🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa043)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico","crawl_time":1774699688,"first_indexed_time":1432641778,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Bank of Mexico - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Bank of Mexico\nBanco de México\nCentral bank of\nMexico\nHeadquarters\n2, 5 de Mayo Ave.\nAlc. Cuauhtémoc\n,\nMexico City\nCoordinates\n19°26′06″N\n99°08′26″W\n \/ \n19.434893°N 99.140427°W\nEstablished\nSeptember 1, 1925\n; 100 years ago\nGovernor\nVictoria Rodríguez Ceja\nCurrency\nMexican peso\nMXN (\nISO 4217\n)\nReserves\nUS$\n225.43 billion\n[\n1\n]\nInterest rate target\n8.50%\n[\n2\n]\nWebsite\nwww\n.banxico\n.org\n.mx\nEmployees\n           \n2,708\n[\n3\n]\nThe\nBank of Mexico\n(\nSpanish\n:\nBanco de México\n), abbreviated\nBdeM\nor\nBanxico,\nis\nMexico\n's\ncentral bank\n, monetary authority and\nlender of last resort\n. The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency.\nPlans for a\ncentral bank\nof Mexico began as early as the\nMexican Empire\nof Emperor\nAgustín de Iturbide\nwith his idea of a\nGran Banco del Imperio Mexicano\n(Grand Bank of the Mexican Empire).\n[\n4\n]\nThis idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds.\n[\n5\n]\nIn 1827, Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans.\n[\n6\n]\nThe first formal bank organized by the government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the presidency of\nAnastasio Bustamante\nunder the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs,\nLucas Alamán\n.\n[\n7\n]\nThe primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. Its success was confined mainly to the latter,\n[\n8\n]\nbut due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was eventually closed in 1842 by President\nAntonio López de Santa Anna\n.\n[\n6\n]\nThe Mexican government had decreed the establishment of a national bank in 1837, which similarly had to close in December, 1841.\n[\n9\n]\nThe first major private bank\n[\n6\n]\nin Mexico was opened under the period of the\nSecond Mexican Empire\nin 1864 when the\nBanco de Londres, México y Sud America\n(Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City.\n[\n5\n]\nIn the 1870s, the\nBanco de Santa Eulalia\nopened in Chihuahua and the\nMonte de Piedad\n, which had functioned as a pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the\nBanco Nacional Mexicano\n(Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President\nManuel González\n.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n10\n]\nIn 1884, the\nBanco Nacional Mexicano\nsoon merged with\nBanco Mercantil Mexicano\n(Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form the\nBanco Nacional de México\n(National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in the national treasury.\n[\n6\n]\nThe next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the\nMonte de Piedad\ntemporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money.\n[\n6\n]\nIn 1897, during the presidency of\nPorfirio Díaz\n, Finance Minister\nJosé Yves Limantour\nhelped to guide the passing of the\nLey de Instituciones de Crédito\n(Law of Credit Institutions). The new law grouped banks into three categories: issuing banks,\nmortgage loan\nbanks, and auxiliary development banks. Issuing banks were allowed to circulate banknotes within the state they were issued, but only the\nBanco Nacional de México\nand the\nBanco de Londres y Mexico\nnotes were allowed to circulate nationally. They were also authorized to make short-term loans. Mortgage banks were authorized to make loans collateralized by\nreal estate\nfor periods up to 40 years. The auxiliary development banks were authorized to make loans for periods up to two years for the purpose of financing industrial endeavors such as mining, manufacturing, and agriculture. Nationwide, there were 24 banks with issuing authority, two mortgage banks, and five auxiliary development banks.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n10\n]\nIn 1908, Limantour issued new reforms to protect the Mexican economy from weaknesses exposed by the\nPanic of 1907\n. These reforms prevented emissions banks from opening new branches and required them to convert themselves into auxiliary or mortgage banks. These changes had limited success, and though Limantour predicted a budget surplus for 1911, the collapse of the\nPorfirian\nregime and the intensification of the\nRevolution\nground normal banking activity to a halt.\n[\n6\n]\nIn 1911\nFrancisco I. Madero\ntook power from Díaz. Madero worked to increase the number of banks in the country\n[\n10\n]\nbut he was not trusted by the United States which worked with one of Madero's generals,\nVictoriano Huerta\n, to overthrow him in February 1913. When Huerta took power in 1913, he confiscated all of the metal backed banknotes from private issuing banks then issued unbacked banknotes into circulation, crippling the national banking system.\n[\n5\n]\nWhen Huerta was forced from office, the number of banknotes issued multiplied and the population began to lose faith in paper money. As warlords ravaged the country vying for control, they forced banks to make exorbitant loans or they looted them. In 1916\nVenustiano Carranza\ndeclared that all banks must fully back their banknotes with metal. The 1897 law said that private banks only had to back 33% of the value of their issued notes, consequently all of the private banks were dissolved and their assets seized. That same year Carranza issued his own \"unforgeable\" notes in May though these lost all value by July of the same year. The banks seized by Carranza weren't returned to their owners until the administration of\nÁlvaro Obregón\nin 1921.\n[\n5\n]\n[\n10\n]\nThe current\nconstitution of Mexico\nwas signed in 1917. Article 28 of that constitution stipulated that all paper money would be issued by a single bank controlled by the government.\n[\n5\n]\nBut it was not until the end of 1924 that the\nLey General de Instituciones de Crédito\n(General Law of Credit Institutions) was passed which was the legal antecedent for the Banco de México.\n[\n11\n]\nThe law prevented banks from owning stock in other banks and eliminated the stock exemption for banks. Most importantly, the law called for the creation of a central bank.\n[\n6\n]\nThe Banco de México was created on August 25, 1925, under the direction of\nMinister of Finance\nAlberto J. Pani\nwith an official ceremony given on September 1, 1925.\n[\n12\n]\nIt was given exclusive authority to mint\ncoins\nand print\nbanknotes\n, a sharp departure from policies of the past. The bank was also given responsibility over\nexchange rates\n,\ninterest rates\n, and monetary regulation. Initially, retail banks even had the option not to partner with Banco de México. The main goals of the Bank at that time were to unify the fractured banking system left behind by the Revolution, create a flexible financial system that could modernize the country, reestablish credit, and renew trust in paper money.\n[\n4\n]\nThe bank's first years were difficult. Initially only two private banks affiliated themselves with Banco de México, and by 1927, in the midst of the\nChristero War\n, the bank exceeded the legal limit of how much it could loan to the government. The unease of the private banking institution was assuaged somewhat when the initial offices of Banco de México were temporarily located in the headquarters of the\nBanco de Londres y Mexico\n.\n[\n6\n]\nThe banking interests cemented their relationship with the government by issuing loans to government officials, ensuring that the politicians had a vested interest in the stability of the system.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nIn 1932, laws were passed that required all private banks to invest their capital in Mexico and associate themselves with Banco de México. The laws also required that Banco de México cease operating as a commercial bank. After passage of this legislation, only three foreign banks remained in the country. These changes and a looser restriction on the issuance of banknotes led to a growing trust in the central bank.\n[\n4\n]\n[\n6\n]\nDirectors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)\n[\nedit\n]\nAlberto Mascareñas Navarro\n [\nes\n]\n(1925–1932)\nAgustín Rodríguez Cotera\n(1932–1935)\nGonzalo Robles Fernández\n(1935)\nLuis Montes de Oca\n [\nes\n]\n(1935–1940)\nEduardo Villaseñor Ángeles\n [\nes\n]\n(1940–1946)\nCarlos Novoa Rouvignac\n(1946–1952)\nRodrigo Gómez Gómez\n [\nes\n]\n(1952–1970)\nErnesto Fernández Hurtado\n [\nes\n]\n(1970–1976)\nGustavo Romero Kolbeck\n [\nes\n]\n(1976–1982)\nCarlos Tello Macías\n(1982)\nMiguel Mancera Aguayo\n(1982–1997)\nGuillermo Ortiz Martínez\n(1998–2009)\nAgustín Carstens Carstens\n(2009–2017)\nAlejandro Díaz de León\n [\nes\n]\n(2017–2021)\nVictoria Rodríguez Ceja\n(2022–present)\nOn 15 December 2009, Agustín Carstens was confirmed by the Senate as the new Governor of the Bank of Mexico with 81 votes in favor and 19 votes against. He assumed office on 1 January 2010.\n[\n13\n]\nEconomy of Mexico\nEconomic history of Mexico\nList of central banks\nMexican peso\n^\n\"Reservas internacionales rompen histórico y llegan a 225,427 millones de dólares\"\n.\nEl Economista\n. 2024.\n^\nO'Boyle, Brendan (2025-05-15).\n\"Mexico central bank cuts interest rate but flags trade tensions, weak economy\"\n.\nReuters\n. Retrieved\n2025-06-26\n.\n^\n[zoominfo.com\/c\/banco-de-méxico\/372775461 Banco de Mexico]\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"Historical outline, hierarchical history, Banco de México\"\n.\nanterior.banxico.org.mx\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 2019-05-26\n. Retrieved\n2019-05-26\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\n\"The history of coins and banknotes in Mexico\"\n(PDF)\n. Banco de México. February 2018. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non 2019-07-13\n. Retrieved\n2019-05-27\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nCoerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004).\nMexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History\n. ABC-CLIO.\nISBN\n \n9781576071328\n.\n^\nBancroft 1888\n, p. 519.\n^\nBancroft 1888\n, p. 520.\n^\nBancroft 1888\n, p. 551.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\nTurrent, Eduardo.\nA Brief Summary of Banking in Mexico\n(PDF)\n. Banco de México.\n[\npermanent dead link\n]\n^\n\"Agricultural credit bank\"\n.\nHistoria de Mexico 2\n. November 6, 2011\n. Retrieved\nMay 26,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Ley creando el \"Banco de México\"\n.\nDiario Oficial\n.\nXXXI\n(58):\n1263–\n1271. August 31, 1925\n. Retrieved\n9 December\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Mexico's Senate confirms Carstens as cenbank head\"\n.\nForbes\n. Reuters. 15 December 2009. Archived from\nthe original\non 26 July 2020\n. Retrieved\n16 December\n2009\n.\nBancroft, Hubert Howe (1888).\nHistory of Mexico\n. Vol. 6.\nOfficial website\nBanking in Mexico (in English)\nArchived\n2024-04-21 at the\nWayback Machine","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bank+of+Mexico \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bank+of+Mexico \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bank+of+Mexico \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bank+of+Mexico \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico)\n- [1 Background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Background)\n  Toggle Background subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Private banking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Private_banking)\n  - [1\\.2 Porfiriato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Porfiriato)\n  - [1\\.3 Revolution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Revolution)\n- [2 Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Foundation)\n- [3 Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Directors_general_\$1925%E2%80%931994\$_and_governors_\$since_1994\$)\n- [4 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#See_also)\n- [5 Notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Notes)\n- [6 Sources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#Sources)\n- [7 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Bank of Mexico\n21 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83 \"بنك المكسيك – Arabic\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banc_de_M%C3%A8xic \"Banc de Mèxic – Catalan\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Banco de México – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Banco de México – German\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Banco de México – Spanish\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9 \"بانک مکزیک – Persian\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banque_du_Mexique \"Banque du Mexique – French\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF \"Մեքսիկայի բանկ – Armenian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_Meksiko \"Bank Meksiko – Indonesian\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banca_del_Messico \"Banca del Messico – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B3%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C \"メキシコ銀行 – Japanese\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94_%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89 \"멕시코 은행 – Korean\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Banco de México – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Banco de México – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_Meksyku \"Bank Meksyku – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_do_M%C3%A9xico \"Banco do México – Portuguese\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8 \"Банк Мексики – Russian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico \"Banco de México – Swedish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8 \"Банк Мексики – Ukrainian\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meksika_banki \"Meksika banki – Uzbek\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C \"墨西哥银行 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q806208#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Bank_of_Mexico \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Bank_of_Mexico \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Bank_of_Mexico \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&oldid=1343479085 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bank_of_Mexico&id=1343479085&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBank_of_Mexico)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bank_of_Mexico&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Bank_of_Mexico)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q806208 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): [19°26′06″N 99°08′26″W \/ 19\\.434893°N 99.140427°W \/ 19\\.434893; -99.140427](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Mexico&params=19.434893_N_99.140427_W_region:MX_type:landmark)\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nMonetary authority of Mexico\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/Logobm.svg\/250px-Logobm.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Logobm.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg\/250px-Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg) |   |\n| Central bank of | [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico \"Mexico\") |\n| Headquarters | 2, 5 de Mayo Ave. [Alc. Cuauhtémoc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuauht%C3%A9moc,_Mexico_City \"Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City\"), [Mexico City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") |\n| [Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\") | [19°26′06″N 99°08′26″W \/ 19\\.434893°N 99.140427°W \/ 19\\.434893; -99.140427](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Mexico&params=19.434893_N_99.140427_W_region:MX_type:landmark) |\n| Established | September 1, 1925; 100 years ago (1925-09-01) |\n| [Governor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Governor \"Governor\") | [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja \"Victoria Rodríguez Ceja\") |\n| Currency | [Mexican peso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_peso \"Mexican peso\") MXN ([ISO 4217](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_4217 \"ISO 4217\")) |\n| Reserves | [US\\$](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")225\\.43 billion[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-economista1-1) |\n| Interest rate target | 8\\.50%[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-2) |\n| Website | [www.banxico.org.mx](http:\/\/www.banxico.org.mx\/) |\n| **Employees**   2,708[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-3) |   |\n\nThe **Bank of Mexico** ([Spanish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"): *Banco de México*), abbreviated *BdeM* or *Banxico,* is [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico \"Mexico\")'s [central bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_bank \"Central bank\"), monetary authority and [lender of last resort](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lender_of_last_resort \"Lender of last resort\"). The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency.\n\n## Background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Background\")\\]\n\nPlans for a [central bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_bank \"Central bank\") of Mexico began as early as the [Mexican Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Mexican_Empire \"First Mexican Empire\") of Emperor [Agustín de Iturbide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide \"Agustín de Iturbide\") with his idea of a *Gran Banco del Imperio Mexicano* (Grand Bank of the Mexican Empire).[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4) This idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) In 1827, Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe first formal bank organized by the government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the presidency of [Anastasio Bustamante](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anastasio_Bustamante \"Anastasio Bustamante\") under the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, [Lucas Alamán](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n \"Lucas Alamán\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519-7) The primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. Its success was confined mainly to the latter,[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520-8) but due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was eventually closed in 1842 by President [Antonio López de Santa Anna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna \"Antonio López de Santa Anna\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe Mexican government had decreed the establishment of a national bank in 1837, which similarly had to close in December, 1841.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551-9)\n\n### Private banking\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Private banking\")\\]\n\nThe first major private bank [\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) in Mexico was opened under the period of the [Second Mexican Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Mexican_Empire \"Second Mexican Empire\") in 1864 when the *Banco de Londres, México y Sud America* (Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)\n\nIn the 1870s, the *Banco de Santa Eulalia* opened in Chihuahua and the *Monte de Piedad*, which had functioned as a pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the *Banco Nacional Mexicano* (Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President [Manuel González](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores \"Manuel González Flores\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10)\n\nIn 1884, the *Banco Nacional Mexicano* soon merged with *Banco Mercantil Mexicano* (Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form the *Banco Nacional de México* (National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in the national treasury.