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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa184)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia","crawl_time":1750212622,"first_indexed_time":1463963695,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Basic symptoms of schizophrenia - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia Symptoms in Schizophrenia , a 1938 silent film. Basic symptoms of schizophrenia  are subjective symptoms, described as experienced from a person's perspective, which show evidence of underlying  psychopathology . Basic symptoms have generally been applied to the assessment of people who may be  at risk  to develop  psychosis . Though basic symptoms are often disturbing for the person, problems generally do not become evident to others until the person is no longer able to cope with their basic symptoms. Basic symptoms are more specific to identifying people who exhibit signs of prodromal psychosis ( prodrome ) and are more likely to develop  schizophrenia  over other disorders related to psychosis. [ 1 ]  Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, but is not synonymous with  psychosis . [ 1 ]  In the prodrome to psychosis, uncharacteristic basic symptoms develop first, followed by more characteristic basic symptoms and brief and self-limited psychotic-like symptoms, and finally the onset of psychosis. [ 2 ]  People who were assessed to be high risk according to the basic symptoms criteria have a 48.5% likelihood of progressing to psychosis. [ 3 ]  In 2015, the  European Psychiatric Association  issued guidance recommending the use of a subscale of basic symptoms, called the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS), in the assessment of psychosis risk in help-seeking psychiatric patients; in a meta-analysis, COGDIS was shown to be as predictive of transition to psychosis as the Ultra High Risk (UHR) criteria up to 2 years after assessment, and significantly more predictive thereafter. [ 4 ]  The basic symptoms measured by COGDIS, as well as those measured by another subscale, the Cognitive-Perceptive basic symptoms scale (COPER), are predictive of transition to schizophrenia. [ 5 ] Several factors interact prior to the development of basic symptoms, including predisposed vulnerability, environmental stressors, and support systems. [ 6 ]  Recent work in the field of  neural oscillation  has demonstrated that defective excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the brain during development plays an important role in the formation of basic symptoms. [ 7 ]  These signalling disturbances can lead to cognitive deficits that result in the future appearance of more complicated symptoms of the disorder. [ 7 ]  The interaction of these factors increases the risk for the development of basic symptoms of schizophrenia. [ 6 ]  It is important to identify when a person is exposed to these factors to prevent, modify, or delay the onset of basic symptoms through early intervention. [ 6 ]  The recognition of these basic symptoms in the prodromal phase can lead to  early intervention in psychosis  that aids in the delay or prevention of schizophrenia. [ 8 ]  Such early interventions include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or the use of antipsychotic drugs. [ 8 ] Basic symptoms are subjective and can be subtle. It may be difficult for the person to realize that something is wrong and tell someone else, especially without being asked directly. Often, the person will try to adapt and cope with the symptoms. Functioning becomes impaired when people reach their adaptive capacity. [ 9 ]  In the period leading up to the first episode of schizophrenia, uncharacteristic basic symptoms first appear and are followed by the onset of more characteristic basic symptoms and, finally,  psychosis . [ 9 ] Basic symptoms often appear several years before the onset of psychosis, but are often preceded by the onset of  self-disorders . [ 10 ]  They may sometimes appear and then disappear before appearing again much later, where they occur as part of an  outpost syndrome . At one point, uncharacteristic basic symptoms will appear, which comprise various disturbances of mood, emotions, drive, thought, and attention that can occur in many other disorders, followed by the characteristic basic symptoms, which comprise disturbances of thought, perception, and attention, along with minor reality distortion, that are associated with schizophrenia in particular. Afterward, attenuated symptoms of psychosis or brief periods of psychosis will appear, before culminating in the emergence of full-blown psychosis. At any stage before psychosis, the person will attempt to cope with the basic symptoms, which might conceal the problems from others; once the person reaches the limit of their ability to compensate, however, the problems will become evident to others and cause impairment. [ 5 ]  Poorer long-term outcomes such as increases in relapses, increases in hospitalizations, and poorer social\/occupational functioning are associated with the age of onset of these symptoms, suggesting the importance of early intervention. [ 11 ] After the resolution of psychosis, basic symptoms may follow one of 3 courses: Psychosis and the basic symptoms may resolve completely allowing the restoration of normal functioning; they may remit but remain at an uncharacteristic level, with relapses of psychosis; or the characteristic basic symptoms may remain creating a deficit syndrome dominated by negative symptoms. [ 5 ] Basic symptoms are generally evaluated using the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI), of which there are both a child and youth version (SPI-CY) and an adult version (SPI-A); [ 10 ]  this instrument assesses basic symptoms, both those that are uncharacteristic and those characteristic of psychosis. Out of the items evaluated on the SPI-CY and the SPI-A, there can be derived 2 scales to evaluate specifically the characteristic basic symptoms: the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS) and the Cognitive-Perceptual Basic Symptoms scale (COPER). [ 5 ] COGDIS criteria are met when at least 2 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) are present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and which were not present during the pre-morbid phase of the illness and do not result from drug use. The  European Psychiatric Association  (EPA) recommends the use of this scale, along with attenuated psychotic symptoms and brief transient psychosis, to detect  at-risk mental states  in help-seeking people. [ 4 ] COPER criteria are met when at least 1 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) is present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and the first occurrence of symptoms was more than 12 months prior to evaluation. [ 5 ] Below are the basic symptoms associated with psychosis, along with whether they appear on COGDIS, COPER, or both: [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Symptom COGDIS COPER Description\n Thought interference\n Yes Yes\n Interference of unimportant, irrelevant thoughts that hinders thinking and concentration.\n Thought perseveration\n No Yes\n Repetition of thoughts that have little or no salience.\n Thought pressure\n Yes Yes\n Many thoughts with no common theme pop up uncontrollably.\n Thought blockages\n Yes Yes\n Sudden loss of train of thought that may be accompanied by the intrusion of a new thought.\n Disturbance of receptive language\n Yes Yes\n Lack of immediate comprehension of speech or text in one's native language.\n Disturbance of expressive language\n Yes No\n Difficulty producing speech or text that is appropriate to one's message in one's native language.\n Disturbances of abstract thinking\n Yes No\n Difficulty comprehending idioms and metaphors.\n Inability to divide attention\n Yes No\n Difficulty doing something with one sense (such as vision) while simultaneously using another sense for something else (such as hearing).\n Captivation of attention by details of the visual field\n Yes No\n Attention is drawn to unimportant details as if one were \"spellbound\".\n Decreased ability to discriminate between perception and ideas, true memories and fantasies\n No Yes\n Difficulty discriminating between what one has observed and what one has imagined.\n Unstable ideas of reference with insight\n Yes Yes\n Sub-psychotic  referential ideation  that is thereafter immediately corrected by the person.\n Derealization\n No Yes\n Sense of disconnect or unreality in one's environment.\n Visual or acoustic perceptual disturbances with insight\n No Yes\n Disturbances of the perception of brightness or loudness, color or sound quality, or distortions in one's perceptions that are recognized by the person as false.\n The Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) is another scale used to evaluate subjective symptoms of schizophrenia. [ 12 ] [ 13 ]  This is a semi-structured interview scheme that was designed to specifically assess  anomalous self-experience . [ 12 ]","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages)\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/wikipedia.png) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Basic+symptoms+of+schizophrenia \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Basic+symptoms+of+schizophrenia \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Basic+symptoms+of+schizophrenia \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Basic+symptoms+of+schizophrenia \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPages for logged out editors [learn more](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction)\n\n- [Contributions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyContributions \"A list of edits made from this IP address [y]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyTalk \"Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia)\n- [1 Course](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#Course)\n- [2 Evaluation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#Evaluation)\n- [3 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#See_also)\n- [4 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#References)\n- [5 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Basic symptoms of schizophrenia\n1 language\n\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%97%87%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80 \"精神分裂症的基本症狀 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q25324622#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&oldid=1281185862 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&id=1281185862&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBasic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia)\n- [Download QR code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBasic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q25324622 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nSubjective symptoms of schizophrenia\n\n*Symptoms in Schizophrenia*, a 1938 silent film.\n\n**Basic symptoms of schizophrenia** are subjective symptoms, described as experienced from a person's perspective, which show evidence of underlying [psychopathology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychopathology \"Psychopathology\"). Basic symptoms have generally been applied to the assessment of people who may be [at risk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At-risk_mental_state \"At-risk mental state\") to develop [psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychosis \"Psychosis\"). Though basic symptoms are often disturbing for the person, problems generally do not become evident to others until the person is no longer able to cope with their basic symptoms. Basic symptoms are more specific to identifying people who exhibit signs of prodromal psychosis ([prodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prodrome \"Prodrome\")) and are more likely to develop [schizophrenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\") over other disorders related to psychosis.