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| Boilerpipe Text | Black Friday
Shoppers rushing into a
Target
store as it opens on Black Friday, 2013
Observed by
Traditionally:
[
1
]
United States
Others:
Albania, Argentina, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Germany, Poland, Romania, Italy, Greece, New Zealand, India, Malta, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, France, Spain, Portugal, Israel, Brazil, The Netherlands, South Africa, Iceland, Mexico (as
El Buen Fin
) and increasingly in other parts of the world.
Type
Commercial
Significance
Popular shopping day
Observances
Shopping
Date
Day after
US Thanksgiving
2025 date
November 28
2026 date
November 27
2027 date
November 26
2028 date
November 24
Frequency
Annual
Related to
Thanksgiving
,
Small Business Saturday
,
Cyber Monday
,
Giving Tuesday
,
Christmas
,
Buy Nothing Day
Black Friday
is the Friday after
Thanksgiving in the United States
. It traditionally marks the start of the
Christmas shopping
season and is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States. Many stores offer highly promoted sales at heavily discounted prices and often open early, sometimes as early as midnight
[
2
]
or even on Thanksgiving. Some stores' sales continue to Monday ("
Cyber Monday
") or for a week ("
Cyber Week
").
"Black Friday" has evolved in meaning and impact over the years, initially referring to calamitous days, with a notable early instance being
the Black Friday of 1869
in the US. This
financial crisis
saw a dramatic plunge in gold prices, affecting investors. The term was later used in American retail, starting ambiguously in the 1950s. Initially associated with workforce absence post-Thanksgiving, it was reinterpreted by
Philadelphia police
to describe the shopping-induced congestion. Attempts at rebranding to "Big Friday" failed, and the term "Black Friday" solidified by the 1980s, referring to the pivotal point where retailers purportedly shifted from loss ("in the red") to profit ("in the black"). This day marks the unofficial start of the
Christmas shopping
season, with promotional sales aiming to draw large crowds. Black Friday is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States
[
3
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
and retailers prioritize it and Cyber Monday as highly profitable holiday shopping days.
[
6
]
The concept has since globalized, with countries around the world adopting "Black Friday" sales to mimic the US phenomenon, adjusting local customs or creating similar events. The advent of online shopping and events like "Cyber Monday" have expanded the traditional one-day shopping frenzy into a broader holiday shopping season, diluting the singular focus of Black Friday, and expanding its economic impact.
For centuries, the adjective "black" has been applied to days upon which calamities occurred. Many events have been described as "Black Friday", although the most significant such event in American history was the
Panic of 1869
, which occurred when financiers
Jay Gould
and
James Fisk
took advantage of their connections with the
Ulysses S. Grant
administration in an attempt
to corner
the gold market. When President Grant learned of this manipulation, he ordered the Treasury to release a large supply of gold, which halted the run and caused prices to drop by 18%. Fortunes were made and lost in a single day, and the president's own brother-in-law,
Abel Corbin
, was ruined.
The earliest known use of "Black Friday" to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurred in the journal,
Factory Management and Maintenance
, for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to have a four-day weekend. However, this use does not appear to have caught on. Around the same time, the terms "Black Friday" and "Black Saturday" came to be used by the police in Philadelphia and
Rochester
to describe the crowds and
traffic congestion
accompanying the start of the Christmas shopping season. In 1961, the city and merchants of Philadelphia attempted to improve conditions, and a public relations expert recommended rebranding the days "Big Friday" and "Big Saturday", but these terms were quickly forgotten.
[
7
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[
8
]
[
9
]
[
10
]
[
11
]
[
12
]
The use of the phrase spread slowly, first appearing in
The New York Times
on November 29, 1975, in which it still refers specifically to "the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year" in Philadelphia. Although it soon became more widespread,
The Philadelphia Inquirer
reported in 1985 that retailers in Cincinnati and Los Angeles were still unaware of the term.
[
13
]
As the phrase gained national attention in the early 1980s, merchants objecting to the use of a derisive term to refer to one of the most important shopping days of the year suggested an alternative derivation: that retailers traditionally operated at a financial loss for most of the year (January through November) and made their profit during the holiday season, beginning on the day after Thanksgiving.
[
7
]
When this was recorded in the financial records, once-common accounting practices would use red ink to show negative amounts and
black ink
to show positive amounts. Black Friday, under this theory, is the beginning of the period when retailers would no longer be "in the red", instead of taking in the year's profits.
[
7
]
[
13
]
[
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]
The earliest known published reference to this explanation occurs in
The Philadelphia Inquirer
for November 28, 1981.
[
15
]
Since the early 21st century, there have been attempts by US-based retailers to introduce a retail "Black Friday" to other countries around the world. Retailers outside the US have attempted to promote the day to remain competitive with US-based
online retailers
.
[
16
]
In more recent decades, global retailers have adopted the term and date to market their own holiday sales.
[
17
]
Thanksgiving's relationship to Christmas shopping led to controversy in the 1930s. Retail stores would have liked to have a longer shopping season, but no store wanted to break with tradition and be the one to start advertising before Thanksgiving. For this reason, in 1939, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
issued a presidential proclamation proclaiming Thanksgiving to be the fourth Thursday in November rather than the last Thursday, meaning in some years one week earlier, in order to lengthen the Christmas shopping season.
[
18
]
Most people adopted the President's change, which was later reinforced by an act of Congress, but many continued to celebrate Thanksgiving on the traditional date.
[
18
]
In 2015,
Amazon.com
was the first to offer "Black Friday in July" deals on what they called "Prime Day", promising better deals than on Black Friday. Amazon repeated the practice in 2016 and 2017, and other companies began offering similar deals.
[
19
]
Analyst Marshal Cohen of
The NPD Group
claimed in 2020 that Black Friday is declining in favor of
online shopping
, and that the
COVID-19 pandemic
has accelerated this process. The pandemic also resulted in holiday deals being offered over a longer period of time, even as early as October.
[
20
]
Fewer people shopped in person on Black Friday 2020, and most business took place online. Market research company Numerator said sellers of clothing, tools and other items considered nonessential during lockdowns were not promoted as heavily because lower production meant less available to sell.
[
21
]
Adobe Analytics
reported that online sales reached $9 billion in 2020, 22% more than the previous year. Foot traffic to stores fell 48% in 2020 from last year, according to RetailNext, while Sensormatic Solutions reported a 52% decrease.
[
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]
Black Thursday,
Walmart
For many years, retailers pushed opening times on Black Friday earlier and earlier, eventually reaching midnight, before opening on the evening of Thanksgiving.
Kmart
opened its stores on Thanksgiving as early as 1991, and was open on Thanksgiving Day for many years.
[
23
]
In 2009, Kmart manager Freddy Moss opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving in order to allow shoppers to avoid Black Friday traffic and return home in time for dinner with their families. Two years later, a number of retailers began opening at 8 p.m. or 9 p.m., on what became derisively known as "Black Thursday". In subsequent years, other stores followed this trend, opening earlier and earlier on Thanksgiving, or remaining open all day, beginning in the early morning hours.
[
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]
[
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]
Some retail and media sources have used the terms "Gray Thursday" or "Brown Thursday" instead.
[
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]
[
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]
[
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]
The 2014 "Black Thursday" sales were generally a failure, as overall sales for the holiday week-end fell 11% compared to the previous year despite heavy traffic at the stores on Thanksgiving night.
[
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]
In response, a number of retailers decided to go back to closing on Thanksgiving for 2015, and
Walmart
, although its holding firm opening on the holiday and holding its sale, also pledged to offer the same deals online for those who wished to stay home.
[
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]
Retailers have received pushback from some consumers over opening on Thanksgiving Day.
[
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]
Shopper opposition to stores opening on Thursday includes the perceived over-commercialization of Thanksgiving, retail workers not being able to spend time with their loved ones on the holiday,
[
32
]
and Thursday doorbuster sales forcing
[
citation needed
]
consumers to sacrifice enjoying Thanksgiving evening with their families in order to avoid missing out on highly sought-after items which might not be available again prior to Christmas.
Most retailers abandoned efforts to hold doorbuster sales on Thanksgiving in 2020; large crowds had been forbidden under most circumstances since March due to the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
, major retailers such as Walmart and
Target
had already reduced their hours and dropped 24/7 operations in response to the pandemic, and several retailers known for opening on the holiday (particularly
Kmart
, which has typically been open regular hours) have
rapidly declined
.
[
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]
According to
Adobe Analytics
, online shopping set a record on Thanksgiving 2020 with $5.1 billion in total spending, 21.5% higher than in 2019.
[
21
]
Most major retailers again closed on Thanksgiving in 2021, with Target stating that its decision would be permanent; the small minority of retail chains remaining open on the holiday that year were limited mainly to pharmacies, dollar stores and grocery stores, retail categories that traditionally do not hold doorbusters.
[
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In 2025, shoppers began boycotting 3 major retailers, Target, Amazon and Home Depot, in what was known as the "We Ain't Buying It" campaign.
[
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]
Black Friday around the world
[
edit
]
Large discounts at a store in
Catalonia
during Black Friday
Black Friday, in
Egypt
, started in 2014, being introduced as White Friday. The change of name was due to religious, traditional, and cultural concepts.
[
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]
[
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]
Black Friday deals started in
Libya
since 2019, also introduced as White Friday due to religious, traditional and cultural concepts.
[
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]
The use of Black Friday shopping terminology started in 2014 in major cities of Pakistan which later changed to "Blessed Friday" due to religious reasons. Now Blessed Friday (Black Friday) shopping festival is being observed regularly all over Pakistan.
[
citation needed
]
The holiday shopping season in India has traditionally been aligned around the "festive period" of major festivals usually falling around October or November, such as
Diwali
.
[
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]
[
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]
[
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]
Similar to US-style shopping events such as Black Friday, online retailers adopted the practice of holding multi-day promotions during this period, such as Amazon's "Great Indian Festival" and
Flipkart's
"Big Billion Days". India's
Independence Day
(August 15) had also recently attracted similar events.
[
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]
Nonetheless, the concept of Black Friday has also been imported into the
subcontinent
via international retailers – a move that influenced some Indian retailers to also adopt the promotion.
[
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In
Saudi Arabia
, black Friday started when a local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday Sale which is now an annual event.
[
citation needed
]
United Arab Emirates
[
edit
]
U.A.E.
Black Friday started as White Friday campaign in 2014. In 2018 local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday in the
U.A.E.
The Yellow Friday Sale is now an annual event in
U.A.E.
, falling around the same time as Black Friday globally.
[
citation needed
]
China
Black Friday is celebrated in China in a limited capacity commercially instead of as a major retail sale. Certain e-commerce platforms will run Black Friday promotions around late November offering deals on electronics, fashion, and imported goods.
[
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]
Black Friday in
Belgium
has been seriously marketed by retailers since 2016. Online shops especially have broken sales records during the last edition of Black Friday, which provides a base for the further growth of Black Friday's popularity in Belgium. After 2016, Black Friday in Belgium has grown strongly. The number of participating shops have increased to over seventy during the Black Friday period of 2017. During Black Friday 2018, a total of 119 participating stores were measured in Belgium.
[
citation needed
]
French businesses are slowly introducing the Black Friday custom into the market.
[
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]
Discounts of up to 85% were given by retailing giants such as
Apple
and
Amazon
in 2014.
[
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]
French electronics retailers such as
FNAC
and
Auchan
advertised deals online, while
Darty
also took part in this once-a-year monster sale. Retailers favored the very American term "Black Friday" to "Vendredi noir" in their advertisements.
[
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In 2016, because of the
terror attacks in Paris
in November the year before, some retailers used the name "Jour XXL" (XXL day) instead of Black Friday.
[
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An alternative was brought up by some online businesses in 2018, called "French Days",
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]
which goal is to replicate Black Friday during spring season (starting around the first day of May).
On November 20, 2020, the French government finalized an agreement with e-commerce businesses like Amazon and supermarket chains to postpone Black Friday promotions by a week. Discounted shopping promotions were to begin on December 4 instead, after physical stores shuttered during the
COVID-19 pandemic
were allowed to reopen.
[
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]
In Germany, "Black Friday" retailer advertisements refer to "Black Week" and "Black Shopping" in English with sales lasting an entire week (excluding Sundays when most retail stores are closed). During this sales period, stores keep their normal working hours. Although goods are offered at reduced prices, the prices are not cut significantly more than normal weekly price reductions. Apple was the first company to run a special Black Friday campaign for the German market in 2006.
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]
Apple never used the name Black Friday in Germany, but promotes only a "one-day shopping event".
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In the first years, mostly internet retailers have used the event as an occasion to attract new customers with discounts, but bricks and mortar stores have already begun to adapt.
Black Friday was introduced in 2014.
[
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]
In 2017, Black Friday became widely popular in
Latvia
. There was even a Black week and Black week-end sales in shopping centres.
[
citation needed
]
In
Liechtenstein
,
Black Friday Sale
is a joint sales initiative by hundreds of online vendors. Over its first 24-hour run on November 28, 2013, more than 1.2 million people visited the site, making it the single largest online shopping event in German-speaking countries.
[
citation needed
]
In the
Netherlands
, Black Friday was introduced in 2015. Some years before, there were already a number of large and small retailers that used Black Friday in their marketing. However, with a total of 35 participating stores, 2015 can be considered the year in which Black Friday started in the Netherlands due to a more widespread support of large retailers. The popularity of Black Friday has grown rapidly in the Netherlands. The number of participating stores has increased to over 125 during the Black Friday period of 2017. For the 2018 edition, 166 shops joined the largest black Friday platform in the Netherlands.
[
citation needed
]
In
Norway
, Black Friday started as a publicity stunt campaign in 2010 to increase the sales to the shopping mall Norwegian Outlet. Since the introduction, it has been promoted every year in a larger and growing market all over the country.
[
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There has been growing interest for Black Friday in
Poland
as well.
[
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The concept was imported in
Romania
by
eMAG
[
ro
]
and
Flanco
in 2011 and became bigger each year. The two reported the biggest Black Friday sales in 2014. eMAG sold products worth some 37 million euros while Flanco's sales totaled 22 million euros. Hundreds of retailers announced their participation in the 2015 campaign.
[
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In 2015, 11 million Romanians say they have heard about Black Friday which is 73% of the 15 million people target segment; 6.7 million plan on buying something on biggest shopping event of the year in Romania.
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In Romania, Black Friday is two weeks before the US Black Friday.
In 2015, Spain joined with some small retailers. The celebration became more famous year by year, until the big retailers grew.
[
citation needed
]
In Sweden, Black Friday is widely practiced.
[
58
]
In 2015, Swiss retailer
Manor
was the first to launch a special Black Friday promotion. The year after, most Swiss retailers launched special offers during the Black Friday Week. In 2024, sales of 470 million Swiss francs are expected. Although
Singles' Day
(November 11) had initially grown in importance, it has now become significantly less relevant than Black Friday in Switzerland.
[
59
]
Efsane Cuma, or "Legendary Friday," is the Turkish version of Black Friday – a major shopping event that falls on the last Friday of November. Efsane Cuma offers customers substantial discounts, promotions, and special deals across a variety of products, from electronics to clothing. This sales period has gained popularity in Turkey as both online and brick-and-mortar stores attract large crowds seeking bargains, often extending the deals for a few days or even over a week.
[
citation needed
]
In 2016, Black Friday was introduced in
Ukraine
.
[
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In the United Kingdom, the term "
Black Friday
" originated within the police and
NHS
to refer to the Friday before Christmas. It is the day when emergency services activate contingency plans to cope with the increase in workload due to many people going out drinking on the last Friday before Christmas. These plans can include setting up mobile field hospitals near city centre nightspots.
[
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The term has then been adopted outside those services to refer to the evening and night of the Friday immediately before Christmas, and would now be considered a mainstream term and not simply as jargon of the emergency services.
Traditionally, Boxing Day had been considered the biggest shopping day of the year in the UK. However, in the 2010s, several American-owned retailers, such as
Amazon UK
and the Walmart-owned chain
Asda
, began to hold US-style Black Friday promotions; in 2014, more British retailers began to adopt the concept, including
Argos
,
John Lewis
, and
Very
. That year, police forces were called to shops across Britain to deal with crowd control issues, assaults, threatening customers, and traffic issues.
[
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]
[
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In response to incidents at branches of Tesco, Greater Manchester Police's deputy chief constable
Ian Hopkins
said shoppers had behaved in an "appalling" fashion, and criticized shops for not making adequate security arrangements to ensure the safety of customers."
[
64
]
Following these incidents, some retailers began to discontinue or heavily modify their promotions, with Asda stating that it would not hold all of its sales across a single day.
[
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[
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[
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In 2016, total spending on online retail sites on Black Friday was £1.23 billion, a 2.2% increase over 2015.
[
Needs updating
]
[
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[
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In 2017, UK retail sales in November grew faster than in December for the first time.
[
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]
[
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]
The large population centers on
Lake Ontario
and the
Lower Mainland
in
Canada
have always attracted
cross-border shopping
into the United States, and as Black Friday became more popular in the US, Canadians often flocked over the border because of their lower prices and a stronger Canadian dollar. After 2001, many were traveling for the deals across the border. Starting in 2008 and 2009, due to the parity of the
Canadian dollar
compared with the
American dollar
, several major Canadian retailers ran Black Friday deals of their own to discourage shoppers from leaving Canada.
[
72
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[
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]
The year 2012 saw the biggest Black Friday to date in Canada, as Canadian retailers embraced it in an attempt to keep shoppers from travelling across the border.
[
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]
Before the advent of Black Friday in Canada, the most comparable holiday was
Boxing Day
in terms of retailer impact and
consumerism
.
[
75
]
In Mexico, Black Friday was the inspiration for the government and retailing industry to create an annual week-end of discounts and extended credit terms,
El Buen Fin
, meaning "the good weekend" in Spanish.
[
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]
El Buen Fin
has been in existence since 2011 and takes place on November in the week-end prior to the Monday in which the Mexican Revolution holiday is pushed from its original date of November 20, as a result of the measure taken by the government of pushing certain holidays to the Monday of their week in order to avoid the workers and students to make a "larger" week-end (for example, not attending in a Friday after a Thursday holiday, thus making a four-day week-end). On this week-end, major retailers extend their store hours
[
77
]
and offer special promotions, including extended credit terms and price promotions.
Interior of a
Target
store on Black Friday
Black Friday is not an official holiday in the United States, but
California
and some other states observe "The Day After Thanksgiving" as a holiday for
state government
employees and
Nevada
observes
Family Day
. It is sometimes observed in lieu of another federal holiday, such as
Columbus Day
. Many non-retail employees and schools have both Thanksgiving and the following Friday off. Along with the following regular week-end, this makes Black Friday weekend a four-day weekend, which is said to increase the number of potential shoppers.
The
SouthPark
neighborhood of
Charlotte
,
North Carolina
, is the most trafficked area of the United States on Black Friday.
[
78
]
[
79
]
Black Friday is a shopping day for a combination of reasons. As the first day after the last major holiday before Christmas, it marks the unofficial beginning of the Christmas shopping season. Additionally, many employers give their employees the day off as part of the Thanksgiving holiday week-end. In order to take advantage of this, virtually all retailers in the country, big and small, offer various sales including limited amounts of "doorbuster" items to entice traffic.
For many years, it was common for retailers to open at 6
a.m., but in the late 2000s many opened at 4
a.m.–5
a.m. The early 2010s have seen retailers extend beyond normal hours in order to maintain an edge or to simply keep up with the competition. In 2010,
Toys "R" Us
began their Black Friday sales at 10
p.m. on Thanksgiving and further upped the ante by offering free boxes of
Crayola
crayons and coloring books for as long as supplies lasted. Other retailers, like
Sears
,
Express
, MK,
Victoria's Secret
,
Zumiez
,
Tillys
,
American Eagle Outfitters
,
Nike
, Jordan,
Puma
,
Aéropostale
, and
Kmart
, began Black Friday sales early Thanksgiving morning and ran them through as late as 11
p.m. Friday evening.
Forever 21
went in the opposite direction, opening at normal hours on Friday, and running late sales until 2
a.m. Saturday morning.
[
80
]
[
81
]
In 2011, several retailers (including
Target
,
Kohl's
,
Macy's
,
Best Buy
, and
Bealls
)
[
2
]
opened at midnight for the first time.
[
82
]
In 2012,
Walmart
and several other retailers announced that they would open most of their stores at 8
p.m. on Thanksgiving, prompting calls for a
walkout
among some workers.
[
83
]
In 2014, stores such as
JCPenney
,
Best Buy
, and
Radio Shack
opened at 6
a.m. on Thanksgiving while stores such as
Target
,
Walmart
,
Belk
, and
Sears
opened at 7
p.m. on Thanksgiving.
[
84
]
[
85
]
Three states –
Rhode Island
,
Maine
, and
Massachusetts
– prohibit large supermarkets, big box stores, and department stores from opening on Thanksgiving, in what has been referred to as a legacy of
blue laws
.
[
86
]
[
87
]
A bill to allow stores to open on Thanksgiving was the subject of a public hearing on July 8, 2017.
[
88
]
Historically, it was common for Black Friday sales to extend throughout the following week-end. However, this practice has largely disappeared in recent years, perhaps because of an effort by retailers to create a greater sense of urgency.
The news media usually give heavy play to reports of Black Friday shopping and their implications for the commercial success of the Christmas shopping season, but the relationship between Black Friday sales and retail sales for the full holiday season is quite weak and may even be negative.
[
89
]
Camping overnight at a
Best Buy
store on Thursday, November 22, 2012
In 2014, spending volume on Black Friday fell for the first time since the
2008 recession
. 50.9 billion dollars were spent during the four-day Black Friday week-end, down 11% from the previous year. However, the US economy was not in a recession.
Christmas creep
has been cited as a factor in the diminishing importance of Black Friday, as many retailers now spread out their promotions over the entire months of November and December rather than concentrate them on a single shopping day or week-end.
[
90
]
Since the 2000s, the Thanksgiving Day edition of many American
newspapers
have been priced the same as their
Sunday newspaper
, due to the heavy volume of
retail circulars
contained within.
[
91
]
On April 23, 2014, "
.blackfriday"
joined a growing list of
ICANN
top-level domains
(such as – traditionally – .com, .net, and .org).
[
92
]
[
93
]
In 2015, Neil Stern of McMillan Doolittle said, "Black Friday is quickly losing its meaning on many fronts," because many stores opened on Thanksgiving, and a lot of sales started even earlier than that. Online shopping also made the day less important.