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the *Monte de Piedad* temporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\n### Porfiriato\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Porfiriato\")\\]\n\nIn 1897, during the presidency of [Porfirio Díaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz \"Porfirio Díaz\"), Finance Minister [José Yves Limantour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour \"José Yves Limantour\") helped to guide the passing of the *Ley de Instituciones de Crédito* (Law of Credit Institutions). The new law grouped banks into three categories: issuing banks, [mortgage loan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mortgage_loan \"Mortgage loan\") banks, and auxiliary development banks. Issuing banks were allowed to circulate banknotes within the state they were issued, but only the *Banco Nacional de México* and the *Banco de Londres y Mexico* notes were allowed to circulate nationally. They were also authorized to make short-term loans. Mortgage banks were authorized to make loans collateralized by [real estate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real_estate \"Real estate\") for periods up to 40 years. The auxiliary development banks were authorized to make loans for periods up to two years for the purpose of financing industrial endeavors such as mining, manufacturing, and agriculture. Nationwide, there were 24 banks with issuing authority, two mortgage banks, and five auxiliary development banks.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10)\n\nIn 1908, Limantour issued new reforms to protect the Mexican economy from weaknesses exposed by the [Panic of 1907](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_of_1907 \"Panic of 1907\"). These reforms prevented emissions banks from opening new branches and required them to convert themselves into auxiliary or mortgage banks. These changes had limited success, and though Limantour predicted a budget surplus for 1911, the collapse of the [Porfirian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porfiriato \"Porfiriato\") regime and the intensification of the [Revolution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_Revolution \"Mexican Revolution\") ground normal banking activity to a halt.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\n### Revolution\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Revolution\")\\]\n\nIn 1911 [Francisco I. Madero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francisco_I._Madero \"Francisco I. Madero\") took power from Díaz. Madero worked to increase the number of banks in the country[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) but he was not trusted by the United States which worked with one of Madero's generals, [Victoriano Huerta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victoriano_Huerta \"Victoriano Huerta\"), to overthrow him in February 1913. When Huerta took power in 1913, he confiscated all of the metal backed banknotes from private issuing banks then issued unbacked banknotes into circulation, crippling the national banking system.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)\n\nWhen Huerta was forced from office, the number of banknotes issued multiplied and the population began to lose faith in paper money. As warlords ravaged the country vying for control, they forced banks to make exorbitant loans or they looted them. In 1916 [Venustiano Carranza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venustiano_Carranza \"Venustiano Carranza\") declared that all banks must fully back their banknotes with metal. The 1897 law said that private banks only had to back 33% of the value of their issued notes, consequently all of the private banks were dissolved and their assets seized. That same year Carranza issued his own \"unforgeable\" notes in May though these lost all value by July of the same year. The banks seized by Carranza weren't returned to their owners until the administration of [Álvaro Obregón](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n \"Álvaro Obregón\") in 1921.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10)\n\n## Foundation\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Foundation\")\\]\n\nThe current [constitution of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Mexico \"Constitution of Mexico\") was signed in 1917. Article 28 of that constitution stipulated that all paper money would be issued by a single bank controlled by the government.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) But it was not until the end of 1924 that the *Ley General de Instituciones de Crédito* (General Law of Credit Institutions) was passed which was the legal antecedent for the Banco de México.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-11) The law prevented banks from owning stock in other banks and eliminated the stock exemption for banks. Most importantly, the law called for the creation of a central bank.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe Banco de México was created on August 25, 1925, under the direction of [Minister of Finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finance_minister \"Finance minister\") [Alberto J. Pani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alberto_J._Pani \"Alberto J. Pani\") with an official ceremony given on September 1, 1925.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-12) It was given exclusive authority to mint [coins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coin \"Coin\") and print [banknotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banknote \"Banknote\"), a sharp departure from policies of the past. The bank was also given responsibility over [exchange rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exchange_rate \"Exchange rate\"), [interest rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interest_rate \"Interest rate\"), and monetary regulation. Initially, retail banks even had the option not to partner with Banco de México. The main goals of the Bank at that time were to unify the fractured banking system left behind by the Revolution, create a flexible financial system that could modernize the country, reestablish credit, and renew trust in paper money.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4)\n\nThe bank's first years were difficult. Initially only two private banks affiliated themselves with Banco de México, and by 1927, in the midst of the [Christero War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristero_War \"Cristero War\"), the bank exceeded the legal limit of how much it could loan to the government. The unease of the private banking institution was assuaged somewhat when the initial offices of Banco de México were temporarily located in the headquarters of the *Banco de Londres y Mexico*.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The banking interests cemented their relationship with the government by issuing loans to government officials, ensuring that the politicians had a vested interest in the stability of the system.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn 1932, laws were passed that required all private banks to invest their capital in Mexico and associate themselves with Banco de México. The laws also required that Banco de México cease operating as a commercial bank. After passage of this legislation, only three foreign banks remained in the country. These changes and a looser restriction on the issuance of banknotes led to a growing trust in the central bank.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\n## Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)\")\\]\n\n- [Alberto Mascareñas Navarro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Alberto Mascareñas Navarro (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro \"es:Alberto Mascareñas Navarro\")\\] (1925–1932)\n- [Agustín Rodríguez Cotera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cotera&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Agustín Rodríguez Cotera (page does not exist)\") (1932–1935)\n- [Gonzalo Robles Fernández](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Robles_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gonzalo Robles Fernández (page does not exist)\") (1935)\n- [Luis Montes de Oca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Luis_Montes_de_Oca&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Luis Montes de Oca (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luis_Montes_de_Oca \"es:Luis Montes de Oca\")\\] (1935–1940)\n- [Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles \"es:Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles\")\\] (1940–1946)\n- [Carlos Novoa Rouvignac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Carlos_Novoa_Rouvignac&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Carlos Novoa Rouvignac (page does not exist)\") (1946–1952)\n- [Rodrigo Gómez Gómez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Rodrigo Gómez Gómez (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez \"es:Rodrigo Gómez Gómez\")\\] (1952–1970)\n- [Ernesto Fernández Hurtado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Ernesto Fernández Hurtado (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado \"es:Ernesto Fernández Hurtado\")\\] (1970–1976)\n- [Gustavo Romero Kolbeck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gustavo Romero Kolbeck (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck \"es:Gustavo Romero Kolbeck\")\\] (1976–1982)\n- [Carlos Tello Macías](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlos_Tello_Mac%C3%ADas \"Carlos Tello Macías\") (1982)\n- [Miguel Mancera Aguayo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miguel_Mancera \"Miguel Mancera\") (1982–1997)\n- [Guillermo Ortiz Martínez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guillermo_Ortiz_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Guillermo Ortiz Martínez\") (1998–2009)\n- [Agustín Carstens Carstens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens \"Agustín Carstens\") (2009–2017)\n- [Alejandro Díaz de León](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Alejandro Díaz de León (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n \"es:Alejandro Díaz de León\")\\] (2017–2021)\n- [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja \"Victoria Rodríguez Ceja\") (2022–present)\n\nOn 15 December 2009, Agustín Carstens was confirmed by the Senate as the new Governor of the Bank of Mexico with 81 votes in favor and 19 votes against. He assumed office on 1 January 2010.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-Carstens_Banxico-13)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- ![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/All-currency-symbol.svg\/40px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png)[Banks portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Banks \"Portal:Banks\")\n\n- [Economy of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_Mexico \"Economy of Mexico\")\n- [Economic history of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_history_of_Mexico \"Economic history of Mexico\")\n- [List of central banks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_central_banks \"List of central banks\")\n- [Mexican peso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_peso \"Mexican peso\")\n\n## Notes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Notes\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-economista1_1-0)**\n   [\"Reservas internacionales rompen histórico y llegan a 225,427 millones de dólares\"](https:\/\/www.eleconomista.com.mx\/economia\/Reservas-internacionales-rompen-historico-y-llegan-a-225427-millones-de-dolares-20240910-0161.html). *El Economista*. 2024.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-2)**\n   O'Boyle, Brendan (2025-05-15). [\"Mexico central bank cuts interest rate but flags trade tensions, weak economy\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/mexico-central-bank-cuts-interest-rate-flags-trade-tensions-weak-economy-2025-05-15\/). *Reuters*. Retrieved 2025-06-26.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-3)** \\[zoominfo.com\/c\/banco-de-méxico\/372775461 Banco de Mexico\\]\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-2)\n   [\"Historical outline, hierarchical history, Banco de México\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190526040724\/http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico\/historical-outline.html). *anterior.banxico.org.mx*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico\/historical-outline.html) on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-26.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-4)\n   [\"The history of coins and banknotes in Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190713175708\/http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/billetes-y-monedas\/material-educativo\/basico\/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México. February 2018. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/billetes-y-monedas\/material-educativo\/basico\/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF) on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-05-27.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-10)\n   Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004). [*Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&q=mexico+law+on+credit+institutions+1897&pg=PA42). ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9781576071328](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781576071328 \"Special:BookSources\/9781576071328\")\n   \n   .\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519_7-0)** [Bancroft 1888](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 519.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520_8-0)** [Bancroft 1888](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 520.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551_9-0)** [Bancroft 1888](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 551.\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-3)\n    Turrent, Eduardo. [*A Brief Summary of Banking in Mexico*](http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/sistema-financiero\/material-educativo\/basico\/%7B860B8FCB-0988-D96E-0260-1371980FCC40%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México.\n    \n    \\[*[permanent dead link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Link_rot \"Wikipedia:Link rot\")*\\]\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Agricultural credit bank\"](http:\/\/historiademexico2cobao.blogspot.com\/2011\/11\/banco-de-credito-agricola.html). *Historia de Mexico 2*. November 6, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2019.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-12)**\n    [\"Ley creando el \"Banco de México\"](http:\/\/www.dof.gob.mx\/index.php?year=1925&month=8&day=31). *Diario Oficial*. **XXXI** (58): 1263–1271\\. August 31, 1925. Retrieved 9 December 2020.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-Carstens_Banxico_13-0)**\n    [\"Mexico's Senate confirms Carstens as cenbank head\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200726135042\/https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/feeds\/reuters\/2009\/12\/15\/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html). *Forbes*. Reuters. 15 December 2009. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/feeds\/reuters\/2009\/12\/15\/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html) on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2009.\n\n## Sources\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Sources\")\\]\n\n- Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). *History of Mexico*. Vol. 6.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Bank of Mexico](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Bank_of_Mexico \"commons:Category:Bank of Mexico\").\n\n- [Official website](http:\/\/www.banxico.org.mx\/)\n- [Banking in Mexico (in English)](http:\/\/mexbanks.com\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240421015949\/https:\/\/mexbanks.com\/) 2024-04-21 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Mexican_banks \"Template:Mexican banks\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Mexican_banks \"Template talk:Mexican banks\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Mexican_banks \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Mexican banks\")[Banks of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_banks_in_Mexico \"List of banks in Mexico\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Central bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_bank \"Central bank\") | [Bank of Mexico]() |\n| Development banks | [Bancomext](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bancomext \"Bancomext\") [Banobras](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banobras \"Banobras\") [Banco del Bienestar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_del_Bienestar \"Banco del Bienestar\") |\n| Mexican banks | Actinver [Agrofinanzas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Agrofinanzas&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Agrofinanzas (page does not exist)\") [Banca Afirme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banca_Afirme&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banca Afirme (page does not exist)\") [Banco Ahorro Famsa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Ahorro_Famsa&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Ahorro Famsa (page does not exist)\") [Banco Amigo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Amigo&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Amigo (page does not exist)\") [Banco Autofin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Autofin&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Autofin (page does not exist)\") [Banco Azteca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_Azteca \"Banco Azteca\") [BanBajío](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BanBaj%C3%ADo \"BanBajío\") [BanCoppel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=BanCoppel&action=edit&redlink=1 \"BanCoppel (page does not exist)\") Bankaool [Banorte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banorte \"Banorte\") [BanRegio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BanRegio \"BanRegio\") [Bansi S.A.