🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa189)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome","crawl_time":1774054715,"first_indexed_time":1375986361,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Baikonur Cosmodrome - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Baikonur Cosmodrome\nБайқоңыр ғарыш айлағы\n \n(\nKazakh\n)\nКосмодром Байконур\n \n(\nRussian\n)\nThe Cosmodrome's \"\nGagarin's Start\n\" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of\nSoyuz TMA-13\nIATA\n:\nnone\nICAO\n:\nnone\nLID\n:\nGC0015\nSummary\nAirport type\nSpaceport\nOwner\/Operator\nRoscosmos\nRussia\nLocation\nBaikonur\n,\nKazakhstan\nBuilt\n1955\n; 71 years ago\nTime zone\nAQTT\n(\nUTC+05:00\n)\nElevation \nAMSL\n90 m \/ 295 ft\nCoordinates\n45°57′54″N\n63°18′18″E\n \/ \n45.965°N 63.305°E\nWebsite\nbaikonurtour\n.com\nMap\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\nLocation in Kazakhstan\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\nLocation relative to Russia (leased until 2050)\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\nLocation in the former\nSoviet Union\nThe\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\n[\na\n]\nis a\nspaceport\noperated by\nRussia\nwithin\nKazakhstan\n. Located in the Kazakh city of\nBaikonur\n, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area.\n[\n1\n]\n[\nfailed verification\n]\nAll Russian\ncrewed spaceflights\nare launched from Baikonur.\n[\n2\n]\nSituated in the\nKazakh Steppe\n, some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the\nAral Sea\nand north of the\nSyr Darya\n. It is close to\nTöretam\n, a station on the\nTrans-Aral Railway\n. Russia, as the official successor state to the\nSoviet Union\n, has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet\nCommonwealth of Independent States\n(CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by\nRoscosmos\nand the\nRussian Aerospace Forces\n.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nIn 1955, the\nSoviet Ministry of Defense\nissued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome.\n[\n3\n]\nIt was originally built as the chief base of operations for the\nSoviet space program\n. The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for\nSputnik 1\nand\nVostok 1\n. The launchpad used for both missions was renamed \"\nGagarin's Start\n\" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut\nYuri Gagarin\n, who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space.\n[\n4\n]\nAs of 2015\nunder Russian management, Baikonur is a spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.\n[\n5\n]\n[\n6\n]\n[\n7\n]\nThe Soviet government issued\nScientific Research Test Range No. 5\n(\nNIIP-5\n;\nRussian\n:\n5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon\n) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first\nintercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)\n,\n[\n8\n]\nthe\nR-7 Semyorka\n. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General\nVasily Voznyuk\n, influenced by\nSergey Korolyov\n, the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.\n[\n9\n]\nAdditionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the\nKazakh Steppe\n. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the\nSoviet Union\n.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nA supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named\nLeninsk\n(\nRussian\n:\nЛенинск\n).\nA\nU-2\nspy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957\nThe American\nU-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane\nfound and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.\n[\n10\n]\nIn April 1975, in preparation for the\nApollo-Soyuz Test Project\n, the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut\nThomas Stafford\n, \"that makes Cape Kennedy look very small.\"\nAccording to most sources, the name\nBaikonur\nwas deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect\n[\n9\n]\n[\n11\n]\n[\n12\n]\nthe\nWestern Bloc\nto a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of\nBaikonur\nnear\nJezkazgan\n. Leninsk, the\nclosed city\nbuilt to support the cosmodrome, was renamed\nBaikonur\non 20 December 1995 by\nBoris Yeltsin\n.\nAccording to NASA's history of the\nApollo-Soyuz Test Project\n, the name\nBaikonur\nwas not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the\nTyuratam\nregion before the establishment of the cosmodrome.\n[\n11\n]\nOne of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan\nEnvironmental impact\n[\nedit\n]\nRussian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the\nSakha Republic\nwere noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near\nNyurbinsky District\n, Russia.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nScientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.\n[\n13\n]\nUDMH\n, a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology \"Kazmechanobr\", notes:\n\"Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the \"Baikonur\" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds\".\n[\n14\n]\nScrap recovery is part of the local economy.\n[\n15\n]\nMany historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational\nICBM\n; the first man-made satellite,\nSputnik 1\n, on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon,\nLuna 1\n, on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by\nYuri Gagarin\non 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space,\nValentina Tereshkova\n, in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including\nCzechoslovakia\n,\nEast Germany\n,\nIndia\nand\nFrance\nhave launched from Baikonur under the\nInterkosmos\nprogram as well. In 1960, a prototype\nR-16\nICBM\nexploded before launch\n, killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which\nVenera 9\nand\nMars 3\nwere launched.\nA Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's\nPad 1\/5 (Gagarin's Start)\non 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of\nExpedition 19\nand a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.\n[\n16\n]\nFollowing the\ndissolution of the Soviet Union\nin 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the\nCommonwealth of Independent States\n. Russia wanted to sign a\n99-year lease\nfor Baikonur, but agreed to a US$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.\n[\n17\n]\nOn 8 June 2005, the\nRussian Federation Council\nratified an agreement between\nRussia\nand\nKazakhstan\nextending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at\nUS$115,000,000\nper year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.\n[\n18\n]\nIn an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the\nVostochny Cosmodrome\nin\nAmur Oblast\n.\n[\n19\n]\nBaikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the\nInternational Space Station\n(ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the\n46th parallel north\n) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over\nChina\n.\n[\n20\n]\nWith the conclusion of\nNASA's\nSpace Shuttle program\nin 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS\n[\n2\n]\n[\n21\n]\nuntil the launch of\nCrew Dragon Demo-2\nin 2020.\nIn 2019,\nGagarin's Start\nhosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new\nSoyuz-2\nrocket with a planned first launch in 2023.\n[\n22\n]\nThe final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. \nGagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to\nRussian invasion of Ukraine\n) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).\n[\n23\n]\nOn 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a $29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing\ninvasion of Ukraine\n.\n[\n24\n]\n[\n25\n]\n[\n26\n]\nOn 27 November 2025, one of the cosmodrome's launchpads at\nSite 31\/6\n[\n27\n]\nsustained significant damage following the launch of the\nSoyuz MS-28\nrocket carrying three astronauts to the\nInternational Space Station\n.\n[\n28\n]\nOn March 3, 2026, Roscosmos announced the restoration of the damaged launchpad.\n[\n29\n]\nBaikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both\ncrewed\nand uncrewed\nspacecraft\n. It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft:\nSoyuz\n,\nProton\n,\nTsyklon\n,\nDnepr\n,\nZenit\nand\nBuran\n.\nDownrange from the launchpad,\nspent launch equipment\nis dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.\n[\n30\n]\nMajor launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome\nPad 1\/5 (Gagarin's Start)\n(1957–2019):\nR-7\n,\nVostok\n,\nVoskhod\n,\nMolniya\n,\nSoyuz\n–\n45°55′12″N\n63°20′31″E\n \/ \n45.920°N 63.342°E\nPad 31\/6\n:\nR-7A\n, Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz,\nSoyuz-2\n–\n45°59′46″N\n63°33′50″E\n \/ \n45.996°N 63.564°E\nPad 41\/3\n:\nR-16\n(Destroyed in 1960 explosion) –\n45°58′30″N\n63°39′36″E\n \/ \n45.975°N 63.660°E\nPad 41\/4\n : R-16 (1961–67) –\n45°58′34″N\n63°39′54″E\n \/ \n45.976°N 63.665°E\nPad 41\/15\n: R-16,\nKosmos 3\n(1963–68) –\n45°58′34″N\n63°40′08″E\n \/ \n45.976°N 63.669°E\nPad 45\/1\n:\nZenit-2\n,\nZenit-2M\n,\nZenit-3M\n–\n45°56′35″N\n63°39′11″E\n \/ \n45.943°N 63.653°E\nPad 45\/2\n(Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 –\n45°56′24″N\n63°39′18″E\n \/ \n45.940°N 63.655°E\nPad 51:\nR-9\n(1961–62) –\n45°55′26″N\n63°20′28″E\n \/ \n45.924°N 63.341°E\nPad 60\/6: R-16 (1963–66)  –\n46°01′08″N\n64°00′58″E\n \/ \n46.019°N 64.016°E\nPad 60\/7: R-16 (1963–67)  –\n46°01′05″N\n64°01′05″E\n \/ \n46.018°N 64.018°E\nPad 60\/8: R-16 (1962–66)  –\n46°01′01″N\n64°01′05″E\n \/ \n46.017°N 64.018°E\nPad 67\/21:\nTsyklon\n,\nR-36M\n, R-36O,\nMR-UR-100 Sotka\n(1963–72) –\n45°59′20″N\n63°42′18″E\n \/ \n45.989°N 63.705°E\nPad 67\/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66)  –\n45°59′24″N\n63°42′25″E\n \/ \n45.990°N 63.707°E\nPad 69:\nTsyklon-2\nPad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 –\n46°01′59″N\n63°05′46″E\n \/ \n46.033°N 63.096°E\nPad 75: R-9 –\n45°57′47″N\n63°12′07″E\n \/ \n45.963°N 63.202°E\nPad 80\/17: Tsyklon (1965)  –\n46°00′25″N\n64°01′12″E\n \/ \n46.007°N 64.020°E\nPad 81\/23 (81L)\n(inactive >2004):\nProton-K\n–\n46°04′26″N\n62°58′41″E\n \/ \n46.074°N 62.978°E\nPad 81\/24 (81P)\n: Proton-K,\nProton-M\n–\n46°04′16″N\n62°59′06″E\n \/ \n46.071°N 62.985°E\nPad 90\/19 (90L)\n(inactive >1997):\nUR-200\n,\nTsyklon-2\n–\n46°04′52″N\n62°55′55″E\n \/ \n46.081°N 62.932°E\nPad 90\/20 (90R)\n(inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 –\n46°04′48″N\n62°56′06″E\n \/ \n46.080°N 62.935°E\nPad 101: R-36M (1973–76)  –\n45°57′04″N\n63°25′37″E\n \/ \n45.951°N 63.427°E\nPad 102: R-36M (1978)  –\n45°55′59″N\n63°26′06″E\n \/ \n45.933°N 63.435°E\nPad 103: R-36M (1973–77)  –\n45°57′07″N\n63°26′42″E\n \/ \n45.952°N 63.445°E\nPad 104: R-36M (1972–74)  –\n45°59′17″N\n63°25′12″E\n \/ \n45.988°N 63.420°E\nPad 105: R-36M (1974–77)  –\n45°57′00″N\n63°29′46″E\n \/ \n45.950°N 63.496°E\nPad 106: R-36M (1974–83)  –\n45°57′04″N\n63°29′49″E\n \/ \n45.951°N 63.497°E\nPad 107: R-36  –\n46°14′13″N\n63°53′31″E\n \/ \n46.237°N 63.892°E\nPad 108: R-36  –\n46°14′20″N\n63°53′42″E\n \/ \n46.239°N 63.895°E\nPad 109\/95\n:\nR-36M\n,\nDnepr\n–\n45°57′04″N\n63°29′49″E\n \/ \n45.951°N 63.497°E\nPad 110\/37 (110L)\n(inactive >1988):\nN1\n,\nEnergia\n-\nBuran\n–\n45°57′54″N\n63°18′18″E\n \/ \n45.965°N 63.305°E\nPad 110\/38 (110R)\n(inactive >1969): N1 –\n45°57′43″N\n63°18′36″E\n \/ \n45.962°N 63.310°E\nPad 130:\nUR-100\n(1965) –\n46°05′10″N\n62°54′58″E\n \/ \n46.086°N 62.916°E\nPad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90)  –\n46°04′19″N\n62°57′22″E\n \/ \n46.072°N 62.956°E\nPad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02)  –\n46°02′13″N\n63°02′53″E\n \/ \n46.037°N 63.048°E\nPad 140\/18: R-36 (1965–78)  –\n45°59′49″N\n63°33′11″E\n \/ \n45.997°N 63.553°E\nPad 141: R-36  –\n45°54′36″N\n63°20′56″E\n \/ \n45.910°N 63.349°E\nPad 142\/34: R-36 (three silo complex)  –\n45°56′28″N\n63°27′43″E\n \/ \n45.941°N 63.462°E\nPad 160: R-36O  –\n46°04′41″N\n62°56′31″E\n \/ \n46.078°N 62.942°E\nPad 161\/35: Tsyklon (1967–73)  –\n46°02′02″N\n63°03′47″E\n \/ \n46.034°N 63.063°E\nPad 162\/36: Tsyklon (1966–75)  –\n46°01′55″N\n63°04′01″E\n \/ \n46.032°N 63.067°E\nPad 163: R-36O  –\n46°00′50″N\n63°10′08″E\n \/ \n46.014°N 63.169°E\nPad 164: R-36O  –\n45°56′38″N\n63°03′50″E\n \/ \n45.944°N 63.064°E\nPad 165: R-36O  –\n45°59′28″N\n62°55′08″E\n \/ \n45.991°N 62.919°E\nPad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79)  –\n45°56′53″N\n63°01′34″E\n \/ \n45.948°N 63.026°E\nPad 171: UR-100, UR-100N  –\n46°06′14″N\n63°00′29″E\n \/ \n46.104°N 63.008°E\nPad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81)  –\n46°03′54″N\n63°05′31″E\n \/ \n46.065°N 63.092°E\nPad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78)  –\n46°01′44″N\n63°07′52″E\n \/ \n46.029°N 63.131°E\nPad 174: UR-100, UR-100K  –\n46°04′55″N\n62°55′05″E\n \/ \n46.082°N 62.918°E\nPad 175\/2: UR-100NU,\nRokot\n,\nStrela\n–\n46°03′04″N\n62°59′13″E\n \/ \n46.051°N 62.987°E\nPad 175\/59: Rokot, Strela  –\n46°03′07″N\n62°59′10″E\n \/ \n46.052°N 62.986°E\nPad 176: UR-100  –\n46°01′23″N\n63°02′46″E\n \/ \n46.023°N 63.046°E\nPad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78)  –\n45°58′48″N\n63°06′00″E\n \/ \n45.980°N 63.100°E\nPad 178: UR-100  –\n46°01′30″N\n62°53′28″E\n \/ \n46.025°N 62.891°E\nPad 179: UR-100  –\n45°59′20″N\n62°57′50″E\n \/ \n45.989°N 62.964°E\nPad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79)  –\n46°03′25″N\n63°01′55″E\n \/ \n46.057°N 63.032°E\nPad 191\/66: R-36O (1969–71)  –\n45°58′12″N\n63°11′49″E\n \/ \n45.970°N 63.197°E\nPad 192: R-36O  –\n46°01′26″N\n63°18′00″E\n \/ \n46.024°N 63.300°E\nPad 193: R-36O  –\n45°57′11″N\n63°23′20″E\n \/ \n45.953°N 63.389°E\nPad 194: R-36O  –\n45°51′54″N\n63°17′10″E\n \/ \n45.865°N 63.286°E\nPad 195: R-36O  –\n45°47′35″N\n63°16′30″E\n \/ \n45.793°N 63.275°E\nPad 196: R-36O  –\n45°49′41″N\n63°08′49″E\n \/ \n45.828°N 63.147°E\nPad 200\/39\n(200L): Proton-M\/Proton-K –\n46°02′24″N\n63°01′55″E\n \/ \n46.040°N 63.032°E\nPad 200\/40\n(200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) –\n46°02′10″N\n63°02′17″E\n \/ \n46.036°N 63.038°E\nPad 241: R-36O  –\n45°51′29″N\n63°27′22″E\n \/ \n45.858°N 63.456°E\nPad 242: R-36O  –\n45°56′42″N\n63°28′52″E\n \/ \n45.945°N 63.481°E\nPad 243: R-36O  –\n45°51′18″N\n63°44′13″E\n \/ \n45.855°N 63.737°E\nPad 244: R-36O  –\n45°50′24″N\n63°38′02″E\n \/ \n45.840°N 63.634°E\nPad 245: R-36O  –\n45°49′05″N\n63°31′37″E\n \/ \n45.818°N 63.527°E\nPad 246: R-36O  –\n45°45′58″N\n63°25′23″E\n \/ \n45.766°N 63.423°E\nPad 250\n(inactive >1987): Energia –\n46°00′29″N\n63°18′18″E\n \/ \n46.008°N 63.305°E\nAs part of the\nBuran programme\n, several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:\nSite 110\n– Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the\nSoviet lunar landing program\nand later converted for the Energia-Buran program.\nSite 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their\nEnergia\nlaunchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the\nVAB\nat\nKSC\n). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the\nN1 Moon rocket\n. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that\norbiter 1K\nwas stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.\n[\n31\n]\n[\n32\n]\nSite 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the\nSLF\nat\nKSC\n). It features one runway, called 06\/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with \"Grade 600\" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special\nmate–demate devices\n; PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the\nAntonov An-225 Mriya\ncarrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the\nMyasishchev VM-T Atlant\nand incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.\n[\n33\n]\nA purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.\n[\n34\n]\n[\n35\n]\nSite 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the\nOPF\nat\nKSC\n). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the\nSoyuz\nand\nProgress\nspacecraft.\n[\n36\n]\nA Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.\nAll Baikonur's\nlogistics\nare based on its own intra-site\n1,520 mm\n(\n4 ft \n11\n+\n27\n⁄\n32\n in\n)\ngauge\nrailway\nnetwork, which is the largest\nindustrial railway\non the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special\nSchnabel cars\n. Once part of the\nSoviet Railroad Troops\n, the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to\nthe public railway of Kazakhstan\nand the rest of the world.\nThe Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose\nairports\n, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from\nMoscow\nto the smaller\nKrayniy Airport\n(\nIATA\n:\nBXY\n,\nICAO\n:\nUAOL\n), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger\nYubileyniy Airport\n(Юбилейный аэропорт) (\nIATA\n:\nUAON\n) was where the\nBuran orbiter\nwas transported to Baikonur on the back of the\nAntonov An-225\nMriya\ncargo aircraft.\nAlthough Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled\nballistic missiles\n. The official (and secret) name of the center was\nState Test Range No. 5\nor\n5 GIK\n. It remained under the control of the Soviet and\nRussian Ministry of Defense\nuntil the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nIn 2006, the head of Roscosmos,\nAnatoly Perminov\n, said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an\nSS-19 Stiletto\nmissile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.\n[\n37\n]\nOK-MT (foreground) and\nOK-1.02\n(background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020.\nOn 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the \"Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV\" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the\nBayterek\n(\"\npoplar\ntree\") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian\nAngara\nrocket launcher.\n[\n38\n]\nThis was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to\nlow Earth orbit\n, compared to 20 tons using the\nProton\nsystem. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US$223 million over 19 years.\n[\n39\n]\nAs of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of\nVostochny Cosmodrome\n.\n[\n40\n]\nAs of 2025, the first test launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for December 2025.\n[\n41\n]\n[\n42\n]\nBuran\ntest article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum\nThe Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer\nSergei Korolev\nand the first\ncosmonaut\n,\nYuri Gagarin\n. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet\nBuran programme\nsits next to the museum entrance. The only\ncompleted orbiter\n, which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.\n[\n43\n]\n[\n44\n]\n[\n45\n]\nFor a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see\nBuran programme § List of vehicles\n.\nThe museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.\nThe\nSputnik 1\nsatellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan.\nBaikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.\nIn 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.\n[\n46\n]\nIn 2023, a plan was announced to add the\nGagarin's Start\nlaunch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.\n[\n23\n]\nVostochny Cosmodrome\nPlesetsk Cosmodrome\nSvobodny Cosmodrome\nKapustin Yar\n^\n\"Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E\"\n.\nFAS.org\n. Federation of American Scientists (FAS).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 14 August 2016\n. Retrieved\n19 July\n2014\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"\n. NASA.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 1 March 2021\n. Retrieved\n24 December\n2011\n.\n^\n\"Baikonur cosmodrome celebrated 63rd anniversary\"\n.\nDispatch News Desk\n. 3 June 2018.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 October 2018\n. Retrieved\n19 October\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space\"\n.\nSpace.com\n. 13 October 2018.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 December 2021\n. Retrieved\n21 December\n2021\n.\n^\nPutz, Catherine (2 June 2015).\n\"World's Most Important Spaceport Turns 60\"\n.\nThe Diplomat\n. Retrieved\n14 April\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"\n.\nInternational Launch Services\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 January 2011\n. Retrieved\n6 April\n2011\n.\n^\nWilson, Jim (5 August 2000). \"Safe Launch For Critical Space Station Module\".\nPopular Mechanics\n.\n^\nWade, Mark.\n\"R-7\"\n.\nEncyclopedia Astronautica\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 29 June 2011\n. Retrieved\n4 July\n2011\n.\n^\na\nb\nSuvorov, Vladimir (1997).\nThe first manned spaceflight: Russia's quest for space\n. Nova Publishers. pp. \n16–\n17.\nISBN\n \n978-1-56072-402-5\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 17 February 2021\n. Retrieved\n4 June\n2016\n.\n^\nGruntman, Mike (1 February 2019).\n\"From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome\"\n.\nActa Astronautica\n.\n155\n. Fig.7:\n350–\n366.\nBibcode\n:\n2019AcAau.155..350G\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.12.021\n.\nISSN\n \n0094-5765\n.\nS2CID\n \n116406451\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 October 2021\n. Retrieved\n22 February\n2020\n.\n{{\ncite journal\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: location (\nlink\n)\n^\na\nb\n\"The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project\"\n.\nNASA\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 1 December 1998\n. Retrieved\n16 March\n2007\n.\n^\n\"Launcher\"\n.\nwww.esa.int\n. Retrieved\n2 September\n2023\n.\n^\nAbdrazak, P. Kh; Musa, K. Sh (21 June 2015).\n\"The impact of the cosmodrome 'Baikonur' on the environment and human health\"\n.\nInternational Journal of Biology and Chemistry\n.\n8\n(1):\n26–\n29.\ndoi\n:\n10.26577\/2218-7979-2015-8-1-26-29\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 August 2016\n. Retrieved\n2 August\n2016\n– via ijbch.kaznu.kz.\n^\n\"Green Women\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 12 October 2016\n. Retrieved\n2 August\n2016\n.\n^\nCooper, Paul (7 June 2018).\n\"In Russia's Space Graveyard, Locals Scavenge Fallen Spacecraft for Profit\"\n.\nDiscover\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 12 June 2018\n. Retrieved\n19 June\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Expedition 19\"\n. NASA.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 24 May 2011\n. Retrieved\n9 June\n2011\n.\n^\n\"Russia, Kazakhs reach Biakonur lease deal\"\n.\nDefense Daily\n. 30 March 1994. Archived from\nthe original\non 24 September 2015\n. Retrieved\n28 May\n2015\n.\n^\n\"Kazakhstan Finally Ratifies Baikonur Rental Deal With Russia\"\n. spacedaily.com. 12 April 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 14 May 2015\n. Retrieved\n5 January\n2011\n.\n^\n\"Kazcosmos chief Talgat Musabaev: Baikonur is Still the Core of Kazakh-Russian Cooperation in Space\"\n. interfax.kz. February 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 19 July 2011\n. Retrieved\n5 January\n2011\n.\n^\nCurry, John (8 October 2002).\n\"Mission Control Answers Your Questions: Why is the space station in a 51.6° inclined orbit instead of something less or something more?\"\n.\nspaceflight.nasa.gov\n. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from\nthe original\non 4 December 2002\n. Retrieved\n28 March\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Russian Craft Docks at International Space Station\"\n.\nRadiofreeeurope\/Radioliberty\n. Radio Free Europe.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 March 2016\n. Retrieved\n24 December\n2011\n.\n^\nBerger, Eric (23 April 2019).\n\"Russia may soon decommission the world's most historic launch pad\"\n.\nArs Technica\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nBerger, Eric (16 October 2023).\n\"After six decades, 'Gagarin's Start' will meet its end as a launch pad\"\n.\nArs Technica\n. Retrieved\n24 October\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Kazakhstan Seizes Russian Assets At Baikonur Spaceport\"\n.\nAviation Week Network\n. 10 March 2023\n. Retrieved\n15 March\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Kazakhstan Impounds Property of Russian Cosmodrome Operator in Baikonur\"\n. Radio Free Europe\/Radio Liberty. 14 March 2023.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 8 January 2024.\n^\nWilliams, Matt (27 March 2023).\n\"Kazakhstan Seizes Russia's Launch Facility at Baikonur\"\n. Universe Today\n. Retrieved\n8 May\n2023\n.\n^\nZak, Anatoly (27 November 2025).\n\"R-7 ICBM\/Soyuz rocket launch facilities in Baikonur\"\n.\nRussianSpaceWeb.com\n. Retrieved\n27 November\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Baikonur Launchpad Damaged After Russian Rocket Launch to ISS\"\n.\nThe Moscow Times\n. 28 November 2025.\n^\n\"На Байконуре закончили восстановление кабины обслуживания после пуска \"Союза-2.1а\"\n\"\n.\ntass.ru\n. Retrieved\n4 March\n2026\n.\n^\nBaikonur Downrange\nArchived\n13 January 2018 at the\nWayback Machine\n, Russianspaceweb.com\n^\n\"Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 6 July 2015\n. Retrieved\n2 August\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Buran The end\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 September 2017\n. Retrieved\n2 August\n2016\n.\n^\nHendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007).\nEnergiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle\n. Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. Berlin; New York; Chichester, UK: Springer; Published in association with Praxis Pub.\nISBN\n \n978-0-387-69848-9\n.\nOCLC\n \n153582339\n.\n^\n\"Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 25 February 2015\n. Retrieved\n2 August\n2016\n.\n^\n\"UAON pilot info @ OurAirports\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 March 2016\n. Retrieved\n2 August\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 9 August 2015\n. Retrieved\n2 August\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan\"\n.\nReuters\n. 22 October 2008.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 19 October 2020\n. Retrieved\n2 July\n2017\n.\n^\n\"\n'Baiterek' Space Launch Complex\"\n.\nKhrunichev\nState Research and Production Space Center. Archived from\nthe original\non 30 June 2006\n. Retrieved\n10 May\n2006\n.\n^\n\"Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center\"\n.\nwww.spacedaily.com\n. 24 October 2005.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 13 September 2015\n. Retrieved\n5 August\n2015\n.\n^\nVorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009).\n\"Angara getting ready for launch\"\n.\nRussia CIS Observer\n.\n3\n(26).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 1 January 2010\n. Retrieved\n3 January\n2010\n.\n^\n\"Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025\"\n. The Astana Times.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 March 2017\n. Retrieved\n26 March\n2017\n.\n^\n\"Kazakhstan to spend above 60 bln tenge for 1st Launch From Baiterek Space Complex\"\n. 4 September 2025.\n^\nWhitehouse, David (13 May 2002).\n\"Russia's space dreams abandoned\"\n.\nbbc.co.uk\n.\nBBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 March 2007\n. Retrieved\n14 November\n2007\n.\n^\n\"Buran.ru:\nPhoto of collapsed hangar\n\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 July 2017\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2013\n.\n^\n\"Buran.ru:\nRemains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris\n\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 20 December 2006\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2013\n.\n^\nAdelya Dauletkyzy (16 June 2021).\n\"Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations\"\n.\nThe Astana Times\n. Retrieved\n27 September\n2021\n.\n^\nKazakh\n:\nБайқоңыр ғарыш айлағы\n,\nromanized\n: \nBaiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy\n[bɑjqoˈŋɤr\nʁɑˈrəʃ\nɑjɫɑˈʁə]\n;\nRussian\n:\nКосмодром Байконур\n,\nromanized\n: \nKosmodrom Baykonur\n[kəsmɐˈdrom\nbəjkɐˈnur]\nJ. K. Golovanov, M., \"Korolev: Facts and myths\",\nNauka\n, 1994,\nISBN\n \n5-02-000822-2\n\"Rockets and people\"\n–\nB. E. Chertok\n, M: \"mechanical engineering\", 1999.\nISBN\n \n5-217-02942-0\n(in Russian)\n\"A breakthrough in space\" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC \"Veles\", 1994, –\nISBN\n \n5-87955-001-X\n\"At risk,\" – A. A. Toul,\nKaluga\n, \"the Golden path\", 2001, –\nISBN\n \n5-7111-0333-1\n{{\nisbn\n}}\n: ignored ISBN errors (\nlink\n)\n\"Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life\" Events and facts –\nA.I. Ostashev\n, Korolev, 2001.\nBibliography 1996–2004\n\"Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel.\" – M. I. Kuznetsk,\nVoronezh\n: IPF \"Voronezh\", 1997,\nISBN\n \n5-89981-117-X\n\"Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer\" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the \"Heroes of the Fatherland\"\nISBN\n \n5-91017-018-X\n.\n\"Rocket and space feat Baikonur\" – Vladimir Порошков, the \"Patriot\" publishers 2007.\nISBN\n \n5-7030-0969-3\n\"Unknown Baikonur\" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: \"globe\", 2001.\nISBN\n \n5-8155-0051-8\n\"Bank of the Universe\" – edited by Boltenko A. C.,\nKyiv\n, 2014., publishing house \"Phoenix\",\nISBN\n \n978-966-136-169-9\nMike Gruntman\n(2019), \"From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome\",\nActa Astronautica\n,\n155\n, Elsevier Ltd:\n350–\n366,\nBibcode\n:\n2019AcAau.155..350G\n,\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.12.021\n,\nS2CID\n \n116406451\n\"I look back and have no regrets. \" – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher \"New format\" Barnaul, 2022.\nISBN\n \n978-5-00202-034-8\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\nhistorical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)\non\nburan.ru\n–\nNPO Molniya\n, maker of Russian space shuttle\nBuran\nRussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur\n360° interactive panoramas\nof Baikonur Cosmodrome\nBaikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign\n\"World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome.\"\nSometimes Interesting\n. 26 May 2014\nNedelin Disaster\n\/\/ RussianSpaceWeb.com\n(in English)\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\nat\nMemory Alpha","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Baikonur+Cosmodrome \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Baikonur+Cosmodrome \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Soviet era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Soviet_era)\n    - [1\\.1.1 Name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Name)\n    - [1\\.1.2 Environmental impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Environmental_impact)\n    - [1\\.1.3 Importance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Importance)\n  - [1\\.2 Post-Soviet era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Post-Soviet_era)\n- [2 Features](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Features)\n  Toggle Features subsection\n  - [2\\.1 List of launchpads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#List_of_launchpads)\n  - [2\\.2 Buran facilities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Buran_facilities)\n  - [2\\.3 Intra-site railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Intra-site_railway)\n  - [2\\.4 On-site airports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#On-site_airports)\n- [3 ICBM testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#ICBM_testing)\n- [4 Future projects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Future_projects)\n- [5 Baikonur Museum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Baikonur_Museum)\n- [6 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#See_also)\n- [7 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#References)\n- [8 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Further_reading)\n- [9 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Baikonur Cosmodrome\n81 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonoer \"Baikonoer – Afrikaans\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A \"ميناء بايكونور الفضائي – Arabic\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosm%C3%B3dromu_de_Baikonur \"Cosmódromu de Baikonur – Asturian\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baykonur_kosmodromu \"Baykonur kosmodromu – Azerbaijani\")\n- [تۆرکجه](https:\/\/azb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C \"بایکونور اوزای سایتی – South Azerbaijani\")\n- [Башҡортса](https:\/\/ba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байконур – Bashkir\")\n- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https:\/\/be-tarask.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_\$%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC\$ \"Байканур (касмадром) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)\")\n- [Беларуская](https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байканур – Belarusian\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байконур – Bulgarian\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE \"বাইকনুর কসমাদ্রোম – Bangla\")\n- [Bosanski](https:\/\/bs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonur \"Bajkonur – Bosnian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosm%C3%B2drom_de_Baikonur \"Cosmòdrom de Baikonur – Catalan\")\n- [Cebuano](https:\/\/ceb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bayqongyr_\$abang_nga_dapit\$ \"Bayqongyr (abang nga dapit) – Cebuano\")\n- [کوردی](https:\/\/ckb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1 \"ناوەندی بۆشاییی بایکۆنور – Central Kurdish\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodrom_Bajkonur \"Kosmodrom Bajkonur – Czech\")\n- [Чӑвашла](https:\/\/cv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байконур – Chuvash\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonur-kosmodromen \"Bajkonur-kosmodromen – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodrom_Baikonur \"Kosmodrom Baikonur – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81 \"Κοσμοδρόμιο του Μπαϊκονούρ – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodromo_Bajkonur \"Kosmodromo Bajkonur – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur \"Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkong%C3%B5ri_kosmodroom \"Bajkongõri kosmodroom – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonurreko_kosmodromoa \"Baikonurreko kosmodromoa – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1 \"پایگاه فضایی بایکونور – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonurin_avaruuskeskus \"Baikonurin avaruuskeskus – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmodrome_de_Ba%C3%AFkonour \"Cosmodrome de Baïkonour – French\")\n- [Gaeilge](https:\/\/ga.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmadr%C3%B3m_Baikonur \"Cosmadróm Baikonur – Irish\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur \"Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Galician\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8 \"קוסמודרום בייקונור – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE \"बायकोनूर कॉसमोड्रोम – Hindi\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonur \"Bajkonur – Croatian\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonuri_%C5%B1rrep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r \"Bajkonuri űrrepülőtér – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6 \"Բայկոնուր տիեզերակայան – Armenian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodrom_Baikonur \"Kosmodrom Baikonur – Indonesian\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodromo_Baikonur \"Kosmodromo Baikonur – Ido\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmodromo_di_Bajkonur \"Cosmodromo di Bajkonur – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0 \"バイコヌール宇宙基地 – Japanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98 \"ბაიკონურის კოსმოდრომი – Georgian\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80_\$%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B\$ \"Байқоңыр (ғарыш айлағы) – Kazakh\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%88%84%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%80 \"바이코누르 우주 기지 – Korean\")\n- [Кыргызча](https:\/\/ky.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байкоңур – Kyrgyz\")\n- [Latina](https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur – Latin\")\n- [Ladino](https:\/\/lad.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodrom_de_Baikonur \"Kosmodrom de Baikonur – Ladino\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonuro_kosmodromas \"Baikonuro kosmodromas – Lithuanian\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonuras_kosmodroms \"Baikonuras kosmodroms – Latvian\")\n- [Македонски](https:\/\/mk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_\$%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC\$ \"Бајконур (космодром) – Macedonian\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82 \"ബയ്ക്കനൂർ കോസ്മോഡ്രോം – Malayalam\")\n- [Монгол](https:\/\/mn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B2 \"Байконур сансрын нислэгийн төв – Mongolian\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodrom_Baikonur \"Kosmodrom Baikonur – Malay\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodroom_Bajkonoer \"Kosmodroom Bajkonoer – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodrom_Bajkonur \"Kosmodrom Bajkonur – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonur_kosmodrom \"Bajkonur kosmodrom – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Occitan](https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmodr%C3%B2m_de_Baikonor \"Cosmodròm de Baikonor – Occitan\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonur \"Bajkonur – Polish\")\n- [Piemontèis](https:\/\/pms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmodrom_%C3%ABd_Baikonur \"Cosmodrom ëd Baikonur – Piedmontese\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%A7 \"بیکانور خلائی اڈا – Western Punjabi\")\n- [پښتو](https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C \"بایکانور الوتځای – Pashto\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur \"Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Portuguese\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmodromul_Baikonur \"Cosmodromul Baikonur – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байконур – Russian\")\n- [Sicilianu](https:\/\/scn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosm%C3%B2drumu_di_Baikonur \"Cosmòdrumu di Baikonur – Sicilian\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonur \"Bajkonur – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [සිංහල](https:\/\/si.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA \"බයිකොනූර් කොස්මොඩ්‍රෝමය – Sinhala\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"Baikonur Cosmodrome – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bajkonur \"Bajkonur – Slovak\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kozmodrom_Bajkonur \"Kozmodrom Bajkonur – Slovenian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Космодром Бајконур – Serbian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmodromen_i_Bajkonur \"Kosmodromen i Bajkonur – Swedish\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D \"பைக்கனூர் விண்வெளி ஏவுதளம் – Tamil\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байконур – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C \"ท่าอวกาศยานบัยโกเงอร์ – Thai\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baykonur_Uzay_%C3%9Css%C3%BC \"Baykonur Uzay Üssü – Turkish\")\n- [Татарча \/ tatarça](https:\/\/tt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bayqo%C3%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r_%C4%9F%C3%A4l%C3%A4m_alan%C4%B1 \"Bayqoñğır ğäläm alanı – Tatar\")\n- [Тыва дыл](https:\/\/tyv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83 \"Байконур космодрому – Tuvinian\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 \"Байконур – Ukrainian\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boyqo%CA%BBng%CA%BBir_\$kosmodrom\$ \"Boyqoʻngʻir (kosmodrom) – Uzbek\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%C3%A2n_bay_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5_Baykonur \"Sân bay vũ trụ Baykonur – Vietnamese\")\n- [Walon](https:\/\/wa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmodrome_di_Baykonour \"Cosmodrome di Baykonour – Walloon\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%8B%9C%E7%A7%91%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%BA \"拜科努尔航天发射场 – Wu\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%8B%9C%E5%93%A5%E5%8A%AA%E5%8B%92%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84%E5%A0%B4 \"拜哥努勒航天發射場 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%8B%9C%E7%A7%91%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E5%9C%BA \"拜科努尔航天发射场 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q177477#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n- 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Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\"): [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E \/ 45\\.965°N 63.305°E \/ 45\\.965; 63.305](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport)\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nSpaceport in Kazakhstan leased to Russia\n\n| Baikonur CosmodromeБайқоңыр ғарыш айлағы ([Kazakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_language \"Kazakh language\")) Космодром Байконур ([Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\")) |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg\/250px-Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)The Cosmodrome's \"[Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\")\" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of [Soyuz TMA-13](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_TMA-13 \"Soyuz TMA-13\") |   |\n| [IATA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATA_airport_code \"IATA airport code\"): *none* [ICAO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICAO_airport_code \"ICAO airport code\"): *none* [LID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Location_identifier \"Location identifier\"): GC0015 |   |\n| Summary |   |\n| Airport type | [Spaceport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport \"Spaceport\") |\n| Owner\/Operator | [Roscosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") Russia |\n| Location | [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\"), [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\") |\n| Built | 1955; 71 years ago (1955) |\n| [Time zone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_zone \"Time zone\") | [AQTT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_in_Kazakhstan \"Time in Kazakhstan\") ([UTC+05:00](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC%2B05:00 \"UTC+05:00\")) |\n| Elevation [AMSL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Height_above_sea_level \"Height above sea level\") | 90 m \/ 295 ft |\n| [Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\") | [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E \/ 45\\.965°N 63.305°E \/ 45\\.965; 63.305](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport) |\n| Website | [baikonurtour.com](http:\/\/baikonurtour.com\/) |\n| Map |   |\n| [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b5\/Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg\/250px-Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg \"Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan\") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Rocktet_icon201001.svg\/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in Kazakhstan Show map of Kazakhstan [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2e\/Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg\/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg \"Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia\") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Rocktet_icon201001.svg\/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050) Show map of Russia [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Soviet_Union_location_map.svg\/250px-Soviet_Union_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soviet_Union_location_map.svg \"Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union\") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Rocktet_icon201001.svg\/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in the former [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") Show map of the Soviet Union |   |\n\n**Map all coordinates using** [OpenStreetMap](https:\/\/tools.wmflabs.org\/osm4wiki\/cgi-bin\/wiki\/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n\n**Download coordinates as:**\n\n- [KML](https:\/\/tools.wmflabs.org\/kmlexport?article=Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n- [GPX (all coordinates)](https:\/\/geoexport.toolforge.org\/gpx?project=en.wikipedia.org&coprimary=all&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n- [GPX (primary coordinates)](https:\/\/geoexport.toolforge.org\/gpx?project=en.wikipedia.org&coprimary=primary&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n- [GPX (secondary coordinates)](https:\/\/geoexport.toolforge.org\/gpx?project=en.wikipedia.org&coprimary=secondary&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome)\n\nThe **Baikonur Cosmodrome**[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-1) is a [spaceport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport \"Spaceport\") operated by [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russia \"Russia\") within [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"). Located in the Kazakh city of [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\"), it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-2)\\[*[failed verification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\] All Russian [crewed spaceflights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight \"Human spaceflight\") are launched from Baikonur.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3)\n\nSituated in the [Kazakh Steppe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_Steppe \"Kazakh Steppe\"), some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the [Aral Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aral_Sea \"Aral Sea\") and north of the [Syr Darya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syr_Darya \"Syr Darya\"). It is close to [Töretam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%B6retam \"Töretam\"), a station on the [Trans-Aral Railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trans-Aral_Railway \"Trans-Aral Railway\"). Russia, as the official successor state to the [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet [Commonwealth of Independent States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\") (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by [Roscosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") and the [Russian Aerospace Forces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Aerospace_Forces \"Russian Aerospace Forces\").