[
94
]
A Gallup poll in 2012 has shown that only 18% of American adults planned to shop during Black Friday.
[
95
]
In 2020, an article in
Ad Age
magazine stated that "an American capitalist tradition ... has been on the wane for years as online shopping rises in popularity" but the
COVID-19 pandemic
, "which has dramatically altered shopping patterns, has seemingly dealt a fatal blow."
[
96
]
By 2021, spending during the holiday season was expected to continue to increase, but Black Friday was no longer a single day. It was instead an opportunity for retailers to offer deals during the season as online shopping continued to change consumer behavior. COVID-19 had increased the changes in buyer and retailer moves toward online transactions.
Supply chain disruptions
caused consumers to buy earlier when they could find items.
[
97
]
In 2025, shoppers across the US are expected to spend over $100 billion.
[
98
]
In Australia, the term is
controversial
,
[
99
]
[
100
]
as prior to its popularisation as a shopping day, it referred not to shopping at all, but to the devastating
Black Friday bushfires
that occurred in Victoria 1938–39.
[
99
]
[
100
]
[
101
]
[
102
]
It was not until the 2010s that it was heavily promoted as a shopping day in Australia by in-store and online retailers, despite backlash and confusion by consumers. In 2011, Online Shopping USA hosted an event on
Twitter
. Twitter users had to use the hashtag #osublackfriday, which allowed them to follow along and tweet their favourite deals and discounts from stores.
[
103
]
In 2013,
Apple
extended its Black Friday deals to Australia. Purchasing online gave customers free shipping and free
iTunes
gift cards with every purchase. The deals were promoted on its website, reading "Official Apple Store – One day Apple shopping event Friday, November 29".
[
104
]
Australia Post
's ShopMate parcel-forwarding service allows Australian customers to purchase products with "Black Friday" deals from the US and get them shipped to Australia. ShopMate ran from 2014 to 2022. It closed in February 2022 amid controversy about shipping costs.
[
105
]
In addition to this service, numerous stores in the country run Black Friday promotions in-store and online throughout the country.
[
106
]
Black Friday started picking up in
New Zealand
around 2013. In 2015, major retailers such as
The Warehouse
,
Noel Leeming
and
Harvey Norman
offered Black Friday sales,
[
107
]
and by 2018 were joined by
Farmers
,
JB Hi-Fi
,
Briscoes and Rebel Sport
. Paymark, which processes around 75% of New Zealand's electronic transactions, recorded $219 million
NZD
(US$151 million) of transactions on Black Friday 2017, up over 10% from the previous year.
[
108
]
Central and South America
[
edit
]
2014 marked the introduction in Bolivia.
[
109
]
Black Friday has been increasingly adopted by stores in
Brazil
since 2010,
[
110
]
although not without its share of inflated prices and other scams, especially in its earlier years, earning the nickname "
Black Fraude
"
[
111
]
(Black Fraud) or also "
Black Furadei
", which comes from the slang word "
furada
", meaning a "jam" or tough situation, usually involving money. It is also common to hear Brazilian people say that prices on Brazilian Black Friday are "half of the double".
[
citation needed
]
Black Friday was introduced in 2014.
[
112
]
Black Friday is known as
Viernes Negro
in Costa Rica.
[
113
]
In
Panama
, Black Friday was first celebrated in 2012, as a move by the government to attract local tourism to the country's capital city. During its first year, it was believed to have attracted an inflow of about 35,000 regional tourists according to the government's immigration census.
[
citation needed
]
Despite frequent attempts to control the crowds of shoppers, minor injuries are common among the crowds, usually as a result of being pushed or thrown to the ground in small
crowd crushes
. While most injuries remain minor, serious injuries and even deliberate violence have taken place on some Black Fridays.
In 2008, a crowd of approximately 2,000 shoppers in
Valley Stream, New York
, waited outside for the 05:00 opening of the local
Walmart
. When the doors were opened, the crowd pushed forward, breaking the door down, and 34-year-old employee Jdimytai Damour was trampled to death. The shoppers did not appear concerned with the victim's fate, expressing refusal to halt their charge when other employees attempted to intervene and help the injured employee, complaining that they had been waiting in the cold and were not willing to wait any longer. Shoppers had begun assembling as early as 21:00 the evening before. Even when police arrived and attempted to render aid to the injured man, shoppers continued to pour in, shoving and pushing the officers as they made their way into the store. Several other people incurred minor injuries, including a pregnant woman who had to be taken to the hospital.
[
114
]
[
115
]
[
116
]
The incident may be the first case of a death occurring during Black Friday sales; according to the
National Retail Federation
, "We are not aware of any other circumstances where a retail employee has died working on the day after Thanksgiving."
[
114
]
On the same day, two people were fatally shot during an altercation at a Toys "R" Us in
Palm Desert
, California.
[
117
]
During Black Friday 2010, in
Madison, Wisconsin
, a woman was arrested outside of a
Toys "R" Us
store after
cutting in line
, and threatening to shoot other shoppers who tried to object.
[
118
]
A
Toys for Tots
volunteer in Georgia was stabbed by a shoplifter.
[
119
]
An
Indianapolis
woman was arrested after causing a disturbance by arguing with other Wal-Mart shoppers. She had been asked to leave the store, but refused.
[
120
]
A man was arrested at a Florida Walmart on drug and weapons charges after other shoppers waiting in line for the store to open noticed he was carrying a
handgun
and reported it to the police. He was discovered to also be carrying two knives and a
pepper spray
grenade.
[
121
]
A man in
Buffalo, New York
, was trampled when doors opened at a
Target
store and unruly shoppers rushed in, in an episode reminiscent of the deadly 2008 Wal-Mart crowd crush.
[
122
]
On Black Friday 2011, a woman at a Los Angeles Walmart used
pepper spray
on fellow shoppers, causing minor injuries to a reported 20 people who had been waiting hours for the store to open. The incident started as people waited in line for the newly discounted
Xbox 360
. A witness said a woman with two children in tow became upset with the way people were pushing in line. The witness said she pulled out pepper spray and sprayed the other people in line. Another account stated: "The store had brought out a crate of discounted Xbox 360s, and a crowd had formed to wait for the unwrapping, when the woman began spraying people 'in order to get an advantage,' according to the police.
[
123
]
In an incident outside another Walmart store in
San Leandro, California
, one man was wounded after being shot following Black Friday shopping at about 1:45 a.m.
[
124
]
In
South Charleston, West Virginia
, a 61-year-old pharmacist collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack at a store. The
New York Daily News
reported other shoppers did not stop to help the man, with some stepping over his collapsed body.
[
125
]
On Black Friday 2012, two people were shot outside a Wal-Mart in
Tallahassee, Florida
, during a dispute over a parking space.
[
126
]
On Black Friday in 2013, a person in
Las Vegas
who was carrying a big-screen TV home from a Target store on Thanksgiving was shot in the leg as he tried to wrestle the item back from a robber who had just stolen it from him at gunpoint.
[
127
]
In
Romeoville, Illinois
, a police officer shot a suspected shoplifter driving a car that was dragging a fellow officer at a Kohl's department store. The suspect and the dragged officer were treated for shoulder injuries. Three people were arrested.
[
128
]
In another situation, a 29-year-old shopper was arrested in a Walmart in New Jersey after arguing with a store manager about a TV and attacking an officer. He was charged with disorderly conduct, aggravated assault, and resisting arrest.
[
129
]
In 2014, three buyers were arrested after a group of five people started fighting at a Kohl's store in Tustin, California. Two female victims were found with facial lacerations, and one of them was taken to hospital with minor injuries, while the other was released on scene. According to officials, three other females were suspects for the assault and were taken into custody.
[
130
]
Two people were arrested after a brawl on Black Friday at a northwest side mall in Indianapolis. In Los Angeles, two women were fighting at a Walmart in Norwalk, California, over a Barbie doll on Thanksgiving night.
[
131
]
Several people fighting at a mall in Florence, Kentucky, allegedly over a pair of Air Jordan sneakers. This year was called "The worst Black Friday brawls in history" at that time due to the heavy use of smartphones that could instantly capture video.
[
132
]
In 2016, 21-year-old Demond Cottman was shot and killed around 01:00 Friday morning outside a Macy's store in New Jersey. The shooter fired multiple shots, leaving an SUV covered in bullet holes, but the motives remain unclear. Cottman's 26-year-old brother was also injured.
[
133
]
A shooting at the
Wolfchase Galleria
Mall in
Memphis, Tennessee
, left one man injured. Derrick Blackburn, 19, was later arrested for unlawful possession of a weapon.
[
134
]
In
Vancouver
, a shirtless man attacked several people using his belt as a whip. The incident occurred outside an
Adidas
store where a crowd was awaiting the release of a rare shoe.
[
135
]
At the
Riverchase Galleria
in
Hoover, Alabama
, Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr., was shot and killed by a security guard after two people were wounded in a shooting.
[
136
]
On Saturday, the police announced that the shooter was not Bradford, but claimed he was involved in the shooting.
[
137
]
[
138
]
A fight led to a shooting in the food court of the
Destiny USA
mall in
Syracuse, New York
.
[
139
]
The mall went into lockdown until shoppers and staff were released starting at about 8:00 p.m. with all shopping activity suspended.
[
139
]
21-year-old Kyree Truax was arrested and charged with second-degree assault, second-degree criminal possession of a weapon, and second-degree reckless endangerment for shooting the victim twice in the leg.
[
140
]
Three people were stabbed during a fight between two groups at the
Market Mall
in
Calgary
. Four people were arrested. Hours later, three others were injured after a stabbing at
CrossIron Mills
, another mall in Calgary.
[
141
]
Two people were injured in a shooting at the
Park Plaza Mall
in
Little Rock, Arkansas
.
[
142
]
Three people were shot following an argument outside of a
Macy's
store at the
Westfield Valley Fair
mall in
San Jose, California
.
[
143
]
Black Friday online
[
edit
]
High traffic challenges for retailers
[
edit
]
Some online stores invest a lot of money in promotional campaigns to generate more sales and drive traffic to their stores. However, they often forget about the high loads their sites are going to experience. According to
Retail Gazette
, "A number of major retailers' websites went down as they failed to cope with the surge in Black Friday traffic in 2017
... This just highlights that some retailers have not taken the necessary steps to prepare for Black Friday. Failing to prepare for peak can cause poor performance, site downtime, and ultimately lost revenue for retailers".
[
144
]
Such carelessness results in huge reputational damage. Moreover, the 2017 Veeam Availability Report in South Africa found that "Unplanned downtime costs organisations around the world an average of R270m annually, up from the R210m of the previous year".
[
145
]
Advertising tip sites
[
edit
]
Some websites offer information about day-after-Thanksgiving specials up to a month in advance.
[
146
]
The text listings of items and prices are usually accompanied by pictures of the actual ad circulars. These are either leaked by insiders or intentionally released by large retailers to give consumers insight and allow them time to plan.
In recent years, some retailers (including
Walmart
,
Target
,
OfficeMax
,
Big Lots
, and
Staples
) have claimed that the advertisements they send in advance of Black Friday and the prices included in those advertisements are copyrighted and are
trade secrets
. Some of these retailers have used the
take-down system
of the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
(DMCA) as a means to remove the offending price listings.
[
147
]
The benefit of threatening Internet sites with a DMCA-based lawsuit has proved tenuous at best. While some sites have complied with the requests, others have either ignored the threats or simply continued to post the information under the name of a similar-sounding fictional retailer. However, careful timing may mitigate the take-down notice. An
Internet service provider
in 2003 brought suit against
Best Buy
,
Kohl's
, and
Target Corporation
, arguing that the take-down notice provisions of the DMCA are unconstitutional. The court dismissed the case, ruling that only the third-party posters of the advertisements, and not the ISP itself, would have
standing
to sue the retailers.
[
148
]
Usage of Black Friday advertising tip sites and buying direct varies by state in the US, influenced in large part by differences in shipping costs and whether a state has a sales tax. However, in recent years, the convenience of online shopping has increased the number of cross-border shoppers seeking bargains from outside of the US, especially from Canada. Statistics Canada indicates that online cross-border shopping by Canadians has increased by about 300M a year since 2002.
[
149
]
The complex nature of additional fees such as taxes, duties, and brokerage can make calculating the final cost of cross-border Black Friday deals difficult. Cross-border shopping solutions exist to mitigate the problem through estimation of the various cost involved.
In 2019, Adobe shopping data showed that around 39% of the shopping was done through
smartphones
.
[
150
]
In 2022, 48% of online sales are made through smartphones, up from 44% in 2021. Meanwhile, consumers spent a record $9.12 billion shopping online during Black Friday this year.
[
151
]
The term
Cyber Monday
, a
neologism
invented in 2005 by the
National Retail Federation
's division Shop.org,
[
152
]
refers to the Monday immediately following Black Friday based on a trend that retailers began to recognize in 2003 and 2004. Retailers noticed that many consumers who were too busy to shop over the Thanksgiving week-end or did not find what they were looking for shopped for bargains online that Monday from home or work. In 2010, Hitwise reported:
Thanksgiving weekend offered a strong start, especially as Black Friday sales continued to grow in popularity. For the 2nd consecutive year, Black Friday was the highest day for retail traffic during the holiday season, followed by Thanksgiving and Cyber Monday. The highest year-over-year increases in visits took place on Cyber Monday and Black Friday with a growth of 16% and 13%, respectively.
[
153
]
In 2013, Cyber Monday online sales grew by 18% over the previous year, hitting a record $1.73 billion, with an average order value of $128.
[
154
]
In 2014, Cyber Monday was the busiest day of the year with sales exceeding $2 billion in desktop online spending, up 17% from the previous year.
[
155
]
As reported in the
Forbes
"Entrepreneurs" column on December 3, 2013: "Cyber Monday, the online counterpart to Black Friday, has been gaining unprecedented popularity – to the point where Cyber Sales are continuing on throughout the week."
[
156
]
Peter Greenberg, travel editor for
CBS News
, further advises: "If you want a real deal on Black Friday, stay away from the mall. Black Friday and Cyber Monday are all part of Cyber Week
..."
[
157
]
Retail sales impact
[
edit
]
The
National Retail Federation
releases figures on the sales for each
Thanksgiving
week-end.
[
158
]
The Federation's definition of "Black Friday week-end" includes Thursday, Friday, Saturday and projected spending for Sunday. The survey estimates number of shoppers, not number of people.
The length of the shopping season is not the same across all years: the date for Black Friday varies between November 23 and 29, while Christmas Eve is fixed at December 24.
Findings from NRF surveys regarding Black Friday weekend
Year
Date
Survey published
Shoppers (millions)
Average spent
Total spent
Consumers polled
Margin for error
2021
Nov. 26
Nov. 30
[
159
]
180
$301.27
$54.2 billion
5,759
± 1.3%
2020
Nov. 27
Dec. 1
[
160
]
186
$311.75
$58.1 billion
6,615
± 1.2%
2019
Nov. 29
Dec. 3
[
161
]
190
$361.90
$68.8 billion
6,746
± 1.2%
2018
Nov. 23
Nov. 27
[
162
]
165
$313.29
$51.7 billion
3,058
± 1.8%
2017
Nov. 24
Nov. 28
[
163
]
174
$335.47
$58.3 billion
3,242
± 1.7%
2016
Nov. 25
2015
Nov. 27
2014
[
164
]
Nov. 28
Nov. 30
233
$380.95
$50.9 billion
4,631
± 1.5%
2013
Nov. 29
Dec. 1
249
$407.02
$57.4 billion
4,864
± 1.7%
2012
Nov. 23
Nov. 25
247
$423.66
$59.1 billion
4,005
± 1.6%
2011
Nov. 25
Nov. 27
226
$398.62
$52.5 billion
3,826
± 1.6%
2010
Nov. 26
Nov. 28
212
$365.34
$45.0 billion
4,306
± 1.5%
2009
Nov. 27
Nov. 29
195
$343.31
$41.2 billion
4,985
± 1.4%
2008
Nov. 28
Nov. 30
172
$372.57
$41.0 billion
3,370
± 1.7%
2007
Nov. 23
Nov. 25
147
$347.55
$34.6 billion
2,395
± 1.5%
2006
Nov. 24
Nov. 26
140
$360.15
$34.4 billion
3,090
± 1.5%
2005
Nov. 25
Nov. 27
132
$301.81
$26.8 billion
These are various day-long events similar to Black Friday around the world or any other events on the same day as Black Friday.
Boxing Day
Buy Nothing Day
on the same day
Circular Monday
, a grassroots movement, database and shopping day for circular consumption
Cyber Monday
, three days later
Giving Tuesday
, four days later
Green Monday
Native American Heritage Day
on the same day
Prime Day
, a discounted retail day servicing Amazon.com customers
Singles' Day
, a shopping day popular in China that occurs on November 11
Small Business Saturday
on the following day
Super Saturday
(also known as Panic Saturday)
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cite news
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\))
- [1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Etymology)
- [2 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#History)
Toggle History subsection
- [2\.1 "Black Thursday"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#"Black_Thursday")
- [3 Black Friday around the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Black_Friday_around_the_world)
Toggle Black Friday around the world subsection
- [3\.1 Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Africa)
- [3\.1.1 Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Egypt)
- [3\.1.2 Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Libya)
- [3\.2 Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Asia)
- [3\.2.1 Pakistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Pakistan)
- [3\.2.2 India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#India)
- [3\.2.3 Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Saudi_Arabia)
- [3\.2.4 United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#United_Arab_Emirates)
- [3\.3 Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Europe)
- [3\.3.1 Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Belgium)
- [3\.3.2 France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#France)
- [3\.3.3 Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Germany)
- [3\.3.4 Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Ireland)
- [3\.3.5 Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Latvia)
- [3\.3.6 Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Liechtenstein)
- [3\.3.7 Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Netherlands)
- [3\.3.8 Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Norway)
- [3\.3.9 Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Poland)
- [3\.3.10 Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Romania)
- [3\.3.11 Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Spain)
- [3\.3.12 Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Sweden)
- [3\.3.13 Switzerland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Switzerland)
- [3\.3.14 Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Turkey)
- [3\.3.15 Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Ukraine)
- [3\.3.16 United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#United_Kingdom)
- [3\.4 North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#North_America)
- [3\.4.1 Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Canada)
- [3\.4.2 Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Mexico)
- [3\.4.3 United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#United_States)
- [3\.5 Oceania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Oceania)
- [3\.5.1 Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Australia)
- [3\.5.2 New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#New_Zealand)
- [3\.6 Central and South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Central_and_South_America)
- [3\.6.1 Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Bolivia)
- [3\.6.2 Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Brazil)
- [3\.6.3 Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Colombia)
- [3\.6.4 Costa Rica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Costa_Rica)
- [3\.6.5 Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Panama)
- [4 Violence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Violence)
Toggle Violence subsection
- [4\.1 2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2008)
- [4\.2 2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2010)
- [4\.3 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2011)
- [4\.4 2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2012)
- [4\.5 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2013)
- [4\.6 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2014)
- [4\.7 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2015)
- [4\.8 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2016)
- [4\.9 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2018)
- [4\.10 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2019)
- [4\.11 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2023)
- [4\.12 2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2024)
- [4\.13 2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#2025)
- [5 Black Friday online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Black_Friday_online)
Toggle Black Friday online subsection
- [5\.1 High traffic challenges for retailers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#High_traffic_challenges_for_retailers)
- [5\.2 Advertising tip sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Advertising_tip_sites)
- [5\.3 Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Cyber_Monday)
- [5\.4 Cyber Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Cyber_Week)
- [6 Retail sales impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Retail_sales_impact)
- [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#See_also)
- [8 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#References)
- [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Black Friday (shopping)
65 languages
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1 "الجمعة السوداء – Arabic")
- [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7 "الجمعه السودا – Egyptian Arabic")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_c%C3%BCm%C9%99_\(al%C4%B1%C5%9F-veri%C5%9F\) "Qara cümə (alış-veriş) – Azerbaijani")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA "Черен петък – Bulgarian")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\) "Black Friday (shopping) – Breton")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divendres_Negre_\(comer%C3%A7\) "Divendres Negre (comerç) – Catalan")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4 "ھەینیی ڕەش – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_p%C3%A1tek_\(nakupov%C3%A1n%C3%AD\) "Černý pátek (nakupování) – Czech")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Aneyo_siya_\(erinay%C4%B1%C5%9F-rot%C4%B1%C5%9F\) "Êneyo siya (erinayış-rotış) – Dimli")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_vendredo "Nigra vendredo – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viernes_negro_\(compras\) "Viernes negro (compras) – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_reede_\(kaubandus\) "Must reede (kaubandus) – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(erosketa\) "Black Friday (erosketa) – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C "بلک فرایدی – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(commerce\) "Black Friday (commerce) – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_Freed_\(winkeljen\) "Swarte Freed (winkeljen) – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoine_Mh%C3%B3r_na_Siopad%C3%B3ireachta "Aoine Mhór na Siopadóireachta – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venres_negro_\(comercio\) "Venres negro (comercio) – Galician")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99 "בלאק פריידיי – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87_\(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80\) "ब्लैक फ़्राइडे (ख़रीदारी) – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crni_petak "Crni petak – Croatian")
- [Kreyòl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_friday_\(komes\) "Black friday (komes) – Haitian Creole")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_p%C3%A9ntek_\(v%C3%A1s%C3%A1rl%C3%A1s\) "Fekete péntek (vásárlás) – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%A9_\(%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B9%D5%A5%D6%80\) "Սև ուրբաթ (մեծ զեղչեր) – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Indonesian")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartur_f%C3%B6studagur "Svartur föstudagur – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC_\(%E8%B2%B7%E3%81%84%E7%89%A9\) "ブラックフライデー (買い物) – Japanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98 "შავი პარასკევი – Georgian")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99_%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4 "블랙 프라이데이 – Korean")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Lombard")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodasis_penktadienis "Juodasis penktadienis – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_piektdiena_\(iepirk%C5%A1an%C4%81s\) "Melnā piektdiena (iepirkšanās) – Latvian")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA "Црн петок – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_\(%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82\) "കറുത്ത വെള്ളിയാഴ്ച (കച്ചവടം) – Malayalam")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumaat_Hitam "Jumaat Hitam – Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartefredag "Svartefredag – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\) "Black Friday (shopping) – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%87_\(%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80\) "ਬਲੈਕ ਫ਼੍ਰਾਈਡੇ (ਖ਼ਰੀਦਦਾਰੀ) – Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarny_pi%C4%85tek "Czarny piątek – Polish")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Portuguese")
- [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Romanian")
- [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_\(%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8\) "Чёрная пятница (распродажи) – Russian")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Simple English")
- [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(nakupovanie\) "Black Friday (nakupovanie) – Slovak")
- [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crni_petek "Črni petek – Slovenian")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_premtja_e_zez%C3%AB_\(pazar\) "E premtja e zezë (pazar) – Albanian")
- [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA_\(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0\) "Црни петак (куповина) – Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Swedish")
- [Ślůnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czorny_pj%C5%AFntek "Czorny pjůntek – Silesian")
- [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(al%C4%B1%C5%9Fveri%C5%9F\) "Black Friday (alışveriş) – Turkish")
- [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DB%88%D9%85%DB%95\(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85%D9%89\) "قارا جۈمە(مال سېتىۋېلىش بايرىمى) – Uyghur")
- [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%27%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F "Чорна п'ятниця – Ukrainian")
- [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%92_\(%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C\) "بلیک فرائیڈے (خریداری) – Urdu")
- [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday "Black Friday – Uzbek")
- [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9_S%C3%A1u_%C4%90en_\(mua_s%E1%BA%AFm\) "Thứ Sáu Đen (mua sắm) – Vietnamese")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Biyernes_\(pamamalit\) "Itom nga Biyernes (pamamalit) – Waray")
- [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%88%E8%B4%AD%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89 "黑色礼拜五（购物） – Wu")
- [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E8%B3%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%AF%80 "黑色購物節 – Cantonese")
- [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%9F%E4%BA%94_\(%E8%B4%AD%E7%89%A9\) "黑色星期五 (购物) – Chinese")
[Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q86483#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links")
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English
- [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\))
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- [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Black_Friday_\(shopping\) "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Friday following Thanksgiving in the US
| Black Friday | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Friday_by_Powhusku.jpg)Shoppers rushing into a [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") store as it opens on Black Friday, 2013 | |
| Observed by | **Traditionally:**[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-1) United States **Others:** Albania, Argentina, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Germany, Poland, Romania, Italy, Greece, New Zealand, India, Malta, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, France, Spain, Portugal, Israel, Brazil, The Netherlands, South Africa, Iceland, Mexico (as *[El Buen Fin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Buen_Fin "El Buen Fin")*) and increasingly in other parts of the world. |
| Type | Commercial |
| Significance | Popular shopping day |
| Observances | Shopping |
| Date | Day after [US Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)") |
| 2025 date | November 28 |
| 2026 date | November 27 |
| 2027 date | November 26 |
| 2028 date | November 24 |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Related to | [Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)"), [Small Business Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday "Small Business Saturday"), [Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday"), [Giving Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giving_Tuesday "Giving Tuesday"), [Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season "Christmas and holiday season"), [Buy Nothing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day "Buy Nothing Day") |
**Black Friday** is the Friday after [Thanksgiving in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)"). It traditionally marks the start of the [Christmas shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season#Shopping "Christmas and holiday season") season and is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States. Many stores offer highly promoted sales at heavily discounted prices and often open early, sometimes as early as midnight[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-midnight-2) or even on Thanksgiving. Some stores' sales continue to Monday ("[Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday")") or for a week ("[Cyber Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Cyber_Week)").