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Piras2014-1) Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, but is not synonymous with [psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychosis \"Psychosis\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Piras2014-1) In the prodrome to psychosis, uncharacteristic basic symptoms develop first, followed by more characteristic basic symptoms and brief and self-limited psychotic-like symptoms, and finally the onset of psychosis.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev-2) People who were assessed to be high risk according to the basic symptoms criteria have a 48.5% likelihood of progressing to psychosis.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-3) In 2015, the [European Psychiatric Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Psychiatric_Association \"European Psychiatric Association\") issued guidance recommending the use of a subscale of basic symptoms, called the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS), in the assessment of psychosis risk in help-seeking psychiatric patients; in a meta-analysis, COGDIS was shown to be as predictive of transition to psychosis as the Ultra High Risk (UHR) criteria up to 2 years after assessment, and significantly more predictive thereafter.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterMichel2015-4) The basic symptoms measured by COGDIS, as well as those measured by another subscale, the Cognitive-Perceptive basic symptoms scale (COPER), are predictive of transition to schizophrenia.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5)\n\n## Course\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Course\")\\]\n\nSeveral factors interact prior to the development of basic symptoms, including predisposed vulnerability, environmental stressors, and support systems.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Cheng-6) Recent work in the field of [neural oscillation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neural_oscillation \"Neural oscillation\") has demonstrated that defective excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the brain during development plays an important role in the formation of basic symptoms.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Uhlhaas-7) These signalling disturbances can lead to cognitive deficits that result in the future appearance of more complicated symptoms of the disorder.[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Uhlhaas-7) The interaction of these factors increases the risk for the development of basic symptoms of schizophrenia.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Cheng-6) It is important to identify when a person is exposed to these factors to prevent, modify, or delay the onset of basic symptoms through early intervention.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Cheng-6) The recognition of these basic symptoms in the prodromal phase can lead to [early intervention in psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_intervention_in_psychosis \"Early intervention in psychosis\") that aids in the delay or prevention of schizophrenia.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Stafford-8) Such early interventions include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or the use of antipsychotic drugs.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Stafford-8)\n\nBasic symptoms are subjective and can be subtle. It may be difficult for the person to realize that something is wrong and tell someone else, especially without being asked directly. Often, the person will try to adapt and cope with the symptoms. Functioning becomes impaired when people reach their adaptive capacity.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev2-9) In the period leading up to the first episode of schizophrenia, uncharacteristic basic symptoms first appear and are followed by the onset of more characteristic basic symptoms and, finally, [psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychosis \"Psychosis\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev2-9)\n\nBasic symptoms often appear several years before the onset of psychosis, but are often preceded by the onset of [self-disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-disorders \"Self-disorders\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material-10) They may sometimes appear and then disappear before appearing again much later, where they occur as part of an *outpost syndrome*. At one point, uncharacteristic basic symptoms will appear, which comprise various disturbances of mood, emotions, drive, thought, and attention that can occur in many other disorders, followed by the characteristic basic symptoms, which comprise disturbances of thought, perception, and attention, along with minor reality distortion, that are associated with schizophrenia in particular. Afterward, attenuated symptoms of psychosis or brief periods of psychosis will appear, before culminating in the emergence of full-blown psychosis. At any stage before psychosis, the person will attempt to cope with the basic symptoms, which might conceal the problems from others; once the person reaches the limit of their ability to compensate, however, the problems will become evident to others and cause impairment.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5) Poorer long-term outcomes such as increases in relapses, increases in hospitalizations, and poorer social\/occupational functioning are associated with the age of onset of these symptoms, suggesting the importance of early intervention.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-11)\n\nAfter the resolution of psychosis, basic symptoms may follow one of 3 courses: Psychosis and the basic symptoms may resolve completely allowing the restoration of normal functioning; they may remit but remain at an uncharacteristic level, with relapses of psychosis; or the characteristic basic symptoms may remain creating a deficit syndrome dominated by negative symptoms.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5)\n\n## Evaluation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Evaluation\")\\]\n\nBasic symptoms are generally evaluated using the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI), of which there are both a child and youth version (SPI-CY) and an adult version (SPI-A);[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material-10) this instrument assesses basic symptoms, both those that are uncharacteristic and those characteristic of psychosis. Out of the items evaluated on the SPI-CY and the SPI-A, there can be derived 2 scales to evaluate specifically the characteristic basic symptoms: the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS) and the Cognitive-Perceptual Basic Symptoms scale (COPER).[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5)\n\nCOGDIS criteria are met when at least 2 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) are present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and which were not present during the pre-morbid phase of the illness and do not result from drug use. The [European Psychiatric Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Psychiatric_Association \"European Psychiatric Association\") (EPA) recommends the use of this scale, along with attenuated psychotic symptoms and brief transient psychosis, to detect [at-risk mental states](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At-risk_mental_state \"At-risk mental state\") in help-seeking people.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterMichel2015-4)\n\nCOPER criteria are met when at least 1 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) is present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and the first occurrence of symptoms was more than 12 months prior to evaluation.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5)\n\nBelow are the basic symptoms associated with psychosis, along with whether they appear on COGDIS, COPER, or both:[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev-2)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterMichel2015-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5)\n\n| Symptom | COGDIS | COPER | Description |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| Thought interference | Yes | Yes | Interference of unimportant, irrelevant thoughts that hinders thinking and concentration. |\n| Thought perseveration | No | Yes | Repetition of thoughts that have little or no salience. |\n| Thought pressure | Yes | Yes | Many thoughts with no common theme pop up uncontrollably. |\n| Thought blockages | Yes | Yes | Sudden loss of train of thought that may be accompanied by the intrusion of a new thought. |\n| Disturbance of receptive language | Yes | Yes | Lack of immediate comprehension of speech or text in one's native language. |\n| Disturbance of expressive language | Yes | No | Difficulty producing speech or text that is appropriate to one's message in one's native language. |\n| Disturbances of abstract thinking | Yes | No | Difficulty comprehending idioms and metaphors. |\n| Inability to divide attention | Yes | No | Difficulty doing something with one sense (such as vision) while simultaneously using another sense for something else (such as hearing). |\n| Captivation of attention by details of the visual field | Yes | No | Attention is drawn to unimportant details as if one were \"spellbound\". |\n| Decreased ability to discriminate between perception and ideas, true memories and fantasies | No | Yes | Difficulty discriminating between what one has observed and what one has imagined. |\n| Unstable ideas of reference with insight | Yes | Yes | Sub-psychotic [referential ideation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ideas_of_reference_and_delusions_of_reference \"Ideas of reference and delusions of reference\") that is thereafter immediately corrected by the person. |\n| Derealization | No | Yes | Sense of disconnect or unreality in one's environment. |\n| Visual or acoustic perceptual disturbances with insight | No | Yes | Disturbances of the perception of brightness or loudness, color or sound quality, or distortions in one's perceptions that are recognized by the person as false. |\n\nThe Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) is another scale used to evaluate subjective symptoms of schizophrenia.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Henriksen-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-13) This is a semi-structured interview scheme that was designed to specifically assess [anomalous self-experience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-disorder \"Self-disorder\").[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Henriksen-12)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Early intervention in psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_intervention_in_psychosis \"Early intervention in psychosis\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Piras2014_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Piras2014_1-1)\n   Piras, S; Casu, G; Casu, MA; Orrù, A; Ruiu, S; Pilleri, A; Manca, G; Marchese, G (2014). [\"Prediction and prevention of the first psychotic episode: new directions and opportunities\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3974689). *Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management*. **10**: 241–53\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2147\/TCRM.S55770](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147%2FTCRM.S55770). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [3974689](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3974689). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [24729711](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/24729711).\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev_2-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev_2-1)\n   Schultze-Lutter F (January 2009). [\"Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: the basic symptom concept\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2643966). *[Schizophrenia Bulletin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizophrenia_Bulletin \"Schizophrenia Bulletin\")*. **35** (1): 5–8\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/schbul\/sbn139](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbn139). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0586-7614](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0586-7614). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [2643966](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2643966). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [19074497](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19074497).\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-3)**\n   Fusar-Poli, P; Bonoldi, I; Yung, AR; Borgwardt, S; Kempton, MJ; Valmaggia, L; Barale, F; Caverzasi, E; McGuire, P (March 2012). [\"Predicting psychosis: meta-analysis of transition outcomes in individuals at high clinical risk\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2011.1472). *Archives of General Psychiatry*. **69** (3): 220–9\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Farchgenpsychiatry.2011.1472). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [22393215](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22393215).\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterMichel2015_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterMichel2015_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterMichel2015_4-2)\n   Schultze-Lutter F, Michel C, Schmidt SJ, Schimmelmann BG, Maric NP, Salokangas RK, Riecher-Rössler A, van der Gaag M, Nordentoft M, Raballo A, Meneghelli A, Marshall M, Morrison A, Ruhrmann S, Klosterkötter J (2015). \"EPA guidance on the early detection of clinical high risk states of psychoses\". *Eur. Psychiatry*. **30** (3): 405–16\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.eurpsy.2015.01.010](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.eurpsy.2015.01.010). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [25735810](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25735810). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [20973529](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:20973529).\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016_5-5)\n   Schultze-Lutter F, Debbané M, Theodoridou A, Wood SJ, Raballo A, Michel C, Schmidt SJ, Kindler J, Ruhrmann S, Uhlhaas PJ (2016). [\"Revisiting the Basic Symptom Concept: Toward Translating Risk Symptoms for Psychosis into Neurobiological Targets\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4729935). *Front Psychiatry*. **7**: 9. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00009](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2016.00009). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [4729935](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4729935). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [26858660](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26858660).\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Cheng_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Cheng_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Cheng_6-2)\n   Cheng, SC; Walsh, E; Schepp, KG (December 2016). \"Vulnerability, Stress, and Support in the Disease Trajectory from Prodrome to Diagnosed Schizophrenia: Diathesis-Stress-Support Model\". *Archives of Psychiatric Nursing*. **30** (6): 810–817\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.apnu.2016.07.008](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.apnu.2016.07.008). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [27888978](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27888978).\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Uhlhaas_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Uhlhaas_7-1)\n   Uhlhaas, Peter J.; Singer, Wolf (2015-06-15). \"Oscillations and neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia: the search for basic symptoms and translational opportunities\". *Biological Psychiatry*. **77** (12): 1001–1009\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.11.019](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2014.11.019). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1873-2402](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1873-2402). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [25676489](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25676489). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [26263158](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:26263158).\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Stafford_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Stafford_8-1)\n   Stafford, MR; Jackson, H; Mayo-Wilson, E; Morrison, AP; Kendall, T (18 January 2013). [\"Early interventions to prevent psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3548617). *BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)*. **346**: f185. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1136\/bmj.f185](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmj.f185). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [3548617](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3548617). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [23335473](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23335473).\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev2_9-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev2_9-1)\n   Frauke Schultze-Lutter (January 2009). [\"Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: the basic symptom concept\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2643966). *[Schizophrenia Bulletin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizophrenia_Bulletin \"Schizophrenia Bulletin\")*. **35** (1): 5–8\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1093\/schbul\/sbn139](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbn139). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [2643966](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2643966). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [19074497](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19074497).\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material_10-1) [Schultze-Lutter et al. 2016](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#CITEREFSchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016), Supplementary material.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-11)**\n    Immonen, J; Jääskeläinen, E; Korpela, H; Miettunen, J (27 April 2017). [\"Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5724698). *Early Intervention in Psychiatry*. **11** (6): 453–460\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1111\/eip.12412](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Feip.12412). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [5724698](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5724698). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [28449199](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28449199).\n12. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Henriksen_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Henriksen_12-1)\n    Parnas, J; Henriksen, MG (2014). [\"Disordered self in the schizophrenia spectrum: a clinical and research perspective\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4219858). *Harvard Review of Psychiatry*. **22** (5): 251–65\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1097\/HRP.0000000000000040](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2FHRP.0000000000000040). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [4219858](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4219858). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [25126763](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25126763).\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-13)**\n    Parnas, Josef; Møller, Paul; Kircher, Tilo; Thalbitzer, Jørgen; Jansson, Lennart; Handest, Peter; Zahavi, Dan (September 2005). \"EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience\". *Psychopathology*. **38** (5): 236–258\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1159\/000088441](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159%2F000088441). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0254-4962](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0254-4962). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [16179811](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16179811). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [28066244](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:28066244).\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n- [International Working Group on Basic Symptoms](http:\/\/basicsymptoms.org\/)\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Medicine \"Template:Medicine\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Medicine \"Template talk:Medicine\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Medicine \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Medicine\")[Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicine \"Medicine\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Specialties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_specialty \"Medical specialty\") and [subspecialties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subspecialty \"Subspecialty\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surgery \"Surgery\") | [Cardiac surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_surgery \"Cardiac surgery\") [Cardiothoracic surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiothoracic_surgery \"Cardiothoracic surgery\") [Endocrine surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endocrine_surgery \"Endocrine surgery\") [Eye surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eye_surgery \"Eye surgery\") [General surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_surgery \"General surgery\") [Colorectal surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorectal_surgery \"Colorectal surgery\") [Digestive system surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digestive_system_surgery \"Digestive system surgery\") [Neurosurgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurosurgery \"Neurosurgery\") [Oral and maxillofacial surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery \"Oral and maxillofacial surgery\") [Orthopedic surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orthopedic_surgery \"Orthopedic surgery\") [Hand surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hand_surgery \"Hand surgery\") [Otolaryngology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otorhinolaryngology \"Otorhinolaryngology\") ENT [Pediatric surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pediatric_surgery \"Pediatric surgery\") [Plastic surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plastic_surgery \"Plastic surgery\") [Reproductive surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reproductive_surgery \"Reproductive surgery\") [Surgical oncology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surgical_oncology \"Surgical oncology\") [Transplant surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organ_transplantation \"Organ transplantation\") [Trauma surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trauma_surgery \"Trauma surgery\") [Urology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urology \"Urology\") [Andrology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrology \"Andrology\") [Vascular surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vascular_surgery \"Vascular surgery\") |\n| [Internal medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internal_medicine \"Internal medicine\") | [Allergy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allergy \"Allergy\") \/ [Immunology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immunology \"Immunology\") [Angiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angiology \"Angiology\") [Cardiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiology \"Cardiology\") [Endocrinology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endocrinology \"Endocrinology\") [Gastroenterology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gastroenterology \"Gastroenterology\") [Hepatology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hepatology \"Hepatology\") [Geriatrics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geriatrics \"Geriatrics\") [Hematology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hematology \"Hematology\") [Hospital medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_medicine \"Hospital medicine\") [Infectious diseases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infectious_diseases_\\(medical_specialty\\) \"Infectious diseases (medical specialty)\") [Nephrology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nephrology \"Nephrology\") [Oncology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oncology \"Oncology\") [Pulmonology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pulmonology \"Pulmonology\") [Rheumatology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rheumatology \"Rheumatology\") |\n| [Obstetrics and gynaecology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology \"Obstetrics and gynaecology\") | [Gynaecology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gynaecology \"Gynaecology\") [Gynecologic oncology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gynecologic_oncology \"Gynecologic oncology\") [Maternal–fetal medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine \"Maternal–fetal medicine\") [Obstetrics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obstetrics \"Obstetrics\") [Reproductive endocrinology and infertility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility \"Reproductive endocrinology and infertility\") [Urogynecology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urogynecology \"Urogynecology\") |\n| [Diagnostic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_diagnosis \"Medical diagnosis\") | [Radiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiology \"Radiology\") [Interventional radiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interventional_radiology \"Interventional radiology\") [Neuroradiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroradiology \"Neuroradiology\") [Nuclear medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_medicine \"Nuclear medicine\") [Pathology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pathology \"Pathology\") [Anatomical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatomical_pathology \"Anatomical pathology\") [Clinical pathology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_pathology \"Clinical pathology\") [Clinical chemistry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_chemistry \"Clinical chemistry\") [Cytopathology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cytopathology \"Cytopathology\") [Medical microbiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_microbiology \"Medical microbiology\") [Transfusion medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transfusion_medicine \"Transfusion medicine\") |\n| Other | [Addiction medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Addiction_medicine \"Addiction medicine\") [Adolescent medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolescent_medicine \"Adolescent medicine\") [Anesthesiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anesthesiology \"Anesthesiology\") [Obstetric anesthesiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obstetric_anesthesiology \"Obstetric anesthesiology\") [Neurosurgical anesthesiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurosurgical_anesthesia \"Neurosurgical anesthesia\") [Aviation medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aviation_medicine \"Aviation medicine\") [Dermatology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dermatology \"Dermatology\") [Disaster medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disaster_medicine \"Disaster medicine\") [Diving medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diving_medicine \"Diving medicine\") [Emergency medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_medicine \"Emergency medicine\") [Mass gathering medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_gathering_medicine \"Mass gathering medicine\") [Evolutionary medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_medicine \"Evolutionary medicine\") [Family medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_medicine \"Family medicine\") \/ [General practice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_practice \"General practice\") [Hospital medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_medicine \"Hospital medicine\") [Intensive care medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intensive_care_medicine \"Intensive care medicine\") [Medical genetics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_genetics \"Medical genetics\") [Narcology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narcology \"Narcology\") [Neurology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurology \"Neurology\") [Clinical neurophysiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_neurophysiology \"Clinical neurophysiology\") [Occupational medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_medicine \"Occupational medicine\") [Ophthalmology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ophthalmology \"Ophthalmology\") [Oral medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oral_medicine \"Oral medicine\") [Pain management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pain_management \"Pain management\") [Palliative care](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palliative_care \"Palliative care\") [Pediatrics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pediatrics \"Pediatrics\") [Neonatology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neonatology \"Neonatology\") [Phlebology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phlebologist \"Phlebologist\") [Physical medicine and rehabilitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation \"Physical medicine and rehabilitation\") (PM\\&R) [Preventive medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Preventive_healthcare \"Preventive healthcare\") [Prison healthcare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prison_healthcare \"Prison healthcare\") [Psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychiatry \"Psychiatry\") [Addiction psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Addiction_psychiatry \"Addiction psychiatry\") [Radiation oncology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiation_therapy \"Radiation therapy\") [Reproductive medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reproductive_medicine \"Reproductive medicine\") [Sexual medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_medicine \"Sexual medicine\") [Venereology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venereology \"Venereology\") [Sleep medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_medicine \"Sleep medicine\") [Sports medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_medicine \"Sports medicine\") [Transplantation medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organ_transplantation \"Organ transplantation\") [Tropical medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tropical_medicine \"Tropical medicine\") [Travel medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travel_medicine \"Travel medicine\") |\n| [Medical education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_education \"Medical education\") | [Medical school](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_school \"Medical school\") [Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery \"Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery\") [Bachelor of Medical Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences \"Bachelor of Medical Sciences\") [Master of Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Master_of_Medicine \"Master of Medicine\") [Master of Surgery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Master_of_Surgery \"Master of Surgery\") [Doctor of Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctor_of_Medicine \"Doctor of Medicine\") [Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine \"Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine\") [MD–PhD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MD%E2%80%93PhD \"MD–PhD\") [Medical Scientist Training Program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program \"Medical Scientist Training Program\") |\n| Related topics | [Allied health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allied_health_professions \"Allied health professions\") [Molecular oncology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molecular_oncology \"Molecular oncology\") [Nanomedicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanomedicine \"Nanomedicine\") [Personalized medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personalized_medicine \"Personalized medicine\") [Public health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_health \"Public health\") [Rural health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rural_health \"Rural health\") [Therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Therapy \"Therapy\") [Veterinary medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veterinary_medicine \"Veterinary medicine\") [Physician](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physician \"Physician\") [Chief physician](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_physician \"Chief physician\") [History of medicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_medicine \"History of medicine\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Medicine \"Category:Medicine\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png) [Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Medicine \"commons:Medicine\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/37\/People_icon.svg\/20px-People_icon.svg.png) [Wikiproject](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine \"Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine\") [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/e\/e2\/Symbol_portal_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg \"Portal\") [Portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Medicine \"Portal:Medicine\") ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/4\/41\/Global_thinking.svg\/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png) [Outline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_medicine \"Outline of medicine\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Psychology \"Template:Psychology\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Psychology \"Template talk:Psychology\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Psychology \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Psychology\")[Psychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology \"Psychology\") |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_psychology \"History of psychology\") [Philosophy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philosophy_of_psychology \"Philosophy of psychology\") [Portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Psychology \"Portal:Psychology\") [Psychologist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychologist \"Psychologist\") |   |   |\n| [Basic  psychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basic_science_\\(psychology\\) \"Basic science (psychology)\") | [Abnormal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abnormal_psychology \"Abnormal psychology\") [Affective neuroscience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Affective_neuroscience \"Affective neuroscience\") [Affective science](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Affective_science \"Affective science\") [Behavioral genetics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioural_genetics \"Behavioural genetics\") [Behavioral neuroscience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioral_neuroscience \"Behavioral neuroscience\") [Behaviorism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behaviorism \"Behaviorism\") [Cognitive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_psychology \"Cognitive psychology\")\/[Cognitivism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitivism_\\(psychology\\) \"Cognitivism (psychology)\") [Cognitive neuroscience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_neuroscience \"Cognitive neuroscience\") [Social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_cognitive_neuroscience \"Social cognitive