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bansi_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Bansi S.A. (page does not exist)\") [Banco BASE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_BASE&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco BASE (page does not exist)\") [Compartamos Banco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compartamos_Banco \"Compartamos Banco\") [Banco Facil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Facil&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Facil (page does not exist)\") (Chedraui) [Banco Famsa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Famsa&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Famsa (page does not exist)\") [Inbursa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inbursa \"Inbursa\") [Banco Interacciones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Interacciones&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Interacciones (page does not exist)\") [Banco Invex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Invex&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Invex (page does not exist)\") [Banca Mifel](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banca_Mifel \"es:Banca Mifel\") [Banco Monex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Monex&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Monex (page does not exist)\") [Banco Multiva](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banco_Multiva \"es:Banco Multiva\") [Banco Ve X +](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Banco_Ve_X_%2B&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Banco Ve X + (page does not exist)\") |\n| Foreign-owned banks | [Banamex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grupo_Financiero_Banamex \"Grupo Financiero Banamex\") [BBVA México](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBVA_M%C3%A9xico \"BBVA México\") [HSBC México](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HSBC_M%C3%A9xico \"HSBC México\") [MUFG Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MUFG_Bank \"MUFG Bank\") [Santander México](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santander_M%C3%A9xico \"Santander México\") [Scotiabank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scotiabank \"Scotiabank\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Mexico_topics \"Template:Mexico topics\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Mexico_topics \"Template talk:Mexico topics\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Mexico_topics \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Mexico topics\")[Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico \"Mexico\") articles |   |\n|---|---|\n| [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Mexico \"History of Mexico\") | [Pre-Columbian era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pre-Columbian_Mexico \"Pre-Columbian Mexico\") [Colonial era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Spain \"New Spain\") [War of Independence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_War_of_Independence \"Mexican War of Independence\") [First Mexican Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Mexican_Empire \"First Mexican Empire\") [Control of Central America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule \"Central America under Mexican rule\") [Provisional Government of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico \"Provisional Government of Mexico\") [First Mexican Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Mexican_Republic \"First Mexican Republic\") [Spanish reconquest attempts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico \"Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico\") [Centralist Republic of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico \"Centralist Republic of Mexico\") [Texas Revolution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_Revolution \"Texas Revolution\") [Pastry War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pastry_War \"Pastry War\") [Mexican–American War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War \"Mexican–American War\") [Second Mexican Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico \"Second Federal Republic of Mexico\") [La Reforma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Reforma \"La Reforma\") [Second French intervention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico \"Second French intervention in Mexico\") [Second Mexican Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Mexican_Empire \"Second Mexican Empire\") [Restored Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Restored_Republic \"Restored Republic\") [Caste War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n \"Caste War of Yucatán\") [Yaqui Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yaqui_Wars \"Yaqui Wars\") [Porfiriato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porfiriato \"Porfiriato\") [Mexican Revolution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_Revolution \"Mexican Revolution\") [Second American intervention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution \"United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution\") [Cristero War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristero_War \"Cristero War\") [Maximato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maximato \"Maximato\") [Institutional Revolutionary Party](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party \"Institutional Revolutionary Party\") [World War II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico_during_World_War_II \"Mexico during World War II\") [Mexican miracle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_miracle \"Mexican miracle\") [Lost Decade](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9cada_Perdida \"Década Perdida\") [Peso crisis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_peso_crisis \"Mexican peso crisis\") [Chiapas conflict](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chiapas_conflict \"Chiapas conflict\") [War on drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_drug_war \"Mexican drug war\") |\n| [Geography](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geography_of_Mexico \"Geography of Mexico\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Borders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borders_of_Mexico \"Borders of Mexico\") [Cities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_cities_in_Mexico \"List of cities in Mexico\") [Climate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_of_Mexico \"Climate of Mexico\") ([Climate change](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_change_in_Mexico \"Climate change in Mexico\")) [Earthquakes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico \"List of earthquakes in Mexico\") [Environmental issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico \"Environmental issues in Mexico\") [Extreme points](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extreme_points_of_Mexico \"Extreme points of Mexico\") [Forests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forests_of_Mexico \"Forests of Mexico\") [Islands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_islands_of_Mexico \"List of islands of Mexico\") [Lakes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico \"List of lakes of Mexico\") [Metropolitan areas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico \"Metropolitan areas of Mexico\") [Mountains](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico \"List of mountain peaks of Mexico\") [Protected natural areas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico \"Protected natural areas of Mexico\") [Rivers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico \"List of rivers of Mexico\") [States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_states_of_Mexico \"List of states of Mexico\") [Municipalities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Municipalities_of_Mexico \"Municipalities of Mexico\") [Territories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Territories_of_Mexico \"Territories of Mexico\") [Territorial evolution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico \"Territorial evolution of Mexico\") [Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_in_Mexico \"Time in Mexico\") [Tropical cyclone rainfall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology \"Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology\") [Volcanos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico \"List of volcanoes in Mexico\") [Water resources management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_resources_management_in_Mexico \"Water resources management in Mexico\") [Wildlife](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildlife_of_Mexico \"Wildlife of Mexico\") |   |\n| [Politics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Mexico \"Politics of Mexico\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Administrative divisions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico \"Administrative divisions of Mexico\") [Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_the_Union \"Congress of the Union\") [Senate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senate_of_the_Republic_\$Mexico\$ \"Senate of the Republic (Mexico)\") [Chamber of Deputies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chamber_of_Deputies_\$Mexico\$ \"Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)\") [Constitution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Mexico \"Constitution of Mexico\") [Elections](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elections_in_Mexico \"Elections in Mexico\") [Federal government](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_government_of_Mexico \"Federal government of Mexico\") [Foreign relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico \"Foreign relations of Mexico\") [Military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_Armed_Forces \"Mexican Armed Forces\") [Monarchism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monarchism_in_Mexico \"Monarchism in Mexico\") [Political parties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico \"List of political parties in Mexico\") [President](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Mexico \"President of Mexico\") [Cabinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabinet_of_Mexico \"Cabinet of Mexico\") [State congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mexican_state_congresses \"List of Mexican state congresses\") [Supreme Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_Mexico \"Supreme Court of Mexico\") [Law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_Mexico \"Law of Mexico\") [Abortion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abortion_in_Mexico \"Abortion in Mexico\") [Age of consent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico \"Age of consent in Mexico\") [Anti-clericalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico \"Anti-clericalism in Mexico\") [Human rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Mexico \"Human rights in Mexico\") [Intersex rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico \"Intersex rights in Mexico\") [Law enforcement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico \"Law enforcement in Mexico\") [LGBT rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LGBTQ_rights_in_Mexico \"LGBTQ rights in Mexico\") [Same-sex marriage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico \"Same-sex marriage in Mexico\") |   |\n| [Economy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_Mexico \"Economy of Mexico\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Agriculture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agriculture_in_Mexico \"Agriculture in Mexico\") [Automotive industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico \"Automotive industry in Mexico\") [Central bank]() [Companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_companies_of_Mexico \"List of companies of Mexico\") [Economic history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_history_of_Mexico \"Economic history of Mexico\") [Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energy_in_Mexico \"Energy in Mexico\") [Renewable energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico \"Renewable energy in Mexico\") [Institutional stock exchange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores \"Bolsa Institucional de Valores\") [Irrigation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irrigation_in_Mexico \"Irrigation in Mexico\") [Labor law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_labor_law \"Mexican labor law\") [Land reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Land_reform_in_Mexico \"Land reform in Mexico\") [Manufacturing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manufacturing_in_Mexico \"Manufacturing in Mexico\") [Mass media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_media_in_Mexico \"Mass media in Mexico\") [National stock exchange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_Stock_Exchange \"Mexican Stock Exchange\") [North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement \"North American Free Trade Agreement\") [Oil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico \"Oil reserves in Mexico\") [Pensions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pensions_in_Mexico \"Pensions in Mexico\") [Peso (currency)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_peso \"Mexican peso\") [Petroleum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico \"Petroleum industry in Mexico\") [Science and technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico \"History of science and technology in Mexico\") [States by GDP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP \"List of Mexican states by GDP\") [States by unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment \"List of Mexican states by unemployment\") [Tourism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tourism_in_Mexico \"Tourism in Mexico\") [Transportation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transportation_in_Mexico \"Transportation in Mexico\") [Water scarcity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico \"Water scarcity in Mexico\") |   |\n| [Society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Society_of_Mexico \"Category:Society of Mexico\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Corruption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corruption_in_Mexico \"Corruption in Mexico\") [Censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Censorship_in_Mexico \"Censorship in Mexico\") [Crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime_in_Mexico \"Crime in Mexico\") [Demographics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Demographics_of_Mexico \"Demographics of Mexico\") [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education_in_Mexico \"Education in Mexico\") [Healthcare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthcare_in_Mexico \"Healthcare in Mexico\") [Immigration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Immigration_to_Mexico \"Immigration to Mexico\") [Life expectancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy \"List of Mexican states by life expectancy\") [Nationality law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_nationality_law \"Mexican nationality law\") [People](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexicans \"Mexicans\") [Indigenous peoples](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico \"Indigenous peoples of Mexico\") [Women](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women_in_Mexico \"Women in Mexico\") [Poverty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poverty_in_Mexico \"Poverty in Mexico\") [Public holidays](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_holidays_in_Mexico \"Public holidays in Mexico\") [States by HDI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index \"List of Mexican states by Human Development Index\") [Smoking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoking_in_Mexico \"Smoking in Mexico\") [Water supply and sanitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico \"Water supply and sanitation in Mexico\") [Welfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oportunidades \"Oportunidades\") |   |\n| [Culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culture_of_Mexico \"Culture of Mexico\") | [Architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Architecture_of_Mexico \"Architecture of Mexico\") [Art](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_art \"Mexican art\") [Muralism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_muralism \"Mexican muralism\") [Cinema](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinema_of_Mexico \"Cinema of Mexico\") [Comics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comics_in_Mexico \"Comics in Mexico\") [Cuisine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_cuisine \"Mexican cuisine\") [Wine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_wine \"Mexican wine\") [Dance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_folk_dance \"Mexican folk dance\") [Folklore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folktales_of_Mexico \"Folktales of Mexico\") [Handcrafts and folk art](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art \"Mexican handcrafts and folk art\") [Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_in_Mexico \"Internet in Mexico\") [Languages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Languages_of_Mexico \"Languages of Mexico\") [Literature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_literature \"Mexican literature\") [Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_media_in_Mexico \"Mass media in Mexico\") [Film](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cinema_of_Mexico \"Cinema of Mexico\") [Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_in_Mexico \"Internet in Mexico\") [Magazines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mexican_magazines \"List of Mexican magazines\") [Newspapers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newspapers_in_Mexico \"Newspapers in Mexico\") [Radio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_in_Mexico \"Radio in Mexico\") [Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Television_in_Mexico \"Television in Mexico\") [Monuments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Monuments_of_Mexico \"National Monuments of Mexico\") [Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_of_Mexico \"Music of Mexico\") [National symbols](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_symbols_of_Mexico \"National symbols of Mexico\") [Radio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_in_Mexico \"Radio in Mexico\") [Religion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_in_Mexico \"Religion in Mexico\") [Our Lady of Guadalupe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe \"Our Lady of Guadalupe\") [Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sport_in_Mexico \"Sport in Mexico\") [Mesoamerican ballgame](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesoamerican_ballgame \"Mesoamerican ballgame\") [Boxing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boxing_in_Mexico \"Boxing in Mexico\") [Football](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Football_in_Mexico \"Football in Mexico\") [Mixed martial arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Mexico \"Mixed martial arts in Mexico\") [Professional wrestling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_wrestling_in_Mexico \"Professional wrestling in Mexico\") [Lucha libre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lucha_libre \"Lucha libre\") [Rugby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rugby_union_in_Mexico \"Rugby union in Mexico\") |\n| [Symbols](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_symbols_of_Mexico \"National symbols of Mexico\") | [Flag](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flag_of_Mexico \"Flag of Mexico\") [List of Flags](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Mexican_flags \"List of Mexican flags\") [Coat of arms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico \"Coat of arms of Mexico\") [Anthem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Himno_Nacional_Mexicano \"Himno Nacional Mexicano\") [Miss Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miss_Mexico_Organization \"Miss Mexico Organization\") [World Heritage Sites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico \"List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico\") |\n| [Outline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_Mexico \"Outline of Mexico\") [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Mexico \"Category:Mexico\") [Portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Mexico \"Portal:Mexico\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Central_banks \"Template:Central banks\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Central_banks \"Template talk:Central banks\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Central_banks \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Central banks\")[Central banks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_bank \"Central bank\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Global | [Bank for International Settlements](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_for_International_Settlements \"Bank for International Settlements\") [Basel Committee on Banking Supervision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision \"Basel Committee on Banking Supervision\") [Financial Stability Board](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Financial_Stability_Board \"Financial Stability Board\") |\n| Policies | [Basel Accords](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basel_Accords \"Basel Accords\") [Capital control](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_control \"Capital control\") [Capital requirement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_requirement \"Capital requirement\") [Reserve requirement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reserve_requirement \"Reserve requirement\") [Fractional-reserve banking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fractional-reserve_banking \"Fractional-reserve banking\") [Central bank independence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_bank_independence \"Central bank independence\") [Exchange rate regime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exchange_rate_regime \"Exchange rate regime\") [Foreign exchange reserves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_exchange_reserves \"Foreign exchange reserves\") [List](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves \"List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves\") [Forward guidance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forward_guidance \"Forward guidance\") [Impossible trinity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impossible_trinity \"Impossible trinity\") [Interest rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interest_rate \"Interest rate\") [Bank rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_rate \"Bank rate\") [List](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_sovereign_states_by_central_bank_interest_rates \"List of sovereign states by central bank interest rates\") [Discount rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discount_window \"Discount window\") [IS–LM model](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IS%E2%80%93LM_model \"IS–LM model\") [Liquidity trap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquidity_trap \"Liquidity trap\") [Prime rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_rate \"Prime rate\") [Zero lower bound](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zero_lower_bound \"Zero lower bound\") [Inflation 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\"Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean\") [Central banks and currencies of Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe \"Central banks and currencies of Europe\") [Central banks and currencies of the Americas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas \"Central banks and currencies of the Americas\") |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q806208#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | [ISNI](https:\/\/isni.org\/isni\/0000000121660751) [VIAF](https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/124953973) [2](https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/137180135) [GND](https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/1044105-0) |\n| National | 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nBank of Mexico\n\n21 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico)","attrs_readable_markdown":"|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6e\/Logobm.svg\/250px-Logobm.