not distinguishing between people at demonstrations based on their skin color.
[
308
]
[
302
]
Matthisen said Afro Danish Collective was in part established because the leadership of Black Lives Matter Denmark had not been professional enough.
[
308
]
Black Lives Matter protest in
Berlin
, Germany, May 30, 2020
France
On July 18, 2020, thousands of protesters marched near
Paris
to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the
death of Adama Traoré
. Traoré, a black man, was arrested in July 2016 and fainted after being pinned to the ground by police officers. He later died at a police station; the circumstances of his death are unclear.
[
309
]
Racial tensions continued with
unrest in 2023
after the killing of teenager
Nahel Merzouk
.
Germany
On June 6, 2020, tens of thousands of people gathered across Germany to support the Black Lives Matter movement.
[
310
]
On July 18, 2020, more than 1,500 protesters participated in an anti-racism march in
Berlin
to condemn police brutality.
[
309
]
Protest in
Fukuoka
, June 21, 2020
Japan
In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, several demonstrations took place in Japan, including a 1,000-person demonstration in
Osaka
on June 7, 2020,
[
311
]
and a 3,500-person march through the streets of
Shibuya
and
Harajuku
areas of
Tokyo
on June 14, 2020.
[
312
]
The movement has been met with some backlash in the country, notably on the internet,
[
313
]
where some users criticized tennis player
Naomi Osaka
after she encouraged people to join a Black Lives Matter march in the city of Osaka.
[
314
]
New Zealand
Black Lives Matter protest in
Aotea Square
, Auckland, June 14, 2020
On June 1, 2020, several BLM
solidarity protests
in response to the
murder of George Floyd
were held in several New Zealand cities including
Auckland
,
Wellington
,
Christchurch
,
Dunedin
,
Tauranga
,
Palmerston North
and
Hamilton
.
[
315
]
[
316
]
[
317
]
[
318
]
The Auckland event, which attracted between 2,000 and 4,000 participants, was organized by several members of New Zealand's African community. Auckland organizer Mahlete Tekeste, African American expatriate Kainee Simone, and sportsperson
Israel Adesanya
compared racism, mass incarceration, and police violence against African Americans to the over-representation of
Māori
and
Pacific Islanders
in New Zealand prisons, the controversial armed police response squad trials, and existing racism against minorities in New Zealand including the 2019
Christchurch mosque shootings
. Hip hop artist and music producer
Mazbou Q
also called on
Prime Minister
Jacinda Ardern
to condemn violence against black Americans.
[
319
]
The left-wing
Green Party
, a member of the
Labour-led coalition government
, has also expressed support for the Black Lives Matter movement, linking the plight of African Americans to the racism, inequality, and higher incarceration rate experienced by the Māori and Pasifika communities. The BLM protests in New Zealand attracted criticism from
Deputy Prime Minister
Winston Peters
for violating the country's
COVID-19 pandemic
social distancing regulations banning mass gatherings of more than 100 people.
[
320
]
United Kingdom
Protest at
St. Nicholas Church
in
Brighton
, June 3, 2020
Black Lives Matter emerged as a movement in the UK in the summer of 2016. Thousands attended protests against police racism in
Manchester
on July 11, and a group called Black Lives Matter UK (UKBLM) was set up in the wake of the
June 23 Brexit referendum
at a meeting addressed by US BLM activist Patrisse Cullors.
[
321
]
[
322
]
[
323
]
[
324
]
On August 4, 2016, BLM protesters blocked
London City Airport
in
London
, England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together on the airport's runway.
[
325
]
[
326
]
Nine people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were also BLM-themed protests in other English cities, including
Birmingham
and
Nottingham
. The UK-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting
death of Mark Duggan
.
[
327
]
In 2016, tabloid newspapers ran several stories seeking to expose and discredit BLM activists, leading the movement to adopt anonymity.
[
324
]
On June 25, 2017, BLM supporters protested in
Stratford, London
, over the
death of Edson Da Costa
, who died in police custody. There were no arrests made at the protest.
[
328
]
[
329
]
According to
Patrick Vernon
, BLM's start in the UK in 2016 was not met with respect. From 2018 onwards, after events such as the
Grenfell Tower fire
and the
Windrush scandal
, the movement was viewed more favorably by black Britons, in particular senior black Britions.
[
330
]
In December 2019, Black Lives Matter UK worked with the coalition
Wretched of the Earth
to represent the voices of global
indigenous peoples
and people of color in the
climate justice
movement.
[
331
]
Protest outside the U.S. Embassy in London, June 7, 2020
In 2020, protests were held in support of the Black Lives Matter movement in the US. Following the murder of George Floyd, London protests took place in
Trafalgar Square
on May 31,
Hyde Park
on June 3,
Parliament Square
on June 6, and outside the
US Embassy
on June 7. Similar protests took place in
Manchester
, Bristol, and
Cardiff
.
[
332
]
The UK protests not only showed solidarity with U.S. protesters, but also commemorated black people who have died in the UK, with protesters chanting, carrying signs, and sharing social media posts with names of victims including Julian Cole,
[
333
]
Belly Mujinga
,
[
334
]
Nuno Cardoso,
[
335
]
and
Sarah Reed
.
[
336
]
The empty pedestal of the
statue of Edward Colston
in
Bristol
. Subject to increasing controversy since the 1990s, when his prior reputation as a philanthropist came under scrutiny due to a growing awareness of his slave trading, in June 2020, the statue was toppled, defaced and pushed into
Bristol Harbour
.
On June 7, protests continued in many towns and cities.
[
337
]
During a Black Lives Matter protest in
Bristol
, the city center
statue of Edward Colston
, a late 17th early 18th-century philanthropist, politician and slave trader, was pulled down by protesters, rolled along the road and pushed into
Bristol Harbour
.
[
338
]
The act was later condemned by
Home Secretary
Priti Patel
who said: "This hooliganism is utterly indefensible."
[
339
]
In London, after it was defaced a few days earlier,
[
340
]
protesters defaced the
statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square
,
Westminster
with graffiti for a second time. Black spray paint was sprayed over his name, and the words "
was a racist
" were sprayed underneath.
[
339
]
A protester also attempted to burn the
Union Jack
flag flying at the
Cenotaph
, a memorial to Britain's war dead.
[
341
]
Later in the evening violence broke out between protesters and police. A total of 49 police officers were injured after demonstrators threw bottles and fireworks at them.
[
342
]
Over the weekend, a total of 135 arrests were made by police.
[
337
]
British Prime Minister
Boris Johnson
commented on the events, saying "those who attack public property or the police – who injure the police officers who are trying to keep us all safe – those people will face the full force of the law; not just because of the hurt and damage they are causing, but because of the damage they are doing to the cause they claim to represent."
[
343
]
Peaceful protests took place in
Leeds
'
Millennium Square
on June 14, 2020
[
344
]
organized by a coalition of organizations: Black Voices Matter', which included Black Lives Matter Leeds.
[
345
]
A second protest was held on
Woodhouse Moor
on June 21, organized by Black Lives Matter Leeds.
[
346
]
On June 28, Black Lives Matter UK faced criticism for making a series of tweets from their verified Twitter account regarding Israel, including one that claims "mainstream British politics is gagged of the right to critique Zionism".
[
347
]
The
Premier League
, who were carrying the Black Lives Matter logo on their football shirts for the rest of the
2019–20 season
, subsequently said that attempts by groups to hijack the cause to suit their own political ends are entirely unwelcome.
[
348
]
After receiving considerable donations in summer 2020, Black Lives Matter UK formalised its organisation.
[
324
]
In September 2020, the group changed its official name to Black Liberation Movement UK and became legally registered as a community benefit society.
[
349
]
However, the group still uses the Black Lives Matter name in its global cooperative efforts.
[
350
]
In January 2021, the Black Liberation Movement began to distribute its funds to grassroots black-led and anti-racist organisations across the UK.
[
351
]
Activists from a different BLM group, Charles Gordon
[
352
]
and
Sasha Johnson
, founded the
Taking The Initiative Party
(TTIP) in the summer of 2020 had applied to register as a political party through the
Electoral Commission
; however, BLM UK said "BLM UK has no intention to set up a political party. This person or group is not affiliated with us."
[
350
]
In September 2021, British businessman and philanthropist
Ken Olisa
revealed to
Channel 4
that
Elizabeth II
and the
British royal family
are supporters of Black Lives Matter.
[
353
]
In response, a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter UK said "We were surprised to learn the Queen is a BLM supporter. But we welcome anyone that agrees with our goal of dismantling white supremacy. Of course, actions speak louder than words. The Queen sits on a throne made from colonial plunder. Until she gives back all the stolen gold and diamonds from the Commonwealth and pays reparations, these are nothing more than warm words."
[
354
]
In October 2021,
The Guardian
and
The Times
reported that a covert police unit in South Wales attempted to recruit a Black Lives Matter protester to be an informant and supply further information about far-right activists who had marched in support of Black Lives Matter.
[
355
]
[
356
]
In February 2022, the
Swansea
chapter of BLM announced it would be closing due to "attempted recruitment by the police and threats to its members' physical and mental safety from far-right activists".
[
357
]
In July 2024, the Black Lives Matter UK Festival of Collective Liberation took place at
Friends House
, London, attended by more than 600 activists and supporters.
[
358
]
[
359
]
[
360
]
2016 United States presidential election
Vehicle with a BLM sticker, September 18, 2015
Primaries
Democrats
At the
Netroots Nation Conference
in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring
Martin O'Malley
and
Bernie Sanders
. Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to address deaths in police custody.
[
361
]
The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down" and "Shut this crap down".
[
362
]
[
24
]
The expression "Shut it down" would go on to become a popular phrase in Black Lives Matter protests and on social media.
[
24
]
After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed O'Malley when he stated, "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."
[
362
]
O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he did not mean to disrespect the black community.
[
362
]
Bernie Sanders
and Black Lives Matter activists in
Westlake Park
, Seattle, August 8, 2015
On August 8, 2015, a speech by
Democratic
presidential candidate and civil rights activist
Bernie Sanders
was disrupted by a group who would go on to found the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder
Marissa Johnson
[
363
]
who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.
[
364
]
[
365
]
[
366
]
Sanders issued a platform in response.
[
367
]
Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter, which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.
[
368
]
In August 2015, the
Democratic National Committee
passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.
[
369
]
In the first Democratic primary debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.
[
370
]
In reply, Bernie Sanders stated, "Black lives matter."
[
370
]
Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."
[
371
]
In response, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."
[
372
]
Jim Webb
, on the other hand, replied: "As the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."
[
370
]
Hillary Clinton
was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn't?"
[
373
]
Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives, and emphasized what she described as a more pragmatic approach to enacting change, stating "Look, I don't believe you change hearts. I believe you change laws". Without policy change, she felt "we'll be back here in 10 years having the same conversation."
[
374
]
In June 2015, Clinton used the phrase "all lives matter" in a speech about the opportunities of young people of color, prompting backlash that she may misunderstand the message of "Black Lives Matter."
[
375
]
[
376
]
A week after the first Democratic primary debate was held in Las Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and its chairwoman
Debbie Wasserman Schultz
demanding more debates, and "specifically for a #BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate."
[
377
]
[
378
]
The petition received more than 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched,
[
379
]
and had more than 33,000 signatures as of October 27, 2015.
[
380
]
The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add another debate to its official schedule.
[
381
]
In response, the organization released a press statement on its Facebook page stating that "[i]n consultation with our chapters, our communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a full additional debate.
[
379
]
After the first debate, in October 2015, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at
Atlanta University Center
was interrupted by BLM activists.
[
382
]
In February 2016, two Black Lives Matter activists protested at a private fundraiser for Clinton about statements she made in 1996 in which she referred to young people as "super-predators". One of the activists wanted Clinton to apologize for "mass incarceration" in connection with her support for her husband, then-President Bill Clinton's
1994 criminal reform law
.
[
383
]
Republicans
Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015,
Ben Carson
, the only African American vying for the Republican nomination for the presidency, called the movement "silly".
[
384
]
Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few.
[
385
]
In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, one question referenced Black Lives Matter.
[
386
]
In response to the question,
Scott Walker
advocated for the proper training of law enforcement
[
386
]
and blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,
[
387
]
while
Marco Rubio
was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.
[
388
]
In August 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate
Jeb Bush
.
[
389
]
As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".
[
390
]
Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".
[
391
]
Candidate
Chris Christie
, the New Jersey Governor, criticized
President Obama
for supporting BLM, stating that the movement calls for the murder of police officers.
[
392
]
Christie's statement was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.
[
393
]
BLM activists also called on the
Republican National Committee
to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.
[
394
]
The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum.
[
381
]
In November 2015, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a
Donald Trump
rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."
[
395
]
Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.
[
396
]
Anti-Trump protest in New York City, March 19, 2016
In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the
2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest
that forced Trump to cancel the event.
[
397
]
[
398
]
Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident; two were "charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer".
[
399
]
A
CBS
reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest.
[
400
]
General election
A group called
Mothers of the Movement
, which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and other mothers whose "unarmed African American children have been killed by law enforcement or due to gun violence,"
[
401
]
addressed the
2016 Democratic National Convention
on July 26.
[
402
]
[
403
]
Commenting on the first of
2016 presidential debates
between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, some media outlets characterized Clinton's references to implicit bias and systemic racism
[
404
]
as speaking "the language of the Black Lives Matter movement,"
[
405
]
while others pointed out neither Clinton nor Trump used the words "Black Lives Matter."
[
406
]
In a
Washington Post
op-ed, DeRay Mckesson endorsed Hillary Clinton, because her "platform on racial justice is strong". He articulated that voting alone is not the only way to bring about "transformational change". He said that "I voted my entire life, and I was still tear-gassed in the streets of St. Louis and Baltimore. I voted my entire life, and those votes did not convict the killers of Sandra Bland, Freddie Gray or Michael Brown".
[
407
]
[
408
]
2024 United States presidential election
In July 2024,
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation
released a statement opposing the
Democratic Party's
decision to nominate
Kamala Harris
for president without a primary election, describing the process as "anointing" Harris as the nominee without a public vote.
[
409
]
[
410
]
The organization argued that installing Harris as the Democratic nominee without a primary vote undermined
democratic principles
, stating that such a move "would make the modern Democratic Party a party of hypocrites."
[
411
]
BLM called on the
Democratic National Committee
to host a virtual primary to allow voter participation in the nomination process.
[
412
]
BLM's stance sparked discussions about transparency and democratic engagement within the Democratic Party ahead of the
2024 presidential election
.
[
410
]
The organization reiterated its call for a more open process, expressing concerns about the potential lack of representation and accountability in the nomination procedure.
[
413
]
Reactions and legacy
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter has varied consistently and considerably by race and political affiliation.
[
414
]
[
415
]
A majority of Americans disapproved of the movement through 2018, after which it started gaining wider support. Black Lives Matter's popularity surged and reached its highest levels yet in the summer of 2020, when a
Pew Research Center
poll found that 60% of white, 77% of Hispanic, 75% of Asian and 86% of African-Americans either strongly supported or somewhat supported BLM.
[
416
]
However, its popularity had declined considerably in September of the same year, when another Pew Research Center poll showed that its overall approval ratings among all American adults had gone down by 12 percentage points to 55%, and that 45% of whites, 66% of Hispanics and 69% of Asians now approved of it.
[
417
]
Support remained widespread among black-American adults at 87%.
[
417
]
A
Politico
-
Morning Consult
poll done in September 2020, as well as a
Civiqs
poll conducted in November 2021, had also found declining support for the movement.
[
418
]
[
419
]
A 2022 YouGov poll found declining support for BLM among African-Americans.
[
420
]
An April 2023 Pew Research Center poll found that only 51% of Americans supported the BLM movement, while 46% opposed the movement. In the same poll, 81% of African Americans said they still supported the movement.
[
20
]
A May 2024
Harvard
/
Harris
poll showed that only 45% of Americans had favorable opinions of BLM.
[
21
]
The phrase "
All Lives Matter
" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of "Black Lives Matter".
[
421
]
[
422
]
Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police.
[
423
]
A few civil rights leaders have disagreed with tactics used by Black Lives Matter activists.
[
424
]
[
425
]
Public and academic debate at large has arisen over the structure and tactics used.
[
25
]
While the vast majority of Democrats have voiced support for Black Lives Matter, few Republicans have done the same. President Donald Trump has been a vocal critic of Black Lives Matter, citing incidents of violence and looting at some Black Lives Matter protests. He has also used the protests as a means to promote
law and order
rhetoric and appealed to the
grievances of some white people
. Joe Biden, who ran against Trump in the
2020 U.S. presidential election
, supported Black Lives Matter.
[
414
]
In the weeks following the
murder of George Floyd
, many corporations came out in support of the movement, donating and enacting policy changes per the group's ethos.
[
426
]
"All Lives Matter"
"What happened to 'All Lives Matter'?" sign at a
protest against Donald Trump
, January 29, 2017
The phrase "
All Lives Matter
" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, shortly after the movement gained national attention.
[
422
]
[
427
]
Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter. Its proponents include Senator
Tim Scott
.
[
428
]
NFL
cornerback
Richard Sherman
supports the All Lives Matter message, saying "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings."
[
429
]
According to an August 2015 telephone poll, 78% of likely American voters said that the statement "all lives matter" was closest to their own personal views when compared to "black lives matter" or neither. Only 11% said that the statement "black lives matter" was closest. Nine percent said that neither statement reflected their own personal point of view.
[
430
]
According to professor
David Theo Goldberg
, "All Lives Matter" reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial".
[
431
]
Professor Charles "Chip" Linscott said that "All Lives Matter" promotes the "erasure of structural anti-black racism and black social death in the name of formal and ideological equality and post-racial colorblindness".
[
130
]
External image
"All Houses Matter"
,
Chainsawsuit
,
Kris Straub
, July 7, 2016. A cartoonist uses a house fire to illustrate why critics see "All Lives Matter" as problematic.
[
421
]
Co-founder Alicia Garza has responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, writing, "#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within
White supremacy
, are important to your liberation."
[
432
]
President Barack Obama spoke about the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.
[
433
]
Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He also said "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."
[
75
]
"Blue Lives Matter"
Blue Lives Matter is a countermovement in the United States supporting law enforcement officers and advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of
killing law enforcement officers
should be sentenced under
hate crime
statutes.
[
414
]
[
434
]
It was started in response to Black Lives Matter after
the homicides of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu
in
Brooklyn, New York
on December 20, 2014.
[
435
]
Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson and in response to BLM, the hashtag
#BlueLivesMatter
was created by supporters of the police.
[
423
]
Following this, Blue Lives Matter became a pro-police officer movement in the United States, expanding after the
killings of five police officers
by a sniper in Dallas, Texas, who cited police shootings of Black people as his motive.
[
436
]
[
437
]
[
438
]
Criticized by the ACLU and others, the movement inspired a state law in Louisiana that made it a hate crime to target police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel.
[
439
]
[
33
]
The movement has been strongly criticized after the
2021 United States Capitol attack
after pro-Trump rioters were seen showing support for the movement, with some bringing Blue Lives Matter flags to the protest. Many have called the movement hypocritical, as people in the mob assaulted Capitol police officers. One African American Capitol police officer,
Harry Dunn
, described being beaten with a Blue Lives Matter flag while rioters shouted racial slurs at him.
[
440
]
[
441
]
This has led some to argue that Blue Lives Matter is more about suppressing minorities than supporting law enforcement.
[
442
]
[
443
]
[
444
]
"White Lives Matter"
White Lives Matter
is an activist group created in response to Black Lives Matter. In August 2016, the
Southern Poverty Law Center
added "White Lives Matter" to
its list of hate groups
.
[
445
]
[
446
]
The group has also been active in the
United Kingdom
.
[
447
]
The "White Lives Matter" slogan was chanted by torch-wielding
alt-right
protesters during the
2017 Unite the Right rally
in
Charlottesville, Virginia
. On October 28, 2017, numerous "White Lives Matter" rallies broke out in
Tennessee
. Dominated in
Shelbyville
particularly, protesters justified their movement in response to the increasing number of immigrants and refugees to
Middle Tennessee
.
[
448
]
"White Lives Matter" movements have also been present in European football, with instances of corresponding banners being raised at stadiums in the
Czech Republic
,
Ukraine
,
Hungary
,
the Netherlands
, and the United Kingdom.
[
449
]
White Lives Matter has also been promoted by
white nationalists
.
[
414
]
Disinformation
The
Anti-Defamation League
reports numerous attempts to spread disinformation about BLM, citing as examples mid-June 2020 posts "featuring a sticker instructing people to 'kill a white on sight' spread on Facebook and Twitter. The sticker included the hashtags #BlackLivesMatter and #Antifa." On
Telegram
, a "white supremacist channel encouraged members to distribute the propaganda."
[
450
]
Another disinformation campaign, originating in June 2020 on
4chan
, had the "goal of getting the hashtags #AllWhitesAreNazis (#AWAN) trending on
Twitter
. Organizers hoped to commandeer hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #BLM with a high volume of tweets—purportedly from Black activist accounts—containing the #AWAN hashtag." According to the ADL, the campaign's supporters hoped to sow tension and promote white supremacist
accelerationism
.
[
451
]
[
452
]
Conservative pundits such as
Ryan Fournier
and
Candace Owens
have falsely claimed that
ActBlue
funnels donations intended for Black Lives Matter to Democratic candidates, with some going so far as to allege the organization is a
money laundering
scam.
[
453
]
[
454
]
[
455
]
[
456
]
According to scholars, Russian operatives associated with the
Internet Research Agency
have engaged in
a sustained campaign
to simultaneously promote the Black Lives Matter movement as well as to oppose it. In some cases, Russian operatives encouraged antagonism and violence toward BLM members.
[
457
]
Fake manifesto
In June 2020, an unknown party created a website at BLMManifesto.com purporting to be the manifesto of the BLM movement. The text mimics a 1919 Italian
Fascist Manifesto
, modified to relate to racial injustice. According to
Snopes
, the website appears intended to discredit the BLM movement.
[
458
]
Statistics
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with Black Lives Matter, while 30% of black Americans and 37% of white Americans do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter.
[
415
]
Of white people surveyed, 41% thought that Black Lives Matter advocated violence, and 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. By comparison, 82% of black people polled thought that Black Lives Matter was a nonviolent movement, and 26% of black people thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. On the question of whether "Black Lives Matter" was mostly a movement or mostly a slogan, 46% of whites and 67% of blacks thought that it is mostly a movement.
[
415
]
[
459
]
A nationally representative internet survey conducted by the Center for the Study of Diversity and
Democracy at Northwestern University found that 82 percent of African Americans believe that the movement is at least moderately effective at achieving its stated goals, although 64 percent of the respondents believed that the movement would be more effective if it had a more centralized leadership structure.
[
25
]
A poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults supported Black Lives Matter, and 40% of white American adults supported it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives Matter would "be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve equality" and 34% of white Americans thought so.
[
460
]
[
461
]
A 2017 Harvard-Harris survey found that 35% of whites and 83% of blacks have a favorable view of the movement.
[
462
]
According to an analysis by
The Guardian
of statistics collected by the US Crisis Monitor, during most of 2020 "US law enforcement agencies have used teargas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and beatings at a much higher percentage at Black Lives Matter demonstrations than at pro-Trump or other rightwing protests",
[
463
]
regardless of whether the protest was violent or peaceful. The analysis also notes that "the vast majority of the thousands of protests across the United States in the past year have been peaceful, and [...] most protests by both the left and the right were not met with any violent response by law enforcement."
[
463
]
2020
A BLM protest in
Ohio
, July 2020
With the resurgence of Black Lives Matter in national headlines amid global protests, the movement saw an increase in support in 2020.
[
464
]
[
269
]
Although they began from different perspectives, as per the
New York Times'
The Upshot
, "all kinds of voters moved sharply in the direction of supporting the movement" just within the two weeks between late May and early June "as much as [they] had in the preceding two years."
[
269
]
The
Pew Research Center
reported that "[m]ost Americans express[ed] support for the Black Lives Matter movement" during this period.
[
465
]
According to Terrance Woodbury, a researcher of attitudes among young adults, "[the] movement has evolved from Black people vs. the police to young people vs. racism."
[
466
]
An online survey of people aged from 18 to 34 by the
Global Strategy Group
found broad support from the participants, except by those who identified as pro-
Trump
Republicans.
[
467
]
[
468
]
Ayọ Tometi theorizes that increased support was the result of economic anxiety and contempt for the American government's handling of the
COVID-19 pandemic
.
[
469
]
Protests led by Black Lives Matter throughout the summer eventually developed into one of the larger movements in U.S. history.
[
470
]
[
471
]
However, the movement's momentum and popularity began to decline, with a Pew Research Center poll showing that support for Black Lives Matter had fallen by 12 percentage points to 55% of all American adults by September, and had returned to a net negative approval rating among white Americans as well as significantly declining in popularity among Hispanic Americans.
[
417
]
Support remained widespread among black American adults (up 1% from June to 87%).
[
417
]
Nobel Peace Prize nomination
Black Lives Matter was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in January 2021. The nomination was submitted by Norwegian activist and Member of Parliament
Petter Eide
. The award eventually went to journalists
Maria Ressa
and
Dmitry Muratov
.
[
472
]
Criticisms
Ideology
Some conservatives, such as Mike Gonzalez of
the Heritage Foundation
,
[
473
]
have accused Black Lives Matter of being a
Marxist
movement based on a comment by one of its co-founders saying that she and another co-founder "are trained Marxists." However,
PolitiFact
noted that "Black Lives Matter has grown into a national anti-racism movement broadly supported by Americans, few of whom would identify themselves as Marxist."
[
474
]
Cultural critic
Fredrik deBoer
placed blame on "idea-generating" individuals and institutions for the perceived failures of BLM as a social movement.
[
475
]
[
476
]
On October 10, 2023, the Chicago chapter of BLM faced backlash for posting on social media a picture of a paraglider and a Palestinian flag. They then took the post down
[
477
]
Tactics
Some black civil rights leaders such as Cecil "Chip" Murray, Najee Ali, and
Earl Ofari Hutchinson
have criticized BLM as disrespectful and ineffective, with Ali claiming "all they can do is disrupt and make noise."
[
424
]
Economist
Glenn Loury
, while supportive of the fundamentals of the movement, has criticized backlash against "White politicians who state All Lives Matter" and the apparent polarizing effects of the movement.
[
24
]
In his 2018 book
The Once and Future Liberal
,
Mark Lilla
criticizes Black Lives Matter as part of his broader left-wing critique of
identity politics
. Though he agreed with their aims, he called their rhetoric "a textbook example in how to not build solidarity", arguing that the campaign alienates people with their negative attitude toward American society and law enforcement and with their overbearing tactics. He also compared them unfavorably to the civil rights movement leaders, who were "consciously appealing to what we share" instead of emphasizing differences of race and other identities.
[
478
]
[
479
]
Lilla has in turn been criticized for "trolling disguised as erudition" and of "making white supremacy respectable, again".
[
479
]
Academic freedom
Some academics, including
John McWhorter
,
[
480
]
John Ellis
,
[
481
]
Marybeth Gasman
,
[
482
]
and
Glenn Loury
[
483
]
have criticized some Black Lives Matter activists as silencing speech and repressing academic freedom.
[
484
]
They claim that the result is self-censorship, reduced academic inquiry, and research bias.
[
485
]
[
486
]
[
484
]
Critics claim academics have been hesitant to speak out against repression for fear of retribution.
[
487
]
[
488
]
[
480
]
In particular, high-profile academics have spoken out against the use of "diversity statements" in admission, hiring, and tenure decisions, including
Jeffrey Flier
, Dean of the
Harvard Medical School
,
[
489
]
[
490
]
and
Abigail Thompson
, Vice President of the
American Mathematical Society
. Thompson drew comparisons to
McCarthy-era loyalty oaths
.
[
491
]
[
492
]
When schools receive state funding, scholars have criticized Black Lives Matter pledges as unconstitutional.
[
493
]
Views on law enforcement
Some critics accuse Black Lives Matter of being
anti-police
and endorsing violence against the police.
[
414
]
[
494
]
Sgt. Demetrick Pennie of the Dallas Police Department filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against Black Lives Matter in September 2016, which accused the group of inciting a "
race war
."
[
495
]
[
496
]
Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups claim the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation, saying: "What we are promoting is that if black people who kill police officers are going to fry, then we want police officers to face the same treatment that we face as civilians for killing officers."
[
497
]
Ferguson, Missouri, August 17, 2014
Disconnect from underprivileged communities
Some black community leaders have come out against the movement as disconnected from the people it claims to represent.
[
498
]
In opposing August 2020 budget cuts, New York City Councilman
I. Daneek Miller
, co-chairman of the council's Black, Latino and Asian Caucus, opposed reducing police funding and stated, "Black folks want to be safe like everyone else...we can't allow folks from outside our community to lecture us about Black lives."
[
499
]
Vanessa Gibson
of the Bronx's 16th Council District stated that, "My working-class people, my homeowners, my tenants, my neighbors—they are not out there screaming and yelling, because they have to work."
[
500
]
Mayor
Ras Baraka
of Newark, New Jersey, called "defund the police" a "bourgeois liberal" solution to racism.
[
498
]
Insufficient focus on women
Women from within the Black Lives Matter movement, including professor and civil rights advocate Treva B. Lindsey, have argued that BLM has sidelined black women's experiences in favor of black men's experiences. For example, more demonstrations have been organized to protest the killings of Michael Brown and
Trayvon Martin
than the killings of
Pamela Turner
, Kayla Moore or
Rekia Boyd
.
[
501
]
In response,
Say Her Name
was founded to focus specifically on the killing of black women by police and to bring their names into the Black Lives Matter protest. Their stated goal is to offer a more complete, but non-competitive, narrative of the overall Black Lives Matter movement.
[
502
]
[
503
]
Mismanagement of funds
Allegations of mismanagement of funds by the organization
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation
were raised after funds were used to purchase a home that cost $6 million in southern California to be used as a facility for a Black artists fellowship.
[
504
]
[
505
]
The property included six bedrooms, a recording studio, and a swimming pool.
[
505
]
Lack of focus on unsolved murders and missing persons cases
Since its founding, the Black Lives Matter movement has faced significant criticism for its inherent lack of focus on unsolved murders and
missing persons
cases. For example, some researchers have confirmed that murders of Black victims disproportionately go unsolved.
[
506
]
According to FBI statistics, 40% of missing persons across the US are people of color. Kyle Pope, an editor and researcher of the
Columbia Journalism Review
, noticed a lack of media attention when it comes to these crimes.
[
507
]
In 2008, Derrica and Natalie Wilson launched the Black and Missing Foundation, a non-profit to find unsolved Black murder victims across the country. In a 2021 interview, they found that unsolved murders of Black people have been disproportionately overlooked by both law enforcement and national media outlets.
[
508
]
See also
2020 American athlete strikes
– Strike actions by athletes in response to the shooting of Jacob Blake
All pages with titles containing
Black Lives Matter
Black Panther Party
– American political organization (1966–1982)
Blaxit
– Sociological phenomenon
Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act
– Proposed act to investigate potential reparations for slavery
De-escalation § United States
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
Décolonisation de l'espace public (fr)
Identity politics
– Politics based on one's identity
List of protests in the United States
Protest paradigm in media coverage of BLM protests
Lynching in the United States
– Extrajudicial killings in the U.S. by mobs or vigilante groups
Racism in the United States
Rodney King
– Black American victim of police brutality (1965–2012)
Stop Asian Hate
– Movement against violence targeting Asian Americans
Stop AAPI Hate
– American nonprofit advocacy organization
Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge
– Protest photograph
The Hate U Give
–
Novel
and
film
Woke
– Political slang
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Further reading
Bonilla, Tabitha; Tillery Jr, Alvin B. (November 2020).
"Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the #BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test"
.
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.
114
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doi
:
10.1017/S0003055420000544
.
ISSN
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.
Clayton, Dewey M. (2018). "Black Lives Matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States".
Journal of Black Studies
.
49
(5):
448–
480.
doi
:
10.1177/0021934718764099
.
ISSN
0021-9347
.
Cobb, Jelani
(March 14, 2016).
"The Matter of Black Lives"
.
The New Yorker
.
Cole, Teju
(July 26, 2016).
"The Superhero Photographs of the Black Lives Matter Movement"
.
The New York Times Magazine
.
Archived
from the original on July 27, 2016.
Hayward, Clarissa Rile
(April 2020).
"Disruption: What Is It Good For?"
.
The Journal of Politics
.
82
(2):
448–
459.
doi
:
10.1086/706766
.
ISSN
0022-3816
.
Hooker, Juliet
(2016). "Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of U.S. Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair".
Political Theory
.
44
(4):
448–
469.
doi
:
10.1177/0090591716640314
.
ISSN
0090-5917
.
Lebron, Christopher J. (2017).
The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of An Idea
. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-060134-8
. Archived from
the original
on December 11, 2018.
Miller, Lisa L.
(August 5, 2016).
"Black Activists Don't Ignore Crime"
.
The New York Times
.
Archived
from the original on August 6, 2016.
Ming Francis, Megan; Wright-Rigueur, Leah (October 13, 2021).
"Black Lives Matter in Historical Perspective"
.
Annual Review of Law and Social Science
.
17
(1):
441–
458.
doi
:
10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-122120-100052
.
ISSN
1550-3585
.
Stephen, Bijan (November 2015).
"Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight the Power"
.
Wired
.
Stevens, Melissa (July 28, 2016).
"I'm a GOP Delegate and I Wore a 'Black Lives Matter' Shirt to the RNC"
.
Time
. Archived from
the original
on December 3, 2024
. Retrieved
November 17,
2024
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Tillery Jr, Alvin B. (September 2019).
"What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter"
.
Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics
.
4
(2):
297–
323.
doi
:
10.1017/rep.2019.17
.
ISSN
2056-6085
.
Towler, Christopher C.; Crawford, Nyron N.; Bennett, Robert A. (2020).
"Shut Up and Play: Black Athletes, Protest Politics, and Black Political Action"
(PDF)
.
Perspectives on Politics
.
18
(1):
111–
127.
doi
:
10.1017/S1537592719002597
.
ISSN
1537-5927
.
Woodly, Deva R. (2022).
Reckoning: Black Lives Matter and the Democratic Necessity of Social Movements
. New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-760395-6
.
Bibliographies
Bernard, Marie Lyn
(2014).
"#BlackLivesMatter: A Longform Reading List"
.
Autostraddle
. USA.
Cheng, Selina
(July 2016).
"The complete summer reading syllabus on Black Lives Matter"
.
Quartz
.
Oakland Public Library
(2014).
"Listen, Learn, Participate: A #BlackLivesMatter Resource Series"
. California. Archived from
the original
on September 16, 2016
. Retrieved
September 15,
2016
.
(Bibliography)
Teller, Malcolm (July 2016).
"Black Lives Matter Reference Guide"
.
Medium
.
External links
Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, Inc.
List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations
Campaign Zero to end police violence
"Read This: #BlackLivesMatter Reads for Teens"
. Minnesota:
Hennepin County Library
. Archived from
the original
on September 21, 2016.
(Bibliography)
"#blacklivesmatter"
. American Library Association,
Young Adult Library Services Association
. December 28, 2016.
(Bibliography)
Chicago Black Lives Matter Protest Collection
Archived
January 25, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
at
the Newberry Library |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter)
- [1 Structure and organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Structure_and_organization)
Toggle Structure and organization subsection
- [1\.1 Decentralization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Decentralization)
- [1\.2 Broader movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Broader_movement)
- [1\.2.1 Movement for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Movement_for_Black_Lives)
- [1\.3 Funding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Funding)
- [1\.4 Strategies and tactics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Strategies_and_tactics)
- [1\.5 Internet and social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Internet_and_social_media)
- [1\.6 Direct action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Direct_action)
- [1\.7 Media, music and other cultural impacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Media,_music_and_other_cultural_impacts)
- [2 Allegations of use of excessive force by police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Allegations_of_use_of_excessive_force_by_police)
Toggle Allegations of use of excessive force by police subsection
- [2\.1 Disproportionate policing of Black Lives Matter events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Disproportionate_policing_of_Black_Lives_Matter_events)
- [3 Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Timeline_of_notable_events_and_demonstrations_in_the_United_States)
Toggle Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States subsection
- [3\.1 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2014)
- [3\.2 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2015)
- [3\.3 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2016)
- [3\.4 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2017)
- [3\.5 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2018)
- [3\.6 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2020)
- [3\.6.1 George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#George_Floyd_protests)
- [3\.7 2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2021)
- [3\.8 2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2022)
- [3\.9 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2023)
- [3\.10 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2025)
- [4 International movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#International_movement)
Toggle International movement subsection
- [4\.1 Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Australia)
- [4\.2 Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Brazil)
- [4\.3 Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Canada)
- [4\.4 Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Denmark)
- [4\.5 France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#France)
- [4\.6 Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Germany)
- [4\.7 Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Japan)
- [4\.8 New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#New_Zealand)
- [4\.9 United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#United_Kingdom)
- [5 2016 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2016_United_States_presidential_election)
Toggle 2016 United States presidential election subsection
- [5\.1 Primaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Primaries)
- [5\.1.1 Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Democrats)
- [5\.1.2 Republicans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Republicans)
- [5\.2 General election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#General_election)
- [6 2024 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2024_United_States_presidential_election)
- [7 Reactions and legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Reactions_and_legacy)
Toggle Reactions and legacy subsection
- [7\.1 "All Lives Matter"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#"All_Lives_Matter")
- [7\.2 "Blue Lives Matter"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#"Blue_Lives_Matter")
- [7\.3 "White Lives Matter"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#"White_Lives_Matter")
- [7\.4 Disinformation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Disinformation)
- [7\.4.1 Fake manifesto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Fake_manifesto)
- [7\.5 Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Statistics)
- [7\.5.1 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#2020_2)
- [7\.6 Nobel Peace Prize nomination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Nobel_Peace_Prize_nomination)
- [8 Criticisms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Criticisms)
Toggle Criticisms subsection
- [8\.1 Ideology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Ideology)
- [8\.2 Tactics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Tactics)
- [8\.3 Academic freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Academic_freedom)
- [8\.4 Views on law enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Views_on_law_enforcement)
- [8\.5 Disconnect from underprivileged communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Disconnect_from_underprivileged_communities)
- [8\.6 Insufficient focus on women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Insufficient_focus_on_women)
- [8\.7 Mismanagement of funds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Mismanagement_of_funds)
- [8\.8 Lack of focus on unsolved murders and missing persons cases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Lack_of_focus_on_unsolved_murders_and_missing_persons_cases)
- [9 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#See_also)
- [10 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#References)
- [11 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Further_reading)
Toggle Further reading subsection
- [11\.1 Bibliographies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#Bibliographies)
- [12 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Black Lives Matter
80 languages
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9 "حياة السود مهمة – Arabic")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay_nin_Itom_Mahalaga "Buhay nin Itom Mahalaga – Central Bikol")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Bulgarian")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 "ব্ল্যাক লাইভস ম্যাটার – Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Breton")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Catalan")
- [Нохчийн](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Chechen")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Danish")
- [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Dagbani")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – German")
- [Eʋegbe](https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameyib%C9%94wo_%C6%92e_Agbe_Le_Vevie_\(Black_Lives_Matter\) "Ameyibɔwo ƒe Agbe Le Vevie (Black Lives Matter) – Ewe")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA "جان سیاهپوستان مهم است – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Galician")
- [Ghanaian Pidgin](https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Ghanaian Pidgin")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Hausa")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0 "ब्लैक लाइव्स मैटर – Hindi")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Interlingua")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Indonesian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro-vivi_Importas "Negro-vivi Importas – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC "ブラック・ライヴズ・マター – Japanese")
- [Tyap](https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swu%C3%A1n_A%CC%B1dyundyung_%C3%81%CC%B1niet_ji_Yet_Kyang_Hwa "Swuán A̱dyundyung Á̱niet ji Yet Kyang Hwa – Tyap")
- [Gĩkũyũ](https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Kikuyu")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Kazakh")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Korean")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyan%C3%AAn_re%C5%9F_gir%C3%AEng_in "Jiyanên reş girîng in – Kurdish")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_vitt_di_negher_cunten "I vitt di negher cunten – Lombard")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Latvian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC "ബ്ലാക്ക് ലൈവ്സ് മാറ്റെർ – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0 "ब्लॅक लाइव्ह्स मॅटर – Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Malay")
- [Mirandés](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Mirandese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Occitan")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0 "ਬਲੈਕ ਲਾਈਵਜ਼ ਮੈਟਰ – Punjabi")
- [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Papiamento")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Russian")
- [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Yakut")
- [Sardu](https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Sardinian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Scots")
- [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Serbo-Croatian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Slovenian")
- [ChiShona](https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupenyu_hwe_Vatema_Hwakakosha "Hupenyu hwe Vatema Hwakakosha – Shona")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisha_ya_Weusi_ni_muhimu "Maisha ya Weusi ni muhimu – Swahili")
- [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87 "கருப்பர் உயிரும் உயிரே – Tamil")
- [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C "แบล็กไลฟส์แมตเทอร์ – Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Tagalog")
- [Setswana](https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matshelo_a_Batho_Bantsho_a_Maleba_\(Black_Lives_Matter\) "Matshelo a Batho Bantsho a Maleba (Black Lives Matter) – Tswana")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Turkish")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Ukrainian")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Wu")
- [Yorùbá](https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Yoruba")
- [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Minnan")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%91%BD%E6%94%B8%E9%97%9C "黑命攸關 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "Black Lives Matter – Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Social movement originating in the US
For other uses, see [Black Lives Matter (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_\(disambiguation\) "Black Lives Matter (disambiguation)").