"Black Friday" has evolved in meaning and impact over the years, initially referring to calamitous days, with a notable early instance being [the Black Friday of 1869](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(1869\) "Black Friday (1869)") in the US. This [financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis "Financial crisis") saw a dramatic plunge in gold prices, affecting investors. The term was later used in American retail, starting ambiguously in the 1950s. Initially associated with workforce absence post-Thanksgiving, it was reinterpreted by [Philadelphia police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_police "Philadelphia police") to describe the shopping-induced congestion. Attempts at rebranding to "Big Friday" failed, and the term "Black Friday" solidified by the 1980s, referring to the pivotal point where retailers purportedly shifted from loss ("in the red") to profit ("in the black"). This day marks the unofficial start of the [Christmas shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas "Economics of Christmas") season, with promotional sales aiming to draw large crowds. Black Friday is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-holiday.icsc.org-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-5) and retailers prioritize it and Cyber Monday as highly profitable holiday shopping days.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-6)
The concept has since globalized, with countries around the world adopting "Black Friday" sales to mimic the US phenomenon, adjusting local customs or creating similar events. The advent of online shopping and events like "Cyber Monday" have expanded the traditional one-day shopping frenzy into a broader holiday shopping season, diluting the singular focus of Black Friday, and expanding its economic impact.
## Etymology
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Etymology")\]
For centuries, the adjective "black" has been applied to days upon which calamities occurred. Many events have been described as "Black Friday", although the most significant such event in American history was the [Panic of 1869](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(1869\) "Black Friday (1869)"), which occurred when financiers [Jay Gould](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gould "Jay Gould") and [James Fisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fisk_\(financier\) "James Fisk (financier)") took advantage of their connections with the [Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") administration in an attempt [to corner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornering_the_market "Cornering the market") the gold market. When President Grant learned of this manipulation, he ordered the Treasury to release a large supply of gold, which halted the run and caused prices to drop by 18%. Fortunes were made and lost in a single day, and the president's own brother-in-law, [Abel Corbin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Corbin "Abel Corbin"), was ruined.
The earliest known use of "Black Friday" to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurred in the journal, *[Factory Management and Maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Magazine "Engineering Magazine")*, for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to have a four-day weekend. However, this use does not appear to have caught on. Around the same time, the terms "Black Friday" and "Black Saturday" came to be used by the police in Philadelphia and [Rochester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York "Rochester, New York") to describe the crowds and [traffic congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion "Traffic congestion") accompanying the start of the Christmas shopping season. In 1961, the city and merchants of Philadelphia attempted to improve conditions, and a public relations expert recommended rebranding the days "Big Friday" and "Big Saturday", but these terms were quickly forgotten.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Zimmer2-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-linguistlist2392-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Snopes-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-12)
The use of the phrase spread slowly, first appearing in *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* on November 29, 1975, in which it still refers specifically to "the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year" in Philadelphia. Although it soon became more widespread, *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer "The Philadelphia Inquirer")* reported in 1985 that retailers in Cincinnati and Los Angeles were still unaware of the term.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-listserv.linguistlist.org-13)
As the phrase gained national attention in the early 1980s, merchants objecting to the use of a derisive term to refer to one of the most important shopping days of the year suggested an alternative derivation: that retailers traditionally operated at a financial loss for most of the year (January through November) and made their profit during the holiday season, beginning on the day after Thanksgiving.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Zimmer2-7) When this was recorded in the financial records, once-common accounting practices would use red ink to show negative amounts and [black ink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black#Idioms_and_expressions "Black") to show positive amounts. Black Friday, under this theory, is the beginning of the period when retailers would no longer be "in the red", instead of taking in the year's profits.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Zimmer2-7)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-listserv.linguistlist.org-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-14) The earliest known published reference to this explanation occurs in *The Philadelphia Inquirer* for November 28, 1981.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-15)
Since the early 21st century, there have been attempts by US-based retailers to introduce a retail "Black Friday" to other countries around the world. Retailers outside the US have attempted to promote the day to remain competitive with US-based [online retailers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping "Online shopping").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-16)
In more recent decades, global retailers have adopted the term and date to market their own holiday sales.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-17)
## History
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: History")\]
Thanksgiving's relationship to Christmas shopping led to controversy in the 1930s. Retail stores would have liked to have a longer shopping season, but no store wanted to break with tradition and be the one to start advertising before Thanksgiving. For this reason, in 1939, President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") issued a presidential proclamation proclaiming Thanksgiving to be the fourth Thursday in November rather than the last Thursday, meaning in some years one week earlier, in order to lengthen the Christmas shopping season.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-congressthanks-18) Most people adopted the President's change, which was later reinforced by an act of Congress, but many continued to celebrate Thanksgiving on the traditional date.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-congressthanks-18)
In 2015, [Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") was the first to offer "Black Friday in July" deals on what they called "Prime Day", promising better deals than on Black Friday. Amazon repeated the practice in 2016 and 2017, and other companies began offering similar deals.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-19)
Analyst Marshal Cohen of [The NPD Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NPD_Group "The NPD Group") claimed in 2020 that Black Friday is declining in favor of [online shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping "Online shopping"), and that the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") has accelerated this process. The pandemic also resulted in holiday deals being offered over a longer period of time, even as early as October.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Chang-20) Fewer people shopped in person on Black Friday 2020, and most business took place online. Market research company Numerator said sellers of clothing, tools and other items considered nonessential during lockdowns were not promoted as heavily because lower production meant less available to sell.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Olson-21) [Adobe Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Analytics "Adobe Analytics") reported that online sales reached \$9 billion in 2020, 22% more than the previous year. Foot traffic to stores fell 48% in 2020 from last year, according to RetailNext, while Sensormatic Solutions reported a 52% decrease.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-22)
### "Black Thursday"
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: \"Black Thursday\"")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_Thursday_KF_Walmart.jpeg)
Black Thursday, [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart")
For many years, retailers pushed opening times on Black Friday earlier and earlier, eventually reaching midnight, before opening on the evening of Thanksgiving. [Kmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart "Kmart") opened its stores on Thanksgiving as early as 1991, and was open on Thanksgiving Day for many years.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-23) In 2009, Kmart manager Freddy Moss opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving in order to allow shoppers to avoid Black Friday traffic and return home in time for dinner with their families. Two years later, a number of retailers began opening at 8 p.m. or 9 p.m., on what became derisively known as "Black Thursday". In subsequent years, other stores followed this trend, opening earlier and earlier on Thanksgiving, or remaining open all day, beginning in the early morning hours.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-25) Some retail and media sources have used the terms "Gray Thursday" or "Brown Thursday" instead.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-gray1-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-gray2-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-brown-28)
The 2014 "Black Thursday" sales were generally a failure, as overall sales for the holiday week-end fell 11% compared to the previous year despite heavy traffic at the stores on Thanksgiving night.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-29) In response, a number of retailers decided to go back to closing on Thanksgiving for 2015, and [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"), although its holding firm opening on the holiday and holding its sale, also pledged to offer the same deals online for those who wished to stay home.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-30)
Retailers have received pushback from some consumers over opening on Thanksgiving Day.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-31) Shopper opposition to stores opening on Thursday includes the perceived over-commercialization of Thanksgiving, retail workers not being able to spend time with their loved ones on the holiday,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-32) and Thursday doorbuster sales forcing\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] consumers to sacrifice enjoying Thanksgiving evening with their families in order to avoid missing out on highly sought-after items which might not be available again prior to Christmas.
Most retailers abandoned efforts to hold doorbuster sales on Thanksgiving in 2020; large crowds had been forbidden under most circumstances since March due to the ongoing [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States"), major retailers such as Walmart and [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") had already reduced their hours and dropped 24/7 operations in response to the pandemic, and several retailers known for opening on the holiday (particularly [Kmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_\(United_States\) "Kmart (United States)"), which has typically been open regular hours) have [rapidly declined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_apocalypse "Retail apocalypse").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-33) According to [Adobe Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Analytics "Adobe Analytics"), online shopping set a record on Thanksgiving 2020 with \$5.1 billion in total spending, 21.5% higher than in 2019.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Olson-21) Most major retailers again closed on Thanksgiving in 2021, with Target stating that its decision would be permanent; the small minority of retail chains remaining open on the holiday that year were limited mainly to pharmacies, dollar stores and grocery stores, retail categories that traditionally do not hold doorbusters.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-34)
In 2025, shoppers began boycotting 3 major retailers, Target, Amazon and Home Depot, in what was known as the "We Ain't Buying It" campaign.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-35)
## Black Friday around the world
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Black Friday around the world")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Friday_2015_Cerdanyola.jpg)
Large discounts at a store in [Catalonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia") during Black Friday
### Africa
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Africa")\]
#### Egypt
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Egypt")\]
Black Friday, in [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"), started in 2014, being introduced as White Friday. The change of name was due to religious, traditional, and cultural concepts.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-37)
#### Libya
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Libya")\]
Black Friday deals started in [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya "Libya") since 2019, also introduced as White Friday due to religious, traditional and cultural concepts.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-38)
### Asia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Asia")\]
#### Pakistan
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Pakistan")\]
The use of Black Friday shopping terminology started in 2014 in major cities of Pakistan which later changed to "Blessed Friday" due to religious reasons. Now Blessed Friday (Black Friday) shopping festival is being observed regularly all over Pakistan.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### India
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: India")\]
The holiday shopping season in India has traditionally been aligned around the "festive period" of major festivals usually falling around October or November, such as [Diwali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali "Diwali").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-:0-41) Similar to US-style shopping events such as Black Friday, online retailers adopted the practice of holding multi-day promotions during this period, such as Amazon's "Great Indian Festival" and [Flipkart's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipkart "Flipkart") "Big Billion Days". India's [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(India\) "Independence Day (India)") (August 15) had also recently attracted similar events.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-:0-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-42)
Nonetheless, the concept of Black Friday has also been imported into the [subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent") via international retailers – a move that influenced some Indian retailers to also adopt the promotion.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-:0-41)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-43)
#### Saudi Arabia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Saudi Arabia")\]
In [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), black Friday started when a local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday Sale which is now an annual event.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### United Arab Emirates
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: United Arab Emirates")\]
[U.A.E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") Black Friday started as White Friday campaign in 2014. In 2018 local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday in the [U.A.E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") The Yellow Friday Sale is now an annual event in [U.A.E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates"), falling around the same time as Black Friday globally.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
**China**
Black Friday is celebrated in China in a limited capacity commercially instead of as a major retail sale. Certain e-commerce platforms will run Black Friday promotions around late November offering deals on electronics, fashion, and imported goods.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-44)
### Europe
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Europe")\]
#### Belgium
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Belgium")\]
Black Friday in [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") has been seriously marketed by retailers since 2016. Online shops especially have broken sales records during the last edition of Black Friday, which provides a base for the further growth of Black Friday's popularity in Belgium. After 2016, Black Friday in Belgium has grown strongly. The number of participating shops have increased to over seventy during the Black Friday period of 2017. During Black Friday 2018, a total of 119 participating stores were measured in Belgium.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### France
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: France")\]
French businesses are slowly introducing the Black Friday custom into the market.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-45) Discounts of up to 85% were given by retailing giants such as [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") and [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") in 2014.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-46) French electronics retailers such as [FNAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fnac "Fnac") and [Auchan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchan "Auchan") advertised deals online, while [Darty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darty "Darty") also took part in this once-a-year monster sale. Retailers favored the very American term "Black Friday" to "Vendredi noir" in their advertisements.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-47) In 2016, because of the [terror attacks in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks "November 2015 Paris attacks") in November the year before, some retailers used the name "Jour XXL" (XXL day) instead of Black Friday.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-48) An alternative was brought up by some online businesses in 2018, called "French Days",[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-49) which goal is to replicate Black Friday during spring season (starting around the first day of May).
On November 20, 2020, the French government finalized an agreement with e-commerce businesses like Amazon and supermarket chains to postpone Black Friday promotions by a week. Discounted shopping promotions were to begin on December 4 instead, after physical stores shuttered during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") were allowed to reopen.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-50)
#### Germany
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Germany")\]
In Germany, "Black Friday" retailer advertisements refer to "Black Week" and "Black Shopping" in English with sales lasting an entire week (excluding Sundays when most retail stores are closed). During this sales period, stores keep their normal working hours. Although goods are offered at reduced prices, the prices are not cut significantly more than normal weekly price reductions. Apple was the first company to run a special Black Friday campaign for the German market in 2006.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-51) Apple never used the name Black Friday in Germany, but promotes only a "one-day shopping event".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-52) In the first years, mostly internet retailers have used the event as an occasion to attract new customers with discounts, but bricks and mortar stores have already begun to adapt.
#### Ireland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Ireland")\]
Black Friday was introduced in 2014.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-53)
#### Latvia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Latvia")\]
In 2017, Black Friday became widely popular in [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia "Latvia"). There was even a Black week and Black week-end sales in shopping centres.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Liechtenstein
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Liechtenstein")\]
In [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein "Liechtenstein"), [Black Friday Sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_Sale "Black Friday Sale") is a joint sales initiative by hundreds of online vendors. Over its first 24-hour run on November 28, 2013, more than 1.2 million people visited the site, making it the single largest online shopping event in German-speaking countries.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Netherlands
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Netherlands")\]
In the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), Black Friday was introduced in 2015. Some years before, there were already a number of large and small retailers that used Black Friday in their marketing. However, with a total of 35 participating stores, 2015 can be considered the year in which Black Friday started in the Netherlands due to a more widespread support of large retailers. The popularity of Black Friday has grown rapidly in the Netherlands. The number of participating stores has increased to over 125 during the Black Friday period of 2017. For the 2018 edition, 166 shops joined the largest black Friday platform in the Netherlands.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Norway
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: Norway")\]
In [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway"), Black Friday started as a publicity stunt campaign in 2010 to increase the sales to the shopping mall Norwegian Outlet. Since the introduction, it has been promoted every year in a larger and growing market all over the country.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-54)
#### Poland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Poland")\]
There has been growing interest for Black Friday in [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") as well.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-55)
#### Romania
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: Romania")\]
The concept was imported in [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") by [eMAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMAG_\(Romainian_company\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "EMAG (Romainian company) (page does not exist)") \[[ro](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/eMAG "ro:eMAG")\] and [Flanco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanco "Flanco") in 2011 and became bigger each year. The two reported the biggest Black Friday sales in 2014. eMAG sold products worth some 37 million euros while Flanco's sales totaled 22 million euros. Hundreds of retailers announced their participation in the 2015 campaign.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-56)
In 2015, 11 million Romanians say they have heard about Black Friday which is 73% of the 15 million people target segment; 6.7 million plan on buying something on biggest shopping event of the year in Romania.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-57)
In Romania, Black Friday is two weeks before the US Black Friday.
#### Spain
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Spain")\]
In 2015, Spain joined with some small retailers. The celebration became more famous year by year, until the big retailers grew.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Sweden
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Sweden")\]
In Sweden, Black Friday is widely practiced.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-58)
#### Switzerland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Switzerland")\]
In 2015, Swiss retailer [Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_\(department_store\) "Manor (department store)") was the first to launch a special Black Friday promotion. The year after, most Swiss retailers launched special offers during the Black Friday Week. In 2024, sales of 470 million Swiss francs are expected. Although [Singles' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles%27_Day "Singles' Day") (November 11) had initially grown in importance, it has now become significantly less relevant than Black Friday in Switzerland.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-59)
#### Turkey
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Turkey")\]
Efsane Cuma, or "Legendary Friday," is the Turkish version of Black Friday – a major shopping event that falls on the last Friday of November. Efsane Cuma offers customers substantial discounts, promotions, and special deals across a variety of products, from electronics to clothing. This sales period has gained popularity in Turkey as both online and brick-and-mortar stores attract large crowds seeking bargains, often extending the deals for a few days or even over a week.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Ukraine
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Ukraine")\]
In 2016, Black Friday was introduced in [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-60)
#### United Kingdom
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: United Kingdom")\]
See also: [Boxing Day § Shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day#Shopping "Boxing Day")
In the United Kingdom, the term "[Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Friday "Mad Friday")" originated within the police and [NHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service") to refer to the Friday before Christmas. It is the day when emergency services activate contingency plans to cope with the increase in workload due to many people going out drinking on the last Friday before Christmas. These plans can include setting up mobile field hospitals near city centre nightspots.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-61) The term has then been adopted outside those services to refer to the evening and night of the Friday immediately before Christmas, and would now be considered a mainstream term and not simply as jargon of the emergency services.
Traditionally, Boxing Day had been considered the biggest shopping day of the year in the UK. However, in the 2010s, several American-owned retailers, such as [Amazon UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_UK "Amazon UK") and the Walmart-owned chain [Asda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda "Asda"), began to hold US-style Black Friday promotions; in 2014, more British retailers began to adopt the concept, including [Argos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos_\(retailer\) "Argos (retailer)"), [John Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_\(department_store\) "John Lewis (department store)"), and [Very](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_\(online_retailer\) "Very (online retailer)"). That year, police forces were called to shops across Britain to deal with crowd control issues, assaults, threatening customers, and traffic issues.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-63) In response to incidents at branches of Tesco, Greater Manchester Police's deputy chief constable [Ian Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hopkins "Ian Hopkins") said shoppers had behaved in an "appalling" fashion, and criticized shops for not making adequate security arrangements to ensure the safety of customers."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-64) Following these incidents, some retailers began to discontinue or heavily modify their promotions, with Asda stating that it would not hold all of its sales across a single day.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-67)
In 2016, total spending on online retail sites on Black Friday was £1.23 billion, a 2.2% increase over 2015.\[*[Needs updating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup "Wikipedia:Cleanup")*\][\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-68)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-69) In 2017, UK retail sales in November grew faster than in December for the first time.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-70)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-71)
### North America
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: North America")\]
#### Canada
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Canada")\]
See also: [Boxing Day § Shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day#Shopping "Boxing Day")
The large population centers on [Lake Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario") and the [Lower Mainland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland "Lower Mainland") in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") have always attracted [cross-border shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-border_shopping "Cross-border shopping") into the United States, and as Black Friday became more popular in the US, Canadians often flocked over the border because of their lower prices and a stronger Canadian dollar. After 2001, many were traveling for the deals across the border. Starting in 2008 and 2009, due to the parity of the [Canadian dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar "Canadian dollar") compared with the [American dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar"), several major Canadian retailers ran Black Friday deals of their own to discourage shoppers from leaving Canada.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Star-73)
The year 2012 saw the biggest Black Friday to date in Canada, as Canadian retailers embraced it in an attempt to keep shoppers from travelling across the border.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-74)
Before the advent of Black Friday in Canada, the most comparable holiday was [Boxing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day#Shopping "Boxing Day") in terms of retailer impact and [consumerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism "Consumerism").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-ctv.ca-75)
#### Mexico
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Mexico")\]
In Mexico, Black Friday was the inspiration for the government and retailing industry to create an annual week-end of discounts and extended credit terms, *[El Buen Fin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Buen_Fin "El Buen Fin")*, meaning "the good weekend" in Spanish.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-76) *El Buen Fin* has been in existence since 2011 and takes place on November in the week-end prior to the Monday in which the Mexican Revolution holiday is pushed from its original date of November 20, as a result of the measure taken by the government of pushing certain holidays to the Monday of their week in order to avoid the workers and students to make a "larger" week-end (for example, not attending in a Friday after a Thursday holiday, thus making a four-day week-end). On this week-end, major retailers extend their store hours[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-77) and offer special promotions, including extended credit terms and price promotions.