neuroscience\") [Comparative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparative_psychology \"Comparative psychology\") [Cross-cultural](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-cultural_psychology \"Cross-cultural psychology\") [Cultural](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_psychology \"Cultural psychology\") [Developmental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Developmental_psychology \"Developmental psychology\") [Differential](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Differential_psychology \"Differential psychology\") [Ecological](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecological_psychology \"Ecological psychology\") [Evolutionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychology \"Evolutionary psychology\") [Experimental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Experimental_psychology \"Experimental psychology\") [Gestalt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gestalt_psychology \"Gestalt psychology\") [Intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelligence \"Intelligence\") [Mathematical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mathematical_psychology \"Mathematical psychology\") [Moral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moral_psychology \"Moral psychology\") [Neuropsychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuropsychology \"Neuropsychology\") [Perception](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perception \"Perception\") [Personality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personality_psychology \"Personality psychology\") [Psycholinguistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psycholinguistics \"Psycholinguistics\") [Psychophysiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychophysiology \"Psychophysiology\") [Quantitative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quantitative_psychology \"Quantitative psychology\") [Social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_psychology \"Social psychology\") [Theoretical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theoretical_psychology \"Theoretical psychology\") | [![stylized letter psi](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e4\/Psi-stylized.svg\/60px-Psi-stylized.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Psi-stylized.svg) |\n| [Applied  psychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_psychology \"Applied psychology\") | [Anomalistic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anomalistic_psychology \"Anomalistic psychology\") [Applied behavior analysis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_behavior_analysis \"Applied behavior analysis\") [Art](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology_of_art \"Psychology of art\") [Assessment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_testing \"Psychological testing\") [Aviation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aviation_psychology \"Aviation psychology\") [Biography of famous people](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychobiography \"Psychobiography\") [Clinical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_psychology \"Clinical psychology\") [Coaching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coaching_psychology \"Coaching psychology\") [Color](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology_of_color \"Psychology of color\") [Community](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_psychology \"Community psychology\") [Consumer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_behaviour \"Consumer behaviour\") [Counseling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Counseling_psychology \"Counseling psychology\") [Critical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_psychology \"Critical psychology\") [Educational](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Educational_psychology \"Educational psychology\") [Ergonomics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergonomics \"Ergonomics\") [Fashion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fashion_psychology \"Fashion psychology\") [Feminist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feminist_psychology \"Feminist psychology\") [Food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food_psychology \"Food psychology\") [Forensic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forensic_psychology \"Forensic psychology\") [Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_psychology \"Health psychology\") [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychohistory \"Psychohistory\") [Humanistic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humanistic_psychology \"Humanistic psychology\") [Industrial and organizational](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology \"Industrial and organizational psychology\") [Legal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Legal_psychology \"Legal psychology\") [Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_psychology \"Media psychology\") [Medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_psychology \"Medical psychology\") [Military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_psychology \"Military psychology\") [Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_psychology \"Music psychology\") [Occupational health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_health_psychology \"Occupational health psychology\") [Pastoral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pastoral_psychology \"Pastoral psychology\") [Peace and war](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peace_psychology \"Peace psychology\") [Political](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_psychology \"Political psychology\") [Positive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Positive_psychology \"Positive psychology\") [Photography](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photo_psychology \"Photo psychology\") [Psychometrics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychometrics \"Psychometrics\") [Psychotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\") [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology_of_religion \"Psychology of religion\") [School](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/School_psychology \"School psychology\") [Sex differences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sex_differences_in_psychology \"Sex differences in psychology\") [Sport and exercise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sport_psychology \"Sport psychology\") [Suicidology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicidology \"Suicidology\") [Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Systems_psychology \"Systems psychology\") [Trading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stock_trader \"Stock trader\") [Traffic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_psychology \"Traffic psychology\") |   |\n| [Methodologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_psychological_research_methods \"List of psychological research methods\") | [Animal testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal_testing \"Animal testing\") [Archival research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archival_research \"Archival research\") [Behavior epigenetics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioral_epigenetics \"Behavioral epigenetics\") [Case study](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Case_study \"Case study\") [Content analysis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Content_analysis \"Content analysis\") [Experiments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Experimental_psychology \"Experimental psychology\") [Human subject research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_subject_research \"Human subject research\") [Interviews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interview_\\(research\\) \"Interview (research)\") [Neuroimaging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroimaging \"Neuroimaging\") [Observation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Observation \"Observation\") [Psychophysics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychophysics \"Psychophysics\") [Qualitative research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qualitative_psychological_research \"Qualitative psychological research\") [Quantitative research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quantitative_psychological_research \"Quantitative psychological research\") [Self-report inventory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-report_inventory \"Self-report inventory\") [Statistical surveys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Survey_methodology \"Survey methodology\") |   |\n| Concepts | [Behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavior \"Behavior\") [Behavioral engineering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_behavior_analysis \"Applied behavior analysis\") [Behavioral genetics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioural_genetics \"Behavioural genetics\") [Behavioral neuroscience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioral_neuroscience \"Behavioral neuroscience\") [Cognition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognition \"Cognition\") [Competence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Competence_\\(polyseme\\) \"Competence (polyseme)\") [Consciousness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consciousness \"Consciousness\") [Consumer behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_behaviour \"Consumer behaviour\") [Emotions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emotion \"Emotion\") [Feelings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feeling \"Feeling\") [Human factors and ergonomics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergonomics \"Ergonomics\") [Intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelligence \"Intelligence\") [Maslow's hierarchy of needs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs \"Maslow's hierarchy of needs\") [Mental state](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_state \"Mental state\") [Mind](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mind \"Mind\") [Psychology of religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology_of_religion \"Psychology of religion\") [Psychometrics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychometrics \"Psychometrics\") [Sex differences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sex_differences_in_psychology \"Sex differences in psychology\") [Terror management theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terror_management_theory \"Terror management theory\") |   |\n| [Psychologists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_psychologists \"List of psychologists\") | [Wilhelm Wundt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilhelm_Wundt \"Wilhelm Wundt\") [William James](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_James \"William James\") [Ivan Pavlov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Pavlov \"Ivan Pavlov\") [Sigmund Freud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigmund_Freud \"Sigmund Freud\") [Edward Thorndike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Thorndike \"Edward Thorndike\") [Carl Jung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Jung \"Carl Jung\") [John B. Watson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_B._Watson \"John B. Watson\") [Clark L. Hull](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clark_L._Hull \"Clark L. Hull\") [Kurt Lewin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kurt_Lewin \"Kurt Lewin\") [Jean Piaget](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jean_Piaget \"Jean Piaget\") [Gordon Allport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gordon_Allport \"Gordon Allport\") [J. P. Guilford](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._P._Guilford \"J. P. Guilford\") [Carl Rogers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_Rogers \"Carl Rogers\") [Erik Erikson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erik_Erikson \"Erik Erikson\") [B. F. Skinner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B._F._Skinner \"B. F. Skinner\") [Donald O. Hebb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_O._Hebb \"Donald O. Hebb\") [Ernest Hilgard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Hilgard \"Ernest Hilgard\") [Harry Harlow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_Harlow \"Harry Harlow\") [Raymond Cattell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raymond_Cattell \"Raymond Cattell\") [Abraham Maslow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abraham_Maslow \"Abraham Maslow\") [Neal E. Miller](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neal_E._Miller \"Neal E. Miller\") [Jerome Bruner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerome_Bruner \"Jerome Bruner\") [Donald T. Campbell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Donald_T._Campbell \"Donald T. Campbell\") [Hans Eysenck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Eysenck \"Hans Eysenck\") [Herbert A. Simon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_A._Simon \"Herbert A. Simon\") [David McClelland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_McClelland \"David McClelland\") [Leon Festinger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leon_Festinger \"Leon Festinger\") [George A. 