This article is about the decentralized social movement; not to be confused with [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") or other specific organizations that also use the term.
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blmblm_cropped.svg)Logo and flag often used in the Black Lives Matter movement | |
| Date | 2013–present |
| Location | International, largely in the United States |
| Also known as | Black Lives Matter movement BLM |
| Cause | [Racial discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination "Racial discrimination") and [Police brutality against black people in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_against_black_people_in_the_United_States "Police brutality against black people in the United States") |
| Motive | Anti-racism |
| Outcome | Multiple mass protests in the United States [Impact on popular culture and politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture") Spread of protests outside the United States Founding of [Black Lives Matter Global Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_against_St._Paul_police_brutality_\(21587635011\).jpg)
A Black Lives Matter [die-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in "Die-in") over rail tracks, protesting police brutality in [Saint Paul, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota "Saint Paul, Minnesota") (September 20, 2015)
**Black Lives Matter** (**BLM**) is a [decentralized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization "Decentralization") political and [social movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement "Social movement") that aims to highlight [racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism "Racism"), [discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination "Discrimination") and [racial inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States "Racial inequality in the United States") experienced by [Black people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people "Black people") in the United States, and to promote [anti-racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-racism "Anti-racism").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-2) Its primary concerns are [police brutality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality "Police brutality") and [racially motivated violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racially_motivated_violence "Racially motivated violence") against Black people.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-7) The movement began in response to the killings of [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Killing of Trayvon Martin"), [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown"), [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner "Killing of Eric Garner"), and [Rekia Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rekia_Boyd "Killing of Rekia Boyd"), among others. BLM and its related organizations typically advocate for various policy changes related to [Black liberation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_liberation "Black liberation")[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-8) and [criminal justice reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform_in_the_United_States "Criminal justice reform in the United States"). While there are specific organizations that label themselves "Black Lives Matter", such as the [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation"), the overall movement is a decentralized network with no formal hierarchy.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-9) As of 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Lives_Matter&action=edit), there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1) The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself has not been [trademarked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark "Trademark") by any group.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-10)
In 2013, activists and friends [Alicia Garza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Garza "Alicia Garza"), [Patrisse Cullors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrisse_Cullors "Patrisse Cullors"), and [Ayọ Tometi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D_Tometi "Ayọ Tometi") originated the [hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag") \#BlackLivesMatter on social media following the [acquittal of George Zimmerman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal_of_George_Zimmerman "Acquittal of George Zimmerman") in the fatal shooting of African-American teen [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayvon_Martin "Trayvon Martin"). The movement became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two more African Americans, [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown")—resulting in [protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest")—and [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Garner "Eric Garner") in New York City.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-theguardian.com-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-12) Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody, in the summer of 2015. The movement gained international attention during [global protests in 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") by Minneapolis police officer [Derek Chauvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Chauvin "Derek Chauvin").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-14) An estimated 15 to 26 million people participated in Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the largest protest movements in the country's history.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-15) The vast majority of BLM demonstrations in 2020 were peaceful,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-16) but BLM protests from late May to early June 2020 escalated into [riots and looting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_controversies_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests") in most major cities.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-19)
Support for Black Lives Matter has fluctuated in recent years. In 2020, 67% of American adults expressed support for BLM, declining to 45% of American adults in 2024.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:11-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:16-21) Support among [people of color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color "Person of color") has, however, held strong, with 81% of African Americans, 61% of Hispanics and 63% of Asian Americans expressing support for Black Lives Matter as of 2023.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:11-20)
## Structure and organization
### Decentralization
The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") [hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag"), a [slogan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan "Slogan"), a social movement, a [political action committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee "Political action committee"),[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-22) or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is [grassroots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots "Grassroots") and decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) The structure differs from previous black movements, like the [civil rights movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement "Civil rights movement") of the 1950s and 1960s. Such differences have been the subject of scholarly literature.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25) Activist [DeRay Mckesson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson "DeRay Mckesson") has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tags_BLM-26)
In 2013, [Patrisse Cullors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrisse_Cullors "Patrisse Cullors"), [Alicia Garza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Garza "Alicia Garza"), and [Ayọ Tometi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D_Tometi "Ayọ Tometi") formed the [Black Lives Matter Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation"). Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles but are autonomous,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1): 124 operating without a central structure or hierarchy. Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement."[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ITT_BLM-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NY_BLM-28) As of 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Lives_Matter&action=edit), there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1): 124
This has caused confusion in both the media and activists circles, as actions or statements by individual chapters or members are often misattributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-dbeast_BLM-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CJR_BLM-30) Matt Pearce, writing for the *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*, commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality."[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-LAT_BLM-31)
On at least one occasion, a person represented as *Managing Director of BLM Global Network* has released a statement represented to be on behalf of that organization.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-32)
### Broader movement
Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter", as well.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:0-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-34) In 2015, [Johnetta Elzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnetta_Elzie "Johnetta Elzie"), [DeRay Mckesson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson "DeRay Mckesson"), [Brittany Packnett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Packnett_Cunningham "Brittany Packnett Cunningham"), and [Samuel Sinyangwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sinyangwe "Samuel Sinyangwe") initiated [Campaign Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Zero "Campaign Zero"), aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending [broken windows theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory "Broken windows theory") policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the [use of force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_force "Use of force").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NYT_campaignzero-35) *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reporter, John Eligon, wrote that some activists expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NYtimes_campaignzero-36)
Black Lives Matter also voices support for various movements and causes beyond police brutality, including LGBTQ activism, feminism, immigration.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-37)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_against_St._Paul_police_brutality_\(21552673186\).jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest on September 20, 2015, against police brutality in [St. Paul, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota "St. Paul, Minnesota")
#### Movement for Black Lives
Main article: [Movement for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives "Movement for Black Lives")
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is a coalition of more than 50 groups representing the interests of [black communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people "Black people") across the United States.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Newkirk-38) Members include the Black Lives Matter Network, the [National Conference of Black Lawyers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Lawyers "National Conference of Black Lawyers"), and the [Ella Baker Center for Human Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights "Ella Baker Center for Human Rights").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-39) Endorsed by groups such as [Color of Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_of_Change "Color of Change"), [Race Forward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Forward "Race Forward"), Brooklyn Movement Center, [PolicyLink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyLink "PolicyLink"), Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-40) the coalition receives communications and tactical support from an organization named Blackbird.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-41)
Following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd"), M4BL released the [BREATHE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BREATHE_Act "BREATHE Act"), which called for sweeping legislative changes surrounding policing; the policy bill included calls to divest from policing and reinvest funds directly in community resources and alternative emergency response models.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-43)
On July 24, 2015, the movement initially convened at [Cleveland State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University "Cleveland State University"), where between 1,500 and 2,000 activists gathered to participate in open discussions and demonstrations. The conference in Cleveland, Ohio, initially attempted to "strategize ways for the Movement for Black Lives to hold law enforcement accountable for their actions on a national level".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-about2017-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cleveland2015-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-bernard2017-46) However, the conference resulted in the formation of a much more significant social movement. At the end of the three-day conference, on July 26, the Movement for Black Lives initiated a yearlong "process of convening local and national groups to create a United Front".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-about2017-44) This year long process ultimately resulted in the establishment of an organizational platform that articulates the goals, demands, and policies which the Movement for Black Lives supports in order to achieve the "liberation" of black communities across America.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-about2017-44)
In 2016, the [Ford Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation "Ford Foundation") announced plans to fund the M4BL Movement for Black Lives in a "six-year investments" plan, further partnering up with others to found the Black-led Movement Fund.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Ford_Foundation-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-49) The sum donated by the Ford Foundation and the other donors to M4BL was reported as \$100 million by *[The Washington Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times")* in 2016 (equivalent to \$134 million in 2025[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)); another donation of \$33 million (equivalent to \$44 million[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)) to M4BL was reportedly issued by the [Open Society Foundations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations "Open Society Foundations").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-52)
In 2016, M4BL called for [decarceration in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarceration_in_the_United_States "Decarceration in the United States"), [reparations for harms related to slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery "Reparations for slavery"), and more recently, specific remedies for [redlining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining "Redlining") in housing, education policy, mass incarceration and food insecurity.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-53) It also called for an end to mass surveillance, investment in public education, not incarceration, and community control of the police: empowering residents in communities of color to hire and fire police officers and issue subpoenas, decide disciplinary consequences and exercise control over city funding of police.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-55)
### Funding
*[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico "Politico")* reported in 2015 that the [Democracy Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Alliance "Democracy Alliance"), a gathering of Democratic-Party donors, planned to meet with leaders of several groups who were endorsing the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Vogel_&_Wheaton-56) According to *Politico*, Solidaire, the donor coalition focusing on "movement building" and led by Texas oil fortune heir [Leah Hunt-Hendrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Hunt-Hendrix "Leah Hunt-Hendrix"), a member of the Democracy Alliance, had donated more than \$200,000 to the BLM movement by 2015.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Vogel_&_Wheaton-56)
According to *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")*, between May 2020 and December 2020, donations to Black Lives Matter related causes amounted to \$10.6 billion (equivalent to \$13 billion in 2025[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)).[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-57) The [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation"), one of the main organizations coordinating organizing and mobilization efforts across the reported raising \$90 million in 2020 (equivalent to \$112 million in 2025[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)), including a substantial number of individual donations online, with an average donation of \$30.76 (equivalent to \$38.27[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)).[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-59)
### Strategies and tactics
Black Lives Matter originally used various social media platforms—including [hashtag activism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag_activism "Hashtag activism")—to reach thousands of people rapidly.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-herbert-60) Since then, Black Lives Matter has embraced a [diversity of tactics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics "Diversity of tactics").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-61) Black Lives Matter protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful; when violence does occur, it is often committed by counter-protesters.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nbcThug-64) Despite this, opponents often try to portray the movement as violent.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nbcThug-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-65)
### Internet and social media
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackLivesMatter_hastag_table.png)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackLivesMatter_hastag_table2.png)
Analysis of the usage of the \#BlackLivesMatter hashtag on Twitter in response to major news events
In 2014, the [American Dialect Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dialect_Society "American Dialect Society") chose \#BlackLivesMatter as their [word of the year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_the_year "Word of the year").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-67) [*Yes! Magazine*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes!_\(U.S._magazine\) "Yes! (U.S. magazine)") picked \#BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-68) From July 2013 through May 1, 2018, the hashtag "\#BlackLivesMatter" had been tweeted more than 30 million times, an average of 17,002 times per day.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_2-69) By June 10, 2020, it had been tweeted roughly 47.8 million times,[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:7-70) with the period of July 7–17, 2016 having the highest usage, at nearly 500,000 tweets a day.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_2-69) This period also saw an increase in tweets using the hashtags "\#BlackLivesMatter" and "\#Alleviate".[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_2-69) On May 28, 2020, there were nearly 8.8 million tweets with the hashtag, and the average had increased to 3.7 million a day.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:7-70)
The [2016 shooting of Dallas police officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers "2016 shooting of Dallas police officers") saw the online tone of the movement become more negative than before, with 39% of tweets using the hashtag \#BlackLivesMatter expressing opposition to the movement.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_4-71) Nearly half in opposition tied the group to violence, with many describing the group as terrorist.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_4-71)
Khadijah White, a professor at [Rutgers University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University"), argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all over the world.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-72) The hashtag's usage has gained the attention of high-ranking politicians and has sometimes encouraged them to support the movement.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25)
On [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia "Wikipedia"), a [WikiProject](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiProject "WikiProject") dedicated to [coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Black_Lives_Matter "Wikipedia:WikiProject Black Lives Matter") of the Black Lives Matter movement was created in June 2020.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-73)
In 2020, users of the popular app [TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok "TikTok") noticed that the app seemed to be [shadow banning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banning "Shadow banning") posts about BLM or recent police killings of black people.\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] TikTok apologized and attributed the situation to a technical glitch.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-74)
### Direct action
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protesters_with_signs_in_Ferguson.jpg)
A "[Hands up\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_up,_don%27t_shoot "Hands up, don't shoot")" sign displayed at a Ferguson protest in August 2014
BLM generally engages in [direct action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action "Direct action") tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tactics-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-76) BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-maddow-77) BLM has also staged [die-ins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in "Die-in") and held one during the 2015 [Twin Cities Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities_Marathon "Twin Cities Marathon").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-mara-78)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OaklandBLM-4174.jpg)
Black Lives Matter demonstration in Oakland, California, December 2014
[Political slogans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_slogans "List of political slogans") used during demonstrations include the [eponymous](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eponym "wikt:eponym") "Black Lives Matter", "[Hands up, don't shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_up,_don%27t_shoot "Hands up, don't shoot")" (a later discredited reference attributed to [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown")[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-79)), "[I can't breathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe "I can't breathe")"[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-81) (referring to [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Eric_Garner "Death of Eric Garner") and later [George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd "George Floyd")), "White silence is violence",[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-82) "[No justice, no peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_justice,_no_peace "No justice, no peace")",[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-84) and "Is my son next?",[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-85) among others.
According to a 2018 study, "Black Lives Matter protests are more likely to occur in localities where more black people have previously been killed by police."[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-86)
### Media, music and other cultural impacts
Main articles: [Black Lives Matter art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_art "Black Lives Matter art"), [Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), and [Protest paradigm § BLM and George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_paradigm#BLM_and_George_Floyd_protests "Protest paradigm")
Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2013, with the hashtag \#BlackLivesMatter,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-87) the movement has been depicted and documented in [film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Film "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), [song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Music "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), [television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Television "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), [literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Literature "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), and the [visual arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Art "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"). Several media outlets are providing material related to racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. Published books, novels, and TV shows have increased in popularity in 2020.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-88) Songs, such as [Michael Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson")'s "[They Don't Care About Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us "They Don't Care About Us")" and [Kendrick Lamar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar "Kendrick Lamar")'s "[Alright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alright_\(Kendrick_Lamar_song\) "Alright (Kendrick Lamar song)")", have been widely used as a rallying call at demonstrations.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-90)
The short documentary film, *[Bars4Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bars4Justice "Bars4Justice")*, features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual [Pan African Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Film_Festival "Pan African Film Festival"). *[Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_Woke:_The_Black_Lives_Matter_Movement "Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement")* is a 2016 American television documentary film, starring [Jesse Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Williams_\(actor\) "Jesse Williams (actor)"), about the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-HP-91)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-92)
The February 2015 issue of *[Essence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_\(magazine\) "Essence (magazine)")* magazine and the cover were devoted to Black Lives Matter.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-93) In December 2015, BLM was a contender for the *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* magazine [Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") award, coming in fourth of the eight candidates.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-94)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_Space,_We_Can_Hear_Your_Screams_\(49986786312\).jpg)
[Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza") in Washington, D.C., as seen from space on June 8, 2020
A number of cities have painted [murals of "Black Lives Matter" in large letters on their streets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Lives_Matter_street_murals "List of Black Lives Matter street murals"). The cities include [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), [Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas "Dallas"), [Denver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver "Denver"), [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), and [Birmingham, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama "Birmingham, Alabama").[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Wilson-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-96)
On May 9, 2016, [Delrish Moss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delrish_Moss "Delrish Moss") was sworn in as the first African-American police chief in Ferguson, Missouri. He acknowledged that he faces such challenges as diversifying the police force, improving community relations, and addressing issues that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-97)
## Allegations of use of excessive force by police
Further information: [Police brutality in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States "Police brutality in the United States") and [Race in the United States criminal justice system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_in_the_United_States_criminal_justice_system "Race in the United States criminal justice system")
According to a study from the [Bureau of Justice Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics "Bureau of Justice Statistics") from 2002 to 2011, among those who had contact with the police, "blacks (2.8%) were more likely than whites (1.0%) and Hispanics (1.4%) to perceive the threat or use of nonfatal force was excessive."[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-98)
According to *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, police officers shot and killed 1,001 people in the United States in 2019. About half of those killed were white, and one quarter were black, making the rate of deaths for black Americans (31 fatal shootings per million) more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans (13 fatal shootings per million).[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:1-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-100) *The Washington Post* also counts 13 unarmed black Americans shot dead by police in 2019.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-101)
A 2015 study by Cody Ross at UC Davis found "significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans" by police. The study found that unarmed African Americans had 3.49 times the probability of being shot compared to unarmed whites, although in some jurisdictions the risk could be as much as 20 times higher. The study found that 2.79 times more armed blacks were shot than unarmed blacks. The study also found that the documented county-level racial bias in police shootings could not be explained by differences in local crime rates.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-102)
A 2019 study by Cesario et al. published in *[Social Psychological and Personality Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Psychological_and_Personality_Science "Social Psychological and Personality Science")* found that after adjusting for crime, there was "no systematic evidence of anti-black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of harmless objects".[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-103) However, a 2020 study by Cody Ross et al. criticizes the data analysis used in the Cesario et al. study. Using the same data set for police shootings in 2015 and 2016, Ross et al. conclude that there is significant racial bias in police shooting cases involving unarmed black suspects. This bias is not seen when suspects are armed.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-104)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_killings_in_the_USA_in_2018.svg)
Map depicting rates of police killings by state in the United States in 2018
A study by Harvard economist [Roland Fryer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr. "Roland G. Fryer Jr.") found that blacks and Hispanics were 50% more likely to experience non-lethal force in police interactions, but for officer-involved shootings there were "no racial differences in either the raw data or when contextual factors are taken into account".[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-105)
A 2019 study in *[PNAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America")* concluded that black people were actually less likely than [white people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people "White people") to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-106) The authors later retracted the paper because although "our data and statistical approach were appropriate for investigating whether officer characteristics are related to the race of civilians fatally shot by police," the paper had been "cited as providing support for the idea that there are no racial biases in fatal shootings, or policing in general" whereas in fact their analyses "are inadequate to address racial disparities in the probability of being shot."[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-JohnsonRetract-107)
Another study found that such conclusions were erroneous due to [Simpson's paradox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s_paradox "Simpson's paradox").[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cody2018-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-109) According to the paper, while it was true that white people were more likely to be killed in a police encounter, overall black people were still being discriminated against because they were more likely to have interactions with the police due to structural racism.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cody2018-108) They are more likely to be stopped for more petty crimes or no crime at all. Conversely, white people interact with police more rarely, and often for more serious crimes, such as shootings, where police are more likely to use force. The same paper also backed up the findings of Ross and Fryer and concluded that the overall rate of death was a much more useful statistic than the rate of death in encounters.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cody2018-108)
### Disproportionate policing of Black Lives Matter events
Further information: [Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack § Accusations of differential treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_response_to_the_2021_United_States_Capitol_attack#Accusations_of_differential_treatment "Law enforcement response to the 2021 United States Capitol attack")
Black Lives Matter protesters are themselves sometimes subject to excessive [policing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_policing "Protest policing") of the kind against which they are demonstrating. In May 2020, in addition to police, 43,350 [military troops were deployed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_response_to_protest "Military response to protest") against Black Lives Matter protesters nationally.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-2021-01-10-nbc-110) Military surveillance aircraft were deployed against subsequent Black Lives Matter protests.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-2021-01-10-nbc-110) Observers, such as U.S. President [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden"), have noted that violent far-right mobilizations, including the [2021 United States Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack "2021 United States Capitol attack"), attracted smaller and more passive police presences than peaceful Black Lives Matter protests.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-114)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-115) In November 2015, a police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media") post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-larimer-116)
According to a report released by the [Movement for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives "Movement for Black Lives") in August 2021, the [United States federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") deliberately targeted Black Lives Matter protesters in an attempt to disrupt and discourage the Black Lives Matter movement during the summer of 2020. According to the report, "The empirical data and findings in this report largely corroborate what Black organizers have long known intellectually, intuitively, and from lived experience about the federal government's disparate policing and prosecution of racial justice protests and related activity".[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-117)
## Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States
See also: [Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States "Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States")
### 2014
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_Black_Friday_\(15902086996\).jpg)
Black Lives Matter protester at [Macy's Herald Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square "Macy's Herald Square"), November 2014
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest.jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest at [Herald Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Square "Herald Square"), [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), November 2014
In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of [Dontre Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dontre_Hamilton "Killing of Dontre Hamilton"), [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner "Killing of Eric Garner"), [John Crawford III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_John_Crawford_III "Killing of John Crawford III"), [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown"), [Ezell Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ezell_Ford "Killing of Ezell Ford"), [Laquan McDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Laquan_McDonald "Murder of Laquan McDonald"), [Akai Gurley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Akai_Gurley "Killing of Akai Gurley"), [Tamir Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tamir_Rice "Killing of Tamir Rice"), [Antonio Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Antonio_Martin "Killing of Antonio Martin"), and [Jerame Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jerame_Reid "Killing of Jerame Reid"), among others.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-118)
In July, Eric Garner died in New York City after a [New York City Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department "New York City Police Department") officer put him in a banned [chokehold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokehold "Chokehold") while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nobody-119)
During the Labor Day weekend in August, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [Ferguson, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri "Ferguson, Missouri"), to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-121) The movement continued to be involved in the [Ferguson protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest"), following the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown").[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-122) The protests at times came into conflict with local and state police departments, who typically responded in an armed manner. At one point, the National Guard was called in and [a state of emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency "State of emergency") was declared.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
Also in August, [Los Angeles Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department") officers shot and killed Ezell Ford; BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-grad-123)
In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and killed Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-124) In [Oakland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California "Oakland, California"), California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a [Bay Area Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit "Bay Area Rapid Transit") (BART) train for more than an hour on [Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\) "Black Friday (shopping)"), one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown").[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-125)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-126)
Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy, was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also been cited as contributing to "sparking" the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nobody-119)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-127)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest,_Mall_of_America,_December_2014.jpg)
A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [Mall of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America "Mall of America") in [Bloomington, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota "Bloomington, Minnesota"), in December 2014
In December, two to three thousand people gathered at the [Mall of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America "Mall of America") in [Bloomington, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota "Bloomington, Minnesota") to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reinan-128) The police at the mall were equipped with riot gear and bomb-sniffing dogs; at least twenty members of the protest were arrested.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Brumfield-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ALDM-130) Management said that they were "extremely disappointed that organizers of Black Lives Matter protest chose to ignore our stated policy and repeated reminders that political protests and demonstrations are not allowed on Mall of America property".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Brumfield-129)
In [Milwaukee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee "Milwaukee"), Wisconsin, BLM protested the police [killing of Dontre Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dontre_Hamilton "Killing of Dontre Hamilton"), who died in April.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-131) Black Lives Matter protested the [killing of John Crawford III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_John_Crawford_III "Killing of John Crawford III").[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-132) The [Murder of Renisha McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Renisha_McBride "Murder of Renisha McBride") was protested by Black Lives Matter.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-133)
Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown"), a protest march was held in [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California "Berkeley, California"), California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-skinner-134)
A week after the Michael Brown verdict, two police officers were killed in New York City by Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who expressed a desire to kill police officers in retribution for the deaths of Garner and Brown. Black Lives Matter condemned the shooting, though some right-wing media attempted to connect the group to it, with the [Patrolman's Benevolent Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Benevolent_Association_of_the_City_of_New_York "Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York") president claiming that there was "blood on \[the\] hands \[of\] those that incited violence on the street under the guise of protests".[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) A conservative television commentator also attempted to connect Black Lives Matter to protesters chanting that they wanted to see "dead cops," at the December "Millions March" which was organized by different groups.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
### 2015
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don%27t_forget_Freddie_Gray.jpg)
A demonstrator raising awareness of the [death of Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") in Baltimore, April 2015
In 2015, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of [Charley Leundeu Keunang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Charley_Leundeu_Keunang "Killing of Charley Leundeu Keunang"), [Tony Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tony_Robinson "Killing of Tony Robinson"), [Anthony Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Anthony_Hill "Killing of Anthony Hill"), [Meagan Hockaday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Meagan_Hockaday "Killing of Meagan Hockaday"), [Eric Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Harris "Killing of Eric Harris"), [Walter Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Walter_Scott "Killing of Walter Scott"), [Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray"), [William Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_William_Chapman "Killing of William Chapman"), [Jonathan Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jonathan_Sanders "Death of Jonathan Sanders"), [Sandra Bland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Sandra_Bland "Death of Sandra Bland"), [Samuel DuBose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Samuel_DuBose "Killing of Samuel DuBose"), [Jeremy McDole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jeremy_McDole "Killing of Jeremy McDole"), [Corey Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Corey_Jones "Killing of Corey Jones"), and [Jamar Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jamar_Clark "Killing of Jamar Clark") as well Dylann Roof's murder of [The Charleston Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting#Victims "Charleston church shooting").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-135)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-136)
In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor [Rahm Emanuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel "Rahm Emanuel")'s office, demanding reforms within the [Chicago Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department "Chicago Police Department").[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-137) Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-138)
In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the [death of Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") which included the [2015 Baltimore protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Baltimore_protests "2015 Baltimore protests").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-139)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-norfleet-140) The National Guard was called in.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) After the killing of Walter Scott in [North Charleston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina "North Charleston, South Carolina"), South Carolina, Black Lives Matter protested Scott's death and called for [Civilian oversight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_oversight "Civilian oversight") of police.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-141)
In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest, [SayHerName](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SayHerName "SayHerName"), decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, [Aiyana Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Aiyana_Jones "Killing of Aiyana Jones"), [Rekia Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rekia_Boyd "Killing of Rekia Boyd"), and others.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-naked-142) In [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the [Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Timothy_Russell_and_Malissa_Williams "Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams"), BLM protested.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CNN0526-143) In [Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin"), Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the killing of Tony Robinson.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-144)
In June, after [Dylann Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylann_Roof "Dylann Roof")'s [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting "Charleston church shooting") in [a historically black church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church") in [Charleston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), South Carolina, BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-zukic-145)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-146) BLM was part of a march for peace on the [Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge "Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge") in [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina").[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-abc4-147) After the Charleston shooting, a number of [memorials to the Confederate States of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_monuments_and_memorials "Confederate monuments and memorials") were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-148)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-duda-149) Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after [a video was released](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Texas_pool_party_incident "2015 Texas pool party incident") showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [McKinney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney,_Texas "McKinney, Texas"), Texas—to the ground with his knees.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-150)
In July, BLM activists across the United States began protests over the [death of Sandra Bland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Sandra_Bland "Death of Sandra Bland"), an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [Waller County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas "Waller County, Texas"), Texas.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-bland-151)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sun-152) In [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati") police officer.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-wlwt-153) In [Newark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey "Newark, New Jersey"), New Jersey, more than a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-154) Also in July, BLM protested the death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-155)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-156)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Year_Commemoration_of_the_Murder_of_Michael_Brown,_the_Ferguson_Rebellion,_%26_the_Black_Lives_Matter_uprising._\(20426285322\).jpg)
One-year commemoration of the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown") and the [Ferguson unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest") at [Barclays Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Center "Barclays Center") in [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), New York, August 2015
In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against [transgender women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_women "Transgender women").[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-stein-157) In [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), North Carolina, after a judge declared a [mistrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial#Mistrials "Trial") in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [Jonathan Ferrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jonathan_Ferrell "Killing of Jonathan Ferrell"), BLM protested and staged [die-ins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in "Die-in").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-kerrick-158) In [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), [Janelle Monáe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e "Janelle Monáe"), [Jidenna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidenna "Jidenna"), and other BLM activists marched through [North Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Philadelphia "North Philadelphia") to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-chang-159) Around August 9, the first anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis") and across the country.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-brownann-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-simone-161)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_against_St._Paul_police_brutality_\(21552438456\).jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [Metro Green Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Green_Line_\(Minnesota\) "Metro Green Line (Minnesota)"), September 2015
In September, more than five hundred BLM protesters in [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"), Texas, rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [Interstate 35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35 "Interstate 35").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-chron-162) In [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") police brutality case.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-hedg-163) In [Sacramento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California "Sacramento, California"), California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a [California State Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Senate "California State Senate") bill that would increase police oversight.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sac-164) BLM protested the killing of Jeremy McDole.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-165)
In October, Black Lives Matter activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-morris-166) "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-shaker-167) [Quentin Tarantino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino "Quentin Tarantino") and [Cornel West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West "Cornel West"), participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-democ-168)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justice_for_Jamar_Response_Action_\(22627979078\).jpg)
Protest march in response to the [Jamar Clark killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jamar_Clark "Killing of Jamar Clark"), Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 2015
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_Sign_-_Minneapolis_Protest_\(22632545857\).jpg)
An activist holds a "Black Lives Matter" sign outside the Minneapolis Police Fourth Precinct building following the officer-involved killing of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015
In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by [Minneapolis Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Police_Department "Minneapolis Police Department").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-169) A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police. During the encamped protest, protesters, and outside agitators clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the station with an SUV.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-170)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-171) Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men carrying firearms and body armor[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-172) appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Silverstein_2015-174) All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three men arrested were young and white, and observers called them [white supremacists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy").[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Washington_Post_2015-175)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-176) In February 2017, one of the men arrested, Allen Scarsella, was convicted of a dozen felony counts of assault and riot in connection with the shooting. Based in part on months of racist messages Scarsella had sent his friends before the shooting, the judge rejected arguments by his defense that Scarsella was "naïve" and sentenced him in April 2017 to 15 years out of a maximum 20-year sentence.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-177)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-178)
From November 2016, BLM protested the [Murder of Laquan McDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Laquan_McDonald "Murder of Laquan McDonald"), calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake of the shooting and its handling. McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-179)
### 2016
In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce Kelley Jr., [Alton Sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alton_Sterling "Killing of Alton Sterling"), [Philando Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Philando_Castile "Killing of Philando Castile"), [Joseph Mann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Mann "Killing of Joseph Mann"), [Abdirahman Abdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abdirahman_Abdi "Death of Abdirahman Abdi"), [Paul O'Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Paul_O%27Neal "Killing of Paul O'Neal"), [Korryn Gaines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Korryn_Gaines "Killing of Korryn Gaines"), [Sylville Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylville_Smith "Sylville Smith"), [Terence Crutcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Terence_Crutcher "Killing of Terence Crutcher"), [Keith Lamont Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Keith_Lamont_Scott "Killing of Keith Lamont Scott"), [Alfred Olango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alfred_Olango "Killing of Alfred Olango"), and [Deborah Danner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Deborah_Danner "Killing of Deborah Danner"), among others.
In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by [San Francisco Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Police "San Francisco Police") officers. The march was held during a [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") event.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-180) BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins, and direct actions across the country with the goal of "reclaim\[ing\] the radical legacy of [Martin Luther King Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.")"[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-181)
In February, Abdullahi Omar Mohamed, a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City"), [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah "Utah"), police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-182)
In June, members of BLM and [Color of Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_of_Change "Color of Change") protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a charge that the state penal code had designated as "[lynching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States "Lynching in the United States")" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-183)
On July 5, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot several times at point-blank range while pinned to the ground by two white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in [Baton Rouge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"), Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton Rouge shouted, "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an intersection to protest Sterling's death.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-brennan-184) On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a [candlelight vigil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlelight_vigil "Candlelight vigil") in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-185)
On July 6, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a [St. Anthony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony,_Minnesota "St. Anthony, Minnesota"), Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in [Falcon Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Heights,_Minnesota "Falcon Heights, Minnesota"), a suburb of [St. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota "St. Paul, Minnesota"). Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her four-year-old daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Chappell-186) According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to [carry a weapon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Minnesota#Permits_to_carry "Gun laws in Minnesota") and had one in the car.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-BBCCastileDeath-187) She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times."[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PheiferPeck-188) She [live-streamed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-stream "Live-stream") a video on [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United States.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-189)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protest_march_in_response_to_the_Philando_Castile_shooting_\(28084964251\).jpg)
Protest march in response to the [killing of Philando Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Philando_Castile "Killing of Philando Castile"), St. Paul, Minnesota, July 7, 2016
On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas, that was organized to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson [opened fire in an ambush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers "2016 shooting of Dallas police officers"), killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-190) Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Bromwich-191) Texas Lt. Governor [Dan Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patrick_\(politician\) "Dan Patrick (politician)") and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-192)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-193) The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-194)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-195) On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-196)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sit-in_during_San_Francisco_July_2016_rally_against_police_violence_-_3.jpg)
Protest in response to the [Alton Sterling killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alton_Sterling "Killing of Alton Sterling"), San Francisco, California, July 8, 2016
In the first half of July, there were at least 112 protests in 88 American cities.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-197) On July 13, [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA "NBA") stars [LeBron James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James "LeBron James"), [Carmelo Anthony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony "Carmelo Anthony"), [Chris Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Paul "Chris Paul"), and [Dwyane Wade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyane_Wade "Dwyane Wade") opened the [2016 ESPY Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_ESPY_Awards "2016 ESPY Awards") with a Black Lives Matter message.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-198) On July 26, Black Lives Matter held a protest in Austin, Texas, to mark the third anniversary of the shooting death of [Larry Jackson Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Larry_Jackson_Jr. "Killing of Larry Jackson Jr.")[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-march-199) On July 28, [Chicago Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department "Chicago Police Department") officers shot Paul O'Neal in the back and killed him following a car chase.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-200) After the shooting, hundreds marched in Chicago, Illinois.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DNA-201)
In [Randallstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randallstown,_Maryland "Randallstown, Maryland"), Maryland, near Baltimore, on August 1, police officers shot and killed Korryn Gaines, a 23-year-old African American woman, also shooting and injuring her son.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-202) Gaines' death was protested in Baltimore.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-203)
In August, Black Lives Matter protested in [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"), Pennsylvania the death of Bruce Kelley Jr., who was shot after fatally stabbing a police dog while trying to escape from police the previous January.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-204)
In August, several professional athletes began participating in [National Anthem protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_U.S._national_anthem_protests "2016 U.S. national anthem protests"). The protests began in the [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") (NFL) after [Colin Kaepernick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick "Colin Kaepernick") of the [San Francisco 49ers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third [preseason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_preseason "NFL preseason") game of 2016.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-SB-205) During a post-game interview he explained his position stating, "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and [people of color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_color "People of color"). To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder,"[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-wyche-206) a protest widely interpreted as in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-207)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-208)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-209) The protests have generated mixed reactions and have since spread to other U.S. sports leagues.
In September, BLM protested the shooting deaths by police officers of Terence Crutcher in [Tulsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma "Tulsa, Oklahoma"), Oklahoma, and Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-210)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-211)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NYDaily-212) *[The Charlotte Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer "The Charlotte Observer")* reported "The protesters began to gather as night fell, hours after the shooting. They held themed signs that said 'Stop Killing Us' and 'Black Lives Matter,' and they chanted 'No justice, no peace.' The scene was sometimes chaotic and tense, with water bottles and stones chucked at police lines, but many protesters called for peace and implored their fellow demonstrators not to act violently."[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ObserverAftermath16-213) Multiple nights of protests in September and October were held in [El Cajon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon,_California "El Cajon, California"), California, following the killing of Alfred Olango.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-214)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-215)
### 2017
During the 2017 [Black History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month "Black History Month"), a month-long "Black Lives Matter" art exhibition was organized by three [Richmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"), Virginia artists at the First Unitarian Universalist Church of Richmond in the Byrd Park area of the city. The show featured more than 30 diverse multicultural artists on a theme exploring racial equality and justice.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-216)
In the same month [Virginia Commonwealth University's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University") (VCU) James Branch Cabell Library focused on a month-long schedule of events relating to [African-American history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history "African-American history")[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-217) and showed photos from the church's "Black Lives Matter" exhibition on its outdoor screen.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-218) The VCU schedule of events also included: the Real Life Film Series *The Angry Heart: The Impact of Racism on Heart Disease among African-Americans*; [Keith Knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Knight_\(cartoonist\) "Keith Knight (cartoonist)") presented the 14th Annual VCU Libraries Black History Month lecture; [Lawrence Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Ross "Lawrence Ross"), author of the book *Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses* talked about how his book related to the "Black Lives Matter" movement; and [Velma P. Scantlebury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velma_Scantlebury "Velma Scantlebury"), M.D., the first black female transplant surgeon in the United States, discussed "Health Equity in Kidney Transplantation: Experiences from a surgeon's perspective."
Black Lives Matter protested the [killing of Jocques Clemmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jocques_Clemmons "Killing of Jocques Clemmons") which occurred in [Nashville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee"), Tennessee on February 10, 2017.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-thetennesseanclemmonsfamily-219) On May 12, 2017, a day after Glenn Funk, the district attorney of [Davidson County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee "Davidson County, Tennessee") decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert, the Nashville chapter of BLM held a demonstration near the [Vanderbilt University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") campus all the way to the residence of Nashville mayor [Megan Barry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Barry "Megan Barry").[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tennesseanjusticedemonstratesoutside-220)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-wkrnsilentmarchforjocques-221)
On September 27 at the [College of William & Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary "College of William & Mary"), students associated with Black Lives Matter protested an [American Civil Liberties Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union "American Civil Liberties Union") (ACLU) event because the ACLU had fought for the right of the [Unite the Right rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally "Unite the Right rally") to be held in Charlottesville, Virginia.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-222) William & Mary's president [Taylor Reveley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Taylor_Reveley_III "W. Taylor Reveley III") responded with a statement defending the college's commitment to open debate.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-223)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-224)
### 2018
In February and March 2018, as part of its social justice focus, First [Unitarian Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist "Unitarian Universalist") of Richmond, Virginia in Richmond, Virginia presented its *Second Annual Black Lives Matter Art Exhibition*.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-225) Works of art in the exhibition were projected at scheduled hours on the large exterior screen (jumbotron) at [Virginia Commonwealth University's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University") Cabell Library. Artists with art in the exhibition were invited to discuss their work in the Black Lives Matter show as it was projected at an evening forum in a small amphitheater at VCU's Hibbs Hall. They were also invited to exhibit afterward at a local showing of the 1961 film adaptation of *[A Raisin in the Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Raisin_in_the_Sun_\(1961_film\) "A Raisin in the Sun (1961 film)")*.