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Logobm.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg\/250px-Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg) |   |\n| Central bank of | [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico \"Mexico\") |\n| Headquarters | 2, 5 de Mayo Ave. [Alc. Cuauhtémoc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuauht%C3%A9moc,_Mexico_City \"Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City\"), [Mexico City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico_City \"Mexico City\") |\n| [Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\") | [19°26′06″N 99°08′26″W \/ 19\\.434893°N 99.140427°W](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Mexico&params=19.434893_N_99.140427_W_region:MX_type:landmark) |\n| Established | September 1, 1925; 100 years ago |\n| [Governor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Governor \"Governor\") | [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja \"Victoria Rodríguez Ceja\") |\n| Currency | [Mexican peso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_peso \"Mexican peso\") MXN ([ISO 4217](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISO_4217 \"ISO 4217\")) |\n| Reserves | [US\\$](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_dollar \"United States dollar\")225\\.43 billion[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-economista1-1) |\n| Interest rate target | 8\\.50%[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-2) |\n| Website | [www.banxico.org.mx](http:\/\/www.banxico.org.mx\/) |\n| **Employees**   2,708[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-3) |   |\n\nThe **Bank of Mexico** ([Spanish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_language \"Spanish language\"): *Banco de México*), abbreviated *BdeM* or *Banxico,* is [Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico \"Mexico\")'s [central bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_bank \"Central bank\"), monetary authority and [lender of last resort](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lender_of_last_resort \"Lender of last resort\"). The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency.\n\nPlans for a [central bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_bank \"Central bank\") of Mexico began as early as the [Mexican Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Mexican_Empire \"First Mexican Empire\") of Emperor [Agustín de Iturbide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide \"Agustín de Iturbide\") with his idea of a *Gran Banco del Imperio Mexicano* (Grand Bank of the Mexican Empire).[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4) This idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) In 1827, Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe first formal bank organized by the government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the presidency of [Anastasio Bustamante](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anastasio_Bustamante \"Anastasio Bustamante\") under the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, [Lucas Alamán](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n \"Lucas Alamán\").[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519-7) The primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. Its success was confined mainly to the latter,[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520-8) but due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was eventually closed in 1842 by President [Antonio López de Santa Anna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna \"Antonio López de Santa Anna\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe Mexican government had decreed the establishment of a national bank in 1837, which similarly had to close in December, 1841.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551-9)\n\nThe first major private bank [\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) in Mexico was opened under the period of the [Second Mexican Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Mexican_Empire \"Second Mexican Empire\") in 1864 when the *Banco de Londres, México y Sud America* (Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)\n\nIn the 1870s, the *Banco de Santa Eulalia* opened in Chihuahua and the *Monte de Piedad*, which had functioned as a pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the *Banco Nacional Mexicano* (Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President [Manuel González](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores \"Manuel González Flores\").[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10)\n\nIn 1884, the *Banco Nacional Mexicano* soon merged with *Banco Mercantil Mexicano* (Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form the *Banco Nacional de México* (National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in the national treasury.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the *Monte de Piedad* temporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nIn 1897, during the presidency of [Porfirio Díaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz \"Porfirio Díaz\"), Finance Minister [José Yves Limantour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour \"José Yves Limantour\") helped to guide the passing of the *Ley de Instituciones de Crédito* (Law of Credit Institutions). The new law grouped banks into three categories: issuing banks, [mortgage loan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mortgage_loan \"Mortgage loan\") banks, and auxiliary development banks. Issuing banks were allowed to circulate banknotes within the state they were issued, but only the *Banco Nacional de México* and the *Banco de Londres y Mexico* notes were allowed to circulate nationally. They were also authorized to make short-term loans. Mortgage banks were authorized to make loans collateralized by [real estate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real_estate \"Real estate\") for periods up to 40 years. The auxiliary development banks were authorized to make loans for periods up to two years for the purpose of financing industrial endeavors such as mining, manufacturing, and agriculture. Nationwide, there were 24 banks with issuing authority, two mortgage banks, and five auxiliary development banks.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10)\n\nIn 1908, Limantour issued new reforms to protect the Mexican economy from weaknesses exposed by the [Panic of 1907](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_of_1907 \"Panic of 1907\"). These reforms prevented emissions banks from opening new branches and required them to convert themselves into auxiliary or mortgage banks. These changes had limited success, and though Limantour predicted a budget surplus for 1911, the collapse of the [Porfirian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Porfiriato \"Porfiriato\") regime and the intensification of the [Revolution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_Revolution \"Mexican Revolution\") ground normal banking activity to a halt.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nIn 1911 [Francisco I. Madero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francisco_I._Madero \"Francisco I. Madero\") took power from Díaz. Madero worked to increase the number of banks in the country[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) but he was not trusted by the United States which worked with one of Madero's generals, [Victoriano Huerta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victoriano_Huerta \"Victoriano Huerta\"), to overthrow him in February 1913. When Huerta took power in 1913, he confiscated all of the metal backed banknotes from private issuing banks then issued unbacked banknotes into circulation, crippling the national banking system.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)\n\nWhen Huerta was forced from office, the number of banknotes issued multiplied and the population began to lose faith in paper money. As warlords ravaged the country vying for control, they forced banks to make exorbitant loans or they looted them. In 1916 [Venustiano Carranza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venustiano_Carranza \"Venustiano Carranza\") declared that all banks must fully back their banknotes with metal. The 1897 law said that private banks only had to back 33% of the value of their issued notes, consequently all of the private banks were dissolved and their assets seized. That same year Carranza issued his own \"unforgeable\" notes in May though these lost all value by July of the same year. The banks seized by Carranza weren't returned to their owners until the administration of [Álvaro Obregón](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n \"Álvaro Obregón\") in 1921.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10)\n\nThe current [constitution of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Mexico \"Constitution of Mexico\") was signed in 1917. Article 28 of that constitution stipulated that all paper money would be issued by a single bank controlled by the government.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) But it was not until the end of 1924 that the *Ley General de Instituciones de Crédito* (General Law of Credit Institutions) was passed which was the legal antecedent for the Banco de México.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-11) The law prevented banks from owning stock in other banks and eliminated the stock exemption for banks. Most importantly, the law called for the creation of a central bank.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\nThe Banco de México was created on August 25, 1925, under the direction of [Minister of Finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Finance_minister \"Finance minister\") [Alberto J. Pani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alberto_J._Pani \"Alberto J. Pani\") with an official ceremony given on September 1, 1925.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-12) It was given exclusive authority to mint [coins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coin \"Coin\") and print [banknotes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banknote \"Banknote\"), a sharp departure from policies of the past. The bank was also given responsibility over [exchange rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exchange_rate \"Exchange rate\"), [interest rates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interest_rate \"Interest rate\"), and monetary regulation. Initially, retail banks even had the option not to partner with Banco de México. The main goals of the Bank at that time were to unify the fractured banking system left behind by the Revolution, create a flexible financial system that could modernize the country, reestablish credit, and renew trust in paper money.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4)\n\nThe bank's first years were difficult. Initially only two private banks affiliated themselves with Banco de México, and by 1927, in the midst of the [Christero War](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristero_War \"Cristero War\"), the bank exceeded the legal limit of how much it could loan to the government. The unease of the private banking institution was assuaged somewhat when the initial offices of Banco de México were temporarily located in the headquarters of the *Banco de Londres y Mexico*.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The banking interests cemented their relationship with the government by issuing loans to government officials, ensuring that the politicians had a vested interest in the stability of the system.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn 1932, laws were passed that required all private banks to invest their capital in Mexico and associate themselves with Banco de México. The laws also required that Banco de México cease operating as a commercial bank. After passage of this legislation, only three foreign banks remained in the country. These changes and a looser restriction on the issuance of banknotes led to a growing trust in the central bank.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)\n\n## Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)\")\\]\n\n- [Alberto Mascareñas Navarro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Alberto Mascareñas Navarro (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro \"es:Alberto Mascareñas Navarro\")\\] (1925–1932)\n- [Agustín Rodríguez Cotera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cotera&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Agustín Rodríguez Cotera (page does not exist)\") (1932–1935)\n- [Gonzalo Robles Fernández](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Robles_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gonzalo Robles Fernández (page does not exist)\") (1935)\n- [Luis Montes de Oca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Luis_Montes_de_Oca&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Luis Montes de Oca (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luis_Montes_de_Oca \"es:Luis Montes de Oca\")\\] (1935–1940)\n- [Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles \"es:Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles\")\\] (1940–1946)\n- [Carlos Novoa Rouvignac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Carlos_Novoa_Rouvignac&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Carlos Novoa Rouvignac (page does not exist)\") (1946–1952)\n- [Rodrigo Gómez Gómez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Rodrigo Gómez Gómez (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez \"es:Rodrigo Gómez Gómez\")\\] (1952–1970)\n- [Ernesto Fernández Hurtado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Ernesto Fernández Hurtado (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado \"es:Ernesto Fernández Hurtado\")\\] (1970–1976)\n- [Gustavo Romero Kolbeck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Gustavo Romero Kolbeck (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck \"es:Gustavo Romero Kolbeck\")\\] (1976–1982)\n- [Carlos Tello Macías](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlos_Tello_Mac%C3%ADas \"Carlos Tello Macías\") (1982)\n- [Miguel Mancera Aguayo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miguel_Mancera \"Miguel Mancera\") (1982–1997)\n- [Guillermo Ortiz Martínez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guillermo_Ortiz_Mart%C3%ADnez \"Guillermo Ortiz Martínez\") (1998–2009)\n- [Agustín Carstens Carstens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens \"Agustín Carstens\") (2009–2017)\n- [Alejandro Díaz de León](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Alejandro Díaz de León (page does not exist)\") \\[[es](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n \"es:Alejandro Díaz de León\")\\] (2017–2021)\n- [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja \"Victoria Rodríguez Ceja\") (2022–present)\n\nOn 15 December 2009, Agustín Carstens was confirmed by the Senate as the new Governor of the Bank of Mexico with 81 votes in favor and 19 votes against. He assumed office on 1 January 2010.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-Carstens_Banxico-13)\n\n- [Economy of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economy_of_Mexico \"Economy of Mexico\")\n- [Economic history of Mexico](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_history_of_Mexico \"Economic history of Mexico\")\n- [List of central banks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_central_banks \"List of central banks\")\n- [Mexican peso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican_peso \"Mexican peso\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-economista1_1-0)**\n   [\"Reservas internacionales rompen histórico y llegan a 225,427 millones de dólares\"](https:\/\/www.eleconomista.com.mx\/economia\/Reservas-internacionales-rompen-historico-y-llegan-a-225427-millones-de-dolares-20240910-0161.html). *El Economista*. 2024.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-2)**\n   O'Boyle, Brendan (2025-05-15). [\"Mexico central bank cuts interest rate but flags trade tensions, weak economy\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/mexico-central-bank-cuts-interest-rate-flags-trade-tensions-weak-economy-2025-05-15\/). *Reuters*. Retrieved 2025-06-26.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-3)** \\[zoominfo.com\/c\/banco-de-méxico\/372775461 Banco de Mexico\\]\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-2)\n   [\"Historical outline, hierarchical history, Banco de México\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190526040724\/http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico\/historical-outline.html). *anterior.banxico.org.mx*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico\/historical-outline.html) on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-26.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-4)\n   [\"The history of coins and banknotes in Mexico\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190713175708\/http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/billetes-y-monedas\/material-educativo\/basico\/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México. February 2018. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/billetes-y-monedas\/material-educativo\/basico\/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF) on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-05-27.\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-10)\n   Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004). [*Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&q=mexico+law+on+credit+institutions+1897&pg=PA42). ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [9781576071328](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/9781576071328 \"Special:BookSources\/9781576071328\")\n   \n   .