\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn 1955, the [Soviet Ministry of Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Defense_\$Soviet_Union\$ \"Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)\") issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-4) It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the [Soviet space program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_program \"Soviet space program\"). The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for [Sputnik 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_1 \"Sputnik 1\") and [Vostok 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostok_1 \"Vostok 1\"). The launchpad used for both missions was renamed \"[Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\")\" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\"), who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-5) As of 2015[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit) under Russian management, Baikonur is a spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-6)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-7)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-popmech-8)\n\n## History\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: History\")\\]\n\n### Soviet era\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Soviet era\")\\]\n\nThe Soviet government issued **Scientific Research Test Range No. 5** (**NIIP-5**; [Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first [intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile \"Intercontinental ballistic missile\"),[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-9) the [R-7 Semyorka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-7_Semyorka \"R-7 Semyorka\"). NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General [Vasily Voznyuk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Vasily_Voznyuk&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Vasily Voznyuk (page does not exist)\"), influenced by [Sergey Korolyov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Korolyov \"Sergey Korolyov\"), the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10) Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the [Kazakh Steppe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_Steppe \"Kazakh Steppe\"). The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\").\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named [Leninsk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\") ([Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): Ленинск).\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif\/330px-Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif)\n\nA [U-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_U-2 \"Lockheed U-2\") spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957\n\nThe American [U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_U-2 \"Lockheed U-2\") found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-11)\n\nIn April 1975, in preparation for the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz \"Apollo–Soyuz\"), the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut [Thomas Stafford](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_P._Stafford \"Thomas P. Stafford\"), \"that makes Cape Kennedy look very small.\"\n\n#### Name\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Name\")\\]\n\nAccording to most sources, the name *Baikonur* was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-13) the [Western Bloc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Bloc \"Western Bloc\") to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_\$Karagandy_Region\$ \"Baikonur (Karagandy Region)\") near [Jezkazgan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jezkazgan \"Jezkazgan\"). Leninsk, the [closed city](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closed_city \"Closed city\") built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\") on 20 December 1995 by [Boris Yeltsin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\").\n\nAccording to NASA's history of the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz \"Apollo–Soyuz\"), the name *Baikonur* was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the [Tyuratam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tyuratam \"Tyuratam\") region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/BaikonurFrontGate.jpg\/250px-BaikonurFrontGate.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BaikonurFrontGate.jpg)\n\nOne of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan\n\n#### Environmental impact\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Environmental impact\")\\]\n\nRussian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the [Sakha Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sakha_Republic \"Sakha Republic\") were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near [Nyurbinsky District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nyurbinsky_District \"Nyurbinsky District\"), Russia.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nScientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-ijbch.kaznu.kz-14) [UDMH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UDMH \"UDMH\"), a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology \"Kazmechanobr\", notes: \"Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the \"Baikonur\" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds\".[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-15) Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-16)\n\n#### Importance\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Importance\")\\]\n\nMany historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational [ICBM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICBM \"ICBM\"); the first man-made satellite, [Sputnik 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_1 \"Sputnik 1\"), on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, [Luna 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_1 \"Luna 1\"), on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\") on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, [Valentina Tereshkova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valentina_Tereshkova \"Valentina Tereshkova\"), in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including [Czechoslovakia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\"), [East Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany \"East Germany\"), [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India \"India\") and [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France \"France\") have launched from Baikonur under the [Interkosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interkosmos \"Interkosmos\") program as well. In 1960, a prototype [R-16](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-16_\$missile\$ \"R-16 (missile)\") ICBM [exploded before launch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nedelin_catastrophe \"Nedelin catastrophe\"), killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which [Venera 9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venera_9 \"Venera 9\") and [Mars 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_3 \"Mars 3\") were launched.\n\n### Post-Soviet era\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Post-Soviet era\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg\/330px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg)\n\nA Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's [Pad 1\/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of [Expedition 19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expedition_19 \"Expedition 19\") and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-17)\n\nFollowing the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\") in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the [Commonwealth of Independent States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\"). Russia wanted to sign a [99-year lease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/99-year_lease \"99-year lease\") for Baikonur, but agreed to a US\\$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-18) On 8 June 2005, the [Russian Federation Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_Council_of_Russia \"Federation Council of Russia\") ratified an agreement between [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russia \"Russia\") and [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\") extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at US\\$115,000,000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-19) In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\") in [Amur Oblast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amur_Oblast \"Amur Oblast\").[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-20)\n\nBaikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the [International Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the [46th parallel north](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/46th_parallel_north \"46th parallel north\")) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\").[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-21) With the conclusion of [NASA's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA \"NASA\") [Space Shuttle program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_program \"Space Shuttle program\") in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-22) until the launch of [Crew Dragon Demo-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2 \"Crew Dragon Demo-2\") in 2020.\n\nIn 2019, [Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new [Soyuz-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz-2 \"Soyuz-2\") rocket with a planned first launch in 2023.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-23) The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\")) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24)\n\nOn 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a \\$29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing [invasion of Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-25)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-rfek-26)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-utk-27)\n\nOn 27 November 2025, one of the cosmodrome's launchpads at [Site 31\/6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31\") [\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-28) sustained significant damage following the launch of the [Soyuz MS-28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_MS-28 \"Soyuz MS-28\") rocket carrying three astronauts to the [International Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\").[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-29) On March 3, 2026, Roscosmos announced the restoration of the damaged launchpad.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-30)\n\n## Features\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Features\")\\]\n\nBaikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both [crewed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight \"Human spaceflight\") and uncrewed [spacecraft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spacecraft \"Spacecraft\"). It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft: [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\$rocket_family\$ \"Soyuz (rocket family)\"), [Proton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_\$rocket\$ \"Proton (rocket)\"), [Tsyklon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon \"Tsyklon\"), [Dnepr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dnepr_\$rocket\$ \"Dnepr (rocket)\"), [Zenit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit_\$rocket_family\$ \"Zenit (rocket family)\") and [Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\").\n\nDownrange from the launchpad, [spent launch equipment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expendable_launch_vehicle \"Expendable launch vehicle\") is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-31)\n\n### List of launchpads\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: List of launchpads\")\\]\n\n[![Map of launchpads at Baikonur](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Baikonur_location_map.svg\/250px-Baikonur_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baikonur_location_map.svg \"Map of launchpads at Baikonur\")\n\n![1\/5](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[1\/5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\")\n\n![31\/6](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[31\/6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31\")\n\n![41](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[41](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\")\n\n![45](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[45](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45\")\n\n![110](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[110](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\")\n\n![81](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[81](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\")\n\n![109](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[109](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109\")\n\n![200](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[200](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200\")\n\n![90](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[90](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90\")\n\n![250](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n[250](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250\")\n\nMajor launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome\n\n- [Pad 1\/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") (1957–2019): [R-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-7_Semyorka \"R-7 Semyorka\"), [Vostok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostok_\$rocket_family\$ \"Vostok (rocket family)\"), [Voskhod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voskhod_\$rocket\$ \"Voskhod (rocket)\"), [Molniya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molniya_\$rocket\$ \"Molniya (rocket)\"), [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\$rocket_family\$ \"Soyuz (rocket family)\") –\n  [45°55′12″N 63°20′31″E \/ 45\\.920°N 63.342°E \/ 45\\.920; 63.342](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.920_N_63.342_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 31\/6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31\"): [R-7A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-7A_Semyorka \"R-7A Semyorka\"), Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, [Soyuz-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz-2 \"Soyuz-2\") –\n  [45°59′46″N 63°33′50″E \/ 45\\.996°N 63.564°E \/ 45\\.996; 63.564](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.996_N_63.564_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 41\/3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\"): [R-16](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-16_\$missile\$ \"R-16 (missile)\") (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) –\n  [45°58′30″N 63°39′36″E \/ 45\\.975°N 63.660°E \/ 45\\.975; 63.660](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.975_N_63.660_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 41\/4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\") : R-16 (1961–67) –\n  [45°58′34″N 63°39′54″E \/ 45\\.976°N 63.665°E \/ 45\\.976; 63.665](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.665_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 41\/15](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\"): R-16, [Kosmos 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos-3M \"Kosmos-3M\") (1963–68) –\n  [45°58′34″N 63°40′08″E \/ 45\\.976°N 63.669°E \/ 45\\.976; 63.669](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.669_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 45\/1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45\"): [Zenit-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit-2 \"Zenit-2\"), [Zenit-2M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit-2M \"Zenit-2M\"), [Zenit-3M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit-3SLB \"Zenit-3SLB\") –\n  [45°56′35″N 63°39′11″E \/ 45\\.943°N 63.653°E \/ 45\\.943; 63.653](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.943_N_63.653_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 45\/2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45\") (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 –\n  [45°56′24″N 63°39′18″E \/ 45\\.940°N 63.655°E \/ 45\\.940; 63.655](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.940_N_63.655_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 51: [R-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-9_Desna \"R-9 Desna\") (1961–62) –\n  [45°55′26″N 63°20′28″E \/ 45\\.924°N 63.341°E \/ 45\\.924; 63.341](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.924_N_63.341_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 60\/6: R-16 (1963–66) –\n  [46°01′08″N 64°00′58″E \/ 46\\.019°N 64.016°E \/ 46\\.019; 64.016](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.019_N_64.016_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 60\/7: R-16 (1963–67) –\n  [46°01′05″N 64°01′05″E \/ 46\\.018°N 64.018°E \/ 46\\.018; 64.018](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.018_N_64.018_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 60\/8: R-16 (1962–66) –\n  [46°01′01″N 64°01′05″E \/ 46\\.017°N 64.018°E \/ 46\\.017; 64.018](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.017_N_64.018_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 67\/21: [Tsyklon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon \"Tsyklon\"), [R-36M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-36_\$missile\$ \"R-36 (missile)\"), R-36O, [MR-UR-100 Sotka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MR-UR-100_Sotka \"MR-UR-100 Sotka\") (1963–72) –\n  [45°59′20″N 63°42′18″E \/ 45\\.989°N 63.705°E \/ 45\\.989; 63.705](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_63.705_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 67\/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) –\n  [45°59′24″N 63°42′25″E \/ 45\\.990°N 63.707°E \/ 45\\.990; 63.707](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.990_N_63.707_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 69: [Tsyklon-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon-2 \"Tsyklon-2\")\n- Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 –\n  [46°01′59″N 63°05′46″E \/ 46\\.033°N 63.096°E \/ 46\\.033; 63.096](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.033_N_63.096_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 75: R-9 –\n  [45°57′47″N 63°12′07″E \/ 45\\.963°N 63.202°E \/ 45\\.963; 63.202](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.963_N_63.202_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 80\/17: Tsyklon (1965) –\n  [46°00′25″N 64°01′12″E \/ 46\\.007°N 64.020°E \/ 46\\.007; 64.020](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.007_N_64.020_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 81\/23 (81L)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\") (inactive \\>2004): [Proton-K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-K \"Proton-K\") –\n  [46°04′26″N 62°58′41″E \/ 46\\.074°N 62.978°E \/ 46\\.074; 62.978](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.074_N_62.978_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 81\/24 (81P)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\"): Proton-K, [Proton-M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-M \"Proton-M\") –\n  [46°04′16″N 62°59′06″E \/ 46\\.071°N 62.985°E \/ 46\\.071; 62.985](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.071_N_62.985_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 90\/19 (90L)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90\") (inactive \\>1997): [UR-200](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UR-200 \"UR-200\"), [Tsyklon-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon-2 \"Tsyklon-2\") –\n  [46°04′52″N 62°55′55″E \/ 46\\.081°N 62.932°E \/ 46\\.081; 62.932](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.081_N_62.932_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 90\/20 (90R)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90\") (inactive \\>2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 –\n  [46°04′48″N 62°56′06″E \/ 46\\.080°N 62.935°E \/ 46\\.080; 62.935](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.080_N_62.935_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) –\n  [45°57′04″N 63°25′37″E \/ 45\\.951°N 63.427°E \/ 45\\.951; 63.427](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.427_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 102: R-36M (1978) –\n  [45°55′59″N 63°26′06″E \/ 45\\.933°N 63.435°E \/ 45\\.933; 63.435](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.933_N_63.435_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) –\n  [45°57′07″N 63°26′42″E \/ 45\\.952°N 63.445°E \/ 45\\.952; 63.445](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.952_N_63.445_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) –\n  [45°59′17″N 63°25′12″E \/ 45\\.988°N 63.420°E \/ 45\\.988; 63.420](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.988_N_63.420_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) –\n  [45°57′00″N 63°29′46″E \/ 45\\.950°N 63.496°E \/ 45\\.950; 63.496](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.950_N_63.496_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) –\n  [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E \/ 45\\.951°N 63.497°E \/ 45\\.951; 63.497](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 107: R-36 –\n  [46°14′13″N 63°53′31″E \/ 46\\.237°N 63.892°E \/ 46\\.237; 63.892](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.237_N_63.892_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 108: R-36 –\n  [46°14′20″N 63°53′42″E \/ 46\\.239°N 63.895°E \/ 46\\.239; 63.895](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.239_N_63.895_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 109\/95](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109\"): [R-36M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-36_\$missile\$ \"R-36 (missile)\"), [Dnepr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dnepr_\$rocket\$ \"Dnepr (rocket)\") –\n  [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E \/ 45\\.951°N 63.497°E \/ 45\\.951; 63.497](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 110\/37 (110L)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\") (inactive \\>1988): [N1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N1_\$rocket\$ \"N1 (rocket)\"), [Energia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energia_\$rocket\$ \"Energia (rocket)\")\\-[Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\") –\n  [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E \/ 45\\.965°N 63.305°E \/ 45\\.965; 63.305](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 110\/38 (110R)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\") (inactive \\>1969): N1 –\n  [45°57′43″N 63°18′36″E \/ 45\\.962°N 63.310°E \/ 45\\.962; 63.310](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.962_N_63.310_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 130: [UR-100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UR-100 \"UR-100\") (1965) –\n  [46°05′10″N 62°54′58″E \/ 46\\.086°N 62.916°E \/ 46\\.086; 62.916](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.086_N_62.916_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) –\n  [46°04′19″N 62°57′22″E \/ 46\\.072°N 62.956°E \/ 46\\.072; 62.956](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.072_N_62.956_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) –\n  [46°02′13″N 63°02′53″E \/ 46\\.037°N 63.048°E \/ 46\\.037; 63.048](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.037_N_63.048_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 140\/18: R-36 (1965–78) –\n  [45°59′49″N 63°33′11″E \/ 45\\.997°N 63.553°E \/ 45\\.997; 63.553](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.997_N_63.553_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 141: R-36 –\n  [45°54′36″N 63°20′56″E \/ 45\\.910°N 63.349°E \/ 45\\.910; 63.349](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.910_N_63.349_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 142\/34: R-36 (three silo complex) –\n  [45°56′28″N 63°27′43″E \/ 45\\.941°N 63.462°E \/ 45\\.941; 63.462](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.941_N_63.462_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 160: R-36O –\n  [46°04′41″N 62°56′31″E \/ 46\\.078°N 62.942°E \/ 46\\.078; 62.942](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.078_N_62.942_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 161\/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) –\n  [46°02′02″N 63°03′47″E \/ 46\\.034°N 63.063°E \/ 46\\.034; 63.063](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.034_N_63.063_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 162\/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) –\n  [46°01′55″N 63°04′01″E \/ 46\\.032°N 63.067°E \/ 46\\.032; 63.067](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.032_N_63.067_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 163: R-36O –\n  [46°00′50″N 63°10′08″E \/ 46\\.014°N 63.169°E \/ 46\\.014; 63.169](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.014_N_63.169_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 164: R-36O –\n  [45°56′38″N 63°03′50″E \/ 45\\.944°N 63.064°E \/ 45\\.944; 63.064](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.944_N_63.064_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 165: R-36O –\n  [45°59′28″N 62°55′08″E \/ 45\\.991°N 62.919°E \/ 45\\.991; 62.919](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.991_N_62.919_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) –\n  [45°56′53″N 63°01′34″E \/ 45\\.948°N 63.026°E \/ 45\\.948; 63.026](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.948_N_63.026_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N –\n  [46°06′14″N 63°00′29″E \/ 46\\.104°N 63.008°E \/ 46\\.104; 63.008](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.104_N_63.008_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) –\n  [46°03′54″N 63°05′31″E \/ 46\\.065°N 63.092°E \/ 46\\.065; 63.092](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.065_N_63.092_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) –\n  [46°01′44″N 63°07′52″E \/ 46\\.029°N 63.131°E \/ 46\\.029; 63.131](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.029_N_63.131_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K –\n  [46°04′55″N 62°55′05″E \/ 46\\.082°N 62.918°E \/ 46\\.082; 62.918](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.082_N_62.918_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 175\/2: UR-100NU, [Rokot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rokot \"Rokot\"), [Strela](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strela_\$rocket\$ \"Strela (rocket)\") –\n  [46°03′04″N 62°59′13″E \/ 46\\.051°N 62.987°E \/ 46\\.051; 62.987](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.051_N_62.987_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 175\/59: Rokot, Strela –\n  [46°03′07″N 62°59′10″E \/ 46\\.052°N 62.986°E \/ 46\\.052; 62.986](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.052_N_62.986_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 176: UR-100 –\n  [46°01′23″N 63°02′46″E \/ 46\\.023°N 63.046°E \/ 46\\.023; 63.046](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.023_N_63.046_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) –\n  [45°58′48″N 63°06′00″E \/ 45\\.980°N 63.100°E \/ 45\\.980; 63.100](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.980_N_63.100_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 178: UR-100 –\n  [46°01′30″N 62°53′28″E \/ 46\\.025°N 62.891°E \/ 46\\.025; 62.891](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.025_N_62.891_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 179: UR-100 –\n  [45°59′20″N 62°57′50″E \/ 45\\.989°N 62.964°E \/ 45\\.989; 62.964](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_62.964_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) –\n  [46°03′25″N 63°01′55″E \/ 46\\.057°N 63.032°E \/ 46\\.057; 63.032](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.057_N_63.032_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 191\/66: R-36O (1969–71) –\n  [45°58′12″N 63°11′49″E \/ 45\\.970°N 63.197°E \/ 45\\.970; 63.197](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.970_N_63.197_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 192: R-36O –\n  [46°01′26″N 63°18′00″E \/ 46\\.024°N 63.300°E \/ 46\\.024; 63.300](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.024_N_63.300_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 193: R-36O –\n  [45°57′11″N 63°23′20″E \/ 45\\.953°N 63.389°E \/ 45\\.953; 63.389](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.953_N_63.389_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 194: R-36O –\n  [45°51′54″N 63°17′10″E \/ 45\\.865°N 63.286°E \/ 45\\.865; 63.286](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.865_N_63.286_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 195: R-36O –\n  [45°47′35″N 63°16′30″E \/ 45\\.793°N 63.275°E \/ 45\\.793; 63.275](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.793_N_63.275_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 196: R-36O –\n  [45°49′41″N 63°08′49″E \/ 45\\.828°N 63.147°E \/ 45\\.828; 63.147](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.828_N_63.147_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 200\/39](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200\") (200L): Proton-M\/Proton-K –\n  [46°02′24″N 63°01′55″E \/ 46\\.040°N 63.032°E \/ 46\\.040; 63.032](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.040_N_63.032_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 200\/40](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200\") (200R): Proton-K (inactive \\>1991) –\n  [46°02′10″N 63°02′17″E \/ 46\\.036°N 63.038°E \/ 46\\.036; 63.038](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.036_N_63.038_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 241: R-36O –\n  [45°51′29″N 63°27′22″E \/ 45\\.858°N 63.456°E \/ 45\\.858; 63.456](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.858_N_63.456_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 242: R-36O –\n  [45°56′42″N 63°28′52″E \/ 45\\.945°N 63.481°E \/ 45\\.945; 63.481](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.945_N_63.481_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 243: R-36O –\n  [45°51′18″N 63°44′13″E \/ 45\\.855°N 63.737°E \/ 45\\.855; 63.737](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.855_N_63.737_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 244: R-36O –\n  [45°50′24″N 63°38′02″E \/ 45\\.840°N 63.634°E \/ 45\\.840; 63.634](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.840_N_63.634_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 245: R-36O –\n  [45°49′05″N 63°31′37″E \/ 45\\.818°N 63.527°E \/ 45\\.818; 63.527](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.818_N_63.527_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 246: R-36O –\n  [45°45′58″N 63°25′23″E \/ 45\\.766°N 63.423°E \/ 45\\.766; 63.423](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.766_N_63.423_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 250](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250\") (inactive \\>1987): Energia –\n  [46°00′29″N 63°18′18″E \/ 46\\.008°N 63.305°E \/ 46\\.008; 63.305](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.008_N_63.305_E_type:landmark)\n\n### Buran facilities\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Buran facilities\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Buran programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\")\n\nAs part of the [Buran programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\"), several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:\n\n- [Site 110](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\") – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the [Soviet lunar landing program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs \"Soviet crewed lunar programs\") and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.\n- Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their [Energia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energia_\$rocket\$ \"Energia (rocket)\") launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [VAB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vehicle_Assembly_Building \"Vehicle Assembly Building\") at [KSC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center \"Kennedy Space Center\")). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the [N1 Moon rocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N1_\$rocket\$ \"N1 (rocket)\"). After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that [orbiter 1K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1.01_\$Buran-class_spacecraft\$ \"1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)\") was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-32)[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-33)\n- Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the [SLF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuttle_Landing_Facility \"Shuttle Landing Facility\") at [KSC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center \"Kennedy Space Center\")). It features one runway, called 06\/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with \"Grade 600\" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special [mate–demate devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mate-Demate_Device \"Mate-Demate Device\"); PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the [Antonov An-225 Mriya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the [Myasishchev VM-T Atlant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myasishchev_VM-T \"Myasishchev VM-T\") and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-34) A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-35)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-36)\n- Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [OPF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbiter_Processing_Facility \"Orbiter Processing Facility\") at [KSC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center \"Kennedy Space Center\")). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\$spacecraft\$ \"Soyuz (spacecraft)\") and [Progress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progress_\$spacecraft\$ \"Progress (spacecraft)\") spacecraft.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-37)\n\n### Intra-site railway\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Intra-site railway\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg\/250px-Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg)\n\nA Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.\n\nAll Baikonur's [logistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logistics \"Logistics\") are based on its own intra-site [1,520 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways \"5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways\") (4 ft 11\\+27⁄32 in) [gauge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Track_gauge \"Track gauge\") [railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Railway \"Railway\") network, which is the largest [industrial railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_railway \"Industrial railway\") on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special [Schnabel cars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schnabel_car \"Schnabel car\"). Once part of the [Soviet Railroad Troops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Railway_Troops \"Russian Railway Troops\"), the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to [the public railway of Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan_Temir_Joly \"Kazakhstan Temir Joly\") and the rest of the world.\n\n### On-site airports\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: On-site airports\")\\]\n\nThe Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose [airports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airport \"Airport\"), serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from [Moscow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moscow \"Moscow\") to the smaller [Krayniy Airport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krayniy_Airport \"Krayniy Airport\") ([IATA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATA_airport_code \"IATA airport code\"): **BXY**, [ICAO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICAO_airport_code \"ICAO airport code\"): **UAOL**), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger [Yubileyniy Airport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yubileyniy_Airport \"Yubileyniy Airport\") (Юбилейный аэропорт) ([IATA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATA_airport_code \"IATA airport code\"): **UAON**) was where the [Buran orbiter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\") was transported to Baikonur on the back of the [Antonov An-225 *Mriya*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") cargo aircraft.\n\n## ICBM testing\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: ICBM testing\")\\]\n\nAlthough Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled [ballistic missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ballistic_missile \"Ballistic missile\"). The official (and secret) name of the center was **State Test Range No. 5** or **5 GIK**. It remained under the control of the Soviet and [Russian Ministry of Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Defense_\$Russia\$ \"Ministry of Defense (Russia)\") until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn 2006, the head of Roscosmos, [Anatoly Perminov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatoly_Perminov \"Anatoly Perminov\"), said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an [SS-19 Stiletto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UR-100N \"UR-100N\") missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-38)\n\n## Future projects\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Future projects\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e9\/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg\/250px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg)\n\nOK-MT (foreground) and [OK-1.02](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptichka \"Ptichka\") (background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020.\n\nOn 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the \"Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV\" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the [Bayterek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250\") (\"[poplar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Populus \"Populus\") tree\") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian [Angara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angara_\$rocket\$ \"Angara (rocket)\") rocket launcher.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-39) This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to [low Earth orbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_Earth_orbit \"Low Earth orbit\"), compared to 20 tons using the [Proton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_\$rocket\$ \"Proton (rocket)\") system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US\\$223 million over 19 years.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-40) As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-observer-41) As of 2025, the first test launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for December 2025.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-BRSC25-42)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-43)\n\n## Baikonur Museum\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Baikonur Museum\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/Buran_baikonur.jpg\/250px-Buran_baikonur.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Buran_baikonur.jpg)\n\n[Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\") test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum\n\nThe Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer [Sergei Korolev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergei_Korolev \"Sergei Korolev\") and the first [cosmonaut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmonaut \"Cosmonaut\"), [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\"). Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet [Buran programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\") sits next to the museum entrance. The only [completed orbiter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\"), which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-44)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-45)[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-46) For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see [Buran programme § List of vehicles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme#List_of_vehicles \"Buran programme\").\n\nThe museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/SputnikTestModel.jpg\/250px-SputnikTestModel.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:SputnikTestModel.jpg)\n\nThe [Sputnik 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_1 \"Sputnik 1\") satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan.\n\nBaikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.\n\nIn 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-47)\n\nIn 2023, a plan was announced to add the [Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d6\/RocketSunIcon.svg\/40px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png)[Spaceflight portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Spaceflight \"Portal:Spaceflight\")\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png)[Soviet Union portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Soviet_Union \"Portal:Soviet Union\")\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Flag_of_Russia.svg\/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png)[Russia portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Russia \"Portal:Russia\")\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Rocktet_icon201001.svg\/40px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png)[Rocketry portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Rocketry \"Portal:Rocketry\")\n\n- [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\")\n- [Plesetsk Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome \"Plesetsk Cosmodrome\")\n- [Svobodny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Svobodny_Cosmodrome \"Svobodny Cosmodrome\")\n- [Kapustin Yar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kapustin_Yar \"Kapustin Yar\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/spp\/guide\/russia\/facility\/baikonur.htm). *FAS.org*. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160814001504\/https:\/\/fas.org\/spp\/guide\/russia\/facility\/baikonur.htm) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2014.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-NASA_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-NASA_3-1)\n   [\"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/baikonur.html). NASA. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210301011937\/https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/baikonur.html) from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2011.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"Baikonur cosmodrome celebrated 63rd anniversary\"](https:\/\/dnd.com.pk\/baikonur-cosmodrome-celebrated-63rd-anniversary\/142903). *Dispatch News Desk*. 3 June 2018. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181020011804\/https:\/\/dnd.com.pk\/baikonur-cosmodrome-celebrated-63rd-anniversary\/142903) from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space\"](https:\/\/www.space.com\/16159-first-man-in-space.html). *Space.com*. 13 October 2018. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211220024001\/https:\/\/www.space.com\/16159-first-man-in-space.html) from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-6)**\n   Putz, Catherine (2 June 2015). [\"World's Most Important Spaceport Turns 60\"](https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2015\/06\/worlds-most-important-spaceport-turns-60\/). *The Diplomat*. Retrieved 14 April 2023.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-7)**\n   [\"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"](http:\/\/www.ilslaunch.com\/launch-services\/baikonur-cosmodrome). [International Launch Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Launch_Services \"International Launch Services\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110131084446\/http:\/\/www.ilslaunch.com\/launch-services\/baikonur-cosmodrome) from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-popmech_8-0)**\n   Wilson, Jim (5 August 2000). \"Safe Launch For Critical Space Station Module\". *[Popular Mechanics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Popular_Mechanics \"Popular Mechanics\")*.\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-9)**\n   Wade, Mark. [\"R-7\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110629074344\/http:\/\/www.astronautix.com\/lvs\/r7.htm). *Encyclopedia Astronautica*. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.astronautix.com\/lvs\/r7.htm) on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.\n9. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-vs_10-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-vs_10-1)\n   Suvorov, Vladimir (1997). [*The first manned spaceflight: Russia's quest for space*](https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=G1Bcc67kf2QC&pg=PA17). Nova Publishers. pp. 16–17\\. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-1-56072-402-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-56072-402-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-56072-402-5\")\n   \n   . [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210217023840\/https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=G1Bcc67kf2QC&pg=PA17) from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2016.\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-11)**\n    Gruntman, Mike (1 February 2019). [\"From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome\"](https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S009457651831751X). *Acta Astronautica*. **155**. Fig.7: 350–366\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2019AcAau.155..350G](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2019AcAau.155..350G). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.12.021](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2018.12.021). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0094-5765](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0094-5765). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [116406451](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:116406451). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211018220959\/https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S009457651831751X) from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2020.\n    \n    `{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: location ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_location \"Category:CS1 maint: location\"))\n11. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-apollo_12-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-apollo_12-1)\n    [\"The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project\"](https:\/\/www.hq.nasa.gov\/office\/pao\/History\/SP-4209\/ch9-12.htm). [NASA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA \"NASA\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/19981201075705\/http:\/\/www.hq.nasa.gov\/office\/pao\/History\/SP-4209\/ch9-12.htm) from the original on 1 December 1998. Retrieved 16 March 2007.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-13)**\n    [\"Launcher\"](https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Applications\/Observing_the_Earth\/Meteorological_missions\/MetOp\/Launcher). *www.esa.int*. Retrieved 2 September 2023.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-ijbch.kaznu.kz_14-0)**\n    Abdrazak, P. Kh; Musa, K. Sh (21 June 2015). [\"The impact of the cosmodrome 'Baikonur' on the environment and human health\"](http:\/\/ijbch.kaznu.kz\/index.php\/kaznu\/article\/view\/172). *International Journal of Biology and Chemistry*. **8** (1): 26–29\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.26577\/2218-7979-2015-8-1-26-29](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26577%2F2218-7979-2015-8-1-26-29). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160808090550\/http:\/\/ijbch.kaznu.kz\/index.php\/kaznu\/article\/view\/172) from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016 – via ijbch.kaznu.kz.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"Green Women\"](http:\/\/www.greenwomen.kz\/xxi_baikonur_eng.htm). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161012014834\/http:\/\/www.greenwomen.kz\/xxi_baikonur_eng.htm) from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-16)**\n    Cooper, Paul (7 June 2018). [\"In Russia's Space Graveyard, Locals Scavenge Fallen Spacecraft for Profit\"](http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/crux\/2018\/06\/07\/in-russia-spacecraft-land-in-your-backyard\/#.WykvtiAnZPY). *[Discover](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discover_\$magazine\$ \"Discover (magazine)\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180612225357\/http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/crux\/2018\/06\/07\/in-russia-spacecraft-land-in-your-backyard\/#.WykvtiAnZPY) from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-17)**\n    [\"Expedition 19\"](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/expeditions\/expedition19\/index.html). NASA. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110524223158\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/expeditions\/expedition19\/index.html) from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-18)**\n    [\"Russia, Kazakhs reach Biakonur lease deal\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924140846\/http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1G1-14967922.html). *Defense Daily*. 30 March 1994. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1G1-14967922.html) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2015.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-19)**\n    [\"Kazakhstan Finally Ratifies Baikonur Rental Deal With Russia\"](http:\/\/www.spacedaily.com\/reports\/Kazakhstan_Finally_Ratifies_Baikonur_Rental_Deal_With_Russia_999.html). spacedaily.com. 12 April 2010. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150514063653\/http:\/\/www.spacedaily.com\/reports\/Kazakhstan_Finally_Ratifies_Baikonur_Rental_Deal_With_Russia_999.html) from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 5 January 2011.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"Kazcosmos chief Talgat Musabaev: Baikonur is Still the Core of Kazakh-Russian Cooperation in Space\"](http:\/\/www.interfax.kz\/?lang=eng&int_id=13&category=exclusive&news_id=28). interfax.kz. February 2008. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110719003721\/http:\/\/www.interfax.kz\/?lang=eng&int_id=13&category=exclusive&news_id=28) from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-21)**\n    Curry, John (8 October 2002). [\"Mission Control Answers Your Questions: Why is the space station in a 51.6° inclined orbit instead of something less or something more?\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20021204002513\/http:\/\/spaceflight.nasa.gov\/feedback\/expert\/answer\/MCC\/sts-112\/09_04_12_54_17.html). *spaceflight.nasa.gov*. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/spaceflight.nasa.gov\/feedback\/expert\/answer\/mcc\/sts-112\/09_04_12_54_17.html) on 4 December 2002. Retrieved 28 March 2017.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-22)**\n    [\"Russian Craft Docks at International Space Station\"](http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/content\/russian_craft_docks_at_iss\/24431746.html). *Radiofreeeurope\/Radioliberty*. Radio Free Europe. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160328162550\/http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/content\/russian_craft_docks_at_iss\/24431746.html) from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 24 December 2011.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-23)**\n    Berger, Eric (23 April 2019). [\"Russia may soon decommission the world's most historic launch pad\"](https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/science\/2019\/04\/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned\/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190423223521\/https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/science\/2019\/04\/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned\/) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.\n23. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_24-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_24-1)\n    Berger, Eric (16 October 2023). [\"After six decades, 'Gagarin's Start' will meet its end as a launch pad\"](https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/space\/2023\/10\/lacking-funds-russia-will-turn-gagarins-start-launch-pad-into-a-museum\/). *Ars Technica*. Retrieved 24 October 2023.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-25)**\n    [\"Kazakhstan Seizes Russian Assets At Baikonur Spaceport\"](https:\/\/aviationweek.com\/defense-space\/space\/kazakhstan-seizes-russian-assets-baikonur-spaceport). *Aviation Week Network*. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-rfek_26-0)**\n    [\"Kazakhstan Impounds Property of Russian Cosmodrome Operator in Baikonur\"](https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/kazakhstan-impounds-russian-baikonur-cosmodrom-operator\/32317248.html). Radio Free Europe\/Radio Liberty. 14 March 2023. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240108173635\/https:\/\/www.rferl.org\/a\/kazakhstan-impounds-russian-baikonur-cosmodrom-operator\/32317248.html) from the original on 8 January 2024.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-utk_27-0)**\n    Williams, Matt (27 March 2023). [\"Kazakhstan Seizes Russia's Launch Facility at Baikonur\"](https:\/\/www.universetoday.com\/160720\/kazakhstan-seizes-russias-launch-facility-at-baikonur\/). Universe Today. Retrieved 8 May 2023.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-28)**\n    Zak, Anatoly (27 November 2025). [\"R-7 ICBM\/Soyuz rocket launch facilities in Baikonur\"](https:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_r7_31.html). *RussianSpaceWeb.com*. Retrieved 27 November 2025.\n28. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-29)**\n    [\"Baikonur Launchpad Damaged After Russian Rocket Launch to ISS\"](https:\/\/www.themoscowtimes.com\/2025\/11\/28\/baikonur-launchpad-damaged-after-russian-rocket-launch-to-iss-a91265). *The Moscow Times*. 28 November 2025.\n29. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-30)**\n    [\"На Байконуре закончили восстановление кабины обслуживания после пуска \"Союза-2.1а\"\"](https:\/\/tass.ru\/kosmos\/26626239). *tass.ru*. Retrieved 4 March 2026.\n30. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-31)** [Baikonur Downrange](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_downrange.html) [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180113233627\/http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_downrange.html) 13 January 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayback_Machine \"Wayback Machine\"), Russianspaceweb.com\n31. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-32)**\n    [\"Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150706112853\/http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_energia_112.html). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_energia_112.html) on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-33)**\n    [\"Buran The end\"](http:\/\/www.buran-energia.com\/bourane-buran\/bourane-fin.php). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170905191348\/http:\/\/www.buran-energia.com\/bourane-buran\/bourane-fin.php) from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2016.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-34)**\n    Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007). [*Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle*](https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/title\/153582339). Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. Berlin; New York; Chichester, UK: Springer; Published in association with Praxis Pub. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-387-69848-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-69848-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-387-69848-9\")\n    \n    . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [153582339](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/153582339).\n34. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-35)**\n    [\"Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150225010245\/http:\/\/russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_energia_251.html). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_energia_251.html) on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016.\n35. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-36)**\n    [\"UAON pilot info @ OurAirports\"](http:\/\/ourairports.com\/airports\/UAON\/pilot-info.html). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160318230945\/http:\/\/ourairports.com\/airports\/UAON\/pilot-info.html) from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.\n36. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-37)**\n    [\"Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150809030907\/http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_energia_254.html). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur_energia_254.html) on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016.\n37. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-38)**\n    [\"Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan\"](https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idUSTRE49L2L320081022). *Reuters*. 22 October 2008. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201019133013\/https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idUSTRE49L2L320081022) from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.\n38. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-39)**\n    [\"'Baiterek' Space Launch Complex\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060630022023\/http:\/\/www.khrunichev.ru\/khrunichev_eng\/live\/full_proect.asp?id=13499). [Khrunichev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khrunichev \"Khrunichev\") State Research and Production Space Center. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.khrunichev.ru\/khrunichev_eng\/live\/full_proect.asp?id=13499) on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006.\n39. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-40)**\n    [\"Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center\"](http:\/\/www.spacedaily.com\/reports\/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html). *www.spacedaily.com*. 24 October 2005. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150913042620\/http:\/\/www.spacedaily.com\/reports\/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html) from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.\n40. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-observer_41-0)**\n    Vorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009). [\"Angara getting ready for launch\"](http:\/\/www.ato.ru\/content\/angara-getting-ready-launch). *Russia CIS Observer*. **3** (26). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100101014026\/http:\/\/www.ato.ru\/content\/angara-getting-ready-launch) from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2010.\n41. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-BRSC25_42-0)**\n    [\"Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025\"](http:\/\/astanatimes.com\/2017\/03\/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025\/). The Astana Times. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170327080824\/http:\/\/astanatimes.com\/2017\/03\/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025\/) from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017.\n42. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-43)**\n    [\"Kazakhstan to spend above 60 bln tenge for 1st Launch From Baiterek Space Complex\"](https:\/\/qazinform.com\/news\/kazakhstan-to-spend-above-60-bln-tenge-for-1st-launch-from-baiterek-space-complex-98bff1). 4 September 2025.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-44)**\n    Whitehouse, David (13 May 2002). [\"Russia's space dreams abandoned\"](https:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/1985631.stm). *[bbc.co.uk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bbc.co.uk \"Bbc.co.uk\")*. [BBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC \"BBC\"). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070320062353\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/1985631.stm) from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-45)**\n    [\"Buran.ru: *Photo of collapsed hangar*\"](http:\/\/www.buran.ru\/images\/jpg\/bbur89.jpg). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170725051823\/http:\/\/buran.ru\/images\/jpg\/bbur89.jpg) from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n45. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-46)**\n    [\"Buran.ru: *Remains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris*\"](http:\/\/www.buran.ru\/images\/jpg\/bbur90.jpg). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20061220094227\/http:\/\/www.buran.ru\/images\/jpg\/bbur90.jpg) from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-47)**\n    Adelya Dauletkyzy (16 June 2021). [\"Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations\"](https:\/\/astanatimes.com\/2021\/06\/kazakhstan-selects-top-10-tourist-destinations\/). *The Astana Times*. Retrieved 27 September 2021.\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-1)**\n   - [Kazakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_language \"Kazakh language\"): Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы,\n     [romanized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Kazakh \"Romanization of Kazakh\"):\n     *Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy* [\\[bɑjqoˈŋɤr ʁɑˈrəʃ ɑjɫɑˈʁə\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Kazakh \"Help:IPA\/Kazakh\"); [Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): Космодром Байконур,\n     [romanized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Russian \"Romanization of Russian\"):\n     *Kosmodrom Baykonur* [\\[kəsmɐˈdrom bəjkɐˈnur\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Russian \"Help:IPA\/Russian\")\n\n## Further reading\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Further reading\")\\]\n\n- J. K. Golovanov, M., \"Korolev: Facts and myths\", [Nauka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nauka_\$publisher\$ \"Nauka (publisher)\"), 1994,\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-02-000822-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-02-000822-2 \"Special:BookSources\/5-02-000822-2\")\n- [\"Rockets and people\"](http:\/\/epizodsspace.airbase.ru\/bibl\/chertok\/kniga-1\/01.html) – [B. E. Chertok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Chertok \"Boris Chertok\"), M: \"mechanical engineering\", 1999.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-217-02942-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-217-02942-0 \"Special:BookSources\/5-217-02942-0\")\n  (in Russian)\n- \"A breakthrough in space\" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC \"Veles\", 1994, –\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-87955-001-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-87955-001-X \"Special:BookSources\/5-87955-001-X\")\n- \"At risk,\" – A. A. Toul, [Kaluga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaluga \"Kaluga\"), \"the Golden path\", 2001, –\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-7111-0333-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-7111-0333-1 \"Special:BookSources\/5-7111-0333-1\")\n  `{{isbn}}`: ignored ISBN errors ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ignored_ISBN_errors \"Category:Ignored ISBN errors\"))\n- \"Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life\" Events and facts – [A.I. Ostashev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arkady_Ostashev \"Arkady Ostashev\"), Korolev, 2001.[Bibliography 1996–2004](http:\/\/cosmosravelin.narod.ru\/r-space\/bibliografia.html)\n- \"Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel.\" – M. I. Kuznetsk, [Voronezh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voronezh \"Voronezh\"): IPF \"Voronezh\", 1997,\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-89981-117-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-89981-117-X \"Special:BookSources\/5-89981-117-X\")\n- \"Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer\" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the \"Heroes of the Fatherland\"\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-91017-018-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-91017-018-X \"Special:BookSources\/5-91017-018-X\")\n  .\n- \"Rocket and space feat Baikonur\" – Vladimir Порошков, the \"Patriot\" publishers 2007.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-7030-0969-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-7030-0969-3 \"Special:BookSources\/5-7030-0969-3\")\n- \"Unknown Baikonur\" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: \"globe\", 2001.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-8155-0051-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-8155-0051-8 \"Special:BookSources\/5-8155-0051-8\")\n- \"Bank of the Universe\" – edited by Boltenko A. C., [Kyiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), 2014., publishing house \"Phoenix\",\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [978-966-136-169-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-966-136-169-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-966-136-169-9\")\n- [Mike Gruntman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Gruntman \"Mike Gruntman\") (2019), \"From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome\", *Acta Astronautica*, **155**, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366, [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2019AcAau.155..350G](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2019AcAau.155..350G), [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.12.021](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2018.12.021), [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [116406451](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:116406451)\n- \"I look back and have no regrets. \" – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher \"New format\" Barnaul, 2022.\n  [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [978-5-00202-034-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-5-00202-034-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-5-00202-034-8\")\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[![logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Baikonur_Cosmodrome \"commons:Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome\").\n\n- Baikonur Cosmodrome [historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)](http:\/\/www.buran.ru\/htm\/baykonur.htm) on [buran.ru](http:\/\/www.buran.ru\/) – [NPO Molniya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NPO_Molniya \"NPO Molniya\"), maker of Russian space shuttle [Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_program \"Buran program\")\n- [RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur.html)\n- [360° interactive panoramas](http:\/\/www.360pano.eu\/baikonur\/) of Baikonur Cosmodrome\n- [Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign](http:\/\/stefane.carlier.free.fr\/Baikonur\/wiki_EN\/)\n- [\"World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome.\"](http:\/\/sometimes-interesting.com\/2014\/05\/26\/scientific-test-range-no-5-the-baikonur-cosmodrome\/) *Sometimes Interesting*. 26 May 2014\n- [Nedelin Disaster](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/r16_disaster.html) \/\/ RussianSpaceWeb.com (in English)\n- [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/memory-alpha.fandom.com\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome) at [Memory Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memory_Alpha \"Memory Alpha\")\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites \"Template:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites \"Template talk:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites\")[Baikonur Cosmodrome]() [launch sites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#List_of_launchpads) |\n|---|\n| **[LC-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\")** **[LC-31](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31\")** [LC-41](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\") **[LC-45](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45\")** [LC-51](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_51&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 51 (page does not exist)\") [LC-60](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_60&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 60 (page does not exist)\") [LC-67](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_67&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 67 (page does not exist)\") [LC-69](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_69&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 69 (page does not exist)\") [LC-70](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_70&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 70 (page does not exist)\") [LC-75](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_75&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 75 (page does not exist)\") [LC-80](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_80&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 80 (page does not exist)\") **[LC-81](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\")** **[LC-90](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90\")** [LC-101](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_101&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 101 (page does not exist)\") [LC-102](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_102&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 102 (page does not exist)\") [LC-103](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_103&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 103 (page does not exist)\") [LC-104](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_104&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 104 (page does not exist)\") [LC-105](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_105&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 105 (page does not exist)\") [LC-106](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_106&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 106 (page does not exist)\") [LC-107](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_107&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 107 (page does not exist)\") [LC-108](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_108&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 108 (page does not exist)\") **[LC-109](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109\")** [LC-110](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\") [LC-130](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_130&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 130 (page does not exist)\") [LC-131](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_131&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 131 (page does not exist)\") [LC-132](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_132&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 132 (page does not exist)\") [LC-133](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_133&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 133 (page does not exist)\") [LC-140](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_140&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 140 (page does not exist)\") [LC-141](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_141&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 141 (page does not exist)\") [LC-142](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_142&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 142 (page does not exist)\") [LC-160](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_160&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 160 (page does not exist)\") [LC-161](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_161&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 161 (page does not exist)\") [LC-162](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_162&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 162 (page does not exist)\") [LC-163](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_163&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 163 (page does not exist)\") [LC-164](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_164&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 164 (page does not exist)\") [LC-165](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_165&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 165 (page does not exist)\") [LC-170](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_170&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 170 (page does not exist)\") [LC-171](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_171&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 171 (page does not exist)\") [LC-172](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_172&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 172 (page does not exist)\") [LC-173](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_173&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 173 (page does not exist)\") [LC-174](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_174&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 174 (page does not exist)\") **[LC-175](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_175 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 175\")** [LC-176](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_176&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 176 (page does not exist)\") [LC-177](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_177&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 177 (page does not exist)\") [LC-179](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_179&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 179 (page does not exist)\") [LC-181](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_181&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 181 (page does not exist)\") [LC-191](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_191&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 191 (page does not exist)\") [LC-192](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_192&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 192 (page does not exist)\") [LC-193](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_193&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 193 (page does not exist)\") [LC-194](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_194&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 194 (page does not exist)\") [LC-195](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_195&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 195 (page does not exist)\") [LC-196](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_196&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 196 (page does not exist)\") **[LC-200](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200\")** [LC-241](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_241&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 241 (page does not exist)\") [LC-242](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_242&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 242 (page does not exist)\") [LC-243](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_243&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 243 (page does not exist)\") [LC-244](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_244&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 244 (page does not exist)\") [LC-245](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_245&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 245 (page does not exist)\") [LC-246](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_246&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 246 (page does not exist)\") [LC-250](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Russian_space_program \"Template:Russian space program\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Russian_space_program \"Template talk:Russian space program\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Russian_space_program \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Russian space program\")[Soviet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_program \"Soviet space program\") and [Russian space program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| [Roscosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") |   |   |\n| Launch sites | [Baikonur Cosmodrome]() (in [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\")) [Dombarovsky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dombarovsky_\$air_base\$ \"Dombarovsky (air base)\") [Kapustin Yar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kapustin_Yar \"Kapustin Yar\") [Plesetsk Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome \"Plesetsk Cosmodrome\") [Svobodny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Svobodny_Cosmodrome \"Svobodny Cosmodrome\") (defunct) [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\") | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg\/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg) |\n| Launch vehicles | [Angara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angara_\$rocket_family\$ \"Angara (rocket family)\") [Proton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_\$rocket_family\$ \"Proton (rocket family)\") [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\$rocket_family\$ \"Soyuz (rocket family)\") |   |\n| [Human spaceflight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight \"Human spaceflight\") programs |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| Past | [Vostok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostok_programme \"Vostok programme\") [Voskhod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voskhod_programme \"Voskhod programme\") [Salyut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salyut_program \"Salyut program\") [Almaz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Almaz \"Almaz\") (incorporated into Salyut program) \/ [TKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TKS_\$spacecraft\$ \"TKS (spacecraft)\") [Soyuz-Apollo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz \"Apollo–Soyuz\") (joint) [Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mir \"Mir\") [Shuttle–Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program \"Shuttle–Mir Program\") (joint) [Energia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energia_\$rocket\$ \"Energia (rocket)\") \/ [Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\") |   |\n| Cancelled | [Zond (7K-L1)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zond_program \"Zond program\") (Moon flyby) [Soviet crewed lunar programs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs \"Soviet crewed lunar programs\") (Moon landing) [Zvezda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zvezda_\$moonbase\$ \"Zvezda (moonbase)\") (moonbase) [TMK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TMK \"TMK\") (Mars\/Venus flyby) [Spiral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105 \"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105\") [Zvezda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda \"Military Soyuz\") [Zarya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zarya_\$spacecraft\$ \"Zarya (spacecraft)\") [MAKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MAKS_\$spacecraft\$ \"MAKS (spacecraft)\") [Kliper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kliper \"Kliper\") |   |\n| Active | [International Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") (joint) [Russian Orbital Segment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Orbital_Segment \"Russian Orbital Segment\") [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_programme \"Soyuz programme\") |   |\n| In development | [Orel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orel_\$spacecraft\$ \"Orel (spacecraft)\") |   |\n| [Robotic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robotic_spacecraft \"Robotic spacecraft\") programs |   |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| Past | [Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik \"Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik\") (1961–1982) [Prognoz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prognoz_programme \"Prognoz programme\") (1972–1996) [Luna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_programme \"Luna programme\") (1958–1976) [Venera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venera \"Venera\") (1961–1985) [Zond](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zond_program \"Zond program\") (1964–1970) [Astron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astron_\$spacecraft\$ \"Astron (spacecraft)\") (1983–1991) [Vega](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vega_program \"Vega program\") (1984–1987) [Phobos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phobos_program \"Phobos program\") (failed) (1988–1989) [Granat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Granat \"Granat\") (1989–1998) [Gamma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gamma_\$satellite\$ \"Gamma (satellite)\") (1990–1992) [Mars 96](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_96 \"Mars 96\") (failed) (1996) [Resurs-DK No.1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resurs-DK_No.1 \"Resurs-DK No.1\") (2006–2016) [CORONAS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CORONAS_programme \"CORONAS programme\") (1994–2009) [Fobos-Grunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fobos-Grunt \"Fobos-Grunt\") (failed) (2011) [Spektr-R](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spektr-R \"Spektr-R\") (2011–2019) [Luna 25](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_25 \"Luna 25\") (failed) (2023) |   |\n| Cancelled | *[Kazachok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazachok \"Kazachok\")* |   |\n| Active | [Bion-M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bion_\$satellite\$ \"Bion (satellite)\") [Elektro–L](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elektro%E2%80%93L \"Elektro–L\") [Trace Gas Orbiter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trace_Gas_Orbiter \"Trace Gas Orbiter\") (joint) [Meteor-M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meteor_\$satellite\$ \"Meteor (satellite)\") [Resurs-P](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resurs-P \"Resurs-P\") [Spektr-RG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spektr-RG \"Spektr-RG\") |   |\n| In development | [Luna-Glob](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna-Glob \"Luna-Glob\") [Luna 26](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_26 \"Luna 26\") [Luna 27](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_27 \"Luna 27\") [Luna 28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_28 \"Luna 28\") [Spektr-UV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spektr-UV \"Spektr-UV\") |   |\n| Communications | [Sputnik](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_programme \"Sputnik programme\") (begun 1957) [Sputnik 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_1 \"Sputnik 1\") [Sputnik 2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_2 \"Sputnik 2\") [Sputnik 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_3 \"Sputnik 3\") [Sputnik 41](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_41 \"Sputnik 41\") [Sputnik 99](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_99 \"Sputnik 99\") [Luch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luch_\$satellite\$ \"Luch (satellite)\") [Deep Space Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network \"Soviet Deep Space Network\") |   |\n| Concepts | [Baikal-Angara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikal_\$rocket_booster\$ \"Baikal (rocket booster)\") [Laplace-P](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laplace-P \"Laplace-P\") [Mars-Grunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars-Grunt \"Mars-Grunt\") [Mercury-P](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercury-P \"Mercury-P\") [OPSEK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex \"Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex\") [Spektr-M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spektr-M \"Spektr-M\") [Venera-D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venera-D \"Venera-D\") [Sfera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sfera_\$satellite_constellation\$ \"Sfera (satellite constellation)\") |   |\n| Images and artwork | [Mission patches](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mission_patch \"Mission patch\") |   |\n| Related | [List of cosmonauts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_cosmonauts \"List of cosmonauts\") [Cosmonaut ranks and positions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions \"Astronaut ranks and positions\") [Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation \"Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation\") [Soviet space dogs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_dogs \"Soviet space dogs\") [Laika](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laika \"Laika\") [Belka and Strelka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belka_and_Strelka \"Belka and Strelka\") [Veterok and Ugolyok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok \"Soviet space dogs\") [Ivan Ivanovich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Ivanovich_\$Vostok_programme\$ \"Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)\") [Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps \"Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps\") [Cosmonauts Alley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmonauts_Alley \"Cosmonauts Alley\") [Monument to the Conquerors of Space](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space \"Monument to the Conquerors of Space\") [Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics \"Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics\") *[Out of the Present](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Out_of_the_Present \"Out of the Present\")* (1995 documentary) *[Mission to Mir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mission_to_Mir \"Mission to Mir\")* (1997 documentary) |   |\n| See also: [Space industry of Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_industry_of_Russia \"Space industry of Russia\") [Russian Aerospace Defence Forces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces \"Russian Aerospace Defence Forces\") |   |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Spaceport \"Template:Spaceport\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Spaceport \"Template talk:Spaceport\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Spaceport \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Spaceport\")[Spaceports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport \"Spaceport\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Active |   |\n|   |   |\n| Asia | Chinese government: [CNSA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_National_Space_Administration \"China National Space Administration\") [Jiuquan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center \"Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center\") [Taiyuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center \"Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center\") [Wenchang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wenchang_Space_Launch_Site \"Wenchang Space Launch Site\") [Xichang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center \"Xichang Satellite Launch Center\") Chinese private launches: [HICAL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HICAL \"HICAL\") ([Wenchang Commercial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site \"Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site\")) India: [ISRO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation \"Indian Space Research Organisation\") [Satish Dhawan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre \"Satish Dhawan Space Centre\") [Thumba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station \"Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station\") Indonesia: [LAPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LAPAN \"LAPAN\") [Pameungpeuk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stasiun_Peluncuran_Roket \"Stasiun Peluncuran Roket\") Iran: [ISA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iranian_Space_Agency \"Iranian Space Agency\") [Semnan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semnan_Space_Center \"Semnan Space Center\") [IRGC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IRGC \"IRGC\") [Shahroud Space Center](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shahroud_Space_Center \"Shahroud Space Center\") Israel: [ISA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel_Space_Agency \"Israel Space Agency\") [Palmachim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmachim_Airbase \"Palmachim Airbase\") Japanese government: [JAXA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency \"Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency\") [Tanegashima](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tanegashima_Space_Center \"Tanegashima Space Center\") [Uchinoura](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uchinoura_Space_Center \"Uchinoura Space Center\") Japanese private launches: [Space One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_One \"Space One\") [Kii](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport_Kii \"Spaceport Kii\") Kazakhstan \/ Russia: [Roscosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") \/ [VKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Aerospace_Forces \"Russian Aerospace Forces\") [Baikonur]() [VKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Aerospace_Forces \"Russian Aerospace Forces\") [Sary Shagan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sary_Shagan \"Sary Shagan\") North Korea: [NADA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration \"National Aerospace Development Administration\") [Sohae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station \"Sohae Satellite Launching Station\") South Korea: [KARI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute \"Korea Aerospace Research Institute\") [Naro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naro_Space_Center \"Naro Space Center\") Pakistan: [SUPARCO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission \"Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission\") [Sonmiani](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sonmiani_\$space_facility\$ \"Sonmiani (space facility)\") Russia: [Roscosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") [Vostochny](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\") [VKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Aerospace_Forces \"Russian Aerospace Forces\") [Dombarovsky \/ Yasny](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dombarovsky_\$air_base\$#Commercial_launches \"Dombarovsky (air base)\") |\n| Europe | Norway: [NOSA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norwegian_Space_Agency \"Norwegian Space Agency\") [Andøya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/And%C3%B8ya_Space \"Andøya Space\") [SvalRak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Svalbard_Rocket_Range \"Svalbard Rocket Range\") Russia: [VKS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Aerospace_Forces \"Russian Aerospace Forces\") [Kapustin Yar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kapustin_Yar \"Kapustin Yar\") [Plesetsk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome \"Plesetsk Cosmodrome\") Spain: [INTA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial \"Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial\") [El Arenosillo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Arenosillo \"El Arenosillo\") Sweden: [SSC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_Space_Corporation \"Swedish Space Corporation\") [Esrange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esrange \"Esrange\") United Kingdom: [UKSA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_Space_Agency \"UK Space Agency\") [Spaceport Cornwall](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newquay_Airport#Spaceport_Cornwall \"Newquay Airport\") [SaxaVord Spaceport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SaxaVord_Spaceport \"SaxaVord Spaceport\") |\n| United States | Government: [USSF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Space_Force \"United States Space Force\") [Cape Canaveral SFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station \"Cape Canaveral Space Force Station\") \/ [ER](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eastern_Range \"Eastern Range\") [Vandenberg SFB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base \"Vandenberg Space Force Base\") \/ [WR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Range_\$USSF\$ \"Western Range (USSF)\") [NASA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA \"NASA\") [Kennedy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center \"Kennedy Space Center\") [Wallops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wallops_Flight_Facility \"Wallops Flight Facility\") Academic: [Poker Flat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poker_Flat_Research_Range \"Poker Flat Research Range\") Private: [Corn Ranch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corn_Ranch \"Corn Ranch\") [Pacific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska \"Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska\") [MARS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport \"Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport\") [Mojave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port \"Mojave Air and Space Port\") [Spaceport America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport_America \"Spaceport America\") [SpaceX Starbase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SpaceX_Starbase \"SpaceX Starbase\") |\n| Oceania | Australia: [Gilmour Space Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilmour_Space_Technologies \"Gilmour Space Technologies\") [Bowen Orbital Spaceport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbot_Point \"Abbot Point\") [RAAF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Australian_Air_Force \"Royal Australian Air Force\") [Woomera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex \"RAAF Woomera Range Complex\") [Southern Launch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Launch \"Southern Launch\") [Koonibba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koonibba_Test_Range \"Koonibba Test Range\") New Zealand: [Rocket Lab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocket_Lab \"Rocket Lab\") [Mahia Peninsula](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocket_Lab_Launch_Complex_1 \"Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1\") Marshall Islands \/ United States: [DoD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_Defense \"United States Department of Defense\") [Reagan Test Site](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site \"Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site\") |\n| South America | Brazil: [FAB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazilian_Air_Force \"Brazilian Air Force\") \/ [AEB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazilian_Space_Agency \"Brazilian Space Agency\") [Alcântara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center \"Alcântara Launch Center\") [Barreira do Inferno](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barreira_do_Inferno_Launch_Center \"Barreira do Inferno Launch Center\") Europe: [ESA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Space_Agency \"European Space Agency\") \/ France: [CNES](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CNES \"CNES\") [Guiana \/ Kourou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guiana_Space_Centre \"Guiana Space Centre\") |\n| [International waters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_waters \"International waters\") | [Sea Launch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_Launch \"Sea Launch\") |\n| Proposed | Canada: [Canso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maritime_Launch_Services \"Maritime Launch Services\") [St. Lawrence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Spaceport_Complex \"Atlantic Spaceport Complex\") India: [Kulasekharapatnam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport \"Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport\") Indonesia: [LAPAN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LAPAN \"LAPAN\") [Biak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biak_Spaceport \"Biak Spaceport\") Japan: [Oita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oita_Airport \"Oita Airport\") [Hokkaido](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiki_Multi-Purpose_Aerospace_Park \"Taiki Multi-Purpose Aerospace Park\") Sweden: [Spaceport Sweden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport_Sweden \"Spaceport Sweden\") United Kingdom: [Sutherland spaceport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sutherland_spaceport \"Sutherland spaceport\") United States: [Cecil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cecil_Airport \"Cecil Airport\") [Clinton-Sherman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinton-Sherman_Industrial_Airpark \"Clinton-Sherman Industrial Airpark\") [Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorado_Air_and_Space_Port \"Colorado Air and Space Port\") [Ellington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ellington_Airport_\$Texas\$ \"Ellington Airport (Texas)\") [Maine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maine_Spaceport_Complex \"Maine Spaceport Complex\") [Midland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Midland_International_Air_and_Space_Port \"Midland International Air and Space Port\") Spain: [El Hierro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Hierro_Launch_Centre \"El Hierro Launch Centre\") |\n| Historical | Algeria \/ France: [CIEES](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centre_interarm%C3%A9es_d%27essais_d%27engins_sp%C3%A9ciaux \"Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux\") [Hammaguir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hammaguir#Role_in_French_rocketry_and_spaceflight \"Hammaguir\") [Reggane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reggane \"Reggane\") Australia: [Carnarvon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnarvon,_Western_Australia#Aerospace \"Carnarvon, Western Australia\") Canada: [Churchill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Churchill_Rocket_Research_Range \"Churchill Rocket Research Range\") [Hall Beach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hall_Beach \"Hall Beach\") [Resolute Bay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resolute_Bay \"Resolute Bay\") China: [Guangde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Base_603 \"Base 603\") [Nanhui](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanhui_District#Suborbital_rocket_launch_site \"Nanhui District\") Nazi Germany: [Blizna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V-2_missile_launch_site,_Blizna \"V-2 missile launch site, Blizna\") [Greifswalder Oie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greifswalder_Oie \"Greifswalder Oie\") [Peenemünde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center \"Peenemünde Army Research Center\") [Tuchola Forest](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuchola_Forest \"Tuchola Forest\") Greece: [Koroni](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koroni#Rocket_launch_site \"Koroni\") India: [Balasore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balasore \"Balasore\") Italy: [Salto di Quirra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salto_di_Quirra \"Salto di Quirra\") Japan: [Akita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan%27s_space_development#Early_days \"Japan's space development\") [Nii-jima](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nii-jima \"Nii-jima\") [Obachi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obachi \"Obachi\") [Ryori](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryori \"Ryori\") Kenya \/ Italy: [Broglio, Malindi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broglio_Space_Center \"Broglio Space Center\") North Korea: [Tonghae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tonghae_Satellite_Launching_Ground \"Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground\") Soviet Union \/ Russia: [Kheysa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_Krenkel_Observatory \"Ernst Krenkel Observatory\") [Okhotsk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okhotsk \"Okhotsk\") [Svobodny](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Svobodny_Cosmodrome \"Svobodny Cosmodrome\") Spain: [El Arenosillo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Arenosillo \"El Arenosillo\") Sweden: [Kronogård](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kronog%C3%A5rd \"Kronogård\") USA: [Edwards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwards_Air_Force_Base#Space_Shuttle_support \"Edwards Air Force Base\") [WSSH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_Sands_Space_Harbor \"White Sands Space Harbor\") |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q177477#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nBaikonur Cosmodrome\n\n81 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome)","attrs_readable_markdown":"| Baikonur CosmodromeБайқоңыр ғарыш айлағы ([Kazakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_language \"Kazakh language\")) Космодром Байконур ([Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\")) |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/51\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg\/250px-Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)The Cosmodrome's \"[Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\")\" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of [Soyuz TMA-13](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_TMA-13 \"Soyuz TMA-13\") |   |\n| [IATA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATA_airport_code \"IATA airport code\"): *none* [ICAO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICAO_airport_code \"ICAO airport code\"): *none* [LID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Location_identifier \"Location identifier\"): GC0015 |   |\n| Summary |   |\n| Airport type | [Spaceport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport \"Spaceport\") |\n| Owner\/Operator | [Roscosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") Russia |\n| Location | [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\"), [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\") |\n| Built | 1955; 71 years ago |\n| [Time zone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_zone \"Time zone\") | [AQTT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_in_Kazakhstan \"Time in Kazakhstan\") ([UTC+05:00](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC%2B05:00 \"UTC+05:00\")) |\n| Elevation [AMSL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Height_above_sea_level \"Height above sea level\") | 90 m \/ 295 ft |\n| [Coordinates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geographic_coordinate_system \"Geographic coordinate system\") | [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E \/ 45\\.965°N 63.305°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport) |\n| Website | [baikonurtour.com](http:\/\/baikonurtour.com\/) |\n| Map |   |\n| [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b5\/Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg\/250px-Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg \"Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan\") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Rocktet_icon201001.svg\/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in Kazakhstan [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2e\/Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg\/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg \"Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia\") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Rocktet_icon201001.svg\/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050) [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Soviet_Union_location_map.svg\/250px-Soviet_Union_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soviet_Union_location_map.svg \"Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union\") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Rocktet_icon201001.svg\/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in the former [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") |   |\n\nThe **Baikonur Cosmodrome**[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-1) is a [spaceport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaceport \"Spaceport\") operated by [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russia \"Russia\") within [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\"). Located in the Kazakh city of [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\"), it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-2)\\[*[failed verification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Verifiability \"Wikipedia:Verifiability\")*\\] All Russian [crewed spaceflights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight \"Human spaceflight\") are launched from Baikonur.[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3)\n\nSituated in the [Kazakh Steppe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_Steppe \"Kazakh Steppe\"), some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the [Aral Sea](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aral_Sea \"Aral Sea\") and north of the [Syr Darya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syr_Darya \"Syr Darya\"). It is close to [Töretam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%B6retam \"Töretam\"), a station on the [Trans-Aral Railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trans-Aral_Railway \"Trans-Aral Railway\"). Russia, as the official successor state to the [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\"), has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet [Commonwealth of Independent States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\") (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by [Roscosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roscosmos \"Roscosmos\") and the [Russian Aerospace Forces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Aerospace_Forces \"Russian Aerospace Forces\").\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn 1955, the [Soviet Ministry of Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Defense_\$Soviet_Union\$ \"Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)\") issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-4) It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the [Soviet space program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_space_program \"Soviet space program\"). The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for [Sputnik 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_1 \"Sputnik 1\") and [Vostok 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostok_1 \"Vostok 1\"). The launchpad used for both missions was renamed \"[Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\")\" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\"), who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space.[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-5) As of 2015 under Russian management, Baikonur is a spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-6)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-7)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-popmech-8)\n\nThe Soviet government issued **Scientific Research Test Range No. 5** (**NIIP-5**; [Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first [intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile \"Intercontinental ballistic missile\"),[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-9) the [R-7 Semyorka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-7_Semyorka \"R-7 Semyorka\"). NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General [Vasily Voznyuk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Vasily_Voznyuk&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Vasily Voznyuk (page does not exist)\"), influenced by [Sergey Korolyov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergey_Korolyov \"Sergey Korolyov\"), the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10) Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the [Kazakh Steppe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_Steppe \"Kazakh Steppe\"). The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the [Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\").\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named [Leninsk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\") ([Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): Ленинск).\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c5\/Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif\/330px-Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif)\n\nA [U-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_U-2 \"Lockheed U-2\") spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957\n\nThe American [U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_U-2 \"Lockheed U-2\") found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-11)\n\nIn April 1975, in preparation for the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz \"Apollo–Soyuz\"), the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut [Thomas Stafford](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_P._Stafford \"Thomas P. Stafford\"), \"that makes Cape Kennedy look very small.\"\n\nAccording to most sources, the name *Baikonur* was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12)[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-13) the [Western Bloc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Bloc \"Western Bloc\") to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_\$Karagandy_Region\$ \"Baikonur (Karagandy Region)\") near [Jezkazgan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jezkazgan \"Jezkazgan\"). Leninsk, the [closed city](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closed_city \"Closed city\") built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed [Baikonur](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur \"Baikonur\") on 20 December 1995 by [Boris Yeltsin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\").\n\nAccording to NASA's history of the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz \"Apollo–Soyuz\"), the name *Baikonur* was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the [Tyuratam](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tyuratam \"Tyuratam\") region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3d\/BaikonurFrontGate.jpg\/250px-BaikonurFrontGate.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:BaikonurFrontGate.jpg)\n\nOne of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan\n\n#### Environmental impact\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Environmental impact\")\\]\n\nRussian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the [Sakha Republic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sakha_Republic \"Sakha Republic\") were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near [Nyurbinsky District](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nyurbinsky_District \"Nyurbinsky District\"), Russia.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nScientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-ijbch.kaznu.kz-14) [UDMH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UDMH \"UDMH\"), a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology \"Kazmechanobr\", notes: \"Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the \"Baikonur\" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds\".[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-15) Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-16)\n\nMany historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational [ICBM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICBM \"ICBM\"); the first man-made satellite, [Sputnik 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_1 \"Sputnik 1\"), on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, [Luna 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luna_1 \"Luna 1\"), on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\") on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, [Valentina Tereshkova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valentina_Tereshkova \"Valentina Tereshkova\"), in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including [Czechoslovakia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\"), [East Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany \"East Germany\"), [India](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India \"India\") and [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France \"France\") have launched from Baikonur under the [Interkosmos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interkosmos \"Interkosmos\") program as well. In 1960, a prototype [R-16](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-16_\$missile\$ \"R-16 (missile)\") ICBM [exploded before launch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nedelin_catastrophe \"Nedelin catastrophe\"), killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which [Venera 9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venera_9 \"Venera 9\") and [Mars 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mars_3 \"Mars 3\") were launched.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg\/330px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg)\n\nA Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's [Pad 1\/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of [Expedition 19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expedition_19 \"Expedition 19\") and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-17)\n\nFollowing the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union \"Dissolution of the Soviet Union\") in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the [Commonwealth of Independent States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States \"Commonwealth of Independent States\"). Russia wanted to sign a [99-year lease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/99-year_lease \"99-year lease\") for Baikonur, but agreed to a US\\$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-18) On 8 June 2005, the [Russian Federation Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federation_Council_of_Russia \"Federation Council of Russia\") ratified an agreement between [Russia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russia \"Russia\") and [Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan \"Kazakhstan\") extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at US\\$115,000,000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-19) In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\") in [Amur Oblast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amur_Oblast \"Amur Oblast\").[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-20)\n\nBaikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the [International Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\") (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the [46th parallel north](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/46th_parallel_north \"46th parallel north\")) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\").[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-21) With the conclusion of [NASA's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA \"NASA\") [Space Shuttle program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Shuttle_program \"Space Shuttle program\") in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3)[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-22) until the launch of [Crew Dragon Demo-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2 \"Crew Dragon Demo-2\") in 2020.\n\nIn 2019, [Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new [Soyuz-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz-2 \"Soyuz-2\") rocket with a planned first launch in 2023.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-23) The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\")) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24)\n\nOn 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a \\$29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing [invasion of Ukraine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine \"Russian invasion of Ukraine\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-25)[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-rfek-26)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-utk-27)\n\nOn 27 November 2025, one of the cosmodrome's launchpads at [Site 31\/6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31\") [\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-28) sustained significant damage following the launch of the [Soyuz MS-28](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_MS-28 \"Soyuz MS-28\") rocket carrying three astronauts to the [International Space Station](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Space_Station \"International Space Station\").[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-29) On March 3, 2026, Roscosmos announced the restoration of the damaged launchpad.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-30)\n\nBaikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both [crewed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight \"Human spaceflight\") and uncrewed [spacecraft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spacecraft \"Spacecraft\"). It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft: [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\$rocket_family\$ \"Soyuz (rocket family)\"), [Proton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_\$rocket\$ \"Proton (rocket)\"), [Tsyklon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon \"Tsyklon\"), [Dnepr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dnepr_\$rocket\$ \"Dnepr (rocket)\"), [Zenit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit_\$rocket_family\$ \"Zenit (rocket family)\") and [Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\").\n\nDownrange from the launchpad, [spent launch equipment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expendable_launch_vehicle \"Expendable launch vehicle\") is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-31)\n\n[![Map of launchpads at Baikonur](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/1e\/Baikonur_location_map.svg\/250px-Baikonur_location_map.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Baikonur_location_map.svg \"Map of launchpads at Baikonur\")\n\n![1\/5](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![31\/6](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![41](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![45](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![110](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![81](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![109](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![200](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![90](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\n![250](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/0c\/Red_pog.svg\/20px-Red_pog.svg.png)\n\nMajor launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome\n\n- [Pad 1\/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") (1957–2019): [R-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-7_Semyorka \"R-7 Semyorka\"), [Vostok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostok_\$rocket_family\$ \"Vostok (rocket family)\"), [Voskhod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voskhod_\$rocket\$ \"Voskhod (rocket)\"), [Molniya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molniya_\$rocket\$ \"Molniya (rocket)\"), [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\$rocket_family\$ \"Soyuz (rocket family)\") – [45°55′12″N 63°20′31″E \/ 45\\.920°N 63.342°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.920_N_63.342_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 31\/6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31\"): [R-7A](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-7A_Semyorka \"R-7A Semyorka\"), Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, [Soyuz-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz-2 \"Soyuz-2\") – [45°59′46″N 63°33′50″E \/ 45\\.996°N 63.564°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.996_N_63.564_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 41\/3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\"): [R-16](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-16_\$missile\$ \"R-16 (missile)\") (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – [45°58′30″N 63°39′36″E \/ 45\\.975°N 63.660°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.975_N_63.660_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 41\/4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\") : R-16 (1961–67) – [45°58′34″N 63°39′54″E \/ 45\\.976°N 63.665°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.665_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 41\/15](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41\"): R-16, [Kosmos 3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kosmos-3M \"Kosmos-3M\") (1963–68) – [45°58′34″N 63°40′08″E \/ 45\\.976°N 63.669°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.669_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 45\/1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45\"): [Zenit-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit-2 \"Zenit-2\"), [Zenit-2M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit-2M \"Zenit-2M\"), [Zenit-3M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zenit-3SLB \"Zenit-3SLB\") – [45°56′35″N 63°39′11″E \/ 45\\.943°N 63.653°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.943_N_63.653_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 45\/2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45\") (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – [45°56′24″N 63°39′18″E \/ 45\\.940°N 63.655°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.940_N_63.655_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 51: [R-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-9_Desna \"R-9 Desna\") (1961–62) – [45°55′26″N 63°20′28″E \/ 45\\.924°N 63.341°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.924_N_63.341_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 60\/6: R-16 (1963–66) – [46°01′08″N 64°00′58″E \/ 46\\.019°N 64.016°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.019_N_64.016_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 60\/7: R-16 (1963–67) – [46°01′05″N 64°01′05″E \/ 46\\.018°N 64.018°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.018_N_64.018_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 60\/8: R-16 (1962–66) – [46°01′01″N 64°01′05″E \/ 46\\.017°N 64.018°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.017_N_64.018_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 67\/21: [Tsyklon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon \"Tsyklon\"), [R-36M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-36_\$missile\$ \"R-36 (missile)\"), R-36O, [MR-UR-100 Sotka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MR-UR-100_Sotka \"MR-UR-100 Sotka\") (1963–72) – [45°59′20″N 63°42′18″E \/ 45\\.989°N 63.705°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_63.705_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 67\/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) – [45°59′24″N 63°42′25″E \/ 45\\.990°N 63.707°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.990_N_63.707_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 69: [Tsyklon-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon-2 \"Tsyklon-2\")\n- Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – [46°01′59″N 63°05′46″E \/ 46\\.033°N 63.096°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.033_N_63.096_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 75: R-9 – [45°57′47″N 63°12′07″E \/ 45\\.963°N 63.202°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.963_N_63.202_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 80\/17: Tsyklon (1965) – [46°00′25″N 64°01′12″E \/ 46\\.007°N 64.020°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.007_N_64.020_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 81\/23 (81L)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\") (inactive \\>2004): [Proton-K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-K \"Proton-K\") – [46°04′26″N 62°58′41″E \/ 46\\.074°N 62.978°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.074_N_62.978_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 81\/24 (81P)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81\"): Proton-K, [Proton-M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton-M \"Proton-M\") – [46°04′16″N 62°59′06″E \/ 46\\.071°N 62.985°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.071_N_62.985_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 90\/19 (90L)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90\") (inactive \\>1997): [UR-200](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UR-200 \"UR-200\"), [Tsyklon-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsyklon-2 \"Tsyklon-2\") – [46°04′52″N 62°55′55″E \/ 46\\.081°N 62.932°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.081_N_62.932_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 90\/20 (90R)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90\") (inactive \\>2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – [46°04′48″N 62°56′06″E \/ 46\\.080°N 62.935°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.080_N_62.935_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) – [45°57′04″N 63°25′37″E \/ 45\\.951°N 63.427°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.427_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 102: R-36M (1978) – [45°55′59″N 63°26′06″E \/ 45\\.933°N 63.435°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.933_N_63.435_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) – [45°57′07″N 63°26′42″E \/ 45\\.952°N 63.445°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.952_N_63.445_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) – [45°59′17″N 63°25′12″E \/ 45\\.988°N 63.420°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.988_N_63.420_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) – [45°57′00″N 63°29′46″E \/ 45\\.950°N 63.496°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.950_N_63.496_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) – [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E \/ 45\\.951°N 63.497°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 107: R-36 – [46°14′13″N 63°53′31″E \/ 46\\.237°N 63.892°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.237_N_63.892_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 108: R-36 – [46°14′20″N 63°53′42″E \/ 46\\.239°N 63.895°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.239_N_63.895_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 109\/95](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109\"): [R-36M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R-36_\$missile\$ \"R-36 (missile)\"), [Dnepr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dnepr_\$rocket\$ \"Dnepr (rocket)\") – [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E \/ 45\\.951°N 63.497°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 110\/37 (110L)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\") (inactive \\>1988): [N1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N1_\$rocket\$ \"N1 (rocket)\"), [Energia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energia_\$rocket\$ \"Energia (rocket)\")\\-[Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\") – [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E \/ 45\\.965°N 63.305°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 110\/38 (110R)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\") (inactive \\>1969): N1 – [45°57′43″N 63°18′36″E \/ 45\\.962°N 63.310°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.962_N_63.310_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 130: [UR-100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UR-100 \"UR-100\") (1965) – [46°05′10″N 62°54′58″E \/ 46\\.086°N 62.916°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.086_N_62.916_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) – [46°04′19″N 62°57′22″E \/ 46\\.072°N 62.956°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.072_N_62.956_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) – [46°02′13″N 63°02′53″E \/ 46\\.037°N 63.048°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.037_N_63.048_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 140\/18: R-36 (1965–78) – [45°59′49″N 63°33′11″E \/ 45\\.997°N 63.553°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.997_N_63.553_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 141: R-36 – [45°54′36″N 63°20′56″E \/ 45\\.910°N 63.349°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.910_N_63.349_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 142\/34: R-36 (three silo complex) – [45°56′28″N 63°27′43″E \/ 45\\.941°N 63.462°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.941_N_63.462_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 160: R-36O – [46°04′41″N 62°56′31″E \/ 46\\.078°N 62.942°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.078_N_62.942_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 161\/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) – [46°02′02″N 63°03′47″E \/ 46\\.034°N 63.063°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.034_N_63.063_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 162\/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) – [46°01′55″N 63°04′01″E \/ 46\\.032°N 63.067°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.032_N_63.067_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 163: R-36O – [46°00′50″N 63°10′08″E \/ 46\\.014°N 63.169°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.014_N_63.169_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 164: R-36O – [45°56′38″N 63°03′50″E \/ 45\\.944°N 63.064°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.944_N_63.064_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 165: R-36O – [45°59′28″N 62°55′08″E \/ 45\\.991°N 62.919°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.991_N_62.919_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) – [45°56′53″N 63°01′34″E \/ 45\\.948°N 63.026°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.948_N_63.026_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N – [46°06′14″N 63°00′29″E \/ 46\\.104°N 63.008°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.104_N_63.008_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) – [46°03′54″N 63°05′31″E \/ 46\\.065°N 63.092°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.065_N_63.092_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) – [46°01′44″N 63°07′52″E \/ 46\\.029°N 63.131°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.029_N_63.131_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K – [46°04′55″N 62°55′05″E \/ 46\\.082°N 62.918°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.082_N_62.918_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 175\/2: UR-100NU, [Rokot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rokot \"Rokot\"), [Strela](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strela_\$rocket\$ \"Strela (rocket)\") – [46°03′04″N 62°59′13″E \/ 46\\.051°N 62.987°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.051_N_62.987_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 175\/59: Rokot, Strela – [46°03′07″N 62°59′10″E \/ 46\\.052°N 62.986°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.052_N_62.986_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 176: UR-100 – [46°01′23″N 63°02′46″E \/ 46\\.023°N 63.046°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.023_N_63.046_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) – [45°58′48″N 63°06′00″E \/ 45\\.980°N 63.100°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.980_N_63.100_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 178: UR-100 – [46°01′30″N 62°53′28″E \/ 46\\.025°N 62.891°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.025_N_62.891_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 179: UR-100 – [45°59′20″N 62°57′50″E \/ 45\\.989°N 62.964°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_62.964_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) – [46°03′25″N 63°01′55″E \/ 46\\.057°N 63.032°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.057_N_63.032_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 191\/66: R-36O (1969–71) – [45°58′12″N 63°11′49″E \/ 45\\.970°N 63.197°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.970_N_63.197_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 192: R-36O – [46°01′26″N 63°18′00″E \/ 46\\.024°N 63.300°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.024_N_63.300_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 193: R-36O – [45°57′11″N 63°23′20″E \/ 45\\.953°N 63.389°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.953_N_63.389_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 194: R-36O – [45°51′54″N 63°17′10″E \/ 45\\.865°N 63.286°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.865_N_63.286_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 195: R-36O – [45°47′35″N 63°16′30″E \/ 45\\.793°N 63.275°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.793_N_63.275_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 196: R-36O – [45°49′41″N 63°08′49″E \/ 45\\.828°N 63.147°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.828_N_63.147_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 200\/39](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200\") (200L): Proton-M\/Proton-K – [46°02′24″N 63°01′55″E \/ 46\\.040°N 63.032°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.040_N_63.032_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 200\/40](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200\") (200R): Proton-K (inactive \\>1991) – [46°02′10″N 63°02′17″E \/ 46\\.036°N 63.038°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.036_N_63.038_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 241: R-36O – [45°51′29″N 63°27′22″E \/ 45\\.858°N 63.456°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.858_N_63.456_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 242: R-36O – [45°56′42″N 63°28′52″E \/ 45\\.945°N 63.481°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.945_N_63.481_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 243: R-36O – [45°51′18″N 63°44′13″E \/ 45\\.855°N 63.737°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.855_N_63.737_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 244: R-36O – [45°50′24″N 63°38′02″E \/ 45\\.840°N 63.634°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.840_N_63.634_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 245: R-36O – [45°49′05″N 63°31′37″E \/ 45\\.818°N 63.527°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.818_N_63.527_E_type:landmark)\n- Pad 246: R-36O – [45°45′58″N 63°25′23″E \/ 45\\.766°N 63.423°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.766_N_63.423_E_type:landmark)\n- [Pad 250](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250\") (inactive \\>1987): Energia – [46°00′29″N 63°18′18″E \/ 46\\.008°N 63.305°E](https:\/\/geohack.toolforge.org\/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.008_N_63.305_E_type:landmark)\n\nAs part of the [Buran programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\"), several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:\n\n- [Site 110](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110\") – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the [Soviet lunar landing program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs \"Soviet crewed lunar programs\") and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.\n- Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their [Energia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Energia_\$rocket\$ \"Energia (rocket)\") launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [VAB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vehicle_Assembly_Building \"Vehicle Assembly Building\") at [KSC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center \"Kennedy Space Center\")). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the [N1 Moon rocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/N1_\$rocket\$ \"N1 (rocket)\"). After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that [orbiter 1K](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1.01_\$Buran-class_spacecraft\$ \"1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)\") was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-32)[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-33)\n- Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the [SLF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shuttle_Landing_Facility \"Shuttle Landing Facility\") at [KSC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center \"Kennedy Space Center\")). It features one runway, called 06\/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with \"Grade 600\" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special [mate–demate devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mate-Demate_Device \"Mate-Demate Device\"); PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the [Antonov An-225 Mriya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the [Myasishchev VM-T Atlant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Myasishchev_VM-T \"Myasishchev VM-T\") and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-34) A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-35)[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-36)\n- Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [OPF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbiter_Processing_Facility \"Orbiter Processing Facility\") at [KSC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center \"Kennedy Space Center\")). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the [Soyuz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_\$spacecraft\$ \"Soyuz (spacecraft)\") and [Progress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progress_\$spacecraft\$ \"Progress (spacecraft)\") spacecraft.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-37)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg\/250px-Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg)\n\nA Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009.\n\nAll Baikonur's [logistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logistics \"Logistics\") are based on its own intra-site [1,520 mm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways \"5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways\") (4 ft 11\\+27⁄32 in) [gauge](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Track_gauge \"Track gauge\") [railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Railway \"Railway\") network, which is the largest [industrial railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Industrial_railway \"Industrial railway\") on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special [Schnabel cars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schnabel_car \"Schnabel car\"). Once part of the [Soviet Railroad Troops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Railway_Troops \"Russian Railway Troops\"), the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to [the public railway of Kazakhstan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakhstan_Temir_Joly \"Kazakhstan Temir Joly\") and the rest of the world.\n\nThe Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose [airports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airport \"Airport\"), serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from [Moscow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moscow \"Moscow\") to the smaller [Krayniy Airport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Krayniy_Airport \"Krayniy Airport\") ([IATA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATA_airport_code \"IATA airport code\"): **BXY**, [ICAO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICAO_airport_code \"ICAO airport code\"): **UAOL**), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger [Yubileyniy Airport](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yubileyniy_Airport \"Yubileyniy Airport\") (Юбилейный аэропорт) ([IATA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IATA_airport_code \"IATA airport code\"): **UAON**) was where the [Buran orbiter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\") was transported to Baikonur on the back of the [Antonov An-225 *Mriya*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonov_An-225_Mriya \"Antonov An-225 Mriya\") cargo aircraft.\n\nAlthough Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled [ballistic missiles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ballistic_missile \"Ballistic missile\"). The official (and secret) name of the center was **State Test Range No. 5** or **5 GIK**. It remained under the control of the Soviet and [Russian Ministry of Defense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ministry_of_Defense_\$Russia\$ \"Ministry of Defense (Russia)\") until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nIn 2006, the head of Roscosmos, [Anatoly Perminov](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anatoly_Perminov \"Anatoly Perminov\"), said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an [SS-19 Stiletto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UR-100N \"UR-100N\") missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-38)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e9\/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg\/250px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg)\n\nOK-MT (foreground) and [OK-1.02](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ptichka \"Ptichka\") (background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020.\n\nOn 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the \"Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV\" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the [Bayterek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 \"Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250\") (\"[poplar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Populus \"Populus\") tree\") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian [Angara](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angara_\$rocket\$ \"Angara (rocket)\") rocket launcher.[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-39) This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to [low Earth orbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_Earth_orbit \"Low Earth orbit\"), compared to 20 tons using the [Proton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proton_\$rocket\$ \"Proton (rocket)\") system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US\\$223 million over 19 years.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-40) As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-observer-41) As of 2025, the first test launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for December 2025.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-BRSC25-42)[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-43)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9e\/Buran_baikonur.jpg\/250px-Buran_baikonur.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Buran_baikonur.jpg)\n\n[Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\") test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum\n\nThe Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer [Sergei Korolev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sergei_Korolev \"Sergei Korolev\") and the first [cosmonaut](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmonaut \"Cosmonaut\"), [Yuri Gagarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yuri_Gagarin \"Yuri Gagarin\"). Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet [Buran programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme \"Buran programme\") sits next to the museum entrance. The only [completed orbiter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_\$spacecraft\$ \"Buran (spacecraft)\"), which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-44)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-45)[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-46) For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see [Buran programme § List of vehicles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_programme#List_of_vehicles \"Buran programme\").\n\nThe museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/SputnikTestModel.jpg\/250px-SputnikTestModel.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:SputnikTestModel.jpg)\n\nThe [Sputnik 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sputnik_1 \"Sputnik 1\") satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan.\n\nBaikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.\n\nIn 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-47)\n\nIn 2023, a plan was announced to add the [Gagarin's Start](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gagarin%27s_Start \"Gagarin's Start\") launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24)\n\n- [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vostochny_Cosmodrome \"Vostochny Cosmodrome\")\n- [Plesetsk Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome \"Plesetsk Cosmodrome\")\n- [Svobodny Cosmodrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Svobodny_Cosmodrome \"Svobodny Cosmodrome\")\n- [Kapustin Yar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kapustin_Yar \"Kapustin Yar\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E\"](https:\/\/fas.org\/spp\/guide\/russia\/facility\/baikonur.htm). *FAS.org*. Federation of American Scientists (FAS). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160814001504\/https:\/\/fas.org\/spp\/guide\/russia\/facility\/baikonur.htm) from the original on 14 August 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2014.\n2. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-NASA_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-NASA_3-1)\n   [\"Baikonur Cosmodrome\"](https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/baikonur.html). NASA. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210301011937\/https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/station\/structure\/elements\/baikonur.html) from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2011.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-4)**\n   [\"Baikonur cosmodrome celebrated 63rd anniversary\"](https:\/\/dnd.com.pk\/baikonur-cosmodrome-celebrated-63rd-anniversary\/142903). *Dispatch News Desk*. 3 June 2018. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181020011804\/https:\/\/dnd.com.pk\/baikonur-cosmodrome-celebrated-63rd-anniversary\/142903) from the original on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-5)**\n   [\"Yuri Gagarin: First Man in Space\"](https:\/\/www.space.com\/16159-first-man-in-space.html). *Space.com*. 13 October 2018. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20211220024001\/https:\/\/www.space.com\/16159-first-man-in-space.html) from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-6)**\n   Putz, Catherine (2 June 2015). [\"World's Most Important Spaceport Turns 60\"](https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2015\/06\/worlds-most-important-spaceport-turns-60\/). *The Diplomat*. 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Retrieved 24 February 2013.\n46. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-47)**\n    Adelya Dauletkyzy (16 June 2021). [\"Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations\"](https:\/\/astanatimes.com\/2021\/06\/kazakhstan-selects-top-10-tourist-destinations\/). *The Astana Times*. Retrieved 27 September 2021.\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-1)**\n   - [Kazakh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kazakh_language \"Kazakh language\"): Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы,\n     [romanized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Kazakh \"Romanization of Kazakh\"):\n     *Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy* [\\[bɑjqoˈŋɤr ʁɑˈrəʃ ɑjɫɑˈʁə\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Kazakh \"Help:IPA\/Kazakh\"); [Russian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_language \"Russian language\"): Космодром Байконур,\n     [romanized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanization_of_Russian \"Romanization of Russian\"):\n     *Kosmodrom Baykonur* [\\[kəsmɐˈdrom bəjkɐˈnur\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/Russian \"Help:IPA\/Russian\")\n\n- J. K. Golovanov, M., \"Korolev: Facts and myths\", [Nauka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nauka_\$publisher\$ \"Nauka (publisher)\"), 1994, [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-02-000822-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-02-000822-2 \"Special:BookSources\/5-02-000822-2\")\n- [\"Rockets and people\"](http:\/\/epizodsspace.airbase.ru\/bibl\/chertok\/kniga-1\/01.html) – [B. E. Chertok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boris_Chertok \"Boris Chertok\"), M: \"mechanical engineering\", 1999. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-217-02942-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-217-02942-0 \"Special:BookSources\/5-217-02942-0\")\n  (in Russian)\n- \"A breakthrough in space\" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC \"Veles\", 1994, – [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-87955-001-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-87955-001-X \"Special:BookSources\/5-87955-001-X\")\n- \"At risk,\" – A. A. Toul, [Kaluga](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaluga \"Kaluga\"), \"the Golden path\", 2001, – [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-7111-0333-1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-7111-0333-1 \"Special:BookSources\/5-7111-0333-1\")\n  `{{isbn}}`: ignored ISBN errors ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ignored_ISBN_errors \"Category:Ignored ISBN errors\"))\n- \"Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life\" Events and facts – [A.I. Ostashev](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arkady_Ostashev \"Arkady Ostashev\"), Korolev, 2001.[Bibliography 1996–2004](http:\/\/cosmosravelin.narod.ru\/r-space\/bibliografia.html)\n- \"Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel.\" – M. I. Kuznetsk, [Voronezh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voronezh \"Voronezh\"): IPF \"Voronezh\", 1997, [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-89981-117-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-89981-117-X \"Special:BookSources\/5-89981-117-X\")\n- \"Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer\" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the \"Heroes of the Fatherland\" [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-91017-018-X](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-91017-018-X \"Special:BookSources\/5-91017-018-X\")\n  .\n- \"Rocket and space feat Baikonur\" – Vladimir Порошков, the \"Patriot\" publishers 2007. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-7030-0969-3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-7030-0969-3 \"Special:BookSources\/5-7030-0969-3\")\n- \"Unknown Baikonur\" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: \"globe\", 2001. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [5-8155-0051-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/5-8155-0051-8 \"Special:BookSources\/5-8155-0051-8\")\n- \"Bank of the Universe\" – edited by Boltenko A. C., [Kyiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyiv \"Kyiv\"), 2014., publishing house \"Phoenix\", [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [978-966-136-169-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-966-136-169-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-966-136-169-9\")\n- [Mike Gruntman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Gruntman \"Mike Gruntman\") (2019), \"From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome\", *Acta Astronautica*, **155**, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366, [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\$identifier\$ \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2019AcAau.155..350G](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2019AcAau.155..350G), [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\$identifier\$ \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.actaastro.2018.12.021](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2018.12.021), [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\$identifier\$ \"S2CID (identifier)\") [116406451](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:116406451)\n- \"I look back and have no regrets. \" – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher \"New format\" Barnaul, 2022. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  [978-5-00202-034-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-5-00202-034-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-5-00202-034-8\")\n\n- Baikonur Cosmodrome [historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)](http:\/\/www.buran.ru\/htm\/baykonur.htm) on [buran.ru](http:\/\/www.buran.ru\/) – [NPO Molniya](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NPO_Molniya \"NPO Molniya\"), maker of Russian space shuttle [Buran](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buran_program \"Buran program\")\n- [RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/baikonur.html)\n- [360° interactive panoramas](http:\/\/www.360pano.eu\/baikonur\/) of Baikonur Cosmodrome\n- [Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign](http:\/\/stefane.carlier.free.fr\/Baikonur\/wiki_EN\/)\n- [\"World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome.\"](http:\/\/sometimes-interesting.com\/2014\/05\/26\/scientific-test-range-no-5-the-baikonur-cosmodrome\/) *Sometimes Interesting*. 26 May 2014\n- [Nedelin Disaster](http:\/\/www.russianspaceweb.com\/r16_disaster.html) \/\/ RussianSpaceWeb.com (in English)\n- [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https:\/\/memory-alpha.fandom.com\/wiki\/Baikonur_Cosmodrome) at [Memory Alpha](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Memory_Alpha \"Memory Alpha\")","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome
Last Crawled	2026-03-21 00:58:35 (20 days ago)
First Indexed	2013-08-08 18:26:01 (12 years ago)
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Boilerpipe Text	Baikonur Cosmodrome Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы ( Kazakh ) Космодром Байконур ( Russian ) The Cosmodrome's " Gagarin's Start " launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of Soyuz TMA-13 IATA : none ICAO : none LID : GC0015 Summary Airport type Spaceport Owner/Operator Roscosmos Russia Location Baikonur , Kazakhstan Built 1955 ; 71 years ago Time zone AQTT ( UTC+05:00 ) Elevation AMSL 90 m / 295 ft Coordinates 45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E / 45.965°N 63.305°E Website baikonurtour .com Map Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in Kazakhstan Baikonur Cosmodrome Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in the former Soviet Union The Baikonur Cosmodrome [ a ] is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan . Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur , it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. [ 1 ] [ failed verification ] All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur. [ 2 ] Situated in the Kazakh Steppe , some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the Aral Sea and north of the Syr Darya . It is close to Töretam , a station on the Trans-Aral Railway . Russia, as the official successor state to the Soviet Union , has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by Roscosmos and the Russian Aerospace Forces . [ citation needed ] In 1955, the Soviet Ministry of Defense issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome. [ 3 ] It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the Soviet space program . The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1 . The launchpad used for both missions was renamed " Gagarin's Start " in honour of Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin , who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space. [ 4 ] As of 2015 under Russian management, Baikonur is a spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The Soviet government issued Scientific Research Test Range No. 5 ( NIIP-5 ; Russian : 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon ) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) , [ 8 ] the R-7 Semyorka . NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General Vasily Voznyuk , influenced by Sergey Korolyov , the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away. [ 9 ] Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the Kazakh Steppe . The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the Soviet Union . [ citation needed ] A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named Leninsk ( Russian : Ленинск ). A U-2 spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957 The American U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957. [ 10 ] In April 1975, in preparation for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project , the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut Thomas Stafford , "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small." According to most sources, the name Baikonur was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect [ 9 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] the Western Bloc to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of Baikonur near Jezkazgan . Leninsk, the closed city built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed Baikonur on 20 December 1995 by Boris Yeltsin . According to NASA's history of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project , the name Baikonur was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the Tyuratam region before the establishment of the cosmodrome. [ 11 ] One of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan Environmental impact [ edit ] Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the Sakha Republic were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near Nyurbinsky District , Russia. [ citation needed ] Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population. [ 13 ] UDMH , a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds". [ 14 ] Scrap recovery is part of the local economy. [ 15 ] Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational ICBM ; the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1 , on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, Luna 1 , on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova , in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including Czechoslovakia , East Germany , India and France have launched from Baikonur under the Interkosmos program as well. In 1960, a prototype R-16 ICBM exploded before launch , killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which Venera 9 and Mars 3 were launched. A Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start) on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of Expedition 19 and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009. [ 16 ] Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States . Russia wanted to sign a 99-year lease for Baikonur, but agreed to a US$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension. [ 17 ] On 8 June 2005, the Russian Federation Council ratified an agreement between Russia and Kazakhstan extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at US$115,000,000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries. [ 18 ] In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Amur Oblast . [ 19 ] Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the International Space Station (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the 46th parallel north ) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over China . [ 20 ] With the conclusion of NASA's Space Shuttle program in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS [ 2 ] [ 21 ] until the launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2 in 2020. In 2019, Gagarin's Start hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new Soyuz-2 rocket with a planned first launch in 2023. [ 22 ] The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to Russian invasion of Ukraine ) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes). [ 23 ] On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a $29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing invasion of Ukraine . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] On 27 November 2025, one of the cosmodrome's launchpads at Site 31/6 [ 27 ] sustained significant damage following the launch of the Soyuz MS-28 rocket carrying three astronauts to the International Space Station . [ 28 ] On March 3, 2026, Roscosmos announced the restoration of the damaged launchpad. [ 29 ] Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft . It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft: Soyuz , Proton , Tsyklon , Dnepr , Zenit and Buran . Downrange from the launchpad, spent launch equipment is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population. [ 30 ] Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start) (1957–2019): R-7 , Vostok , Voskhod , Molniya , Soyuz – 45°55′12″N 63°20′31″E / 45.920°N 63.342°E Pad 31/6 : R-7A , Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, Soyuz-2 – 45°59′46″N 63°33′50″E / 45.996°N 63.564°E Pad 41/3 : R-16 (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – 45°58′30″N 63°39′36″E / 45.975°N 63.660°E Pad 41/4 : R-16 (1961–67) – 45°58′34″N 63°39′54″E / 45.976°N 63.665°E Pad 41/15 : R-16, Kosmos 3 (1963–68) – 45°58′34″N 63°40′08″E / 45.976°N 63.669°E Pad 45/1 : Zenit-2 , Zenit-2M , Zenit-3M – 45°56′35″N 63°39′11″E / 45.943°N 63.653°E Pad 45/2 (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – 45°56′24″N 63°39′18″E / 45.940°N 63.655°E Pad 51: R-9 (1961–62) – 45°55′26″N 63°20′28″E / 45.924°N 63.341°E Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) – 46°01′08″N 64°00′58″E / 46.019°N 64.016°E Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) – 46°01′05″N 64°01′05″E / 46.018°N 64.018°E Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) – 46°01′01″N 64°01′05″E / 46.017°N 64.018°E Pad 67/21: Tsyklon , R-36M , R-36O, MR-UR-100 Sotka (1963–72) – 45°59′20″N 63°42′18″E / 45.989°N 63.705°E Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) – 45°59′24″N 63°42′25″E / 45.990°N 63.707°E Pad 69: Tsyklon-2 Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – 46°01′59″N 63°05′46″E / 46.033°N 63.096°E Pad 75: R-9 – 45°57′47″N 63°12′07″E / 45.963°N 63.202°E Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) – 46°00′25″N 64°01′12″E / 46.007°N 64.020°E Pad 81/23 (81L) (inactive >2004): Proton-K – 46°04′26″N 62°58′41″E / 46.074°N 62.978°E Pad 81/24 (81P) : Proton-K, Proton-M – 46°04′16″N 62°59′06″E / 46.071°N 62.985°E Pad 90/19 (90L) (inactive >1997): UR-200 , Tsyklon-2 – 46°04′52″N 62°55′55″E / 46.081°N 62.932°E Pad 90/20 (90R) (inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – 46°04′48″N 62°56′06″E / 46.080°N 62.935°E Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) – 45°57′04″N 63°25′37″E / 45.951°N 63.427°E Pad 102: R-36M (1978) – 45°55′59″N 63°26′06″E / 45.933°N 63.435°E Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) – 45°57′07″N 63°26′42″E / 45.952°N 63.445°E Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) – 45°59′17″N 63°25′12″E / 45.988°N 63.420°E Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) – 45°57′00″N 63°29′46″E / 45.950°N 63.496°E Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) – 45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E / 45.951°N 63.497°E Pad 107: R-36 – 46°14′13″N 63°53′31″E / 46.237°N 63.892°E Pad 108: R-36 – 46°14′20″N 63°53′42″E / 46.239°N 63.895°E Pad 109/95 : R-36M , Dnepr – 45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E / 45.951°N 63.497°E Pad 110/37 (110L) (inactive >1988): N1 , Energia - Buran – 45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E / 45.965°N 63.305°E Pad 110/38 (110R) (inactive >1969): N1 – 45°57′43″N 63°18′36″E / 45.962°N 63.310°E Pad 130: UR-100 (1965) – 46°05′10″N 62°54′58″E / 46.086°N 62.916°E Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) – 46°04′19″N 62°57′22″E / 46.072°N 62.956°E Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) – 46°02′13″N 63°02′53″E / 46.037°N 63.048°E Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) – 45°59′49″N 63°33′11″E / 45.997°N 63.553°E Pad 141: R-36 – 45°54′36″N 63°20′56″E / 45.910°N 63.349°E Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) – 45°56′28″N 63°27′43″E / 45.941°N 63.462°E Pad 160: R-36O – 46°04′41″N 62°56′31″E / 46.078°N 62.942°E Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) – 46°02′02″N 63°03′47″E / 46.034°N 63.063°E Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) – 46°01′55″N 63°04′01″E / 46.032°N 63.067°E Pad 163: R-36O – 46°00′50″N 63°10′08″E / 46.014°N 63.169°E Pad 164: R-36O – 45°56′38″N 63°03′50″E / 45.944°N 63.064°E Pad 165: R-36O – 45°59′28″N 62°55′08″E / 45.991°N 62.919°E Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) – 45°56′53″N 63°01′34″E / 45.948°N 63.026°E Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N – 46°06′14″N 63°00′29″E / 46.104°N 63.008°E Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) – 46°03′54″N 63°05′31″E / 46.065°N 63.092°E Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) – 46°01′44″N 63°07′52″E / 46.029°N 63.131°E Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K – 46°04′55″N 62°55′05″E / 46.082°N 62.918°E Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, Rokot , Strela – 46°03′04″N 62°59′13″E / 46.051°N 62.987°E Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela – 46°03′07″N 62°59′10″E / 46.052°N 62.986°E Pad 176: UR-100 – 46°01′23″N 63°02′46″E / 46.023°N 63.046°E Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) – 45°58′48″N 63°06′00″E / 45.980°N 63.100°E Pad 178: UR-100 – 46°01′30″N 62°53′28″E / 46.025°N 62.891°E Pad 179: UR-100 – 45°59′20″N 62°57′50″E / 45.989°N 62.964°E Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) – 46°03′25″N 63°01′55″E / 46.057°N 63.032°E Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) – 45°58′12″N 63°11′49″E / 45.970°N 63.197°E Pad 192: R-36O – 46°01′26″N 63°18′00″E / 46.024°N 63.300°E Pad 193: R-36O – 45°57′11″N 63°23′20″E / 45.953°N 63.389°E Pad 194: R-36O – 45°51′54″N 63°17′10″E / 45.865°N 63.286°E Pad 195: R-36O – 45°47′35″N 63°16′30″E / 45.793°N 63.275°E Pad 196: R-36O – 45°49′41″N 63°08′49″E / 45.828°N 63.147°E Pad 200/39 (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – 46°02′24″N 63°01′55″E / 46.040°N 63.032°E Pad 200/40 (200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) – 46°02′10″N 63°02′17″E / 46.036°N 63.038°E Pad 241: R-36O – 45°51′29″N 63°27′22″E / 45.858°N 63.456°E Pad 242: R-36O – 45°56′42″N 63°28′52″E / 45.945°N 63.481°E Pad 243: R-36O – 45°51′18″N 63°44′13″E / 45.855°N 63.737°E Pad 244: R-36O – 45°50′24″N 63°38′02″E / 45.840°N 63.634°E Pad 245: R-36O – 45°49′05″N 63°31′37″E / 45.818°N 63.527°E Pad 246: R-36O – 45°45′58″N 63°25′23″E / 45.766°N 63.423°E Pad 250 (inactive >1987): Energia – 46°00′29″N 63°18′18″E / 46.008°N 63.305°E As part of the Buran programme , several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters: Site 110 – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the Soviet lunar landing program and later converted for the Energia-Buran program. Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their Energia launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the VAB at KSC ). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the N1 Moon rocket . After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that orbiter 1K was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the SLF at KSC ). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special mate–demate devices ; PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the Antonov An-225 Mriya carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the Myasishchev VM-T Atlant and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254. [ 33 ] A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the OPF at KSC ). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. [ 36 ] A Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009. All Baikonur's logistics are based on its own intra-site 1,520 mm ( 4 ft 11 + 27 ⁄ 32 in ) gauge railway network, which is the largest industrial railway on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special Schnabel cars . Once part of the Soviet Railroad Troops , the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to the public railway of Kazakhstan and the rest of the world. The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose airports , serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from Moscow to the smaller Krayniy Airport ( IATA : BXY , ICAO : UAOL ), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger Yubileyniy Airport (Юбилейный аэропорт) ( IATA : UAON ) was where the Buran orbiter was transported to Baikonur on the back of the Antonov An-225 Mriya cargo aircraft. Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled ballistic missiles . The official (and secret) name of the center was State Test Range No. 5 or 5 GIK . It remained under the control of the Soviet and Russian Ministry of Defense until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities. [ citation needed ] In 2006, the head of Roscosmos, Anatoly Perminov , said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an SS-19 Stiletto missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case. [ 37 ] OK-MT (foreground) and OK-1.02 (background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020. On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the Bayterek (" poplar tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian Angara rocket launcher. [ 38 ] This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to low Earth orbit , compared to 20 tons using the Proton system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US$223 million over 19 years. [ 39 ] As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of Vostochny Cosmodrome . [ 40 ] As of 2025, the first test launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for December 2025. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Buran test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer Sergei Korolev and the first cosmonaut , Yuri Gagarin . Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet Buran programme sits next to the museum entrance. The only completed orbiter , which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see Buran programme § List of vehicles . The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass. The Sputnik 1 satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan. Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule. In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan. [ 46 ] In 2023, a plan was announced to add the Gagarin's Start launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur. 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Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", Nauka , 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2 "Rockets and people" – B. E. Chertok , M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 (in Russian) "A breakthrough in space" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, – ISBN 5-87955-001-X "At risk," – A. A. Toul, Kaluga , "the Golden path", 2001, – ISBN 5-7111-0333-1 {{ isbn }} : ignored ISBN errors ( link ) "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – A.I. Ostashev , Korolev, 2001. Bibliography 1996–2004 "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk, Voronezh : IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" ISBN 5-91017-018-X . "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3 "Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8 "Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv , 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9 Mike Gruntman (2019), "From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome", Acta Astronautica , 155 , Elsevier Ltd: 350– 366, Bibcode : 2019AcAau.155..350G , doi : 10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021 , S2CID 116406451 "I look back and have no regrets. " – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022. ISBN 978-5-00202-034-8 Baikonur Cosmodrome historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002) on buran.ru – NPO Molniya , maker of Russian space shuttle Buran RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur 360° interactive panoramas of Baikonur Cosmodrome Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign "World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome." Sometimes Interesting . 26 May 2014 Nedelin Disaster // RussianSpaceWeb.com (in English) Baikonur Cosmodrome at Memory Alpha
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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome) - [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#History) Toggle History subsection - [1\.1 Soviet era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Soviet_era) - [1\.1.1 Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Name) - [1\.1.2 Environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Environmental_impact) - [1\.1.3 Importance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Importance) - [1\.2 Post-Soviet era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Post-Soviet_era) - [2 Features](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Features) Toggle Features subsection - [2\.1 List of launchpads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#List_of_launchpads) - [2\.2 Buran facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Buran_facilities) - [2\.3 Intra-site railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Intra-site_railway) - [2\.4 On-site airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#On-site_airports) - [3 ICBM testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#ICBM_testing) - [4 Future projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Future_projects) - [5 Baikonur Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Baikonur_Museum) - [6 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#See_also) - [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#References) - [8 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#Further_reading) - [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Baikonur Cosmodrome 81 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonoer "Baikonoer – Afrikaans") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A "ميناء بايكونور الفضائي – Arabic") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromu_de_Baikonur "Cosmódromu de Baikonur – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baykonur_kosmodromu "Baykonur kosmodromu – Azerbaijani") - [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C "بایکونور اوزای سایتی – South Azerbaijani") - [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Байконур – Bashkir") - [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_$%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC$ "Байканур (касмадром) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)") - [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Байканур – Belarusian") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Байконур – Bulgarian") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE "বাইকনুর কসমাদ্রোম – Bangla") - [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur "Bajkonur – Bosnian") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B2drom_de_Baikonur "Cosmòdrom de Baikonur – Catalan") - [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayqongyr_$abang_nga_dapit$ "Bayqongyr (abang nga dapit) – Cebuano") - [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1 "ناوەندی بۆشاییی بایکۆنور – Central Kurdish") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Bajkonur "Kosmodrom Bajkonur – Czech") - [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Байконур – Chuvash") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur-kosmodromen "Bajkonur-kosmodromen – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Baikonur "Kosmodrom Baikonur – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81 "Κοσμοδρόμιο του Μπαϊκονούρ – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodromo_Bajkonur "Kosmodromo Bajkonur – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur "Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkong%C3%B5ri_kosmodroom "Bajkongõri kosmodroom – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonurreko_kosmodromoa "Baikonurreko kosmodromoa – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1 "پایگاه فضایی بایکونور – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonurin_avaruuskeskus "Baikonurin avaruuskeskus – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodrome_de_Ba%C3%AFkonour "Cosmodrome de Baïkonour – French") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmadr%C3%B3m_Baikonur "Cosmadróm Baikonur – Irish") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur "Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Galician") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8 "קוסמודרום בייקונור – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE "बायकोनूर कॉसमोड्रोम – Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur "Bajkonur – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonuri_%C5%B1rrep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r "Bajkonuri űrrepülőtér – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6 "Բայկոնուր տիեզերակայան – Armenian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Baikonur "Kosmodrom Baikonur – Indonesian") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodromo_Baikonur "Kosmodromo Baikonur – Ido") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodromo_di_Bajkonur "Cosmodromo di Bajkonur – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0 "バイコヌール宇宙基地 – Japanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98 "ბაიკონურის კოსმოდრომი – Georgian") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%9B%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80_$%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B$ "Байқоңыр (ғарыш айлағы) – Kazakh") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%88%84%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%80 "바이코누르 우주 기지 – Korean") - [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D2%A3%D1%83%D1%80 "Байкоңур – Kyrgyz") - [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur – Latin") - [Ladino](https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_de_Baikonur "Kosmodrom de Baikonur – Ladino") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonuro_kosmodromas "Baikonuro kosmodromas – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonuras_kosmodroms "Baikonuras kosmodroms – Latvian") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_$%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC$ "Бајконур (космодром) – Macedonian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82 "ബയ്ക്കനൂർ കോസ്മോഡ്രോം – Malayalam") - [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%B2 "Байконур сансрын нислэгийн төв – Mongolian") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Baikonur "Kosmodrom Baikonur – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodroom_Bajkonoer "Kosmodroom Bajkonoer – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodrom_Bajkonur "Kosmodrom Bajkonur – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur_kosmodrom "Bajkonur kosmodrom – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodr%C3%B2m_de_Baikonor "Cosmodròm de Baikonor – Occitan") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur "Bajkonur – Polish") - [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodrom_%C3%ABd_Baikonur "Cosmodrom ëd Baikonur – Piedmontese") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%88%D8%A7 "بیکانور خلائی اڈا – Western Punjabi") - [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%81%D8%A7%DB%8C "بایکانور الوتځای – Pashto") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B3dromo_de_Baikonur "Cosmódromo de Baikonur – Portuguese") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmodromul_Baikonur "Cosmodromul Baikonur – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Байконур – Russian") - [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosm%C3%B2drumu_di_Baikonur "Cosmòdrumu di Baikonur – Sicilian") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur "Bajkonur – Serbo-Croatian") - [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA "බයිකොනූර් කොස්මොඩ්‍රෝමය – Sinhala") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome "Baikonur Cosmodrome – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajkonur "Bajkonur – Slovak") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmodrom_Bajkonur "Kozmodrom Bajkonur – Slovenian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Космодром Бајконур – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmodromen_i_Bajkonur "Kosmodromen i Bajkonur – Swedish") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "பைக்கனூர் விண்வெளி ஏவுதளம் – Tamil") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Байконур – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C "ท่าอวกาศยานบัยโกเงอร์ – Thai") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baykonur_Uzay_%C3%9Css%C3%BC "Baykonur Uzay Üssü – Turkish") - [Татарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayqo%C3%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r_%C4%9F%C3%A4l%C3%A4m_alan%C4%B1 "Bayqoñğır ğäläm alanı – Tatar") - [Тыва дыл](https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83 "Байконур космодрому – Tuvinian") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80 "Байконур – Ukrainian") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyqo%CA%BBng%CA%BBir_$kosmodrom$ "Boyqoʻngʻir (kosmodrom) – Uzbek") - [Tiếng 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"Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&oldid=1343267334 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&id=1343267334&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBaikonur_Cosmodrome) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baikonur_Cosmodrome) - [Wikinews](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Baikonur_Cosmodrome) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177477 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system"): [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E / 45\.965°N 63.305°E / 45\.965; 63.305](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Spaceport in Kazakhstan leased to Russia \| Baikonur CosmodromeБайқоңыр ғарыш айлағы ([Kazakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language "Kazakh language")) Космодром Байконур ([Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language")) \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg/250px-Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)The Cosmodrome's "[Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start")" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of [Soyuz TMA-13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13 "Soyuz TMA-13") \| \| \| [IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code "IATA airport code"): none [ICAO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code "ICAO airport code"): none [LID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier "Location identifier"): GC0015 \| \| \| Summary \| \| \| Airport type \| [Spaceport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport "Spaceport") \| \| Owner/Operator \| [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") Russia \| \| Location \| [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur"), [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") \| \| Built \| 1955; 71 years ago (1955) \| \| [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone "Time zone") \| [AQTT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Kazakhstan "Time in Kazakhstan") ([UTC+05:00](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:00 "UTC+05:00")) \| \| Elevation [AMSL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_sea_level "Height above sea level") \| 90 m / 295 ft \| \| [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system") \| [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E / 45\.965°N 63.305°E / 45\.965; 63.305](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport) \| \| Website \| [baikonurtour.com](http://baikonurtour.com/) \| \| Map \| \| \| [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg "Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in Kazakhstan Show map of Kazakhstan [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg "Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050) Show map of Russia [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soviet_Union_location_map.svg/250px-Soviet_Union_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_location_map.svg "Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in the former [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") Show map of the Soviet Union \| \| Map all coordinates using [OpenStreetMap](https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Baikonur_Cosmodrome) Download coordinates as: - [KML](https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Baikonur_Cosmodrome) - [GPX (all coordinates)](https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?project=en.wikipedia.org&coprimary=all&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome) - [GPX (primary coordinates)](https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?project=en.wikipedia.org&coprimary=primary&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome) - [GPX (secondary coordinates)](https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?project=en.wikipedia.org&coprimary=secondary&titles=Baikonur_Cosmodrome) The Baikonur Cosmodrome[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-1) is a [spaceport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport "Spaceport") operated by [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") within [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"). Located in the Kazakh city of [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur"), it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-2)\[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] All Russian [crewed spaceflights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") are launched from Baikonur.