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Boilerpipe Text	Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia Symptoms in Schizophrenia , a 1938 silent film. Basic symptoms of schizophrenia are subjective symptoms, described as experienced from a person's perspective, which show evidence of underlying psychopathology . Basic symptoms have generally been applied to the assessment of people who may be at risk to develop psychosis . Though basic symptoms are often disturbing for the person, problems generally do not become evident to others until the person is no longer able to cope with their basic symptoms. Basic symptoms are more specific to identifying people who exhibit signs of prodromal psychosis ( prodrome ) and are more likely to develop schizophrenia over other disorders related to psychosis. [ 1 ] Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, but is not synonymous with psychosis . [ 1 ] In the prodrome to psychosis, uncharacteristic basic symptoms develop first, followed by more characteristic basic symptoms and brief and self-limited psychotic-like symptoms, and finally the onset of psychosis. [ 2 ] People who were assessed to be high risk according to the basic symptoms criteria have a 48.5% likelihood of progressing to psychosis. [ 3 ] In 2015, the European Psychiatric Association issued guidance recommending the use of a subscale of basic symptoms, called the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS), in the assessment of psychosis risk in help-seeking psychiatric patients; in a meta-analysis, COGDIS was shown to be as predictive of transition to psychosis as the Ultra High Risk (UHR) criteria up to 2 years after assessment, and significantly more predictive thereafter. [ 4 ] The basic symptoms measured by COGDIS, as well as those measured by another subscale, the Cognitive-Perceptive basic symptoms scale (COPER), are predictive of transition to schizophrenia. [ 5 ] Several factors interact prior to the development of basic symptoms, including predisposed vulnerability, environmental stressors, and support systems. [ 6 ] Recent work in the field of neural oscillation has demonstrated that defective excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the brain during development plays an important role in the formation of basic symptoms. [ 7 ] These signalling disturbances can lead to cognitive deficits that result in the future appearance of more complicated symptoms of the disorder. [ 7 ] The interaction of these factors increases the risk for the development of basic symptoms of schizophrenia. [ 6 ] It is important to identify when a person is exposed to these factors to prevent, modify, or delay the onset of basic symptoms through early intervention. [ 6 ] The recognition of these basic symptoms in the prodromal phase can lead to early intervention in psychosis that aids in the delay or prevention of schizophrenia. [ 8 ] Such early interventions include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or the use of antipsychotic drugs. [ 8 ] Basic symptoms are subjective and can be subtle. It may be difficult for the person to realize that something is wrong and tell someone else, especially without being asked directly. Often, the person will try to adapt and cope with the symptoms. Functioning becomes impaired when people reach their adaptive capacity. [ 9 ] In the period leading up to the first episode of schizophrenia, uncharacteristic basic symptoms first appear and are followed by the onset of more characteristic basic symptoms and, finally, psychosis . [ 9 ] Basic symptoms often appear several years before the onset of psychosis, but are often preceded by the onset of self-disorders . [ 10 ] They may sometimes appear and then disappear before appearing again much later, where they occur as part of an outpost syndrome . At one point, uncharacteristic basic symptoms will appear, which comprise various disturbances of mood, emotions, drive, thought, and attention that can occur in many other disorders, followed by the characteristic basic symptoms, which comprise disturbances of thought, perception, and attention, along with minor reality distortion, that are associated with schizophrenia in particular. Afterward, attenuated symptoms of psychosis or brief periods of psychosis will appear, before culminating in the emergence of full-blown psychosis. At any stage before psychosis, the person will attempt to cope with the basic symptoms, which might conceal the problems from others; once the person reaches the limit of their ability to compensate, however, the problems will become evident to others and cause impairment. [ 5 ] Poorer long-term outcomes such as increases in relapses, increases in hospitalizations, and poorer social/occupational functioning are associated with the age of onset of these symptoms, suggesting the importance of early intervention. [ 11 ] After the resolution of psychosis, basic symptoms may follow one of 3 courses: Psychosis and the basic symptoms may resolve completely allowing the restoration of normal functioning; they may remit but remain at an uncharacteristic level, with relapses of psychosis; or the characteristic basic symptoms may remain creating a deficit syndrome dominated by negative symptoms. [ 5 ] Basic symptoms are generally evaluated using the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI), of which there are both a child and youth version (SPI-CY) and an adult version (SPI-A); [ 10 ] this instrument assesses basic symptoms, both those that are uncharacteristic and those characteristic of psychosis. Out of the items evaluated on the SPI-CY and the SPI-A, there can be derived 2 scales to evaluate specifically the characteristic basic symptoms: the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS) and the Cognitive-Perceptual Basic Symptoms scale (COPER). [ 5 ] COGDIS criteria are met when at least 2 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) are present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and which were not present during the pre-morbid phase of the illness and do not result from drug use. The European Psychiatric Association (EPA) recommends the use of this scale, along with attenuated psychotic symptoms and brief transient psychosis, to detect at-risk mental states in help-seeking people. [ 4 ] COPER criteria are met when at least 1 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) is present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and the first occurrence of symptoms was more than 12 months prior to evaluation. [ 5 ] Below are the basic symptoms associated with psychosis, along with whether they appear on COGDIS, COPER, or both: [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Symptom COGDIS COPER Description Thought interference Yes Yes Interference of unimportant, irrelevant thoughts that hinders thinking and concentration. Thought perseveration No Yes Repetition of thoughts that have little or no salience. Thought pressure Yes Yes Many thoughts with no common theme pop up uncontrollably. Thought blockages Yes Yes Sudden loss of train of thought that may be accompanied by the intrusion of a new thought. Disturbance of receptive language Yes Yes Lack of immediate comprehension of speech or text in one's native language. Disturbance of expressive language Yes No Difficulty producing speech or text that is appropriate to one's message in one's native language. Disturbances of abstract thinking Yes No Difficulty comprehending idioms and metaphors. Inability to divide attention Yes No Difficulty doing something with one sense (such as vision) while simultaneously using another sense for something else (such as hearing). Captivation of attention by details of the visual field Yes No Attention is drawn to unimportant details as if one were "spellbound". Decreased ability to discriminate between perception and ideas, true memories and fantasies No Yes Difficulty discriminating between what one has observed and what one has imagined. Unstable ideas of reference with insight Yes Yes Sub-psychotic referential ideation that is thereafter immediately corrected by the person. Derealization No Yes Sense of disconnect or unreality in one's environment. Visual or acoustic perceptual disturbances with insight No Yes Disturbances of the perception of brightness or loudness, color or sound quality, or distortions in one's perceptions that are recognized by the person as false. The Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) is another scale used to evaluate subjective symptoms of schizophrenia. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] This is a semi-structured interview scheme that was designed to specifically assess anomalous self-experience . [ 12 ]
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Basic symptoms of schizophrenia are subjective symptoms, described as experienced from a person's perspective, which show evidence of underlying [psychopathology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathology "Psychopathology"). Basic symptoms have generally been applied to the assessment of people who may be [at risk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-risk_mental_state "At-risk mental state") to develop [psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis "Psychosis"). Though basic symptoms are often disturbing for the person, problems generally do not become evident to others until the person is no longer able to cope with their basic symptoms. Basic symptoms are more specific to identifying people who exhibit signs of prodromal psychosis ([prodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrome "Prodrome")) and are more likely to develop [schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia") over other disorders related to psychosis.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Piras2014-1) Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder, but is not synonymous with [psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis "Psychosis").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Piras2014-1) In the prodrome to psychosis, uncharacteristic basic symptoms develop first, followed by more characteristic basic symptoms and brief and self-limited psychotic-like symptoms, and finally the onset of psychosis.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev-2) People who were assessed to be high risk according to the basic symptoms criteria have a 48.5% likelihood of progressing to psychosis.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-3) In 2015, the [European Psychiatric Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Psychiatric_Association "European Psychiatric Association") issued guidance recommending the use of a subscale of basic symptoms, called the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS), in the assessment of psychosis risk in help-seeking psychiatric patients; in a meta-analysis, COGDIS was shown to be as predictive of transition to psychosis as the Ultra High Risk (UHR) criteria up to 2 years after assessment, and significantly more predictive thereafter.