In April, CNN reported that the largest Facebook account claiming to be a part of the "Black Lives Matter" movement was a "scam" tied to a white man in Australia. The account, with 700,000 followers, was linked to fundraisers that raised \$100,000 or more, purportedly for U.S. Black Lives Matter causes; however, some of the money was instead transferred to Australian bank accounts, according to CNN. Facebook has suspended the offending page.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-226)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-227)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-228)
### 2020
Further information: [2020–2022 United States racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_United_States_racial_unrest "2020–2022 United States racial unrest")
On February 23, 2020, Ahmaud Arbery, an unarmed 25-year-old African American man, was [murdered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery "Murder of Ahmaud Arbery") while jogging in [Glynn County, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_County,_Georgia "Glynn County, Georgia").[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-229) Arbery had been pursued and confronted by three white residents driving two vehicles, including a father and son who were armed.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-230) All three men were indicted on nine counts, including felony murder.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-231)
On March 13, Louisville police officers knocked down the apartment door of 26-year-old African American Breonna Taylor, serving a no-knock search warrant for drug suspicions. After her boyfriend shot a police officer in the leg,[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-232) [Police fired several shots which led to her death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Breonna_Taylor "Killing of Breonna Taylor"). Her boyfriend called 911 and said, "someone kicked in the door and shot my girlfriend".[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-233) Protests were held in Louisville with calls for police reform.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-234)
#### George Floyd protests
Main articles: [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests"), [Defund the police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_the_police "Defund the police"), and [Murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Floyd_protests_in_Washington_DC,_Lafayette_Square.jpg)
George Floyd protests at Lafayette Square, Washington D.C., May 30, 2020
At the end of May, spurred on by a rash of racially charged events including those above, more than 450 major protests[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-235)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-236) were held in cities and towns across the United States and three continents.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-237) The breaking point was due primarily to the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") by Minneapolis police officer [Derek Chauvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Chauvin "Derek Chauvin"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-238) eventually charged with second-degree murder after a video circulated showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes while Floyd pleaded for his life, repeating: "[I can't breathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe "I can't breathe")."[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-239)[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-240) Following protesters' demands for additional prosecutions, three other officers were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-241)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_America_Protests_8_JUN_2020.jpg)
Protests in May 2020 after George Floyd's death
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter,_Washington_National_Cathedral,_10June2020.jpg)
"Black Lives Matter" on the facade of the Washington National Cathedral, June 10, 2020
Black Lives Matter organized rallies in the United States and worldwide[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-242) from May 30 onwards,[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-243) with protesters enacting Floyd's final moments, many lying down in streets and on bridges, yelling "I can't breathe," while others marched by the thousands, some carrying signs that read, "Tell your brother in blue, don't shoot"—"Who do you call when the murderer wears a badge?" and "Justice for George Floyd."[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-244) While global and supported by several unassociated organizations, the Black Lives Matter movement has been inextricably linked to these monumental protests.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-245) Black Lives Matter called to "[defund the police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_the_police "Defund the police")", a slogan with varying interpretations from [police abolition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_abolition_movement "Police abolition movement") to divestment from police and prisons to reinvestment in social services in communities of color.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-246) In 2020, [NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR") reported that the Washington D.C. Black Lives Matter chapter's demands were [defunding the police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_the_police "Defund the police"), halting the construction of new jails, [decriminalizing sex work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalizing_sex_work "Decriminalizing sex work"), removing police from schools, exonerating protesters and abolishing [cash bail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_bail "Cash bail") in [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland "Maryland").[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-247)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC_0008_\(50283939071\).jpg)
[Al Sharpton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton "Al Sharpton") led the [Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commitment_March:_Get_Your_Knee_Off_Our_Necks "Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks") in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 2020
On June 5, Washington, D.C.'s Mayor [Muriel Bowser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Bowser "Muriel Bowser") announced that part of the street outside the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House") had been officially renamed to [Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza"), posted with a street sign.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-248)
On June 7, in the wake of global [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") and Black Lives Matter's call to "defund the police", the [Minneapolis City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council "Minneapolis City Council") voted to "disband its police department" to shift funding to social programs in communities of color. City Council President Lisa Bender said, "Our efforts at incremental reform have failed. Period." The council vote came after the Minneapolis Public Schools, the University of Minnesota and Minneapolis Parks and Recreation cut ties with the Minneapolis Police Department.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-249) At the end of 2020, approximately \$8 million of the city's \$179 million police budget was reallocated for violence prevention pilot programs and was considered the type of incremental reform that activists and politicians had earlier denounced.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-250)
On July 20, the [Strike for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_for_Black_Lives_\(coalition_protest\) "Strike for Black Lives (coalition protest)"), organized in part by Black Lives Matter, featured thousands of workers across the United States performing a [walkout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkout "Walkout") to raise awareness of systemic racism following Floyd's murder.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-251)
From May 26 to August 22, there were more than 7,750 BLM-linked demonstrations in more than 2,240 locations throughout the United States.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-252)
While the majority of protests were peaceful,[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-253) some escalated into [riots, looting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_controversies_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests"),[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-254) and street skirmishes with police and counter-protesters. By the end of June 2020, at least 14,000 people had been arrested.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-olson-255)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-11000_arrested-256)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-257) By June 2020, more than 19 people had died in relation to the unrest. Arson, vandalism, and looting that occurred between May 26 and June 8 caused approximately \$1–2 billion in insured damages nationally, the highest recorded damage from [civil disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disorder "Civil disorder") in U.S. history, and surpassing the record set during the [1992 Los Angeles riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots "1992 Los Angeles riots").[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Kingson-2020-258)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Riot_damage-259)
### 2021
On April 20, 2021, a jury, consisting of six white people and six people of color, found Chauvin guilty on three counts: unintentional [second-degree murder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-degree_murder "Second-degree murder"); third-degree murder; and second-degree manslaughter.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-260)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-261)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-262)
### 2022
In Illinois, Olivia Butts organized an effort to get the elimination of cash bail passed for 2023 under a new bill known as the [SAFE-T Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE-T_Act "SAFE-T Act").[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-263)
As a result of [2021 marijuana legalization efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2021_United_States_cannabis_reform_proposals "List of 2021 United States cannabis reform proposals"), Black Lives Matter activist Lexis Figuereo's conviction was expunged in New York.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-264)
### 2023
A vigil was held for the death of [Keenan Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Keenan_Anderson "Death of Keenan Anderson"), who was killed by a police officer of the Los Angeles Police Department. Anderson was the cousin of Black Lives Matter co-founder [Patrisse Cullors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrisse_Cullors "Patrisse Cullors").[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-265) The releasing of camera footage regarding the [death of Tyre Nichols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Tyre_Nichols "Death of Tyre Nichols") in January 2023 led to [protests in Memphis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Memphis_protests "2023 Memphis protests"). Al Sharpton of the [National Action Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Action_Network "National Action Network") spoke on the matter upon the release of bodycam footage.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-266)
A ruling made by the [Supreme Court of Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama "Supreme Court of Alabama") continues to prevent most [police body camera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_body_camera "Police body camera") footage, including that related to Joseph Pettaway, who bled to death in 2018 after being bitten by a [police dog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_dog "Police dog"), from being released to the public.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-al-tenn-6-apr-23-267)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-al-alabama-dog-17-dec-22-268) In December 2022, Judge Jerusha Adams again blocked the release of video footage related to Pettaways' death.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-al-alabama-dog-17-dec-22-268)
### 2025
See also: [Backlash (sociology)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlash_\(sociology\) "Backlash (sociology)")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2025-03-10_Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza_removal_Washington_DC_13-38-02_1.jpg)
Crews beginning to remove the Black Lives Matter Plaza installation.
In March 2025, [Andrew Clyde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Clyde "Andrew Clyde") (R-GA) introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would withhold certain federal funding from [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") unless [Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza") is renamed "Liberty Plaza", the mural is removed, and the city removes all references to "Black Lives Matter" from any official publications.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:2-269) On March 10, 2025, city crews began to remove the installation; Mayor Bowser stated that the removal was the result of threats of encroachment from both President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") and the Republican-controlled Congress. She stated that "the mural inspired millions of people and helped our city through a painful period, but now we can't afford to be distracted by meaningless congressional interference. The devastating impacts of the federal job cuts must be our number one concern". It was stated that the plaza would receive new art by students and artists as part of DC's America 250 mural project.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-270)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-271)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-272)[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-273)
## International movement
In 2015, after the [death of Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the [Arab Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-herbert-60)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-274) This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring".[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-275)[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-common-276) Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the [Dalit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit "Dalit") rights movement.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-277)
### Australia
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05521.jpg)
Protest in [Brisbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), June 6, 2020
Following the [death of Ms Dhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Ms_Dhu "Death of Ms Dhu") in police custody in August 2014, protests often made reference to the BLM movement.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-278)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-279) In July 2016, a BLM rally was organized in [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), Australia, which 3,500 people attended.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-280) The protest also emphasized the issues of mistreatment of [Aboriginal Australians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians "Aboriginal Australians") by the Australian police and government.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-281)
In May 2017, Black Lives Matter was awarded the [Sydney Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize "Sydney Peace Prize"), which "honours a nominee who has promoted 'peace with justice', human rights and non-violence".[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-282)
In early June 2020, soon after the George Floyd protests in the US, [protests took place in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Australia "George Floyd protests in Australia"), with many of them focusing on the local issue of [Aboriginal deaths in custody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_deaths_in_custody "Aboriginal deaths in custody"), [racism in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Australia "Racism in Australia") and other injustices faced by [Indigenous Australians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians "Indigenous Australians").[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-283) Cricketer [Michael Holding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holding "Michael Holding") criticized Australia, as well as England, for refusing to take a knee in support of Black Lives Matter during cricket matches.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-284)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-285)
### Brazil
Blacks in Brazil suffer from economic marginalization, state violence, discrimination, and lower life-expectancy.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) In June 2020, two Black children, 5-year-old Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva and 14-year-old João Pedro Matos Pinto, died in Brazil.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva was under the watch of the white boss of his mother when he fell off the balcony of a building.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) João Pedro Matos Pinto was shot in the back by police in [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro") during a raid where the police discharged seventy shots.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-287) He was killed the same week as George Floyd.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-288) Their deaths prompted protests in cities across the country.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) The slogan "Black Lives Matter" was translated to "Vidas Negras Importam" in Portuguese.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) Protests continued throughout 2020 and were renewed at the end of the year after supermarket security guards [beat 40-year-old welder João Alberto Silveira Freitas to death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jo%C3%A3o_Alberto_Silveira_Freitas "Killing of João Alberto Silveira Freitas") in [Porto Alegre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre "Porto Alegre").[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-289)
### Canada
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter,_Anti-racism_rally_at_Vancouver_Art_Gallery_\(49958359766\).jpg)
Protest in [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), May 31, 2020
In July 2015, BLM protesters shut down [Allen Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Road "Allen Road") in [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-adam-290) In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, citing police brutality and solidarity with "marginalized black lives" as reason for the shutdown. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the [Take Back the Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Back_the_Night_\(protest\) "Take Back the Night (protest)") event in Toronto.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-donato-291)
In June 2016, Black Lives Matter was selected by [Pride Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Toronto "Pride Toronto") as the honored group in that year's Pride parade, during which they staged a [sit-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in "Sit-in") to block the parade from moving forward for approximately half an hour.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-292) They issued several demands for Pride to adjust its relationship with [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ "LGBTQ") people of color, including stable funding and a suitable venue for the established [Blockorama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Toronto#Blockorama "Pride Toronto") event, improved diversity in the organization's staff and volunteer base, and that [Toronto Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service "Toronto Police Service") officers be banned from marching in the parade in uniform.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-293) Pride executive director [Mathieu Chantelois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Chantelois "Mathieu Chantelois") signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed to honor the demands.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cp24-294) In late August 2016, the Toronto chapter protested outside the [Special Investigations Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Investigations_Unit_\(Ontario\) "Special Investigations Unit (Ontario)") in [Mississauga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga "Mississauga") in response to the [death of Abdirahman Abdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abdirahman_Abdi "Death of Abdirahman Abdi"), who died during an arrest in [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa").[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-295)
In 2020, the [death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Regis_Korchinski-Paquet "Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet") and the killing of D'Andre Campbell in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") sparked BLM protests demanding the defunding of police services.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:6-296)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-297)
As of December 2020, there are five Canadian BLM chapters in Toronto, [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), [Waterloo Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Region "Waterloo Region"), [Edmonton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton"), and [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick").[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:6-296)
The other focal point of the Black Lives Matter movement in Canada is addressing issues, racism and other injustices faced by [Indigenous Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Canadians "Indigenous Canadians").[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-298)[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-299)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-300)
### Denmark
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_Denmark_demonstration_in_Christiansborg_Slotsplads.jpg)
Demonstration at [Christiansborg Slotsplads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Slotsplads "Christiansborg Slotsplads"), [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), June 7, 2020
In Denmark, an organization named Black Lives Matter Denmark was founded in 2016 by [Bwalya Sørensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bwalya_S%C3%B8rensen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bwalya Sørensen (page does not exist)") \[[da](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwalya_S%C3%B8rensen "da:Bwalya Sørensen")\], a woman from [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia "Zambia") who came to Denmark when she was 19 years old. The organization is centered around Sørensen and mainly focuses on rejected asylum seekers and criminal foreigners, sentenced to expulsion from Denmark.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:3-301) The connection to the U.S. organization is unclear, but Sørensen has said she was encouraged by someone in the U.S. to start a Danish chapter, and that she, in 2017, was visited by the U.S. co-founder, [Ayọ Tometi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D_Tometi "Ayọ Tometi").[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:5-302)
In June 2020, following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd"), Black Lives Matter Denmark held a demonstration in [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen") that attracted 15,000 participants. Following the demonstration, the organization and Sørensen, in particular, received much criticism because the rules separated people by ethnicity: at the demonstration, only black people could be in front, and white people were disallowed from participating in some chants.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-303)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-304) Other controversies included Sørensen refusing to co-host a demonstration with [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") because their employees were white,[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-305) and illegally raising money, while calling the missing fundraising permit peaceful "[civil disobedience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience "Civil disobedience")".[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-306) Sørensen herself has been criticized for splitting the movement with her confrontational style.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:3-301)[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-307)
A new organization, named Afro Danish Collective, was announced in June 2020, with [Roger Matthisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Matthisen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roger Matthisen (page does not exist)") \[[da](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Matthisen "da:Roger Matthisen")\], a former member of the [Folketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing "Folketing") for [The Alternative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alternative_\(Denmark\) "The Alternative (Denmark)"), as spokesperson. The organization has similar goals to Black Lives Matter Denmark, but will take a more moderate approach, including not distinguishing between people at demonstrations based on their skin color.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:4-308)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:5-302) Matthisen said Afro Danish Collective was in part established because the leadership of Black Lives Matter Denmark had not been professional enough.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:4-308)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackLivesMatter_protest_Berlin_2020-05-30_65.jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest in [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), Germany, May 30, 2020
### France
On July 18, 2020, thousands of protesters marched near [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris "Paris") to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the [death of Adama Traoré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adama_Traor%C3%A9 "Death of Adama Traoré"). Traoré, a black man, was arrested in July 2016 and fainted after being pinned to the ground by police officers. He later died at a police station; the circumstances of his death are unclear.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DW-2020-07-18-309) Racial tensions continued with [unrest in 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahel_Merzouk_riots "Nahel Merzouk riots") after the killing of teenager [Nahel Merzouk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahel_Merzouk "Nahel Merzouk").
### Germany
On June 6, 2020, tens of thousands of people gathered across Germany to support the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-310) On July 18, 2020, more than 1,500 protesters participated in an anti-racism march in [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to condemn police brutality.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DW-2020-07-18-309)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC0223_\(50045090466\).jpg)
Protest in [Fukuoka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka "Fukuoka"), June 21, 2020
### Japan
In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, several demonstrations took place in Japan, including a 1,000-person demonstration in [Osaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka "Osaka") on June 7, 2020,[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-311) and a 3,500-person march through the streets of [Shibuya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya "Shibuya") and [Harajuku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harajuku "Harajuku") areas of [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") on June 14, 2020.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-312) The movement has been met with some backlash in the country, notably on the internet,[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-313) where some users criticized tennis player [Naomi Osaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Osaka "Naomi Osaka") after she encouraged people to join a Black Lives Matter march in the city of Osaka.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-314)
### New Zealand
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June_14_Auckland_Black_Lives_Matter_protest.jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest in [Aotea Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotea_Square "Aotea Square"), Auckland, June 14, 2020
On June 1, 2020, several BLM [solidarity protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_Zealand "George Floyd protests in New Zealand") in response to the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") were held in several New Zealand cities including [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"), [Wellington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"), [Christchurch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch "Christchurch"), [Dunedin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin "Dunedin"), [Tauranga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga "Tauranga"), [Palmerston North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North "Palmerston North") and [Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand "Hamilton, New Zealand").[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-315)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-316)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-317)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-318) The Auckland event, which attracted between 2,000 and 4,000 participants, was organized by several members of New Zealand's African community. Auckland organizer Mahlete Tekeste, African American expatriate Kainee Simone, and sportsperson [Israel Adesanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Adesanya "Israel Adesanya") compared racism, mass incarceration, and police violence against African Americans to the over-representation of [Māori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people") and [Pacific Islanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander "Pacific Islander") in New Zealand prisons, the controversial armed police response squad trials, and existing racism against minorities in New Zealand including the 2019 [Christchurch mosque shootings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings "Christchurch mosque shootings"). Hip hop artist and music producer [Mazbou Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazbou_Q "Mazbou Q") also called on [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand "Prime Minister of New Zealand") [Jacinda Ardern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern "Jacinda Ardern") to condemn violence against black Americans.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-319)
The left-wing [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand "Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand"), a member of the [Labour-led coalition government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand "Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand"), has also expressed support for the Black Lives Matter movement, linking the plight of African Americans to the racism, inequality, and higher incarceration rate experienced by the Māori and Pasifika communities. The BLM protests in New Zealand attracted criticism from [Deputy Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand "Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand") [Winston Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Peters "Winston Peters") for violating the country's [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") social distancing regulations banning mass gatherings of more than 100 people.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-320)
### United Kingdom
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Floyd_Protest_Brighton,_England,_UK_-_49968982403.jpg)
Protest at [St. Nicholas Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas_Church,_Brighton "St Nicholas Church, Brighton") in [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), June 3, 2020
Black Lives Matter emerged as a movement in the UK in the summer of 2016. Thousands attended protests against police racism in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") on July 11, and a group called Black Lives Matter UK (UKBLM) was set up in the wake of the [June 23 Brexit referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") at a meeting addressed by US BLM activist Patrisse Cullors.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Dray_2020-321)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pidd_2016-322)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Grazia-323)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-gal-dem_2020-324) On August 4, 2016, BLM protesters blocked [London City Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_City_Airport "London City Airport") in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together on the airport's runway.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-325)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-326) Nine people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were also BLM-themed protests in other English cities, including [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") and [Nottingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham"). The UK-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting [death of Mark Duggan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Mark_Duggan "Death of Mark Duggan").[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-327)
In 2016, tabloid newspapers ran several stories seeking to expose and discredit BLM activists, leading the movement to adopt anonymity.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-gal-dem_2020-324) On June 25, 2017, BLM supporters protested in [Stratford, London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_London "Stratford, London"), over the [death of Edson Da Costa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Edson_Da_Costa "Death of Edson Da Costa"), who died in police custody. There were no arrests made at the protest.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-328)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-329) According to [Patrick Vernon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vernon "Patrick Vernon"), BLM's start in the UK in 2016 was not met with respect. From 2018 onwards, after events such as the [Grenfell Tower fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire "Grenfell Tower fire") and the [Windrush scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windrush_scandal "Windrush scandal"), the movement was viewed more favorably by black Britons, in particular senior black Britions.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-330) In December 2019, Black Lives Matter UK worked with the coalition [Wretched of the Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wretched_of_the_Earth "Wretched of the Earth") to represent the voices of global [indigenous peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples "Indigenous peoples") and people of color in the [climate justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_justice "Climate justice") movement.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-331)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_at_US_Embassy,_London_03.jpg)
Protest outside the U.S. Embassy in London, June 7, 2020
In 2020, protests were held in support of the Black Lives Matter movement in the US. Following the murder of George Floyd, London protests took place in [Trafalgar Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square "Trafalgar Square") on May 31, [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London "Hyde Park, London") on June 3, [Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Square "Parliament Square") on June 6, and outside the [US Embassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_London "Embassy of the United States, London") on June 7. Similar protests took place in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), Bristol, and [Cardiff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff "Cardiff").[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-332) The UK protests not only showed solidarity with U.S. protesters, but also commemorated black people who have died in the UK, with protesters chanting, carrying signs, and sharing social media posts with names of victims including Julian Cole,[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-333) [Belly Mujinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_Mujinga "Belly Mujinga"),[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-334) Nuno Cardoso,[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-335) and [Sarah Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Reed_\(prisoner\) "Sarah Reed (prisoner)").[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-336)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg)
The empty pedestal of the [statue of Edward Colston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_Colston "Statue of Edward Colston") in [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol "Bristol"). Subject to increasing controversy since the 1990s, when his prior reputation as a philanthropist came under scrutiny due to a growing awareness of his slave trading, in June 2020, the statue was toppled, defaced and pushed into [Bristol Harbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Harbour "Bristol Harbour").
On June 7, protests continued in many towns and cities.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto2-337) During a Black Lives Matter protest in [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol "Bristol"), the city center [statue of Edward Colston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_Colston "Statue of Edward Colston"), a late 17th early 18th-century philanthropist, politician and slave trader, was pulled down by protesters, rolled along the road and pushed into [Bristol Harbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Harbour "Bristol Harbour").[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-338) The act was later condemned by [Home Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary") [Priti Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priti_Patel "Priti Patel") who said: "This hooliganism is utterly indefensible."[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto1-339) In London, after it was defaced a few days earlier,[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-340) protesters defaced the [statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square "Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square"), [Westminster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster "Westminster") with graffiti for a second time. Black spray paint was sprayed over his name, and the words "[was a racist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill "Racial views of Winston Churchill")" were sprayed underneath.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto1-339) A protester also attempted to burn the [Union Jack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack "Union Jack") flag flying at the [Cenotaph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph "Cenotaph"), a memorial to Britain's war dead.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-341) Later in the evening violence broke out between protesters and police. A total of 49 police officers were injured after demonstrators threw bottles and fireworks at them.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-342) Over the weekend, a total of 135 arrests were made by police.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto2-337) British Prime Minister [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") commented on the events, saying "those who attack public property or the police – who injure the police officers who are trying to keep us all safe – those people will face the full force of the law; not just because of the hurt and damage they are causing, but because of the damage they are doing to the cause they claim to represent."[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-343)
Peaceful protests took place in [Leeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds "Leeds")' [Millennium Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Square,_Leeds "Millennium Square, Leeds") on June 14, 2020[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-344) organized by a coalition of organizations: Black Voices Matter', which included Black Lives Matter Leeds.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-345) A second protest was held on [Woodhouse Moor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse_Moor "Woodhouse Moor") on June 21, organized by Black Lives Matter Leeds.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-346)
On June 28, Black Lives Matter UK faced criticism for making a series of tweets from their verified Twitter account regarding Israel, including one that claims "mainstream British politics is gagged of the right to critique Zionism".[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-347) The [Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League"), who were carrying the Black Lives Matter logo on their football shirts for the rest of the [2019–20 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Premier_League "2019–20 Premier League"), subsequently said that attempts by groups to hijack the cause to suit their own political ends are entirely unwelcome.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-348) After receiving considerable donations in summer 2020, Black Lives Matter UK formalised its organisation.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-gal-dem_2020-324) In September 2020, the group changed its official name to Black Liberation Movement UK and became legally registered as a community benefit society.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-349) However, the group still uses the Black Lives Matter name in its global cooperative efforts.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-JonesTele-350) In January 2021, the Black Liberation Movement began to distribute its funds to grassroots black-led and anti-racist organisations across the UK.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Mohdin_2021-351) Activists from a different BLM group, Charles Gordon[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-352) and [Sasha Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Johnson "Sasha Johnson"), founded the [Taking The Initiative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_The_Initiative_Party "Taking The Initiative Party") (TTIP) in the summer of 2020 had applied to register as a political party through the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission "Electoral Commission"); however, BLM UK said "BLM UK has no intention to set up a political party. This person or group is not affiliated with us."[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-JonesTele-350)
In September 2021, British businessman and philanthropist [Ken Olisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Olisa "Ken Olisa") revealed to [Channel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") that [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II") and the [British royal family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_royal_family "British royal family") are supporters of Black Lives Matter.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-353) In response, a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter UK said "We were surprised to learn the Queen is a BLM supporter. But we welcome anyone that agrees with our goal of dismantling white supremacy. Of course, actions speak louder than words. The Queen sits on a throne made from colonial plunder. Until she gives back all the stolen gold and diamonds from the Commonwealth and pays reparations, these are nothing more than warm words."[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-354)
In October 2021, *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* and *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* reported that a covert police unit in South Wales attempted to recruit a Black Lives Matter protester to be an informant and supply further information about far-right activists who had marched in support of Black Lives Matter.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-355)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-356) In February 2022, the [Swansea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea "Swansea") chapter of BLM announced it would be closing due to "attempted recruitment by the police and threats to its members' physical and mental safety from far-right activists".[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-357)
In July 2024, the Black Lives Matter UK Festival of Collective Liberation took place at [Friends House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_House "Friends House"), London, attended by more than 600 activists and supporters.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-358) [\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-359)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-360)
## 2016 United States presidential election
Further information: [2016 United States presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election "2016 United States presidential election")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bern_Machine.jpg)
Vehicle with a BLM sticker, September 18, 2015
### Primaries
#### Democrats
At the [Netroots Nation Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netroots_Nation#2015 "Netroots Nation") in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring [Martin O'Malley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley "Martin O'Malley") and [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders"). Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to address deaths in police custody.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-aljazeera_netroots-361) The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down" and "Shut this crap down".[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cnn.omalley-362)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) The expression "Shut it down" would go on to become a popular phrase in Black Lives Matter protests and on social media.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed O'Malley when he stated, "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cnn.omalley-362) O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he did not mean to disrespect the black community.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cnn.omalley-362)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_and_Black_Lives_Matter_activists_\(20439394705\).jpg)
[Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") and Black Lives Matter activists in [Westlake Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_Park_\(Seattle\) "Westlake Park (Seattle)"), Seattle, August 8, 2015
On August 8, 2015, a speech by [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") presidential candidate and civil rights activist [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") was disrupted by a group who would go on to found the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [Marissa Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Johnson "Marissa Johnson")[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-363) who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-364)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-365)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-366) Sanders issued a platform in response.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-367) Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter, which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-368) In August 2015, the [Democratic National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee") passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-seitz-369)
In the first Democratic primary debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reena-370) In reply, Bernie Sanders stated, "Black lives matter."[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reena-370) Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-carimah-371) In response, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-vega-372) [Jim Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Webb "Jim Webb"), on the other hand, replied: "As the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reena-370) [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn't?"[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-res-373) Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives, and emphasized what she described as a more pragmatic approach to enacting change, stating "Look, I don't believe you change hearts. I believe you change laws". Without policy change, she felt "we'll be back here in 10 years having the same conversation."[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-374) In June 2015, Clinton used the phrase "all lives matter" in a speech about the opportunities of young people of color, prompting backlash that she may misunderstand the message of "Black Lives Matter."[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-375)[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-376)
A week after the first Democratic primary debate was held in Las Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and its chairwoman [Debbie Wasserman Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz "Debbie Wasserman Schultz") demanding more debates, and "specifically for a \#BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate."[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-377)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-378) The petition received more than 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched,[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-lkk-379) and had more than 33,000 signatures as of October 27, 2015.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-380) The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add another debate to its official schedule.[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-jk-381) In response, the organization released a press statement on its Facebook page stating that "\[i\]n consultation with our chapters, our communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a full additional debate.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-lkk-379)
After the first debate, in October 2015, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at [Atlanta University Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center "Atlanta University Center") was interrupted by BLM activists.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-merica-382)
In February 2016, two Black Lives Matter activists protested at a private fundraiser for Clinton about statements she made in 1996 in which she referred to young people as "super-predators". One of the activists wanted Clinton to apologize for "mass incarceration" in connection with her support for her husband, then-President Bill Clinton's [1994 criminal reform law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act").[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-383)
#### Republicans
Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015, [Ben Carson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson "Ben Carson"), the only African American vying for the Republican nomination for the presidency, called the movement "silly".[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-lerner-384) Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-vanessa-385) In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, one question referenced Black Lives Matter.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-alice-386) In response to the question, [Scott Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Walker_\(politician\) "Scott Walker (politician)") advocated for the proper training of law enforcement[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-alice-386) and blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-387) while [Marco Rubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio "Marco Rubio") was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-388)
In August 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [Jeb Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush").[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-389) As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-390)
Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-391) Candidate [Chris Christie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie "Chris Christie"), the New Jersey Governor, criticized [President Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") for supporting BLM, stating that the movement calls for the murder of police officers.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cbs-392) Christie's statement was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-akner-393)
BLM activists also called on the [Republican National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee "Republican National Committee") to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-geraghty-394) The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum.[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-jk-381)
In November 2015, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-diamond-395) Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-396)
Anti-Trump protest in New York City, March 19, 2016
In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the [2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Chicago_rally_protest "2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest") that forced Trump to cancel the event.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Participan-397)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CassidyProtestMovement-398) Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident; two were "charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer".[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-RhodesArrests-399) A [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS "CBS") reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-400)
### General election
A group called [Mothers of the Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Movement "Mothers of the Movement"), which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and other mothers whose "unarmed African American children have been killed by law enforcement or due to gun violence,"[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-401) addressed the [2016 Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention "2016 Democratic National Convention") on July 26.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-402)[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-403)
Commenting on the first of [2016 presidential debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_presidential_debates "2016 presidential debates") between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, some media outlets characterized Clinton's references to implicit bias and systemic racism[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-404) as speaking "the language of the Black Lives Matter movement,"[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-405) while others pointed out neither Clinton nor Trump used the words "Black Lives Matter."[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-406)
In a *Washington Post* op-ed, DeRay Mckesson endorsed Hillary Clinton, because her "platform on racial justice is strong". He articulated that voting alone is not the only way to bring about "transformational change". He said that "I voted my entire life, and I was still tear-gassed in the streets of St. Louis and Baltimore. I voted my entire life, and those votes did not convict the killers of Sandra Bland, Freddie Gray or Michael Brown".[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-407)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-408)
## 2024 United States presidential election
In July 2024, [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") released a statement opposing the [Democratic Party's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") decision to nominate [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign "Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign") for president without a primary election, describing the process as "anointing" Harris as the nominee without a public vote.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-409)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:15-410) The organization argued that installing Harris as the Democratic nominee without a primary vote undermined [democratic principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy "Democracy"), stating that such a move "would make the modern Democratic Party a party of hypocrites."[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-411) BLM called on the [Democratic National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee") to host a virtual primary to allow voter participation in the nomination process.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-412)
BLM's stance sparked discussions about transparency and democratic engagement within the Democratic Party ahead of the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election").[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:15-410) The organization reiterated its call for a more open process, expressing concerns about the potential lack of representation and accountability in the nomination procedure.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-413)
## Reactions and legacy
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter has varied consistently and considerably by race and political affiliation.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PBS-Marist-415) A majority of Americans disapproved of the movement through 2018, after which it started gaining wider support. Black Lives Matter's popularity surged and reached its highest levels yet in the summer of 2020, when a [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center "Pew Research Center") poll found that 60% of white, 77% of Hispanic, 75% of Asian and 86% of African-Americans either strongly supported or somewhat supported BLM.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-pew-416) However, its popularity had declined considerably in September of the same year, when another Pew Research Center poll showed that its overall approval ratings among all American adults had gone down by 12 percentage points to 55%, and that 45% of whites, 66% of Hispanics and 69% of Asians now approved of it.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417) Support remained widespread among black-American adults at 87%.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417)
A [Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico "Politico")\-[Morning Consult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Consult "Morning Consult") poll done in September 2020, as well as a [Civiqs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiqs "Civiqs") poll conducted in November 2021, had also found declining support for the movement.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-418)[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-419) A 2022 YouGov poll found declining support for BLM among African-Americans.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:12-420) An April 2023 Pew Research Center poll found that only 51% of Americans supported the BLM movement, while 46% opposed the movement. In the same poll, 81% of African Americans said they still supported the movement.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:11-20) A May 2024 [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University")/[Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harris_Poll "The Harris Poll") poll showed that only 45% of Americans had favorable opinions of BLM.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:16-21)
The phrase "[All Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Lives_Matter "All Lives Matter")" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of "Black Lives Matter".[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USAToday2016-07-13-421)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sing-422) Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-police-423) A few civil rights leaders have disagreed with tactics used by Black Lives Matter activists.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-angel2-424)[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Reynolds-425) Public and academic debate at large has arisen over the structure and tactics used.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25)
While the vast majority of Democrats have voiced support for Black Lives Matter, few Republicans have done the same. President Donald Trump has been a vocal critic of Black Lives Matter, citing incidents of violence and looting at some Black Lives Matter protests. He has also used the protests as a means to promote [law and order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_\(politics\) "Law and order (politics)") rhetoric and appealed to the [grievances of some white people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_resentment "Politics of resentment"). Joe Biden, who ran against Trump in the [2020 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election"), supported Black Lives Matter.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)
In the weeks following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd"), many corporations came out in support of the movement, donating and enacting policy changes per the group's ethos.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-426)
### "All Lives Matter"
Main article: [All Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Lives_Matter "All Lives Matter")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rally_Against_the_Immigration_Ban_\(31797745824\).jpg)
"What happened to 'All Lives Matter'?" sign at a [protest against Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump "Protests against Donald Trump"), January 29, 2017
The phrase "[All Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Lives_Matter "All Lives Matter")" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, shortly after the movement gained national attention.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sing-422)[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-427) Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter. Its proponents include Senator [Tim Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Scott "Tim Scott").[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-428) [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL "NFL") cornerback [Richard Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sherman_\(American_football\) "Richard Sherman (American football)") supports the All Lives Matter message, saying "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings."[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-429) According to an August 2015 telephone poll, 78% of likely American voters said that the statement "all lives matter" was closest to their own personal views when compared to "black lives matter" or neither. Only 11% said that the statement "black lives matter" was closest. Nine percent said that neither statement reflected their own personal point of view.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-430)