\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519_7-0)** [Bancroft 1888](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 519.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520_8-0)** [Bancroft 1888](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 520.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551_9-0)** [Bancroft 1888](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 551.\n10. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-3)\n    Turrent, Eduardo. [*A Brief Summary of Banking in Mexico*](http:\/\/www.anterior.banxico.org.mx\/sistema-financiero\/material-educativo\/basico\/%7B860B8FCB-0988-D96E-0260-1371980FCC40%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México.\n    \n    \\[*[permanent dead link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Link_rot \"Wikipedia:Link rot\")*\\]\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"Agricultural credit bank\"](http:\/\/historiademexico2cobao.blogspot.com\/2011\/11\/banco-de-credito-agricola.html). *Historia de Mexico 2*. November 6, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2019.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-12)**\n    [\"Ley creando el \"Banco de México\"](http:\/\/www.dof.gob.mx\/index.php?year=1925&month=8&day=31). *Diario Oficial*. **XXXI** (58): 1263–1271\\. August 31, 1925. Retrieved 9 December 2020.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-Carstens_Banxico_13-0)**\n    [\"Mexico's Senate confirms Carstens as cenbank head\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20200726135042\/https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/feeds\/reuters\/2009\/12\/15\/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html). *Forbes*. Reuters. 15 December 2009. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/feeds\/reuters\/2009\/12\/15\/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html) on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2009.\n\n- Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). *History of Mexico*. Vol. 6.\n\n- [Official website](http:\/\/www.banxico.org.mx\/)\n- [Banking in Mexico (in English)](http:\/\/mexbanks.com\/) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240421015949\/https:\/\/mexbanks.com\/) 2024-04-21 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\")","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	Bank of Mexico Banco de México Central bank of Mexico Headquarters 2, 5 de Mayo Ave. Alc. Cuauhtémoc , Mexico City Coordinates 19°26′06″N 99°08′26″W / 19.434893°N 99.140427°W Established September 1, 1925 ; 100 years ago Governor Victoria Rodríguez Ceja Currency Mexican peso MXN ( ISO 4217 ) Reserves US$ 225.43 billion [ 1 ] Interest rate target 8.50% [ 2 ] Website www .banxico .org .mx Employees 2,708 [ 3 ] The Bank of Mexico ( Spanish : Banco de México ), abbreviated BdeM or Banxico, is Mexico 's central bank , monetary authority and lender of last resort . The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency. Plans for a central bank of Mexico began as early as the Mexican Empire of Emperor Agustín de Iturbide with his idea of a Gran Banco del Imperio Mexicano (Grand Bank of the Mexican Empire). [ 4 ] This idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds. [ 5 ] In 1827, Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans. [ 6 ] The first formal bank organized by the government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the presidency of Anastasio Bustamante under the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, Lucas Alamán . [ 7 ] The primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. Its success was confined mainly to the latter, [ 8 ] but due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was eventually closed in 1842 by President Antonio López de Santa Anna . [ 6 ] The Mexican government had decreed the establishment of a national bank in 1837, which similarly had to close in December, 1841. [ 9 ] The first major private bank [ 6 ] in Mexico was opened under the period of the Second Mexican Empire in 1864 when the Banco de Londres, México y Sud America (Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City. [ 5 ] In the 1870s, the Banco de Santa Eulalia opened in Chihuahua and the Monte de Piedad , which had functioned as a pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the Banco Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President Manuel González . [ 6 ] [ 10 ] In 1884, the Banco Nacional Mexicano soon merged with Banco Mercantil Mexicano (Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form the Banco Nacional de México (National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in the national treasury. [ 6 ] The next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the Monte de Piedad temporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money. [ 6 ] In 1897, during the presidency of Porfirio Díaz , Finance Minister José Yves Limantour helped to guide the passing of the Ley de Instituciones de Crédito (Law of Credit Institutions). The new law grouped banks into three categories: issuing banks, mortgage loan banks, and auxiliary development banks. Issuing banks were allowed to circulate banknotes within the state they were issued, but only the Banco Nacional de México and the Banco de Londres y Mexico notes were allowed to circulate nationally. They were also authorized to make short-term loans. Mortgage banks were authorized to make loans collateralized by real estate for periods up to 40 years. The auxiliary development banks were authorized to make loans for periods up to two years for the purpose of financing industrial endeavors such as mining, manufacturing, and agriculture. Nationwide, there were 24 banks with issuing authority, two mortgage banks, and five auxiliary development banks. [ 6 ] [ 10 ] In 1908, Limantour issued new reforms to protect the Mexican economy from weaknesses exposed by the Panic of 1907 . These reforms prevented emissions banks from opening new branches and required them to convert themselves into auxiliary or mortgage banks. These changes had limited success, and though Limantour predicted a budget surplus for 1911, the collapse of the Porfirian regime and the intensification of the Revolution ground normal banking activity to a halt. [ 6 ] In 1911 Francisco I. Madero took power from Díaz. Madero worked to increase the number of banks in the country [ 10 ] but he was not trusted by the United States which worked with one of Madero's generals, Victoriano Huerta , to overthrow him in February 1913. When Huerta took power in 1913, he confiscated all of the metal backed banknotes from private issuing banks then issued unbacked banknotes into circulation, crippling the national banking system. [ 5 ] When Huerta was forced from office, the number of banknotes issued multiplied and the population began to lose faith in paper money. As warlords ravaged the country vying for control, they forced banks to make exorbitant loans or they looted them. In 1916 Venustiano Carranza declared that all banks must fully back their banknotes with metal. The 1897 law said that private banks only had to back 33% of the value of their issued notes, consequently all of the private banks were dissolved and their assets seized. That same year Carranza issued his own "unforgeable" notes in May though these lost all value by July of the same year. The banks seized by Carranza weren't returned to their owners until the administration of Álvaro Obregón in 1921. [ 5 ] [ 10 ] The current constitution of Mexico was signed in 1917. Article 28 of that constitution stipulated that all paper money would be issued by a single bank controlled by the government. [ 5 ] But it was not until the end of 1924 that the Ley General de Instituciones de Crédito (General Law of Credit Institutions) was passed which was the legal antecedent for the Banco de México. [ 11 ] The law prevented banks from owning stock in other banks and eliminated the stock exemption for banks. Most importantly, the law called for the creation of a central bank. [ 6 ] The Banco de México was created on August 25, 1925, under the direction of Minister of Finance Alberto J. Pani with an official ceremony given on September 1, 1925. [ 12 ] It was given exclusive authority to mint coins and print banknotes , a sharp departure from policies of the past. The bank was also given responsibility over exchange rates , interest rates , and monetary regulation. Initially, retail banks even had the option not to partner with Banco de México. The main goals of the Bank at that time were to unify the fractured banking system left behind by the Revolution, create a flexible financial system that could modernize the country, reestablish credit, and renew trust in paper money. [ 4 ] The bank's first years were difficult. Initially only two private banks affiliated themselves with Banco de México, and by 1927, in the midst of the Christero War , the bank exceeded the legal limit of how much it could loan to the government. The unease of the private banking institution was assuaged somewhat when the initial offices of Banco de México were temporarily located in the headquarters of the Banco de Londres y Mexico . [ 6 ] The banking interests cemented their relationship with the government by issuing loans to government officials, ensuring that the politicians had a vested interest in the stability of the system. [ citation needed ] In 1932, laws were passed that required all private banks to invest their capital in Mexico and associate themselves with Banco de México. The laws also required that Banco de México cease operating as a commercial bank. After passage of this legislation, only three foreign banks remained in the country. These changes and a looser restriction on the issuance of banknotes led to a growing trust in the central bank. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994) [ edit ] Alberto Mascareñas Navarro [ es ] (1925–1932) Agustín Rodríguez Cotera (1932–1935) Gonzalo Robles Fernández (1935) Luis Montes de Oca [ es ] (1935–1940) Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles [ es ] (1940–1946) Carlos Novoa Rouvignac (1946–1952) Rodrigo Gómez Gómez [ es ] (1952–1970) Ernesto Fernández Hurtado [ es ] (1970–1976) Gustavo Romero Kolbeck [ es ] (1976–1982) Carlos Tello Macías (1982) Miguel Mancera Aguayo (1982–1997) Guillermo Ortiz Martínez (1998–2009) Agustín Carstens Carstens (2009–2017) Alejandro Díaz de León [ es ] (2017–2021) Victoria Rodríguez Ceja (2022–present) On 15 December 2009, Agustín Carstens was confirmed by the Senate as the new Governor of the Bank of Mexico with 81 votes in favor and 19 votes against. He assumed office on 1 January 2010. [ 13 ] Economy of Mexico Economic history of Mexico List of central banks Mexican peso ^ "Reservas internacionales rompen histórico y llegan a 225,427 millones de dólares" . El Economista . 2024. ^ O'Boyle, Brendan (2025-05-15). "Mexico central bank cuts interest rate but flags trade tensions, weak economy" . Reuters . Retrieved 2025-06-26 . ^ [zoominfo.com/c/banco-de-méxico/372775461 Banco de Mexico] ^ a b c "Historical outline, hierarchical history, Banco de México" . anterior.banxico.org.mx . Archived from the original on 2019-05-26 . Retrieved 2019-05-26 . ^ a b c d e "The history of coins and banknotes in Mexico" (PDF) . Banco de México. February 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-13 . Retrieved 2019-05-27 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004). Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576071328 . ^ Bancroft 1888 , p. 519. ^ Bancroft 1888 , p. 520. ^ Bancroft 1888 , p. 551. ^ a b c d Turrent, Eduardo. A Brief Summary of Banking in Mexico (PDF) . Banco de México. [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Agricultural credit bank" . Historia de Mexico 2 . November 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 26, 2019 . ^ "Ley creando el "Banco de México" . Diario Oficial . XXXI (58): 1263– 1271. August 31, 1925 . Retrieved 9 December 2020 . ^ "Mexico's Senate confirms Carstens as cenbank head" . Forbes . Reuters. 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). History of Mexico . Vol. 6. Official website Banking in Mexico (in English) Archived 2024-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
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Cuauhtémoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc,_Mexico_City "Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City"), [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") \| \| [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system") \| [19°26′06″N 99°08′26″W / 19\.434893°N 99.140427°W / 19\.434893; -99.140427](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Mexico&params=19.434893_N_99.140427_W_region:MX_type:landmark) \| \| Established \| September 1, 1925; 100 years ago (1925-09-01) \| \| [Governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor "Governor") \| [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja "Victoria Rodríguez Ceja") \| \| Currency \| [Mexican peso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso "Mexican peso") MXN ([ISO 4217](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217 "ISO 4217")) \| \| Reserves \| [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")225\.43 billion[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-economista1-1) \| \| Interest rate target \| 8\.50%[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-2) \| \| Website \| [www.banxico.org.mx](http://www.banxico.org.mx/) \| \| Employees 2,708[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-3) \| \| The Bank of Mexico ([Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"): Banco de México), abbreviated BdeM or Banxico, is [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico")'s [central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank"), monetary authority and [lender of last resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort "Lender of last resort"). The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency. ## Background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\] Plans for a [central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank") of Mexico began as early as the [Mexican Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire "First Mexican Empire") of Emperor [Agustín de Iturbide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide "Agustín de Iturbide") with his idea of a Gran Banco del Imperio Mexicano (Grand Bank of the Mexican Empire).[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4) This idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) In 1827, Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The first formal bank organized by the government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the presidency of [Anastasio Bustamante](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante "Anastasio Bustamante") under the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, [Lucas Alamán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n "Lucas Alamán").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519-7) The primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. Its success was confined mainly to the latter,[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520-8) but due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was eventually closed in 1842 by President [Antonio López de Santa Anna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna "Antonio López de Santa Anna").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The Mexican government had decreed the establishment of a national bank in 1837, which similarly had to close in December, 1841.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551-9) ### Private banking \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Private banking")\] The first major private bank [\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) in Mexico was opened under the period of the [Second Mexican Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire "Second Mexican Empire") in 1864 when the Banco de Londres, México y Sud America (Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) In the 1870s, the Banco de Santa Eulalia opened in Chihuahua and the Monte de Piedad, which had functioned as a pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the Banco Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President [Manuel González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores "Manuel González Flores").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) In 1884, the Banco Nacional Mexicano soon merged with Banco Mercantil Mexicano (Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form the Banco Nacional de México (National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in the national treasury.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the Monte de Piedad temporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) ### Porfiriato \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Porfiriato")\] In 1897, during the presidency of [Porfirio Díaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz "Porfirio Díaz"), Finance Minister [José Yves Limantour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour "José Yves Limantour") helped to guide the passing of the Ley de Instituciones de Crédito (Law of Credit Institutions). The new law grouped banks into three categories: issuing banks, [mortgage loan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan "Mortgage loan") banks, and auxiliary development banks. Issuing banks were allowed to circulate banknotes within the state they were issued, but only the Banco Nacional de México and the Banco de Londres y Mexico notes were allowed to circulate nationally. They were also authorized to make short-term loans. Mortgage banks were authorized to make loans collateralized by [real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate "Real estate") for periods up to 40 years. The auxiliary development banks were authorized to make loans for periods up to two years for the purpose of financing industrial endeavors such as mining, manufacturing, and agriculture. Nationwide, there were 24 banks with issuing authority, two mortgage banks, and five auxiliary development banks.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) In 1908, Limantour issued new reforms to protect the Mexican economy from weaknesses exposed by the [Panic of 1907](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907 "Panic of 1907"). These reforms prevented emissions banks from opening new branches and required them to convert themselves into auxiliary or mortgage banks. These changes had limited success, and though Limantour predicted a budget surplus for 1911, the collapse of the [Porfirian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfiriato "Porfiriato") regime and the intensification of the [Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution "Mexican Revolution") ground normal banking activity to a halt.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) ### Revolution \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Revolution")\] In 1911 [Francisco I. Madero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero "Francisco I. Madero") took power from Díaz. Madero worked to increase the number of banks in the country[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) but he was not trusted by the United States which worked with one of Madero's generals, [Victoriano Huerta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta "Victoriano Huerta"), to overthrow him in February 1913. When Huerta took power in 1913, he confiscated all of the metal backed banknotes from private issuing banks then issued unbacked banknotes into circulation, crippling the national banking system.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) When Huerta was forced from office, the number of banknotes issued multiplied and the population began to lose faith in paper money. As warlords ravaged the country vying for control, they forced banks to make exorbitant loans or they looted them. In 1916 [Venustiano Carranza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza "Venustiano Carranza") declared that all banks must fully back their banknotes with metal. The 1897 law said that private banks only had to back 33% of the value of their issued notes, consequently all of the private banks were dissolved and their assets seized. That same year Carranza issued his own "unforgeable" notes in May though these lost all value by July of the same year. The banks seized by Carranza weren't returned to their owners until the administration of [Álvaro Obregón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n "Álvaro Obregón") in 1921.