#### United States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: United States")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg)
Interior of a [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") store on Black Friday
Black Friday is not an official holiday in the United States, but [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") and some other states observe "The Day After Thanksgiving" as a holiday for [state government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_government "State government") employees and [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada "Nevada") observes [Family Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Day "Family Day"). It is sometimes observed in lieu of another federal holiday, such as [Columbus Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Day "Columbus Day"). Many non-retail employees and schools have both Thanksgiving and the following Friday off. Along with the following regular week-end, this makes Black Friday weekend a four-day weekend, which is said to increase the number of potential shoppers.
The [SouthPark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthPark_\(Charlotte_neighborhood\) "SouthPark (Charlotte neighborhood)") neighborhood of [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), is the most trafficked area of the United States on Black Friday.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-79)
Black Friday is a shopping day for a combination of reasons. As the first day after the last major holiday before Christmas, it marks the unofficial beginning of the Christmas shopping season. Additionally, many employers give their employees the day off as part of the Thanksgiving holiday week-end. In order to take advantage of this, virtually all retailers in the country, big and small, offer various sales including limited amounts of "doorbuster" items to entice traffic.
For many years, it was common for retailers to open at 6 a.m., but in the late 2000s many opened at 4 a.m.–5 a.m. The early 2010s have seen retailers extend beyond normal hours in order to maintain an edge or to simply keep up with the competition. In 2010, [Toys "R" Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us "Toys \"R\" Us") began their Black Friday sales at 10 p.m. on Thanksgiving and further upped the ante by offering free boxes of [Crayola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayola "Crayola") crayons and coloring books for as long as supplies lasted. Other retailers, like [Sears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears "Sears"), [Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_\(store\) "Express (store)"), MK, [Victoria's Secret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret "Victoria's Secret"), [Zumiez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumiez "Zumiez"), [Tillys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillys "Tillys"), [American Eagle Outfitters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters "American Eagle Outfitters"), [Nike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. "Nike, Inc."), Jordan, [Puma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_\(brand\) "Puma (brand)"), [Aéropostale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_\(clothing\) "Aéropostale (clothing)"), and [Kmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_\(United_States\) "Kmart (United States)"), began Black Friday sales early Thanksgiving morning and ran them through as late as 11 p.m. Friday evening. [Forever 21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_21 "Forever 21") went in the opposite direction, opening at normal hours on Friday, and running late sales until 2 a.m. Saturday morning.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-81) In 2011, several retailers (including [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), [Kohl's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s "Kohl's"), [Macy's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s "Macy's"), [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy"), and [Bealls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bealls_\(Florida\) "Bealls (Florida)"))[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-midnight-2) opened at midnight for the first time.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-82) In 2012, [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") and several other retailers announced that they would open most of their stores at 8 p.m. on Thanksgiving, prompting calls for a [walkout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkout "Walkout") among some workers.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-83) In 2014, stores such as [JCPenney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Penney "J. C. Penney"), [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy"), and [Radio Shack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Shack "Radio Shack") opened at 6 a.m. on Thanksgiving while stores such as [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"), [Belk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk "Belk"), and [Sears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears "Sears") opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-85) Three states – [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island"), [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine "Maine"), and [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") – prohibit large supermarkets, big box stores, and department stores from opening on Thanksgiving, in what has been referred to as a legacy of [blue laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_laws_in_the_United_States "Blue laws in the United States").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-86)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-87) A bill to allow stores to open on Thanksgiving was the subject of a public hearing on July 8, 2017.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-88)
Historically, it was common for Black Friday sales to extend throughout the following week-end. However, this practice has largely disappeared in recent years, perhaps because of an effort by retailers to create a greater sense of urgency.
The news media usually give heavy play to reports of Black Friday shopping and their implications for the commercial success of the Christmas shopping season, but the relationship between Black Friday sales and retail sales for the full holiday season is quite weak and may even be negative.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-89)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camping_overnight_at_Best_Buy_in_Richfield,_MN_for_Black_Friday_deals,_Nov_22,_2012.jpg)
Camping overnight at a [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy") store on Thursday, November 22, 2012
In 2014, spending volume on Black Friday fell for the first time since the [2008 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"). 50.9 billion dollars were spent during the four-day Black Friday week-end, down 11% from the previous year. However, the US economy was not in a recession. [Christmas creep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_creep "Christmas creep") has been cited as a factor in the diminishing importance of Black Friday, as many retailers now spread out their promotions over the entire months of November and December rather than concentrate them on a single shopping day or week-end.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-90) Since the 2000s, the Thanksgiving Day edition of many American [newspapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper "Newspaper") have been priced the same as their [Sunday newspaper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_newspaper "Sunday newspaper"), due to the heavy volume of [retail circulars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert_\(print_advertising\) "Insert (print advertising)") contained within.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-91)
On April 23, 2014, "*.blackfriday"* joined a growing list of [ICANN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN "ICANN") [top-level domains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain "Top-level domain") (such as – traditionally – .com, .net, and .org).[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-92)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-93)
In 2015, Neil Stern of McMillan Doolittle said, "Black Friday is quickly losing its meaning on many fronts," because many stores opened on Thanksgiving, and a lot of sales started even earlier than that. Online shopping also made the day less important.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Karp-94) A Gallup poll in 2012 has shown that only 18% of American adults planned to shop during Black Friday.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-95)
In 2020, an article in *[Ad Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Age "Ad Age")* magazine stated that "an American capitalist tradition ... has been on the wane for years as online shopping rises in popularity" but the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), "which has dramatically altered shopping patterns, has seemingly dealt a fatal blow."[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-96)
By 2021, spending during the holiday season was expected to continue to increase, but Black Friday was no longer a single day. It was instead an opportunity for retailers to offer deals during the season as online shopping continued to change consumer behavior. COVID-19 had increased the changes in buyer and retailer moves toward online transactions. [Supply chain disruptions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021–2022 global supply chain crisis") caused consumers to buy earlier when they could find items.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-97) In 2025, shoppers across the US are expected to spend over \$100 billion.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-98)
### Oceania
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Oceania")\]
#### Australia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: Australia")\]
See also: [Boxing Day § Shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day#Shopping "Boxing Day")
In Australia, the term is [controversial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversial "Controversial"),[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DuncanFine-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DanielMay-100) as prior to its popularisation as a shopping day, it referred not to shopping at all, but to the devastating [Black Friday bushfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_bushfires "Black Friday bushfires") that occurred in Victoria 1938–39.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DuncanFine-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DanielMay-100)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Lewis-102) It was not until the 2010s that it was heavily promoted as a shopping day in Australia by in-store and online retailers, despite backlash and confusion by consumers. In 2011, Online Shopping USA hosted an event on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"). Twitter users had to use the hashtag \#osublackfriday, which allowed them to follow along and tweet their favourite deals and discounts from stores.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-103) In 2013, [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") extended its Black Friday deals to Australia. Purchasing online gave customers free shipping and free [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store") gift cards with every purchase. The deals were promoted on its website, reading "Official Apple Store – One day Apple shopping event Friday, November 29".[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-104) [Australia Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post "Australia Post")'s ShopMate parcel-forwarding service allows Australian customers to purchase products with "Black Friday" deals from the US and get them shipped to Australia. ShopMate ran from 2014 to 2022. It closed in February 2022 amid controversy about shipping costs.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-105) In addition to this service, numerous stores in the country run Black Friday promotions in-store and online throughout the country.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-106)
#### New Zealand
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: New Zealand")\]
Black Friday started picking up in [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") around 2013. In 2015, major retailers such as [The Warehouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warehouse_Group#The_Warehouse "The Warehouse Group"), [Noel Leeming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Leeming "Noel Leeming") and [Harvey Norman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Norman "Harvey Norman") offered Black Friday sales,[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-107) and by 2018 were joined by [Farmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_\(department_store\) "Farmers (department store)"), [JB Hi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JB_Hi-Fi "JB Hi-Fi"), [Briscoes and Rebel Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe_Group "Briscoe Group"). Paymark, which processes around 75% of New Zealand's electronic transactions, recorded \$219 million [NZD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZD "NZD") (US\$151 million) of transactions on Black Friday 2017, up over 10% from the previous year.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-108)
### Central and South America
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Central and South America")\]
#### Bolivia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Bolivia")\]
2014 marked the introduction in Bolivia.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-109)
#### Brazil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: Brazil")\]
Black Friday has been increasingly adopted by stores in [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") since 2010,[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-110) although not without its share of inflated prices and other scams, especially in its earlier years, earning the nickname "*Black Fraude*"[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-111) (Black Fraud) or also "*Black Furadei*", which comes from the slang word "*furada*", meaning a "jam" or tough situation, usually involving money. It is also common to hear Brazilian people say that prices on Brazilian Black Friday are "half of the double".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### Colombia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Colombia")\]
Black Friday was introduced in 2014.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-112)
#### Costa Rica
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Costa Rica")\]
Black Friday is known as *Viernes Negro* in Costa Rica.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-113)
#### Panama
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Panama")\]
In [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama "Panama"), Black Friday was first celebrated in 2012, as a move by the government to attract local tourism to the country's capital city. During its first year, it was believed to have attracted an inflow of about 35,000 regional tourists according to the government's immigration census.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
## Violence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Violence")\]
Despite frequent attempts to control the crowds of shoppers, minor injuries are common among the crowds, usually as a result of being pushed or thrown to the ground in small [crowd crushes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_crush "Crowd crush"). While most injuries remain minor, serious injuries and even deliberate violence have taken place on some Black Fridays.
### 2008
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: 2008")\]
In 2008, a crowd of approximately 2,000 shoppers in [Valley Stream, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Stream,_New_York "Valley Stream, New York"), waited outside for the 05:00 opening of the local [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"). When the doors were opened, the crowd pushed forward, breaking the door down, and 34-year-old employee Jdimytai Damour was trampled to death. The shoppers did not appear concerned with the victim's fate, expressing refusal to halt their charge when other employees attempted to intervene and help the injured employee, complaining that they had been waiting in the cold and were not willing to wait any longer. Shoppers had begun assembling as early as 21:00 the evening before. Even when police arrived and attempted to render aid to the injured man, shoppers continued to pour in, shoving and pushing the officers as they made their way into the store. Several other people incurred minor injuries, including a pregnant woman who had to be taken to the hospital.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-116) The incident may be the first case of a death occurring during Black Friday sales; according to the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation"), "We are not aware of any other circumstances where a retail employee has died working on the day after Thanksgiving."[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)
On the same day, two people were fatally shot during an altercation at a Toys "R" Us in [Palm Desert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Desert "Palm Desert"), California.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-LA-Times-117)
### 2010
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: 2010")\]
During Black Friday 2010, in [Madison, Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin"), a woman was arrested outside of a [Toys "R" Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us "Toys \"R\" Us") store after [cutting in line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_in_line "Cutting in line"), and threatening to shoot other shoppers who tried to object.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-118) A [Toys for Tots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_for_Tots "Toys for Tots") volunteer in Georgia was stabbed by a shoplifter.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-119) An [Indianapolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis") woman was arrested after causing a disturbance by arguing with other Wal-Mart shoppers. She had been asked to leave the store, but refused.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-120)
A man was arrested at a Florida Walmart on drug and weapons charges after other shoppers waiting in line for the store to open noticed he was carrying a [handgun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun "Handgun") and reported it to the police. He was discovered to also be carrying two knives and a [pepper spray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray "Pepper spray") grenade.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-121) A man in [Buffalo, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York"), was trampled when doors opened at a [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") store and unruly shoppers rushed in, in an episode reminiscent of the deadly 2008 Wal-Mart crowd crush.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-122)
### 2011
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: 2011")\]
On Black Friday 2011, a woman at a Los Angeles Walmart used [pepper spray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray "Pepper spray") on fellow shoppers, causing minor injuries to a reported 20 people who had been waiting hours for the store to open. The incident started as people waited in line for the newly discounted [Xbox 360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360"). A witness said a woman with two children in tow became upset with the way people were pushing in line. The witness said she pulled out pepper spray and sprayed the other people in line. Another account stated: "The store had brought out a crate of discounted Xbox 360s, and a crowd had formed to wait for the unwrapping, when the woman began spraying people 'in order to get an advantage,' according to the police.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-123) In an incident outside another Walmart store in [San Leandro, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leandro,_California "San Leandro, California"), one man was wounded after being shot following Black Friday shopping at about 1:45 a.m.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-124) In [South Charleston, West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Charleston,_West_Virginia "South Charleston, West Virginia"), a 61-year-old pharmacist collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack at a store. The *New York Daily News* reported other shoppers did not stop to help the man, with some stepping over his collapsed body.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-125)
### 2012
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: 2012")\]
On Black Friday 2012, two people were shot outside a Wal-Mart in [Tallahassee, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida "Tallahassee, Florida"), during a dispute over a parking space.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-126)
### 2013
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: 2013")\]
On Black Friday in 2013, a person in [Las Vegas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") who was carrying a big-screen TV home from a Target store on Thanksgiving was shot in the leg as he tried to wrestle the item back from a robber who had just stolen it from him at gunpoint.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-127) In [Romeoville, Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeoville,_Illinois "Romeoville, Illinois"), a police officer shot a suspected shoplifter driving a car that was dragging a fellow officer at a Kohl's department store. The suspect and the dragged officer were treated for shoulder injuries. Three people were arrested.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-128) In another situation, a 29-year-old shopper was arrested in a Walmart in New Jersey after arguing with a store manager about a TV and attacking an officer. He was charged with disorderly conduct, aggravated assault, and resisting arrest.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-129)
### 2014
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=49 "Edit section: 2014")\]
In 2014, three buyers were arrested after a group of five people started fighting at a Kohl's store in Tustin, California. Two female victims were found with facial lacerations, and one of them was taken to hospital with minor injuries, while the other was released on scene. According to officials, three other females were suspects for the assault and were taken into custody.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-130) Two people were arrested after a brawl on Black Friday at a northwest side mall in Indianapolis. In Los Angeles, two women were fighting at a Walmart in Norwalk, California, over a Barbie doll on Thanksgiving night.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-131)
### 2015
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=50 "Edit section: 2015")\]
Several people fighting at a mall in Florence, Kentucky, allegedly over a pair of Air Jordan sneakers. This year was called "The worst Black Friday brawls in history" at that time due to the heavy use of smartphones that could instantly capture video.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-132)
### 2016
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=51 "Edit section: 2016")\]
In 2016, 21-year-old Demond Cottman was shot and killed around 01:00 Friday morning outside a Macy's store in New Jersey. The shooter fired multiple shots, leaving an SUV covered in bullet holes, but the motives remain unclear. Cottman's 26-year-old brother was also injured.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-time.com-133) A shooting at the [Wolfchase Galleria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfchase_Galleria "Wolfchase Galleria") Mall in [Memphis, Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee"), left one man injured. Derrick Blackburn, 19, was later arrested for unlawful possession of a weapon.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-134)
In [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), a shirtless man attacked several people using his belt as a whip. The incident occurred outside an [Adidas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas "Adidas") store where a crowd was awaiting the release of a rare shoe.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-135)
### 2018
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=52 "Edit section: 2018")\]
See also: [Killing of Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Emantic_Fitzgerald_Bradford_Jr. "Killing of Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr.")
At the [Riverchase Galleria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverchase_Galleria "Riverchase Galleria") in [Hoover, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama "Hoover, Alabama"), Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr., was shot and killed by a security guard after two people were wounded in a shooting.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-136) On Saturday, the police announced that the shooter was not Bradford, but claimed he was involved in the shooting.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-137)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-138)
### 2019
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=53 "Edit section: 2019")\]
A fight led to a shooting in the food court of the [Destiny USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_USA "Destiny USA") mall in [Syracuse, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York "Syracuse, New York").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-libonati-139) The mall went into lockdown until shoppers and staff were released starting at about 8:00 p.m. with all shopping activity suspended.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-libonati-139) 21-year-old Kyree Truax was arrested and charged with second-degree assault, second-degree criminal possession of a weapon, and second-degree reckless endangerment for shooting the victim twice in the leg.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-140)
### 2023
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=54 "Edit section: 2023")\]
Three people were stabbed during a fight between two groups at the [Market Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Mall "Market Mall") in [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary"). Four people were arrested. Hours later, three others were injured after a stabbing at [CrossIron Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossIron_Mills "CrossIron Mills"), another mall in Calgary.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-141)
### 2024
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=55 "Edit section: 2024")\]
Two people were injured in a shooting at the [Park Plaza Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Plaza_Mall "Park Plaza Mall") in [Little Rock, Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas "Little Rock, Arkansas").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-142)
### 2025
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=56 "Edit section: 2025")\]
Three people were shot following an argument outside of a [Macy's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s "Macy's") store at the [Westfield Valley Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Valley_Fair "Westfield Valley Fair") mall in [San Jose, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California "San Jose, California").[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-143)
## Black Friday online
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=57 "Edit section: Black Friday online")\]
Main article: [Cyber Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Black_Friday "Cyber Black Friday")
### High traffic challenges for retailers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=58 "Edit section: High traffic challenges for retailers")\]
Some online stores invest a lot of money in promotional campaigns to generate more sales and drive traffic to their stores. However, they often forget about the high loads their sites are going to experience. According to *Retail Gazette*, "A number of major retailers' websites went down as they failed to cope with the surge in Black Friday traffic in 2017 ... This just highlights that some retailers have not taken the necessary steps to prepare for Black Friday. Failing to prepare for peak can cause poor performance, site downtime, and ultimately lost revenue for retailers".[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-A_number_of_major_retailers'_websites_went_down_as_they_failed_to_cope_with_the_surge_in_Black_Friday_traffic_in_2017{{nbsp}}..._This_just_highlights_that_some_retailers_have_not_taken_the_necessary_steps_to_prepare_for_Black_Friday._Failing_to_prepare_for_peak_can_cause_poor_performance,_site_downtime,_and_ultimately_lost_revenue_for_retailers-144) Such carelessness results in huge reputational damage. Moreover, the 2017 Veeam Availability Report in South Africa found that "Unplanned downtime costs organisations around the world an average of R270m annually, up from the R210m of the previous year".[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Unplanned_downtime_costs_organisations_around_the_world_an_average_of_R270m_annually,_up_from_the_R210m_of_the_previous_year-145)
### Advertising tip sites
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=59 "Edit section: Advertising tip sites")\]
Some websites offer information about day-after-Thanksgiving specials up to a month in advance.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-146) The text listings of items and prices are usually accompanied by pictures of the actual ad circulars. These are either leaked by insiders or intentionally released by large retailers to give consumers insight and allow them time to plan.
In recent years, some retailers (including [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"), [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), [OfficeMax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OfficeMax "OfficeMax"), [Big Lots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lots "Big Lots"), and [Staples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples,_Inc. "Staples, Inc.")) have claimed that the advertisements they send in advance of Black Friday and the prices included in those advertisements are copyrighted and are [trade secrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret "Trade secret"). Some of these retailers have used the [take-down system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act "Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act") of the [Digital Millennium Copyright Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act "Digital Millennium Copyright Act") (DMCA) as a means to remove the offending price listings.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-147)
The benefit of threatening Internet sites with a DMCA-based lawsuit has proved tenuous at best. While some sites have complied with the requests, others have either ignored the threats or simply continued to post the information under the name of a similar-sounding fictional retailer. However, careful timing may mitigate the take-down notice. An [Internet service provider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider "Internet service provider") in 2003 brought suit against [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy"), [Kohl's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s "Kohl's"), and [Target Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), arguing that the take-down notice provisions of the DMCA are unconstitutional. The court dismissed the case, ruling that only the third-party posters of the advertisements, and not the ISP itself, would have [standing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_\(law\) "Standing (law)") to sue the retailers.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-148)
Usage of Black Friday advertising tip sites and buying direct varies by state in the US, influenced in large part by differences in shipping costs and whether a state has a sales tax. However, in recent years, the convenience of online shopping has increased the number of cross-border shoppers seeking bargains from outside of the US, especially from Canada. Statistics Canada indicates that online cross-border shopping by Canadians has increased by about 300M a year since 2002.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Statscan-149) The complex nature of additional fees such as taxes, duties, and brokerage can make calculating the final cost of cross-border Black Friday deals difficult. Cross-border shopping solutions exist to mitigate the problem through estimation of the various cost involved.
In 2019, Adobe shopping data showed that around 39% of the shopping was done through [smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-150) In 2022, 48% of online sales are made through smartphones, up from 44% in 2021. Meanwhile, consumers spent a record \$9.12 billion shopping online during Black Friday this year.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-151)
### Cyber Monday
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=60 "Edit section: Cyber Monday")\]
Main article: [Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday")
The term *Cyber Monday*, a [neologism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") invented in 2005 by the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation")'s division Shop.org,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-152) refers to the Monday immediately following Black Friday based on a trend that retailers began to recognize in 2003 and 2004. Retailers noticed that many consumers who were too busy to shop over the Thanksgiving week-end or did not find what they were looking for shopped for bargains online that Monday from home or work. In 2010, Hitwise reported:
> Thanksgiving weekend offered a strong start, especially as Black Friday sales continued to grow in popularity. For the 2nd consecutive year, Black Friday was the highest day for retail traffic during the holiday season, followed by Thanksgiving and Cyber Monday. The highest year-over-year increases in visits took place on Cyber Monday and Black Friday with a growth of 16% and 13%, respectively.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-153)
In 2013, Cyber Monday online sales grew by 18% over the previous year, hitting a record \$1.73 billion, with an average order value of \$128.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-ComScore_Cyber_Monday_2013_Spending-154) In 2014, Cyber Monday was the busiest day of the year with sales exceeding \$2 billion in desktop online spending, up 17% from the previous year.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-155)
### Cyber Week
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=61 "Edit section: Cyber Week")\]
As reported in the *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* "Entrepreneurs" column on December 3, 2013: "Cyber Monday, the online counterpart to Black Friday, has been gaining unprecedented popularity – to the point where Cyber Sales are continuing on throughout the week."[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-156) Peter Greenberg, travel editor for [CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News"), further advises: "If you want a real deal on Black Friday, stay away from the mall. Black Friday and Cyber Monday are all part of Cyber Week ..."[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-157)
## Retail sales impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=62 "Edit section: Retail sales impact")\]
The [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation") releases figures on the sales for each [Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)") week-end.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-158) The Federation's definition of "Black Friday week-end" includes Thursday, Friday, Saturday and projected spending for Sunday. The survey estimates number of shoppers, not number of people.