According to professor [David Theo Goldberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Theo_Goldberg "David Theo Goldberg"), "All Lives Matter" reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial".[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-431) Professor Charles "Chip" Linscott said that "All Lives Matter" promotes the "erasure of structural anti-black racism and black social death in the name of formal and ideological equality and post-racial colorblindness".[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ALDM-130)
| External image |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) ["All Houses Matter"](https://chainsawsuit.krisstraub.com/20160707.shtml), *Chainsawsuit*, [Kris Straub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Straub "Kris Straub"), July 7, 2016. A cartoonist uses a house fire to illustrate why critics see "All Lives Matter" as problematic.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USAToday2016-07-13-421) |
Co-founder Alicia Garza has responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, writing, "\#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [White supremacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy"), are important to your liberation."[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-432) President Barack Obama spoke about the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CBS-433) Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He also said "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tactics-75)
### "Blue Lives Matter"
Main article: [Blue Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lives_Matter "Blue Lives Matter")
Blue Lives Matter is a countermovement in the United States supporting law enforcement officers and advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of [killing law enforcement officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_officers_killed_in_the_line_of_duty_in_the_United_States "List of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty in the United States") should be sentenced under [hate crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime "Hate crime") statutes.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-434) It was started in response to Black Lives Matter after [the homicides of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_killings_of_NYPD_officers "2014 killings of NYPD officers") in [Brooklyn, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York "Brooklyn, New York") on December 20, 2014.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DempseyForst2018-435) Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson and in response to BLM, the hashtag [\#BlueLivesMatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lives_Matter "Blue Lives Matter") was created by supporters of the police.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-police-423) Following this, Blue Lives Matter became a pro-police officer movement in the United States, expanding after the [killings of five police officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers "2016 shooting of Dallas police officers") by a sniper in Dallas, Texas, who cited police shootings of Black people as his motive.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-436)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-437)[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-438)
Criticized by the ACLU and others, the movement inspired a state law in Louisiana that made it a hate crime to target police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-huffPoLou-439)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:0-33)
The movement has been strongly criticized after the [2021 United States Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack "2021 United States Capitol attack") after pro-Trump rioters were seen showing support for the movement, with some bringing Blue Lives Matter flags to the protest. Many have called the movement hypocritical, as people in the mob assaulted Capitol police officers. One African American Capitol police officer, [Harry Dunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dunn_\(police_officer\) "Harry Dunn (police officer)"), described being beaten with a Blue Lives Matter flag while rioters shouted racial slurs at him.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-440)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-441) This has led some to argue that Blue Lives Matter is more about suppressing minorities than supporting law enforcement.[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-442)[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-443)[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-444)
### "White Lives Matter"
Main article: [White Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lives_Matter "White Lives Matter")
[White Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lives_Matter "White Lives Matter") is an activist group created in response to Black Lives Matter. In August 2016, the [Southern Poverty Law Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center "Southern Poverty Law Center") added "White Lives Matter" to [its list of hate groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_hate_groups "List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups").[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-445)[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-446) The group has also been active in the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-447) The "White Lives Matter" slogan was chanted by torch-wielding [alt-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right "Alt-right") protesters during the [2017 Unite the Right rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Unite_the_Right_rally "2017 Unite the Right rally") in [Charlottesville, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia "Charlottesville, Virginia"). On October 28, 2017, numerous "White Lives Matter" rallies broke out in [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee"). Dominated in [Shelbyville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Tennessee "Shelbyville, Tennessee") particularly, protesters justified their movement in response to the increasing number of immigrants and refugees to [Middle Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee "Middle Tennessee").[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-448) "White Lives Matter" movements have also been present in European football, with instances of corresponding banners being raised at stadiums in the [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"), [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), [the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands "The Netherlands"), and the United Kingdom.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-449) White Lives Matter has also been promoted by [white nationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism "White nationalism").[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)
### Disinformation
The [Anti-Defamation League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") reports numerous attempts to spread disinformation about BLM, citing as examples mid-June 2020 posts "featuring a sticker instructing people to 'kill a white on sight' spread on Facebook and Twitter. The sticker included the hashtags \#BlackLivesMatter and \#Antifa." On [Telegram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_\(software\) "Telegram (software)"), a "white supremacist channel encouraged members to distribute the propaganda."[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-450) Another disinformation campaign, originating in June 2020 on [4chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4chan "4chan"), had the "goal of getting the hashtags \#AllWhitesAreNazis (\#AWAN) trending on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"). Organizers hoped to commandeer hashtags like \#BlackLivesMatter and \#BLM with a high volume of tweets—purportedly from Black activist accounts—containing the \#AWAN hashtag." According to the ADL, the campaign's supporters hoped to sow tension and promote white supremacist [accelerationism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerationism "Accelerationism").[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-451)[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-452)
Conservative pundits such as [Ryan Fournier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Fournier "Ryan Fournier") and [Candace Owens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Owens "Candace Owens") have falsely claimed that [ActBlue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActBlue "ActBlue") funnels donations intended for Black Lives Matter to Democratic candidates, with some going so far as to allege the organization is a [money laundering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering "Money laundering") scam.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-453)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-454)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-455)[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-456)
According to scholars, Russian operatives associated with the [Internet Research Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency "Internet Research Agency") have engaged in [a sustained campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_Black_Lives_Matter "Russia and Black Lives Matter") to simultaneously promote the Black Lives Matter movement as well as to oppose it. In some cases, Russian operatives encouraged antagonism and violence toward BLM members.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-acev-457)
#### Fake manifesto
In June 2020, an unknown party created a website at BLMManifesto.com purporting to be the manifesto of the BLM movement. The text mimics a 1919 Italian [Fascist Manifesto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto "Fascist Manifesto"), modified to relate to racial injustice. According to [Snopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes "Snopes"), the website appears intended to discredit the BLM movement.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-458)
### Statistics
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with Black Lives Matter, while 30% of black Americans and 37% of white Americans do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PBS-Marist-415) Of white people surveyed, 41% thought that Black Lives Matter advocated violence, and 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. By comparison, 82% of black people polled thought that Black Lives Matter was a nonviolent movement, and 26% of black people thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. On the question of whether "Black Lives Matter" was mostly a movement or mostly a slogan, 46% of whites and 67% of blacks thought that it is mostly a movement.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PBS-Marist-415)[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-459) A nationally representative internet survey conducted by the Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy at Northwestern University found that 82 percent of African Americans believe that the movement is at least moderately effective at achieving its stated goals, although 64 percent of the respondents believed that the movement would be more effective if it had a more centralized leadership structure.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25)
A poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults supported Black Lives Matter, and 40% of white American adults supported it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives Matter would "be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve equality" and 34% of white Americans thought so.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-460)[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-461) A 2017 Harvard-Harris survey found that 35% of whites and 83% of blacks have a favorable view of the movement.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-462)
According to an analysis by *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* of statistics collected by the US Crisis Monitor, during most of 2020 "US law enforcement agencies have used teargas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and beatings at a much higher percentage at Black Lives Matter demonstrations than at pro-Trump or other rightwing protests",[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USCM_2020-463) regardless of whether the protest was violent or peaceful. The analysis also notes that "the vast majority of the thousands of protests across the United States in the past year have been peaceful, and \[...\] most protests by both the left and the right were not met with any violent response by law enforcement."[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USCM_2020-463)
#### 2020
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLM_IMG_7663_\(50095618132\).jpg)
A BLM protest in [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), July 2020
With the resurgence of Black Lives Matter in national headlines amid global protests, the movement saw an increase in support in 2020.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-464)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:2-269) Although they began from different perspectives, as per the *New York Times' [The Upshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upshot "The Upshot")*, "all kinds of voters moved sharply in the direction of supporting the movement" just within the two weeks between late May and early June "as much as \[they\] had in the preceding two years."[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:2-269) The [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center "Pew Research Center") reported that "\[m\]ost Americans express\[ed\] support for the Black Lives Matter movement" during this period.[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-465)
According to Terrance Woodbury, a researcher of attitudes among young adults, "\[the\] movement has evolved from Black people vs. the police to young people vs. racism."[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-466) An online survey of people aged from 18 to 34 by the *[Global Strategy Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Strategy_Group "Global Strategy Group")* found broad support from the participants, except by those who identified as pro-[Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") Republicans.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-467)[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-468)
Ayọ Tometi theorizes that increased support was the result of economic anxiety and contempt for the American government's handling of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States").[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:8-469) Protests led by Black Lives Matter throughout the summer eventually developed into one of the larger movements in U.S. history.[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Hart-470)[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-471)
However, the movement's momentum and popularity began to decline, with a Pew Research Center poll showing that support for Black Lives Matter had fallen by 12 percentage points to 55% of all American adults by September, and had returned to a net negative approval rating among white Americans as well as significantly declining in popularity among Hispanic Americans.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417) Support remained widespread among black American adults (up 1% from June to 87%).[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417)
### Nobel Peace Prize nomination
Black Lives Matter was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in January 2021. The nomination was submitted by Norwegian activist and Member of Parliament [Petter Eide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Eide "Petter Eide"). The award eventually went to journalists [Maria Ressa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ressa "Maria Ressa") and [Dmitry Muratov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov "Dmitry Muratov").[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-472)
## Criticisms
### Ideology
Some conservatives, such as Mike Gonzalez of [the Heritage Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation "The Heritage Foundation"),[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-473) have accused Black Lives Matter of being a [Marxist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") movement based on a comment by one of its co-founders saying that she and another co-founder "are trained Marxists." However, [PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact") noted that "Black Lives Matter has grown into a national anti-racism movement broadly supported by Americans, few of whom would identify themselves as Marxist."[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-474)
Cultural critic [Fredrik deBoer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_deBoer "Fredrik deBoer") placed blame on "idea-generating" individuals and institutions for the perceived failures of BLM as a social movement.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-475)[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-476)
On October 10, 2023, the Chicago chapter of BLM faced backlash for posting on social media a picture of a paraglider and a Palestinian flag. They then took the post down[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-477)
### Tactics
Some black civil rights leaders such as Cecil "Chip" Murray, Najee Ali, and [Earl Ofari Hutchinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Ofari_Hutchinson "Earl Ofari Hutchinson") have criticized BLM as disrespectful and ineffective, with Ali claiming "all they can do is disrupt and make noise."[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-angel2-424) Economist [Glenn Loury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Loury "Glenn Loury"), while supportive of the fundamentals of the movement, has criticized backlash against "White politicians who state All Lives Matter" and the apparent polarizing effects of the movement.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
In his 2018 book *[The Once and Future Liberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_Liberal "The Once and Future Liberal")*, [Mark Lilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lilla "Mark Lilla") criticizes Black Lives Matter as part of his broader left-wing critique of [identity politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics "Identity politics"). Though he agreed with their aims, he called their rhetoric "a textbook example in how to not build solidarity", arguing that the campaign alienates people with their negative attitude toward American society and law enforcement and with their overbearing tactics. He also compared them unfavorably to the civil rights movement leaders, who were "consciously appealing to what we share" instead of emphasizing differences of race and other identities.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-478)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:14-479) Lilla has in turn been criticized for "trolling disguised as erudition" and of "making white supremacy respectable, again".[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:14-479)
### Academic freedom
Some academics, including [John McWhorter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McWhorter "John McWhorter"),[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-McWhorter_2020-480) [John Ellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellis_\(physicist,_born_1946\) "John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)"),[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Ellis_2020_p.-481) [Marybeth Gasman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marybeth_Gasman "Marybeth Gasman"),[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-482) and [Glenn Loury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Loury "Glenn Loury")[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-483) have criticized some Black Lives Matter activists as silencing speech and repressing academic freedom.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Harris_2020-484) They claim that the result is self-censorship, reduced academic inquiry, and research bias.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Scholars_at_Harvard-485)[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Chotiner-486)[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Harris_2020-484) Critics claim academics have been hesitant to speak out against repression for fear of retribution.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Zimmerman_2020-487)[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-McGowan_p.-488)[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-McWhorter_2020-480)
In particular, high-profile academics have spoken out against the use of "diversity statements" in admission, hiring, and tenure decisions, including [Jeffrey Flier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Flier "Jeffrey Flier"), Dean of the [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"),[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CHE_2019-489)[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Inside_Higher_Ed_2018-490) and [Abigail Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Thompson "Abigail Thompson"), Vice President of the [American Mathematical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society "American Mathematical Society"). Thompson drew comparisons to [McCarthy-era loyalty oaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism "McCarthyism").[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-491)[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Zimmerman_2020_academic_freedom-492) When schools receive state funding, scholars have criticized Black Lives Matter pledges as unconstitutional.[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Blackman_2020-493)
### Views on law enforcement
Some critics accuse Black Lives Matter of being [anti-police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-police_sentiment "Anti-police sentiment") and endorsing violence against the police.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-494) Sgt. Demetrick Pennie of the Dallas Police Department filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against Black Lives Matter in September 2016, which accused the group of inciting a "[race war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict "Ethnic conflict")."[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-495)[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-496) Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups claim the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation, saying: "What we are promoting is that if black people who kill police officers are going to fry, then we want police officers to face the same treatment that we face as civilians for killing officers."[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-497)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferguson_Day_6,_Picture_45.png)
Ferguson, Missouri, August 17, 2014
### Disconnect from underprivileged communities
Some black community leaders have come out against the movement as disconnected from the people it claims to represent.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2020-498) In opposing August 2020 budget cuts, New York City Councilman [I. Daneek Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Daneek_Miller "I. Daneek Miller"), co-chairman of the council's Black, Latino and Asian Caucus, opposed reducing police funding and stated, "Black folks want to be safe like everyone else...we can't allow folks from outside our community to lecture us about Black lives."[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-499) [Vanessa Gibson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Gibson "Vanessa Gibson") of the Bronx's 16th Council District stated that, "My working-class people, my homeowners, my tenants, my neighbors—they are not out there screaming and yelling, because they have to work."[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cuza_2020-500) Mayor [Ras Baraka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Baraka "Ras Baraka") of Newark, New Jersey, called "defund the police" a "bourgeois liberal" solution to racism.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2020-498)
### Insufficient focus on women
See also: [Misogyny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misogyny "Misogyny")
Women from within the Black Lives Matter movement, including professor and civil rights advocate Treva B. Lindsey, have argued that BLM has sidelined black women's experiences in favor of black men's experiences. For example, more demonstrations have been organized to protest the killings of Michael Brown and [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayvon_Martin "Trayvon Martin") than the killings of [Pamela Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Pamela_Turner "Killing of Pamela Turner"), Kayla Moore or [Rekia Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rekia_Boyd "Killing of Rekia Boyd").[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Lindsey-501)
In response, [Say Her Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Her_Name "Say Her Name") was founded to focus specifically on the killing of black women by police and to bring their names into the Black Lives Matter protest. Their stated goal is to offer a more complete, but non-competitive, narrative of the overall Black Lives Matter movement.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-502)[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Crenshaw-503)
### Mismanagement of funds
Allegations of mismanagement of funds by the organization [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") were raised after funds were used to purchase a home that cost \$6 million in southern California to be used as a facility for a Black artists fellowship.[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-504)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:13-505) The property included six bedrooms, a recording studio, and a swimming pool.[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:13-505)
### Lack of focus on unsolved murders and missing persons cases
Since its founding, the Black Lives Matter movement has faced significant criticism for its inherent lack of focus on unsolved murders and [missing persons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_person "Missing person") cases. For example, some researchers have confirmed that murders of Black victims disproportionately go unsolved.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-506)
According to FBI statistics, 40% of missing persons across the US are people of color. Kyle Pope, an editor and researcher of the *[Columbia Journalism Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review "Columbia Journalism Review")*, noticed a lack of media attention when it comes to these crimes.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-507) In 2008, Derrica and Natalie Wilson launched the Black and Missing Foundation, a non-profit to find unsolved Black murder victims across the country. In a 2021 interview, they found that unsolved murders of Black people have been disproportionately overlooked by both law enforcement and national media outlets.[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-508)
## See also
- [2020 American athlete strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_American_athlete_strikes "2020 American athlete strikes") – Strike actions by athletes in response to the shooting of Jacob Blake
- [All pages with titles containing *Black Lives Matter*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Black_Lives_Matter%22 "Special:Search/intitle:\"Black Lives Matter\"")
- [Black Panther Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party "Black Panther Party") – American political organization (1966–1982)
- [Blaxit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxit "Blaxit") – Sociological phenomenon
- [Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_to_Study_and_Develop_Reparation_Proposals_for_African-Americans_Act "Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act") – Proposed act to investigate potential reparations for slavery
- [De-escalation § United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-escalation#United_States "De-escalation")
- [Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials "Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials")
- [Décolonisation de l'espace public (fr)](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9colonisation_de_l%27espace_public "fr:Décolonisation de l'espace public")
- [Identity politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics "Identity politics") – Politics based on one's identity
- [List of protests in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_United_States "List of protests in the United States")
- [Protest paradigm in media coverage of BLM protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_paradigm#BLM_and_George_Floyd_protests "Protest paradigm")
- [Lynching in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States "Lynching in the United States") – Extrajudicial killings in the U.S. by mobs or vigilante groups
- [Racism in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States "Racism in the United States")
- [Rodney King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_King "Rodney King") – Black American victim of police brutality (1965–2012)
- [Stop Asian Hate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Asian_Hate "Stop Asian Hate") – Movement against violence targeting Asian Americans
- [Stop AAPI Hate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_AAPI_Hate "Stop AAPI Hate") – American nonprofit advocacy organization
- [*Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_a_Stand_in_Baton_Rouge "Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge") – Protest photograph
- *The Hate U Give* – [Novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hate_U_Give "The Hate U Give") and [film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hate_U_Give_\(film\) "The Hate U Give (film)")
- [*Woke*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woke "Woke") – Political slang
## References
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-3)
Smith, Robert (2021). "Black Lives Matter". *Encyclopedia of African-American Politics, Third Edition*. New York: Facts on File. pp. 122–126\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-4381-9939-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-9939-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-9939-9")
.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-2)** [The BLM movement: What if, anything, changed? 5 Things podcast - USA Today](https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/09/04/the-blm-movement-what-if-anything-changed-5-things-podcast/70760021007/)
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-3)**
["What is Black Lives Matter and what are the aims?"](https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53337780). *BBC News*. June 12, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-4)**
Friedersdorf, Conor (August 31, 2017). ["How to Distinguish Between Antifa, White Supremacists, and Black Lives Matter"](https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/08/drawing-distinctions-antifa-the-alt-right-and-black-lives-matter/538320/). *The Atlantic*.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-5)**
["Black Lives Matter"](https://www.newsweek.com/topic/black-lives-matter). *Newsweek*. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-6)**
Banks, Chloe (November 2, 2018). "Disciplining Black activism: post-racial rhetoric, public memory and decorum in news media framing of the Black Lives Matter movement". *Continuum*. **32** (6): 709–720\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10304312.2018.1525920](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2018.1525920). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1030-4312](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1030-4312). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [150199510](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150199510).
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-7)**
Rojas, Fabio (June 20, 2020). "Moving beyond the rhetoric: a comment on Szetela's critique of the Black Lives Matter movement". *Ethnic and Racial Studies*. **43** (8): 1407–1413\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/01419870.2020.1718725](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01419870.2020.1718725). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0141-9870](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-9870). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [213636514](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213636514).
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-8)**
Roberts, Frank (July 13, 2018). ["How Black Lives Matter Changed the Way Americans Fight for Freedom"](https://www.aclu.org/blog/racial-justice/race-and-criminal-justice/how-black-lives-matter-changed-way-americans-fight). American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-9)**
Collins, Ben; Mak, Tim (August 15, 2015). ["Who Really Runs \#BlackLivesMatter?"](https://www.thedailybeast.com/who-really-runs-blacklivesmatter). *The Daily Beast*. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-10)**
Leazenby, Lauren; Polk, Milan (September 3, 2020). ["What you need to know about Black Lives Matter in 10 questions"](https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-life-cb-black-lives-matter-chicago-20200903-xh75kbw5nfdk5joudlsgb2viwq-story.html). *Chicago Tribune*. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-theguardian.com_11-0)**
Day, Elizabeth (July 19, 2015). ["\#BlackLivesMatter: the birth of a new civil rights movement"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/19/blacklivesmatter-birth-civil-rights-movement). *The Guardian*. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-12)**
Luibrand, Shannon (August 7, 2015). ["Black Lives Matter: How the events in Ferguson sparked a movement in America"](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-the-black-lives-matter-movement-changed-america-one-year-later/). *CBS News*. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-13)**
Eligon, John; Arango, Tim; Dewan, Shaila; Bogel-Burroughes, Nicholas (April 20, 2021). ["Derek Chauvin Verdict Brings a Rare Rebuke of Police Misconduct"](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/george-floyd-chauvin-verdict.html). *The New York Times*. Archived from [the original](https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/20/us/george-floyd-chauvin-verdict.html) on December 28, 2021.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-14)**
["Protesters around the world rally for George Floyd and against police brutality"](https://www.france24.com/en/20200607-protesters-on-four-continents-support-george-floyd-black-lives-matter). *France24*. June 7, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-15)**
Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (July 3, 2020). ["Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved July 3, 2020.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-16)**
Sources:
- Mansoor, Sanya (September 5, 2020). ["93% of Black Lives Matter Protests Have Been Peaceful, New Report Finds"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211110011617/https://time.com/5886348/report-peaceful-protests/). *Time*. Archived from [the original](https://time.com/5886348/report-peaceful-protests/) on November 10, 2021. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
- Udoma, Ebong (October 19, 2020). ["UConn Study: At Least 96% of Black Lives Matter Protests Were Peaceful"](https://www.wshu.org/news/2020-10-19/uconn-study-at-least-96-of-black-lives-matter-protests-were-peaceful). [WSHU-FM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSHU-FM "WSHU-FM").
- Erica Chenoweth; Jeremy Pressman (October 16, 2020). ["This summer's Black Lives Matter protesters were overwhelmingly peaceful, our research finds"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/10/16/this-summers-black-lives-matter-protesters-were-overwhelming-peaceful-our-research-finds/). *The Washington Post*.
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Beckett, Lois (January 14, 2021). ["US police three times as likely to use force against leftwing protesters, data finds"](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/13/us-police-use-of-force-protests-black-lives-matter-far-right). *The Guardian*. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
464. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-464)** Druke, Galen, Clare Malone, Perry Bacon Jr., and Nate Silver. June 15, 2020. "[Public Opinion Of The Black Lives Matter Movement Has Shifted. What Happens Next?](https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/politics-podcast-views-of-black-lives-matter-have-shifted-what-happens-next/)" (podcast). *[FiveThirtyEight Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FiveThirtyEight "FiveThirtyEight")*. Retrieved June 19, 2020.
465. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-465)** Parker, Kim, Juliana Menasce Horowitz, and Monica Anderson. June 12, 2020. "[Most Americans express support for the Black Lives Matter movement](https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/psdt_06-12-20_protests-00-1/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210116064940/https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/06/12/amid-protests-majorities-across-racial-and-ethnic-groups-express-support-for-the-black-lives-matter-movement/psdt_06-12-20_protests-00-1/) January 16, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")" (report). [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center "Pew Research Center").[Full report (p. 5)](https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/PSDT_06.12.20_protest_fullreport.pdf#page=6).
466. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-466)**
Brownstein, Ronald (June 23, 2020). ["The BLM protests preview the politics of a diversifying America"](https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/politics/black-lives-matter-support-impact/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
467. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-467)**
["Research"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210117131335/https://nextgenamerica.org/research/). *NextGen America*. Archived from [the original](https://nextgenamerica.org/research/) on January 17, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
468. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-468)**
Brownstein, Ronald (June 23, 2020). ["The BLM protests preview the politics of a diversifying America"](https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/politics/black-lives-matter-support-impact/index.html). *CNN*. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
469. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-:8_469-0)**
Chotiner, Isaac (June 3, 2020). ["A Black Lives Matter Co-Founder Explains Why This Time Is Different"](https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-black-lives-matter-co-founder-explains-why-this-time-is-different). *[The New Yorker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker "The New Yorker")*. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
470. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Hart_470-0)**
Hart, Gabby (June 11, 2020). ["Black Lives Matter protests mark historic civil rights movement, UNLV professor says"](https://news3lv.com/news/local/black-lives-matter-protests-mark-historic-civil-rights-movement-unlv-professor-says). NBC News Las Vegas. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
471. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-471)**
Buchanan, Larry; Bui, Quoctrung; Patel, Jugal K. (July 3, 2020). ["Black Lives Matter May Be the Largest Movement in U.S. History"](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/03/us/george-floyd-protests-crowd-size.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). Retrieved July 14, 2020.
472. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-472)**
Goillandeau, Martin; Elassar, Alaa (February 1, 2021). ["The Black Lives Matter movement has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize"](https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/01/us/black-lives-matter-movement-nobel-peace-prize-trnd/index.html). *cnn.com*. CNN. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
473. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-473)**
["BLM: A New Marxist Revolution"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210720210312/https://www.heritage.org/blm). *The Heritage Foundation*. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
474. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-474)**
Kertscher, Tom (July 21, 2020). ["Is Black Lives Matter a Marxist movement?"](https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/jul/21/black-lives-matter-marxist-movement/). *[PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact")*. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
475. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-475)**
Taylor, Dana (September 4, 2023). ["The Black Lives Matter movement: Has its moment passed? \| 5 Things Podcast"](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8gyaXiQG4M). *USA Today* – via YouTube.
476. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-476)**
Ackerman, Daniel; Meghna Chakrabarti (October 17, 2023). ["How elites captured the social justice movement"](https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2023/10/17/how-elites-captured-the-social-justice-movement). *On Point*. WBUR.
477. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-477)**
Prann, Elizabeth (October 11, 2023). ["Groups facing backlash over pro-Palestinian rallies"](https://www.newsnationnow.com/world/war-in-israel/groups-backlash-pro-palestinian-rallies/). *Newsnation*. Retrieved February 9, 2026.
478. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-478)**
— (2017). *[The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_Liberal "The Once and Future Liberal")*. HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-06269743-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06269743-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-06269743-1")
.
479. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-:14_479-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-:14_479-1)
Conroy, J. Oliver (February 10, 2021). ["Mark Lilla: The Liberal Who Counts More Enemies on the Left Than the Right"](https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/dec/21/mark-lilla-identity-politics-liberals). *The Guardian*. London.
480. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-McWhorter_2020_480-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-McWhorter_2020_480-1)
McWhorter, John (September 1, 2020). ["Academics Are Really, Really Worried About Their Freedom"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/09/academics-are-really-really-worried-about-their-freedom/615724/). *The Atlantic*. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
481. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Ellis_2020_p._481-0)**
Ellis, John (2020). *The breakdown of higher education: how it happened, the damage it does, and what can be done*. New York, New York: Encounter Books. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-64177-088-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64177-088-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-64177-088-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1137194406](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1137194406).
482. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-482)**
Gasman, Marybeth (September 1, 2020). ["Academic Freedom, Free Speech, and the Syllabus"](https://academeblog.org/2020/09/01/academic-freedom-free-speech-and-the-syllabus/).
483. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-483)**
Varadarajan, Tunku (July 10, 2020). ["Opinion \| A Challenger of the Woke 'Company Policy'"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-challenger-of-the-woke-company-policy-11594405846). *Wall Street Journal* – via www.wsj.com.
484. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Harris_2020_484-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Harris_2020_484-1)
Harris, Samantha (July 8, 2020). ["Princeton faculty petition threatens free speech, academic freedom"](https://www.thefire.org/princeton-faculty-petition-threatens-free-speech-academic-freedom/). *FIRE*. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
485. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Scholars_at_Harvard_485-0)**
["Student Protests and Academic Freedom in an Age of \#blacklivesmatter"](https://scholar.harvard.edu/philip_lee/publications/student-protests-and-academic-freedom-age-blacklivesmatter). *Scholars at Harvard*. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
486. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Chotiner_486-0)**
Chotiner, Isaac (July 22, 2020). ["Thomas Chatterton Williams on Race, Identity, and 'Cancel Culture'"](https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/thomas-chatterton-williams-on-race-identity-and-cancel-culture). *The New Yorker*. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
487. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Zimmerman_2020_487-0)**
Zimmerman, Jonathan (June 22, 2020). ["Faculty should support the academic freedom of colleagues who buck conventional wisdom (opinion)"](https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/06/22/faculty-should-support-academic-freedom-colleagues-who-buck-conventional-wisdom). *Inside Higher Ed*. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
488. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-McGowan_p._488-0)**
McGowan, Mary Kate (November 22, 2018). "On Political Correctness, Microaggressions, and Silencing in the Academy". *Oxford Scholarship Online*. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0008](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198791508.003.0008).
489. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-CHE_2019_489-0)**
Flier, Jeffrey (January 3, 2019). ["Against Diversity Statements"](https://www.chronicle.com/article/against-diversity-statements/). *Chronicle of Higher Education*. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
490. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Inside_Higher_Ed_2018_490-0)**
Flaherty, Colleen (November 12, 2018). ["Former Harvard dean's tweet against required faculty diversity statements sets off debate"](https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/11/12/former-harvard-deans-tweet-against-required-faculty-diversity-statements-sets-debate). *Inside Higher Ed*. Retrieved December 29, 2020.
491. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-491)**
Thompson, Abigail (2019). ["A Word from..."](https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201911/rnoti-p1778.pdf) (PDF). *www.ams.org*. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
492. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Zimmerman_2020_academic_freedom_492-0)**
Zimmerman, Jonathan (June 22, 2020). ["Faculty should support the academic freedom of colleagues who buck conventional wisdom (opinion)"](https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2020/06/22/faculty-should-support-academic-freedom-colleagues-who-buck-conventional-wisdom). *insidehighered.com*. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
493. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Blackman_2020_493-0)**
Blackman, Josh (August 7, 2020). ["University of Southern Maine Asks Students and Faculty to Sign 'Black Lives Matter Statement and Antiracism Pledge'"](https://reason.com/volokh/2020/08/07/university-of-southern-maine-asks-students-and-faculty-to-sign-black-lives-matter-statement-and-antiracism-pledge/). *Reason.com*. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
494. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-494)**
Mendoza, Jessica (September 13, 2015). ["Can Black Lives Matter and Police Lives Matter coexist? (+video)"](https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/USA-Update/2015/0913/Can-Black-Lives-Matter-and-Police-Lives-Matter-coexist-video). *The Christian Science Monitor*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0882-7729](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729). Retrieved September 17, 2015.
495. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-495)**
Andrews, Travis M. (September 21, 2016). ["Black Dallas police officer sues Black Lives Matter on behalf of 'Christians, Jews and Caucasians,' others"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/09/21/black-dallas-police-officer-sues-black-lives-matter-on-behalf-of-christians-jews-and-caucasians-others/). *The Washington Post*.
496. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-496)**
Kunzelman, Michael (June 14, 2017). ["Can Black Lives Matter be sued? Activist's attorney says no"](https://apnews.com/9d879c426ce845b9958c11e81846fe65). *[Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")*.
497. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-497)**
Gottfried, Mara H. (August 31, 2015). ["Black Lives Matter chant threatening to officers, police say"](http://www.twincities.com/localnews/ci_28733664/black-lives-matter-chant-disgusting-st-paul-police). *TwinCities.com, [St. Paul Pioneer Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press "St. Paul Pioneer Press")*. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
498. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2020_498-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2020_498-1)
Mays, Jeffery C. (August 10, 2020). ["Who Opposes Defunding the N.Y.P.D.? These Black Lawmakers"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/nyregion/defund-police-nyc-council.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200810073003/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/nyregion/defund-police-nyc-council.html) from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
499. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-499)**
Rubinstein, Dana; Jeffery C. Mays (June 30, 2020). ["\$1 Billion Is Shifted From NYPD in a Budget That Pleases No One"](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/nyregion/nypd-budget.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200630235006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/30/nyregion/nypd-budget.html) from the original on June 30, 2020. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
500. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Cuza_2020_500-0)**
Cuza, Bobby (July 1, 2020). ["Black Council Members Push Back Against Protester Budget Criticism"](https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/07/02/council-members-allege-outside-agitation). *Spectrum News NY1 \| New York City*. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
501. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Lindsey_501-0)**
Lindsey (2015). ["Post-Ferguson: A "Herstorical" Approach to Black Violability"](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/829278). *Feminist Studies*. **41** (1): 232. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.15767/feministstudies.41.1.232](https://doi.org/10.15767%2Ffeministstudies.41.1.232).
502. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-502)** Workneh, Lilly (May 21, 2015), ["\#SayHerName: Black Women And Girls Matter, Too"](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/21/black-women-matter_n_7363064.html). *HuffPost*. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
503. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Crenshaw_503-0)**
["Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204757/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/555e2412e4b0bd5f4da5d3a4/1432232978932/SAYHERNAME+Social+Media+Guide.compressed.pdf) (PDF). African American Policy Forum (AAPF). Archived from [the original](https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/555e2412e4b0bd5f4da5d3a4/1432232978932/SAYHERNAME+Social+Media+Guide.compressed.pdf) (PDF) on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
504. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-504)**
Adams, Char (April 12, 2022). ["Black Lives Matter leaders condemn allegations of mismanaged funds"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-lives-matter-leaders-condemn-allegations-mismanaged-funds-rcna23882). *NBC News*. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
505. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-:13_505-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-:13_505-1)
["AP Exclusive: Black Lives Matter has \$42 million in assets"](https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-race-ethnicity-philanthropy-black-lives-matter-5bc4772e029da522036f8ad2a02990aa). *AP News*. May 17, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2023. "The tax filing shows that nearly \$6 million was spent on a Los Angeles-area compound. The Studio City property, which includes a home with six bedrooms and bathrooms, a swimming pool, a soundstage and office space, was intended as a campus for a Black artists fellowship and is currently used for that purpose, the board member said."
506. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-506)**
Friedersdorf, Conor (August 8, 2021). ["Criminal-Justice Reformers Chose the Wrong Slogan"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/08/instead-of-defund-the-police-solve-all-murders/619672/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*.
507. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-507)**
Franklin, Jonathan (December 5, 2022). ["Racial bias affects media coverage of missing people. A new tool illustrates how"](https://www.npr.org/2022/12/05/1137193397/missing-persons-of-color-news-coverage-disparities). *NPR*. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
508. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-508)**
St. Martin, Emily (September 30, 2021). ["182,448 Black People Went Missing in the U.S. Last Year — These Sisters Are Working to Find Them"](https://www.instyle.com/politics-social-issues/black-and-missing-foundation-interview). *InStyle*. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
## Further reading
[Library resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library "Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library") about
**Black Lives Matter**
***
- [Resources in your library](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Black+Lives+Matter)
- [Resources in other libraries](https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Black+Lives+Matter&library=0CHOOSE0)
- Bonilla, Tabitha; Tillery Jr, Alvin B. (November 2020). ["Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the \#BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/which-identity-frames-boost-support-for-and-mobilization-in-the-blacklivesmatter-movement-an-experimental-test/AD0E73AF21C32FE03F1C0897456CC5C5). *American Political Science Review*. **114** (4): 947–962\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0003055420000544](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000544). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0003-0554](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554).
- Clayton, Dewey M. (2018). "Black Lives Matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States". *Journal of Black Studies*. **49** (5): 448–480\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/0021934718764099](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934718764099). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0021-9347](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9347).
- [Cobb, Jelani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelani_Cobb "Jelani Cobb") (March 14, 2016). ["The Matter of Black Lives"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed). *The New Yorker*.
- [Cole, Teju](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teju_Cole "Teju Cole") (July 26, 2016). ["The Superhero Photographs of the Black Lives Matter Movement"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/magazine/the-superhero-photographs-of-the-black-lives-matter-movement.html). *The New York Times Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160727125858/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/magazine/the-superhero-photographs-of-the-black-lives-matter-movement.html) from the original on July 27, 2016.
- [Hayward, Clarissa Rile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Rile_Hayward "Clarissa Rile Hayward") (April 2020). ["Disruption: What Is It Good For?"](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/706766). *The Journal of Politics*. **82** (2): 448–459\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1086/706766](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F706766). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0022-3816](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816).
- [Hooker, Juliet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Hooker "Juliet Hooker") (2016). "Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of U.S. Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair". *Political Theory*. **44** (4): 448–469\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/0090591716640314](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591716640314). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0090-5917](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5917).
- Lebron, Christopher J. (2017). [*The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of An Idea*](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211115851/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-making-of-black-lives-matter-9780190601348?cc=is&lang=en&). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-060134-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060134-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060134-8")
. Archived from [the original](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-making-of-black-lives-matter-9780190601348?cc=is&lang=en&) on December 11, 2018.
- [Miller, Lisa L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Miller_\(journalist\) "Lisa Miller (journalist)") (August 5, 2016). ["Black Activists Don't Ignore Crime"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/opinion/black-activists-dont-ignore-crime.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160806032543/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/opinion/black-activists-dont-ignore-crime.html) from the original on August 6, 2016.
- Ming Francis, Megan; Wright-Rigueur, Leah (October 13, 2021). ["Black Lives Matter in Historical Perspective"](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-lawsocsci-122120-100052). *Annual Review of Law and Social Science*. **17** (1): 441–458\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-122120-100052](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-lawsocsci-122120-100052). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1550-3585](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-3585).
- Stephen, Bijan (November 2015). ["Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight the Power"](https://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/). *Wired*.
- Stevens, Melissa (July 28, 2016). ["I'm a GOP Delegate and I Wore a 'Black Lives Matter' Shirt to the RNC"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241203233341/https://time.com/4429351/republican-black-lives-matter/). *Time*. Archived from [the original](https://time.com/4429351/republican-black-lives-matter/) on December 3, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
- Tillery Jr, Alvin B. (September 2019). ["What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/what-kind-of-movement-is-black-lives-matter-the-view-from-twitter/375801268123BCA397284EFBE36C9F4E). *Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics*. **4** (2): 297–323\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/rep.2019.17](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frep.2019.17). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2056-6085](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-6085).
- Towler, Christopher C.; Crawford, Nyron N.; Bennett, Robert A. (2020). ["Shut Up and Play: Black Athletes, Protest Politics, and Black Political Action"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F9266D6D87A357726B19EC51C6266068/S1537592719002597a.pdf/div-class-title-shut-up-and-play-black-athletes-protest-politics-and-black-political-action-div.pdf) (PDF). *Perspectives on Politics*. **18** (1): 111–127\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S1537592719002597](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592719002597). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1537-5927](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927).
- Woodly, Deva R. (2022). [*Reckoning: Black Lives Matter and the Democratic Necessity of Social Movements*](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/reckoning-9780197603956?cc=us&lang=en&). New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-760395-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760395-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760395-6")
.
### Bibliographies
- [Bernard, Marie Lyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Lyn_Bernard "Marie Lyn Bernard") (2014). ["\#BlackLivesMatter: A Longform Reading List"](http://www.autostraddle.com/blacklivesmatter-the-longform-reading-list-265454/). *[Autostraddle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostraddle "Autostraddle")*. USA.
- [Cheng, Selina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Cheng "Selina Cheng") (July 2016). ["The complete summer reading syllabus on Black Lives Matter"](http://qz.com/728658/heres-what-librarians-recommend-reading-on-blm/). *[Quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_\(publication\) "Quartz (publication)")*.
- [Oakland Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Public_Library "Oakland Public Library") (2014). ["Listen, Learn, Participate: A \#BlackLivesMatter Resource Series"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160916043052/http://oaklandlibrary.org/blogs/from-main-library/listen-learn-participate-blacklivesmatter-resource-series). California. Archived from [the original](http://oaklandlibrary.org/blogs/from-main-library/listen-learn-participate-blacklivesmatter-resource-series) on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
(Bibliography)
- Teller, Malcolm (July 2016). ["Black Lives Matter Reference Guide"](https://medium.com/malcolm-teller/black-lives-matter-a-collection-of-syllabi-6497460b9668). *Medium*.
## External links
**Black Lives Matter** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Lives_Matter "c:Category:Black Lives Matter") from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "q:Black Lives Matter") from Wikiquote
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19600530 "d:Q19600530") from Wikidata
- [Discussions](https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter "m:Black Lives Matter") from Meta-Wiki
- [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, Inc.](https://blacklivesmatter.com/)
- [List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations](https://web.archive.org/web/20141226205743/https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests)
- [Campaign Zero to end police violence](http://www.joincampaignzero.org/)
- ["Read This: \#BlackLivesMatter Reads for Teens"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160921203253/https://hclib.bibliocommons.com/list/share/642401647_hcl_social_media/669879377_read_this_blacklivesmatter_reads_for_teens). Minnesota: [Hennepin County Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County_Library "Hennepin County Library"). Archived from [the original](https://hclib.bibliocommons.com/list/share/642401647_hcl_social_media/669879377_read_this_blacklivesmatter_reads_for_teens) on September 21, 2016.
(Bibliography)
- ["\#blacklivesmatter"](http://www.yalsa.ala.org/thehub/tag/blacklivesmatter/). American Library Association, [Young Adult Library Services Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Adult_Library_Services_Association "Young Adult Library Services Association"). December 28, 2016.