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3) Situated in the [Kazakh Steppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe "Kazakh Steppe"), some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the [Aral Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea "Aral Sea") and north of the [Syr Darya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya "Syr Darya"). It is close to [Töretam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6retam "Töretam"), a station on the [Trans-Aral Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Aral_Railway "Trans-Aral Railway"). Russia, as the official successor state to the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet [Commonwealth of Independent States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States") (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") and the [Russian Aerospace Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces "Russian Aerospace Forces").\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In 1955, the [Soviet Ministry of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_$Soviet_Union$ "Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)") issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-4) It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the [Soviet space program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program "Soviet space program"). The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for [Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1") and [Vostok 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_1 "Vostok 1"). The launchpad used for both missions was renamed "[Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start")" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin"), who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-5) As of 2015[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit) under Russian management, Baikonur is a spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-popmech-8) ## History \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: History")\] ### Soviet era \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Soviet era")\] The Soviet government issued Scientific Research Test Range No. 5 (NIIP-5; [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first [intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile"),[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-9) the [R-7 Semyorka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka "R-7 Semyorka"). NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General [Vasily Voznyuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Voznyuk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Vasily Voznyuk (page does not exist)"), influenced by [Sergey Korolyov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Korolyov "Sergey Korolyov"), the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10) Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the [Kazakh Steppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe "Kazakh Steppe"). The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union").\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named [Leninsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur") ([Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Ленинск). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif/330px-Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif) A [U-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2 "Lockheed U-2") spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957 The American [U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2 "Lockheed U-2") found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-11) In April 1975, in preparation for the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz "Apollo–Soyuz"), the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut [Thomas Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford"), "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small." #### Name \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Name")\] According to most sources, the name Baikonur was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-13) the [Western Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc "Western Bloc") to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_$Karagandy_Region$ "Baikonur (Karagandy Region)") near [Jezkazgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezkazgan "Jezkazgan"). Leninsk, the [closed city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_city "Closed city") built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur") on 20 December 1995 by [Boris Yeltsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin "Boris Yeltsin"). According to NASA's history of the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz "Apollo–Soyuz"), the name Baikonur was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the [Tyuratam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyuratam "Tyuratam") region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BaikonurFrontGate.jpg/250px-BaikonurFrontGate.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BaikonurFrontGate.jpg) One of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan #### Environmental impact \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Environmental impact")\] Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the [Sakha Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic "Sakha Republic") were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near [Nyurbinsky District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyurbinsky_District "Nyurbinsky District"), Russia.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-ijbch.kaznu.kz-14) [UDMH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDMH "UDMH"), a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds".[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-15) Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-16) #### Importance \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Importance")\] Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational [ICBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM "ICBM"); the first man-made satellite, [Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1"), on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, [Luna 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1 "Luna 1"), on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin") on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, [Valentina Tereshkova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova "Valentina Tereshkova"), in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"), [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"), [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") and [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") have launched from Baikonur under the [Interkosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interkosmos "Interkosmos") program as well. In 1960, a prototype [R-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16_$missile$ "R-16 (missile)") ICBM [exploded before launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelin_catastrophe "Nedelin catastrophe"), killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which [Venera 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_9 "Venera 9") and [Mars 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_3 "Mars 3") were launched. ### Post-Soviet era \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Post-Soviet era")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/330px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg) A Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's [Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of [Expedition 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_19 "Expedition 19") and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-17) Following the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union") in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the [Commonwealth of Independent States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States"). Russia wanted to sign a [99-year lease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99-year_lease "99-year lease") for Baikonur, but agreed to a US\$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-18) On 8 June 2005, the [Russian Federation Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia "Federation Council of Russia") ratified an agreement between [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") and [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at US\$115,000,000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-19) In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome") in [Amur Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Oblast "Amur Oblast").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-20) Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the [46th parallel north](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_parallel_north "46th parallel north")) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China").[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-21) With the conclusion of [NASA's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") [Space Shuttle program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program "Space Shuttle program") in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-22) until the launch of [Crew Dragon Demo-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2 "Crew Dragon Demo-2") in 2020. In 2019, [Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new [Soyuz-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2 "Soyuz-2") rocket with a planned first launch in 2023.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-23) The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine")) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24) On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a \$29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing [invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-rfek-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-utk-27) On 27 November 2025, one of the cosmodrome's launchpads at [Site 31/6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31") [\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-28) sustained significant damage following the launch of the [Soyuz MS-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_MS-28 "Soyuz MS-28") rocket carrying three astronauts to the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-29) On March 3, 2026, Roscosmos announced the restoration of the damaged launchpad.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-30) ## Features \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Features")\] Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both [crewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") and uncrewed [spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft"). It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft: [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_$rocket_family$ "Soyuz (rocket family)"), [Proton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_$rocket$ "Proton (rocket)"), [Tsyklon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon "Tsyklon"), [Dnepr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnepr_$rocket$ "Dnepr (rocket)"), [Zenit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit_$rocket_family$ "Zenit (rocket family)") and [Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)"). Downrange from the launchpad, [spent launch equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expendable_launch_vehicle "Expendable launch vehicle") is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-31) ### List of launchpads \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: List of launchpads")\] [![Map of launchpads at Baikonur](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baikonur_location_map.svg/250px-Baikonur_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonur_location_map.svg "Map of launchpads at Baikonur") ![1/5](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [1/5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") ![31/6](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [31/6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31") ![41](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [41](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41") ![45](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45") ![110](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [110](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") ![81](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [81](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81") ![109](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [109](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109") ![200](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200") ![90](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90") ![250](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) [250](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250") Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome - [Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") (1957–2019): [R-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka "R-7 Semyorka"), [Vostok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_$rocket_family$ "Vostok (rocket family)"), [Voskhod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskhod_$rocket$ "Voskhod (rocket)"), [Molniya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_$rocket$ "Molniya (rocket)"), [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_$rocket_family$ "Soyuz (rocket family)") – [45°55′12″N 63°20′31″E / 45\.920°N 63.342°E / 45\.920; 63.342](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.920_N_63.342_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 31/6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31"): [R-7A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7A_Semyorka "R-7A Semyorka"), Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, [Soyuz-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2 "Soyuz-2") – [45°59′46″N 63°33′50″E / 45\.996°N 63.564°E / 45\.996; 63.564](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.996_N_63.564_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 41/3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41"): [R-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16_$missile$ "R-16 (missile)") (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – [45°58′30″N 63°39′36″E / 45\.975°N 63.660°E / 45\.975; 63.660](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.975_N_63.660_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 41/4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41") : R-16 (1961–67) – [45°58′34″N 63°39′54″E / 45\.976°N 63.665°E / 45\.976; 63.665](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.665_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 41/15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41"): R-16, [Kosmos 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos-3M "Kosmos-3M") (1963–68) – [45°58′34″N 63°40′08″E / 45\.976°N 63.669°E / 45\.976; 63.669](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.669_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 45/1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45"): [Zenit-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-2 "Zenit-2"), [Zenit-2M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-2M "Zenit-2M"), [Zenit-3M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-3SLB "Zenit-3SLB") – [45°56′35″N 63°39′11″E / 45\.943°N 63.653°E / 45\.943; 63.653](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.943_N_63.653_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 45/2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45") (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – [45°56′24″N 63°39′18″E / 45\.940°N 63.655°E / 45\.940; 63.655](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.940_N_63.655_E_type:landmark) - Pad 51: [R-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-9_Desna "R-9 Desna") (1961–62) – [45°55′26″N 63°20′28″E / 45\.924°N 63.341°E / 45\.924; 63.341](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.924_N_63.341_E_type:landmark) - Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) – [46°01′08″N 64°00′58″E / 46\.019°N 64.016°E / 46\.019; 64.016](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.019_N_64.016_E_type:landmark) - Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) – [46°01′05″N 64°01′05″E / 46\.018°N 64.018°E / 46\.018; 64.018](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.018_N_64.018_E_type:landmark) - Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) – [46°01′01″N 64°01′05″E / 46\.017°N 64.018°E / 46\.017; 64.018](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.017_N_64.018_E_type:landmark) - Pad 67/21: [Tsyklon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon "Tsyklon"), [R-36M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_$missile$ "R-36 (missile)"), R-36O, [MR-UR-100 Sotka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka "MR-UR-100 Sotka") (1963–72) – [45°59′20″N 63°42′18″E / 45\.989°N 63.705°E / 45\.989; 63.705](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_63.705_E_type:landmark) - Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) – [45°59′24″N 63°42′25″E / 45\.990°N 63.707°E / 45\.990; 63.707](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.990_N_63.707_E_type:landmark) - Pad 69: [Tsyklon-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon-2 "Tsyklon-2") - Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – [46°01′59″N 63°05′46″E / 46\.033°N 63.096°E / 46\.033; 63.096](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.033_N_63.096_E_type:landmark) - Pad 75: R-9 – [45°57′47″N 63°12′07″E / 45\.963°N 63.202°E / 45\.963; 63.202](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.963_N_63.202_E_type:landmark) - Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) – [46°00′25″N 64°01′12″E / 46\.007°N 64.020°E / 46\.007; 64.020](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.007_N_64.020_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 81/23 (81L)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81") (inactive \>2004): [Proton-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-K "Proton-K") – [46°04′26″N 62°58′41″E / 46\.074°N 62.978°E / 46\.074; 62.978](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.074_N_62.978_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 81/24 (81P)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81"): Proton-K, [Proton-M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-M "Proton-M") – [46°04′16″N 62°59′06″E / 46\.071°N 62.985°E / 46\.071; 62.985](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.071_N_62.985_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 90/19 (90L)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90") (inactive \>1997): [UR-200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-200 "UR-200"), [Tsyklon-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon-2 "Tsyklon-2") – [46°04′52″N 62°55′55″E / 46\.081°N 62.932°E / 46\.081; 62.932](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.081_N_62.932_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 90/20 (90R)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90") (inactive \>2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – [46°04′48″N 62°56′06″E / 46\.080°N 62.935°E / 46\.080; 62.935](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.080_N_62.935_E_type:landmark) - Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) – [45°57′04″N 63°25′37″E / 45\.951°N 63.427°E / 45\.951; 63.427](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.427_E_type:landmark) - Pad 102: R-36M (1978) – [45°55′59″N 63°26′06″E / 45\.933°N 63.435°E / 45\.933; 63.435](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.933_N_63.435_E_type:landmark) - Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) – [45°57′07″N 63°26′42″E / 45\.952°N 63.445°E / 45\.952; 63.445](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.952_N_63.445_E_type:landmark) - Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) – [45°59′17″N 63°25′12″E / 45\.988°N 63.420°E / 45\.988; 63.420](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.988_N_63.420_E_type:landmark) - Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) – [45°57′00″N 63°29′46″E / 45\.950°N 63.496°E / 45\.950; 63.496](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.950_N_63.496_E_type:landmark) - Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) – [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E / 45\.951°N 63.497°E / 45\.951; 63.497](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark) - Pad 107: R-36 – [46°14′13″N 63°53′31″E / 46\.237°N 63.892°E / 46\.237; 63.892](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.237_N_63.892_E_type:landmark) - Pad 108: R-36 – [46°14′20″N 63°53′42″E / 46\.239°N 63.895°E / 46\.239; 63.895](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.239_N_63.895_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 109/95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109"): [R-36M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_$missile$ "R-36 (missile)"), [Dnepr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnepr_$rocket$ "Dnepr (rocket)") – [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E / 45\.951°N 63.497°E / 45\.951; 63.497](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 110/37 (110L)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") (inactive \>1988): [N1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_$rocket$ "N1 (rocket)"), [Energia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_$rocket$ "Energia (rocket)")\-[Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)") – [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E / 45\.965°N 63.305°E / 45\.965; 63.305](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 110/38 (110R)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") (inactive \>1969): N1 – [45°57′43″N 63°18′36″E / 45\.962°N 63.310°E / 45\.962; 63.310](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.962_N_63.310_E_type:landmark) - Pad 130: [UR-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100 "UR-100") (1965) – [46°05′10″N 62°54′58″E / 46\.086°N 62.916°E / 46\.086; 62.916](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.086_N_62.916_E_type:landmark) - Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) – [46°04′19″N 62°57′22″E / 46\.072°N 62.956°E / 46\.072; 62.956](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.072_N_62.956_E_type:landmark) - Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) – [46°02′13″N 63°02′53″E / 46\.037°N 63.048°E / 46\.037; 63.048](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.037_N_63.048_E_type:landmark) - Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) – [45°59′49″N 63°33′11″E / 45\.997°N 63.553°E / 45\.997; 63.553](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.997_N_63.553_E_type:landmark) - Pad 141: R-36 – [45°54′36″N 63°20′56″E / 45\.910°N 63.349°E / 45\.910; 63.349](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.910_N_63.349_E_type:landmark) - Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) – [45°56′28″N 63°27′43″E / 45\.941°N 63.462°E / 45\.941; 63.462](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.941_N_63.462_E_type:landmark) - Pad 160: R-36O – [46°04′41″N 62°56′31″E / 46\.078°N 62.942°E / 46\.078; 62.942](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.078_N_62.942_E_type:landmark) - Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) – [46°02′02″N 63°03′47″E / 46\.034°N 63.063°E / 46\.034; 63.063](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.034_N_63.063_E_type:landmark) - Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) – [46°01′55″N 63°04′01″E / 46\.032°N 63.067°E / 46\.032; 63.067](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.032_N_63.067_E_type:landmark) - Pad 163: R-36O – [46°00′50″N 63°10′08″E / 46\.014°N 63.169°E / 46\.014; 63.169](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.014_N_63.169_E_type:landmark) - Pad 164: R-36O – [45°56′38″N 63°03′50″E / 45\.944°N 63.064°E / 45\.944; 63.064](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.944_N_63.064_E_type:landmark) - Pad 165: R-36O – [45°59′28″N 62°55′08″E / 45\.991°N 62.919°E / 45\.991; 62.919](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.991_N_62.919_E_type:landmark) - Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) – [45°56′53″N 63°01′34″E / 45\.948°N 63.026°E / 45\.948; 63.026](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.948_N_63.026_E_type:landmark) - Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N – [46°06′14″N 63°00′29″E / 46\.104°N 63.008°E / 46\.104; 63.008](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.104_N_63.008_E_type:landmark) - Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) – [46°03′54″N 63°05′31″E / 46\.065°N 63.092°E / 46\.065; 63.092](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.065_N_63.092_E_type:landmark) - Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) – [46°01′44″N 63°07′52″E / 46\.029°N 63.131°E / 46\.029; 63.131](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.029_N_63.131_E_type:landmark) - Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K – [46°04′55″N 62°55′05″E / 46\.082°N 62.918°E / 46\.082; 62.918](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.082_N_62.918_E_type:landmark) - Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, [Rokot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokot "Rokot"), [Strela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strela_$rocket$ "Strela (rocket)") – [46°03′04″N 62°59′13″E / 46\.051°N 62.987°E / 46\.051; 62.987](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.051_N_62.987_E_type:landmark) - Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela – [46°03′07″N 62°59′10″E / 46\.052°N 62.986°E / 46\.052; 62.986](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.052_N_62.986_E_type:landmark) - Pad 176: UR-100 – [46°01′23″N 63°02′46″E / 46\.023°N 63.046°E / 46\.023; 63.046](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.023_N_63.046_E_type:landmark) - Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) – [45°58′48″N 63°06′00″E / 45\.980°N 63.100°E / 45\.980; 63.100](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.980_N_63.100_E_type:landmark) - Pad 178: UR-100 – [46°01′30″N 62°53′28″E / 46\.025°N 62.891°E / 46\.025; 62.891](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.025_N_62.891_E_type:landmark) - Pad 179: UR-100 – [45°59′20″N 62°57′50″E / 45\.989°N 62.964°E / 45\.989; 62.964](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_62.964_E_type:landmark) - Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) – [46°03′25″N 63°01′55″E / 46\.057°N 63.032°E / 46\.057; 63.032](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.057_N_63.032_E_type:landmark) - Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) – [45°58′12″N 63°11′49″E / 45\.970°N 63.197°E / 45\.970; 63.197](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.970_N_63.197_E_type:landmark) - Pad 192: R-36O – [46°01′26″N 63°18′00″E / 46\.024°N 63.300°E / 46\.024; 63.300](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.024_N_63.300_E_type:landmark) - Pad 193: R-36O – [45°57′11″N 63°23′20″E / 45\.953°N 63.389°E / 45\.953; 63.389](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.953_N_63.389_E_type:landmark) - Pad 194: R-36O – [45°51′54″N 63°17′10″E / 45\.865°N 63.286°E / 45\.865; 63.286](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.865_N_63.286_E_type:landmark) - Pad 195: R-36O – [45°47′35″N 63°16′30″E / 45\.793°N 63.275°E / 45\.793; 63.275](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.793_N_63.275_E_type:landmark) - Pad 196: R-36O – [45°49′41″N 63°08′49″E / 45\.828°N 63.147°E / 45\.828; 63.147](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.828_N_63.147_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 200/39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200") (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – [46°02′24″N 63°01′55″E / 46\.040°N 63.032°E / 46\.040; 63.032](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.040_N_63.032_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 200/40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200") (200R): Proton-K (inactive \>1991) – [46°02′10″N 63°02′17″E / 46\.036°N 63.038°E / 46\.036; 63.038](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.036_N_63.038_E_type:landmark) - Pad 241: R-36O – [45°51′29″N 63°27′22″E / 45\.858°N 63.456°E / 45\.858; 63.456](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.858_N_63.456_E_type:landmark) - Pad 242: R-36O – [45°56′42″N 63°28′52″E / 45\.945°N 63.481°E / 45\.945; 63.481](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.945_N_63.481_E_type:landmark) - Pad 243: R-36O – [45°51′18″N 63°44′13″E / 45\.855°N 63.737°E / 45\.855; 63.737](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.855_N_63.737_E_type:landmark) - Pad 244: R-36O – [45°50′24″N 63°38′02″E / 45\.840°N 63.634°E / 45\.840; 63.634](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.840_N_63.634_E_type:landmark) - Pad 245: R-36O – [45°49′05″N 63°31′37″E / 45\.818°N 63.527°E / 45\.818; 63.527](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.818_N_63.527_E_type:landmark) - Pad 246: R-36O – [45°45′58″N 63°25′23″E / 45\.766°N 63.423°E / 45\.766; 63.423](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.766_N_63.423_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 250](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250") (inactive \>1987): Energia – [46°00′29″N 63°18′18″E / 46\.008°N 63.305°E / 46\.008; 63.305](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.008_N_63.305_E_type:landmark) ### Buran facilities \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Buran facilities")\] Main article: [Buran programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme") As part of the [Buran programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme"), several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters: - [Site 110](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the [Soviet lunar landing program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs "Soviet crewed lunar programs") and later converted for the Energia-Buran program. - Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their [Energia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_$rocket$ "Energia (rocket)") launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [VAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building "Vehicle Assembly Building") at [KSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center")). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the [N1 Moon rocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_$rocket$ "N1 (rocket)"). After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that [orbiter 1K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.01_$Buran-class_spacecraft$ "1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)") was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-32)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-33) - Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the [SLF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility "Shuttle Landing Facility") at [KSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center")). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special [mate–demate devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device "Mate-Demate Device"); PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the [Antonov An-225 Mriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the [Myasishchev VM-T Atlant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasishchev_VM-T "Myasishchev VM-T") and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-34) A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-35)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-36) - Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [OPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility "Orbiter Processing Facility") at [KSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center")). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_$spacecraft$ "Soyuz (spacecraft)") and [Progress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_$spacecraft$ "Progress (spacecraft)") spacecraft.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-37) ### Intra-site railway \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Intra-site railway")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg/250px-Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg) A Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009. All Baikonur's [logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics "Logistics") are based on its own intra-site [1,520 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways "5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways") (4 ft 11\+27⁄32 in) [gauge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge "Track gauge") [railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway "Railway") network, which is the largest [industrial railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_railway "Industrial railway") on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special [Schnabel cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnabel_car "Schnabel car"). Once part of the [Soviet Railroad Troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops "Russian Railway Troops"), the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to [the public railway of Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Temir_Joly "Kazakhstan Temir Joly") and the rest of the world. ### On-site airports \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: On-site airports")\] The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose [airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport "Airport"), serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") to the smaller [Krayniy Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayniy_Airport "Krayniy Airport") ([IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code "IATA airport code"): BXY, [ICAO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code "ICAO airport code"): UAOL), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger [Yubileyniy Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yubileyniy_Airport "Yubileyniy Airport") (Юбилейный аэропорт) ([IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code "IATA airport code"): UAON) was where the [Buran orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)") was transported to Baikonur on the back of the [Antonov An-225 Mriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") cargo aircraft. ## ICBM testing \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: ICBM testing")\] Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled [ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile"). The official (and secret) name of the center was State Test Range No. 5 or 5 GIK. It remained under the control of the Soviet and [Russian Ministry of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_$Russia$ "Ministry of Defense (Russia)") until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In 2006, the head of Roscosmos, [Anatoly Perminov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Perminov "Anatoly Perminov"), said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an [SS-19 Stiletto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100N "UR-100N") missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-38) ## Future projects \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Future projects")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg/250px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg) OK-MT (foreground) and [OK-1.02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptichka "Ptichka") (background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020. On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the [Bayterek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250") ("[poplar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus "Populus") tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian [Angara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_$rocket$ "Angara (rocket)") rocket launcher.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-39) This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to [low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit"), compared to 20 tons using the [Proton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_$rocket$ "Proton (rocket)") system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US\$223 million over 19 years.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-40) As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-observer-41) As of 2025, the first test launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for December 2025.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-BRSC25-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-43) ## Baikonur Museum \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Baikonur Museum")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/250px-Buran_baikonur.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buran_baikonur.jpg) [Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)") test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer [Sergei Korolev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Korolev "Sergei Korolev") and the first [cosmonaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonaut "Cosmonaut"), [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin"). Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet [Buran programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme") sits next to the museum entrance. The only [completed orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)"), which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-45)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-46) For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see [Buran programme § List of vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme#List_of_vehicles "Buran programme"). The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SputnikTestModel.jpg/250px-SputnikTestModel.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SputnikTestModel.jpg) The [Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1") satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan. Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule. In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-47) In 2023, a plan was announced to add the [Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: See also")\] - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/40px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png)[Spaceflight portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight "Portal:Spaceflight") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png)[Soviet Union portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union "Portal:Soviet Union") - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png)[Russia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russia "Portal:Russia") - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/40px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png)[Rocketry portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rocketry "Portal:Rocketry") - [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome") - [Plesetsk Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome "Plesetsk Cosmodrome") - [Svobodny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome "Svobodny Cosmodrome") - [Kapustin Yar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar "Kapustin Yar") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: References")\] 1. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-23) Berger, Eric (23 April 2019). ["Russia may soon decommission the world's most historic launch pad"](https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned/). Ars Technica. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190423223521/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/04/gagarins-start-nears-the-end-historic-launch-pad-to-be-decommissioned/) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019. 23. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_24-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-gagarinsstartintoamuseum_24-1) Berger, Eric (16 October 2023). ["After six decades, 'Gagarin's Start' will meet its end as a launch pad"](https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/10/lacking-funds-russia-will-turn-gagarins-start-launch-pad-into-a-museum/). Ars Technica. Retrieved 24 October 2023. 24. 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["Kazakhstan Seizes Russia's Launch Facility at Baikonur"](https://www.universetoday.com/160720/kazakhstan-seizes-russias-launch-facility-at-baikonur/). Universe Today. Retrieved 8 May 2023. 27. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-28) Zak, Anatoly (27 November 2025). ["R-7 ICBM/Soyuz rocket launch facilities in Baikonur"](https://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_r7_31.html). RussianSpaceWeb.com. Retrieved 27 November 2025. 28. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-29) ["Baikonur Launchpad Damaged After Russian Rocket Launch to ISS"](https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/11/28/baikonur-launchpad-damaged-after-russian-rocket-launch-to-iss-a91265). The Moscow Times. 28 November 2025. 29. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-30) ["На Байконуре закончили восстановление кабины обслуживания после пуска "Союза-2.1а""](https://tass.ru/kosmos/26626239). tass.ru. Retrieved 4 March 2026. 30. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-31) [Baikonur Downrange](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180113233627/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html) 13 January 2018 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), Russianspaceweb.com 31. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-32) ["Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150706112853/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html) on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-33) ["Buran The end"](http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191348/http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php) from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-34) Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007). [Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle](https://www.worldcat.org/title/153582339). Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. Berlin; New York; Chichester, UK: Springer; Published in association with Praxis Pub. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-387-69848-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69848-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69848-9") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [153582339](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/153582339). 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-35) ["Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010245/http://russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html) on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-36) ["UAON pilot info @ OurAirports"](http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160318230945/http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html) from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-37) ["Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150809030907/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html) on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-38) ["Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan"](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022). Reuters. 22 October 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201019133013/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022) from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017. 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-39) ["'Baiterek' Space Launch Complex"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060630022023/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499). [Khrunichev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrunichev "Khrunichev") State Research and Production Space Center. Archived from [the original](http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499) on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006. 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-40) ["Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center"](http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html). www.spacedaily.com. 24 October 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150913042620/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html) from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-observer_41-0) Vorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009). ["Angara getting ready for launch"](http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch). Russia CIS Observer. 3 (26). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100101014026/http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch) from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2010. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-BRSC25_42-0) ["Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025"](http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/). The Astana Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080824/http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/) from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-43) ["Kazakhstan to spend above 60 bln tenge for 1st Launch From Baiterek Space Complex"](https://qazinform.com/news/kazakhstan-to-spend-above-60-bln-tenge-for-1st-launch-from-baiterek-space-complex-98bff1). 4 September 2025. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-44) Whitehouse, David (13 May 2002). ["Russia's space dreams abandoned"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm). [bbc.co.uk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bbc.co.uk "Bbc.co.uk"). [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070320062353/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm) from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-45) ["Buran.ru: Photo of collapsed hangar"](http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170725051823/http://buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg) from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2013. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-46) ["Buran.ru: Remains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris"](http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061220094227/http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg) from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2013. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-47) Adelya Dauletkyzy (16 June 2021). ["Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations"](https://astanatimes.com/2021/06/kazakhstan-selects-top-10-tourist-destinations/). The Astana Times. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-1) - [Kazakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language "Kazakh language"): Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, [romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Kazakh "Romanization of Kazakh"): Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy [\[bɑjqoˈŋɤr ʁɑˈrəʃ ɑjɫɑˈʁə\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh "Help:IPA/Kazakh"); [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Космодром Байконур, [romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian "Romanization of Russian"): Kosmodrom Baykonur [\[kəsmɐˈdrom bəjkɐˈnur\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian "Help:IPA/Russian") ## Further reading \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Further reading")\] - J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", [Nauka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_$publisher$ "Nauka (publisher)"), 1994, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-02-000822-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2 "Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2") - ["Rockets and people"](http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html) – [B. E. Chertok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Chertok "Boris Chertok"), M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-217-02942-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-217-02942-0 "Special:BookSources/5-217-02942-0") (in Russian) - "A breakthrough in space" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, – [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-87955-001-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87955-001-X "Special:BookSources/5-87955-001-X") - "At risk," – A. A. Toul, [Kaluga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga "Kaluga"), "the Golden path", 2001, – [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-7111-0333-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7111-0333-1 "Special:BookSources/5-7111-0333-1") `{{isbn}}`: ignored ISBN errors ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ignored_ISBN_errors "Category:Ignored ISBN errors")) - "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – [A.I. Ostashev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Ostashev "Arkady Ostashev"), Korolev, 2001.[Bibliography 1996–2004](http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html) - "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk, [Voronezh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh "Voronezh"): IPF "Voronezh", 1997, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-89981-117-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89981-117-X "Special:BookSources/5-89981-117-X") - "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-91017-018-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-91017-018-X "Special:BookSources/5-91017-018-X") . - "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-7030-0969-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7030-0969-3 "Special:BookSources/5-7030-0969-3") - "Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-8155-0051-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8155-0051-8 "Special:BookSources/5-8155-0051-8") - "Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C., [Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-966-136-169-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9 "Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9") - [Mike Gruntman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gruntman "Mike Gruntman") (2019), "From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome", Acta Astronautica, 155, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366, [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2019AcAau.155..350G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AcAau.155..350G), [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2018.12.021), [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [116406451](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116406451) - "I look back and have no regrets. " – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-5-00202-034-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-00202-034-8 "Special:BookSources/978-5-00202-034-8") ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: External links")\] [![logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baikonur_Cosmodrome "commons:Category:Baikonur Cosmodrome"). - Baikonur Cosmodrome [historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)](http://www.buran.ru/htm/baykonur.htm) on [buran.ru](http://www.buran.ru/) – [NPO Molniya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPO_Molniya "NPO Molniya"), maker of Russian space shuttle [Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_program "Buran program") - [RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur.html) - [360° interactive panoramas](http://www.360pano.eu/baikonur/) of Baikonur Cosmodrome - [Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign](http://stefane.carlier.free.fr/Baikonur/wiki_EN/) - ["World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome."](http://sometimes-interesting.com/2014/05/26/scientific-test-range-no-5-the-baikonur-cosmodrome/) Sometimes Interesting. 26 May 2014 - [Nedelin Disaster](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html) // RussianSpaceWeb.com (in English) - [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome) at [Memory Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Alpha "Memory Alpha") \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites "Template:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites "Template talk:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_launch_sites "Special:EditPage/Template:Baikonur Cosmodrome launch sites")[Baikonur Cosmodrome]() [launch sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#List_of_launchpads) \| \|---\| \| [LC-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") [LC-31](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31") [LC-41](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41") [LC-45](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45") [LC-51](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_51&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 51 (page does not exist)") [LC-60](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_60&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 60 (page does not exist)") [LC-67](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_67&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 67 (page does not exist)") [LC-69](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_69&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 69 (page does not exist)") [LC-70](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_70&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 70 (page does not exist)") [LC-75](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_75&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 75 (page does not exist)") [LC-80](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_80&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 80 (page does not exist)") [LC-81](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81") [LC-90](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90") [LC-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_101&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 101 (page does not exist)") [LC-102](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_102&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 102 (page does not exist)") [LC-103](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_103&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 103 (page does not exist)") [LC-104](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_104&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 104 (page does not exist)") [LC-105](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_105&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 105 (page does not exist)") [LC-106](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_106&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 106 (page does not exist)") [LC-107](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_107&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 107 (page does not exist)") [LC-108](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_108&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 108 (page does not exist)") [LC-109](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109") [LC-110](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") [LC-130](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_130&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 130 (page does not exist)") [LC-131](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_131&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 131 (page does not exist)") [LC-132](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_132&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 132 (page does not exist)") [LC-133](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_133&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 133 (page does not exist)") [LC-140](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_140&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 140 (page does not exist)") [LC-141](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_141&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 141 (page does not exist)") [LC-142](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_142&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 142 (page does not exist)") [LC-160](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_160&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 160 (page does not exist)") [LC-161](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_161&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 161 (page does not exist)") [LC-162](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_162&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 162 (page does not exist)") [LC-163](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_163&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 163 (page does not exist)") [LC-164](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_164&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 164 (page does not exist)") [LC-165](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_165&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 165 (page does not exist)") [LC-170](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_170&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 170 (page does not exist)") [LC-171](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_171&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 171 (page does not exist)") [LC-172](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_172&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 172 (page does not exist)") [LC-173](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_173&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 173 (page does not exist)") [LC-174](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_174&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 174 (page does not exist)") [LC-175](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_175 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 175") [LC-176](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_176&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 176 (page does not exist)") [LC-177](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_177&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 177 (page does not exist)") [LC-179](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_179&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 179 (page does not exist)") [LC-181](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_181&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 181 (page does not exist)") [LC-191](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_191&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 191 (page does not exist)") [LC-192](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_192&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 192 (page does not exist)") [LC-193](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_193&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 193 (page does not exist)") [LC-194](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_194&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 194 (page does not exist)") [LC-195](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_195&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 195 (page does not exist)") [LC-196](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_196&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 196 (page does not exist)") [LC-200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200") [LC-241](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_241&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 241 (page does not exist)") [LC-242](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_242&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 242 (page does not exist)") [LC-243](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_243&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 243 (page does not exist)") [LC-244](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_244&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 244 (page does not exist)") [LC-245](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_245&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 245 (page does not exist)") [LC-246](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_246&action=edit&redlink=1 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 246 (page does not exist)") [LC-250](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program "Template:Russian space program") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program "Template talk:Russian space program") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program "Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program")[Soviet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program "Soviet space program") and [Russian space program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") \| \| \| \| Launch sites \| [Baikonur Cosmodrome]() (in [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan")) [Dombarovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombarovsky_$air_base$ "Dombarovsky (air base)") [Kapustin Yar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar "Kapustin Yar") [Plesetsk Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome "Plesetsk Cosmodrome") [Svobodny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome "Svobodny Cosmodrome") (defunct) [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome") \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg) \| \| Launch vehicles \| [Angara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_$rocket_family$ "Angara (rocket family)") [Proton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_$rocket_family$ "Proton (rocket family)") [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_$rocket_family$ "Soyuz (rocket family)") \| \| \| [Human spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") programs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Past \| [Vostok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_programme "Vostok programme") [Voskhod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskhod_programme "Voskhod programme") [Salyut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_program "Salyut program") [Almaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaz "Almaz") (incorporated into Salyut program) / [TKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKS_$spacecraft$ "TKS (spacecraft)") [Soyuz-Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz "Apollo–Soyuz") (joint) [Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir "Mir") [Shuttle–Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program "Shuttle–Mir Program") (joint) [Energia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_$rocket$ "Energia (rocket)") / [Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme") \| \| \| Cancelled \| [Zond (7K-L1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_program "Zond program") (Moon flyby) [Soviet crewed lunar programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs "Soviet crewed lunar programs") (Moon landing) [Zvezda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda_$moonbase$ "Zvezda (moonbase)") (moonbase) [TMK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMK "TMK") (Mars/Venus flyby) [Spiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105 "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105") [Zvezda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda "Military Soyuz") [Zarya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarya_$spacecraft$ "Zarya (spacecraft)") [MAKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAKS_$spacecraft$ "MAKS (spacecraft)") [Kliper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliper "Kliper") \| \| \| Active \| [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (joint) [Russian Orbital Segment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment "Russian Orbital Segment") [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme "Soyuz programme") \| \| \| In development \| [Orel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel_$spacecraft$ "Orel (spacecraft)") \| \| \| [Robotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft "Robotic spacecraft") programs \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Past \| [Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik "Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik") (1961–1982) [Prognoz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prognoz_programme "Prognoz programme") (1972–1996) [Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_programme "Luna programme") (1958–1976) [Venera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera "Venera") (1961–1985) [Zond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_program "Zond program") (1964–1970) [Astron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron_$spacecraft$ "Astron (spacecraft)") (1983–1991) [Vega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_program "Vega program") (1984–1987) [Phobos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_program "Phobos program") (failed) (1988–1989) [Granat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granat "Granat") (1989–1998) [Gamma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_$satellite$ "Gamma (satellite)") (1990–1992) [Mars 96](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_96 "Mars 96") (failed) (1996) [Resurs-DK No.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1 "Resurs-DK No.1") (2006–2016) [CORONAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORONAS_programme "CORONAS programme") (1994–2009) [Fobos-Grunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobos-Grunt "Fobos-Grunt") (failed) (2011) [Spektr-R](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr-R "Spektr-R") (2011–2019) [Luna 25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_25 "Luna 25") (failed) (2023) \| \| \| Cancelled \| [Kazachok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachok "Kazachok") \| \| \| Active \| [Bion-M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bion_$satellite$ "Bion (satellite)") [Elektro–L](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L "Elektro–L") [Trace Gas Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter "Trace Gas Orbiter") (joint) [Meteor-M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor_$satellite$ "Meteor (satellite)") [Resurs-P](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurs-P "Resurs-P") [Spektr-RG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr-RG "Spektr-RG") \| \| \| In development \| [Luna-Glob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna-Glob "Luna-Glob") [Luna 26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_26 "Luna 26") [Luna 27](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_27 "Luna 27") [Luna 28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_28 "Luna 28") [Spektr-UV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr-UV "Spektr-UV") \| \| \| Communications \| [Sputnik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_programme "Sputnik programme") (begun 1957) [Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1") [Sputnik 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_2 "Sputnik 2") [Sputnik 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_3 "Sputnik 3") [Sputnik 41](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_41 "Sputnik 41") [Sputnik 99](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_99 "Sputnik 99") [Luch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luch_$satellite$ "Luch (satellite)") [Deep Space Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network "Soviet Deep Space Network") \| \| \| Concepts \| [Baikal-Angara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal_$rocket_booster$ "Baikal (rocket booster)") [Laplace-P](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace-P "Laplace-P") [Mars-Grunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars-Grunt "Mars-Grunt") [Mercury-P](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-P "Mercury-P") [OPSEK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex "Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex") [Spektr-M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr-M "Spektr-M") [Venera-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera-D "Venera-D") [Sfera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_$satellite_constellation$ "Sfera (satellite constellation)") \| \| \| Images and artwork \| [Mission patches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_patch "Mission patch") \| \| \| Related \| [List of cosmonauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts "List of cosmonauts") [Cosmonaut ranks and positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions "Astronaut ranks and positions") [Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation "Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation") [Soviet space dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs "Soviet space dogs") [Laika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laika "Laika") [Belka and Strelka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka "Belka and Strelka") [Veterok and Ugolyok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok "Soviet space dogs") [Ivan Ivanovich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_$Vostok_programme$ "Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)") [Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps "Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps") [Cosmonauts Alley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley "Cosmonauts Alley") [Monument to the Conquerors of Space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space "Monument to the Conquerors of Space") [Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics "Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics") [Out of the Present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Present "Out of the Present") (1995 documentary) [Mission to Mir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_to_Mir "Mission to Mir") (1997 documentary) \| \| \| See also: [Space industry of Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia "Space industry of Russia") [Russian Aerospace Defence Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces") \| \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Spaceport "Template:Spaceport") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceport "Template talk:Spaceport") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceport "Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceport")[Spaceports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport "Spaceport") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Active \| \| \| \| \| \| Asia \| Chinese government: [CNSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration "China National Space Administration") [Jiuquan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center") [Taiyuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center "Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center") [Wenchang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Space_Launch_Site "Wenchang Space Launch Site") [Xichang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center "Xichang Satellite Launch Center") Chinese private launches: [HICAL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HICAL "HICAL") ([Wenchang Commercial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site "Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site")) India: [ISRO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation "Indian Space Research Organisation") [Satish Dhawan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre "Satish Dhawan Space Centre") [Thumba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station "Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station") Indonesia: [LAPAN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAPAN "LAPAN") [Pameungpeuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasiun_Peluncuran_Roket "Stasiun Peluncuran Roket") Iran: [ISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency "Iranian Space Agency") [Semnan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnan_Space_Center "Semnan Space Center") [IRGC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRGC "IRGC") [Shahroud Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahroud_Space_Center "Shahroud Space Center") Israel: [ISA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency "Israel Space Agency") [Palmachim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmachim_Airbase "Palmachim Airbase") Japanese government: [JAXA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency") [Tanegashima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center "Tanegashima Space Center") [Uchinoura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center "Uchinoura Space Center") Japanese private launches: [Space One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_One "Space One") [Kii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport_Kii "Spaceport Kii") Kazakhstan / Russia: [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") / [VKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces "Russian Aerospace Forces") [Baikonur]() [VKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces "Russian Aerospace Forces") [Sary Shagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sary_Shagan "Sary Shagan") North Korea: [NADA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aerospace_Development_Administration "National Aerospace Development Administration") [Sohae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station "Sohae Satellite Launching Station") South Korea: [KARI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute "Korea Aerospace Research Institute") [Naro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naro_Space_Center "Naro Space Center") Pakistan: [SUPARCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission "Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission") [Sonmiani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonmiani_$space_facility$ "Sonmiani (space facility)") Russia: [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") [Vostochny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome") [VKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces "Russian Aerospace Forces") [Dombarovsky / Yasny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dombarovsky_$air_base$#Commercial_launches "Dombarovsky (air base)") \| \| Europe \| Norway: [NOSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency "Norwegian Space Agency") [Andøya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%C3%B8ya_Space "Andøya Space") [SvalRak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard_Rocket_Range "Svalbard Rocket Range") Russia: [VKS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces "Russian Aerospace Forces") [Kapustin Yar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar "Kapustin Yar") [Plesetsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome "Plesetsk Cosmodrome") Spain: [INTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_T%C3%A9cnica_Aeroespacial "Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial") [El Arenosillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Arenosillo "El Arenosillo") Sweden: [SSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Space_Corporation "Swedish Space Corporation") [Esrange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrange "Esrange") United Kingdom: [UKSA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Space_Agency "UK Space Agency") [Spaceport Cornwall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newquay_Airport#Spaceport_Cornwall "Newquay Airport") [SaxaVord Spaceport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaxaVord_Spaceport "SaxaVord Spaceport") \| \| United States \| Government: [USSF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Space_Force "United States Space Force") [Cape Canaveral SFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station") / [ER](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Range "Eastern Range") [Vandenberg SFB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Force_Base "Vandenberg Space Force Base") / [WR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Range_$USSF$ "Western Range (USSF)") [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") [Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") [Wallops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallops_Flight_Facility "Wallops Flight Facility") Academic: [Poker Flat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Flat_Research_Range "Poker Flat Research Range") Private: [Corn Ranch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Ranch "Corn Ranch") [Pacific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Spaceport_Complex_%E2%80%93_Alaska "Pacific Spaceport Complex – Alaska") [MARS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport "Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport") [Mojave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port "Mojave Air and Space Port") [Spaceport America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport_America "Spaceport America") [SpaceX Starbase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starbase "SpaceX Starbase") \| \| Oceania \| Australia: [Gilmour Space Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmour_Space_Technologies "Gilmour Space Technologies") [Bowen Orbital Spaceport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot_Point "Abbot Point") [RAAF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force "Royal Australian Air Force") [Woomera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAAF_Woomera_Range_Complex "RAAF Woomera Range Complex") [Southern Launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Launch "Southern Launch") [Koonibba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonibba_Test_Range "Koonibba Test Range") New Zealand: [Rocket Lab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Lab "Rocket Lab") [Mahia Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Launch_Complex_1 "Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1") Marshall Islands / United States: [DoD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense "United States Department of Defense") [Reagan Test Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site "Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site") \| \| South America \| Brazil: [FAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force "Brazilian Air Force") / [AEB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency "Brazilian Space Agency") [Alcântara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center "Alcântara Launch Center") [Barreira do Inferno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barreira_do_Inferno_Launch_Center "Barreira do Inferno Launch Center") Europe: [ESA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency") / France: [CNES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNES "CNES") [Guiana / Kourou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre "Guiana Space Centre") \| \| [International waters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_waters "International waters") \| [Sea Launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Launch "Sea Launch") \| \| Proposed \| Canada: [Canso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Launch_Services "Maritime Launch Services") [St. Lawrence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Spaceport_Complex "Atlantic Spaceport Complex") India: 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[Hall Beach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_Beach "Hall Beach") [Resolute Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Bay "Resolute Bay") China: [Guangde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_603 "Base 603") [Nanhui](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanhui_District#Suborbital_rocket_launch_site "Nanhui District") Nazi Germany: [Blizna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_missile_launch_site,_Blizna "V-2 missile launch site, Blizna") [Greifswalder Oie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greifswalder_Oie "Greifswalder Oie") [Peenemünde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde_Army_Research_Center "Peenemünde Army Research Center") [Tuchola Forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchola_Forest "Tuchola Forest") Greece: [Koroni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koroni#Rocket_launch_site "Koroni") India: [Balasore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasore "Balasore") Italy: [Salto di Quirra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salto_di_Quirra "Salto di Quirra") Japan: [Akita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%27s_space_development#Early_days "Japan's space development") [Nii-jima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nii-jima "Nii-jima") [Obachi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obachi "Obachi") [Ryori](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryori "Ryori") Kenya / Italy: [Broglio, Malindi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broglio_Space_Center "Broglio Space Center") North Korea: [Tonghae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonghae_Satellite_Launching_Ground "Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground") Soviet Union / Russia: [Kheysa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel_Observatory "Ernst Krenkel Observatory") [Okhotsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhotsk "Okhotsk") [Svobodny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome "Svobodny Cosmodrome") Spain: [El Arenosillo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Arenosillo "El Arenosillo") Sweden: [Kronogård](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronog%C3%A5rd "Kronogård") USA: 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Readable Markdown	\| Baikonur CosmodromeБайқоңыр ғарыш айлағы ([Kazakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language "Kazakh language")) Космодром Байконур ([Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language")) \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg/250px-Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Soyuz_launch_pad.jpg)The Cosmodrome's "[Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start")" launchpad on 10 October 2008, prior to the rollout of [Soyuz TMA-13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13 "Soyuz TMA-13") \| \| \| [IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code "IATA airport code"): none [ICAO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code "ICAO airport code"): none [LID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier "Location identifier"): GC0015 \| \| \| Summary \| \| \| Airport type \| [Spaceport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport "Spaceport") \| \| Owner/Operator \| [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") Russia \| \| Location \| [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur"), [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") \| \| Built \| 1955; 71 years ago \| \| [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone "Time zone") \| [AQTT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_in_Kazakhstan "Time in Kazakhstan") ([UTC+05:00](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B05:00 "UTC+05:00")) \| \| Elevation [AMSL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Height_above_sea_level "Height above sea level") \| 90 m / 295 ft \| \| [Coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system "Geographic coordinate system") \| [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E / 45\.965°N 63.305°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:airport) \| \| Website \| [baikonurtour.com](http://baikonurtour.com/) \| \| Map \| \| \| [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazakhstan_adm_location_map.svg "Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Kazakhstan") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in Kazakhstan [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map_and_Crimea_dashed.svg "Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in Russia") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location relative to Russia (leased until 2050) [![Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soviet_Union_location_map.svg/250px-Soviet_Union_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_location_map.svg "Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Soviet Union") ![Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/20px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png) Baikonur Cosmodrome Location in the former [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") \| \| The Baikonur Cosmodrome[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-1) is a [spaceport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceport "Spaceport") operated by [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") within [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"). Located in the Kazakh city of [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur"), it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-2)\[[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")\] All Russian [crewed spaceflights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") are launched from Baikonur.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3) Situated in the [Kazakh Steppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe "Kazakh Steppe"), some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the [Aral Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea "Aral Sea") and north of the [Syr Darya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syr_Darya "Syr Darya"). It is close to [Töretam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6retam "Töretam"), a station on the [Trans-Aral Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Aral_Railway "Trans-Aral Railway"). Russia, as the official successor state to the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union"), has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet [Commonwealth of Independent States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States") (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") and the [Russian Aerospace Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Forces "Russian Aerospace Forces").\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In 1955, the [Soviet Ministry of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_$Soviet_Union$ "Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)") issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-4) It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the [Soviet space program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program "Soviet space program"). The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for [Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1") and [Vostok 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_1 "Vostok 1"). The launchpad used for both missions was renamed "[Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start")" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin"), who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-5) As of 2015 under Russian management, Baikonur is a spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-6)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-7)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-popmech-8) The Soviet government issued Scientific Research Test Range No. 5 (NIIP-5; [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first [intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile"),[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-9) the [R-7 Semyorka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka "R-7 Semyorka"). NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General [Vasily Voznyuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasily_Voznyuk&action=edit&redlink=1 "Vasily Voznyuk (page does not exist)"), influenced by [Sergey Korolyov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Korolyov "Sergey Korolyov"), the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10) Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the [Kazakh Steppe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe "Kazakh Steppe"). The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union").