The length of the shopping season is not the same across all years: the date for Black Friday varies between November 23 and 29, while Christmas Eve is fixed at December 24.
| Year | Date | Survey published | Shoppers (millions) | Average spent | Total spent | Consumers polled | Margin for error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Nov. 26 | Nov. 30[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-159) | 180 | \$301.27 | \$54.2 billion | 5,759 | ± 1.3% |
| 2020 | Nov. 27 | Dec. 1[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-160) | 186 | \$311.75 | \$58.1 billion | 6,615 | ± 1.2% |
| 2019 | Nov. 29 | Dec. 3[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-161) | 190 | \$361.90 | \$68.8 billion | 6,746 | ± 1.2% |
| 2018 | Nov. 23 | Nov. 27[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-162) | 165 | \$313.29 | \$51.7 billion | 3,058 | ± 1.8% |
| 2017 | Nov. 24 | Nov. 28[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-163) | 174 | \$335.47 | \$58.3 billion | 3,242 | ± 1.7% |
| 2016 | Nov. 25 | | | | | | |
| 2015 | Nov. 27 | | | | | | |
| 2014[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-164) | Nov. 28 | Nov. 30 | 233 | \$380.95 | \$50.9 billion | 4,631 | ± 1.5% |
| 2013 | Nov. 29 | Dec. 1 | 249 | \$407.02 | \$57.4 billion | 4,864 | ± 1.7% |
| 2012 | Nov. 23 | Nov. 25 | 247 | \$423.66 | \$59.1 billion | 4,005 | ± 1.6% |
| 2011 | Nov. 25 | Nov. 27 | 226 | \$398.62 | \$52.5 billion | 3,826 | ± 1.6% |
| 2010 | Nov. 26 | Nov. 28 | 212 | \$365.34 | \$45.0 billion | 4,306 | ± 1.5% |
| 2009 | Nov. 27 | Nov. 29 | 195 | \$343.31 | \$41.2 billion | 4,985 | ± 1.4% |
| 2008 | Nov. 28 | Nov. 30 | 172 | \$372.57 | \$41.0 billion | 3,370 | ± 1.7% |
| 2007 | Nov. 23 | Nov. 25 | 147 | \$347.55 | \$34.6 billion | 2,395 | ± 1.5% |
| 2006 | Nov. 24 | Nov. 26 | 140 | \$360.15 | \$34.4 billion | 3,090 | ± 1.5% |
| 2005 | Nov. 25 | Nov. 27 | 132 | \$301.81 | \$26.8 billion | | |
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=63 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [Companies portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies "Portal:Companies")
- [United States portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States "Portal:United States")
These are various day-long events similar to Black Friday around the world or any other events on the same day as Black Friday.
- [Boxing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day#Shopping "Boxing Day")
- [Buy Nothing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day "Buy Nothing Day") on the same day
- [Circular Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Monday "Circular Monday"), a grassroots movement, database and shopping day for circular consumption
- [Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday"), three days later
- [Giving Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giving_Tuesday "Giving Tuesday"), four days later
- [Green Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Monday "Green Monday")
- [Native American Heritage Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day "Native American Heritage Day") on the same day
- [Prime Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime#Prime_Day "Amazon Prime"), a discounted retail day servicing Amazon.com customers
- [Singles' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles%27_Day "Singles' Day"), a shopping day popular in China that occurs on November 11
- [Small Business Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday "Small Business Saturday") on the following day
- [Super Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Saturday "Super Saturday") (also known as Panic Saturday)
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=64 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-1)**
["Retailers & Sales: Using Social Listening To Learn More About Black Friday"](https://www.brandwatch.com/2014/12/retailers-sales-using-social-listening-learn-black-friday/). *Brandwatch*. December 2, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160617015805/https://www.brandwatch.com/2014/12/retailers-sales-using-social-listening-learn-black-friday/) from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2015.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-midnight_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-midnight_2-1)
Albright, Mark. ["Holiday Shopping Strategy Guide for Black Friday"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120128233422/http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/retail/article1202742.ece). *Tampa Bay Times*. Archived from [the original](http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/retail/article1202742.ece) on January 28, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-holiday.icsc.org_3-0)**
["Holiday Watch: Media Guide 2006 Holiday Facts and Figure"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101129122823/http://shoppertrak.com/shoppertrak-reports-positive-response-early-holiday-promotions-boosts-projections-2010-holiday-seaso). *International Council of Shopping Centers*. Archived from [the original](http://holiday.icsc.org/2006/hw06_fullguide.pdf) (PDF) on November 29, 2010.
; ShopperTrak, Press Release,
["ShopperTrak Reports Positive Response to Early Holiday Promotions Boosts Projections for 2010 Holiday Season"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101129122823/http://shoppertrak.com/shoppertrak-reports-positive-response-early-holiday-promotions-boosts-projections-2010-holiday-seaso). Archived from [the original](http://shoppertrak.com/shoppertrak-reports-positive-response-early-holiday-promotions-boosts-projections-2010-holiday-seaso) on November 29, 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
(November 16, 2010).
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers_4-0)**
["Daily Sales Comparison Top Ten Holiday Shopping Days (1996–2001)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120112114831/http://www.icsc.org/TopTen02.pdf) (PDF). *International Council of Shopping Centers*. Archived from [the original](http://www.icsc.org/TopTen02.pdf) (PDF) on January 12, 2012.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-5)**
["Holiday Shoppers Jam U.S. Stores"](https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/28/business/holiday-shoppers-jam-us-stores.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. November 28, 1981. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231128111837/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/28/business/holiday-shoppers-jam-us-stores.html) from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-6)**
Swilley, Esther; Goldsmith, Ronald E. (January 1, 2013). ["Black Friday and Cyber Monday: Understanding consumer intentions on two major shopping days"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698912001233). *Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services*. **20** (1): 43–50\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.jretconser.2012.10.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jretconser.2012.10.003). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[2097/15213](https://hdl.handle.net/2097%2F15213). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0969-6989](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0969-6989). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190307192017/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698912001233) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Zimmer2_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Zimmer2_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Zimmer2_7-2)
[Zimmer, Ben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Zimmer "Ben Zimmer") (November 25, 2011). ["The Origins of "Black Friday"](http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/3047/). *Word Routes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120129104751/http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/3047/) from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-linguistlist2392_8-0)**
Apfelbaum, Martin L. ["Philadelphia's 'Black Friday'"](https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081311.html). *American Philatelist*. Vol. 69, no. 4. p. 239. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141130171109/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081311.html) from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Snopes_9-0)**
["snopes.com: How Did 'Black Friday' Get Its Name?"](http://www.snopes.com/holidays/thanksgiving/blackfriday.asp). *Urban Legends Reference Pages*. Snopes.com. December 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-10)**
["Around and About"](https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2014-November/135115.html). *The Shortsville-Manchester Enterprise*. December 1, 1961. p. 4. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150415024700/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2014-November/135115.html) from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-11)** ["Black Friday"](http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/black-friday) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151201080410/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/black-friday) December 1, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") in Oxford Online Dictionaries
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-12)**
[Drum, Kevin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Drum "Kevin Drum") (November 26, 2010). ["Black Friday"](http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/11/black-friday). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110130010418/http://motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2010/11/black-friday) from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-listserv.linguistlist.org_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-listserv.linguistlist.org_13-1)
Lin, Jennifer (November 30, 1985). ["Why the Name Black Friday? Uh ... Well ..."](https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081342.html) *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer "The Philadelphia Inquirer")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061722/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081342.html) from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-14)**
["Black Friday FAQ"](http://bfads.net/Black-Friday-FAQ). *BFAds.net*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110902015216/http://bfads.net/Black-Friday-FAQ) from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-15)**
["Shoppers Flood Stores for 'Black Friday'"](https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081342.html). *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. November 28, 1981. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141222061722/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081342.html) from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-16)**
["Retailers riding Black Friday's cyber wake"](https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/business/376599/retailers-riding-black-friday-s-cyber-wake). [Radio New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand "Radio New Zealand"). November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-17)**
["Black Friday 2020: When do the UK sales start and what are the best deals to look out for?"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/black-friday/2020/11/20/black-friday-2020-best-deals-when-uk-sale-start-date/). *The Telegraph*. November 20, 2020. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/black-friday/2020/11/20/black-friday-2020-best-deals-when-uk-sale-start-date/) from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
18. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-congressthanks_18-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-congressthanks_18-1)
["Congress Establishes Thanksgiving"](https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/thanksgiving/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20091001164706/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/thanksgiving/) from the original on October 1, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-19)**
Jespersen, Courtney (June 29, 2016). ["Just how good are Black Friday in July sales?"](https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2016/06/29/just-how-good-black-friday-july-sales/86491196/). *[USA Today](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today "USA Today")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160703062712/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2016/06/29/just-how-good-black-friday-july-sales/86491196/) from the original on July 3, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Chang_20-0)**
Chang, Andrea (November 24, 2020). ["Retailers plan for a Black Friday like no other"](https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-11-24/black-friday-sales-shopping-preview). *[The Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times "The Los Angeles Times")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201126003833/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-11-24/black-friday-sales-shopping-preview) from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
21. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Olson_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Olson_21-1)
Olson, Alexandra; D'innocenzio, Anna; Pisano, Joseph (November 27, 2020). ["Virus keeps Black Friday crowds thin, shoppers shift online"](https://apnews.com/article/shopping-coronavirus-pandemic-holidays-holiday-spending-economy-7309fe99ce2bce2fcfeacd1e17731c85). *[Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201127234948/https://apnews.com/article/shopping-coronavirus-pandemic-holidays-holiday-spending-economy-7309fe99ce2bce2fcfeacd1e17731c85) from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-22)**
Kapner, Sarah Nassauer and Suzanne (November 29, 2020). ["Black Friday Was a Bust for Many Stores, Better for Online"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/black-friday-was-a-bust-for-many-stores-better-for-online-11606676355). *[The Wall Street Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal "The Wall Street Journal")*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0099-9660](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201129215413/https://www.wsj.com/articles/black-friday-was-a-bust-for-many-stores-better-for-online-11606676355) from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-23)**
["HOLIDAY SHOPPING : Retail--Attention Kmart Shoppers, the Door's Open"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-29-fi-159-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times "Los Angeles Times")*. 29 November 1991. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231125160059/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-11-29-fi-159-story.html) from the original on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-24)**
Li, Shan (November 21, 2011). ["Black Friday becoming Black Thursday as stores open on Thanksgiving"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111215211217/http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/22/business/la-fi-black-thursday-20111122). *Los Angeles Times*. Archived from [the original](http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/22/business/la-fi-black-thursday-20111122) on December 15, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
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Clifford, Stephanie (November 9, 2012). ["Make Room for Deals After Turkey This Year"](https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/10/business/make-room-for-deals-after-turkey-this-year.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121110084504/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/10/business/make-room-for-deals-after-turkey-this-year.html) from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
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[""الجمعة البيضاء" و"الجمعة السوداء"..أصل الحكاية التي ينتظرها المستهلكون كل عام"](https://www.bbc.com/arabic/business-50423025). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220502042314/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/business-50423025) from the original on 2022-05-02. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
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127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-127)**
["Shopper carrying TV home from Target shot in Las Vegas"](http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2013/nov/29/nv-black-friday-shopper-shot-vegas/). *Las Vegas Sun*. November 29, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131202145357/http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2013/nov/29/nv-black-friday-shopper-shot-vegas/) from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
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["Shopper Pepper Sprayed, Arrested in Argument over TV at New Jersey Walmart"](https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/shopping-black-friday-thanksgiving-crowds-macys-arrest-wal-mart/2072361/). 29 November 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200717064202/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/shopping-black-friday-thanksgiving-crowds-macys-arrest-wal-mart/2072361/) from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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["Black Friday brawl at Kohl's in Tustin ends with 3 arrests"](https://abc7.com/shopping/black-friday-brawl-at-kohls-in-tustin-ends-with-3-arrests/414657/). *ABC7/*. November 28, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232431/https://abc7.com/shopping/black-friday-brawl-at-kohls-in-tustin-ends-with-3-arrests/414657/) from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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["Black Friday brawl at northwest side mall"](https://fox59.com/news/black-friday-brawl-at-northwest-side-mall/). *Fox 59*. November 28, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200717104428/https://fox59.com/news/black-friday-brawl-at-northwest-side-mall/) from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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["One injured, one charged, after shots were fired outside Wolfchase Galleria"](http://wreg.com/2016/11/24/shots-fired-at-wolfchase-galleria/). November 25, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161126075604/http://wreg.com/2016/11/24/shots-fired-at-wolfchase-galleria/) from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
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Mangione, Kendra (November 27, 2016). ["Shirtless man uses belt as a whip outside Vancouver Black Friday sale"](https://www.ctvnews.ca/vancouver/article/shirtless-man-uses-belt-as-a-whip-outside-vancouver-black-friday-sale/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161128142914/http://bc.ctvnews.ca/shirtless-man-uses-belt-as-a-whip-outside-vancouver-black-friday-sale-1.3179008) from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
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Holcombe, Madeline; Karimi, Faith. ["Gunman thought responsible for Alabama mall shooting is at large, not dead, police now say"](https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/24/us/alabama-mall-hoover-shooting/index.html). *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN "CNN")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181124090605/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/24/us/alabama-mall-hoover-shooting/index.html) from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
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139. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-libonati_139-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-libonati_139-1)
Libonati, Chris (November 29, 2019). ["Update: Chaos after shots fired at Destiny USA on Black Friday; mall is closed for day"](https://www.syracuse.com/crime/2019/11/shot-fired-at-destiny-usa-on-black-friday-victim-wounded-in-leg.html). *Syracuse.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191210052759/https://www.syracuse.com/crime/2019/11/shot-fired-at-destiny-usa-on-black-friday-victim-wounded-in-leg.html) from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
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Mansukhani, Hiren (November 25, 2023). ["Separate Black Friday mall stabbings send six people to hospital"](https://calgaryherald.com/news/crime/calgary-market-mall-stabbing-fight-rival-groups/wcm/caeae40c-9108-410a-a881-2aed21f27cee). *The Calgary Herald*. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
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Arancio, Victoria; Sarnoff, Leah (November 29, 2024). ["Black Friday mall shooting in Arkansas leaves 2 injured"](https://abcnews.go.com/US/black-friday-mall-shooting-rock-arkansas-leaves-3/story?id=116327883). *ABC News*. Retrieved December 1, 2024.
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Schladebeck, Jessica (November 29, 2025). ["Black Friday shooting at Bay Area mall leaves 3 wounded"](https://www.pressdemocrat.com/2025/11/29/santa-clara-california-mall-shooting-westfield-valley-fair/). *The Press Democrat*. Retrieved November 29, 2025.
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Townsend, Matthew (November 23, 2022). ["Inside the Business of Black Friday Deals Websites"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-23/black-friday-deals-websites-in-2022-are-more-sophisticated). *[Bloomberg News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News "Bloomberg News")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230514040635/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-23/black-friday-deals-websites-in-2022-are-more-sophisticated) from the original on May 14, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
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149. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-Statscan_149-0)**
["Canadian Economic Observer"](http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-010-x/01207/10464-eng.htm). Stats Canada. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110609204242/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-010-x/01207/10464-eng.htm) from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
150. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-150)**
["Nearly 40 percent of online Black Friday purchases were made with phones"](https://www.engadget.com/2019/12/01/39-percent-black-friday-purchases-made-with-phones/). *Engadget*. December 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191202010309/https://www.engadget.com/2019/12/01/39-percent-black-friday-purchases-made-with-phones/) from the original on December 2, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.
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Capoot, Ashley (26 November 2022). ["Black Friday online sales top \$9 billion in new record"](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/26/black-friday-online-sales-top-9-billion-in-new-record.html). *CNBC*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221126215530/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/26/black-friday-online-sales-top-9-billion-in-new-record.html) from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
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Hof, Robert D. (November 29, 2005). ["Cyber Monday, Marketing Myth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120629055913/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2005/nf20051129_9946_db016.htm). *Business Week*. Archived from [the original](http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2005/nf20051129_9946_db016.htm) on June 29, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
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["Hitwise: Retail traffic up throughout holidays"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110226132551/http://weblogs.hitwise.com/heather-dougherty/2010/12/retail_traffic_up_throughout_h_1.html). December 28, 2010. Archived from [the original](http://weblogs.hitwise.com/heather-dougherty/2010/12/retail_traffic_up_throughout_h_1.html) on 2011-02-26.
154. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-ComScore_Cyber_Monday_2013_Spending_154-0)**
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156. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-156)**
["Cyber Week: Crash Prevention Tips"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/thesba/2013/12/03/cyber-week-crash-prevention-tips/). *Forbes*. December 3, 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180929083828/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thesba/2013/12/03/cyber-week-crash-prevention-tips/) from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
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Greenberg, Peter (November 20, 2013). ["The Ultimate Guide to Cyber Week Travel Deals: Black Friday, Cyber Monday & More"](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-greenberg/cyber-week-travel-deals_b_4305593.html). *The Huffington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161126001945/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-greenberg/cyber-week-travel-deals_b_4305593.html) from the original on November 26, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
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["Holiday and Seasonal Trends"](https://nrf.com/insights/holiday-and-seasonal-trends). *National Retail Federation*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181119092820/https://nrf.com/insights/holiday-and-seasonal-trends) from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
159. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-159)**
["Nearly 180 Million Shop Over Thanksgiving Holiday Weekend"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221127074310/https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/nearly-180-million-shop-over-thanksgiving-holiday-weekend). *NRF*. 30 November 2021. Archived from [the original](https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/nearly-180-million-shop-over-thanksgiving-holiday-weekend) on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
160. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-160)**
["Holiday Shoppers Take Advantage of Early, Thanksgiving Weekend Deals"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221123064138/https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/holiday-shoppers-take-advantage-early-thanksgiving-weekend-deals). *NRF*. December 2020. Archived from [the original](https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/holiday-shoppers-take-advantage-early-thanksgiving-weekend-deals) on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
161. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-161)**
["Thanksgiving weekend draws nearly 190 million shoppers, spending up 16 percent"](https://web.archive.org/web/20221127112957/https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/thanksgiving-draws-nearly-190-million-shoppers). *NRF*. 3 December 2019. Archived from [the original](https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/thanksgiving-draws-nearly-190-million-shoppers) on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
162. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-162)**
["Thanksgiving weekend multichannel shopping up almost 40 percent over last year"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050433/https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/thanksgiving-weekend-multichannel-shopping-almost-40-percent-over-last). *NRF*. 27 November 2018. Archived from [the original](https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/thanksgiving-weekend-multichannel-shopping-almost-40-percent-over-last) on September 1, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
163. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-163)**
["Consumers and retailers win big over Thanksgiving holiday"](https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/consumers-and-retailers-win-big-over-thanksgiving-holiday).