(Bibliography)
- [Chicago Black Lives Matter Protest Collection](https://mms.newberry.org/xml/xml_files/ChicagoBLM.xml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205203/https://mms.newberry.org/xml/xml_files/ChicagoBLM.xml) January 25, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") at [the Newberry Library](https://www.newberry.org/)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Black_Lives_Matter "Template:Black Lives Matter") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Lives_Matter "Template talk:Black Lives Matter") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Lives_Matter "Special:EditPage/Template:Black Lives Matter")[Black Lives Matter]() | |
|---|---|
| People | [Melina Abdullah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melina_Abdullah "Melina Abdullah") [Tay Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tay_Anderson "Tay Anderson") [Cicely Belle Blain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicely_Belle_Blain "Cicely Belle Blain") [Cat Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Brooks "Cat Brooks") [Cori Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cori_Bush "Cori Bush") [Gwen Carr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Carr "Gwen Carr") [Benjamin Crump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Crump "Benjamin Crump") [Patrisse Cullors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrisse_Cullors "Patrisse Cullors") [Aalayah Eastmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalayah_Eastmond "Aalayah Eastmond") [Johnetta Elzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnetta_Elzie "Johnetta Elzie") [Bruce Franks Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Franks_Jr. "Bruce Franks Jr.") [Darnella Frazier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnella_Frazier "Darnella Frazier") [Erica Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Garner "Erica Garner") [Alicia Garza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Garza "Alicia Garza") [Ja'Mal Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27Mal_Green "Ja'Mal Green") [Tsion Gurmu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsion_Gurmu "Tsion Gurmu") [Demetria Hester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetria_Hester "Demetria Hester") [Sandy Hudson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hudson "Sandy Hudson") [Blair Imani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Imani "Blair Imani") [Natalie Aleta Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Aleta_Jackson "Natalie Aleta Jackson") [Marissa Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Johnson "Marissa Johnson") [Sasha Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Johnson "Sasha Johnson") [Jari Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari_Jones "Jari Jones") [Tishaura Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishaura_Jones "Tishaura Jones") [Mariame Kaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariame_Kaba "Mariame Kaba") [Colin Kaepernick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick "Colin Kaepernick") [Brittany Kamai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Kamai "Brittany Kamai") [Mwende Katwiwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwende_Katwiwa "Mwende Katwiwa") [Janaya Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janaya_Khan "Janaya Khan") [Nupol Kiazolu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nupol_Kiazolu "Nupol Kiazolu") [Shaun King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_King "Shaun King") [Nekima Levy Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekima_Levy_Armstrong "Nekima Levy Armstrong") [Eva Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Lewis "Eva Lewis") [Tamika Mallory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamika_Mallory "Tamika Mallory") [Philip McHarris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_McHarris "Philip McHarris") [DeRay Mckesson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson "DeRay Mckesson") [Elle Moxley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Moxley "Elle Moxley") [Muhiyidin Moye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhiyidin_Moye "Muhiyidin Moye") [Bree Newsome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bree_Newsome "Bree Newsome") [Nikkita Oliver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkita_Oliver "Nikkita Oliver") [Ijeoma Oluo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijeoma_Oluo "Ijeoma Oluo") [Chi Ossé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Oss%C3%A9 "Chi Ossé") [Brittany Packnett Cunningham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Packnett_Cunningham "Brittany Packnett Cunningham") [Eugene Puryear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Puryear "Eugene Puryear") [Teressa Raiford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teressa_Raiford "Teressa Raiford") [Jen Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Reid "Jen Reid") [Linda Sarsour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Sarsour "Linda Sarsour") [Al Sharpton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton "Al Sharpton") [Samuel Sinyangwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sinyangwe "Samuel Sinyangwe") [Nova Stevens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Stevens "Nova Stevens") [Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeanga-Yamahtta_Taylor "Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor") [John Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Thompson_\(Minnesota_politician\) "John Thompson (Minnesota politician)") [Ayọ Tometi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D_Tometi "Ayọ Tometi") [Assa Traoré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assa_Traor%C3%A9 "Assa Traoré") [Syrus Marcus Ware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrus_Marcus_Ware "Syrus Marcus Ware") |
| Events | |
| | |
| 2010s | [Ferguson unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest") [2015 Baltimore protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Baltimore_protests "2015 Baltimore protests") [2015–2016 University of Missouri protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_University_of_Missouri_protests "2015–2016 University of Missouri protests") [Dismissal of Robert Rialmo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_of_Robert_Rialmo "Dismissal of Robert Rialmo") [2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Chicago_rally_protest "2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest") [2017 St. Louis protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_St._Louis_protests "2017 St. Louis protests") |
| 2020s | [Breonna Taylor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breonna_Taylor_protests "Breonna Taylor protests") [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") [changes made](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_changes_made_due_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests") [name changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_name_changes_due_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests") [removal of monuments and memorials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests") [reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "Reactions to the George Floyd protests") [trial of Derek Chauvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Derek_Chauvin "Trial of Derek Chauvin") [violence and controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_controversies_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests") [Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church "Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church") [police violence incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_police_violence_incidents_during_George_Floyd_protests "List of police violence incidents during George Floyd protests") [Buffalo police shoving incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_police_shoving_incident "Buffalo police shoving incident") [St. Louis gun-toting incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_gun-toting_incident "St. Louis gun-toting incident") [vehicle-ramming incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vehicle-ramming_incidents_during_George_Floyd_protests "List of vehicle-ramming incidents during George Floyd protests") [Black Birders Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Birders_Week "Black Birders Week") [Blackout Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Tuesday "Blackout Tuesday") [Capitol Hill Occupied Protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Occupied_Protest "Capitol Hill Occupied Protest") [Academic strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_for_Black_Lives_\(academic_protest\) "Strike for Black Lives (academic protest)") [General strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_for_Black_Lives_\(coalition_protest\) "Strike for Black Lives (coalition protest)") [Kenosha unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_unrest "Kenosha unrest") [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_unrest_shooting "Kenosha unrest shooting") [Athlete strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_American_athlete_strikes "2020 American athlete strikes") [2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Minneapolis_false_rumors_riot "2020 Minneapolis false rumors riot") [2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_racial_unrest "2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest") [Red House eviction defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_House_eviction_defense "Red House eviction defense") [Orisha Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisha_Land "Orisha Land") [Daunte Wright protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daunte_Wright_protests "Daunte Wright protests") [2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Uptown_Minneapolis_unrest "2021 Uptown Minneapolis unrest") [vehicle-ramming attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Deona_Marie_Knajdek "Killing of Deona Marie Knajdek") [Tyre Nichols protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre_Nichols_protests "Tyre Nichols protests") |
| Locations | [Protests in New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_protests_in_New_York_City "Black Lives Matter protests in New York City") List of George Floyd protests [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests in the United States") [outside the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_outside_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests outside the United States") [List of Daunte Wright protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Daunte_Wright_protests "List of Daunte Wright protests") |
| [Deaths protested](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States "List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States") | |
| | |
| 2009–2011 | [Oscar Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Oscar_Grant "Killing of Oscar Grant") [Aiyana Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Aiyana_Jones "Killing of Aiyana Jones") [James Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_James_Craig_Anderson "Murder of James Craig Anderson") [Mark Duggan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Mark_Duggan "Killing of Mark Duggan") [Kenneth Chamberlain Sr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Kenneth_Chamberlain_Sr. "Killing of Kenneth Chamberlain Sr.") [Anthony Lamar Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Anthony_Lamar_Smith "Killing of Anthony Lamar Smith") |
| 2012–2013 | [Ramarley Graham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ramarley_Graham "Killing of Ramarley Graham") [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Killing of Trayvon Martin") [Rekia Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rekia_Boyd "Killing of Rekia Boyd") [Jordan Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jordan_Davis "Murder of Jordan Davis") [Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Timothy_Russell_and_Malissa_Williams "Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams") [Tyrone West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Tyrone_West "Death of Tyrone West") [Larry Jackson Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Larry_Jackson_Jr. "Killing of Larry Jackson Jr.") [Jonathan Ferrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jonathan_Ferrell "Killing of Jonathan Ferrell") [Miriam Carey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Miriam_Carey "Killing of Miriam Carey") [Renisha McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Renisha_McBride "Murder of Renisha McBride") |
| 2014 | [Dontre Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dontre_Hamilton "Killing of Dontre Hamilton") [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner "Killing of Eric Garner") [Julieka Dhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Ms_Dhu "Death of Ms Dhu") [John Crawford III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_John_Crawford_III "Killing of John Crawford III") [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown") [Ezell Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ezell_Ford "Killing of Ezell Ford") [Laquan McDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Laquan_McDonald "Murder of Laquan McDonald") [Akai Gurley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Akai_Gurley "Killing of Akai Gurley") [Tamir Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tamir_Rice "Killing of Tamir Rice") [Antonio Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Antonio_Martin "Killing of Antonio Martin") [Jerame Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jerame_Reid "Killing of Jerame Reid") |
| 2015 | [Natasha McKenna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Natasha_McKenna "Death of Natasha McKenna") [Charley Leundeu Keunang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Charley_Leundeu_Keunang "Killing of Charley Leundeu Keunang") [Tony Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tony_Robinson "Killing of Tony Robinson") [Anthony Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Anthony_Hill "Killing of Anthony Hill") [Meagan Hockaday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Meagan_Hockaday "Killing of Meagan Hockaday") [Eric Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Harris "Killing of Eric Harris") [Walter Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Walter_Scott "Killing of Walter Scott") [Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Freddie_Gray "Killing of Freddie Gray") [William Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_William_Chapman "Killing of William Chapman") [Charleston church shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting "Charleston church shooting") [Jonathan Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jonathan_Sanders "Death of Jonathan Sanders") [Sandra Bland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Sandra_Bland "Death of Sandra Bland") [Samuel DuBose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Samuel_DuBose "Killing of Samuel DuBose") [Mansur Ball-Bey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Mansur_Ball-Bey "Killing of Mansur Ball-Bey") [Jeremy McDole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jeremy_McDole "Killing of Jeremy McDole") [Corey Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Corey_Jones "Killing of Corey Jones") [Jamar Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jamar_Clark "Killing of Jamar Clark") [Mario Woods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Woods "Mario Woods") |
| 2016 | [Greg Gunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Greg_Gunn "Killing of Greg Gunn") [Alton Sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alton_Sterling "Killing of Alton Sterling") [Philando Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Philando_Castile "Killing of Philando Castile") [Joseph Mann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Mann "Killing of Joseph Mann") [Adama Traoré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adama_Traor%C3%A9 "Death of Adama Traoré") [Abdirahman Abdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abdirahman_Abdi "Death of Abdirahman Abdi") [Paul O'Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Paul_O%27Neal "Killing of Paul O'Neal") [Korryn Gaines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Korryn_Gaines "Killing of Korryn Gaines") [Jamarion Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jamarion_Robinson "Killing of Jamarion Robinson") [Sylville Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylville_Smith "Sylville Smith") [Elijah Doughty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Elijah_Doughty "Death of Elijah Doughty") [Terence Crutcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Terence_Crutcher "Killing of Terence Crutcher") [Keith Lamont Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Keith_Lamont_Scott "Killing of Keith Lamont Scott") [Alfred Olango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alfred_Olango "Killing of Alfred Olango") [Deborah Danner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Deborah_Danner "Killing of Deborah Danner") |
| 2017 | [Jocques Clemmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jocques_Clemmons "Killing of Jocques Clemmons") [Jordan Edwards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jordan_Edwards "Murder of Jordan Edwards") [Edson Da Costa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Edson_Da_Costa "Death of Edson Da Costa") [Rashan Charles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Rashan_Charles "Death of Rashan Charles") [Patrick Harmon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Patrick_Harmon "Killing of Patrick Harmon") |
| 2018 | [Anthony Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Anthony_Weber "Killing of Anthony Weber") [Stephon Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Stephon_Clark "Killing of Stephon Clark") [Marcus-David Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Marcus-David_Peters "Killing of Marcus-David Peters") [Antwon Rose Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Antwon_Rose_Jr. "Killing of Antwon Rose Jr.") [Markeis McGlockton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Markeis_McGlockton "Killing of Markeis McGlockton") [Daniel Hambrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Daniel_Hambrick "Killing of Daniel Hambrick") [Botham Jean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Botham_Jean "Murder of Botham Jean") [Tamla Horsford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Tamla_Horsford "Death of Tamla Horsford") [Jemel Roberson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jemel_Roberson "Killing of Jemel Roberson") [EJ Bradford Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Emantic_Fitzgerald_Bradford_Jr. "Killing of Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr.") |
| 2019 | [George Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_George_Robinson "Killing of George Robinson") [Willie McCoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Willie_McCoy "Killing of Willie McCoy") [Danquirs Franklin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Danquirs_Franklin "Killing of Danquirs Franklin") [Javier Ambler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Javier_Ambler "Killing of Javier Ambler") [Lassana Cisse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Lassana_Cisse "Murder of Lassana Cisse") [Ronald Greene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ronald_Greene "Killing of Ronald Greene") [Pamela Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Pamela_Turner "Killing of Pamela Turner") [Layleen Polanco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Layleen_Polanco "Death of Layleen Polanco") [Shukri Abdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Shukri_Abdi "Death of Shukri Abdi") [Christopher Kapessa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Christopher_Kapessa "Death of Christopher Kapessa") [Elijah McClain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Elijah_McClain "Killing of Elijah McClain") [Atatiana Jefferson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Atatiana_Jefferson "Killing of Atatiana Jefferson") |
| 2020 | [Alvin Cole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alvin_Cole "Killing of Alvin Cole") [Ahmaud Arbery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery "Murder of Ahmaud Arbery") [Manuel Ellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Manuel_Ellis "Killing of Manuel Ellis") [Breonna Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Breonna_Taylor "Killing of Breonna Taylor") [Daniel Prude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Daniel_Prude "Killing of Daniel Prude") [Belly Mujinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Belly_Mujinga "Death of Belly Mujinga") [Nina Pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Nina_Pop "Killing of Nina Pop") [George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") [Dion Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dion_Johnson "Killing of Dion Johnson") [Tony McDade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tony_McDade "Killing of Tony McDade") [Regis Korchinski-Paquet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Regis_Korchinski-Paquet "Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet") [James Scurlock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_James_Scurlock "Killing of James Scurlock") [David McAtee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_David_McAtee "Killing of David McAtee") [Oluwatoyin Salau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murders_of_Oluwatoyin_Salau_and_Victoria_Sims "Murders of Oluwatoyin Salau and Victoria Sims") [Carlos Carson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Carlos_Carson "Killing of Carlos Carson") [Rayshard Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rayshard_Brooks "Killing of Rayshard Brooks") [Julian Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Julian_Lewis "Killing of Julian Lewis") [Dijon Kizzee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dijon_Kizzee "Killing of Dijon Kizzee") [Marcellis Stinnette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Marcellis_Stinnette "Killing of Marcellis Stinnette") [Chaniece Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Chaniece_Wallace "Death of Chaniece Wallace") [Walter Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Walter_Wallace "Killing of Walter Wallace") [João Alberto Freitas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jo%C3%A3o_Alberto_Silveira_Freitas "Killing of João Alberto Silveira Freitas") [Andre Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Andre_Hill "Murder of Andre Hill") [Dolal Idd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dolal_Idd "Killing of Dolal Idd") |
| 2021 | [Marvin Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Marvin_Scott "Death of Marvin Scott") [Adam Toledo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Adam_Toledo "Killing of Adam Toledo") [Daunte Wright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Daunte_Wright "Killing of Daunte Wright") [Lindani Myeni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Lindani_Myeni "Killing of Lindani Myeni") [Ma'Khia Bryant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ma%27Khia_Bryant "Killing of Ma'Khia Bryant") [Andrew Brown Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Andrew_Brown_Jr. "Killing of Andrew Brown Jr.") [Winston Boogie Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Winston_Boogie_Smith "Killing of Winston Boogie Smith") [Leneal Frazier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Leneal_Frazier "Killing of Leneal Frazier") |
| 2022 | [Amir Locke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Amir_Locke "Killing of Amir Locke") [Patrick Lyoya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Patrick_Lyoya "Killing of Patrick Lyoya") [Jayland Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jayland_Walker "Killing of Jayland Walker") [Donovan Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Donovan_Lewis "Killing of Donovan Lewis") |
| 2023 | [Keenan Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Keenan_Anderson "Death of Keenan Anderson") [Tyre Nichols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tyre_Nichols "Killing of Tyre Nichols") [Irvo Otieno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Irvo_Otieno "Killing of Irvo Otieno") [Jordan Neely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jordan_Neely "Killing of Jordan Neely") [Ricky Cobb II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ricky_Cobb_II "Killing of Ricky Cobb II") [Johnny Hollman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Hollman "Killing of Johnny Hollman") [Ta'Kiya Young](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ta%27Kiya_Young "Killing of Ta'Kiya Young") [Leonard Cure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Leonard_Cure "Killing of Leonard Cure") |
| 2024 | [Dexter Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dexter_Reed "Killing of Dexter Reed") [Roger Fortson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Roger_Fortson "Killing of Roger Fortson") [Sonya Massey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Sonya_Massey "Murder of Sonya Massey") [Robert Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Robert_Brooks "Killing of Robert Brooks") |
| 2025 | [Messiah Nantwi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Messiah_Nantwi "Killing of Messiah Nantwi") |
| Other cases protested | [Kalief Browder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalief_Browder "Kalief Browder") [2015 Texas pool party incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Texas_pool_party_incident "2015 Texas pool party incident") [Charles Kinsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Charles_Kinsey "Shooting of Charles Kinsey") [Jacob Blake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Jacob_Blake "Shooting of Jacob Blake") [Ralph Yarl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Ralph_Yarl "Shooting of Ralph Yarl") [Rankin County torture incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankin_County_torture_incident "Rankin County torture incident") |
| [In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture") | |
| | |
| [Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_art "Black Lives Matter art") | |
| | |
| [Street murals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Lives_Matter_street_murals "List of Black Lives Matter street murals") | [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Cincinnati\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Cincinnati)") [Indianapolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Indianapolis\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Indianapolis)") [Portland, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Portland,_Oregon\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Portland, Oregon)") [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Salt_Lake_City\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Salt Lake City)") [Santa Cruz, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Santa_Cruz,_California\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Santa Cruz, California)") Seattle [Capitol Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Capitol_Hill,_Seattle\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Capitol Hill, Seattle)") [City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Seattle_City_Hall\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Seattle City Hall)") [Springfield, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_street_mural_\(Springfield,_Massachusetts\) "Black Lives Matter street mural (Springfield, Massachusetts)") |
| Books | *[All American Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_American_Boys "All American Boys")* *[Black Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Software "Black Software")* *[Blackout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_\(young_adult_novel\) "Blackout (young adult novel)")* *[Brit(ish)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit\(ish\) "Brit(ish)")* *[Dear Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Martin "Dear Martin")* *[The Hate U Give](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hate_U_Give "The Hate U Give")* *[His Name Is George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Name_Is_George_Floyd "His Name Is George Floyd")* *[I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Breathe:_A_Killing_on_Bay_Street "I Can't Breathe: A Killing on Bay Street")* *[Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_in_Power:_The_Enduring_Life_of_Trayvon_Martin "Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin")* *[Why We Kneel, How We Rise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_We_Kneel,_How_We_Rise "Why We Kneel, How We Rise")* |
| Film | *[16 Shots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Shots "16 Shots")* *[3 1/2 Minutes, 10 Bullets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_1/2_Minutes,_10_Bullets "3 1/2 Minutes, 10 Bullets")* *[American Son](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Son_\(2019_film\) "American Son (2019 film)")* *[Baltimore Rising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Rising "Baltimore Rising")* *[Bars4Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bars4Justice "Bars4Justice")* *[The Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Force_\(2017_film\) "The Force (2017 film)")* *[Fruitvale Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitvale_Station "Fruitvale Station")* *[Generation Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Revolution "Generation Revolution")* *[The Hate U Give](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hate_U_Give_\(film\) "The Hate U Give (film)")* *[Night Call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Call_\(film\) "Night Call (film)")* *[Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_in_Power:_The_Trayvon_Martin_Story "Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story")* *[Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_Woke:_The_Black_Lives_Matter_Movement "Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement")* *[Stranger Fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranger_Fruit_\(film\) "Stranger Fruit (film)")* *[Two Distant Strangers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Distant_Strangers "Two Distant Strangers")* *[Whose Streets?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whose_Streets%3F "Whose Streets?")* |
| Music | "[Alright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alright_\(Kendrick_Lamar_song\) "Alright (Kendrick Lamar song)")" "[Angel Down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Down_\(song\) "Angel Down (song)")" "[The Bigger Picture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bigger_Picture_\(song\) "The Bigger Picture (song)")" "[Black Parade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Parade_\(song\) "Black Parade (song)")" "[Can't Put It in the Hands of Fate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Put_It_in_the_Hands_of_Fate "Can't Put It in the Hands of Fate")" "[Chains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chains_\(Usher_song\) "Chains (Usher song)")" "[Cop vs. Phone Girl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop_vs._Phone_Girl "Cop vs. Phone Girl")" "[Don't Shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shoot_\(The_Game_song\) "Don't Shoot (The Game song)")" "[Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_\(song\) "Formation (song)")" "[Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_\(Beyonc%C3%A9_song\) "Freedom (Beyoncé song)")" "[Hell You Talmbout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_You_Talmbout "Hell You Talmbout")" "[I Can't Breathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can%27t_Breathe_\(H.E.R._song\) "I Can't Breathe (H.E.R. song)")" "[I Cry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Cry_\(Usher_song\) "I Cry (Usher song)")" "[Lavender (Nightfall Remix)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_\(Nightfall_Remix\) "Lavender (Nightfall Remix)")" "[Loyal Like Sid & Nancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyal_Like_Sid_%26_Nancy "Loyal Like Sid & Nancy")" "[Otherside of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherside_of_America "Otherside of America")" "[Riot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_\(XXXTentacion_song\) "Riot (XXXTentacion song)")" "[Rockstar (BLM Remix)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_\(DaBaby_song\) "Rockstar (DaBaby song)")" *[The Seven Last Words of the Unarmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Last_Words_of_the_Unarmed "The Seven Last Words of the Unarmed")* "[Snow on tha Bluff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_on_tha_Bluff_\(song\) "Snow on tha Bluff (song)")" "[This Is America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_America_\(song\) "This Is America (song)")" "[What They'll Say About Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_They%27ll_Say_About_Us "What They'll Say About Us")" "[White Privilege II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Privilege_II "White Privilege II")" |
| Other | *[Colin in Black & White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_in_Black_%26_White "Colin in Black & White")* *[8:46](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8:46_\(special\) "8:46 (special)")* "[Holding a Black Lives Matter Sign in America's Most Racist Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_a_Black_Lives_Matter_Sign_in_America%27s_Most_Racist_Town "Holding a Black Lives Matter Sign in America's Most Racist Town")" *[Our Lady of Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ferguson "Our Lady of Ferguson")* *[Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_a_Stand_in_Baton_Rouge "Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge")* *[Time: The Kalief Browder Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time:_The_Kalief_Browder_Story "Time: The Kalief Browder Story")* [*Woke* (TV series)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woke_\(TV_series\) "Woke (TV series)") |
| Activist groups | [8 to Abolition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_to_Abolition "8 to Abolition") [Assata's Daughters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assata%27s_Daughters "Assata's Daughters") [BAMN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAMN "BAMN") [Bird Names for Birds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Names_for_Birds "Bird Names for Birds") [Black Feminist Future](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Feminist_Future "Black Feminist Future") [Black Justice League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Justice_League "Black Justice League") [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") [Black Visions Collective](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Visions_Collective "Black Visions Collective") [BlackinChem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackinChem "BlackinChem") [Black In Neuro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_In_Neuro "Black In Neuro") [BYP100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYP100 "BYP100") [Campaign Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Zero "Campaign Zero") [Don't Shoot Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shoot_Portland "Don't Shoot Portland") [Hands Up United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_Up_United "Hands Up United") [Millennial Activists United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennial_Activists_United "Millennial Activists United") [Moms United for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moms_United_for_Black_Lives "Moms United for Black Lives") [Mothers of Gynecology Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_Gynecology_Movement "Mothers of Gynecology Movement") [Mothers of the Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Movement "Mothers of the Movement") [Movement for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives "Movement for Black Lives") [Peoples Power Assemblies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_Power_Assemblies "Peoples Power Assemblies") [Project South](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_South_\(organization\) "Project South (organization)") [\#SayHerName](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SayHerName "SayHerName") [Stop Cop City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Cop_City "Stop Cop City") [Street Riders NYC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Riders_NYC "Street Riders NYC") [Taking the Initiative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_the_Initiative_Party "Taking the Initiative Party") [Wall of Moms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Moms "Wall of Moms") [White Coats for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Coats_for_Black_Lives "White Coats for Black Lives") |
| Proposed legislation | [BREATHE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BREATHE_Act "BREATHE Act") [Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Diversity_in_the_Public_Realm "Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm") [Ending Qualified Immunity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_Qualified_Immunity_Act "Ending Qualified Immunity Act") [George Floyd Justice in Policing Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_Justice_in_Policing_Act "George Floyd Justice in Policing Act") [George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_Law_Enforcement_Trust_and_Integrity_Act "George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act") [Safety, Accountability, Fairness and Equity-Today Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE-T_Act "SAFE-T Act") [List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_police_reforms_related_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests") |
| Groups associated with opposition | [All Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Lives_Matter "All Lives Matter") [Alt-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right "Alt-right") [Black Guns Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Guns_Matter "Black Guns Matter") [Blue Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lives_Matter "Blue Lives Matter") [Oath Keepers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_Keepers "Oath Keepers") [Patriot Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Front "Patriot Front") [Patriotic Alternative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative "Patriotic Alternative") [Proud Boys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proud_Boys "Proud Boys") [Trump administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump "First presidency of Donald Trump") [United Citizens' Alarm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Citizens%27_Alarm "United Citizens' Alarm") [White Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lives_Matter "White Lives Matter") |
| Related | [2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States "2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States") [2020–2023 United States racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest "2020–2023 United States racial unrest") [list of incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_and_protests_of_the_2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest "List of incidents and protests of the 2020–2023 United States racial unrest") [ACAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAB "ACAB") [Black Lives Matter Memorial Fence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Memorial_Fence "Black Lives Matter Memorial Fence") [Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza") [Black maternal mortality in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_maternal_mortality_in_the_United_States "Black maternal mortality in the United States") [Criminal stereotype of African Americans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans "Criminal stereotype of African Americans") [Defund the police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_the_police "Defund the police") [Driving while black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_while_black "Driving while black") [Running while Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_while_Black "Running while Black") [shopping while black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_while_black "Shopping while black") [Ferguson effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_effect "Ferguson effect") [George Floyd Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_Square "George Floyd Square") [Hands up, don't shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_up,_don%27t_shoot "Hands up, don't shoot") [I can't breathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe "I can't breathe") [National anthem protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._national_anthem_kneeling_protests "U.S. national anthem kneeling protests") [Native Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_against_Native_Americans#Native_Lives_Matter "Police brutality against Native Americans") [No justice, no peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_justice,_no_peace "No justice, no peace") [Oklahoma House Bill 1674](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_House_Bill_1674_\(2021\) "Oklahoma House Bill 1674 (2021)") [Police abolition movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_abolition_movement "Police abolition movement") [2021 Minneapolis Question 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Minneapolis_Question_2 "2021 Minneapolis Question 2") [Police accountability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_accountability "Police accountability") [blue wall of silence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_wall_of_silence "Blue wall of silence") [gypsy cops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_cop "Gypsy cop") [police perjury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_perjury "Police perjury") [qualified immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_immunity "Qualified immunity") [Police brutality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States "Police brutality in the United States") [militarization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarization_of_police#21st_Century "Militarization of police") [pain compliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_compliance "Pain compliance") [use of deadly force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States "Police use of deadly force in the United States") [use of torture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_torture_by_police_in_the_United_States "Use of torture by police in the United States") [Police misconduct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_misconduct "Police misconduct") [false arrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_arrest#United_States "False arrest") [racial profiling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_profiling_in_the_United_States "Racial profiling in the United States") [ticket quota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_quota "Ticket quota") [Racial bias in criminal news](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States "Racial bias in criminal news in the United States") [Rest in power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_in_power "Rest in power") [Russia and Black Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_Black_Lives_Matter "Russia and Black Lives Matter") [Save the Boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Boards "Save the Boards") [Taking the knee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_the_knee "Taking the knee") [*Terry* stop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_stop "Terry stop") [The talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_talk_\(racism_in_the_United_States\) "The talk (racism in the United States)") [Woke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woke "Woke") |
|  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Lives_Matter "Category:Black Lives Matter")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2014_Ferguson_unrest "Template:2014 Ferguson unrest") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2014_Ferguson_unrest "Template talk:2014 Ferguson unrest") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2014_Ferguson_unrest "Special:EditPage/Template:2014 Ferguson unrest")[Ferguson unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest") | |
|---|---|
| [Shooting of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown "Shooting of Michael Brown") [Ferguson, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri "Ferguson, Missouri") | |
| Governmental agencies | [Ferguson Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_Police_Department_\(Missouri\) "Ferguson Police Department (Missouri)") [Missouri National Guard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_National_Guard "Missouri National Guard") [Missouri Attorney General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General "Missouri Attorney General") [United States Attorney General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General "United States Attorney General") [Federal Bureau of Investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation "Federal Bureau of Investigation") [Missouri State Highway Patrol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Highway_Patrol "Missouri State Highway Patrol") [St. Louis County Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_County_Police_Department "St. Louis County Police Department") [St. Charles County Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Charles_County_Police_Department "St. Charles County Police Department") [Federal Aviation Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") [The White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_House "The White House") [United States Department of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice "United States Department of Justice") [Missouri Department of Public Safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Public_Safety "Missouri Department of Public Safety") [St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Department,_City_of_St._Louis "Metropolitan Police Department, City of St. Louis") |
| People | [Maria Chappelle-Nadal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Chappelle-Nadal "Maria Chappelle-Nadal") [Lacy Clay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacy_Clay "Lacy Clay") [Charlie Dooley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Dooley "Charlie Dooley") [Doyle Sam Dotson III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Sam_Dotson_III "Doyle Sam Dotson III") [John Hayden Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hayden_Jr. "John Hayden Jr.") [Eric Holder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Holder "Eric Holder") [Daniel Isom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Isom "Daniel Isom") [Jesse Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson "Jesse Jackson") [James Knowles III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Knowles_III "James Knowles III") [Chris Koster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Koster "Chris Koster") [Bob McCulloch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McCulloch_\(prosecutor\) "Bob McCulloch (prosecutor)") [Jay Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Nixon "Jay Nixon") [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") [Francis Slay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Slay "Francis Slay") [Steve Stenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Stenger "Steve Stenger") |
| Protest organizations | [Ferguson Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_Action "Ferguson Action") [Hands Up United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_Up_United "Hands Up United") [Black Lives Matter]() |
| Related | "[Hands up, don't shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_up,_don%27t_shoot "Hands up, don't shoot")" "[Don't Shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Shoot_\(The_Game_song\) "Don't Shoot (The Game song)")" [Ferguson Municipal Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_Municipal_Public_Library "Ferguson Municipal Public Library") *[Our Lady of Ferguson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ferguson "Our Lady of Ferguson")* |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:George_Floyd_protests "Template:George Floyd protests") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:George_Floyd_protests "Template talk:George Floyd protests") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Floyd_protests "Special:EditPage/Template:George Floyd protests")[Protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") of the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") | |
|---|---|
| **[George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd "George Floyd")** [memorials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorials_to_George_Floyd "Memorials to George Floyd") **[Derek Chauvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Chauvin "Derek Chauvin")** [trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Derek_Chauvin "Trial of Derek Chauvin") [trial protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_in_Minneapolis_regarding_the_trial_of_Derek_Chauvin "Protests in Minneapolis regarding the trial of Derek Chauvin") | |
| [Locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_George_Floyd_protests "Lists of George Floyd protests") [(map)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:George_Floyd_protests_map "Template:George Floyd protests map") | |
| | |
| [Minneapolis– Saint Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul "George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul") | [Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul "Aftermath of the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul") [Arson damage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson_damage_during_the_George_Floyd_protests_in_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul "Arson damage during the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul") [George Floyd Square occupied protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_Square_occupied_protest "George Floyd Square occupied protest") [2021 Minneapolis Question 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Minneapolis_Question_2 "2021 Minneapolis Question 2") [2020–2023 local racial unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_racial_unrest "2020–2023 Minneapolis–Saint Paul racial unrest") [Save the Boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_the_Boards "Save the Boards") |
| [Elsewhere in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests in the United States") | [Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Alabama "George Floyd protests in Alabama") [Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Alaska "George Floyd protests in Alaska") [Arizona](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Arizona "George Floyd protests in Arizona") [Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Arkansas "George Floyd protests in Arkansas") [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_California "George Floyd protests in California") [Los Angeles County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Los_Angeles_County,_California "George Floyd protests in Los Angeles County, California") [San Diego County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_San_Diego_County,_California "George Floyd protests in San Diego County, California") [San Francisco Bay Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area "George Floyd protests in the San Francisco Bay Area") [Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Colorado "George Floyd protests in Colorado") [Connecticut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Connecticut "George Floyd protests in Connecticut") [Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Delaware "George Floyd protests in Delaware") [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Washington,_D.C. "George Floyd protests in Washington, D.C.") [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Florida "George Floyd protests in Florida") [Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Georgia "George Floyd protests in Georgia") [Atlanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Atlanta "George Floyd protests in Atlanta") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Hawaii "George Floyd protests in Hawaii") [Idaho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Idaho "George Floyd protests in Idaho") [Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Illinois "George Floyd protests in Illinois") [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Chicago "George Floyd protests in Chicago") [Indiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Indiana "George Floyd protests in Indiana") [Iowa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Iowa "George Floyd protests in Iowa") [Kansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Kansas "George Floyd protests in Kansas") [Kentucky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Kentucky "George Floyd protests in Kentucky") [Louisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Louisiana "George Floyd protests in Louisiana") [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Maine "George Floyd protests in Maine") [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Maryland "George Floyd protests in Maryland") [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Massachusetts "George Floyd protests in Massachusetts") [Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Michigan "George Floyd protests in Michigan") [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Minnesota "George Floyd protests in Minnesota") [Mississippi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Mississippi "George Floyd protests in Mississippi") [Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Missouri "George Floyd protests in Missouri") [Montana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Montana "George Floyd protests in Montana") [Nebraska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Nebraska "George Floyd protests in Nebraska") [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Nevada "George Floyd protests in Nevada") [New Hampshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_Hampshire "George Floyd protests in New Hampshire") [New Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_Jersey "George Floyd protests in New Jersey") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_Mexico "George Floyd protests in New Mexico") [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_York_\(state\) "George Floyd protests in New York (state)") [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_York_City "George Floyd protests in New York City") [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_North_Carolina "George Floyd protests in North Carolina") [North Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_North_Dakota "George Floyd protests in North Dakota") [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Ohio "George Floyd protests in Ohio") [Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Columbus,_Ohio "George Floyd protests in Columbus, Ohio") [Oklahoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Oklahoma "George Floyd protests in Oklahoma") [Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Oregon "George Floyd protests in Oregon") [Portland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Portland,_Oregon "George Floyd protests in Portland, Oregon") [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Pennsylvania "George Floyd protests in Pennsylvania") [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Philadelphia "George Floyd protests in Philadelphia") [Puerto Rico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Puerto_Rico "George Floyd protests in Puerto Rico") [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Rhode_Island "George Floyd protests in Rhode Island") [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_South_Carolina "George Floyd protests in South Carolina") [South Dakota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_South_Dakota "George Floyd protests in South Dakota") [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Tennessee "George Floyd protests in Tennessee") [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Texas "George Floyd protests in Texas") [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Utah "George Floyd protests in Utah") [Vermont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Vermont "George Floyd protests in Vermont") [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Virginia "George Floyd protests in Virginia") [Richmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Richmond,_Virginia "George Floyd protests in Richmond, Virginia") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Washington_\(state\) "George Floyd protests in Washington (state)") [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Seattle "George Floyd protests in Seattle") [West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_West_Virginia "George Floyd protests in West Virginia") [Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Wisconsin "George Floyd protests in Wisconsin") [Wyoming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Wyoming "George Floyd protests in Wyoming") |
| [Outside the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_George_Floyd_protests_outside_the_United_States "List of George Floyd protests outside the United States") | [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Australia "George Floyd protests in Australia") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Belgium "George Floyd protests in Belgium") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Canada "George Floyd protests in Canada") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Germany "George Floyd protests in Germany") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Italy "George Floyd protests in Italy") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_Netherlands "George Floyd protests in the Netherlands") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_Zealand "George Floyd protests in New Zealand") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom "George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom") |
| [Violence and controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_controversies_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests") | |
| | |
| Incidents | [Police violence incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_police_violence_incidents_during_George_Floyd_protests "List of police violence incidents during George Floyd protests") [Buffalo police shoving incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_police_shoving_incident "Buffalo police shoving incident") [Vehicle-ramming incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vehicle-ramming_incidents_during_George_Floyd_protests "List of vehicle-ramming incidents during George Floyd protests") [Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump_photo_op_at_St._John%27s_Church "Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church") [St. Louis gun-toting incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_gun-toting_incident "St. Louis gun-toting incident") |
| Deaths | [James Scurlock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_James_Scurlock "Killing of James Scurlock") [David McAtee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_David_McAtee "Killing of David McAtee") [David Dorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_David_Dorn "Murder of David Dorn") [Sean Monterrosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Sean_Monterrosa "Killing of Sean Monterrosa") [Garrett Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Garrett_Foster "Murder of Garrett Foster") [Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killings_of_Aaron_Danielson_and_Michael_Reinoehl "Killings of Aaron Danielson and Michael Reinoehl") |
| Arrests | [Omar Jimenez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Jimenez "Omar Jimenez") |
| Slogans | "[8:46](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_minutes_46_seconds "8 minutes 46 seconds")" "[I can't breathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe "I can't breathe")" "[When the looting starts, the shooting starts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_looting_starts,_the_shooting_starts "When the looting starts, the shooting starts")" "[Defund the police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_the_police "Defund the police")" |
| Reactions ([to the murder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_murder_of_George_Floyd "Reactions to the murder of George Floyd") · [to the protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "Reactions to the George Floyd protests")) | |
| | |
| Law enforcement | [2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_deployment_of_federal_forces_in_the_United_States "2020 deployment of federal forces in the United States") [Operation Legend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Legend "Operation Legend") [Police reforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_police_reforms_related_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of police reforms related to the George Floyd protests") |
| Social and cultural | [8 to Abolition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_to_Abolition "8 to Abolition") *[8:46](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8:46_\(special\) "8:46 (special)")* [Actions against memorials in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_against_memorials_in_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "Actions against memorials in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests") [Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_for_Diversity_in_the_Public_Realm "Commission for Diversity in the Public Realm") [George Floyd Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_Square "George Floyd Square") [Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza") [Black Lives Matter street murals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Lives_Matter_street_murals "List of Black Lives Matter street murals") [Blackout Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Tuesday "Blackout Tuesday") [Capitol Hill Occupied Protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Occupied_Protest "Capitol Hill Occupied Protest") [Changes made](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_changes_made_due_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of changes made due to the George Floyd protests") [Monuments and memorials removed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_removed_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests") [Name changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_name_changes_due_to_the_George_Floyd_protests "List of name changes due to the George Floyd protests") Labor action [Strike for Black Lives (general)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_for_Black_Lives_\(coalition_protest\) "Strike for Black Lives (coalition protest)") [Sports strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_American_athlete_strikes "2020 American athlete strikes") [Strike for Black Lives (academic)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_for_Black_Lives_\(academic_protest\) "Strike for Black Lives (academic protest)") |
| Proposed legislation | [BREATHE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BREATHE_Act "BREATHE Act") [Ending Qualified Immunity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ending_Qualified_Immunity_Act "Ending Qualified Immunity Act") [George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_Law_Enforcement_Trust_and_Integrity_Act "George Floyd Law Enforcement Trust and Integrity Act") [George Floyd Justice in Policing Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_Justice_in_Policing_Act "George Floyd Justice in Policing Act") |
| Related | [United States racial unrest (2020–2023)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_racial_unrest_\(2020%E2%80%932023\) "United States racial unrest (2020–2023)") [Murder of Ahmaud Arbery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery "Murder of Ahmaud Arbery") [Killing of Breonna Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Breonna_Taylor "Killing of Breonna Taylor") [Breonna Taylor protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breonna_Taylor_protests "Breonna Taylor protests") [Breonna Taylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breonna_Taylor "Breonna Taylor") [Killing of Nina Pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Nina_Pop "Killing of Nina Pop") [Killing of Rayshard Brooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rayshard_Brooks "Killing of Rayshard Brooks") [Shooting of Jacob Blake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Jacob_Blake "Shooting of Jacob Blake") [Kenosha unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_unrest "Kenosha unrest") [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha_unrest_shooting "Kenosha unrest shooting") [Killing of Dijon Kizzee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dijon_Kizzee "Killing of Dijon Kizzee") [Killing of Daniel Prude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Daniel_Prude "Killing of Daniel Prude") [Killing of Alvin Cole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alvin_Cole "Killing of Alvin Cole") [Killing of Marcellis Stinnette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Marcellis_Stinnette "Killing of Marcellis Stinnette") [Killing of Walter Wallace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Walter_Wallace "Killing of Walter Wallace") [Murder of Andre Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Andre_Hill "Murder of Andre Hill") [Killing of Winston Boogie Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Winston_Boogie_Smith "Killing of Winston Boogie Smith") [List of other incidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_incidents_and_protests_of_the_United_States_racial_unrest "List of incidents and protests of the United States racial unrest") [Anonymous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_\(hacker_group\) "Anonymous (hacker group)") [Black Lives Matter]() [Campaign Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Zero "Campaign Zero") [Darnella Frazier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darnella_Frazier "Darnella Frazier") [Minneapolis Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Police_Department "Minneapolis Police Department") [Wall of Moms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Moms "Wall of Moms") [Monument and memorial controversies in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monument_and_memorial_controversies_in_the_United_States "List of monument and memorial controversies in the United States") [Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_and_memorials_in_Canada_removed_in_2020%E2%80%932022 "Monuments and memorials in Canada removed in 2020–2022") [Police and prison abolition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_prison_abolition "Police and prison abolition") [Police accountability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_accountability "Police accountability") [Blue wall of silence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_wall_of_silence "Blue wall of silence") [Wandering officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_officer "Wandering officer") [Police body camera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_body_camera "Police body camera") [Qualified immunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_immunity "Qualified immunity") [Police brutality in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States "Police brutality in the United States") [Use of torture by police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_torture_by_police_in_the_United_States "Use of torture by police in the United States") [Use of deadly force by police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_use_of_deadly_force_in_the_United_States "Police use of deadly force in the United States") *[His Name Is George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Name_Is_George_Floyd "His Name Is George Floyd")* |
|  **[Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Floyd_protests "Category:George Floyd protests")** | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Template:Killing of Trayvon Martin") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Template talk:Killing of Trayvon Martin") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Special:EditPage/Template:Killing of Trayvon Martin")[Killing of Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Killing of Trayvon Martin") | |
|---|---|
| People involved | [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayvon_Martin "Trayvon Martin") [George Zimmerman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zimmerman "George Zimmerman") |
| Related articles | [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Timeline of the killing of Trayvon Martin") [The Retreat at Twin Lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Retreat_at_Twin_Lakes "The Retreat at Twin Lakes") (location) [George Zimmerman's trial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_George_Zimmerman "Trial of George Zimmerman") *[Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_in_Power:_The_Enduring_Life_of_Trayvon_Martin "Rest in Power: The Enduring Life of Trayvon Martin")* *[Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_in_Power:_The_Trayvon_Martin_Story "Rest in Power: The Trayvon Martin Story")* [Black Lives Matter]() "[Angel Down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Down_\(song\) "Angel Down (song)")" "[World War Zimmerman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Zimmerman "World War Zimmerman")" |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates "Template:Sydney Peace Prize laureates") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates "Template talk:Sydney Peace Prize laureates") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sydney_Peace_Prize_laureates "Special:EditPage/Template:Sydney Peace Prize laureates")[Sydney Peace Prize laureates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize "Sydney Peace Prize") |
|---|
| [Muhammad Yunus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus "Muhammad Yunus") (1998) [Desmond Tutu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu "Desmond Tutu") (1999) [Xanana Gusmão](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanana_Gusm%C3%A3o "Xanana Gusmão") (2000) [William Deane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Deane "William Deane") (2001) [Mary Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Robinson "Mary Robinson") (2002) [Hanan Ashrawi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanan_Ashrawi "Hanan Ashrawi") (2003) [Arundhati Roy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_Roy "Arundhati Roy") (2004) [Olara Otunnu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olara_Otunnu "Olara Otunnu") (2005) [Irene Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Khan "Irene Khan") (2006) [Hans Blix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Blix "Hans Blix") (2007) [Pat Dodson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Dodson "Pat Dodson") (2008) [John Pilger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pilger "John Pilger") (2009) [Vandana Shiva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandana_Shiva "Vandana Shiva") (2010) [Noam Chomsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky "Noam Chomsky") (2011) [Sekai Holland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekai_Holland "Sekai Holland") (2012) [Cynthia Maung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Maung "Cynthia Maung") (2013) [Julian Burnside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Burnside "Julian Burnside") (2014) [George Gittoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gittoes "George Gittoes") (2015) [Naomi Klein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein "Naomi Klein") (2016) [Black Lives Matter]() (2017) [Joseph Stiglitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz "Joseph Stiglitz") (2018) [\#MeToo Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeToo_movement "MeToo movement") (2019) [Midnight Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Oil "Midnight Oil") (2020) *[Uluru Statement from the Heart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluru_Statement_from_the_Heart "Uluru Statement from the Heart")* (2021–22) [Nazanin Boniadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazanin_Boniadi "Nazanin Boniadi") (2023) [Navi Pillay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Pillay "Navi Pillay") (2025) |
[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IPhone5white.png) [2010s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:2010s "Portal:2010s")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM "Wikipedia:ACRM") [Civil rights movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement "Portal:Civil rights movement")
-  [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Portal:Current events")
-  [Modern history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Modern_history "Portal:Modern history")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg) [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics "Portal:Politics")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg) [Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Society "Portal:Society")
-  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19600530#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/28152079058807111043) [2](https://viaf.org/viaf/33160060117035601650) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/1190845202) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1940193) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016001442) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1166860&CON_LNG=ENG) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000311040&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811554867305606) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007396292505171) |
| Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/352f8b50-b557-4139-824c-4139131bfc56) |
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Black Lives Matter
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| Readable Markdown | This article is about the decentralized social movement; not to be confused with [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") or other specific organizations that also use the term.