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterMichel2015-4) The basic symptoms measured by COGDIS, as well as those measured by another subscale, the Cognitive-Perceptive basic symptoms scale (COPER), are predictive of transition to schizophrenia.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5) ## Course \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Course")\] Several factors interact prior to the development of basic symptoms, including predisposed vulnerability, environmental stressors, and support systems.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Cheng-6) Recent work in the field of [neural oscillation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_oscillation "Neural oscillation") has demonstrated that defective excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the brain during development plays an important role in the formation of basic symptoms.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Uhlhaas-7) These signalling disturbances can lead to cognitive deficits that result in the future appearance of more complicated symptoms of the disorder.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Uhlhaas-7) The interaction of these factors increases the risk for the development of basic symptoms of schizophrenia.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Cheng-6) It is important to identify when a person is exposed to these factors to prevent, modify, or delay the onset of basic symptoms through early intervention.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Cheng-6) The recognition of these basic symptoms in the prodromal phase can lead to [early intervention in psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_intervention_in_psychosis "Early intervention in psychosis") that aids in the delay or prevention of schizophrenia.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Stafford-8) Such early interventions include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or the use of antipsychotic drugs.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Stafford-8) Basic symptoms are subjective and can be subtle. It may be difficult for the person to realize that something is wrong and tell someone else, especially without being asked directly. Often, the person will try to adapt and cope with the symptoms. Functioning becomes impaired when people reach their adaptive capacity.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev2-9) In the period leading up to the first episode of schizophrenia, uncharacteristic basic symptoms first appear and are followed by the onset of more characteristic basic symptoms and, finally, [psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis "Psychosis").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev2-9) Basic symptoms often appear several years before the onset of psychosis, but are often preceded by the onset of [self-disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-disorders "Self-disorders").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material-10) They may sometimes appear and then disappear before appearing again much later, where they occur as part of an outpost syndrome. At one point, uncharacteristic basic symptoms will appear, which comprise various disturbances of mood, emotions, drive, thought, and attention that can occur in many other disorders, followed by the characteristic basic symptoms, which comprise disturbances of thought, perception, and attention, along with minor reality distortion, that are associated with schizophrenia in particular. Afterward, attenuated symptoms of psychosis or brief periods of psychosis will appear, before culminating in the emergence of full-blown psychosis. At any stage before psychosis, the person will attempt to cope with the basic symptoms, which might conceal the problems from others; once the person reaches the limit of their ability to compensate, however, the problems will become evident to others and cause impairment.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5) Poorer long-term outcomes such as increases in relapses, increases in hospitalizations, and poorer social/occupational functioning are associated with the age of onset of these symptoms, suggesting the importance of early intervention.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-11) After the resolution of psychosis, basic symptoms may follow one of 3 courses: Psychosis and the basic symptoms may resolve completely allowing the restoration of normal functioning; they may remit but remain at an uncharacteristic level, with relapses of psychosis; or the characteristic basic symptoms may remain creating a deficit syndrome dominated by negative symptoms.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5) ## Evaluation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Evaluation")\] Basic symptoms are generally evaluated using the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument (SPI), of which there are both a child and youth version (SPI-CY) and an adult version (SPI-A);[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material-10) this instrument assesses basic symptoms, both those that are uncharacteristic and those characteristic of psychosis. Out of the items evaluated on the SPI-CY and the SPI-A, there can be derived 2 scales to evaluate specifically the characteristic basic symptoms: the Cognitive Disturbances scale (COGDIS) and the Cognitive-Perceptual Basic Symptoms scale (COPER).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5) COGDIS criteria are met when at least 2 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) are present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and which were not present during the pre-morbid phase of the illness and do not result from drug use. The [European Psychiatric Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Psychiatric_Association "European Psychiatric Association") (EPA) recommends the use of this scale, along with attenuated psychotic symptoms and brief transient psychosis, to detect [at-risk mental states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-risk_mental_state "At-risk mental state") in help-seeking people.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterMichel2015-4) COPER criteria are met when at least 1 of the symptoms on the scale (see table below) is present with at least weekly occurrence in the last 3 months, and the first occurrence of symptoms was more than 12 months prior to evaluation.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5) Below are the basic symptoms associated with psychosis, along with whether they appear on COGDIS, COPER, or both:[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-schultze-lutterrev-2)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterMichel2015-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Schultze-LutterDebban%C3%A92016-5) \| Symptom \| COGDIS \| COPER \| Description \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Thought interference \| Yes \| Yes \| Interference of unimportant, irrelevant thoughts that hinders thinking and concentration. \| \| Thought perseveration \| No \| Yes \| Repetition of thoughts that have little or no salience. \| \| Thought pressure \| Yes \| Yes \| Many thoughts with no common theme pop up uncontrollably. \| \| Thought blockages \| Yes \| Yes \| Sudden loss of train of thought that may be accompanied by the intrusion of a new thought. \| \| Disturbance of receptive language \| Yes \| Yes \| Lack of immediate comprehension of speech or text in one's native language. \| \| Disturbance of expressive language \| Yes \| No \| Difficulty producing speech or text that is appropriate to one's message in one's native language. \| \| Disturbances of abstract thinking \| Yes \| No \| Difficulty comprehending idioms and metaphors. \| \| Inability to divide attention \| Yes \| No \| Difficulty doing something with one sense (such as vision) while simultaneously using another sense for something else (such as hearing). \| \| Captivation of attention by details of the visual field \| Yes \| No \| Attention is drawn to unimportant details as if one were "spellbound". \| \| Decreased ability to discriminate between perception and ideas, true memories and fantasies \| No \| Yes \| Difficulty discriminating between what one has observed and what one has imagined. \| \| Unstable ideas of reference with insight \| Yes \| Yes \| Sub-psychotic [referential ideation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideas_of_reference_and_delusions_of_reference "Ideas of reference and delusions of reference") that is thereafter immediately corrected by the person. \| \| Derealization \| No \| Yes \| Sense of disconnect or unreality in one's environment. \| \| Visual or acoustic perceptual disturbances with insight \| No \| Yes \| Disturbances of the perception of brightness or loudness, color or sound quality, or distortions in one's perceptions that are recognized by the person as false. \| The Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) is another scale used to evaluate subjective symptoms of schizophrenia.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Henriksen-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-13) This is a semi-structured interview scheme that was designed to specifically assess [anomalous self-experience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-disorder "Self-disorder").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_note-Henriksen-12) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Early intervention in psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_intervention_in_psychosis "Early intervention in psychosis") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Piras2014_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Piras2014_1-1) Piras, S; Casu, G; Casu, MA; Orrù, A; Ruiu, S; Pilleri, A; Manca, G; Marchese, G (2014). ["Prediction and prevention of the first psychotic episode: new directions and opportunities"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974689). Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 10: 241–53\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.2147/TCRM.S55770](https://doi.org/10.2147%2FTCRM.S55770). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [3974689](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974689). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [24729711](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24729711). 2. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev_2-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev_2-1) Schultze-Lutter F (January 2009). ["Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: the basic symptom concept"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643966). [Schizophrenia Bulletin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia_Bulletin "Schizophrenia Bulletin"). 35* (1): 5–8\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/schbul/sbn139](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbn139). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0586-7614](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0586-7614). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2643966](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643966). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [19074497](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19074497). 3. 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["Revisiting the Basic Symptom Concept: Toward Translating Risk Symptoms for Psychosis into Neurobiological Targets"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729935). Front Psychiatry. 7: 9. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3389/fpsyt.2016.00009](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2016.00009). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [4729935](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4729935). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [26858660](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26858660). 