`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
164. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-164)**
["Early Promotions, Online Shopping and Improving Economy Changing the Face of Black Friday Weekend"](https://nrf.com/media/press-releases/early-promotions-online-shopping-and-improving-economy-changing-the-face-of). *National Retail Federation*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031721/https://nrf.com/media/press-releases/early-promotions-online-shopping-and-improving-economy-changing-the-face-of) from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
## External links
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| [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(Canada\) "Thanksgiving (Canada)") | [Samuel de Champlain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain "Samuel de Champlain") [Martin Frobisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frobisher "Martin Frobisher") |
| [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)") | [Traditional mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_of_the_First_Thanksgiving "Myth of the First Thanksgiving") [Pilgrims](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims_\(Plymouth_Colony\) "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)") *[Mayflower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayflower "Mayflower")* [Plymouth Colony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony "Plymouth Colony") [Plymouth, Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts "Plymouth, Massachusetts") [William Bradford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bradford_\(governor\) "William Bradford (governor)") [Edward Winslow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Winslow "Edward Winslow") [Mary Brewster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Brewster "Mary Brewster") [Susanna White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_White_\(Mayflower_passenger\) "Susanna White (Mayflower passenger)") [Samoset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoset "Samoset") [Squanto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squanto "Squanto") [Massasoit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massasoit "Massasoit") [Patuxet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuxet "Patuxet") [Wampanoag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampanoag "Wampanoag") [Cornucopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornucopia "Cornucopia") [National Thanksgiving Proclamation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation "National Thanksgiving Proclamation") [Franksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franksgiving "Franksgiving") [National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation "National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation") [Sarah Josepha Hale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale "Sarah Josepha Hale") [Blackout Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday "Blackout Wednesday") [Abraham Lincoln](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln "Abraham Lincoln") *[Freedom from Want](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_from_Want "Freedom from Want")* *[Mourt's Relation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation "Mourt's Relation")* [Friendsgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendsgiving "Friendsgiving") |
| Cuisine | [Thanksgiving dinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner "Thanksgiving dinner") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_as_food "Turkey as food") [Tofurkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofurkey "Tofurkey") [Turducken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turducken "Turducken") [Stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffing "Stuffing") [Gravy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravy "Gravy") [Butternut squash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butternut_squash "Butternut squash") [Apple cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider") [Cranberry sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_sauce "Cranberry sauce") [Creamed corn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamed_corn "Creamed corn") [Mashed potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashed_potato "Mashed potato") [Sweet potatoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato "Sweet potato") [Succotash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succotash "Succotash") [Green bean casserole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_bean_casserole "Green bean casserole") Pie [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie "Apple pie") [Pumpkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_pie "Pumpkin pie") [Pecan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan_pie "Pecan pie") [Sweet Potato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie "Sweet potato pie") [Thanksgiving sandwich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_sandwich "Thanksgiving sandwich") |
| Media | |
| | |
| Songs | "[Alice's Restaurant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant "Alice's Restaurant")" "[Bless This House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bless_This_House_\(song\) "Bless This House (song)")" "[Bringing In the Sheaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringing_In_the_Sheaves "Bringing In the Sheaves")" "[Come, Ye Thankful People, Come](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come,_Ye_Thankful_People,_Come "Come, Ye Thankful People, Come")" "[For the Beauty of the Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Beauty_of_the_Earth "For the Beauty of the Earth")" "[Jingle Bells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_Bells "Jingle Bells")" "[Let All Things Now Living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ash_Grove "The Ash Grove")" "[Over the River and Through the Wood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Wood "Over the River and Through the Wood")" "[The Thanksgiving Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Song "The Thanksgiving Song")" "[We Gather Together](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Gather_Together "We Gather Together")" "[We Plough the Fields and Scatter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Plough_the_Fields_and_Scatter "We Plough the Fields and Scatter")" "[You Name It](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_My_Mule "Hold My Mule")" |
| Television | "[Bart vs. Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_vs._Thanksgiving "Bart vs. Thanksgiving")" *[The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Berenstain_Bears_Meet_Bigpaw "The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw")* *[Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny%27s_Thanksgiving_Diet "Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet")* *[A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Thanksgiving "A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving")* *[Garfield's Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garfield%27s_Thanksgiving "Garfield's Thanksgiving")* *[Intergalactic Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergalactic_Thanksgiving "Intergalactic Thanksgiving")* *[Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga_and_the_Muppets_Holiday_Spectacular "Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular")* *[The Mouse on the Mayflower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mouse_on_the_Mayflower "The Mouse on the Mayflower")* "[Oprah's Favorite Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah%27s_Favorite_Things "Oprah's Favorite Things")" *[Saints & Strangers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_%26_Strangers "Saints & Strangers")* "[Slapsgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapsgiving "Slapsgiving")" "[Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapsgiving_2:_Revenge_of_the_Slap "Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap")" *[Star Wars Holiday Special](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special "Star Wars Holiday Special")* "[Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(Family_Guy\) "Thanksgiving (Family Guy)")" "[Thanksgiving Orphans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_Orphans "Thanksgiving Orphans")" *[The Thanksgiving Special](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Special "The Thanksgiving Special")* *[Turkey Hollow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Hollow "Turkey Hollow")* "[Turkeys Away](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeys_Away "Turkeys Away")" *[A Very Gaga Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_Gaga_Thanksgiving "A Very Gaga Thanksgiving")* *[A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Winnie_the_Pooh_Thanksgiving "A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving")* |
| Associated events | |
| | |
| Cultural | [Christmas and holiday season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season "Christmas and holiday season") [Harvest festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest_festival "Harvest festival") [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_harvest_festivals "List of harvest festivals") [Thanksgiving in film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Thanksgiving "List of films set around Thanksgiving") [Thanksgiving television specials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thanksgiving_television_specials "List of Thanksgiving television specials") [Lighting of the Macy's Great Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Great_Tree "Macy's Great Tree") [National Adoption Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Adoption_Day "National Adoption Day") [Black Friday]() [Cyber Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Black_Friday "Cyber Black Friday") [Brown Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Friday "Brown Friday") [National Day of Listening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_Listening "National Day of Listening") [Native American Heritage Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day "Native American Heritage Day") [Small Business Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday "Small Business Saturday") [Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday") [GivingTuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GivingTuesday "GivingTuesday") [Jews and Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_and_Thanksgiving "Jews and Thanksgiving") [Thanksgivukkah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgivukkah "Thanksgivukkah") |
| [Parades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades "List of Christmas and holiday season parades") | [Novant Health (Charlotte)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novant_Health_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade "Novant Health Thanksgiving Day Parade") [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Thanksgiving_Parade "Chicago Thanksgiving Parade") [America's (Detroit)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Thanksgiving_Parade "America's Thanksgiving Parade") [Oktoberfest (Kitchener-Waterloo)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%93Waterloo_Oktoberfest "Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest") [Hollywood Christmas (Los Angeles)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Christmas_Parade "Hollywood Christmas Parade") [Macy's (New York City)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade "Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade") [6abc-Dunkin' (Philadelphia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6abc_Dunkin%27_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade "6abc Dunkin' Thanksgiving Day Parade") [Celebrate the Season (Pittsburgh)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrate_the_Season_Parade "Celebrate the Season Parade") [America's Hometown (Plymouth)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Hometown_Thanksgiving_Parade "America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade") |
| Protests | [National Day of Mourning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_\(United_States_protest\) "National Day of Mourning (United States protest)") [Unthanksgiving Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day "Unthanksgiving Day") [Buy Nothing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day "Buy Nothing Day") |
| Sports | |
| | |
| [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving "American football on Thanksgiving") | [NFL John Madden Thanksgiving Celebration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day "NFL on Thanksgiving Day") [CFL Thanksgiving Classic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day_Classic "Thanksgiving Day Classic") [Turkey Day Classic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Day_Classic "Turkey Day Classic") [Kirkwood vs. Webster Groves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood%E2%80%93Webster_Groves_Turkey_Day_Game "Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game") [Pennridge vs. Quakertown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennridge%E2%80%93Quakertown_Thanksgiving_Day_Football_Classic "Pennridge–Quakertown Thanksgiving Day Football Classic") [Boston English vs. Boston Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%E2%80%93Latin_football_rivalry "English–Latin football rivalry") |
| [Turkey trots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_trot "Turkey trot") | [Buffalo Turkey Trot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Turkey_Trot "Buffalo Turkey Trot") [Dallas Turkey Trot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Turkey_Trot "Dallas Turkey Trot") [Feaster Five Road Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feaster_Five_Road_Race "Feaster Five Road Race") [Manchester Road Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Road_Race "Manchester Road Race") [Run for the Diamonds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_for_the_Diamonds "Run for the Diamonds") |
| Others | [National Dog Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dog_Show "National Dog Show") [Pumpkin chucking / Pumpkin shoot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkin_chunkin "Punkin chunkin") [Skins Game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skins_Game_\(PGA_Tour\) "Skins Game (PGA Tour)") [Turkey bowling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_bowling "Turkey bowling") [Turkey Night Grand Prix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix "Turkey Night Grand Prix") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Christmas "Template:Christmas") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas "Template talk:Christmas") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas "Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas")[Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas "Christmas") | |
|---|---|
| [Blue Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Christmas_\(holiday\) "Blue Christmas (holiday)") [Boxing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day "Boxing Day") [Children's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Day "Children's Day") [Christmas Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve") [Saint Nicholas Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day "Saint Nicholas Day") [Saint Stephen's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day "Saint Stephen's Day") [Sol Invictus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Invictus "Sol Invictus") [Yule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule "Yule") | |
| In Christianity | [Holy Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Family "Holy Family") [Jesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus "Jesus") [Christ Child](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child "Christ Child") [Mary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus "Mary, mother of Jesus") [Joseph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph "Saint Joseph") [Biblical Magi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi "Biblical Magi") [Adoration of the Magi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi "Adoration of the Magi") [Adoration of the Shepherds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds "Adoration of the Shepherds") [Advent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent "Advent") [Angel Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel "Gabriel") [Annunciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation "Annunciation") [Annunciation to the shepherds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds "Annunciation to the shepherds") [Bethlehem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem "Bethlehem") [Christmastide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmastide "Christmastide") [Epiphany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_\(holiday\) "Epiphany (holiday)") [Herod the Great](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great "Herod the Great") [Massacre of the Innocents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents "Massacre of the Innocents") [flight into Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt "Flight into Egypt") [Nativity Fast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_Fast "Nativity Fast") [Nativity of Jesus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus "Nativity of Jesus") [in art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art "Nativity of Jesus in art") [in later culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture "Nativity of Jesus in later culture") [Nativity scene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_scene "Nativity scene") [Neapolitan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene "Neapolitan nativity scene") [Star of Bethlehem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem "Star of Bethlehem") [Twelfth Night](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night_\(holiday\) "Twelfth Night (holiday)") |
| In folklore | [Badalisc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badalisc "Badalisc") [Caganer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caganer "Caganer") [Christkind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christkind "Christkind") [Grýla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla "Grýla") [Jack Frost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Frost "Jack Frost") [Korvatunturi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korvatunturi "Korvatunturi") [Kallikantzaros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikantzaros "Kallikantzaros") [Legend of the Christmas Spider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider "Legend of the Christmas Spider") [Mari Lwyd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Lwyd "Mari Lwyd") [Miner's figure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%27s_figure "Miner's figure") [Nisse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisse_\(folklore\) "Nisse (folklore)") [North Pole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole "North Pole") [Old Man Winter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Man_Winter "Old Man Winter") [Perchta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchta "Perchta") [Santa's workshop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop "Santa's workshop") [Tió de Nadal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal "Tió de Nadal") [Turoń](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turo%C5%84 "Turoń") [Wenceslaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia "Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia") [Yule cat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_cat "Yule cat") |
| [Gift-bringers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer "Christmas gift-bringer") | [Saint Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas "Saint Nicholas") [folklore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_\(European_folklore\) "Saint Nicholas (European folklore)") [Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus "Santa Claus") [Befana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befana "Befana") [Ded Moroz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ded_Moroz "Ded Moroz") [Father Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Christmas "Father Christmas") [Grandpa Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_Indian "Grandpa Indian") [Joulupukki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulupukki "Joulupukki") [Julemanden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julemanden "Julemanden") [Noel Baba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Baba "Noel Baba") [Olentzero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olentzero "Olentzero") [Père Noël](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl "Père Noël") [Sinterklaas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinterklaas "Sinterklaas") [Others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers "List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers") |
| [Companions of Saint Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas "Companions of Saint Nicholas") | [Belsnickel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belsnickel "Belsnickel") [Elves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_elf "Christmas elf") [Knecht Ruprecht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht "Knecht Ruprecht") [Krampus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus "Krampus") [Mrs. Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs._Claus "Mrs. Claus") [Père Fouettard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard "Père Fouettard") [Sack Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_Man "Sack Man") [Santa Claus' daughter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter "Santa Claus' daughter") [Santa's reindeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer "Santa Claus's reindeer") [Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer") [Snegurochka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snegurochka "Snegurochka") [Zwarte Piet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Piet "Zwarte Piet") |
| [Traditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_traditions "Christmas traditions") | [Advent calendar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_calendar "Advent calendar") [Advent candle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_candle "Advent candle") [Advent wreath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_wreath "Advent wreath") [Boar's Head Feast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast "Boar's Head Feast") [Candle arches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwibbogen "Schwibbogen") [Chalking the door](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalking_the_door "Chalking the door") [Cards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_card "Christmas card") [Carols by Candlelight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight "Carols by Candlelight") [Cavalcade of Magi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi "Cavalcade of Magi") [Christingle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christingle "Christingle") [Christmas jumper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_jumper "Christmas jumper") [Christmas Peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Peace "Christmas Peace") [Crackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_cracker "Christmas cracker") [Decorations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_decoration "Christmas decoration") [Didukh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didukh "Didukh") [Eggbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggbert_\(Devitt%27s_Nursery_%26_Supply\) "Eggbert (Devitt's Nursery & Supply)") [The Elf on the Shelf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elf_on_the_Shelf "The Elf on the Shelf") [Feast of the Seven Fishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes "Feast of the Seven Fishes") [Flying Santa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Santa "Flying Santa") [Gifts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_gift "Christmas gift") [Google Santa Tracker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker "Google Santa Tracker") [Hampers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper "Hamper") [Las Posadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Posadas "Las Posadas") [Letters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_letter "Round-robin letter") [Lights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_lights "Christmas lights") [Lord of Misrule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule "Lord of Misrule") [Markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_market "Christmas market") [Midnight Mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Mass "Midnight Mass") [Moravian star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravian_star "Moravian star") [Mummers' play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummers%27_play "Mummers' play") [Nine Lessons and Carols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols "Nine Lessons and Carols") [NORAD Tracks Santa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa "NORAD Tracks Santa") [Nutcrackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker "Nutcracker") [dolls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_doll "Nutcracker doll") [Ornaments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_ornament "Christmas ornament") [Parades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade "Santa Claus parade") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades "List of Christmas and holiday season parades") [Piñatas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata "Piñata") [Poinsettia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poinsettia "Poinsettia") [Pyramids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_pyramid "Christmas pyramid") *[Räuchermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann "Räuchermann")* [Christmas seals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_seal "Christmas seal") [Secret Santa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Santa "Secret Santa") *[Spanbaum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanbaum "Spanbaum")* [Szopka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka "Kraków szopka") [Stamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_stamp "Christmas stamp") [Stockings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_stocking "Christmas stocking") [Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree "Christmas tree") [Twelve Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas "Twelve Days of Christmas") [Vertep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertep "Vertep") [Wassailing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassail "Wassail") [Windows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_window "Christmas window") [Yule goat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_goat "Yule goat") [Yule log](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_log "Yule log") |
| [By country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country "Observance of Christmas by country") | [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia "Christmas in Australia") [Bangladesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boro_Din "Boro Din") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia "Christmas in Colombia") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark "Yule and Christmas in Denmark") [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas "Ethiopian Christmas") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland "Christmas in Finland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_France "Christmas in France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachten "Weihnachten") [Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany "Christmas in Nazi Germany") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary "Christmas in Hungary") [Iceland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland "Christmas in Iceland") [folklore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_Christmas_folklore "Icelandic Christmas folklore") [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia "Christmas in Indonesia") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland "Christmas in Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy "Christmas in Italy") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico "Christmas in Mexico") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand "Christmas in New Zealand") [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway "Christmas in Norway") [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines "Christmas in the Philippines") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland "Christmas in Poland") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania "Christmas in Romania") [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia "Christmas in Russia") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland "Christmas in Scotland") [Serbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia "Christmas in Serbia") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden "Christmas in Sweden") [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine "Christmas in Ukraine") United States [American Civil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War "Christmas in the American Civil War") [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii "Christmas in Hawaii") [New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico "Christmas in New Mexico") |
| [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_music "Christmas music") | [Carols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_carol "Christmas carol") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols "List of Christmas carols") [Operas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas "List of Christmas operas") [Hit singles in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom "List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom") [Hit singles in the US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States "List of popular Christmas singles in the United States") [Music charts (*Billboard*)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts "Billboard Christmas Holiday charts") Music books *[Carols for Choirs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs "Carols for Choirs")* *[The Oxford Book of Carols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols "The Oxford Book of Carols")* *[The New Oxford Book of Carols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols "The New Oxford Book of Carols")* *[Piae Cantiones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piae_Cantiones "Piae Cantiones")* |
| [Other media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_by_medium "Christmas by medium") | [In literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas-themed_literature "List of Christmas-themed literature") *[A Christmas Carol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol "A Christmas Carol")* [Films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films "List of Christmas films") [Santa Claus in film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film "Santa Claus in film") [Christmas horror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_horror "Christmas horror") Poetry "[Old Santeclaus with Much Delight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight "Old Santeclaus with Much Delight")" "[A Visit from St. Nicholas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas "A Visit from St. Nicholas")" "[Christmas Day in the Workhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse "Christmas Day in the Workhouse")" "[Journey of the Magi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi "Journey of the Magi")" "[Tomten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomten_\(poem\) "Tomten (poem)")" [Christmas television specials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials "List of Christmas television specials") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Christmas_television_specials "List of United States Christmas television specials") *[Yule Log](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_Log_\(TV_program\) "Yule Log (TV program)")* [Apollo 8 Genesis reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading "Apollo 8 Genesis reading") |
| In modern society | [Black Friday (partying)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(partying\) "Black Friday (partying)") [Black Friday (shopping)]() [Bronner's Christmas Wonderland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland "Bronner's Christmas Wonderland") [Christmas and holiday season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season "Christmas and holiday season") [Christmas club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_club "Christmas club") [Christmas creep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_creep "Christmas creep") [Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Day_\(Trading\)_Act_2004 "Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004") [Christmas jumpers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_jumper "Christmas jumper") [Christmas Lectures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures "Royal Institution Christmas Lectures") [Christmasland in New Taipei City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmasland_in_New_Taipei_City "Christmasland in New Taipei City") [Christmas Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Mountains "Christmas Mountains") [Christmas seals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_seal "Christmas seal") [Christmas truce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_truce "Christmas truce") [Controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_controversies "Christmas controversies") [Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday") [Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas "Economics of Christmas") [GivingTuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GivingTuesday "GivingTuesday") [Grinch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinch "Grinch") [El Gordo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery "Spanish Christmas Lottery") [Jews and Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas "Jews and Christmas") [In July](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_July "Christmas in July") [In August](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_August_\(Yellowstone\) "Christmas in August (Yellowstone)") [NBA games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games "NBA Christmas games") [NFL games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day "NFL on Christmas Day") [Pikkujoulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikkujoulu "Pikkujoulu") [SantaCon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SantaCon "SantaCon") [Santa's Candy Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle "Santa's Candy Castle") [Santa Claus Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village "Santa Claus Village") [Scrooge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge "Ebenezer Scrooge") [Small Business Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday "Small Business Saturday") [Super Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Saturday "Super Saturday") [Virginia O'Hanlon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon "Virginia O'Hanlon") ("[Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus")") [White Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Christmas_\(weather\) "White Christmas (weather)") [Xmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmas "Xmas") |
| [Food and drink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes "List of Christmas dishes") | |
| | |
| [Dinner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_dinner "Christmas dinner") | [Joulupöytä](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4 "Joulupöytä") [Julbord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smorgasbord#Julbord "Smorgasbord") [Julebord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julebord "Julebord") [Kūčios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios "Kūčios") [Réveillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon "Réveillon") [Thirteen desserts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_desserts "Thirteen desserts") [Twelve-dish supper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper "Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper") [Wigilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigilia "Wigilia") |
| Sweets | [Baked Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baked_Alaska "Baked Alaska") [Candy cane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_cane "Candy cane") [Cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_cake "Christmas cake") [Cookie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_cookie "Christmas cookie") [Cozonac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozonac "Cozonac") [Fruitcake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitcake "Fruitcake") [Gingerbread](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gingerbread "Gingerbread") [Kutia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutia "Kutia") [Makówki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki "Makówki") [Melomakarono](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melomakarono "Melomakarono") [Mince pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mince_pie "Mince pie") [Pampushka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampushka "Pampushka") [Panettone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panettone "Panettone") [Pavlova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlova "Pavlova") [Pecan pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan_pie "Pecan pie") [Poppy seed roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll "Poppy seed roll") [Pudding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_pudding "Christmas pudding") [Pumpkin pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin_pie "Pumpkin pie") [Qurabiya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurabiya "Qurabiya") [Red velvet cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_velvet_cake "Red velvet cake") [Sugar plum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plum "Sugar plum") [Stollen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stollen "Stollen") [Szaloncukor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szaloncukor "Szaloncukor") [Turrón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n "Turrón") [Yule log](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_log_\(cake\) "Yule log (cake)") |
| Soup | [Menudo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menudo_\(soup\) "Menudo (soup)") [Borscht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borscht "Borscht") |
| Sauces | [Bread sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_sauce "Bread sauce") [Cranberry sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranberry_sauce "Cranberry sauce") [Redcurrant sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce "Redcurrant sauce") |
| Beverages | [Apple cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider") [Champurrado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champurrado "Champurrado") [Coquito](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coquito "Coquito") [Eggnog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggnog "Eggnog") [Hot chocolate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_chocolate "Hot chocolate") [Kissel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissel "Kissel") [Mulled wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulled_wine "Mulled wine") [Smoking bishop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_bishop "Smoking bishop") [Ponche crema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponche_crema "Ponche crema") [Snowball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_\(cocktail\) "Snowball (cocktail)") |
| Dumplings | [Hallaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallaca "Hallaca") [Pierogi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierogi "Pierogi") [Tamale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamale "Tamale") |
| Meat and fish | [Carp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp "Carp") [Gefilte fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefilte_fish "Gefilte fish") [Ham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_ham "Christmas ham") [Pickled herring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_herring "Pickled herring") [Roast goose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roast_goose "Roast goose") [Romeritos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeritos "Romeritos") [Stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffing "Stuffing") [Tourtière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re "Tourtière") [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_meat "Turkey meat") |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christmas "Category:Christmas") | |
Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_(shopping)&oldid=1347413795>"
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):
- [1951 establishments in Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1951_establishments_in_Pennsylvania "Category:1951 establishments in Pennsylvania")
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- [Observances based on the date of Thanksgiving (United States)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Observances_based_on_the_date_of_Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Category:Observances based on the date of Thanksgiving (United States)")
- [Retailing by time of year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Retailing_by_time_of_year "Category:Retailing by time of year")
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- This page was last edited on 6 April 2026, at 15:29 (UTC).
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Black Friday (shopping)
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| Readable Markdown | | Black Friday | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Friday_by_Powhusku.jpg)Shoppers rushing into a [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") store as it opens on Black Friday, 2013 | |
| Observed by | **Traditionally:**[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-1) United States **Others:** Albania, Argentina, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Germany, Poland, Romania, Italy, Greece, New Zealand, India, Malta, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, France, Spain, Portugal, Israel, Brazil, The Netherlands, South Africa, Iceland, Mexico (as *[El Buen Fin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Buen_Fin "El Buen Fin")*) and increasingly in other parts of the world. |
| Type | Commercial |
| Significance | Popular shopping day |
| Observances | Shopping |
| Date | Day after [US Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)") |
| 2025 date | November 28 |
| 2026 date | November 27 |
| 2027 date | November 26 |
| 2028 date | November 24 |
| Frequency | Annual |
| Related to | [Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)"), [Small Business Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday "Small Business Saturday"), [Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday"), [Giving Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giving_Tuesday "Giving Tuesday"), [Christmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season "Christmas and holiday season"), [Buy Nothing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day "Buy Nothing Day") |
**Black Friday** is the Friday after [Thanksgiving in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)"). It traditionally marks the start of the [Christmas shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season#Shopping "Christmas and holiday season") season and is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States. Many stores offer highly promoted sales at heavily discounted prices and often open early, sometimes as early as midnight[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-midnight-2) or even on Thanksgiving. Some stores' sales continue to Monday ("[Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday")") or for a week ("[Cyber Week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#Cyber_Week)").
"Black Friday" has evolved in meaning and impact over the years, initially referring to calamitous days, with a notable early instance being [the Black Friday of 1869](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(1869\) "Black Friday (1869)") in the US. This [financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis "Financial crisis") saw a dramatic plunge in gold prices, affecting investors. The term was later used in American retail, starting ambiguously in the 1950s. Initially associated with workforce absence post-Thanksgiving, it was reinterpreted by [Philadelphia police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_police "Philadelphia police") to describe the shopping-induced congestion. Attempts at rebranding to "Big Friday" failed, and the term "Black Friday" solidified by the 1980s, referring to the pivotal point where retailers purportedly shifted from loss ("in the red") to profit ("in the black"). This day marks the unofficial start of the [Christmas shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas "Economics of Christmas") season, with promotional sales aiming to draw large crowds. Black Friday is the busiest shopping day of the year in the United States[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-holiday.icsc.org-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-International_Council_of_Shopping_Centers-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-5) and retailers prioritize it and Cyber Monday as highly profitable holiday shopping days.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-6)
The concept has since globalized, with countries around the world adopting "Black Friday" sales to mimic the US phenomenon, adjusting local customs or creating similar events. The advent of online shopping and events like "Cyber Monday" have expanded the traditional one-day shopping frenzy into a broader holiday shopping season, diluting the singular focus of Black Friday, and expanding its economic impact.