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blmblm_cropped.svg)Logo and flag often used in the Black Lives Matter movement | |
| Date | 2013–present |
| Location | International, largely in the United States |
| Also known as | Black Lives Matter movement BLM |
| Cause | [Racial discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination "Racial discrimination") and [Police brutality against black people in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_against_black_people_in_the_United_States "Police brutality against black people in the United States") |
| Motive | Anti-racism |
| Outcome | Multiple mass protests in the United States [Impact on popular culture and politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture") Spread of protests outside the United States Founding of [Black Lives Matter Global Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_against_St._Paul_police_brutality_\(21587635011\).jpg)
A Black Lives Matter [die-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in "Die-in") over rail tracks, protesting police brutality in [Saint Paul, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota "Saint Paul, Minnesota") (September 20, 2015)
**Black Lives Matter** (**BLM**) is a [decentralized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralization "Decentralization") political and [social movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement "Social movement") that aims to highlight [racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism "Racism"), [discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination "Discrimination") and [racial inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States "Racial inequality in the United States") experienced by [Black people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people "Black people") in the United States, and to promote [anti-racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-racism "Anti-racism").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-2) Its primary concerns are [police brutality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality "Police brutality") and [racially motivated violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racially_motivated_violence "Racially motivated violence") against Black people.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-7) The movement began in response to the killings of [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Trayvon_Martin "Killing of Trayvon Martin"), [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown"), [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner "Killing of Eric Garner"), and [Rekia Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rekia_Boyd "Killing of Rekia Boyd"), among others. BLM and its related organizations typically advocate for various policy changes related to [Black liberation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_liberation "Black liberation")[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-8) and [criminal justice reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_justice_reform_in_the_United_States "Criminal justice reform in the United States"). While there are specific organizations that label themselves "Black Lives Matter", such as the [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation"), the overall movement is a decentralized network with no formal hierarchy.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-9) As of 2021, there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1) The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself has not been [trademarked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark "Trademark") by any group.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-10)
In 2013, activists and friends [Alicia Garza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Garza "Alicia Garza"), [Patrisse Cullors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrisse_Cullors "Patrisse Cullors"), and [Ayọ Tometi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D_Tometi "Ayọ Tometi") originated the [hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag") \#BlackLivesMatter on social media following the [acquittal of George Zimmerman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal_of_George_Zimmerman "Acquittal of George Zimmerman") in the fatal shooting of African-American teen [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayvon_Martin "Trayvon Martin"). The movement became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two more African Americans, [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown")—resulting in [protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest")—and [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Garner "Eric Garner") in New York City.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-theguardian.com-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-12) Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody, in the summer of 2015. The movement gained international attention during [global protests in 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") by Minneapolis police officer [Derek Chauvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Chauvin "Derek Chauvin").[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-14) An estimated 15 to 26 million people participated in Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of the largest protest movements in the country's history.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-15) The vast majority of BLM demonstrations in 2020 were peaceful,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-16) but BLM protests from late May to early June 2020 escalated into [riots and looting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_controversies_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests") in most major cities.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-18)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-19)
Support for Black Lives Matter has fluctuated in recent years. In 2020, 67% of American adults expressed support for BLM, declining to 45% of American adults in 2024.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:11-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:16-21) Support among [people of color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color "Person of color") has, however, held strong, with 81% of African Americans, 61% of Hispanics and 63% of Asian Americans expressing support for Black Lives Matter as of 2023.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:11-20)
Structure and organization
Decentralization
The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to a [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter") [hashtag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag "Hashtag"), a [slogan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan "Slogan"), a social movement, a [political action committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action_committee "Political action committee"),[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-22) or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is [grassroots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots "Grassroots") and decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) The structure differs from previous black movements, like the [civil rights movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights_movement "Civil rights movement") of the 1950s and 1960s. Such differences have been the subject of scholarly literature.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25) Activist [DeRay Mckesson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson "DeRay Mckesson") has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly".[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tags_BLM-26)
In 2013, [Patrisse Cullors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrisse_Cullors "Patrisse Cullors"), [Alicia Garza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Garza "Alicia Garza"), and [Ayọ Tometi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D_Tometi "Ayọ Tometi") formed the [Black Lives Matter Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation"). Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with a shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles but are autonomous,[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1): 124 operating without a central structure or hierarchy. Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement."[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ITT_BLM-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NY_BLM-28) As of 2021, there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Smith_2021-1): 124
This has caused confusion in both the media and activists circles, as actions or statements by individual chapters or members are often misattributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-dbeast_BLM-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CJR_BLM-30) Matt Pearce, writing for the *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*, commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality."[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-LAT_BLM-31)
On at least one occasion, a person represented as *Managing Director of BLM Global Network* has released a statement represented to be on behalf of that organization.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-32)
Broader movement
Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter", as well.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:0-33)[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-34) In 2015, [Johnetta Elzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnetta_Elzie "Johnetta Elzie"), [DeRay Mckesson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson "DeRay Mckesson"), [Brittany Packnett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Packnett_Cunningham "Brittany Packnett Cunningham"), and [Samuel Sinyangwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Sinyangwe "Samuel Sinyangwe") initiated [Campaign Zero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_Zero "Campaign Zero"), aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released a ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending [broken windows theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_windows_theory "Broken windows theory") policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the [use of force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_of_force "Use of force").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NYT_campaignzero-35) *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* reporter, John Eligon, wrote that some activists expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NYtimes_campaignzero-36)
Black Lives Matter also voices support for various movements and causes beyond police brutality, including LGBTQ activism, feminism, immigration.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-37)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_against_St._Paul_police_brutality_\(21552673186\).jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest on September 20, 2015, against police brutality in [St. Paul, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota "St. Paul, Minnesota")
Movement for Black Lives
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) is a coalition of more than 50 groups representing the interests of [black communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people "Black people") across the United States.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Newkirk-38) Members include the Black Lives Matter Network, the [National Conference of Black Lawyers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Lawyers "National Conference of Black Lawyers"), and the [Ella Baker Center for Human Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights "Ella Baker Center for Human Rights").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-39) Endorsed by groups such as [Color of Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_of_Change "Color of Change"), [Race Forward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_Forward "Race Forward"), Brooklyn Movement Center, [PolicyLink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyLink "PolicyLink"), Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-40) the coalition receives communications and tactical support from an organization named Blackbird.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-41)
Following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd"), M4BL released the [BREATHE Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BREATHE_Act "BREATHE Act"), which called for sweeping legislative changes surrounding policing; the policy bill included calls to divest from policing and reinvest funds directly in community resources and alternative emergency response models.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-43)
On July 24, 2015, the movement initially convened at [Cleveland State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University "Cleveland State University"), where between 1,500 and 2,000 activists gathered to participate in open discussions and demonstrations. The conference in Cleveland, Ohio, initially attempted to "strategize ways for the Movement for Black Lives to hold law enforcement accountable for their actions on a national level".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-about2017-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cleveland2015-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-bernard2017-46) However, the conference resulted in the formation of a much more significant social movement. At the end of the three-day conference, on July 26, the Movement for Black Lives initiated a yearlong "process of convening local and national groups to create a United Front".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-about2017-44) This year long process ultimately resulted in the establishment of an organizational platform that articulates the goals, demands, and policies which the Movement for Black Lives supports in order to achieve the "liberation" of black communities across America.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-about2017-44)
In 2016, the [Ford Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation "Ford Foundation") announced plans to fund the M4BL Movement for Black Lives in a "six-year investments" plan, further partnering up with others to found the Black-led Movement Fund.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Ford_Foundation-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-48)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-49) The sum donated by the Ford Foundation and the other donors to M4BL was reported as \$100 million by *[The Washington Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Times "The Washington Times")* in 2016 (equivalent to \$134 million in 2025[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)); another donation of \$33 million (equivalent to \$44 million[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)) to M4BL was reportedly issued by the [Open Society Foundations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations "Open Society Foundations").[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-52)
In 2016, M4BL called for [decarceration in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarceration_in_the_United_States "Decarceration in the United States"), [reparations for harms related to slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery "Reparations for slavery"), and more recently, specific remedies for [redlining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining "Redlining") in housing, education policy, mass incarceration and food insecurity.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-53) It also called for an end to mass surveillance, investment in public education, not incarceration, and community control of the police: empowering residents in communities of color to hire and fire police officers and issue subpoenas, decide disciplinary consequences and exercise control over city funding of police.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-55)
Funding
*[Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico "Politico")* reported in 2015 that the [Democracy Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Alliance "Democracy Alliance"), a gathering of Democratic-Party donors, planned to meet with leaders of several groups who were endorsing the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Vogel_&_Wheaton-56) According to *Politico*, Solidaire, the donor coalition focusing on "movement building" and led by Texas oil fortune heir [Leah Hunt-Hendrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah_Hunt-Hendrix "Leah Hunt-Hendrix"), a member of the Democracy Alliance, had donated more than \$200,000 to the BLM movement by 2015.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Vogel_&_Wheaton-56)
According to *[The Economist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist "The Economist")*, between May 2020 and December 2020, donations to Black Lives Matter related causes amounted to \$10.6 billion (equivalent to \$13 billion in 2025[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)).[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-57) The [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation"), one of the main organizations coordinating organizing and mobilization efforts across the reported raising \$90 million in 2020 (equivalent to \$112 million in 2025[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)), including a substantial number of individual donations online, with an average donation of \$30.76 (equivalent to \$38.27[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-inflation-US-50)).[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-59)
Strategies and tactics
Black Lives Matter originally used various social media platforms—including [hashtag activism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag_activism "Hashtag activism")—to reach thousands of people rapidly.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-herbert-60) Since then, Black Lives Matter has embraced a [diversity of tactics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics "Diversity of tactics").[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-61) Black Lives Matter protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful; when violence does occur, it is often committed by counter-protesters.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nbcThug-64) Despite this, opponents often try to portray the movement as violent.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nbcThug-64)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-65)
Internet and social media
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackLivesMatter_hastag_table.png)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackLivesMatter_hastag_table2.png)
Analysis of the usage of the \#BlackLivesMatter hashtag on Twitter in response to major news events
In 2014, the [American Dialect Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dialect_Society "American Dialect Society") chose \#BlackLivesMatter as their [word of the year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_the_year "Word of the year").[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-67) [*Yes! Magazine*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes!_\(U.S._magazine\) "Yes! (U.S. magazine)") picked \#BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed the world in 2014.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-68) From July 2013 through May 1, 2018, the hashtag "\#BlackLivesMatter" had been tweeted more than 30 million times, an average of 17,002 times per day.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_2-69) By June 10, 2020, it had been tweeted roughly 47.8 million times,[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:7-70) with the period of July 7–17, 2016 having the highest usage, at nearly 500,000 tweets a day.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_2-69) This period also saw an increase in tweets using the hashtags "\#BlackLivesMatter" and "\#Alleviate".[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_2-69) On May 28, 2020, there were nearly 8.8 million tweets with the hashtag, and the average had increased to 3.7 million a day.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:7-70)
The [2016 shooting of Dallas police officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers "2016 shooting of Dallas police officers") saw the online tone of the movement become more negative than before, with 39% of tweets using the hashtag \#BlackLivesMatter expressing opposition to the movement.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_4-71) Nearly half in opposition tied the group to violence, with many describing the group as terrorist.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PEW_4-71)
Khadijah White, a professor at [Rutgers University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University "Rutgers University"), argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all over the world.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-72) The hashtag's usage has gained the attention of high-ranking politicians and has sometimes encouraged them to support the movement.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25)
On [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia "Wikipedia"), a [WikiProject](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiProject "WikiProject") dedicated to [coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Black_Lives_Matter "Wikipedia:WikiProject Black Lives Matter") of the Black Lives Matter movement was created in June 2020.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-73)
In 2020, users of the popular app [TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok "TikTok") noticed that the app seemed to be [shadow banning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_banning "Shadow banning") posts about BLM or recent police killings of black people.\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] TikTok apologized and attributed the situation to a technical glitch.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-74)
Direct action
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protesters_with_signs_in_Ferguson.jpg)
A "[Hands up\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_up,_don%27t_shoot "Hands up, don't shoot")" sign displayed at a Ferguson protest in August 2014
BLM generally engages in [direct action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_action "Direct action") tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address the issue.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tactics-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-76) BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-maddow-77) BLM has also staged [die-ins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in "Die-in") and held one during the 2015 [Twin Cities Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities_Marathon "Twin Cities Marathon").[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-mara-78)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OaklandBLM-4174.jpg)
Black Lives Matter demonstration in Oakland, California, December 2014
[Political slogans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_slogans "List of political slogans") used during demonstrations include the [eponymous](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eponym "wikt:eponym") "Black Lives Matter", "[Hands up, don't shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands_up,_don%27t_shoot "Hands up, don't shoot")" (a later discredited reference attributed to [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown")[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-79)), "[I can't breathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe "I can't breathe")"[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-81) (referring to [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Eric_Garner "Death of Eric Garner") and later [George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd "George Floyd")), "White silence is violence",[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-82) "[No justice, no peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_justice,_no_peace "No justice, no peace")",[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-83)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-84) and "Is my son next?",[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-85) among others.
According to a 2018 study, "Black Lives Matter protests are more likely to occur in localities where more black people have previously been killed by police."[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-86)
Media, music and other cultural impacts
Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2013, with the hashtag \#BlackLivesMatter,[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-87) the movement has been depicted and documented in [film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Film "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), [song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Music "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), [television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Television "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), [literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Literature "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"), and the [visual arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_movement_in_popular_culture#Art "Black Lives Matter movement in popular culture"). Several media outlets are providing material related to racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. Published books, novels, and TV shows have increased in popularity in 2020.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-88) Songs, such as [Michael Jackson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson "Michael Jackson")'s "[They Don't Care About Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us "They Don't Care About Us")" and [Kendrick Lamar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrick_Lamar "Kendrick Lamar")'s "[Alright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alright_\(Kendrick_Lamar_song\) "Alright (Kendrick Lamar song)")", have been widely used as a rallying call at demonstrations.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-90)
The short documentary film, *[Bars4Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bars4Justice "Bars4Justice")*, features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with the Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual [Pan African Film Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_African_Film_Festival "Pan African Film Festival"). *[Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_Woke:_The_Black_Lives_Matter_Movement "Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement")* is a 2016 American television documentary film, starring [Jesse Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Williams_\(actor\) "Jesse Williams (actor)"), about the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-HP-91)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-92)
The February 2015 issue of *[Essence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_\(magazine\) "Essence (magazine)")* magazine and the cover were devoted to Black Lives Matter.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-93) In December 2015, BLM was a contender for the *[Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")* magazine [Person of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year "Time Person of the Year") award, coming in fourth of the eight candidates.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-94)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_Space,_We_Can_Hear_Your_Screams_\(49986786312\).jpg)
[Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza") in Washington, D.C., as seen from space on June 8, 2020
A number of cities have painted [murals of "Black Lives Matter" in large letters on their streets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Black_Lives_Matter_street_murals "List of Black Lives Matter street murals"). The cities include [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), [Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas "Dallas"), [Denver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver "Denver"), [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles"), and [Birmingham, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama "Birmingham, Alabama").[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Wilson-95)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-96)
On May 9, 2016, [Delrish Moss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delrish_Moss "Delrish Moss") was sworn in as the first African-American police chief in Ferguson, Missouri. He acknowledged that he faces such challenges as diversifying the police force, improving community relations, and addressing issues that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-97)
Allegations of use of excessive force by police
According to a study from the [Bureau of Justice Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics "Bureau of Justice Statistics") from 2002 to 2011, among those who had contact with the police, "blacks (2.8%) were more likely than whites (1.0%) and Hispanics (1.4%) to perceive the threat or use of nonfatal force was excessive."[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-98)
According to *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")*, police officers shot and killed 1,001 people in the United States in 2019. About half of those killed were white, and one quarter were black, making the rate of deaths for black Americans (31 fatal shootings per million) more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans (13 fatal shootings per million).[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:1-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-100) *The Washington Post* also counts 13 unarmed black Americans shot dead by police in 2019.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-101)
A 2015 study by Cody Ross at UC Davis found "significant bias in the killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans" by police. The study found that unarmed African Americans had 3.49 times the probability of being shot compared to unarmed whites, although in some jurisdictions the risk could be as much as 20 times higher. The study found that 2.79 times more armed blacks were shot than unarmed blacks. The study also found that the documented county-level racial bias in police shootings could not be explained by differences in local crime rates.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-102)
A 2019 study by Cesario et al. published in *[Social Psychological and Personality Science](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Psychological_and_Personality_Science "Social Psychological and Personality Science")* found that after adjusting for crime, there was "no systematic evidence of anti-black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of harmless objects".[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-103) However, a 2020 study by Cody Ross et al. criticizes the data analysis used in the Cesario et al. study. Using the same data set for police shootings in 2015 and 2016, Ross et al. conclude that there is significant racial bias in police shooting cases involving unarmed black suspects. This bias is not seen when suspects are armed.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-104)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_killings_in_the_USA_in_2018.svg)
Map depicting rates of police killings by state in the United States in 2018
A study by Harvard economist [Roland Fryer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_G._Fryer_Jr. "Roland G. Fryer Jr.") found that blacks and Hispanics were 50% more likely to experience non-lethal force in police interactions, but for officer-involved shootings there were "no racial differences in either the raw data or when contextual factors are taken into account".[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-105)
A 2019 study in *[PNAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America")* concluded that black people were actually less likely than [white people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people "White people") to be killed by police, based on the death rates in police encounters.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-106) The authors later retracted the paper because although "our data and statistical approach were appropriate for investigating whether officer characteristics are related to the race of civilians fatally shot by police," the paper had been "cited as providing support for the idea that there are no racial biases in fatal shootings, or policing in general" whereas in fact their analyses "are inadequate to address racial disparities in the probability of being shot."[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-JohnsonRetract-107)
Another study found that such conclusions were erroneous due to [Simpson's paradox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson%27s_paradox "Simpson's paradox").[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cody2018-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-109) According to the paper, while it was true that white people were more likely to be killed in a police encounter, overall black people were still being discriminated against because they were more likely to have interactions with the police due to structural racism.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cody2018-108) They are more likely to be stopped for more petty crimes or no crime at all. Conversely, white people interact with police more rarely, and often for more serious crimes, such as shootings, where police are more likely to use force. The same paper also backed up the findings of Ross and Fryer and concluded that the overall rate of death was a much more useful statistic than the rate of death in encounters.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cody2018-108)
Disproportionate policing of Black Lives Matter events
Black Lives Matter protesters are themselves sometimes subject to excessive [policing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_policing "Protest policing") of the kind against which they are demonstrating. In May 2020, in addition to police, 43,350 [military troops were deployed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_response_to_protest "Military response to protest") against Black Lives Matter protesters nationally.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-2021-01-10-nbc-110) Military surveillance aircraft were deployed against subsequent Black Lives Matter protests.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-2021-01-10-nbc-110) Observers, such as U.S. President [Joe Biden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden "Joe Biden"), have noted that violent far-right mobilizations, including the [2021 United States Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack "2021 United States Capitol attack"), attracted smaller and more passive police presences than peaceful Black Lives Matter protests.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-113)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-114)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-115) In November 2015, a police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a [social media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media "Social media") post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-larimer-116)
According to a report released by the [Movement for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives "Movement for Black Lives") in August 2021, the [United States federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States "Federal government of the United States") deliberately targeted Black Lives Matter protesters in an attempt to disrupt and discourage the Black Lives Matter movement during the summer of 2020. According to the report, "The empirical data and findings in this report largely corroborate what Black organizers have long known intellectually, intuitively, and from lived experience about the federal government's disparate policing and prosecution of racial justice protests and related activity".[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-117)
Timeline of notable events and demonstrations in the United States
2014
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_Black_Friday_\(15902086996\).jpg)
Black Lives Matter protester at [Macy's Herald Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Herald_Square "Macy's Herald Square"), November 2014
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest.jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest at [Herald Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Square "Herald Square"), [Manhattan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan "Manhattan"), November 2014
In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of [Dontre Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dontre_Hamilton "Killing of Dontre Hamilton"), [Eric Garner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Garner "Killing of Eric Garner"), [John Crawford III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_John_Crawford_III "Killing of John Crawford III"), [Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown"), [Ezell Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Ezell_Ford "Killing of Ezell Ford"), [Laquan McDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Laquan_McDonald "Murder of Laquan McDonald"), [Akai Gurley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Akai_Gurley "Killing of Akai Gurley"), [Tamir Rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tamir_Rice "Killing of Tamir Rice"), [Antonio Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Antonio_Martin "Killing of Antonio Martin"), and [Jerame Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jerame_Reid "Killing of Jerame Reid"), among others.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-118)
In July, Eric Garner died in New York City after a [New York City Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department "New York City Police Department") officer put him in a banned [chokehold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokehold "Chokehold") while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans that sparked the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nobody-119)
During the Labor Day weekend in August, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into [Ferguson, Missouri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri "Ferguson, Missouri"), to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-121) The movement continued to be involved in the [Ferguson protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest"), following the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown").[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-122) The protests at times came into conflict with local and state police departments, who typically responded in an armed manner. At one point, the National Guard was called in and [a state of emergency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency "State of emergency") was declared.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
Also in August, [Los Angeles Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Police_Department "Los Angeles Police Department") officers shot and killed Ezell Ford; BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-grad-123)
In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and killed Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-124) In [Oakland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California "Oakland, California"), California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped a [Bay Area Rapid Transit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit "Bay Area Rapid Transit") (BART) train for more than an hour on [Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\) "Black Friday (shopping)"), one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown").[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-125)[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-126)
Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy, was shot and killed by a Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also been cited as contributing to "sparking" the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-nobody-119)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-127)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest,_Mall_of_America,_December_2014.jpg)
A Black Lives Matter protest of police brutality in the rotunda of the [Mall of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America "Mall of America") in [Bloomington, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota "Bloomington, Minnesota"), in December 2014
In December, two to three thousand people gathered at the [Mall of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall_of_America "Mall of America") in [Bloomington, Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota "Bloomington, Minnesota") to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reinan-128) The police at the mall were equipped with riot gear and bomb-sniffing dogs; at least twenty members of the protest were arrested.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Brumfield-129)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ALDM-130) Management said that they were "extremely disappointed that organizers of Black Lives Matter protest chose to ignore our stated policy and repeated reminders that political protests and demonstrations are not allowed on Mall of America property".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Brumfield-129)
In [Milwaukee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee "Milwaukee"), Wisconsin, BLM protested the police [killing of Dontre Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Dontre_Hamilton "Killing of Dontre Hamilton"), who died in April.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-131) Black Lives Matter protested the [killing of John Crawford III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_John_Crawford_III "Killing of John Crawford III").[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-132) The [Murder of Renisha McBride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Renisha_McBride "Murder of Renisha McBride") was protested by Black Lives Matter.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-133)
Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown"), a protest march was held in [Berkeley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California "Berkeley, California"), California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed a lawsuit alleging "unconstitutional police attacks" on attendees.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-skinner-134)
A week after the Michael Brown verdict, two police officers were killed in New York City by Ismaaiyl Brinsley, who expressed a desire to kill police officers in retribution for the deaths of Garner and Brown. Black Lives Matter condemned the shooting, though some right-wing media attempted to connect the group to it, with the [Patrolman's Benevolent Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Benevolent_Association_of_the_City_of_New_York "Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York") president claiming that there was "blood on \[the\] hands \[of\] those that incited violence on the street under the guise of protests".[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) A conservative television commentator also attempted to connect Black Lives Matter to protesters chanting that they wanted to see "dead cops," at the December "Millions March" which was organized by different groups.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
2015
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don%27t_forget_Freddie_Gray.jpg)
A demonstrator raising awareness of the [death of Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") in Baltimore, April 2015
In 2015, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of [Charley Leundeu Keunang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Charley_Leundeu_Keunang "Killing of Charley Leundeu Keunang"), [Tony Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tony_Robinson "Killing of Tony Robinson"), [Anthony Hill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Anthony_Hill "Killing of Anthony Hill"), [Meagan Hockaday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Meagan_Hockaday "Killing of Meagan Hockaday"), [Eric Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Eric_Harris "Killing of Eric Harris"), [Walter Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Walter_Scott "Killing of Walter Scott"), [Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray"), [William Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_William_Chapman "Killing of William Chapman"), [Jonathan Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jonathan_Sanders "Death of Jonathan Sanders"), [Sandra Bland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Sandra_Bland "Death of Sandra Bland"), [Samuel DuBose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Samuel_DuBose "Killing of Samuel DuBose"), [Jeremy McDole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jeremy_McDole "Killing of Jeremy McDole"), [Corey Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Corey_Jones "Killing of Corey Jones"), and [Jamar Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jamar_Clark "Killing of Jamar Clark") as well Dylann Roof's murder of [The Charleston Nine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting#Victims "Charleston church shooting").[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-135)[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-136)
In March, BLM protested at Chicago Mayor [Rahm Emanuel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel "Rahm Emanuel")'s office, demanding reforms within the [Chicago Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department "Chicago Police Department").[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-137) Charley Leundeu Keunang, a 43-year-old Cameroonian national, was fatally shot by Los Angeles Police Department officers. The LAPD arrested fourteen following BLM demonstrations.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-138)
In April, Black Lives Matter across the United States protested over the [death of Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") which included the [2015 Baltimore protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Baltimore_protests "2015 Baltimore protests").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-139)[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-norfleet-140) The National Guard was called in.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) After the killing of Walter Scott in [North Charleston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Charleston,_South_Carolina "North Charleston, South Carolina"), South Carolina, Black Lives Matter protested Scott's death and called for [Civilian oversight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_oversight "Civilian oversight") of police.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-141)
In May, a protest by BLM in San Francisco was part of a nationwide protest, [SayHerName](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SayHerName "SayHerName"), decrying the police killing of black women and girls, which included the deaths of Meagan Hockaday, [Aiyana Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Aiyana_Jones "Killing of Aiyana Jones"), [Rekia Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rekia_Boyd "Killing of Rekia Boyd"), and others.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-naked-142) In [Cleveland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland "Cleveland"), Ohio, after an officer was acquitted at trial in the [Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Timothy_Russell_and_Malissa_Williams "Killing of Timothy Russell and Malissa Williams"), BLM protested.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CNN0526-143) In [Madison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin"), Wisconsin, BLM protested after the officer was not charged in the killing of Tony Robinson.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-144)
In June, after [Dylann Roof](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylann_Roof "Dylann Roof")'s [shooting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_church_shooting "Charleston church shooting") in [a historically black church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church "Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church") in [Charleston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina "Charleston, South Carolina"), South Carolina, BLM across the country marched, protested and held vigil for several days after the shooting.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-zukic-145)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-146) BLM was part of a march for peace on the [Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Ravenel_Jr._Bridge "Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge") in [South Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina "South Carolina").[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-abc4-147) After the Charleston shooting, a number of [memorials to the Confederate States of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_monuments_and_memorials "Confederate monuments and memorials") were graffitied with "Black Lives Matter" or otherwise vandalized.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-148)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-duda-149) Around 800 people protested in McKinney, Texas after [a video was released](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Texas_pool_party_incident "2015 Texas pool party incident") showing an officer pinning a girl—at a pool party in [McKinney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKinney,_Texas "McKinney, Texas"), Texas—to the ground with his knees.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-150)
In July, BLM activists across the United States began protests over the [death of Sandra Bland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Sandra_Bland "Death of Sandra Bland"), an African-American woman, who was allegedly found hanged in a jail cell in [Waller County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller_County,_Texas "Waller County, Texas"), Texas.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-bland-151)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sun-152) In [Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati "Cincinnati"), Ohio, BLM rallied and protested the death of Samuel DuBose after he was shot and killed by a [University of Cincinnati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati "University of Cincinnati") police officer.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-wlwt-153) In [Newark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey "Newark, New Jersey"), New Jersey, more than a thousand BLM activists marched against police brutality, racial injustice, and economic inequality.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-154) Also in July, BLM protested the death of Jonathan Sanders who died while being arrested by police in Mississippi.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-155)[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-156)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Year_Commemoration_of_the_Murder_of_Michael_Brown,_the_Ferguson_Rebellion,_%26_the_Black_Lives_Matter_uprising._\(20426285322\).jpg)
One-year commemoration of the [killing of Michael Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Michael_Brown "Killing of Michael Brown") and the [Ferguson unrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson_unrest "Ferguson unrest") at [Barclays Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclays_Center "Barclays Center") in [Brooklyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn "Brooklyn"), New York, August 2015
In August, BLM organizers held a rally in Washington, D.C., calling for a stop to violence against [transgender women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_women "Transgender women").[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-stein-157) In [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), North Carolina, after a judge declared a [mistrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial#Mistrials "Trial") in the trial of a white Charlotte police officer who killed an unarmed black man, [Jonathan Ferrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jonathan_Ferrell "Killing of Jonathan Ferrell"), BLM protested and staged [die-ins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in "Die-in").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-kerrick-158) In [Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia "Philadelphia"), [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"), [Janelle Monáe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janelle_Mon%C3%A1e "Janelle Monáe"), [Jidenna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidenna "Jidenna"), and other BLM activists marched through [North Philadelphia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Philadelphia "North Philadelphia") to bring awareness to police brutality and Black Lives Matter.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-chang-159) Around August 9, the first anniversary of Michael Brown's death, BLM rallied, held vigil and marched in [St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis "St. Louis") and across the country.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-brownann-160)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-simone-161)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_against_St._Paul_police_brutality_\(21552438456\).jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest against St. Paul police brutality at [Metro Green Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Green_Line_\(Minnesota\) "Metro Green Line (Minnesota)"), September 2015
In September, more than five hundred BLM protesters in [Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas "Austin, Texas"), Texas, rallied against police brutality, and several briefly carried protest banners onto [Interstate 35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35 "Interstate 35").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-chron-162) In [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), Maryland, BLM activists marched and protested as hearings began in the [Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") police brutality case.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-hedg-163) In [Sacramento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California "Sacramento, California"), California, about eight hundred BLM protesters rallied to support a [California State Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Senate "California State Senate") bill that would increase police oversight.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sac-164) BLM protested the killing of Jeremy McDole.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-165)
In October, Black Lives Matter activists were arrested during a protest of a police chiefs conference in Chicago.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-morris-166) "Rise Up October" straddled the Black Lives Matter Campaign, and brought several protests.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-shaker-167) [Quentin Tarantino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino "Quentin Tarantino") and [Cornel West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_West "Cornel West"), participating in "Rise Up October", decried police violence.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-democ-168)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justice_for_Jamar_Response_Action_\(22627979078\).jpg)
Protest march in response to the [Jamar Clark killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jamar_Clark "Killing of Jamar Clark"), Minneapolis, Minnesota, November 2015
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_Sign_-_Minneapolis_Protest_\(22632545857\).jpg)
An activist holds a "Black Lives Matter" sign outside the Minneapolis Police Fourth Precinct building following the officer-involved killing of Jamar Clark on November 15, 2015
In November, BLM activists protested after Jamar Clark was shot by [Minneapolis Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_Police_Department "Minneapolis Police Department").[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-169) A continuous protest was organized at the Minneapolis 4th Precinct Police. During the encamped protest, protesters, and outside agitators clashed with police, vandalized the station and attempted to ram the station with an SUV.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-170)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-171) Later that month a march was organized to honor Jamar Clark, from the 4th Precinct to downtown Minneapolis. After the march, a group of men carrying firearms and body armor[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-172) appeared and began calling the protesters racial slurs according to a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter. After protesters asked the armed men to leave, the men opened fire, shooting five protesters.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-173)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Silverstein_2015-174) All injuries required hospitalization, but were not life-threatening. The men fled the scene only to be found later and arrested. The three men arrested were young and white, and observers called them [white supremacists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy").[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Washington_Post_2015-175)[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-176) In February 2017, one of the men arrested, Allen Scarsella, was convicted of a dozen felony counts of assault and riot in connection with the shooting. Based in part on months of racist messages Scarsella had sent his friends before the shooting, the judge rejected arguments by his defense that Scarsella was "naïve" and sentenced him in April 2017 to 15 years out of a maximum 20-year sentence.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-177)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-178)
From November 2016, BLM protested the [Murder of Laquan McDonald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Laquan_McDonald "Murder of Laquan McDonald"), calling for the resignation of numerous Chicago officials in the wake of the shooting and its handling. McDonald was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-179)
2016
In 2016, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against the deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Bruce Kelley Jr., [Alton Sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alton_Sterling "Killing of Alton Sterling"), [Philando Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Philando_Castile "Killing of Philando Castile"), [Joseph Mann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Joseph_Mann "Killing of Joseph Mann"), [Abdirahman Abdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abdirahman_Abdi "Death of Abdirahman Abdi"), [Paul O'Neal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Paul_O%27Neal "Killing of Paul O'Neal"), [Korryn Gaines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Korryn_Gaines "Killing of Korryn Gaines"), [Sylville Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylville_Smith "Sylville Smith"), [Terence Crutcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Terence_Crutcher "Killing of Terence Crutcher"), [Keith Lamont Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Keith_Lamont_Scott "Killing of Keith Lamont Scott"), [Alfred Olango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alfred_Olango "Killing of Alfred Olango"), and [Deborah Danner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Deborah_Danner "Killing of Deborah Danner"), among others.