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) ## Foundation \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Foundation")\] The current [constitution of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico "Constitution of Mexico") was signed in 1917. Article 28 of that constitution stipulated that all paper money would be issued by a single bank controlled by the government.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) But it was not until the end of 1924 that the Ley General de Instituciones de Crédito (General Law of Credit Institutions) was passed which was the legal antecedent for the Banco de México.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-11) The law prevented banks from owning stock in other banks and eliminated the stock exemption for banks. Most importantly, the law called for the creation of a central bank.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The Banco de México was created on August 25, 1925, under the direction of [Minister of Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_minister "Finance minister") [Alberto J. Pani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_J._Pani "Alberto J. Pani") with an official ceremony given on September 1, 1925.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-12) It was given exclusive authority to mint [coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin "Coin") and print [banknotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote "Banknote"), a sharp departure from policies of the past. The bank was also given responsibility over [exchange rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate "Exchange rate"), [interest rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate "Interest rate"), and monetary regulation. Initially, retail banks even had the option not to partner with Banco de México. The main goals of the Bank at that time were to unify the fractured banking system left behind by the Revolution, create a flexible financial system that could modernize the country, reestablish credit, and renew trust in paper money.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4) The bank's first years were difficult. Initially only two private banks affiliated themselves with Banco de México, and by 1927, in the midst of the [Christero War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristero_War "Cristero War"), the bank exceeded the legal limit of how much it could loan to the government. The unease of the private banking institution was assuaged somewhat when the initial offices of Banco de México were temporarily located in the headquarters of the Banco de Londres y Mexico.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The banking interests cemented their relationship with the government by issuing loans to government officials, ensuring that the politicians had a vested interest in the stability of the system.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In 1932, laws were passed that required all private banks to invest their capital in Mexico and associate themselves with Banco de México. The laws also required that Banco de México cease operating as a commercial bank. After passage of this legislation, only three foreign banks remained in the country. These changes and a looser restriction on the issuance of banknotes led to a growing trust in the central bank.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) ## Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)")\] - [Alberto Mascareñas Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alberto Mascareñas Navarro (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro "es:Alberto Mascareñas Navarro")\] (1925–1932) - [Agustín Rodríguez Cotera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cotera&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agustín Rodríguez Cotera (page does not exist)") (1932–1935) - [Gonzalo Robles Fernández](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Robles_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gonzalo Robles Fernández (page does not exist)") (1935) - [Luis Montes de Oca](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Montes_de_Oca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Luis Montes de Oca (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Montes_de_Oca "es:Luis Montes de Oca")\] (1935–1940) - [Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles "es:Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles")\] (1940–1946) - [Carlos Novoa Rouvignac](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Novoa_Rouvignac&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carlos Novoa Rouvignac (page does not exist)") (1946–1952) - [Rodrigo Gómez Gómez](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rodrigo Gómez Gómez (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez "es:Rodrigo Gómez Gómez")\] (1952–1970) - [Ernesto Fernández Hurtado](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernesto Fernández Hurtado (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado "es:Ernesto Fernández Hurtado")\] (1970–1976) - [Gustavo Romero Kolbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustavo Romero Kolbeck (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck "es:Gustavo Romero Kolbeck")\] (1976–1982) - [Carlos Tello Macías](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Tello_Mac%C3%ADas "Carlos Tello Macías") (1982) - [Miguel Mancera Aguayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mancera "Miguel Mancera") (1982–1997) - [Guillermo Ortiz Martínez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Ortiz_Mart%C3%ADnez "Guillermo Ortiz Martínez") (1998–2009) - [Agustín Carstens Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens "Agustín Carstens") (2009–2017) - [Alejandro Díaz de León](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alejandro Díaz de León (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n "es:Alejandro Díaz de León")\] (2017–2021) - [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja "Victoria Rodríguez Ceja") (2022–present) On 15 December 2009, Agustín Carstens was confirmed by the Senate as the new Governor of the Bank of Mexico with 81 votes in favor and 19 votes against. He assumed office on 1 January 2010.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-Carstens_Banxico-13) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: See also")\] - ![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/40px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png)[Banks portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks "Portal:Banks") - [Economy of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico "Economy of Mexico") - [Economic history of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico "Economic history of Mexico") - [List of central banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks "List of central banks") - [Mexican peso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso "Mexican peso") ## Notes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Notes")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-economista1_1-0) ["Reservas internacionales rompen histórico y llegan a 225,427 millones de dólares"](https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/economia/Reservas-internacionales-rompen-historico-y-llegan-a-225427-millones-de-dolares-20240910-0161.html). El Economista. 2024. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-2) O'Boyle, Brendan (2025-05-15). ["Mexico central bank cuts interest rate but flags trade tensions, weak economy"](https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-central-bank-cuts-interest-rate-flags-trade-tensions-weak-economy-2025-05-15/). Reuters. Retrieved 2025-06-26. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-3) \[zoominfo.com/c/banco-de-méxico/372775461 Banco de Mexico\] 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-2) ["Historical outline, hierarchical history, Banco de México"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190526040724/http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico/historical-outline.html). anterior.banxico.org.mx. Archived from [the original](http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico/historical-outline.html) on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-26. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-4) ["The history of coins and banknotes in Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190713175708/http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/billetes-y-monedas/material-educativo/basico/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México. February 2018. Archived from [the original](http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/billetes-y-monedas/material-educativo/basico/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF) on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-05-27. 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-10) Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004). [Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History](https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&q=mexico+law+on+credit+institutions+1897&pg=PA42). ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781576071328](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071328 "Special:BookSources/9781576071328") . 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519_7-0)* [Bancroft 1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 519. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520_8-0) [Bancroft 1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 520. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551_9-0) [Bancroft 1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 551. 10. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-3) Turrent, Eduardo. [A Brief Summary of Banking in Mexico](http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/sistema-financiero/material-educativo/basico/%7B860B8FCB-0988-D96E-0260-1371980FCC40%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México. \[[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")\] 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-11)* ["Agricultural credit bank"](http://historiademexico2cobao.blogspot.com/2011/11/banco-de-credito-agricola.html). Historia de Mexico 2. November 6, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2019. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-12) ["Ley creando el "Banco de México"](http://www.dof.gob.mx/index.php?year=1925&month=8&day=31). Diario Oficial. XXXI (58): 1263–1271\. August 31, 1925. Retrieved 9 December 2020. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-Carstens_Banxico_13-0) ["Mexico's Senate confirms Carstens as cenbank head"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726135042/https://www.forbes.com/feeds/reuters/2009/12/15/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html). Forbes. Reuters. 15 December 2009. Archived from [the original](https://www.forbes.com/feeds/reuters/2009/12/15/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html) on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2009. ## Sources \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Sources")\] - Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). History of Mexico. Vol. 6. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: External links")\] [![logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Bank of Mexico](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bank_of_Mexico "commons:Category:Bank of Mexico"). - [Official website](http://www.banxico.org.mx/) - [Banking in Mexico (in English)](http://mexbanks.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240421015949/https://mexbanks.com/) 2024-04-21 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mexican_banks "Template:Mexican banks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mexican_banks "Template talk:Mexican banks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican_banks "Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican banks")[Banks of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Mexico "List of banks in Mexico") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank") \| [Bank of Mexico]() \| \| Development banks \| [Bancomext](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancomext "Bancomext") [Banobras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banobras "Banobras") [Banco del Bienestar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_del_Bienestar "Banco del Bienestar") \| \| Mexican banks \| Actinver [Agrofinanzas](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrofinanzas&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agrofinanzas (page does not exist)") [Banca Afirme](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banca_Afirme&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banca Afirme (page does not exist)") [Banco Ahorro Famsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Ahorro_Famsa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Ahorro Famsa (page does not exist)") [Banco Amigo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Amigo&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Amigo (page does not exist)") [Banco Autofin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Autofin&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Autofin (page does not exist)") [Banco Azteca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Azteca "Banco Azteca") [BanBajío](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BanBaj%C3%ADo "BanBajío") [BanCoppel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BanCoppel&action=edit&redlink=1 "BanCoppel (page does not exist)") Bankaool [Banorte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banorte "Banorte") [BanRegio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BanRegio "BanRegio") [Bansi S.A.](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bansi_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bansi S.A. (page does not exist)") [Banco BASE](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_BASE&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco BASE (page does not exist)") [Compartamos Banco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartamos_Banco "Compartamos Banco") [Banco Facil](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Facil&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Facil (page does not exist)") (Chedraui) [Banco Famsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Famsa&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Famsa (page does not exist)") [Inbursa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbursa "Inbursa") [Banco Interacciones](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Interacciones&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Interacciones (page does not exist)") [Banco Invex](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Invex&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Invex (page does not exist)") [Banca Mifel](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_Mifel "es:Banca Mifel") [Banco Monex](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Monex&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Monex (page does not exist)") [Banco Multiva](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Multiva "es:Banco Multiva") [Banco Ve X +](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banco_Ve_X_%2B&action=edit&redlink=1 "Banco Ve X + (page does not exist)") \| \| Foreign-owned banks \| [Banamex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Financiero_Banamex "Grupo Financiero Banamex") [BBVA México](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBVA_M%C3%A9xico "BBVA México") [HSBC México](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC_M%C3%A9xico "HSBC México") [MUFG Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUFG_Bank "MUFG Bank") [Santander México](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_M%C3%A9xico "Santander México") [Scotiabank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotiabank "Scotiabank") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics "Template:Mexico topics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics "Template talk:Mexico topics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics")[Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") articles \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mexico "History of Mexico") \| [Pre-Columbian era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico "Pre-Columbian Mexico") [Colonial era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain "New Spain") [War of Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence "Mexican War of Independence") [First Mexican Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire "First Mexican Empire") [Control of Central America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule "Central America under Mexican rule") [Provisional Government of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico "Provisional Government of Mexico") [First Mexican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic "First Mexican Republic") [Spanish reconquest attempts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico "Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico") [Centralist Republic of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico "Centralist Republic of Mexico") [Texas Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution "Texas Revolution") [Pastry War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastry_War "Pastry War") [Mexican–American War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War "Mexican–American War") [Second Mexican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico "Second Federal Republic of Mexico") [La Reforma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma "La Reforma") [Second French intervention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico "Second French intervention in Mexico") [Second Mexican Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire "Second Mexican Empire") [Restored Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restored_Republic "Restored Republic") [Caste War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n "Caste War of Yucatán") [Yaqui Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_Wars "Yaqui Wars") [Porfiriato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfiriato "Porfiriato") [Mexican Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution "Mexican Revolution") [Second American intervention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution "United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution") [Cristero War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristero_War "Cristero War") [Maximato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximato "Maximato") [Institutional Revolutionary Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party "Institutional Revolutionary Party") [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II "Mexico during World War II") [Mexican miracle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_miracle "Mexican miracle") [Lost Decade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_Perdida "Década Perdida") [Peso crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis "Mexican peso crisis") [Chiapas conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas_conflict "Chiapas conflict") [War on drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_drug_war "Mexican drug war") \| \| [Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico "Geography of Mexico") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico "Borders of Mexico") [Cities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico "List of cities in Mexico") [Climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico "Climate of Mexico") ([Climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico "Climate change in Mexico")) [Earthquakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico "List of earthquakes in Mexico") [Environmental issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico "Environmental issues in Mexico") [Extreme points](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Mexico "Extreme points of Mexico") [Forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico "Forests of Mexico") [Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico "List of islands of Mexico") [Lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico "List of lakes of Mexico") [Metropolitan areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico "Metropolitan areas of Mexico") [Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico "List of mountain peaks of Mexico") [Protected natural areas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico "Protected natural areas of Mexico") [Rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico "List of rivers of Mexico") [States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico "List of states of Mexico") [Municipalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico "Municipalities of Mexico") [Territories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico "Territories of Mexico") [Territorial evolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico "Territorial evolution of Mexico") [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Mexico "Time in Mexico") [Tropical cyclone rainfall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology "Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology") [Volcanos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico "List of volcanoes in Mexico") [Water resources management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Mexico "Water resources management in Mexico") [Wildlife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico "Wildlife of Mexico") \| \| \| [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico "Politics of Mexico") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Administrative divisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico "Administrative divisions of Mexico") [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union "Congress of the Union") [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_$Mexico$ "Senate of the Republic (Mexico)") [Chamber of Deputies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_$Mexico$ "Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)") [Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico "Constitution of Mexico") [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico "Elections in Mexico") [Federal government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico "Federal government of Mexico") [Foreign relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico "Foreign relations of Mexico") [Military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces "Mexican Armed Forces") [Monarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico "Monarchism in Mexico") [Political parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico "List of political parties in Mexico") [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mexico "President of Mexico") [Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico "Cabinet of Mexico") [State congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_congresses "List of Mexican state congresses") [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mexico "Supreme Court of Mexico") [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Mexico "Law of Mexico") [Abortion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico "Abortion in Mexico") [Age of consent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico "Age of consent in Mexico") [Anti-clericalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico "Anti-clericalism in Mexico") [Human rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico "Human rights in Mexico") [Intersex rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico "Intersex rights in Mexico") [Law enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico "Law enforcement in Mexico") [LGBT rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Mexico "LGBTQ rights in Mexico") [Same-sex marriage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico "Same-sex marriage in Mexico") \| \| \| [Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico "Economy of Mexico") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Agriculture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico "Agriculture in Mexico") [Automotive industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico "Automotive industry in Mexico") [Central bank]() [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico "List of companies of Mexico") [Economic history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico "Economic history of Mexico") [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico "Energy in Mexico") [Renewable energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico "Renewable energy in Mexico") [Institutional stock exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores "Bolsa Institucional de Valores") [Irrigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico "Irrigation in Mexico") [Labor law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_labor_law "Mexican labor law") [Land reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico "Land reform in Mexico") [Manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico "Manufacturing in Mexico") [Mass media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Mexico "Mass media in Mexico") [National stock exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange "Mexican Stock Exchange") [North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement "North American Free Trade Agreement") [Oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico "Oil reserves in Mexico") [Pensions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_in_Mexico "Pensions in Mexico") [Peso (currency)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso "Mexican peso") [Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico "Petroleum industry in Mexico") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico "History of science and technology in Mexico") [States by GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP "List of Mexican states by GDP") [States by unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment "List of Mexican states by unemployment") [Tourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico "Tourism in Mexico") [Transportation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico "Transportation in Mexico") [Water scarcity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico "Water scarcity in Mexico") \| \| \| [Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico "Category:Society of Mexico") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Corruption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico "Corruption in Mexico") [Censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico "Censorship in Mexico") [Crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico "Crime in Mexico") [Demographics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico "Demographics of Mexico") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Mexico "Education in Mexico") [Healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico "Healthcare in Mexico") [Immigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico "Immigration to Mexico") [Life expectancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy "List of Mexican states by life expectancy") [Nationality law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law "Mexican nationality law") [People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicans "Mexicans") [Indigenous peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico "Indigenous peoples of Mexico") [Women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Mexico "Women in Mexico") [Poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico "Poverty in Mexico") [Public holidays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico "Public holidays in Mexico") [States by HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index "List of Mexican states by Human Development Index") [Smoking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico "Smoking in Mexico") [Water supply and sanitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico "Water supply and sanitation in Mexico") [Welfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oportunidades "Oportunidades") \| \| \| [Culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico "Culture of Mexico") \| [Architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico "Architecture of Mexico") [Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_art "Mexican art") [Muralism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_muralism "Mexican muralism") [Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico "Cinema of Mexico") [Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico "Comics in Mexico") [Cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_cuisine "Mexican cuisine") [Wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_wine "Mexican wine") [Dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_folk_dance "Mexican folk dance") [Folklore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico "Folktales of Mexico") [Handcrafts and folk art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art "Mexican handcrafts and folk art") [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Mexico "Internet in Mexico") [Languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico "Languages of Mexico") [Literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_literature "Mexican literature") [Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Mexico "Mass media in Mexico") [Film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico "Cinema of Mexico") [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Mexico "Internet in Mexico") [Magazines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_magazines "List of Mexican magazines") [Newspapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers_in_Mexico "Newspapers in Mexico") [Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico "Radio in Mexico") [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Mexico "Television in Mexico") [Monuments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico "National Monuments of Mexico") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mexico "Music of Mexico") [National symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico "National symbols of Mexico") [Radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico "Radio in Mexico") [Religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico "Religion in Mexico") [Our Lady of Guadalupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe "Our Lady of Guadalupe") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico "Sport in Mexico") [Mesoamerican ballgame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame "Mesoamerican ballgame") [Boxing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_in_Mexico "Boxing in Mexico") [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Mexico "Football in Mexico") [Mixed martial arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts_in_Mexico "Mixed martial arts in Mexico") [Professional wrestling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_in_Mexico "Professional wrestling in Mexico") [Lucha libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucha_libre "Lucha libre") [Rugby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Mexico "Rugby union in Mexico") \| \| [Symbols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico "National symbols of Mexico") \| [Flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico "Flag of Mexico") [List of Flags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags "List of Mexican flags") [Coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico "Coat of arms of Mexico") [Anthem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himno_Nacional_Mexicano "Himno Nacional Mexicano") [Miss Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Mexico_Organization "Miss Mexico Organization") [World Heritage Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico "List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico") \| \| [Outline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico "Outline of Mexico") [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mexico "Category:Mexico") [Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mexico "Portal:Mexico") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Central_banks "Template:Central banks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks "Template talk:Central banks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks "Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks")[Central banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Global \| [Bank for International Settlements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements "Bank for International Settlements") [Basel Committee on Banking Supervision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision "Basel Committee on Banking Supervision") [Financial Stability Board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board "Financial Stability Board") \| \| Policies \| [Basel Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Accords "Basel Accords") [Capital control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_control "Capital control") [Capital requirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_requirement "Capital requirement") [Reserve requirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_requirement "Reserve requirement") [Fractional-reserve banking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking "Fractional-reserve banking") [Central bank independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank_independence "Central bank independence") [Exchange rate regime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate_regime "Exchange rate regime") [Foreign exchange reserves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves "Foreign exchange reserves") [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves "List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves") [Forward guidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_guidance "Forward guidance") [Impossible trinity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impossible_trinity "Impossible trinity") [Interest rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate "Interest rate") [Bank rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_rate "Bank rate") [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_central_bank_interest_rates "List of sovereign states by central bank interest rates") [Discount rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_window "Discount window") [IS–LM model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS%E2%80%93LM_model "IS–LM model") [Liquidity trap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_trap "Liquidity trap") [Prime rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_rate "Prime rate") [Zero lower bound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_lower_bound "Zero lower bound") [Inflation targeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_targeting "Inflation targeting") [Monetary policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy "Monetary policy") [Contractionary monetary policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy "Contractionary monetary policy") [Expansionary monetary policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy "Expansionary monetary policy") [Window guidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_guidance "Window guidance") [Monetary sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_sovereignty "Monetary sovereignty") [Monetary system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_system "Monetary system") [Bretton Woods system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system "Bretton Woods system") [Fiat money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_money "Fiat money") [Money creation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_creation "Money creation") [Debt monetization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_monetization "Debt monetization") [Quantitative easing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_easing "Quantitative easing") [Quantitative tightening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_tightening "Quantitative tightening") [Helicopter money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_money "Helicopter money") [Seigniorage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seigniorage "Seigniorage") [Money supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_supply "Money supply") [Currency in circulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_in_circulation "Currency in circulation") [Friedman's k-percent rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedman%27s_k-percent_rule "Friedman's k-percent rule") [McCallum rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCallum_rule "McCallum rule") [Monetary base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_base "Monetary base") [Velocity of money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money "Velocity of money") [Quantity theory of money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money "Quantity theory of money") [Nominal income target](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_income_target "Nominal income target") [Open market operation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_market_operation "Open market operation") [Price stability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_stability "Price stability") [Sovereign wealth fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund "Sovereign wealth fund") [Yield curve control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_curve_control "Yield curve control") \| \| [Bretton Woods system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system "Bretton Woods system") \| [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") [Jamaica Accords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Accords "Jamaica Accords") [World Bank Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group "World Bank Group") [International Bank for Reconstruction and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development") [International Centre for Settlement of 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![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&oldid=1343479085>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Central banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Central_banks "Category:Central banks") - [Economy of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Mexico "Category:Economy of Mexico") - [Banks of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Banks_of_Mexico "Category:Banks of Mexico") - [Banks established in 1925](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Banks_established_in_1925 "Category:Banks established in 1925") - [Mexican companies established in 1925](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mexican_companies_established_in_1925 "Category:Mexican companies established in 1925") Hidden categories: - [Pages using gadget 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Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Logobm.svg/250px-Logobm.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Logobm.