For centuries, the adjective "black" has been applied to days upon which calamities occurred. Many events have been described as "Black Friday", although the most significant such event in American history was the [Panic of 1869](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(1869\) "Black Friday (1869)"), which occurred when financiers [Jay Gould](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Gould "Jay Gould") and [James Fisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fisk_\(financier\) "James Fisk (financier)") took advantage of their connections with the [Ulysses S. Grant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant "Ulysses S. Grant") administration in an attempt [to corner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornering_the_market "Cornering the market") the gold market. When President Grant learned of this manipulation, he ordered the Treasury to release a large supply of gold, which halted the run and caused prices to drop by 18%. Fortunes were made and lost in a single day, and the president's own brother-in-law, [Abel Corbin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Corbin "Abel Corbin"), was ruined.
The earliest known use of "Black Friday" to refer to the day after Thanksgiving occurred in the journal, *[Factory Management and Maintenance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Magazine "Engineering Magazine")*, for November 1951, and again in 1952. Here it referred to the practice of workers calling in sick on the day after Thanksgiving, in order to have a four-day weekend. However, this use does not appear to have caught on. Around the same time, the terms "Black Friday" and "Black Saturday" came to be used by the police in Philadelphia and [Rochester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_New_York "Rochester, New York") to describe the crowds and [traffic congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion "Traffic congestion") accompanying the start of the Christmas shopping season. In 1961, the city and merchants of Philadelphia attempted to improve conditions, and a public relations expert recommended rebranding the days "Big Friday" and "Big Saturday", but these terms were quickly forgotten.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Zimmer2-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-linguistlist2392-8)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Snopes-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-11)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-12)
The use of the phrase spread slowly, first appearing in *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")* on November 29, 1975, in which it still refers specifically to "the busiest shopping and traffic day of the year" in Philadelphia. Although it soon became more widespread, *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer "The Philadelphia Inquirer")* reported in 1985 that retailers in Cincinnati and Los Angeles were still unaware of the term.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-listserv.linguistlist.org-13)
As the phrase gained national attention in the early 1980s, merchants objecting to the use of a derisive term to refer to one of the most important shopping days of the year suggested an alternative derivation: that retailers traditionally operated at a financial loss for most of the year (January through November) and made their profit during the holiday season, beginning on the day after Thanksgiving.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Zimmer2-7) When this was recorded in the financial records, once-common accounting practices would use red ink to show negative amounts and [black ink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black#Idioms_and_expressions "Black") to show positive amounts. Black Friday, under this theory, is the beginning of the period when retailers would no longer be "in the red", instead of taking in the year's profits.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Zimmer2-7)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-listserv.linguistlist.org-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-14) The earliest known published reference to this explanation occurs in *The Philadelphia Inquirer* for November 28, 1981.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-15)
Since the early 21st century, there have been attempts by US-based retailers to introduce a retail "Black Friday" to other countries around the world. Retailers outside the US have attempted to promote the day to remain competitive with US-based [online retailers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping "Online shopping").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-16)
In more recent decades, global retailers have adopted the term and date to market their own holiday sales.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-17)
Thanksgiving's relationship to Christmas shopping led to controversy in the 1930s. Retail stores would have liked to have a longer shopping season, but no store wanted to break with tradition and be the one to start advertising before Thanksgiving. For this reason, in 1939, President [Franklin D. Roosevelt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt "Franklin D. Roosevelt") issued a presidential proclamation proclaiming Thanksgiving to be the fourth Thursday in November rather than the last Thursday, meaning in some years one week earlier, in order to lengthen the Christmas shopping season.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-congressthanks-18) Most people adopted the President's change, which was later reinforced by an act of Congress, but many continued to celebrate Thanksgiving on the traditional date.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-congressthanks-18)
In 2015, [Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") was the first to offer "Black Friday in July" deals on what they called "Prime Day", promising better deals than on Black Friday. Amazon repeated the practice in 2016 and 2017, and other companies began offering similar deals.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-19)
Analyst Marshal Cohen of [The NPD Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NPD_Group "The NPD Group") claimed in 2020 that Black Friday is declining in favor of [online shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping "Online shopping"), and that the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States") has accelerated this process. The pandemic also resulted in holiday deals being offered over a longer period of time, even as early as October.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Chang-20) Fewer people shopped in person on Black Friday 2020, and most business took place online. Market research company Numerator said sellers of clothing, tools and other items considered nonessential during lockdowns were not promoted as heavily because lower production meant less available to sell.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Olson-21) [Adobe Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Analytics "Adobe Analytics") reported that online sales reached \$9 billion in 2020, 22% more than the previous year. Foot traffic to stores fell 48% in 2020 from last year, according to RetailNext, while Sensormatic Solutions reported a 52% decrease.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-22)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray_Thursday_KF_Walmart.jpeg)
Black Thursday, [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart")
For many years, retailers pushed opening times on Black Friday earlier and earlier, eventually reaching midnight, before opening on the evening of Thanksgiving. [Kmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart "Kmart") opened its stores on Thanksgiving as early as 1991, and was open on Thanksgiving Day for many years.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-23) In 2009, Kmart manager Freddy Moss opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving in order to allow shoppers to avoid Black Friday traffic and return home in time for dinner with their families. Two years later, a number of retailers began opening at 8 p.m. or 9 p.m., on what became derisively known as "Black Thursday". In subsequent years, other stores followed this trend, opening earlier and earlier on Thanksgiving, or remaining open all day, beginning in the early morning hours.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-25) Some retail and media sources have used the terms "Gray Thursday" or "Brown Thursday" instead.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-gray1-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-gray2-27)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-brown-28)
The 2014 "Black Thursday" sales were generally a failure, as overall sales for the holiday week-end fell 11% compared to the previous year despite heavy traffic at the stores on Thanksgiving night.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-29) In response, a number of retailers decided to go back to closing on Thanksgiving for 2015, and [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"), although its holding firm opening on the holiday and holding its sale, also pledged to offer the same deals online for those who wished to stay home.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-30)
Retailers have received pushback from some consumers over opening on Thanksgiving Day.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-31) Shopper opposition to stores opening on Thursday includes the perceived over-commercialization of Thanksgiving, retail workers not being able to spend time with their loved ones on the holiday,[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-32) and Thursday doorbuster sales forcing\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] consumers to sacrifice enjoying Thanksgiving evening with their families in order to avoid missing out on highly sought-after items which might not be available again prior to Christmas.
Most retailers abandoned efforts to hold doorbuster sales on Thanksgiving in 2020; large crowds had been forbidden under most circumstances since March due to the ongoing [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States"), major retailers such as Walmart and [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") had already reduced their hours and dropped 24/7 operations in response to the pandemic, and several retailers known for opening on the holiday (particularly [Kmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_\(United_States\) "Kmart (United States)"), which has typically been open regular hours) have [rapidly declined](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_apocalypse "Retail apocalypse").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-33) According to [Adobe Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Analytics "Adobe Analytics"), online shopping set a record on Thanksgiving 2020 with \$5.1 billion in total spending, 21.5% higher than in 2019.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Olson-21) Most major retailers again closed on Thanksgiving in 2021, with Target stating that its decision would be permanent; the small minority of retail chains remaining open on the holiday that year were limited mainly to pharmacies, dollar stores and grocery stores, retail categories that traditionally do not hold doorbusters.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-34)
In 2025, shoppers began boycotting 3 major retailers, Target, Amazon and Home Depot, in what was known as the "We Ain't Buying It" campaign.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-35)
## Black Friday around the world
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Black Friday around the world")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Friday_2015_Cerdanyola.jpg)
Large discounts at a store in [Catalonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia "Catalonia") during Black Friday
Black Friday, in [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt "Egypt"), started in 2014, being introduced as White Friday. The change of name was due to religious, traditional, and cultural concepts.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-37)
Black Friday deals started in [Libya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya "Libya") since 2019, also introduced as White Friday due to religious, traditional and cultural concepts.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-38)
The use of Black Friday shopping terminology started in 2014 in major cities of Pakistan which later changed to "Blessed Friday" due to religious reasons. Now Blessed Friday (Black Friday) shopping festival is being observed regularly all over Pakistan.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
The holiday shopping season in India has traditionally been aligned around the "festive period" of major festivals usually falling around October or November, such as [Diwali](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali "Diwali").[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-39)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-:0-41) Similar to US-style shopping events such as Black Friday, online retailers adopted the practice of holding multi-day promotions during this period, such as Amazon's "Great Indian Festival" and [Flipkart's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipkart "Flipkart") "Big Billion Days". India's [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_\(India\) "Independence Day (India)") (August 15) had also recently attracted similar events.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-:0-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-42)
Nonetheless, the concept of Black Friday has also been imported into the [subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent") via international retailers – a move that influenced some Indian retailers to also adopt the promotion.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-:0-41)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-43)
In [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia"), black Friday started when a local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday Sale which is now an annual event.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
#### United Arab Emirates
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: United Arab Emirates")\]
[U.A.E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") Black Friday started as White Friday campaign in 2014. In 2018 local e-commerce platform noon.com created Yellow Friday in the [U.A.E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") The Yellow Friday Sale is now an annual event in [U.A.E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates"), falling around the same time as Black Friday globally.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
**China**
Black Friday is celebrated in China in a limited capacity commercially instead of as a major retail sale. Certain e-commerce platforms will run Black Friday promotions around late November offering deals on electronics, fashion, and imported goods.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-44)
Black Friday in [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") has been seriously marketed by retailers since 2016. Online shops especially have broken sales records during the last edition of Black Friday, which provides a base for the further growth of Black Friday's popularity in Belgium. After 2016, Black Friday in Belgium has grown strongly. The number of participating shops have increased to over seventy during the Black Friday period of 2017. During Black Friday 2018, a total of 119 participating stores were measured in Belgium.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
French businesses are slowly introducing the Black Friday custom into the market.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-45) Discounts of up to 85% were given by retailing giants such as [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") and [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") in 2014.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-46) French electronics retailers such as [FNAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fnac "Fnac") and [Auchan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchan "Auchan") advertised deals online, while [Darty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darty "Darty") also took part in this once-a-year monster sale. Retailers favored the very American term "Black Friday" to "Vendredi noir" in their advertisements.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-47) In 2016, because of the [terror attacks in Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks "November 2015 Paris attacks") in November the year before, some retailers used the name "Jour XXL" (XXL day) instead of Black Friday.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-48) An alternative was brought up by some online businesses in 2018, called "French Days",[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-49) which goal is to replicate Black Friday during spring season (starting around the first day of May).
On November 20, 2020, the French government finalized an agreement with e-commerce businesses like Amazon and supermarket chains to postpone Black Friday promotions by a week. Discounted shopping promotions were to begin on December 4 instead, after physical stores shuttered during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic") were allowed to reopen.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-50)
In Germany, "Black Friday" retailer advertisements refer to "Black Week" and "Black Shopping" in English with sales lasting an entire week (excluding Sundays when most retail stores are closed). During this sales period, stores keep their normal working hours. Although goods are offered at reduced prices, the prices are not cut significantly more than normal weekly price reductions. Apple was the first company to run a special Black Friday campaign for the German market in 2006.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-51) Apple never used the name Black Friday in Germany, but promotes only a "one-day shopping event".[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-52) In the first years, mostly internet retailers have used the event as an occasion to attract new customers with discounts, but bricks and mortar stores have already begun to adapt.
Black Friday was introduced in 2014.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-53)
In 2017, Black Friday became widely popular in [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia "Latvia"). There was even a Black week and Black week-end sales in shopping centres.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
In [Liechtenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein "Liechtenstein"), [Black Friday Sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_Sale "Black Friday Sale") is a joint sales initiative by hundreds of online vendors. Over its first 24-hour run on November 28, 2013, more than 1.2 million people visited the site, making it the single largest online shopping event in German-speaking countries.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
In the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands"), Black Friday was introduced in 2015. Some years before, there were already a number of large and small retailers that used Black Friday in their marketing. However, with a total of 35 participating stores, 2015 can be considered the year in which Black Friday started in the Netherlands due to a more widespread support of large retailers. The popularity of Black Friday has grown rapidly in the Netherlands. The number of participating stores has increased to over 125 during the Black Friday period of 2017. For the 2018 edition, 166 shops joined the largest black Friday platform in the Netherlands.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
In [Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway "Norway"), Black Friday started as a publicity stunt campaign in 2010 to increase the sales to the shopping mall Norwegian Outlet. Since the introduction, it has been promoted every year in a larger and growing market all over the country.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-54)
There has been growing interest for Black Friday in [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") as well.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-55)
The concept was imported in [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") by [eMAG](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMAG_\(Romainian_company\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "EMAG (Romainian company) (page does not exist)") \[[ro](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/eMAG "ro:eMAG")\] and [Flanco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanco "Flanco") in 2011 and became bigger each year. The two reported the biggest Black Friday sales in 2014. eMAG sold products worth some 37 million euros while Flanco's sales totaled 22 million euros. Hundreds of retailers announced their participation in the 2015 campaign.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-56)
In 2015, 11 million Romanians say they have heard about Black Friday which is 73% of the 15 million people target segment; 6.7 million plan on buying something on biggest shopping event of the year in Romania.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-57)
In Romania, Black Friday is two weeks before the US Black Friday.
In 2015, Spain joined with some small retailers. The celebration became more famous year by year, until the big retailers grew.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
In Sweden, Black Friday is widely practiced.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-58)
In 2015, Swiss retailer [Manor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_\(department_store\) "Manor (department store)") was the first to launch a special Black Friday promotion. The year after, most Swiss retailers launched special offers during the Black Friday Week. In 2024, sales of 470 million Swiss francs are expected. Although [Singles' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles%27_Day "Singles' Day") (November 11) had initially grown in importance, it has now become significantly less relevant than Black Friday in Switzerland.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-59)
Efsane Cuma, or "Legendary Friday," is the Turkish version of Black Friday – a major shopping event that falls on the last Friday of November. Efsane Cuma offers customers substantial discounts, promotions, and special deals across a variety of products, from electronics to clothing. This sales period has gained popularity in Turkey as both online and brick-and-mortar stores attract large crowds seeking bargains, often extending the deals for a few days or even over a week.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
In 2016, Black Friday was introduced in [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine "Ukraine").[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-60)
In the United Kingdom, the term "[Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Friday "Mad Friday")" originated within the police and [NHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service") to refer to the Friday before Christmas. It is the day when emergency services activate contingency plans to cope with the increase in workload due to many people going out drinking on the last Friday before Christmas. These plans can include setting up mobile field hospitals near city centre nightspots.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-61) The term has then been adopted outside those services to refer to the evening and night of the Friday immediately before Christmas, and would now be considered a mainstream term and not simply as jargon of the emergency services.
Traditionally, Boxing Day had been considered the biggest shopping day of the year in the UK. However, in the 2010s, several American-owned retailers, such as [Amazon UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_UK "Amazon UK") and the Walmart-owned chain [Asda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda "Asda"), began to hold US-style Black Friday promotions; in 2014, more British retailers began to adopt the concept, including [Argos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argos_\(retailer\) "Argos (retailer)"), [John Lewis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_\(department_store\) "John Lewis (department store)"), and [Very](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_\(online_retailer\) "Very (online retailer)"). That year, police forces were called to shops across Britain to deal with crowd control issues, assaults, threatening customers, and traffic issues.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-62)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-63) In response to incidents at branches of Tesco, Greater Manchester Police's deputy chief constable [Ian Hopkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hopkins "Ian Hopkins") said shoppers had behaved in an "appalling" fashion, and criticized shops for not making adequate security arrangements to ensure the safety of customers."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-64) Following these incidents, some retailers began to discontinue or heavily modify their promotions, with Asda stating that it would not hold all of its sales across a single day.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-66)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-67)
In 2016, total spending on online retail sites on Black Friday was £1.23 billion, a 2.2% increase over 2015.\[*[Needs updating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup "Wikipedia:Cleanup")*\][\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-68)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-69) In 2017, UK retail sales in November grew faster than in December for the first time.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-70)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-71)
The large population centers on [Lake Ontario](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ontario "Lake Ontario") and the [Lower Mainland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Mainland "Lower Mainland") in [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada") have always attracted [cross-border shopping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-border_shopping "Cross-border shopping") into the United States, and as Black Friday became more popular in the US, Canadians often flocked over the border because of their lower prices and a stronger Canadian dollar. After 2001, many were traveling for the deals across the border. Starting in 2008 and 2009, due to the parity of the [Canadian dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar "Canadian dollar") compared with the [American dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar"), several major Canadian retailers ran Black Friday deals of their own to discourage shoppers from leaving Canada.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Star-73)
The year 2012 saw the biggest Black Friday to date in Canada, as Canadian retailers embraced it in an attempt to keep shoppers from travelling across the border.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-74)
Before the advent of Black Friday in Canada, the most comparable holiday was [Boxing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day#Shopping "Boxing Day") in terms of retailer impact and [consumerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism "Consumerism").[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-ctv.ca-75)
In Mexico, Black Friday was the inspiration for the government and retailing industry to create an annual week-end of discounts and extended credit terms, *[El Buen Fin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Buen_Fin "El Buen Fin")*, meaning "the good weekend" in Spanish.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-76) *El Buen Fin* has been in existence since 2011 and takes place on November in the week-end prior to the Monday in which the Mexican Revolution holiday is pushed from its original date of November 20, as a result of the measure taken by the government of pushing certain holidays to the Monday of their week in order to avoid the workers and students to make a "larger" week-end (for example, not attending in a Friday after a Thursday holiday, thus making a four-day week-end). On this week-end, major retailers extend their store hours[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-77) and offer special promotions, including extended credit terms and price promotions.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DCUSA.Gallery10.TargetBlackFriday.Wikipedia.jpg)
Interior of a [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") store on Black Friday
Black Friday is not an official holiday in the United States, but [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California") and some other states observe "The Day After Thanksgiving" as a holiday for [state government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_government "State government") employees and [Nevada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada "Nevada") observes [Family Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Day "Family Day"). It is sometimes observed in lieu of another federal holiday, such as [Columbus Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Day "Columbus Day"). Many non-retail employees and schools have both Thanksgiving and the following Friday off. Along with the following regular week-end, this makes Black Friday weekend a four-day weekend, which is said to increase the number of potential shoppers.
The [SouthPark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SouthPark_\(Charlotte_neighborhood\) "SouthPark (Charlotte neighborhood)") neighborhood of [Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina "Charlotte, North Carolina"), [North Carolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina "North Carolina"), is the most trafficked area of the United States on Black Friday.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-78)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-79)
Black Friday is a shopping day for a combination of reasons. As the first day after the last major holiday before Christmas, it marks the unofficial beginning of the Christmas shopping season. Additionally, many employers give their employees the day off as part of the Thanksgiving holiday week-end. In order to take advantage of this, virtually all retailers in the country, big and small, offer various sales including limited amounts of "doorbuster" items to entice traffic.
For many years, it was common for retailers to open at 6 a.m., but in the late 2000s many opened at 4 a.m.–5 a.m. The early 2010s have seen retailers extend beyond normal hours in order to maintain an edge or to simply keep up with the competition. In 2010, [Toys "R" Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us "Toys \"R\" Us") began their Black Friday sales at 10 p.m. on Thanksgiving and further upped the ante by offering free boxes of [Crayola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayola "Crayola") crayons and coloring books for as long as supplies lasted. Other retailers, like [Sears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears "Sears"), [Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Express_\(store\) "Express (store)"), MK, [Victoria's Secret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret "Victoria's Secret"), [Zumiez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumiez "Zumiez"), [Tillys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillys "Tillys"), [American Eagle Outfitters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eagle_Outfitters "American Eagle Outfitters"), [Nike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. "Nike, Inc."), Jordan, [Puma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_\(brand\) "Puma (brand)"), [Aéropostale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A9ropostale_\(clothing\) "Aéropostale (clothing)"), and [Kmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_\(United_States\) "Kmart (United States)"), began Black Friday sales early Thanksgiving morning and ran them through as late as 11 p.m. Friday evening. [Forever 21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_21 "Forever 21") went in the opposite direction, opening at normal hours on Friday, and running late sales until 2 a.m. Saturday morning.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-81) In 2011, several retailers (including [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), [Kohl's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s "Kohl's"), [Macy's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s "Macy's"), [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy"), and [Bealls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bealls_\(Florida\) "Bealls (Florida)"))[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-midnight-2) opened at midnight for the first time.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-82) In 2012, [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") and several other retailers announced that they would open most of their stores at 8 p.m. on Thanksgiving, prompting calls for a [walkout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkout "Walkout") among some workers.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-83) In 2014, stores such as [JCPenney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Penney "J. C. Penney"), [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy"), and [Radio Shack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Shack "Radio Shack") opened at 6 a.m. on Thanksgiving while stores such as [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"), [Belk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belk "Belk"), and [Sears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears "Sears") opened at 7 p.m. on Thanksgiving.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-84)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-85) Three states – [Rhode Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island "Rhode Island"), [Maine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine "Maine"), and [Massachusetts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts "Massachusetts") – prohibit large supermarkets, big box stores, and department stores from opening on Thanksgiving, in what has been referred to as a legacy of [blue laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_laws_in_the_United_States "Blue laws in the United States").[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-86)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-87) A bill to allow stores to open on Thanksgiving was the subject of a public hearing on July 8, 2017.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-88)
Historically, it was common for Black Friday sales to extend throughout the following week-end. However, this practice has largely disappeared in recent years, perhaps because of an effort by retailers to create a greater sense of urgency.