In January, hundreds of BLM protesters marched in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco") to protest the December 2, 2015, shooting death of Mario Woods, who was shot by [San Francisco Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Police "San Francisco Police") officers. The march was held during a [Super Bowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl "Super Bowl") event.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-180) BLM held protests, community meetings, teach-ins, and direct actions across the country with the goal of "reclaim\[ing\] the radical legacy of [Martin Luther King Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr. "Martin Luther King Jr.")"[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-181)
In February, Abdullahi Omar Mohamed, a 17-year-old Somali refugee, was shot and injured by [Salt Lake City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City "Salt Lake City"), [Utah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah "Utah"), police after allegedly being involved in a confrontation with another person. The shooting led to BLM protests.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-182)
In June, members of BLM and [Color of Change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_of_Change "Color of Change") protested the California conviction and sentencing of Jasmine Richards for a 2015 incident in which she attempted to stop a police officer from arresting another woman. Richards was convicted of "attempting to unlawfully take a person from the lawful custody of a peace officer", a charge that the state penal code had designated as "[lynching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States "Lynching in the United States")" until that word was removed two months prior to the incident.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-183)
On July 5, Alton Sterling, a 37-year-old black man, was shot several times at point-blank range while pinned to the ground by two white Baton Rouge Police Department officers in [Baton Rouge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana "Baton Rouge, Louisiana"), Louisiana. On the night of July 5, more than 100 demonstrators in Baton Rouge shouted, "no justice, no peace," set off fireworks, and blocked an intersection to protest Sterling's death.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-brennan-184) On July 6, Black Lives Matter held a [candlelight vigil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlelight_vigil "Candlelight vigil") in Baton Rouge, with chants of "We love Baton Rouge" and calls for justice.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-185)
On July 6, Philando Castile was fatally shot by Jeronimo Yanez, a [St. Anthony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony,_Minnesota "St. Anthony, Minnesota"), Minnesota police officer, after being pulled over in [Falcon Heights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_Heights,_Minnesota "Falcon Heights, Minnesota"), a suburb of [St. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota "St. Paul, Minnesota"). Castile was driving a car with his girlfriend and her four-year-old daughter as passengers when he was pulled over by Yanez and another officer.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Chappell-186) According to his girlfriend, after being asked for his license and registration, Castile told the officer he was licensed to [carry a weapon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Minnesota#Permits_to_carry "Gun laws in Minnesota") and had one in the car.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-BBCCastileDeath-187) She stated: "The officer said don't move. As he was putting his hands back up, the officer shot him in the arm four or five times."[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PheiferPeck-188) She [live-streamed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-stream "Live-stream") a video on [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") in the immediate aftermath of the shooting. Following the fatal shooting of Castile, BLM protested throughout Minnesota and the United States.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-189)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protest_march_in_response_to_the_Philando_Castile_shooting_\(28084964251\).jpg)
Protest march in response to the [killing of Philando Castile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Philando_Castile "Killing of Philando Castile"), St. Paul, Minnesota, July 7, 2016
On July 7, a BLM protest was held in Dallas, Texas, that was organized to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. At the end of the peaceful protest, Micah Xavier Johnson [opened fire in an ambush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers "2016 shooting of Dallas police officers"), killing five police officers and wounding seven others and two civilians. The gunman was then killed by a robot-delivered bomb.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-190) Before he died, according to police, Johnson said that "he was upset about Black Lives Matter", and that "he wanted to kill white people, especially white officers."[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Bromwich-191) Texas Lt. Governor [Dan Patrick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Patrick_\(politician\) "Dan Patrick (politician)") and other conservative lawmakers blamed the shootings on the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-192)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-193) The Black Lives Matter network released a statement denouncing the shootings.[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-194)[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-195) On July 8, more than 100 people were arrested at Black Lives Matter protests across the United States.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-196)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sit-in_during_San_Francisco_July_2016_rally_against_police_violence_-_3.jpg)
Protest in response to the [Alton Sterling killing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Alton_Sterling "Killing of Alton Sterling"), San Francisco, California, July 8, 2016
In the first half of July, there were at least 112 protests in 88 American cities.[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-197) On July 13, [NBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA "NBA") stars [LeBron James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBron_James "LeBron James"), [Carmelo Anthony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelo_Anthony "Carmelo Anthony"), [Chris Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Paul "Chris Paul"), and [Dwyane Wade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyane_Wade "Dwyane Wade") opened the [2016 ESPY Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_ESPY_Awards "2016 ESPY Awards") with a Black Lives Matter message.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-198) On July 26, Black Lives Matter held a protest in Austin, Texas, to mark the third anniversary of the shooting death of [Larry Jackson Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Larry_Jackson_Jr. "Killing of Larry Jackson Jr.")[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-march-199) On July 28, [Chicago Police Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department "Chicago Police Department") officers shot Paul O'Neal in the back and killed him following a car chase.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-200) After the shooting, hundreds marched in Chicago, Illinois.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DNA-201)
In [Randallstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randallstown,_Maryland "Randallstown, Maryland"), Maryland, near Baltimore, on August 1, police officers shot and killed Korryn Gaines, a 23-year-old African American woman, also shooting and injuring her son.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-202) Gaines' death was protested in Baltimore.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-203)
In August, Black Lives Matter protested in [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"), Pennsylvania the death of Bruce Kelley Jr., who was shot after fatally stabbing a police dog while trying to escape from police the previous January.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-204)
In August, several professional athletes began participating in [National Anthem protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_U.S._national_anthem_protests "2016 U.S. national anthem protests"). The protests began in the [National Football League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League "National Football League") (NFL) after [Colin Kaepernick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Kaepernick "Colin Kaepernick") of the [San Francisco 49ers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers "San Francisco 49ers") sat during the anthem, as opposed to the tradition of standing, before his team's third [preseason](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_preseason "NFL preseason") game of 2016.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-SB-205) During a post-game interview he explained his position stating, "I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and [people of color](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_color "People of color"). To me, this is bigger than football and it would be selfish on my part to look the other way. There are bodies in the street and people getting paid leave and getting away with murder,"[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-wyche-206) a protest widely interpreted as in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-207)[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-208)[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-209) The protests have generated mixed reactions and have since spread to other U.S. sports leagues.
In September, BLM protested the shooting deaths by police officers of Terence Crutcher in [Tulsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma "Tulsa, Oklahoma"), Oklahoma, and Keith Lamont Scott in Charlotte, North Carolina.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-210)[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-211)[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-NYDaily-212) *[The Charlotte Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charlotte_Observer "The Charlotte Observer")* reported "The protesters began to gather as night fell, hours after the shooting. They held themed signs that said 'Stop Killing Us' and 'Black Lives Matter,' and they chanted 'No justice, no peace.' The scene was sometimes chaotic and tense, with water bottles and stones chucked at police lines, but many protesters called for peace and implored their fellow demonstrators not to act violently."[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ObserverAftermath16-213) Multiple nights of protests in September and October were held in [El Cajon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cajon,_California "El Cajon, California"), California, following the killing of Alfred Olango.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-214)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-215)
2017
During the 2017 [Black History Month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_History_Month "Black History Month"), a month-long "Black Lives Matter" art exhibition was organized by three [Richmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia "Richmond, Virginia"), Virginia artists at the First Unitarian Universalist Church of Richmond in the Byrd Park area of the city. The show featured more than 30 diverse multicultural artists on a theme exploring racial equality and justice.[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-216)
In the same month [Virginia Commonwealth University's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University") (VCU) James Branch Cabell Library focused on a month-long schedule of events relating to [African-American history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_history "African-American history")[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-217) and showed photos from the church's "Black Lives Matter" exhibition on its outdoor screen.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-218) The VCU schedule of events also included: the Real Life Film Series *The Angry Heart: The Impact of Racism on Heart Disease among African-Americans*; [Keith Knight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Knight_\(cartoonist\) "Keith Knight (cartoonist)") presented the 14th Annual VCU Libraries Black History Month lecture; [Lawrence Ross](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Ross "Lawrence Ross"), author of the book *Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses* talked about how his book related to the "Black Lives Matter" movement; and [Velma P. Scantlebury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velma_Scantlebury "Velma Scantlebury"), M.D., the first black female transplant surgeon in the United States, discussed "Health Equity in Kidney Transplantation: Experiences from a surgeon's perspective."
Black Lives Matter protested the [killing of Jocques Clemmons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jocques_Clemmons "Killing of Jocques Clemmons") which occurred in [Nashville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee "Nashville, Tennessee"), Tennessee on February 10, 2017.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-thetennesseanclemmonsfamily-219) On May 12, 2017, a day after Glenn Funk, the district attorney of [Davidson County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_County,_Tennessee "Davidson County, Tennessee") decided not to prosecute police officer Joshua Lippert, the Nashville chapter of BLM held a demonstration near the [Vanderbilt University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University "Vanderbilt University") campus all the way to the residence of Nashville mayor [Megan Barry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Barry "Megan Barry").[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tennesseanjusticedemonstratesoutside-220)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-wkrnsilentmarchforjocques-221)
On September 27 at the [College of William & Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary "College of William & Mary"), students associated with Black Lives Matter protested an [American Civil Liberties Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union "American Civil Liberties Union") (ACLU) event because the ACLU had fought for the right of the [Unite the Right rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally "Unite the Right rally") to be held in Charlottesville, Virginia.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-222) William & Mary's president [Taylor Reveley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Taylor_Reveley_III "W. Taylor Reveley III") responded with a statement defending the college's commitment to open debate.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-223)[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-224)
2018
In February and March 2018, as part of its social justice focus, First [Unitarian Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist "Unitarian Universalist") of Richmond, Virginia in Richmond, Virginia presented its *Second Annual Black Lives Matter Art Exhibition*.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-225) Works of art in the exhibition were projected at scheduled hours on the large exterior screen (jumbotron) at [Virginia Commonwealth University's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University "Virginia Commonwealth University") Cabell Library. Artists with art in the exhibition were invited to discuss their work in the Black Lives Matter show as it was projected at an evening forum in a small amphitheater at VCU's Hibbs Hall. They were also invited to exhibit afterward at a local showing of the 1961 film adaptation of *[A Raisin in the Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Raisin_in_the_Sun_\(1961_film\) "A Raisin in the Sun (1961 film)")*.
In April, CNN reported that the largest Facebook account claiming to be a part of the "Black Lives Matter" movement was a "scam" tied to a white man in Australia. The account, with 700,000 followers, was linked to fundraisers that raised \$100,000 or more, purportedly for U.S. Black Lives Matter causes; however, some of the money was instead transferred to Australian bank accounts, according to CNN. Facebook has suspended the offending page.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-226)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-227)[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-228)
2020
On February 23, 2020, Ahmaud Arbery, an unarmed 25-year-old African American man, was [murdered](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Ahmaud_Arbery "Murder of Ahmaud Arbery") while jogging in [Glynn County, Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_County,_Georgia "Glynn County, Georgia").[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-229) Arbery had been pursued and confronted by three white residents driving two vehicles, including a father and son who were armed.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-230) All three men were indicted on nine counts, including felony murder.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-231)
On March 13, Louisville police officers knocked down the apartment door of 26-year-old African American Breonna Taylor, serving a no-knock search warrant for drug suspicions. After her boyfriend shot a police officer in the leg,[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-232) [Police fired several shots which led to her death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Breonna_Taylor "Killing of Breonna Taylor"). Her boyfriend called 911 and said, "someone kicked in the door and shot my girlfriend".[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-233) Protests were held in Louisville with calls for police reform.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-234)
George Floyd protests
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Floyd_protests_in_Washington_DC,_Lafayette_Square.jpg)
George Floyd protests at Lafayette Square, Washington D.C., May 30, 2020
At the end of May, spurred on by a rash of racially charged events including those above, more than 450 major protests[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-235)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-236) were held in cities and towns across the United States and three continents.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-237) The breaking point was due primarily to the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") by Minneapolis police officer [Derek Chauvin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Chauvin "Derek Chauvin"),[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-238) eventually charged with second-degree murder after a video circulated showing Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck for nearly nine minutes while Floyd pleaded for his life, repeating: "[I can't breathe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_can%27t_breathe "I can't breathe")."[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-239)[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-240) Following protesters' demands for additional prosecutions, three other officers were charged with aiding and abetting second-degree murder.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-241)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_America_Protests_8_JUN_2020.jpg)
Protests in May 2020 after George Floyd's death
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter,_Washington_National_Cathedral,_10June2020.jpg)
"Black Lives Matter" on the facade of the Washington National Cathedral, June 10, 2020
Black Lives Matter organized rallies in the United States and worldwide[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-242) from May 30 onwards,[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-243) with protesters enacting Floyd's final moments, many lying down in streets and on bridges, yelling "I can't breathe," while others marched by the thousands, some carrying signs that read, "Tell your brother in blue, don't shoot"—"Who do you call when the murderer wears a badge?" and "Justice for George Floyd."[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-244) While global and supported by several unassociated organizations, the Black Lives Matter movement has been inextricably linked to these monumental protests.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-245) Black Lives Matter called to "[defund the police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_the_police "Defund the police")", a slogan with varying interpretations from [police abolition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_abolition_movement "Police abolition movement") to divestment from police and prisons to reinvestment in social services in communities of color.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-246) In 2020, [NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR") reported that the Washington D.C. Black Lives Matter chapter's demands were [defunding the police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defund_the_police "Defund the police"), halting the construction of new jails, [decriminalizing sex work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decriminalizing_sex_work "Decriminalizing sex work"), removing police from schools, exonerating protesters and abolishing [cash bail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_bail "Cash bail") in [Maryland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland "Maryland").[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-247)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC_0008_\(50283939071\).jpg)
[Al Sharpton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Sharpton "Al Sharpton") led the [Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commitment_March:_Get_Your_Knee_Off_Our_Necks "Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks") in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 2020
On June 5, Washington, D.C.'s Mayor [Muriel Bowser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Bowser "Muriel Bowser") announced that part of the street outside the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House") had been officially renamed to [Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza"), posted with a street sign.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-248)
On June 7, in the wake of global [George Floyd protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests "George Floyd protests") and Black Lives Matter's call to "defund the police", the [Minneapolis City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis_City_Council "Minneapolis City Council") voted to "disband its police department" to shift funding to social programs in communities of color. City Council President Lisa Bender said, "Our efforts at incremental reform have failed. Period." The council vote came after the Minneapolis Public Schools, the University of Minnesota and Minneapolis Parks and Recreation cut ties with the Minneapolis Police Department.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-249) At the end of 2020, approximately \$8 million of the city's \$179 million police budget was reallocated for violence prevention pilot programs and was considered the type of incremental reform that activists and politicians had earlier denounced.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-250)
On July 20, the [Strike for Black Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_for_Black_Lives_\(coalition_protest\) "Strike for Black Lives (coalition protest)"), organized in part by Black Lives Matter, featured thousands of workers across the United States performing a [walkout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkout "Walkout") to raise awareness of systemic racism following Floyd's murder.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-251)
From May 26 to August 22, there were more than 7,750 BLM-linked demonstrations in more than 2,240 locations throughout the United States.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-252)
While the majority of protests were peaceful,[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-253) some escalated into [riots, looting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_controversies_during_the_George_Floyd_protests "Violence and controversies during the George Floyd protests"),[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-254) and street skirmishes with police and counter-protesters. By the end of June 2020, at least 14,000 people had been arrested.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-olson-255)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-11000_arrested-256)[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-257) By June 2020, more than 19 people had died in relation to the unrest. Arson, vandalism, and looting that occurred between May 26 and June 8 caused approximately \$1–2 billion in insured damages nationally, the highest recorded damage from [civil disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disorder "Civil disorder") in U.S. history, and surpassing the record set during the [1992 Los Angeles riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots "1992 Los Angeles riots").[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Kingson-2020-258)[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Riot_damage-259)
2021
On April 20, 2021, a jury, consisting of six white people and six people of color, found Chauvin guilty on three counts: unintentional [second-degree murder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-degree_murder "Second-degree murder"); third-degree murder; and second-degree manslaughter.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-260)[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-261)[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-262)
2022
In Illinois, Olivia Butts organized an effort to get the elimination of cash bail passed for 2023 under a new bill known as the [SAFE-T Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAFE-T_Act "SAFE-T Act").[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-263)
As a result of [2021 marijuana legalization efforts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_2021_United_States_cannabis_reform_proposals "List of 2021 United States cannabis reform proposals"), Black Lives Matter activist Lexis Figuereo's conviction was expunged in New York.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-264)
2023
A vigil was held for the death of [Keenan Anderson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Keenan_Anderson "Death of Keenan Anderson"), who was killed by a police officer of the Los Angeles Police Department. Anderson was the cousin of Black Lives Matter co-founder [Patrisse Cullors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrisse_Cullors "Patrisse Cullors").[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-265) The releasing of camera footage regarding the [death of Tyre Nichols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Tyre_Nichols "Death of Tyre Nichols") in January 2023 led to [protests in Memphis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Memphis_protests "2023 Memphis protests"). Al Sharpton of the [National Action Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Action_Network "National Action Network") spoke on the matter upon the release of bodycam footage.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-266)
A ruling made by the [Supreme Court of Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama "Supreme Court of Alabama") continues to prevent most [police body camera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_body_camera "Police body camera") footage, including that related to Joseph Pettaway, who bled to death in 2018 after being bitten by a [police dog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_dog "Police dog"), from being released to the public.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-al-tenn-6-apr-23-267)[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-al-alabama-dog-17-dec-22-268) In December 2022, Judge Jerusha Adams again blocked the release of video footage related to Pettaways' death.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-al-alabama-dog-17-dec-22-268)
2025
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2025-03-10_Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza_removal_Washington_DC_13-38-02_1.jpg)
Crews beginning to remove the Black Lives Matter Plaza installation.
In March 2025, [Andrew Clyde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Clyde "Andrew Clyde") (R-GA) introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would withhold certain federal funding from [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C.") unless [Black Lives Matter Plaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza "Black Lives Matter Plaza") is renamed "Liberty Plaza", the mural is removed, and the city removes all references to "Black Lives Matter" from any official publications.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:2-269) On March 10, 2025, city crews began to remove the installation; Mayor Bowser stated that the removal was the result of threats of encroachment from both President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") and the Republican-controlled Congress. She stated that "the mural inspired millions of people and helped our city through a painful period, but now we can't afford to be distracted by meaningless congressional interference. The devastating impacts of the federal job cuts must be our number one concern". It was stated that the plaza would receive new art by students and artists as part of DC's America 250 mural project.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-270)[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-271)[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-272)[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-273)
International movement
In 2015, after the [death of Freddie Gray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Freddie_Gray "Death of Freddie Gray") in Baltimore, Maryland, black activists around the world modeled efforts for reform on Black Lives Matter and the [Arab Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring "Arab Spring").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-herbert-60)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-274) This international movement has been referred to as the "Black Spring".[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-275)[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-common-276) Connections have also been forged with parallel international efforts such as the [Dalit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit "Dalit") rights movement.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-277)
Australia
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brisbane_Anti-Racism_Protest_-_6_June_2020_-_AndrewMercer_-_DSC05521.jpg)
Protest in [Brisbane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane "Brisbane"), June 6, 2020
Following the [death of Ms Dhu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Ms_Dhu "Death of Ms Dhu") in police custody in August 2014, protests often made reference to the BLM movement.[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-278)[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-279) In July 2016, a BLM rally was organized in [Melbourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne "Melbourne"), Australia, which 3,500 people attended.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-280) The protest also emphasized the issues of mistreatment of [Aboriginal Australians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians "Aboriginal Australians") by the Australian police and government.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-281)
In May 2017, Black Lives Matter was awarded the [Sydney Peace Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Peace_Prize "Sydney Peace Prize"), which "honours a nominee who has promoted 'peace with justice', human rights and non-violence".[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-282)
In early June 2020, soon after the George Floyd protests in the US, [protests took place in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Australia "George Floyd protests in Australia"), with many of them focusing on the local issue of [Aboriginal deaths in custody](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_deaths_in_custody "Aboriginal deaths in custody"), [racism in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Australia "Racism in Australia") and other injustices faced by [Indigenous Australians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians "Indigenous Australians").[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-283) Cricketer [Michael Holding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holding "Michael Holding") criticized Australia, as well as England, for refusing to take a knee in support of Black Lives Matter during cricket matches.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-284)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-285)
Brazil
Blacks in Brazil suffer from economic marginalization, state violence, discrimination, and lower life-expectancy.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) In June 2020, two Black children, 5-year-old Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva and 14-year-old João Pedro Matos Pinto, died in Brazil.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) Miguel Otávio Santana da Silva was under the watch of the white boss of his mother when he fell off the balcony of a building.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) João Pedro Matos Pinto was shot in the back by police in [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro") during a raid where the police discharged seventy shots.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286)[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-287) He was killed the same week as George Floyd.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-288) Their deaths prompted protests in cities across the country.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) The slogan "Black Lives Matter" was translated to "Vidas Negras Importam" in Portuguese.[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:10-286) Protests continued throughout 2020 and were renewed at the end of the year after supermarket security guards [beat 40-year-old welder João Alberto Silveira Freitas to death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Jo%C3%A3o_Alberto_Silveira_Freitas "Killing of João Alberto Silveira Freitas") in [Porto Alegre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre "Porto Alegre").[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-289)
Canada
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter,_Anti-racism_rally_at_Vancouver_Art_Gallery_\(49958359766\).jpg)
Protest in [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), May 31, 2020
In July 2015, BLM protesters shut down [Allen Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Road "Allen Road") in [Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto "Toronto"), [Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario "Ontario"), protesting the shooting deaths of two black men in the metropolitan area—Andrew Loku and Jermaine Carby—at the hands of police.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-adam-290) In September, BLM activists shut down streets in Toronto, citing police brutality and solidarity with "marginalized black lives" as reason for the shutdown. Black Lives Matter was a featured part of the [Take Back the Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_Back_the_Night_\(protest\) "Take Back the Night (protest)") event in Toronto.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-donato-291)
In June 2016, Black Lives Matter was selected by [Pride Toronto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Toronto "Pride Toronto") as the honored group in that year's Pride parade, during which they staged a [sit-in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in "Sit-in") to block the parade from moving forward for approximately half an hour.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-292) They issued several demands for Pride to adjust its relationship with [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ "LGBTQ") people of color, including stable funding and a suitable venue for the established [Blockorama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Toronto#Blockorama "Pride Toronto") event, improved diversity in the organization's staff and volunteer base, and that [Toronto Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service "Toronto Police Service") officers be banned from marching in the parade in uniform.[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-293) Pride executive director [Mathieu Chantelois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_Chantelois "Mathieu Chantelois") signed BLM's statement of demand, but later asserted that he had signed it only to end the sit-in and get the parade moving, and had not agreed to honor the demands.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cp24-294) In late August 2016, the Toronto chapter protested outside the [Special Investigations Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Investigations_Unit_\(Ontario\) "Special Investigations Unit (Ontario)") in [Mississauga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga "Mississauga") in response to the [death of Abdirahman Abdi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Abdirahman_Abdi "Death of Abdirahman Abdi"), who died during an arrest in [Ottawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa "Ottawa").[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-295)
In 2020, the [death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Regis_Korchinski-Paquet "Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet") and the killing of D'Andre Campbell in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") sparked BLM protests demanding the defunding of police services.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:6-296)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-297)
As of December 2020, there are five Canadian BLM chapters in Toronto, [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), [Waterloo Region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Region "Waterloo Region"), [Edmonton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton "Edmonton"), and [New Brunswick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick "New Brunswick").[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:6-296)
The other focal point of the Black Lives Matter movement in Canada is addressing issues, racism and other injustices faced by [Indigenous Canadians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Canadians "Indigenous Canadians").[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-298)[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-299)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-300)
Denmark
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_Denmark_demonstration_in_Christiansborg_Slotsplads.jpg)
Demonstration at [Christiansborg Slotsplads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiansborg_Slotsplads "Christiansborg Slotsplads"), [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen"), June 7, 2020
In Denmark, an organization named Black Lives Matter Denmark was founded in 2016 by [Bwalya Sørensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bwalya_S%C3%B8rensen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bwalya Sørensen (page does not exist)") \[[da](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwalya_S%C3%B8rensen "da:Bwalya Sørensen")\], a woman from [Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia "Zambia") who came to Denmark when she was 19 years old. The organization is centered around Sørensen and mainly focuses on rejected asylum seekers and criminal foreigners, sentenced to expulsion from Denmark.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:3-301) The connection to the U.S. organization is unclear, but Sørensen has said she was encouraged by someone in the U.S. to start a Danish chapter, and that she, in 2017, was visited by the U.S. co-founder, [Ayọ Tometi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8D_Tometi "Ayọ Tometi").[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:5-302)
In June 2020, following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd"), Black Lives Matter Denmark held a demonstration in [Copenhagen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen "Copenhagen") that attracted 15,000 participants. Following the demonstration, the organization and Sørensen, in particular, received much criticism because the rules separated people by ethnicity: at the demonstration, only black people could be in front, and white people were disallowed from participating in some chants.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-303)[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-304) Other controversies included Sørensen refusing to co-host a demonstration with [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") because their employees were white,[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-305) and illegally raising money, while calling the missing fundraising permit peaceful "[civil disobedience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience "Civil disobedience")".[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-306) Sørensen herself has been criticized for splitting the movement with her confrontational style.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:3-301)[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-307)
A new organization, named Afro Danish Collective, was announced in June 2020, with [Roger Matthisen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Matthisen&action=edit&redlink=1 "Roger Matthisen (page does not exist)") \[[da](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Matthisen "da:Roger Matthisen")\], a former member of the [Folketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folketing "Folketing") for [The Alternative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alternative_\(Denmark\) "The Alternative (Denmark)"), as spokesperson. The organization has similar goals to Black Lives Matter Denmark, but will take a more moderate approach, including not distinguishing between people at demonstrations based on their skin color.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:4-308)[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:5-302) Matthisen said Afro Danish Collective was in part established because the leadership of Black Lives Matter Denmark had not been professional enough.[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:4-308)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackLivesMatter_protest_Berlin_2020-05-30_65.jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest in [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin"), Germany, May 30, 2020
France
On July 18, 2020, thousands of protesters marched near [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris "Paris") to commemorate the fourth anniversary of the [death of Adama Traoré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adama_Traor%C3%A9 "Death of Adama Traoré"). Traoré, a black man, was arrested in July 2016 and fainted after being pinned to the ground by police officers. He later died at a police station; the circumstances of his death are unclear.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DW-2020-07-18-309) Racial tensions continued with [unrest in 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahel_Merzouk_riots "Nahel Merzouk riots") after the killing of teenager [Nahel Merzouk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahel_Merzouk "Nahel Merzouk").
Germany
On June 6, 2020, tens of thousands of people gathered across Germany to support the Black Lives Matter movement.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-310) On July 18, 2020, more than 1,500 protesters participated in an anti-racism march in [Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin "Berlin") to condemn police brutality.[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DW-2020-07-18-309)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSC0223_\(50045090466\).jpg)
Protest in [Fukuoka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka "Fukuoka"), June 21, 2020
Japan
In the wake of the murder of George Floyd, several demonstrations took place in Japan, including a 1,000-person demonstration in [Osaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka "Osaka") on June 7, 2020,[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-311) and a 3,500-person march through the streets of [Shibuya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya "Shibuya") and [Harajuku](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harajuku "Harajuku") areas of [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo") on June 14, 2020.[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-312) The movement has been met with some backlash in the country, notably on the internet,[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-313) where some users criticized tennis player [Naomi Osaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Osaka "Naomi Osaka") after she encouraged people to join a Black Lives Matter march in the city of Osaka.[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-314)
New Zealand
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:June_14_Auckland_Black_Lives_Matter_protest.jpg)
Black Lives Matter protest in [Aotea Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotea_Square "Aotea Square"), Auckland, June 14, 2020
On June 1, 2020, several BLM [solidarity protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_New_Zealand "George Floyd protests in New Zealand") in response to the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd") were held in several New Zealand cities including [Auckland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland "Auckland"), [Wellington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington "Wellington"), [Christchurch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch "Christchurch"), [Dunedin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin "Dunedin"), [Tauranga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga "Tauranga"), [Palmerston North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_North "Palmerston North") and [Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand "Hamilton, New Zealand").[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-315)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-316)[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-317)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-318) The Auckland event, which attracted between 2,000 and 4,000 participants, was organized by several members of New Zealand's African community. Auckland organizer Mahlete Tekeste, African American expatriate Kainee Simone, and sportsperson [Israel Adesanya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Adesanya "Israel Adesanya") compared racism, mass incarceration, and police violence against African Americans to the over-representation of [Māori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people "Māori people") and [Pacific Islanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander "Pacific Islander") in New Zealand prisons, the controversial armed police response squad trials, and existing racism against minorities in New Zealand including the 2019 [Christchurch mosque shootings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings "Christchurch mosque shootings"). Hip hop artist and music producer [Mazbou Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazbou_Q "Mazbou Q") also called on [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand "Prime Minister of New Zealand") [Jacinda Ardern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern "Jacinda Ardern") to condemn violence against black Americans.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-319)
The left-wing [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand "Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand"), a member of the [Labour-led coalition government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand "Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand"), has also expressed support for the Black Lives Matter movement, linking the plight of African Americans to the racism, inequality, and higher incarceration rate experienced by the Māori and Pasifika communities. The BLM protests in New Zealand attracted criticism from [Deputy Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand "Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand") [Winston Peters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Peters "Winston Peters") for violating the country's [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand "COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand") social distancing regulations banning mass gatherings of more than 100 people.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-320)
United Kingdom
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Floyd_Protest_Brighton,_England,_UK_-_49968982403.jpg)
Protest at [St. Nicholas Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nicholas_Church,_Brighton "St Nicholas Church, Brighton") in [Brighton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton "Brighton"), June 3, 2020
Black Lives Matter emerged as a movement in the UK in the summer of 2016. Thousands attended protests against police racism in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") on July 11, and a group called Black Lives Matter UK (UKBLM) was set up in the wake of the [June 23 Brexit referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") at a meeting addressed by US BLM activist Patrisse Cullors.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Dray_2020-321)[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pidd_2016-322)[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Grazia-323)[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-gal-dem_2020-324) On August 4, 2016, BLM protesters blocked [London City Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_City_Airport "London City Airport") in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), England. Several demonstrators chained themselves together on the airport's runway.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-325)[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-326) Nine people were arrested in connection with the incident. There were also BLM-themed protests in other English cities, including [Birmingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham "Birmingham") and [Nottingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham"). The UK-held protests marked the fifth anniversary of the shooting [death of Mark Duggan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Mark_Duggan "Death of Mark Duggan").[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-327)
In 2016, tabloid newspapers ran several stories seeking to expose and discredit BLM activists, leading the movement to adopt anonymity.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-gal-dem_2020-324) On June 25, 2017, BLM supporters protested in [Stratford, London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_London "Stratford, London"), over the [death of Edson Da Costa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Edson_Da_Costa "Death of Edson Da Costa"), who died in police custody. There were no arrests made at the protest.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-328)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-329) According to [Patrick Vernon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vernon "Patrick Vernon"), BLM's start in the UK in 2016 was not met with respect. From 2018 onwards, after events such as the [Grenfell Tower fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire "Grenfell Tower fire") and the [Windrush scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windrush_scandal "Windrush scandal"), the movement was viewed more favorably by black Britons, in particular senior black Britions.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-330) In December 2019, Black Lives Matter UK worked with the coalition [Wretched of the Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wretched_of_the_Earth "Wretched of the Earth") to represent the voices of global [indigenous peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples "Indigenous peoples") and people of color in the [climate justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_justice "Climate justice") movement.[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-331)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Lives_Matter_protest_at_US_Embassy,_London_03.jpg)
Protest outside the U.S. Embassy in London, June 7, 2020
In 2020, protests were held in support of the Black Lives Matter movement in the US. Following the murder of George Floyd, London protests took place in [Trafalgar Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Square "Trafalgar Square") on May 31, [Hyde Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London "Hyde Park, London") on June 3, [Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Square "Parliament Square") on June 6, and outside the [US Embassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_London "Embassy of the United States, London") on June 7. Similar protests took place in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester"), Bristol, and [Cardiff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff "Cardiff").[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-332) The UK protests not only showed solidarity with U.S. protesters, but also commemorated black people who have died in the UK, with protesters chanting, carrying signs, and sharing social media posts with names of victims including Julian Cole,[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-333) [Belly Mujinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_Mujinga "Belly Mujinga"),[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-334) Nuno Cardoso,[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-335) and [Sarah Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Reed_\(prisoner\) "Sarah Reed (prisoner)").[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-336)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Colston_-_empty_pedestal.jpg)
The empty pedestal of the [statue of Edward Colston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_Colston "Statue of Edward Colston") in [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol "Bristol"). Subject to increasing controversy since the 1990s, when his prior reputation as a philanthropist came under scrutiny due to a growing awareness of his slave trading, in June 2020, the statue was toppled, defaced and pushed into [Bristol Harbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Harbour "Bristol Harbour").