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg/250px-Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banco_de_M%C3%A9xico_%26_INBA.jpg) \| \| \| Central bank of \| [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") \| \| Headquarters \| 2, 5 de Mayo Ave. [Alc. Cuauhtémoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc,_Mexico_City "Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City"), [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") \| \| [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system") \| [19°26′06″N 99°08′26″W / 19\.434893°N 99.140427°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Mexico&params=19.434893_N_99.140427_W_region:MX_type:landmark) \| \| Established \| September 1, 1925; 100 years ago \| \| [Governor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor "Governor") \| [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja "Victoria Rodríguez Ceja") \| \| Currency \| [Mexican peso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso "Mexican peso") MXN ([ISO 4217](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217 "ISO 4217")) \| \| Reserves \| [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar")225\.43 billion[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-economista1-1) \| \| Interest rate target \| 8\.50%[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-2) \| \| Website \| [www.banxico.org.mx](http://www.banxico.org.mx/) \| \| Employees 2,708[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-3) \| \| The Bank of Mexico ([Spanish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language "Spanish language"): Banco de México), abbreviated BdeM or Banxico, is [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico")'s [central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank"), monetary authority and [lender of last resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender_of_last_resort "Lender of last resort"). The Bank of Mexico is autonomous in exercising its functions, and its main objective is to achieve stability in the purchasing power of the national currency. Plans for a [central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank "Central bank") of Mexico began as early as the [Mexican Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire "First Mexican Empire") of Emperor [Agustín de Iturbide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide "Agustín de Iturbide") with his idea of a Gran Banco del Imperio Mexicano (Grand Bank of the Mexican Empire).[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4) This idea was never pursued, instead, credit was generally issued by religious orders or trading guilds.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) In 1827, Mexico defaulted on a loan from British lenders which made it difficult to find foreign capital and it was forced to rely on local lenders as it had no national bank to lend to it. Instead the government was forced to rely on domestic lenders known as agiotistas (speculators) who specialized in short-term, high-interest loans.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The first formal bank organized by the government was the Banco de Avío which was formed in 1830 during the presidency of [Anastasio Bustamante](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante "Anastasio Bustamante") under the direction of the Minister of Interior and Foreign Affairs, [Lucas Alamán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n "Lucas Alamán").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519-7) The primary purpose of the bank was to stimulate the manufacturing and textile industries. Its success was confined mainly to the latter,[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520-8) but due to ongoing political and military crises the bank was eventually closed in 1842 by President [Antonio López de Santa Anna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna "Antonio López de Santa Anna").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The Mexican government had decreed the establishment of a national bank in 1837, which similarly had to close in December, 1841.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551-9) The first major private bank [\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) in Mexico was opened under the period of the [Second Mexican Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire "Second Mexican Empire") in 1864 when the Banco de Londres, México y Sud America (Bank of London, Mexico and South America) opened in Mexico City.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) In the 1870s, the Banco de Santa Eulalia opened in Chihuahua and the Monte de Piedad, which had functioned as a pawnshop since 1775, expanded its services into banking. Both banks issued their own bank notes and many more banks followed suit in the next decade, including the Banco Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Bank) in 1882, opened by the administration of President [Manuel González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores "Manuel González Flores").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) In 1884, the Banco Nacional Mexicano soon merged with Banco Mercantil Mexicano (Mexican Mercantile Bank) to form the Banco Nacional de México (National Bank of Mexico) which issued notes and was the primary lender to the government. The same year government issued a commercial code that gave it control of the banking sector, including the responsibility of chartering banks and establishing minimum levels of capital. The new code also stipulated that all paper money had to be backed by gold or silver on deposit in the national treasury.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The next 15 years were turbulent for the banking sector of Mexico. Due to poor management, the Monte de Piedad temporarily closed, reopening without its banking services. The government mismanaged the emission of a new non-silver coin and was forced to hastily recall it. Both of these events caused the public to lose confidence in the banks and paper money.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) In 1897, during the presidency of [Porfirio Díaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz "Porfirio Díaz"), Finance Minister [José Yves Limantour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour "José Yves Limantour") helped to guide the passing of the Ley de Instituciones de Crédito (Law of Credit Institutions). The new law grouped banks into three categories: issuing banks, [mortgage loan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loan "Mortgage loan") banks, and auxiliary development banks. Issuing banks were allowed to circulate banknotes within the state they were issued, but only the Banco Nacional de México and the Banco de Londres y Mexico notes were allowed to circulate nationally. They were also authorized to make short-term loans. Mortgage banks were authorized to make loans collateralized by [real estate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate "Real estate") for periods up to 40 years. The auxiliary development banks were authorized to make loans for periods up to two years for the purpose of financing industrial endeavors such as mining, manufacturing, and agriculture. Nationwide, there were 24 banks with issuing authority, two mortgage banks, and five auxiliary development banks.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) In 1908, Limantour issued new reforms to protect the Mexican economy from weaknesses exposed by the [Panic of 1907](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907 "Panic of 1907"). These reforms prevented emissions banks from opening new branches and required them to convert themselves into auxiliary or mortgage banks. These changes had limited success, and though Limantour predicted a budget surplus for 1911, the collapse of the [Porfirian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfiriato "Porfiriato") regime and the intensification of the [Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution "Mexican Revolution") ground normal banking activity to a halt.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) In 1911 [Francisco I. Madero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero "Francisco I. Madero") took power from Díaz. Madero worked to increase the number of banks in the country[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) but he was not trusted by the United States which worked with one of Madero's generals, [Victoriano Huerta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta "Victoriano Huerta"), to overthrow him in February 1913. When Huerta took power in 1913, he confiscated all of the metal backed banknotes from private issuing banks then issued unbacked banknotes into circulation, crippling the national banking system.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) When Huerta was forced from office, the number of banknotes issued multiplied and the population began to lose faith in paper money. As warlords ravaged the country vying for control, they forced banks to make exorbitant loans or they looted them. In 1916 [Venustiano Carranza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza "Venustiano Carranza") declared that all banks must fully back their banknotes with metal. The 1897 law said that private banks only had to back 33% of the value of their issued notes, consequently all of the private banks were dissolved and their assets seized. That same year Carranza issued his own "unforgeable" notes in May though these lost all value by July of the same year. The banks seized by Carranza weren't returned to their owners until the administration of [Álvaro Obregón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n "Álvaro Obregón") in 1921.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:3-10) The current [constitution of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico "Constitution of Mexico") was signed in 1917. Article 28 of that constitution stipulated that all paper money would be issued by a single bank controlled by the government.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:1-5) But it was not until the end of 1924 that the Ley General de Instituciones de Crédito (General Law of Credit Institutions) was passed which was the legal antecedent for the Banco de México.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-11) The law prevented banks from owning stock in other banks and eliminated the stock exemption for banks. Most importantly, the law called for the creation of a central bank.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The Banco de México was created on August 25, 1925, under the direction of [Minister of Finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_minister "Finance minister") [Alberto J. Pani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_J._Pani "Alberto J. Pani") with an official ceremony given on September 1, 1925.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-12) It was given exclusive authority to mint [coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin "Coin") and print [banknotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote "Banknote"), a sharp departure from policies of the past. The bank was also given responsibility over [exchange rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_rate "Exchange rate"), [interest rates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate "Interest rate"), and monetary regulation. Initially, retail banks even had the option not to partner with Banco de México. The main goals of the Bank at that time were to unify the fractured banking system left behind by the Revolution, create a flexible financial system that could modernize the country, reestablish credit, and renew trust in paper money.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4) The bank's first years were difficult. Initially only two private banks affiliated themselves with Banco de México, and by 1927, in the midst of the [Christero War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristero_War "Cristero War"), the bank exceeded the legal limit of how much it could loan to the government. The unease of the private banking institution was assuaged somewhat when the initial offices of Banco de México were temporarily located in the headquarters of the Banco de Londres y Mexico.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) The banking interests cemented their relationship with the government by issuing loans to government officials, ensuring that the politicians had a vested interest in the stability of the system.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In 1932, laws were passed that required all private banks to invest their capital in Mexico and associate themselves with Banco de México. The laws also required that Banco de México cease operating as a commercial bank. After passage of this legislation, only three foreign banks remained in the country. These changes and a looser restriction on the issuance of banknotes led to a growing trust in the central bank.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:0-4)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-:2-6) ## Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994) \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Directors general (1925–1994) and governors (since 1994)")\] - [Alberto Mascareñas Navarro](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alberto Mascareñas Navarro (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Mascare%C3%B1as_Navarro "es:Alberto Mascareñas Navarro")\] (1925–1932) - [Agustín Rodríguez Cotera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cotera&action=edit&redlink=1 "Agustín Rodríguez Cotera (page does not exist)") (1932–1935) - [Gonzalo Robles Fernández](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_Robles_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gonzalo Robles Fernández (page does not exist)") (1935) - [Luis Montes de Oca](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luis_Montes_de_Oca&action=edit&redlink=1 "Luis Montes de Oca (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Montes_de_Oca "es:Luis Montes de Oca")\] (1935–1940) - [Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles&action=edit&redlink=1 "Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Villase%C3%B1or_%C3%81ngeles "es:Eduardo Villaseñor Ángeles")\] (1940–1946) - [Carlos Novoa Rouvignac](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Novoa_Rouvignac&action=edit&redlink=1 "Carlos Novoa Rouvignac (page does not exist)") (1946–1952) - [Rodrigo Gómez Gómez](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rodrigo Gómez Gómez (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_G%C3%B3mez_G%C3%B3mez "es:Rodrigo Gómez Gómez")\] (1952–1970) - [Ernesto Fernández Hurtado](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado&action=edit&redlink=1 "Ernesto Fernández Hurtado (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Hurtado "es:Ernesto Fernández Hurtado")\] (1970–1976) - [Gustavo Romero Kolbeck](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck&action=edit&redlink=1 "Gustavo Romero Kolbeck (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Romero_Kolbeck "es:Gustavo Romero Kolbeck")\] (1976–1982) - [Carlos Tello Macías](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Tello_Mac%C3%ADas "Carlos Tello Macías") (1982) - [Miguel Mancera Aguayo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Mancera "Miguel Mancera") (1982–1997) - [Guillermo Ortiz Martínez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Ortiz_Mart%C3%ADnez "Guillermo Ortiz Martínez") (1998–2009) - [Agustín Carstens Carstens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens "Agustín Carstens") (2009–2017) - [Alejandro Díaz de León](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1 "Alejandro Díaz de León (page does not exist)") \[[es](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_D%C3%ADaz_de_Le%C3%B3n "es:Alejandro Díaz de León")\] (2017–2021) - [Victoria Rodríguez Ceja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Ceja "Victoria Rodríguez Ceja") (2022–present) On 15 December 2009, Agustín Carstens was confirmed by the Senate as the new Governor of the Bank of Mexico with 81 votes in favor and 19 votes against. He assumed office on 1 January 2010.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_note-Carstens_Banxico-13) - [Economy of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico "Economy of Mexico") - [Economic history of Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico "Economic history of Mexico") - [List of central banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_central_banks "List of central banks") - [Mexican peso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_peso "Mexican peso") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-economista1_1-0) ["Reservas internacionales rompen histórico y llegan a 225,427 millones de dólares"](https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/economia/Reservas-internacionales-rompen-historico-y-llegan-a-225427-millones-de-dolares-20240910-0161.html). El Economista. 2024. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-2) O'Boyle, Brendan (2025-05-15). ["Mexico central bank cuts interest rate but flags trade tensions, weak economy"](https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-central-bank-cuts-interest-rate-flags-trade-tensions-weak-economy-2025-05-15/). Reuters. Retrieved 2025-06-26. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-3) \[zoominfo.com/c/banco-de-méxico/372775461 Banco de Mexico\] 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:0_4-2) ["Historical outline, hierarchical history, Banco de México"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190526040724/http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico/historical-outline.html). anterior.banxico.org.mx. Archived from [the original](http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/acerca-del-banco-de-mexico/historical-outline.html) on 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2019-05-26. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:1_5-4) ["The history of coins and banknotes in Mexico"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190713175708/http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/billetes-y-monedas/material-educativo/basico/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México. February 2018. Archived from [the original](http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/billetes-y-monedas/material-educativo/basico/%7B2FF1527B-0B07-AC7F-25B8-4950866E166A%7D.pdf) (PDF) on 2019-07-13. Retrieved 2019-05-27. 6. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:2_6-10) Coerver, Don M.; Pasztor, Suzanne B.; Buffington, Robert (2004). [Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History](https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&q=mexico+law+on+credit+institutions+1897&pg=PA42). ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [9781576071328](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071328 "Special:BookSources/9781576071328") . 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888519_7-0)* [Bancroft 1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 519. 8. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888520_8-0) [Bancroft 1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 520. 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBancroft1888551_9-0) [Bancroft 1888](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#CITEREFBancroft1888), p. 551. 10. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-:3_10-3) Turrent, Eduardo. [A Brief Summary of Banking in Mexico](http://www.anterior.banxico.org.mx/sistema-financiero/material-educativo/basico/%7B860B8FCB-0988-D96E-0260-1371980FCC40%7D.pdf) (PDF). Banco de México. \[[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")\] 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-11)* ["Agricultural credit bank"](http://historiademexico2cobao.blogspot.com/2011/11/banco-de-credito-agricola.html). Historia de Mexico 2. November 6, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2019. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-12) ["Ley creando el "Banco de México"](http://www.dof.gob.mx/index.php?year=1925&month=8&day=31). Diario Oficial. XXXI (58): 1263–1271\. August 31, 1925. Retrieved 9 December 2020. 13. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico#cite_ref-Carstens_Banxico_13-0) ["Mexico's Senate confirms Carstens as cenbank head"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200726135042/https://www.forbes.com/feeds/reuters/2009/12/15/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html). Forbes. Reuters. 15 December 2009. Archived from [the original](https://www.forbes.com/feeds/reuters/2009/12/15/2009-12-15T234527Z_01_N15241977_RTRIDST_0_MEXICO-CARSTENS-UPDATE-3.html) on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2009. - Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1888). History of Mexico. Vol. 6. - [Official website](http://www.banxico.org.mx/) - [Banking in Mexico (in English)](http://mexbanks.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240421015949/https://mexbanks.com/) 2024-04-21 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine")
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