The news media usually give heavy play to reports of Black Friday shopping and their implications for the commercial success of the Christmas shopping season, but the relationship between Black Friday sales and retail sales for the full holiday season is quite weak and may even be negative.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-89)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camping_overnight_at_Best_Buy_in_Richfield,_MN_for_Black_Friday_deals,_Nov_22,_2012.jpg)
Camping overnight at a [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy") store on Thursday, November 22, 2012
In 2014, spending volume on Black Friday fell for the first time since the [2008 recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession"). 50.9 billion dollars were spent during the four-day Black Friday week-end, down 11% from the previous year. However, the US economy was not in a recession. [Christmas creep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_creep "Christmas creep") has been cited as a factor in the diminishing importance of Black Friday, as many retailers now spread out their promotions over the entire months of November and December rather than concentrate them on a single shopping day or week-end.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-90) Since the 2000s, the Thanksgiving Day edition of many American [newspapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper "Newspaper") have been priced the same as their [Sunday newspaper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_newspaper "Sunday newspaper"), due to the heavy volume of [retail circulars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert_\(print_advertising\) "Insert (print advertising)") contained within.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-91)
On April 23, 2014, "*.blackfriday"* joined a growing list of [ICANN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN "ICANN") [top-level domains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain "Top-level domain") (such as – traditionally – .com, .net, and .org).[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-92)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-93)
In 2015, Neil Stern of McMillan Doolittle said, "Black Friday is quickly losing its meaning on many fronts," because many stores opened on Thanksgiving, and a lot of sales started even earlier than that. Online shopping also made the day less important.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Karp-94) A Gallup poll in 2012 has shown that only 18% of American adults planned to shop during Black Friday.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-95)
In 2020, an article in *[Ad Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Age "Ad Age")* magazine stated that "an American capitalist tradition ... has been on the wane for years as online shopping rises in popularity" but the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), "which has dramatically altered shopping patterns, has seemingly dealt a fatal blow."[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-96)
By 2021, spending during the holiday season was expected to continue to increase, but Black Friday was no longer a single day. It was instead an opportunity for retailers to offer deals during the season as online shopping continued to change consumer behavior. COVID-19 had increased the changes in buyer and retailer moves toward online transactions. [Supply chain disruptions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_global_supply_chain_crisis "2021–2022 global supply chain crisis") caused consumers to buy earlier when they could find items.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-97) In 2025, shoppers across the US are expected to spend over \$100 billion.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-98)
In Australia, the term is [controversial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversial "Controversial"),[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DuncanFine-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DanielMay-100) as prior to its popularisation as a shopping day, it referred not to shopping at all, but to the devastating [Black Friday bushfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_bushfires "Black Friday bushfires") that occurred in Victoria 1938–39.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DuncanFine-99)[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-DanielMay-100)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-101)[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Lewis-102) It was not until the 2010s that it was heavily promoted as a shopping day in Australia by in-store and online retailers, despite backlash and confusion by consumers. In 2011, Online Shopping USA hosted an event on [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"). Twitter users had to use the hashtag \#osublackfriday, which allowed them to follow along and tweet their favourite deals and discounts from stores.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-103) In 2013, [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") extended its Black Friday deals to Australia. Purchasing online gave customers free shipping and free [iTunes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store") gift cards with every purchase. The deals were promoted on its website, reading "Official Apple Store – One day Apple shopping event Friday, November 29".[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-104) [Australia Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Post "Australia Post")'s ShopMate parcel-forwarding service allows Australian customers to purchase products with "Black Friday" deals from the US and get them shipped to Australia. ShopMate ran from 2014 to 2022. It closed in February 2022 amid controversy about shipping costs.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-105) In addition to this service, numerous stores in the country run Black Friday promotions in-store and online throughout the country.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-106)
Black Friday started picking up in [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand "New Zealand") around 2013. In 2015, major retailers such as [The Warehouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warehouse_Group#The_Warehouse "The Warehouse Group"), [Noel Leeming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Leeming "Noel Leeming") and [Harvey Norman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Norman "Harvey Norman") offered Black Friday sales,[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-107) and by 2018 were joined by [Farmers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_\(department_store\) "Farmers (department store)"), [JB Hi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JB_Hi-Fi "JB Hi-Fi"), [Briscoes and Rebel Sport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briscoe_Group "Briscoe Group"). Paymark, which processes around 75% of New Zealand's electronic transactions, recorded \$219 million [NZD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZD "NZD") (US\$151 million) of transactions on Black Friday 2017, up over 10% from the previous year.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-108)
### Central and South America
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Central and South America")\]
2014 marked the introduction in Bolivia.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-109)
Black Friday has been increasingly adopted by stores in [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil") since 2010,[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-110) although not without its share of inflated prices and other scams, especially in its earlier years, earning the nickname "*Black Fraude*"[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-111) (Black Fraud) or also "*Black Furadei*", which comes from the slang word "*furada*", meaning a "jam" or tough situation, usually involving money. It is also common to hear Brazilian people say that prices on Brazilian Black Friday are "half of the double".\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Black Friday was introduced in 2014.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-112)
Black Friday is known as *Viernes Negro* in Costa Rica.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-113)
In [Panama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama "Panama"), Black Friday was first celebrated in 2012, as a move by the government to attract local tourism to the country's capital city. During its first year, it was believed to have attracted an inflow of about 35,000 regional tourists according to the government's immigration census.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
Despite frequent attempts to control the crowds of shoppers, minor injuries are common among the crowds, usually as a result of being pushed or thrown to the ground in small [crowd crushes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowd_crush "Crowd crush"). While most injuries remain minor, serious injuries and even deliberate violence have taken place on some Black Fridays.
In 2008, a crowd of approximately 2,000 shoppers in [Valley Stream, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Stream,_New_York "Valley Stream, New York"), waited outside for the 05:00 opening of the local [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"). When the doors were opened, the crowd pushed forward, breaking the door down, and 34-year-old employee Jdimytai Damour was trampled to death. The shoppers did not appear concerned with the victim's fate, expressing refusal to halt their charge when other employees attempted to intervene and help the injured employee, complaining that they had been waiting in the cold and were not willing to wait any longer. Shoppers had begun assembling as early as 21:00 the evening before. Even when police arrived and attempted to render aid to the injured man, shoppers continued to pour in, shoving and pushing the officers as they made their way into the store. Several other people incurred minor injuries, including a pregnant woman who had to be taken to the hospital.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-115)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-116) The incident may be the first case of a death occurring during Black Friday sales; according to the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation"), "We are not aware of any other circumstances where a retail employee has died working on the day after Thanksgiving."[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-autogenerated1-114)
On the same day, two people were fatally shot during an altercation at a Toys "R" Us in [Palm Desert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Desert "Palm Desert"), California.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-LA-Times-117)
During Black Friday 2010, in [Madison, Wisconsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin "Madison, Wisconsin"), a woman was arrested outside of a [Toys "R" Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us "Toys \"R\" Us") store after [cutting in line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_in_line "Cutting in line"), and threatening to shoot other shoppers who tried to object.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-118) A [Toys for Tots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_for_Tots "Toys for Tots") volunteer in Georgia was stabbed by a shoplifter.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-119) An [Indianapolis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis "Indianapolis") woman was arrested after causing a disturbance by arguing with other Wal-Mart shoppers. She had been asked to leave the store, but refused.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-120)
A man was arrested at a Florida Walmart on drug and weapons charges after other shoppers waiting in line for the store to open noticed he was carrying a [handgun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun "Handgun") and reported it to the police. He was discovered to also be carrying two knives and a [pepper spray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray "Pepper spray") grenade.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-121) A man in [Buffalo, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York "Buffalo, New York"), was trampled when doors opened at a [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") store and unruly shoppers rushed in, in an episode reminiscent of the deadly 2008 Wal-Mart crowd crush.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-122)
On Black Friday 2011, a woman at a Los Angeles Walmart used [pepper spray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_spray "Pepper spray") on fellow shoppers, causing minor injuries to a reported 20 people who had been waiting hours for the store to open. The incident started as people waited in line for the newly discounted [Xbox 360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360 "Xbox 360"). A witness said a woman with two children in tow became upset with the way people were pushing in line. The witness said she pulled out pepper spray and sprayed the other people in line. Another account stated: "The store had brought out a crate of discounted Xbox 360s, and a crowd had formed to wait for the unwrapping, when the woman began spraying people 'in order to get an advantage,' according to the police.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-123) In an incident outside another Walmart store in [San Leandro, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Leandro,_California "San Leandro, California"), one man was wounded after being shot following Black Friday shopping at about 1:45 a.m.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-124) In [South Charleston, West Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Charleston,_West_Virginia "South Charleston, West Virginia"), a 61-year-old pharmacist collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack at a store. The *New York Daily News* reported other shoppers did not stop to help the man, with some stepping over his collapsed body.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-125)
On Black Friday 2012, two people were shot outside a Wal-Mart in [Tallahassee, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida "Tallahassee, Florida"), during a dispute over a parking space.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-126)
On Black Friday in 2013, a person in [Las Vegas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas "Las Vegas") who was carrying a big-screen TV home from a Target store on Thanksgiving was shot in the leg as he tried to wrestle the item back from a robber who had just stolen it from him at gunpoint.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-127) In [Romeoville, Illinois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeoville,_Illinois "Romeoville, Illinois"), a police officer shot a suspected shoplifter driving a car that was dragging a fellow officer at a Kohl's department store. The suspect and the dragged officer were treated for shoulder injuries. Three people were arrested.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-128) In another situation, a 29-year-old shopper was arrested in a Walmart in New Jersey after arguing with a store manager about a TV and attacking an officer. He was charged with disorderly conduct, aggravated assault, and resisting arrest.[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-129)
In 2014, three buyers were arrested after a group of five people started fighting at a Kohl's store in Tustin, California. Two female victims were found with facial lacerations, and one of them was taken to hospital with minor injuries, while the other was released on scene. According to officials, three other females were suspects for the assault and were taken into custody.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-130) Two people were arrested after a brawl on Black Friday at a northwest side mall in Indianapolis. In Los Angeles, two women were fighting at a Walmart in Norwalk, California, over a Barbie doll on Thanksgiving night.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-131)
Several people fighting at a mall in Florence, Kentucky, allegedly over a pair of Air Jordan sneakers. This year was called "The worst Black Friday brawls in history" at that time due to the heavy use of smartphones that could instantly capture video.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-132)
In 2016, 21-year-old Demond Cottman was shot and killed around 01:00 Friday morning outside a Macy's store in New Jersey. The shooter fired multiple shots, leaving an SUV covered in bullet holes, but the motives remain unclear. Cottman's 26-year-old brother was also injured.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-time.com-133) A shooting at the [Wolfchase Galleria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfchase_Galleria "Wolfchase Galleria") Mall in [Memphis, Tennessee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee "Memphis, Tennessee"), left one man injured. Derrick Blackburn, 19, was later arrested for unlawful possession of a weapon.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-134)
In [Vancouver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver "Vancouver"), a shirtless man attacked several people using his belt as a whip. The incident occurred outside an [Adidas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas "Adidas") store where a crowd was awaiting the release of a rare shoe.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-135)
At the [Riverchase Galleria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverchase_Galleria "Riverchase Galleria") in [Hoover, Alabama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover,_Alabama "Hoover, Alabama"), Emantic Fitzgerald Bradford Jr., was shot and killed by a security guard after two people were wounded in a shooting.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-136) On Saturday, the police announced that the shooter was not Bradford, but claimed he was involved in the shooting.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-137)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-138)
A fight led to a shooting in the food court of the [Destiny USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_USA "Destiny USA") mall in [Syracuse, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York "Syracuse, New York").[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-libonati-139) The mall went into lockdown until shoppers and staff were released starting at about 8:00 p.m. with all shopping activity suspended.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-libonati-139) 21-year-old Kyree Truax was arrested and charged with second-degree assault, second-degree criminal possession of a weapon, and second-degree reckless endangerment for shooting the victim twice in the leg.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-140)
Three people were stabbed during a fight between two groups at the [Market Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Mall "Market Mall") in [Calgary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary "Calgary"). Four people were arrested. Hours later, three others were injured after a stabbing at [CrossIron Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrossIron_Mills "CrossIron Mills"), another mall in Calgary.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-141)
Two people were injured in a shooting at the [Park Plaza Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Plaza_Mall "Park Plaza Mall") in [Little Rock, Arkansas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas "Little Rock, Arkansas").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-142)
Three people were shot following an argument outside of a [Macy's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macy%27s "Macy's") store at the [Westfield Valley Fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Valley_Fair "Westfield Valley Fair") mall in [San Jose, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California "San Jose, California").[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-143)
## Black Friday online
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=57 "Edit section: Black Friday online")\]
### High traffic challenges for retailers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=58 "Edit section: High traffic challenges for retailers")\]
Some online stores invest a lot of money in promotional campaigns to generate more sales and drive traffic to their stores. However, they often forget about the high loads their sites are going to experience. According to *Retail Gazette*, "A number of major retailers' websites went down as they failed to cope with the surge in Black Friday traffic in 2017 ... This just highlights that some retailers have not taken the necessary steps to prepare for Black Friday. Failing to prepare for peak can cause poor performance, site downtime, and ultimately lost revenue for retailers".[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-A_number_of_major_retailers'_websites_went_down_as_they_failed_to_cope_with_the_surge_in_Black_Friday_traffic_in_2017{{nbsp}}..._This_just_highlights_that_some_retailers_have_not_taken_the_necessary_steps_to_prepare_for_Black_Friday._Failing_to_prepare_for_peak_can_cause_poor_performance,_site_downtime,_and_ultimately_lost_revenue_for_retailers-144) Such carelessness results in huge reputational damage. Moreover, the 2017 Veeam Availability Report in South Africa found that "Unplanned downtime costs organisations around the world an average of R270m annually, up from the R210m of the previous year".[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Unplanned_downtime_costs_organisations_around_the_world_an_average_of_R270m_annually,_up_from_the_R210m_of_the_previous_year-145)
### Advertising tip sites
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=59 "Edit section: Advertising tip sites")\]
Some websites offer information about day-after-Thanksgiving specials up to a month in advance.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-146) The text listings of items and prices are usually accompanied by pictures of the actual ad circulars. These are either leaked by insiders or intentionally released by large retailers to give consumers insight and allow them time to plan.
In recent years, some retailers (including [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart"), [Target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), [OfficeMax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OfficeMax "OfficeMax"), [Big Lots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Lots "Big Lots"), and [Staples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staples,_Inc. "Staples, Inc.")) have claimed that the advertisements they send in advance of Black Friday and the prices included in those advertisements are copyrighted and are [trade secrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_secret "Trade secret"). Some of these retailers have used the [take-down system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act "Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act") of the [Digital Millennium Copyright Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act "Digital Millennium Copyright Act") (DMCA) as a means to remove the offending price listings.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-147)
The benefit of threatening Internet sites with a DMCA-based lawsuit has proved tenuous at best. While some sites have complied with the requests, others have either ignored the threats or simply continued to post the information under the name of a similar-sounding fictional retailer. However, careful timing may mitigate the take-down notice. An [Internet service provider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider "Internet service provider") in 2003 brought suit against [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy"), [Kohl's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s "Kohl's"), and [Target Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation"), arguing that the take-down notice provisions of the DMCA are unconstitutional. The court dismissed the case, ruling that only the third-party posters of the advertisements, and not the ISP itself, would have [standing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_\(law\) "Standing (law)") to sue the retailers.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-148)
Usage of Black Friday advertising tip sites and buying direct varies by state in the US, influenced in large part by differences in shipping costs and whether a state has a sales tax. However, in recent years, the convenience of online shopping has increased the number of cross-border shoppers seeking bargains from outside of the US, especially from Canada. Statistics Canada indicates that online cross-border shopping by Canadians has increased by about 300M a year since 2002.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-Statscan-149) The complex nature of additional fees such as taxes, duties, and brokerage can make calculating the final cost of cross-border Black Friday deals difficult. Cross-border shopping solutions exist to mitigate the problem through estimation of the various cost involved.
In 2019, Adobe shopping data showed that around 39% of the shopping was done through [smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone").[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-150) In 2022, 48% of online sales are made through smartphones, up from 44% in 2021. Meanwhile, consumers spent a record \$9.12 billion shopping online during Black Friday this year.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-151)
The term *Cyber Monday*, a [neologism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism "Neologism") invented in 2005 by the [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation")'s division Shop.org,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-152) refers to the Monday immediately following Black Friday based on a trend that retailers began to recognize in 2003 and 2004. Retailers noticed that many consumers who were too busy to shop over the Thanksgiving week-end or did not find what they were looking for shopped for bargains online that Monday from home or work. In 2010, Hitwise reported:
> Thanksgiving weekend offered a strong start, especially as Black Friday sales continued to grow in popularity. For the 2nd consecutive year, Black Friday was the highest day for retail traffic during the holiday season, followed by Thanksgiving and Cyber Monday. The highest year-over-year increases in visits took place on Cyber Monday and Black Friday with a growth of 16% and 13%, respectively.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-153)
In 2013, Cyber Monday online sales grew by 18% over the previous year, hitting a record \$1.73 billion, with an average order value of \$128.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-ComScore_Cyber_Monday_2013_Spending-154) In 2014, Cyber Monday was the busiest day of the year with sales exceeding \$2 billion in desktop online spending, up 17% from the previous year.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-155)
As reported in the *[Forbes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes "Forbes")* "Entrepreneurs" column on December 3, 2013: "Cyber Monday, the online counterpart to Black Friday, has been gaining unprecedented popularity – to the point where Cyber Sales are continuing on throughout the week."[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-156) Peter Greenberg, travel editor for [CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News"), further advises: "If you want a real deal on Black Friday, stay away from the mall. Black Friday and Cyber Monday are all part of Cyber Week ..."[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-157)
## Retail sales impact
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Friday_\(shopping\)&action=edit§ion=62 "Edit section: Retail sales impact")\]
The [National Retail Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Retail_Federation "National Retail Federation") releases figures on the sales for each [Thanksgiving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_\(United_States\) "Thanksgiving (United States)") week-end.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-158) The Federation's definition of "Black Friday week-end" includes Thursday, Friday, Saturday and projected spending for Sunday. The survey estimates number of shoppers, not number of people.
The length of the shopping season is not the same across all years: the date for Black Friday varies between November 23 and 29, while Christmas Eve is fixed at December 24.
| Year | Date | Survey published | Shoppers (millions) | Average spent | Total spent | Consumers polled | Margin for error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Nov. 26 | Nov. 30[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-159) | 180 | \$301.27 | \$54.2 billion | 5,759 | ± 1.3% |
| 2020 | Nov. 27 | Dec. 1[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-160) | 186 | \$311.75 | \$58.1 billion | 6,615 | ± 1.2% |
| 2019 | Nov. 29 | Dec. 3[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-161) | 190 | \$361.90 | \$68.8 billion | 6,746 | ± 1.2% |
| 2018 | Nov. 23 | Nov. 27[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-162) | 165 | \$313.29 | \$51.7 billion | 3,058 | ± 1.8% |
| 2017 | Nov. 24 | Nov. 28[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-163) | 174 | \$335.47 | \$58.3 billion | 3,242 | ± 1.7% |
| 2016 | Nov. 25 | | | | | | |
| 2015 | Nov. 27 | | | | | | |
| 2014[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_note-164) | Nov. 28 | Nov. 30 | 233 | \$380.95 | \$50.9 billion | 4,631 | ± 1.5% |
| 2013 | Nov. 29 | Dec. 1 | 249 | \$407.02 | \$57.4 billion | 4,864 | ± 1.7% |
| 2012 | Nov. 23 | Nov. 25 | 247 | \$423.66 | \$59.1 billion | 4,005 | ± 1.6% |
| 2011 | Nov. 25 | Nov. 27 | 226 | \$398.62 | \$52.5 billion | 3,826 | ± 1.6% |
| 2010 | Nov. 26 | Nov. 28 | 212 | \$365.34 | \$45.0 billion | 4,306 | ± 1.5% |
| 2009 | Nov. 27 | Nov. 29 | 195 | \$343.31 | \$41.2 billion | 4,985 | ± 1.4% |
| 2008 | Nov. 28 | Nov. 30 | 172 | \$372.57 | \$41.0 billion | 3,370 | ± 1.7% |
| 2007 | Nov. 23 | Nov. 25 | 147 | \$347.55 | \$34.6 billion | 2,395 | ± 1.5% |
| 2006 | Nov. 24 | Nov. 26 | 140 | \$360.15 | \$34.4 billion | 3,090 | ± 1.5% |
| 2005 | Nov. 25 | Nov. 27 | 132 | \$301.81 | \$26.8 billion | | |
These are various day-long events similar to Black Friday around the world or any other events on the same day as Black Friday.
- [Boxing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day#Shopping "Boxing Day")
- [Buy Nothing Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day "Buy Nothing Day") on the same day
- [Circular Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_Monday "Circular Monday"), a grassroots movement, database and shopping day for circular consumption
- [Cyber Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Monday "Cyber Monday"), three days later
- [Giving Tuesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giving_Tuesday "Giving Tuesday"), four days later
- [Green Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Monday "Green Monday")
- [Native American Heritage Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day "Native American Heritage Day") on the same day
- [Prime Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime#Prime_Day "Amazon Prime"), a discounted retail day servicing Amazon.com customers
- [Singles' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles%27_Day "Singles' Day"), a shopping day popular in China that occurs on November 11
- [Small Business Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday "Small Business Saturday") on the following day
- [Super Saturday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Saturday "Super Saturday") (also known as Panic Saturday)
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(November 16, 2010).
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["Holiday Shoppers Jam U.S. Stores"](https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/28/business/holiday-shoppers-jam-us-stores.html). *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*. November 28, 1981. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231128111837/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/28/business/holiday-shoppers-jam-us-stores.html) from the original on November 28, 2023. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
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Swilley, Esther; Goldsmith, Ronald E. (January 1, 2013). ["Black Friday and Cyber Monday: Understanding consumer intentions on two major shopping days"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698912001233). *Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services*. **20** (1): 43–50\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.jretconser.2012.10.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jretconser.2012.10.003). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[2097/15213](https://hdl.handle.net/2097%2F15213). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0969-6989](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0969-6989). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190307192017/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969698912001233) from the original on March 7, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2023.
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[Zimmer, Ben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Zimmer "Ben Zimmer") (November 25, 2011). ["The Origins of "Black Friday"](http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/3047/). *Word Routes*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120129104751/http://www.visualthesaurus.com/cm/wordroutes/3047/) from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
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Apfelbaum, Martin L. ["Philadelphia's 'Black Friday'"](https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081311.html). *American Philatelist*. Vol. 69, no. 4. p. 239. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141130171109/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2008-April/081311.html) from the original on November 30, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
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["snopes.com: How Did 'Black Friday' Get Its Name?"](http://www.snopes.com/holidays/thanksgiving/blackfriday.asp). *Urban Legends Reference Pages*. Snopes.com. December 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
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["Around and About"](https://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2014-November/135115.html). *The Shortsville-Manchester Enterprise*. December 1, 1961. p. 4. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150415024700/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/pipermail/ads-l/2014-November/135115.html) from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(shopping\)#cite_ref-11)** ["Black Friday"](http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/black-friday) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20151201080410/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/black-friday) December 1, 2015, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") in Oxford Online Dictionaries
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`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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