On June 7, protests continued in many towns and cities.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto2-337) During a Black Lives Matter protest in [Bristol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol "Bristol"), the city center [statue of Edward Colston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Edward_Colston "Statue of Edward Colston"), a late 17th early 18th-century philanthropist, politician and slave trader, was pulled down by protesters, rolled along the road and pushed into [Bristol Harbour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Harbour "Bristol Harbour").[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-338) The act was later condemned by [Home Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary "Home Secretary") [Priti Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priti_Patel "Priti Patel") who said: "This hooliganism is utterly indefensible."[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto1-339) In London, after it was defaced a few days earlier,[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-340) protesters defaced the [statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square "Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square"), [Westminster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster "Westminster") with graffiti for a second time. Black spray paint was sprayed over his name, and the words "[was a racist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill "Racial views of Winston Churchill")" were sprayed underneath.[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto1-339) A protester also attempted to burn the [Union Jack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack "Union Jack") flag flying at the [Cenotaph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph "Cenotaph"), a memorial to Britain's war dead.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-341) Later in the evening violence broke out between protesters and police. A total of 49 police officers were injured after demonstrators threw bottles and fireworks at them.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-342) Over the weekend, a total of 135 arrests were made by police.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-auto2-337) British Prime Minister [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") commented on the events, saying "those who attack public property or the police – who injure the police officers who are trying to keep us all safe – those people will face the full force of the law; not just because of the hurt and damage they are causing, but because of the damage they are doing to the cause they claim to represent."[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-343)
Peaceful protests took place in [Leeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds "Leeds")' [Millennium Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Square,_Leeds "Millennium Square, Leeds") on June 14, 2020[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-344) organized by a coalition of organizations: Black Voices Matter', which included Black Lives Matter Leeds.[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-345) A second protest was held on [Woodhouse Moor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhouse_Moor "Woodhouse Moor") on June 21, organized by Black Lives Matter Leeds.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-346)
On June 28, Black Lives Matter UK faced criticism for making a series of tweets from their verified Twitter account regarding Israel, including one that claims "mainstream British politics is gagged of the right to critique Zionism".[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-347) The [Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League "Premier League"), who were carrying the Black Lives Matter logo on their football shirts for the rest of the [2019–20 season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Premier_League "2019–20 Premier League"), subsequently said that attempts by groups to hijack the cause to suit their own political ends are entirely unwelcome.[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-348) After receiving considerable donations in summer 2020, Black Lives Matter UK formalised its organisation.[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-gal-dem_2020-324) In September 2020, the group changed its official name to Black Liberation Movement UK and became legally registered as a community benefit society.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-349) However, the group still uses the Black Lives Matter name in its global cooperative efforts.[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-JonesTele-350) In January 2021, the Black Liberation Movement began to distribute its funds to grassroots black-led and anti-racist organisations across the UK.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Mohdin_2021-351) Activists from a different BLM group, Charles Gordon[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-352) and [Sasha Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasha_Johnson "Sasha Johnson"), founded the [Taking The Initiative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_The_Initiative_Party "Taking The Initiative Party") (TTIP) in the summer of 2020 had applied to register as a political party through the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission "Electoral Commission"); however, BLM UK said "BLM UK has no intention to set up a political party. This person or group is not affiliated with us."[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-JonesTele-350)
In September 2021, British businessman and philanthropist [Ken Olisa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Olisa "Ken Olisa") revealed to [Channel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4") that [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II "Elizabeth II") and the [British royal family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_royal_family "British royal family") are supporters of Black Lives Matter.[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-353) In response, a spokesperson for Black Lives Matter UK said "We were surprised to learn the Queen is a BLM supporter. But we welcome anyone that agrees with our goal of dismantling white supremacy. Of course, actions speak louder than words. The Queen sits on a throne made from colonial plunder. Until she gives back all the stolen gold and diamonds from the Commonwealth and pays reparations, these are nothing more than warm words."[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-354)
In October 2021, *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* and *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* reported that a covert police unit in South Wales attempted to recruit a Black Lives Matter protester to be an informant and supply further information about far-right activists who had marched in support of Black Lives Matter.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-355)[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-356) In February 2022, the [Swansea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea "Swansea") chapter of BLM announced it would be closing due to "attempted recruitment by the police and threats to its members' physical and mental safety from far-right activists".[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-357)
In July 2024, the Black Lives Matter UK Festival of Collective Liberation took place at [Friends House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_House "Friends House"), London, attended by more than 600 activists and supporters.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-358) [\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-359)[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-360)
2016 United States presidential election
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bern_Machine.jpg)
Vehicle with a BLM sticker, September 18, 2015
Primaries
Democrats
At the [Netroots Nation Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netroots_Nation#2015 "Netroots Nation") in July 2015, dozens of Black Lives Matter activists took over the stage at an event featuring [Martin O'Malley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley "Martin O'Malley") and [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders"). Activists, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors, asked both candidates for specific policy proposals to address deaths in police custody.[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-aljazeera_netroots-361) The protesters chanted several slogans, including "if I die in police custody, burn everything down" and "Shut this crap down".[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cnn.omalley-362)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24) The expression "Shut it down" would go on to become a popular phrase in Black Lives Matter protests and on social media.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
After conference organizers pleaded with the protesters for several minutes, O'Malley responded by pledging to release a wide-ranging plan for criminal justice reform. Protesters later booed O'Malley when he stated, "Black lives matter. White lives matter. All lives matter."[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cnn.omalley-362) O'Malley later apologized for his remarks, saying that he did not mean to disrespect the black community.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cnn.omalley-362)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_and_Black_Lives_Matter_activists_\(20439394705\).jpg)
[Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") and Black Lives Matter activists in [Westlake Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlake_Park_\(Seattle\) "Westlake Park (Seattle)"), Seattle, August 8, 2015
On August 8, 2015, a speech by [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") presidential candidate and civil rights activist [Bernie Sanders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders "Bernie Sanders") was disrupted by a group who would go on to found the Seattle Chapter of Black Lives Matter including chapter co-founder [Marissa Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Johnson "Marissa Johnson")[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-363) who walked onstage, seized the microphone from him and called his supporters racists and white supremacists.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-364)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-365)[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-366) Sanders issued a platform in response.[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-367) Nikki Stephens, the operator of a Facebook page called "Black Lives Matter: Seattle" issued an apology to Sanders' supporters, claiming these actions did not represent her understanding of BLM. She was then sent messages by members of the Seattle Chapter, which she described as threatening, and was forced to change the name of her group to "Black in Seattle". The founders of Black Lives Matter stated that they had not issued an apology.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-368) In August 2015, the [Democratic National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee") passed a resolution supporting Black Lives Matter.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-seitz-369)
In the first Democratic primary debate, the presidential candidates were asked whether black lives matter or all lives matter.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reena-370) In reply, Bernie Sanders stated, "Black lives matter."[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reena-370) Martin O'Malley said, "Black lives matter," and that the "movement is making is a very, very legitimate and serious point, and that is that as a nation we have undervalued the lives of black lives, people of color."[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-carimah-371) In response, Hillary Clinton pushed for criminal justice reform, and said, "We need a new New Deal for communities of color."[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-vega-372) [Jim Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Webb "Jim Webb"), on the other hand, replied: "As the president of the United States, every life in this country matters."[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-reena-370) [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") was not directly asked the same question, but was instead asked: "What would you do for African Americans in this country that President Obama couldn't?"[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-res-373) Clinton had already met with Black Lives Matter representatives, and emphasized what she described as a more pragmatic approach to enacting change, stating "Look, I don't believe you change hearts. I believe you change laws". Without policy change, she felt "we'll be back here in 10 years having the same conversation."[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-374) In June 2015, Clinton used the phrase "all lives matter" in a speech about the opportunities of young people of color, prompting backlash that she may misunderstand the message of "Black Lives Matter."[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-375)[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-376)
A week after the first Democratic primary debate was held in Las Vegas, BLM launched a petition targeted at the DNC and its chairwoman [Debbie Wasserman Schultz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz "Debbie Wasserman Schultz") demanding more debates, and "specifically for a \#BlackLivesMatter themed Presidential debate."[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-377)[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-378) The petition received more than 10,000 signatures within 24 hours of being launched,[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-lkk-379) and had more than 33,000 signatures as of October 27, 2015.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-380) The DNC said that it would permit presidential candidates to attend a presidential town hall organized by activists, but that it would not add another debate to its official schedule.[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-jk-381) In response, the organization released a press statement on its Facebook page stating that "\[i\]n consultation with our chapters, our communities, allies, and supporters, we remain unequivocal that a Presidential Town Hall with support from the DNC does not sufficiently respond to the concerns raised by our members", continuing to demand a full additional debate.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-lkk-379)
After the first debate, in October 2015, a speech by Hillary Clinton on criminal justice reform and race at [Atlanta University Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_University_Center "Atlanta University Center") was interrupted by BLM activists.[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-merica-382)
In February 2016, two Black Lives Matter activists protested at a private fundraiser for Clinton about statements she made in 1996 in which she referred to young people as "super-predators". One of the activists wanted Clinton to apologize for "mass incarceration" in connection with her support for her husband, then-President Bill Clinton's [1994 criminal reform law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act "Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act").[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-383)
Republicans
Republican candidates have been mostly critical of BLM. In August 2015, [Ben Carson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Carson "Ben Carson"), the only African American vying for the Republican nomination for the presidency, called the movement "silly".[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-lerner-384) Carson also said that BLM should care for all black lives, not just a few.[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-vanessa-385) In the first Republican presidential debate, which took place in Cleveland, one question referenced Black Lives Matter.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-alice-386) In response to the question, [Scott Walker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Walker_\(politician\) "Scott Walker (politician)") advocated for the proper training of law enforcement[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-alice-386) and blamed the movement for rising anti-police sentiment,[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-387) while [Marco Rubio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Rubio "Marco Rubio") was the first candidate to publicly sympathize with the movement's point of view.[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-388)
In August 2015, activists chanting "Black Lives Matter" interrupted the Las Vegas rally of Republican presidential candidate [Jeb Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeb_Bush "Jeb Bush").[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-389) As Bush exited early, some of his supporters started responding to the protesters by chanting "white lives matter" or "all lives matter".[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-390)
Several conservative pundits have labeled the movement a "hate group".[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-391) Candidate [Chris Christie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie "Chris Christie"), the New Jersey Governor, criticized [President Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") for supporting BLM, stating that the movement calls for the murder of police officers.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-cbs-392) Christie's statement was condemned by New Jersey chapters of the NAACP and ACLU.[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-akner-393)
BLM activists also called on the [Republican National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee "Republican National Committee") to have a presidential debate focused on issues of racial justice.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-geraghty-394) The RNC, however, declined to alter their debate schedule, and instead also supported a townhall or forum.[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-jk-381)
In November 2015, a BLM protester was physically assaulted at a [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") rally in Birmingham, Alabama. In response, Trump said, "maybe he should have been roughed up because it was absolutely disgusting what he was doing."[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-diamond-395) Trump had previously threatened to fight any Black Lives Matter protesters if they attempted to speak at one of his events.[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-396)
Anti-Trump protest in New York City, March 19, 2016
In March 2016, Black Lives Matter helped organize the [2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Donald_Trump_Chicago_rally_protest "2016 Donald Trump Chicago rally protest") that forced Trump to cancel the event.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Participan-397)[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CassidyProtestMovement-398) Four individuals were arrested and charged in the incident; two were "charged with felony aggravated battery to a police officer and resisting arrest", one was "charged with two misdemeanor counts of resisting and obstructing a peace officer", and the fourth "was charged with one misdemeanor count of resisting and obstructing a peace officer".[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-RhodesArrests-399) A [CBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS "CBS") reporter was one of those arrested outside the rally. He was charged with resisting arrest.[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-400)
General election
A group called [Mothers of the Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_of_the_Movement "Mothers of the Movement"), which includes the mothers of Michael Brown, Sandra Bland, Eric Garner, and other mothers whose "unarmed African American children have been killed by law enforcement or due to gun violence,"[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-401) addressed the [2016 Democratic National Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention "2016 Democratic National Convention") on July 26.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-402)[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-403)
Commenting on the first of [2016 presidential debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_presidential_debates "2016 presidential debates") between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, some media outlets characterized Clinton's references to implicit bias and systemic racism[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-404) as speaking "the language of the Black Lives Matter movement,"[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-405) while others pointed out neither Clinton nor Trump used the words "Black Lives Matter."[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-406)
In a *Washington Post* op-ed, DeRay Mckesson endorsed Hillary Clinton, because her "platform on racial justice is strong". He articulated that voting alone is not the only way to bring about "transformational change". He said that "I voted my entire life, and I was still tear-gassed in the streets of St. Louis and Baltimore. I voted my entire life, and those votes did not convict the killers of Sandra Bland, Freddie Gray or Michael Brown".[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-407)[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-408)
2024 United States presidential election
In July 2024, [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") released a statement opposing the [Democratic Party's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") decision to nominate [Kamala Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign "Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign") for president without a primary election, describing the process as "anointing" Harris as the nominee without a public vote.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-409)[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:15-410) The organization argued that installing Harris as the Democratic nominee without a primary vote undermined [democratic principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy "Democracy"), stating that such a move "would make the modern Democratic Party a party of hypocrites."[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-411) BLM called on the [Democratic National Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee "Democratic National Committee") to host a virtual primary to allow voter participation in the nomination process.[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-412)
BLM's stance sparked discussions about transparency and democratic engagement within the Democratic Party ahead of the [2024 presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election "2024 United States presidential election").[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:15-410) The organization reiterated its call for a more open process, expressing concerns about the potential lack of representation and accountability in the nomination procedure.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-413)
Reactions and legacy
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter has varied consistently and considerably by race and political affiliation.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PBS-Marist-415) A majority of Americans disapproved of the movement through 2018, after which it started gaining wider support. Black Lives Matter's popularity surged and reached its highest levels yet in the summer of 2020, when a [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center "Pew Research Center") poll found that 60% of white, 77% of Hispanic, 75% of Asian and 86% of African-Americans either strongly supported or somewhat supported BLM.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-pew-416) However, its popularity had declined considerably in September of the same year, when another Pew Research Center poll showed that its overall approval ratings among all American adults had gone down by 12 percentage points to 55%, and that 45% of whites, 66% of Hispanics and 69% of Asians now approved of it.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417) Support remained widespread among black-American adults at 87%.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417)
A [Politico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politico "Politico")\-[Morning Consult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Consult "Morning Consult") poll done in September 2020, as well as a [Civiqs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiqs "Civiqs") poll conducted in November 2021, had also found declining support for the movement.[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-418)[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-419) A 2022 YouGov poll found declining support for BLM among African-Americans.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:12-420) An April 2023 Pew Research Center poll found that only 51% of Americans supported the BLM movement, while 46% opposed the movement. In the same poll, 81% of African Americans said they still supported the movement.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:11-20) A May 2024 [Harvard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University "Harvard University")/[Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Harris_Poll "The Harris Poll") poll showed that only 45% of Americans had favorable opinions of BLM.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:16-21)
The phrase "[All Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Lives_Matter "All Lives Matter")" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, but has been criticized for dismissing or misunderstanding the message of "Black Lives Matter".[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USAToday2016-07-13-421)[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sing-422) Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson, the hashtag Blue Lives Matter was created by supporters of the police.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-police-423) A few civil rights leaders have disagreed with tactics used by Black Lives Matter activists.[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-angel2-424)[\[425\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Reynolds-425) Public and academic debate at large has arisen over the structure and tactics used.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25)
While the vast majority of Democrats have voiced support for Black Lives Matter, few Republicans have done the same. President Donald Trump has been a vocal critic of Black Lives Matter, citing incidents of violence and looting at some Black Lives Matter protests. He has also used the protests as a means to promote [law and order](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_order_\(politics\) "Law and order (politics)") rhetoric and appealed to the [grievances of some white people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_resentment "Politics of resentment"). Joe Biden, who ran against Trump in the [2020 U.S. presidential election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election "2020 United States presidential election"), supported Black Lives Matter.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)
In the weeks following the [murder of George Floyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd "Murder of George Floyd"), many corporations came out in support of the movement, donating and enacting policy changes per the group's ethos.[\[426\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-426)
"All Lives Matter"
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rally_Against_the_Immigration_Ban_\(31797745824\).jpg)
"What happened to 'All Lives Matter'?" sign at a [protest against Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump "Protests against Donald Trump"), January 29, 2017
The phrase "[All Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Lives_Matter "All Lives Matter")" sprang up as a response to the Black Lives Matter movement, shortly after the movement gained national attention.[\[422\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-sing-422)[\[427\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-427) Several notable individuals have supported All Lives Matter. Its proponents include Senator [Tim Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Scott "Tim Scott").[\[428\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-428) [NFL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL "NFL") cornerback [Richard Sherman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sherman_\(American_football\) "Richard Sherman (American football)") supports the All Lives Matter message, saying "I stand by what I said that All Lives Matter and that we are human beings."[\[429\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-429) According to an August 2015 telephone poll, 78% of likely American voters said that the statement "all lives matter" was closest to their own personal views when compared to "black lives matter" or neither. Only 11% said that the statement "black lives matter" was closest. Nine percent said that neither statement reflected their own personal point of view.[\[430\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-430)
According to professor [David Theo Goldberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Theo_Goldberg "David Theo Goldberg"), "All Lives Matter" reflects a view of "racial dismissal, ignoring, and denial".[\[431\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-431) Professor Charles "Chip" Linscott said that "All Lives Matter" promotes the "erasure of structural anti-black racism and black social death in the name of formal and ideological equality and post-racial colorblindness".[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-ALDM-130)
| External image |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searchtool.svg) ["All Houses Matter"](https://chainsawsuit.krisstraub.com/20160707.shtml), *Chainsawsuit*, [Kris Straub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Straub "Kris Straub"), July 7, 2016. A cartoonist uses a house fire to illustrate why critics see "All Lives Matter" as problematic.[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USAToday2016-07-13-421) |
Co-founder Alicia Garza has responded to criticism of the movement's exclusivity, writing, "\#BlackLivesMatter doesn't mean your life isn't important – it means that Black lives, which are seen without value within [White supremacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacy "White supremacy"), are important to your liberation."[\[432\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-432) President Barack Obama spoke about the debate between Black Lives Matter and All Lives Matter.[\[433\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CBS-433) Obama said, "I think that the reason that the organizers used the phrase Black Lives Matter was not because they were suggesting that no one else's lives matter ... rather what they were suggesting was there is a specific problem that is happening in the African American community that's not happening in other communities." He also said "that is a legitimate issue that we've got to address."[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-tactics-75)
"Blue Lives Matter"
Blue Lives Matter is a countermovement in the United States supporting law enforcement officers and advocating that those who are prosecuted and convicted of [killing law enforcement officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_officers_killed_in_the_line_of_duty_in_the_United_States "List of law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty in the United States") should be sentenced under [hate crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_crime "Hate crime") statutes.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)[\[434\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-434) It was started in response to Black Lives Matter after [the homicides of NYPD officers Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_killings_of_NYPD_officers "2014 killings of NYPD officers") in [Brooklyn, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York "Brooklyn, New York") on December 20, 2014.[\[435\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-DempseyForst2018-435) Following the shooting of two police officers in Ferguson and in response to BLM, the hashtag [\#BlueLivesMatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lives_Matter "Blue Lives Matter") was created by supporters of the police.[\[423\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-police-423) Following this, Blue Lives Matter became a pro-police officer movement in the United States, expanding after the [killings of five police officers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers "2016 shooting of Dallas police officers") by a sniper in Dallas, Texas, who cited police shootings of Black people as his motive.[\[436\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-436)[\[437\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-437)[\[438\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-438)
Criticized by the ACLU and others, the movement inspired a state law in Louisiana that made it a hate crime to target police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical service personnel.[\[439\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-huffPoLou-439)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:0-33)
The movement has been strongly criticized after the [2021 United States Capitol attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack "2021 United States Capitol attack") after pro-Trump rioters were seen showing support for the movement, with some bringing Blue Lives Matter flags to the protest. Many have called the movement hypocritical, as people in the mob assaulted Capitol police officers. One African American Capitol police officer, [Harry Dunn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dunn_\(police_officer\) "Harry Dunn (police officer)"), described being beaten with a Blue Lives Matter flag while rioters shouted racial slurs at him.[\[440\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-440)[\[441\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-441) This has led some to argue that Blue Lives Matter is more about suppressing minorities than supporting law enforcement.[\[442\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-442)[\[443\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-443)[\[444\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-444)
"White Lives Matter"
[White Lives Matter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Lives_Matter "White Lives Matter") is an activist group created in response to Black Lives Matter. In August 2016, the [Southern Poverty Law Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center "Southern Poverty Law Center") added "White Lives Matter" to [its list of hate groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_hate_groups "List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups").[\[445\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-445)[\[446\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-446) The group has also been active in the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[\[447\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-447) The "White Lives Matter" slogan was chanted by torch-wielding [alt-right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-right "Alt-right") protesters during the [2017 Unite the Right rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Unite_the_Right_rally "2017 Unite the Right rally") in [Charlottesville, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia "Charlottesville, Virginia"). On October 28, 2017, numerous "White Lives Matter" rallies broke out in [Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee "Tennessee"). Dominated in [Shelbyville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelbyville,_Tennessee "Shelbyville, Tennessee") particularly, protesters justified their movement in response to the increasing number of immigrants and refugees to [Middle Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee "Middle Tennessee").[\[448\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-448) "White Lives Matter" movements have also been present in European football, with instances of corresponding banners being raised at stadiums in the [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic"), [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine"), [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary "Hungary"), [the Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Netherlands "The Netherlands"), and the United Kingdom.[\[449\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-449) White Lives Matter has also been promoted by [white nationalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_nationalism "White nationalism").[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)
Disinformation
The [Anti-Defamation League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League "Anti-Defamation League") reports numerous attempts to spread disinformation about BLM, citing as examples mid-June 2020 posts "featuring a sticker instructing people to 'kill a white on sight' spread on Facebook and Twitter. The sticker included the hashtags \#BlackLivesMatter and \#Antifa." On [Telegram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_\(software\) "Telegram (software)"), a "white supremacist channel encouraged members to distribute the propaganda."[\[450\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-450) Another disinformation campaign, originating in June 2020 on [4chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4chan "4chan"), had the "goal of getting the hashtags \#AllWhitesAreNazis (\#AWAN) trending on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"). Organizers hoped to commandeer hashtags like \#BlackLivesMatter and \#BLM with a high volume of tweets—purportedly from Black activist accounts—containing the \#AWAN hashtag." According to the ADL, the campaign's supporters hoped to sow tension and promote white supremacist [accelerationism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerationism "Accelerationism").[\[451\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-451)[\[452\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-452)
Conservative pundits such as [Ryan Fournier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Fournier "Ryan Fournier") and [Candace Owens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Owens "Candace Owens") have falsely claimed that [ActBlue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActBlue "ActBlue") funnels donations intended for Black Lives Matter to Democratic candidates, with some going so far as to allege the organization is a [money laundering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering "Money laundering") scam.[\[453\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-453)[\[454\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-454)[\[455\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-455)[\[456\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-456)
According to scholars, Russian operatives associated with the [Internet Research Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency "Internet Research Agency") have engaged in [a sustained campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_Black_Lives_Matter "Russia and Black Lives Matter") to simultaneously promote the Black Lives Matter movement as well as to oppose it. In some cases, Russian operatives encouraged antagonism and violence toward BLM members.[\[457\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-acev-457)
Fake manifesto
In June 2020, an unknown party created a website at BLMManifesto.com purporting to be the manifesto of the BLM movement. The text mimics a 1919 Italian [Fascist Manifesto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto "Fascist Manifesto"), modified to relate to racial injustice. According to [Snopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes "Snopes"), the website appears intended to discredit the BLM movement.[\[458\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-458)
Statistics
The United States population's perception of Black Lives Matter varies considerably by race. According to a September 2015 poll on race relations, nearly two-thirds of African Americans mostly agree with Black Lives Matter, while 30% of black Americans and 37% of white Americans do not have an opinion about Black Lives Matter.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PBS-Marist-415) Of white people surveyed, 41% thought that Black Lives Matter advocated violence, and 59% of whites thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. By comparison, 82% of black people polled thought that Black Lives Matter was a nonviolent movement, and 26% of black people thought that Black Lives Matter distracted attention from the real issues of racial discrimination. On the question of whether "Black Lives Matter" was mostly a movement or mostly a slogan, 46% of whites and 67% of blacks thought that it is mostly a movement.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-PBS-Marist-415)[\[459\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-459) A nationally representative internet survey conducted by the Center for the Study of Diversity and Democracy at Northwestern University found that 82 percent of African Americans believe that the movement is at least moderately effective at achieving its stated goals, although 64 percent of the respondents believed that the movement would be more effective if it had a more centralized leadership structure.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cambridge-25)
A poll in June 2016 found that 65% of black American adults supported Black Lives Matter, and 40% of white American adults supported it. Fifty-nine percent of black Americans thought that Black Lives Matter would "be effective, in the long run, in helping blacks achieve equality" and 34% of white Americans thought so.[\[460\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-460)[\[461\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-461) A 2017 Harvard-Harris survey found that 35% of whites and 83% of blacks have a favorable view of the movement.[\[462\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-462)
According to an analysis by *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* of statistics collected by the US Crisis Monitor, during most of 2020 "US law enforcement agencies have used teargas, pepper spray, rubber bullets, and beatings at a much higher percentage at Black Lives Matter demonstrations than at pro-Trump or other rightwing protests",[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USCM_2020-463) regardless of whether the protest was violent or peaceful. The analysis also notes that "the vast majority of the thousands of protests across the United States in the past year have been peaceful, and \[...\] most protests by both the left and the right were not met with any violent response by law enforcement."[\[463\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-USCM_2020-463)
2020
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BLM_IMG_7663_\(50095618132\).jpg)
A BLM protest in [Ohio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio "Ohio"), July 2020
With the resurgence of Black Lives Matter in national headlines amid global protests, the movement saw an increase in support in 2020.[\[464\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-464)[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:2-269) Although they began from different perspectives, as per the *New York Times' [The Upshot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Upshot "The Upshot")*, "all kinds of voters moved sharply in the direction of supporting the movement" just within the two weeks between late May and early June "as much as \[they\] had in the preceding two years."[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:2-269) The [Pew Research Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pew_Research_Center "Pew Research Center") reported that "\[m\]ost Americans express\[ed\] support for the Black Lives Matter movement" during this period.[\[465\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-465)
According to Terrance Woodbury, a researcher of attitudes among young adults, "\[the\] movement has evolved from Black people vs. the police to young people vs. racism."[\[466\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-466) An online survey of people aged from 18 to 34 by the *[Global Strategy Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Strategy_Group "Global Strategy Group")* found broad support from the participants, except by those who identified as pro-[Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") Republicans.[\[467\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-467)[\[468\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-468)
Ayọ Tometi theorizes that increased support was the result of economic anxiety and contempt for the American government's handling of the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States").[\[469\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:8-469) Protests led by Black Lives Matter throughout the summer eventually developed into one of the larger movements in U.S. history.[\[470\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Hart-470)[\[471\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-471)
However, the movement's momentum and popularity began to decline, with a Pew Research Center poll showing that support for Black Lives Matter had fallen by 12 percentage points to 55% of all American adults by September, and had returned to a net negative approval rating among white Americans as well as significantly declining in popularity among Hispanic Americans.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417) Support remained widespread among black American adults (up 1% from June to 87%).[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Pew_2020-417)
Nobel Peace Prize nomination
Black Lives Matter was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in January 2021. The nomination was submitted by Norwegian activist and Member of Parliament [Petter Eide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Eide "Petter Eide"). The award eventually went to journalists [Maria Ressa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ressa "Maria Ressa") and [Dmitry Muratov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov "Dmitry Muratov").[\[472\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-472)
Criticisms
Ideology
Some conservatives, such as Mike Gonzalez of [the Heritage Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation "The Heritage Foundation"),[\[473\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-473) have accused Black Lives Matter of being a [Marxist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism "Marxism") movement based on a comment by one of its co-founders saying that she and another co-founder "are trained Marxists." However, [PolitiFact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolitiFact "PolitiFact") noted that "Black Lives Matter has grown into a national anti-racism movement broadly supported by Americans, few of whom would identify themselves as Marxist."[\[474\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-474)
Cultural critic [Fredrik deBoer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_deBoer "Fredrik deBoer") placed blame on "idea-generating" individuals and institutions for the perceived failures of BLM as a social movement.[\[475\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-475)[\[476\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-476)
On October 10, 2023, the Chicago chapter of BLM faced backlash for posting on social media a picture of a paraglider and a Palestinian flag. They then took the post down[\[477\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-477)
Tactics
Some black civil rights leaders such as Cecil "Chip" Murray, Najee Ali, and [Earl Ofari Hutchinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Ofari_Hutchinson "Earl Ofari Hutchinson") have criticized BLM as disrespectful and ineffective, with Ali claiming "all they can do is disrupt and make noise."[\[424\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-angel2-424) Economist [Glenn Loury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Loury "Glenn Loury"), while supportive of the fundamentals of the movement, has criticized backlash against "White politicians who state All Lives Matter" and the apparent polarizing effects of the movement.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-clayton-24)
In his 2018 book *[The Once and Future Liberal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_Liberal "The Once and Future Liberal")*, [Mark Lilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lilla "Mark Lilla") criticizes Black Lives Matter as part of his broader left-wing critique of [identity politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics "Identity politics"). Though he agreed with their aims, he called their rhetoric "a textbook example in how to not build solidarity", arguing that the campaign alienates people with their negative attitude toward American society and law enforcement and with their overbearing tactics. He also compared them unfavorably to the civil rights movement leaders, who were "consciously appealing to what we share" instead of emphasizing differences of race and other identities.[\[478\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-478)[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:14-479) Lilla has in turn been criticized for "trolling disguised as erudition" and of "making white supremacy respectable, again".[\[479\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:14-479)
Academic freedom
Some academics, including [John McWhorter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McWhorter "John McWhorter"),[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-McWhorter_2020-480) [John Ellis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellis_\(physicist,_born_1946\) "John Ellis (physicist, born 1946)"),[\[481\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Ellis_2020_p.-481) [Marybeth Gasman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marybeth_Gasman "Marybeth Gasman"),[\[482\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-482) and [Glenn Loury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Loury "Glenn Loury")[\[483\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-483) have criticized some Black Lives Matter activists as silencing speech and repressing academic freedom.[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Harris_2020-484) They claim that the result is self-censorship, reduced academic inquiry, and research bias.[\[485\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Scholars_at_Harvard-485)[\[486\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Chotiner-486)[\[484\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Harris_2020-484) Critics claim academics have been hesitant to speak out against repression for fear of retribution.[\[487\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Zimmerman_2020-487)[\[488\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-McGowan_p.-488)[\[480\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-McWhorter_2020-480)
In particular, high-profile academics have spoken out against the use of "diversity statements" in admission, hiring, and tenure decisions, including [Jeffrey Flier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Flier "Jeffrey Flier"), Dean of the [Harvard Medical School](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School "Harvard Medical School"),[\[489\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-CHE_2019-489)[\[490\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Inside_Higher_Ed_2018-490) and [Abigail Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Thompson "Abigail Thompson"), Vice President of the [American Mathematical Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society "American Mathematical Society"). Thompson drew comparisons to [McCarthy-era loyalty oaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism "McCarthyism").[\[491\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-491)[\[492\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Zimmerman_2020_academic_freedom-492) When schools receive state funding, scholars have criticized Black Lives Matter pledges as unconstitutional.[\[493\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Blackman_2020-493)
Views on law enforcement
Some critics accuse Black Lives Matter of being [anti-police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-police_sentiment "Anti-police sentiment") and endorsing violence against the police.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:9-414)[\[494\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-494) Sgt. Demetrick Pennie of the Dallas Police Department filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against Black Lives Matter in September 2016, which accused the group of inciting a "[race war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflict "Ethnic conflict")."[\[495\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-495)[\[496\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-496) Marchers using a BLM banner were recorded in a video chanting, "Pigs in a blanket, fry 'em like bacon" at the Minnesota State Fair. Law enforcement groups claim the chant promotes death to police. The protest organizer disputed that interpretation, saying: "What we are promoting is that if black people who kill police officers are going to fry, then we want police officers to face the same treatment that we face as civilians for killing officers."[\[497\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-497)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ferguson_Day_6,_Picture_45.png)
Ferguson, Missouri, August 17, 2014
Disconnect from underprivileged communities
Some black community leaders have come out against the movement as disconnected from the people it claims to represent.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2020-498) In opposing August 2020 budget cuts, New York City Councilman [I. Daneek Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Daneek_Miller "I. Daneek Miller"), co-chairman of the council's Black, Latino and Asian Caucus, opposed reducing police funding and stated, "Black folks want to be safe like everyone else...we can't allow folks from outside our community to lecture us about Black lives."[\[499\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-499) [Vanessa Gibson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Gibson "Vanessa Gibson") of the Bronx's 16th Council District stated that, "My working-class people, my homeowners, my tenants, my neighbors—they are not out there screaming and yelling, because they have to work."[\[500\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Cuza_2020-500) Mayor [Ras Baraka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Baraka "Ras Baraka") of Newark, New Jersey, called "defund the police" a "bourgeois liberal" solution to racism.[\[498\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2020-498)
Insufficient focus on women
Women from within the Black Lives Matter movement, including professor and civil rights advocate Treva B. Lindsey, have argued that BLM has sidelined black women's experiences in favor of black men's experiences. For example, more demonstrations have been organized to protest the killings of Michael Brown and [Trayvon Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trayvon_Martin "Trayvon Martin") than the killings of [Pamela Turner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Pamela_Turner "Killing of Pamela Turner"), Kayla Moore or [Rekia Boyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Rekia_Boyd "Killing of Rekia Boyd").[\[501\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Lindsey-501)
In response, [Say Her Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Her_Name "Say Her Name") was founded to focus specifically on the killing of black women by police and to bring their names into the Black Lives Matter protest. Their stated goal is to offer a more complete, but non-competitive, narrative of the overall Black Lives Matter movement.[\[502\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-502)[\[503\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-Crenshaw-503)
Mismanagement of funds
Allegations of mismanagement of funds by the organization [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation "Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation") were raised after funds were used to purchase a home that cost \$6 million in southern California to be used as a facility for a Black artists fellowship.[\[504\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-504)[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:13-505) The property included six bedrooms, a recording studio, and a swimming pool.[\[505\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-:13-505)
Lack of focus on unsolved murders and missing persons cases
Since its founding, the Black Lives Matter movement has faced significant criticism for its inherent lack of focus on unsolved murders and [missing persons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_person "Missing person") cases. For example, some researchers have confirmed that murders of Black victims disproportionately go unsolved.[\[506\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-506)
According to FBI statistics, 40% of missing persons across the US are people of color. Kyle Pope, an editor and researcher of the *[Columbia Journalism Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review "Columbia Journalism Review")*, noticed a lack of media attention when it comes to these crimes.[\[507\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-507) In 2008, Derrica and Natalie Wilson launched the Black and Missing Foundation, a non-profit to find unsolved Black murder victims across the country. In a 2021 interview, they found that unsolved murders of Black people have been disproportionately overlooked by both law enforcement and national media outlets.[\[508\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_note-508)
See also
- [2020 American athlete strikes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_American_athlete_strikes "2020 American athlete strikes") – Strike actions by athletes in response to the shooting of Jacob Blake
- [All pages with titles containing *Black Lives Matter*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:%22Black_Lives_Matter%22 "Special:Search/intitle:\"Black Lives Matter\"")
- [Black Panther Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party "Black Panther Party") – American political organization (1966–1982)
- [Blaxit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaxit "Blaxit") – Sociological phenomenon
- [Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_to_Study_and_Develop_Reparation_Proposals_for_African-Americans_Act "Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act") – Proposed act to investigate potential reparations for slavery
- [De-escalation § United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-escalation#United_States "De-escalation")
- [Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials "Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials")
- [Décolonisation de l'espace public (fr)](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9colonisation_de_l%27espace_public "fr:Décolonisation de l'espace public")
- [Identity politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_politics "Identity politics") – Politics based on one's identity
- [List of protests in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_United_States "List of protests in the United States")
- [Protest paradigm in media coverage of BLM protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_paradigm#BLM_and_George_Floyd_protests "Protest paradigm")
- [Lynching in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States "Lynching in the United States") – Extrajudicial killings in the U.S. by mobs or vigilante groups
- [Racism in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States "Racism in the United States")
- [Rodney King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_King "Rodney King") – Black American victim of police brutality (1965–2012)
- [Stop Asian Hate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_Asian_Hate "Stop Asian Hate") – Movement against violence targeting Asian Americans
- [Stop AAPI Hate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_AAPI_Hate "Stop AAPI Hate") – American nonprofit advocacy organization
- [*Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_a_Stand_in_Baton_Rouge "Taking a Stand in Baton Rouge") – Protest photograph
- *The Hate U Give* – [Novel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hate_U_Give "The Hate U Give") and [film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hate_U_Give_\(film\) "The Hate U Give (film)")
- [*Woke*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woke "Woke") – Political slang
References
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Smith_2021_1-3)
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[978-1-337-55875-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-337-55875-4 "Special:BookSources/978-1-337-55875-4")
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Cuza, Bobby (July 1, 2020). ["Black Council Members Push Back Against Protester Budget Criticism"](https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/07/02/council-members-allege-outside-agitation). *Spectrum News NY1 \| New York City*. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
501. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Lindsey_501-0)**
Lindsey (2015). ["Post-Ferguson: A "Herstorical" Approach to Black Violability"](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/829278). *Feminist Studies*. **41** (1): 232. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.15767/feministstudies.41.1.232](https://doi.org/10.15767%2Ffeministstudies.41.1.232).
502. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-502)** Workneh, Lilly (May 21, 2015), ["\#SayHerName: Black Women And Girls Matter, Too"](https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/05/21/black-women-matter_n_7363064.html). *HuffPost*. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
503. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-Crenshaw_503-0)**
["Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224204757/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/555e2412e4b0bd5f4da5d3a4/1432232978932/SAYHERNAME+Social+Media+Guide.compressed.pdf) (PDF). African American Policy Forum (AAPF). Archived from [the original](https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53f20d90e4b0b80451158d8c/t/555e2412e4b0bd5f4da5d3a4/1432232978932/SAYHERNAME+Social+Media+Guide.compressed.pdf) (PDF) on February 24, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
504. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-504)**
Adams, Char (April 12, 2022). ["Black Lives Matter leaders condemn allegations of mismanaged funds"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-lives-matter-leaders-condemn-allegations-mismanaged-funds-rcna23882). *NBC News*. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
505. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-:13_505-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-:13_505-1)
["AP Exclusive: Black Lives Matter has \$42 million in assets"](https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-race-ethnicity-philanthropy-black-lives-matter-5bc4772e029da522036f8ad2a02990aa). *AP News*. May 17, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2023. "The tax filing shows that nearly \$6 million was spent on a Los Angeles-area compound. The Studio City property, which includes a home with six bedrooms and bathrooms, a swimming pool, a soundstage and office space, was intended as a campus for a Black artists fellowship and is currently used for that purpose, the board member said."
506. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-506)**
Friedersdorf, Conor (August 8, 2021). ["Criminal-Justice Reformers Chose the Wrong Slogan"](https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/08/instead-of-defund-the-police-solve-all-murders/619672/). *[The Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic "The Atlantic")*.
507. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-507)**
Franklin, Jonathan (December 5, 2022). ["Racial bias affects media coverage of missing people. A new tool illustrates how"](https://www.npr.org/2022/12/05/1137193397/missing-persons-of-color-news-coverage-disparities). *NPR*. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
508. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter#cite_ref-508)**
St. Martin, Emily (September 30, 2021). ["182,448 Black People Went Missing in the U.S. Last Year — These Sisters Are Working to Find Them"](https://www.instyle.com/politics-social-issues/black-and-missing-foundation-interview). *InStyle*. Retrieved November 23, 2023.
Further reading
- Bonilla, Tabitha; Tillery Jr, Alvin B. (November 2020). ["Which Identity Frames Boost Support for and Mobilization in the \#BlackLivesMatter Movement? An Experimental Test"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/which-identity-frames-boost-support-for-and-mobilization-in-the-blacklivesmatter-movement-an-experimental-test/AD0E73AF21C32FE03F1C0897456CC5C5). *American Political Science Review*. **114** (4): 947–962\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S0003055420000544](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055420000544). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0003-0554](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554).
- Clayton, Dewey M. (2018). "Black Lives Matter and the civil rights movement: A comparative analysis of two social movements in the United States". *Journal of Black Studies*. **49** (5): 448–480\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/0021934718764099](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021934718764099). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0021-9347](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9347).
- [Cobb, Jelani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelani_Cobb "Jelani Cobb") (March 14, 2016). ["The Matter of Black Lives"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/03/14/where-is-black-lives-matter-headed). *The New Yorker*.
- [Cole, Teju](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teju_Cole "Teju Cole") (July 26, 2016). ["The Superhero Photographs of the Black Lives Matter Movement"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/magazine/the-superhero-photographs-of-the-black-lives-matter-movement.html). *The New York Times Magazine*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160727125858/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/31/magazine/the-superhero-photographs-of-the-black-lives-matter-movement.html) from the original on July 27, 2016.
- [Hayward, Clarissa Rile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Rile_Hayward "Clarissa Rile Hayward") (April 2020). ["Disruption: What Is It Good For?"](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/706766). *The Journal of Politics*. **82** (2): 448–459\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1086/706766](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F706766). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0022-3816](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3816).
- [Hooker, Juliet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Hooker "Juliet Hooker") (2016). "Black Lives Matter and the Paradoxes of U.S. Black Politics: From Democratic Sacrifice to Democratic Repair". *Political Theory*. **44** (4): 448–469\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/0090591716640314](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591716640314). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0090-5917](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5917).
- Lebron, Christopher J. (2017). [*The Making of Black Lives Matter: A Brief History of An Idea*](https://web.archive.org/web/20181211115851/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-making-of-black-lives-matter-9780190601348?cc=is&lang=en&). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-060134-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060134-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-060134-8")
. Archived from [the original](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-making-of-black-lives-matter-9780190601348?cc=is&lang=en&) on December 11, 2018.
- [Miller, Lisa L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Miller_\(journalist\) "Lisa Miller (journalist)") (August 5, 2016). ["Black Activists Don't Ignore Crime"](https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/opinion/black-activists-dont-ignore-crime.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160806032543/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/06/opinion/black-activists-dont-ignore-crime.html) from the original on August 6, 2016.
- Ming Francis, Megan; Wright-Rigueur, Leah (October 13, 2021). ["Black Lives Matter in Historical Perspective"](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-lawsocsci-122120-100052). *Annual Review of Law and Social Science*. **17** (1): 441–458\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-122120-100052](https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-lawsocsci-122120-100052). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1550-3585](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1550-3585).
- Stephen, Bijan (November 2015). ["Social Media Helps Black Lives Matter Fight the Power"](https://www.wired.com/2015/10/how-black-lives-matter-uses-social-media-to-fight-the-power/). *Wired*.
- Stevens, Melissa (July 28, 2016). ["I'm a GOP Delegate and I Wore a 'Black Lives Matter' Shirt to the RNC"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241203233341/https://time.com/4429351/republican-black-lives-matter/). *Time*. Archived from [the original](https://time.com/4429351/republican-black-lives-matter/) on December 3, 2024. Retrieved November 17, 2024.
- Tillery Jr, Alvin B. (September 2019). ["What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-race-ethnicity-and-politics/article/what-kind-of-movement-is-black-lives-matter-the-view-from-twitter/375801268123BCA397284EFBE36C9F4E). *Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics*. **4** (2): 297–323\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/rep.2019.17](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frep.2019.17). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [2056-6085](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-6085).
- Towler, Christopher C.; Crawford, Nyron N.; Bennett, Robert A. (2020). ["Shut Up and Play: Black Athletes, Protest Politics, and Black Political Action"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F9266D6D87A357726B19EC51C6266068/S1537592719002597a.pdf/div-class-title-shut-up-and-play-black-athletes-protest-politics-and-black-political-action-div.pdf) (PDF). *Perspectives on Politics*. **18** (1): 111–127\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1017/S1537592719002597](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592719002597). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1537-5927](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-5927).
- Woodly, Deva R. (2022). [*Reckoning: Black Lives Matter and the Democratic Necessity of Social Movements*](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/reckoning-9780197603956?cc=us&lang=en&). New York: Oxford University Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-760395-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760395-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760395-6")
.
Bibliographies
- [Bernard, Marie Lyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Lyn_Bernard "Marie Lyn Bernard") (2014). ["\#BlackLivesMatter: A Longform Reading List"](http://www.autostraddle.com/blacklivesmatter-the-longform-reading-list-265454/). *[Autostraddle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostraddle "Autostraddle")*. USA.
- [Cheng, Selina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selina_Cheng "Selina Cheng") (July 2016). ["The complete summer reading syllabus on Black Lives Matter"](http://qz.com/728658/heres-what-librarians-recommend-reading-on-blm/). *[Quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_\(publication\) "Quartz (publication)")*.
- [Oakland Public Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Public_Library "Oakland Public Library") (2014). ["Listen, Learn, Participate: A \#BlackLivesMatter Resource Series"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160916043052/http://oaklandlibrary.org/blogs/from-main-library/listen-learn-participate-blacklivesmatter-resource-series). California. Archived from [the original](http://oaklandlibrary.org/blogs/from-main-library/listen-learn-participate-blacklivesmatter-resource-series) on September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
(Bibliography)
- Teller, Malcolm (July 2016). ["Black Lives Matter Reference Guide"](https://medium.com/malcolm-teller/black-lives-matter-a-collection-of-syllabi-6497460b9668). *Medium*.
External links
- [Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, Inc.](https://blacklivesmatter.com/)
- [List of 1007 Black Lives Matter demonstrations](https://web.archive.org/web/20141226205743/https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests)
- [Campaign Zero to end police violence](http://www.joincampaignzero.org/)
- ["Read This: \#BlackLivesMatter Reads for Teens"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160921203253/https://hclib.bibliocommons.com/list/share/642401647_hcl_social_media/669879377_read_this_blacklivesmatter_reads_for_teens). Minnesota: [Hennepin County Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County_Library "Hennepin County Library"). Archived from [the original](https://hclib.bibliocommons.com/list/share/642401647_hcl_social_media/669879377_read_this_blacklivesmatter_reads_for_teens) on September 21, 2016.
(Bibliography)
- ["\#blacklivesmatter"](http://www.yalsa.ala.org/thehub/tag/blacklivesmatter/). American Library Association, [Young Adult Library Services Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Adult_Library_Services_Association "Young Adult Library Services Association"). December 28, 2016.
(Bibliography)
- [Chicago Black Lives Matter Protest Collection](https://mms.newberry.org/xml/xml_files/ChicagoBLM.xml) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210125205203/https://mms.newberry.org/xml/xml_files/ChicagoBLM.xml) January 25, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") at [the Newberry Library](https://www.newberry.org/) |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter s443 |