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Cheng_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Cheng_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Cheng_6-2) Cheng, SC; Walsh, E; Schepp, KG (December 2016). "Vulnerability, Stress, and Support in the Disease Trajectory from Prodrome to Diagnosed Schizophrenia: Diathesis-Stress-Support Model". Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 30* (6): 810–817\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.apnu.2016.07.008](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apnu.2016.07.008). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [27888978](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888978). 7. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Uhlhaas_7-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Uhlhaas_7-1) Uhlhaas, Peter J.; Singer, Wolf (2015-06-15). "Oscillations and neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia: the search for basic symptoms and translational opportunities". Biological Psychiatry. 77* (12): 1001–1009\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.019](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2014.11.019). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1873-2402](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-2402). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [25676489](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25676489). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [26263158](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26263158). 8. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Stafford_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Stafford_8-1) Stafford, MR; Jackson, H; Mayo-Wilson, E; Morrison, AP; Kendall, T (18 January 2013). ["Early interventions to prevent psychosis: systematic review and meta-analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3548617). BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 346: f185. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1136/bmj.f185](https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.f185). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [3548617](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3548617). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23335473](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23335473). 9. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev2_9-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-schultze-lutterrev2_9-1) Frauke Schultze-Lutter (January 2009). ["Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the clinic: the basic symptom concept"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643966). [Schizophrenia Bulletin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia_Bulletin "Schizophrenia Bulletin"). 35* (1): 5–8\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/schbul/sbn139](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbn139). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2643966](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643966). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [19074497](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19074497). 10. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016Supplementary_material_10-1) [Schultze-Lutter et al. 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#CITEREFSchultze-LutterDebban%C3%A9TheodoridouWood2016), Supplementary material. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-11)* Immonen, J; Jääskeläinen, E; Korpela, H; Miettunen, J (27 April 2017). ["Age at onset and the outcomes of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5724698). Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 11 (6): 453–460\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/eip.12412](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Feip.12412). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5724698](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5724698). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [28449199](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28449199). 12. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Henriksen_12-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-Henriksen_12-1) Parnas, J; Henriksen, MG (2014). ["Disordered self in the schizophrenia spectrum: a clinical and research perspective"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4219858). Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 22* (5): 251–65\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1097/HRP.0000000000000040](https://doi.org/10.1097%2FHRP.0000000000000040). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [4219858](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4219858). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [25126763](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25126763). 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia#cite_ref-13) Parnas, Josef; Møller, Paul; Kircher, Tilo; Thalbitzer, Jørgen; Jansson, Lennart; Handest, Peter; Zahavi, Dan (September 2005). "EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience". Psychopathology. 38 (5): 236–258\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1159/000088441](https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000088441). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0254-4962](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0254-4962). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [16179811](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16179811). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [28066244](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28066244). ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: External links")\] - [International Working Group on Basic Symptoms](http://basicsymptoms.org/) \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Medicine "Template:Medicine") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine "Template talk:Medicine") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine "Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine")[Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine "Medicine") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Specialties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialty "Medical specialty") and [subspecialties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecialty "Subspecialty") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Surgery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery "Surgery") \| [Cardiac 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research") [Self-report inventory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report_inventory "Self-report inventory") [Statistical surveys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_methodology "Survey methodology") \| \| \| Concepts \| [Behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior "Behavior") [Behavioral engineering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis "Applied behavior analysis") [Behavioral genetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_genetics "Behavioural genetics") [Behavioral neuroscience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience "Behavioral neuroscience") [Cognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition "Cognition") [Competence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competence_\(polyseme\) "Competence (polyseme)") [Consciousness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness "Consciousness") [Consumer behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_behaviour "Consumer behaviour") [Emotions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion "Emotion") 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Hebb") [Ernest Hilgard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard "Ernest Hilgard") [Harry Harlow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Harlow "Harry Harlow") [Raymond Cattell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Cattell "Raymond Cattell") [Abraham Maslow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow "Abraham Maslow") [Neal E. Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_E._Miller "Neal E. Miller") [Jerome Bruner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Bruner "Jerome Bruner") [Donald T. Campbell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell "Donald T. Campbell") [Hans Eysenck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eysenck "Hans Eysenck") [Herbert A. Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon "Herbert A. Simon") [David McClelland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McClelland "David McClelland") [Leon Festinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Festinger "Leon Festinger") [George A. 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LeDoux") [Richard Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Davidson "Richard Davidson") [Susan Fiske](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Fiske "Susan Fiske") [Roy Baumeister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Baumeister "Roy Baumeister") \| \| \| [Lists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists "Category:Psychology lists") \| [Counseling topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_counseling "Outline of counseling") [Disciplines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology "List of branches of psychology") [Organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations "List of psychology organizations") [Outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_psychology "Outline of psychology") [Psychologists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychologists "List of psychologists") [Psychotherapies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies "List of psychotherapies") [Research methods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods "List of psychological research methods") [Schools of thought](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools "List of psychological schools") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology "Timeline of psychology") [Topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles "Index of psychology articles") \| \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychology "Category:Psychology") [Wiktionary definition](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology "wiktionary:psychology") [Wiktionary category](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology "wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology") [Wikisource](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology "wikisource:Category:Psychology") [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology "commons:category:Psychology") [Wikiquote](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology "wikiquote:Psychology") [Wikinews](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology "wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology") [Wikibooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology "wikibooks:Psychology") \| \| \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basic_symptoms_of_schizophrenia&oldid=1281185862>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychosis "Category:Psychosis") - [Schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Schizophrenia "Category:Schizophrenia") - [Symptoms and signs of mental disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Symptoms_and_signs_of_mental_disorders "Category:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders") - [Early psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Early_psychosis "Category:Early psychosis") Hidden categories: - [Articles with short description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description "Category:Articles with short description") - [Short description is different from Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata "Category:Short description is different from Wikidata") - [Articles with excerpts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts "Category:Articles with excerpts") - This page was last edited on 18 March 2025, at 20:50 (UTC). - Text is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License "Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License"); additional terms may apply. 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