\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named [Leninsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur") ([Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Ленинск). [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif/330px-Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonur_CIA_U-2.gif) A [U-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2 "Lockheed U-2") spy plane photograph of R-7 launch pad in Tyuratam, taken on 5 August 1957 The American [U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2 "Lockheed U-2") found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-11) In April 1975, in preparation for the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz "Apollo–Soyuz"), the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut [Thomas Stafford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford "Thomas P. Stafford"), "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small." According to most sources, the name Baikonur was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-vs-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12)[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-13) the [Western Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Bloc "Western Bloc") to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_$Karagandy_Region$ "Baikonur (Karagandy Region)") near [Jezkazgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezkazgan "Jezkazgan"). Leninsk, the [closed city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_city "Closed city") built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed [Baikonur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur "Baikonur") on 20 December 1995 by [Boris Yeltsin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin "Boris Yeltsin"). According to NASA's history of the [Apollo-Soyuz Test Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz "Apollo–Soyuz"), the name Baikonur was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the [Tyuratam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyuratam "Tyuratam") region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-apollo-12) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BaikonurFrontGate.jpg/250px-BaikonurFrontGate.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BaikonurFrontGate.jpg) One of the main gates at Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport in Kazakhstan #### Environmental impact \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Environmental impact")\] Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the [Sakha Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_Republic "Sakha Republic") were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near [Nyurbinsky District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyurbinsky_District "Nyurbinsky District"), Russia.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-ijbch.kaznu.kz-14) [UDMH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDMH "UDMH"), a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds".[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-15) Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-16) Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational [ICBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICBM "ICBM"); the first man-made satellite, [Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1"), on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, [Luna 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1 "Luna 1"), on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin") on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, [Valentina Tereshkova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova "Valentina Tereshkova"), in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia "Czechoslovakia"), [East Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany "East Germany"), [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") and [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") have launched from Baikonur under the [Interkosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interkosmos "Interkosmos") program as well. In 1960, a prototype [R-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16_$missile$ "R-16 (missile)") ICBM [exploded before launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedelin_catastrophe "Nedelin catastrophe"), killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which [Venera 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_9 "Venera 9") and [Mars 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_3 "Mars 3") were launched. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg/330px-Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_expedition_19_launch_pad.jpg) A Soyuz rocket is erected into position at the Baikonur Cosmodrome's [Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") on 24 March 2009. The rocket launched the crew of [Expedition 19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_19 "Expedition 19") and a spaceflight participant on 26 March 2009.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-17) Following the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union "Dissolution of the Soviet Union") in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the [Commonwealth of Independent States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States "Commonwealth of Independent States"). Russia wanted to sign a [99-year lease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99-year_lease "99-year lease") for Baikonur, but agreed to a US\$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-18) On 8 June 2005, the [Russian Federation Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia "Federation Council of Russia") ratified an agreement between [Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia "Russia") and [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan") extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at US\$115,000,000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-19) In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome") in [Amur Oblast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Oblast "Amur Oblast").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-20) Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the [46th parallel north](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_parallel_north "46th parallel north")) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China").[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-21) With the conclusion of [NASA's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") [Space Shuttle program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program "Space Shuttle program") in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-NASA-3)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-22) until the launch of [Crew Dragon Demo-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2 "Crew Dragon Demo-2") in 2020. In 2019, [Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new [Soyuz-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2 "Soyuz-2") rocket with a planned first launch in 2023.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-23) The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to [Russian invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine")) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24) On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a \$29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing [invasion of Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine "Russian invasion of Ukraine").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-25)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-rfek-26)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-utk-27) On 27 November 2025, one of the cosmodrome's launchpads at [Site 31/6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31") [\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-28) sustained significant damage following the launch of the [Soyuz MS-28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_MS-28 "Soyuz MS-28") rocket carrying three astronauts to the [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-29) On March 3, 2026, Roscosmos announced the restoration of the damaged launchpad.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-30) Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both [crewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") and uncrewed [spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft "Spacecraft"). It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft: [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_$rocket_family$ "Soyuz (rocket family)"), [Proton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_$rocket$ "Proton (rocket)"), [Tsyklon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon "Tsyklon"), [Dnepr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnepr_$rocket$ "Dnepr (rocket)"), [Zenit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit_$rocket_family$ "Zenit (rocket family)") and [Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)"). Downrange from the launchpad, [spent launch equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expendable_launch_vehicle "Expendable launch vehicle") is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-31) [![Map of launchpads at Baikonur](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Baikonur_location_map.svg/250px-Baikonur_location_map.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baikonur_location_map.svg "Map of launchpads at Baikonur") ![1/5](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![31/6](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![41](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![45](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![110](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![81](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![109](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![200](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![90](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) ![250](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/20px-Red_pog.svg.png) Major launchpads at Baikonur Cosmodrome - [Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") (1957–2019): [R-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka "R-7 Semyorka"), [Vostok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_$rocket_family$ "Vostok (rocket family)"), [Voskhod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voskhod_$rocket$ "Voskhod (rocket)"), [Molniya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molniya_$rocket$ "Molniya (rocket)"), [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_$rocket_family$ "Soyuz (rocket family)") – [45°55′12″N 63°20′31″E / 45\.920°N 63.342°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.920_N_63.342_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 31/6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31"): [R-7A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7A_Semyorka "R-7A Semyorka"), Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, [Soyuz-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-2 "Soyuz-2") – [45°59′46″N 63°33′50″E / 45\.996°N 63.564°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.996_N_63.564_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 41/3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41"): [R-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-16_$missile$ "R-16 (missile)") (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – [45°58′30″N 63°39′36″E / 45\.975°N 63.660°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.975_N_63.660_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 41/4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41") : R-16 (1961–67) – [45°58′34″N 63°39′54″E / 45\.976°N 63.665°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.665_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 41/15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_41 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 41"): R-16, [Kosmos 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos-3M "Kosmos-3M") (1963–68) – [45°58′34″N 63°40′08″E / 45\.976°N 63.669°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.976_N_63.669_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 45/1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45"): [Zenit-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-2 "Zenit-2"), [Zenit-2M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-2M "Zenit-2M"), [Zenit-3M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenit-3SLB "Zenit-3SLB") – [45°56′35″N 63°39′11″E / 45\.943°N 63.653°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.943_N_63.653_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 45/2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_45 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45") (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – [45°56′24″N 63°39′18″E / 45\.940°N 63.655°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.940_N_63.655_E_type:landmark) - Pad 51: [R-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-9_Desna "R-9 Desna") (1961–62) – [45°55′26″N 63°20′28″E / 45\.924°N 63.341°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.924_N_63.341_E_type:landmark) - Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) – [46°01′08″N 64°00′58″E / 46\.019°N 64.016°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.019_N_64.016_E_type:landmark) - Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) – [46°01′05″N 64°01′05″E / 46\.018°N 64.018°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.018_N_64.018_E_type:landmark) - Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) – [46°01′01″N 64°01′05″E / 46\.017°N 64.018°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.017_N_64.018_E_type:landmark) - Pad 67/21: [Tsyklon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon "Tsyklon"), [R-36M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_$missile$ "R-36 (missile)"), R-36O, [MR-UR-100 Sotka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR-UR-100_Sotka "MR-UR-100 Sotka") (1963–72) – [45°59′20″N 63°42′18″E / 45\.989°N 63.705°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_63.705_E_type:landmark) - Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) – [45°59′24″N 63°42′25″E / 45\.990°N 63.707°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.990_N_63.707_E_type:landmark) - Pad 69: [Tsyklon-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon-2 "Tsyklon-2") - Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – [46°01′59″N 63°05′46″E / 46\.033°N 63.096°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.033_N_63.096_E_type:landmark) - Pad 75: R-9 – [45°57′47″N 63°12′07″E / 45\.963°N 63.202°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.963_N_63.202_E_type:landmark) - Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) – [46°00′25″N 64°01′12″E / 46\.007°N 64.020°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.007_N_64.020_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 81/23 (81L)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81") (inactive \>2004): [Proton-K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-K "Proton-K") – [46°04′26″N 62°58′41″E / 46\.074°N 62.978°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.074_N_62.978_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 81/24 (81P)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_81 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81"): Proton-K, [Proton-M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton-M "Proton-M") – [46°04′16″N 62°59′06″E / 46\.071°N 62.985°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.071_N_62.985_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 90/19 (90L)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90") (inactive \>1997): [UR-200](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-200 "UR-200"), [Tsyklon-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyklon-2 "Tsyklon-2") – [46°04′52″N 62°55′55″E / 46\.081°N 62.932°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.081_N_62.932_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 90/20 (90R)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 90") (inactive \>2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – [46°04′48″N 62°56′06″E / 46\.080°N 62.935°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.080_N_62.935_E_type:landmark) - Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) – [45°57′04″N 63°25′37″E / 45\.951°N 63.427°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.427_E_type:landmark) - Pad 102: R-36M (1978) – [45°55′59″N 63°26′06″E / 45\.933°N 63.435°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.933_N_63.435_E_type:landmark) - Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) – [45°57′07″N 63°26′42″E / 45\.952°N 63.445°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.952_N_63.445_E_type:landmark) - Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) – [45°59′17″N 63°25′12″E / 45\.988°N 63.420°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.988_N_63.420_E_type:landmark) - Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) – [45°57′00″N 63°29′46″E / 45\.950°N 63.496°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.950_N_63.496_E_type:landmark) - Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) – [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E / 45\.951°N 63.497°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark) - Pad 107: R-36 – [46°14′13″N 63°53′31″E / 46\.237°N 63.892°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.237_N_63.892_E_type:landmark) - Pad 108: R-36 – [46°14′20″N 63°53′42″E / 46\.239°N 63.895°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.239_N_63.895_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 109/95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_109 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 109"): [R-36M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-36_$missile$ "R-36 (missile)"), [Dnepr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnepr_$rocket$ "Dnepr (rocket)") – [45°57′04″N 63°29′49″E / 45\.951°N 63.497°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.951_N_63.497_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 110/37 (110L)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") (inactive \>1988): [N1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_$rocket$ "N1 (rocket)"), [Energia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_$rocket$ "Energia (rocket)")\-[Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)") – [45°57′54″N 63°18′18″E / 45\.965°N 63.305°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.965_N_63.305_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 110/38 (110R)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") (inactive \>1969): N1 – [45°57′43″N 63°18′36″E / 45\.962°N 63.310°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.962_N_63.310_E_type:landmark) - Pad 130: [UR-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100 "UR-100") (1965) – [46°05′10″N 62°54′58″E / 46\.086°N 62.916°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.086_N_62.916_E_type:landmark) - Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) – [46°04′19″N 62°57′22″E / 46\.072°N 62.956°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.072_N_62.956_E_type:landmark) - Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) – [46°02′13″N 63°02′53″E / 46\.037°N 63.048°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.037_N_63.048_E_type:landmark) - Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) – [45°59′49″N 63°33′11″E / 45\.997°N 63.553°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.997_N_63.553_E_type:landmark) - Pad 141: R-36 – [45°54′36″N 63°20′56″E / 45\.910°N 63.349°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.910_N_63.349_E_type:landmark) - Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) – [45°56′28″N 63°27′43″E / 45\.941°N 63.462°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.941_N_63.462_E_type:landmark) - Pad 160: R-36O – [46°04′41″N 62°56′31″E / 46\.078°N 62.942°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.078_N_62.942_E_type:landmark) - Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) – [46°02′02″N 63°03′47″E / 46\.034°N 63.063°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.034_N_63.063_E_type:landmark) - Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) – [46°01′55″N 63°04′01″E / 46\.032°N 63.067°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.032_N_63.067_E_type:landmark) - Pad 163: R-36O – [46°00′50″N 63°10′08″E / 46\.014°N 63.169°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.014_N_63.169_E_type:landmark) - Pad 164: R-36O – [45°56′38″N 63°03′50″E / 45\.944°N 63.064°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.944_N_63.064_E_type:landmark) - Pad 165: R-36O – [45°59′28″N 62°55′08″E / 45\.991°N 62.919°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.991_N_62.919_E_type:landmark) - Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) – [45°56′53″N 63°01′34″E / 45\.948°N 63.026°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.948_N_63.026_E_type:landmark) - Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N – [46°06′14″N 63°00′29″E / 46\.104°N 63.008°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.104_N_63.008_E_type:landmark) - Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) – [46°03′54″N 63°05′31″E / 46\.065°N 63.092°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.065_N_63.092_E_type:landmark) - Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) – [46°01′44″N 63°07′52″E / 46\.029°N 63.131°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.029_N_63.131_E_type:landmark) - Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K – [46°04′55″N 62°55′05″E / 46\.082°N 62.918°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.082_N_62.918_E_type:landmark) - Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, [Rokot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokot "Rokot"), [Strela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strela_$rocket$ "Strela (rocket)") – [46°03′04″N 62°59′13″E / 46\.051°N 62.987°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.051_N_62.987_E_type:landmark) - Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela – [46°03′07″N 62°59′10″E / 46\.052°N 62.986°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.052_N_62.986_E_type:landmark) - Pad 176: UR-100 – [46°01′23″N 63°02′46″E / 46\.023°N 63.046°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.023_N_63.046_E_type:landmark) - Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) – [45°58′48″N 63°06′00″E / 45\.980°N 63.100°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.980_N_63.100_E_type:landmark) - Pad 178: UR-100 – [46°01′30″N 62°53′28″E / 46\.025°N 62.891°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.025_N_62.891_E_type:landmark) - Pad 179: UR-100 – [45°59′20″N 62°57′50″E / 45\.989°N 62.964°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.989_N_62.964_E_type:landmark) - Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) – [46°03′25″N 63°01′55″E / 46\.057°N 63.032°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.057_N_63.032_E_type:landmark) - Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) – [45°58′12″N 63°11′49″E / 45\.970°N 63.197°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.970_N_63.197_E_type:landmark) - Pad 192: R-36O – [46°01′26″N 63°18′00″E / 46\.024°N 63.300°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.024_N_63.300_E_type:landmark) - Pad 193: R-36O – [45°57′11″N 63°23′20″E / 45\.953°N 63.389°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.953_N_63.389_E_type:landmark) - Pad 194: R-36O – [45°51′54″N 63°17′10″E / 45\.865°N 63.286°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.865_N_63.286_E_type:landmark) - Pad 195: R-36O – [45°47′35″N 63°16′30″E / 45\.793°N 63.275°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.793_N_63.275_E_type:landmark) - Pad 196: R-36O – [45°49′41″N 63°08′49″E / 45\.828°N 63.147°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.828_N_63.147_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 200/39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200") (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – [46°02′24″N 63°01′55″E / 46\.040°N 63.032°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.040_N_63.032_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 200/40](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200") (200R): Proton-K (inactive \>1991) – [46°02′10″N 63°02′17″E / 46\.036°N 63.038°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.036_N_63.038_E_type:landmark) - Pad 241: R-36O – [45°51′29″N 63°27′22″E / 45\.858°N 63.456°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.858_N_63.456_E_type:landmark) - Pad 242: R-36O – [45°56′42″N 63°28′52″E / 45\.945°N 63.481°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.945_N_63.481_E_type:landmark) - Pad 243: R-36O – [45°51′18″N 63°44′13″E / 45\.855°N 63.737°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.855_N_63.737_E_type:landmark) - Pad 244: R-36O – [45°50′24″N 63°38′02″E / 45\.840°N 63.634°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.840_N_63.634_E_type:landmark) - Pad 245: R-36O – [45°49′05″N 63°31′37″E / 45\.818°N 63.527°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.818_N_63.527_E_type:landmark) - Pad 246: R-36O – [45°45′58″N 63°25′23″E / 45\.766°N 63.423°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=45.766_N_63.423_E_type:landmark) - [Pad 250](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250") (inactive \>1987): Energia – [46°00′29″N 63°18′18″E / 46\.008°N 63.305°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Baikonur_Cosmodrome&params=46.008_N_63.305_E_type:landmark) As part of the [Buran programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme"), several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters: - [Site 110](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_110 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 110") – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the [Soviet lunar landing program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs "Soviet crewed lunar programs") and later converted for the Energia-Buran program. - Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their [Energia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_$rocket$ "Energia (rocket)") launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [VAB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building "Vehicle Assembly Building") at [KSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center")). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the [N1 Moon rocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_$rocket$ "N1 (rocket)"). After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that [orbiter 1K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.01_$Buran-class_spacecraft$ "1.01 (Buran-class spacecraft)") was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-32)[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-33) - Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the [SLF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle_Landing_Facility "Shuttle Landing Facility") at [KSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center")). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special [mate–demate devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate-Demate_Device "Mate-Demate Device"); PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the [Antonov An-225 Mriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the [Myasishchev VM-T Atlant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasishchev_VM-T "Myasishchev VM-T") and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-34) A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-35)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-36) - Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the [OPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbiter_Processing_Facility "Orbiter Processing Facility") at [KSC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center")). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the [Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_$spacecraft$ "Soyuz (spacecraft)") and [Progress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_$spacecraft$ "Progress (spacecraft)") spacecraft.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-37) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg/250px-Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-16_launch_vehicle_being_transported_to_pad.jpg) A Soyuz TMA-16 launch vehicle being transported to launchpad at Baikonur in 2009. All Baikonur's [logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics "Logistics") are based on its own intra-site [1,520 mm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways "5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways") (4 ft 11\+27⁄32 in) [gauge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_gauge "Track gauge") [railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway "Railway") network, which is the largest [industrial railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_railway "Industrial railway") on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special [Schnabel cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnabel_car "Schnabel car"). Once part of the [Soviet Railroad Troops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Railway_Troops "Russian Railway Troops"), the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to [the public railway of Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Temir_Joly "Kazakhstan Temir Joly") and the rest of the world. The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose [airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport "Airport"), serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow "Moscow") to the smaller [Krayniy Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayniy_Airport "Krayniy Airport") ([IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code "IATA airport code"): BXY, [ICAO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code "ICAO airport code"): UAOL), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger [Yubileyniy Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yubileyniy_Airport "Yubileyniy Airport") (Юбилейный аэропорт) ([IATA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code "IATA airport code"): UAON) was where the [Buran orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)") was transported to Baikonur on the back of the [Antonov An-225 Mriya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-225_Mriya "Antonov An-225 Mriya") cargo aircraft. Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled [ballistic missiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile "Ballistic missile"). The official (and secret) name of the center was State Test Range No. 5 or 5 GIK. It remained under the control of the Soviet and [Russian Ministry of Defense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_$Russia$ "Ministry of Defense (Russia)") until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] In 2006, the head of Roscosmos, [Anatoly Perminov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Perminov "Anatoly Perminov"), said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an [SS-19 Stiletto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UR-100N "UR-100N") missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-38) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg/250px-%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5_1.02_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_4.jpg) OK-MT (foreground) and [OK-1.02](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptichka "Ptichka") (background) in storage at Baikonur Cosmodrome in 2020. On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the [Bayterek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_250 "Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250") ("[poplar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populus "Populus") tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian [Angara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angara_$rocket$ "Angara (rocket)") rocket launcher.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-39) This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to [low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit"), compared to 20 tons using the [Proton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_$rocket$ "Proton (rocket)") system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US\$223 million over 19 years.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-40) As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-observer-41) As of 2025, the first test launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for December 2025.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-BRSC25-42)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-43) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Buran_baikonur.jpg/250px-Buran_baikonur.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buran_baikonur.jpg) [Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)") test article OK-ML-1 at Baikonur Museum The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer [Sergei Korolev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Korolev "Sergei Korolev") and the first [cosmonaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonaut "Cosmonaut"), [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin"). Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet [Buran programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme "Buran programme") sits next to the museum entrance. The only [completed orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_$spacecraft$ "Buran (spacecraft)"), which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-45)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-46) For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see [Buran programme § List of vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_programme#List_of_vehicles "Buran programme"). The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SputnikTestModel.jpg/250px-SputnikTestModel.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SputnikTestModel.jpg) The [Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1") satellite test model is shown at the Baikonur Cosmodrome Museum of Space History in Kazakhstan. Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule. In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-47) In 2023, a plan was announced to add the [Gagarin's Start](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start "Gagarin's Start") launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_note-gagarinsstartintoamuseum-24) - [Vostochny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome "Vostochny Cosmodrome") - [Plesetsk Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome "Plesetsk Cosmodrome") - [Svobodny Cosmodrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome "Svobodny Cosmodrome") - [Kapustin Yar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar "Kapustin Yar") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-2) ["Baikonur Cosmodrome 45.9 N 63.3 E"](https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/facility/baikonur.htm). FAS.org. 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[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-32) ["Energia-Buran processing complex at Site 112 and 112A"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150706112853/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_112.html) on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 32. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-33) ["Buran The end"](http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191348/http://www.buran-energia.com/bourane-buran/bourane-fin.php) from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 33. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-34) Hendrickx, Bart; Vis, Bert (2007). [Energiya-Buran: the Soviet space shuttle](https://www.worldcat.org/title/153582339). Springer-Praxis books in space exploration. Berlin; New York; Chichester, UK: Springer; Published in association with Praxis Pub. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-387-69848-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69848-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-387-69848-9") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [153582339](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/153582339). 34. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-35) ["Buran landing facility at Site 251 in Baikonur"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150225010245/http://russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_251.html) on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 35. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-36) ["UAON pilot info @ OurAirports"](http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160318230945/http://ourairports.com/airports/UAON/pilot-info.html) from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 36. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-37) ["Buran processing facility at Site 254 in Baikonur"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150809030907/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_energia_254.html) on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2016. 37. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-38) ["Russia test-fires old missile to extend lifespan"](https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022). Reuters. 22 October 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201019133013/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE49L2L320081022) from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017. 38. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-39) ["'Baiterek' Space Launch Complex"](https://web.archive.org/web/20060630022023/http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499). [Khrunichev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khrunichev "Khrunichev") State Research and Production Space Center. Archived from [the original](http://www.khrunichev.ru/khrunichev_eng/live/full_proect.asp?id=13499) on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2006. 39. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-40) ["Kazakh President Signs Law Re Baiterek Rocket Center"](http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html). www.spacedaily.com. 24 October 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150913042620/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Kazakh_President_Signs_Law_Re_Baiterek_Rocket_Center.html) from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015. 40. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-observer_41-0) Vorontsov, Dmitri; Igor Afanasyev (10 November 2009). ["Angara getting ready for launch"](http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch). Russia CIS Observer. 3 (26). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100101014026/http://www.ato.ru/content/angara-getting-ready-launch) from the original on 1 January 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2010. 41. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-BRSC25_42-0) ["Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex set to launch in 2025"](http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/). The Astana Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170327080824/http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/baiterek-rocket-and-space-complex-set-to-launch-in-2025/) from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017. 42. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-43) ["Kazakhstan to spend above 60 bln tenge for 1st Launch From Baiterek Space Complex"](https://qazinform.com/news/kazakhstan-to-spend-above-60-bln-tenge-for-1st-launch-from-baiterek-space-complex-98bff1). 4 September 2025. 43. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-44) Whitehouse, David (13 May 2002). ["Russia's space dreams abandoned"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm). [bbc.co.uk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bbc.co.uk "Bbc.co.uk"). [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070320062353/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1985631.stm) from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 14 November 2007. 44. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-45) ["Buran.ru: Photo of collapsed hangar"](http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170725051823/http://buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur89.jpg) from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2013. 45. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-46) ["Buran.ru: Remains of Buran photo with right front windscreen still visible under the debris"](http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061220094227/http://www.buran.ru/images/jpg/bbur90.jpg) from the original on 20 December 2006. Retrieved 24 February 2013. 46. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-47) Adelya Dauletkyzy (16 June 2021). ["Kazakhstan Selects Top 10 Tourist Destinations"](https://astanatimes.com/2021/06/kazakhstan-selects-top-10-tourist-destinations/). The Astana Times. Retrieved 27 September 2021. 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome#cite_ref-1) - [Kazakh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language "Kazakh language"): Байқоңыр ғарыш айлағы, [romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Kazakh "Romanization of Kazakh"): Baiqoñyr ğaryş ailağy [\[bɑjqoˈŋɤr ʁɑˈrəʃ ɑjɫɑˈʁə\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh "Help:IPA/Kazakh"); [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language "Russian language"): Космодром Байконур, [romanized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian "Romanization of Russian"): Kosmodrom Baykonur [\[kəsmɐˈdrom bəjkɐˈnur\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian "Help:IPA/Russian") - J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", [Nauka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauka_$publisher$ "Nauka (publisher)"), 1994, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-02-000822-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2 "Special:BookSources/5-02-000822-2") - ["Rockets and people"](http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html) – [B. E. Chertok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Chertok "Boris Chertok"), M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-217-02942-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-217-02942-0 "Special:BookSources/5-217-02942-0") (in Russian) - "A breakthrough in space" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, – [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-87955-001-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87955-001-X "Special:BookSources/5-87955-001-X") - "At risk," – A. A. Toul, [Kaluga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga "Kaluga"), "the Golden path", 2001, – [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-7111-0333-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7111-0333-1 "Special:BookSources/5-7111-0333-1") `{{isbn}}`: ignored ISBN errors ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ignored_ISBN_errors "Category:Ignored ISBN errors")) - "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – [A.I. Ostashev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Ostashev "Arkady Ostashev"), Korolev, 2001.[Bibliography 1996–2004](http://cosmosravelin.narod.ru/r-space/bibliografia.html) - "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk, [Voronezh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voronezh "Voronezh"): IPF "Voronezh", 1997, [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-89981-117-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89981-117-X "Special:BookSources/5-89981-117-X") - "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-91017-018-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-91017-018-X "Special:BookSources/5-91017-018-X") . - "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-7030-0969-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7030-0969-3 "Special:BookSources/5-7030-0969-3") - "Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [5-8155-0051-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8155-0051-8 "Special:BookSources/5-8155-0051-8") - "Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C., [Kyiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv "Kyiv"), 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-966-136-169-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9 "Special:BookSources/978-966-136-169-9") - [Mike Gruntman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gruntman "Mike Gruntman") (2019), "From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome", Acta Astronautica, 155, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366, [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_$identifier$ "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2019AcAau.155..350G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AcAau.155..350G), [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_$identifier$ "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2018.12.021), [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_$identifier$ "S2CID (identifier)") [116406451](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116406451) - "I look back and have no regrets. " – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-5-00202-034-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-00202-034-8 "Special:BookSources/978-5-00202-034-8") - Baikonur Cosmodrome [historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002)](http://www.buran.ru/htm/baykonur.htm) on [buran.ru](http://www.buran.ru/) – [NPO Molniya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPO_Molniya "NPO Molniya"), maker of Russian space shuttle [Buran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_program "Buran program") - [RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur.html) - [360° interactive panoramas](http://www.360pano.eu/baikonur/) of Baikonur Cosmodrome - [Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign](http://stefane.carlier.free.fr/Baikonur/wiki_EN/) - ["World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome."](http://sometimes-interesting.com/2014/05/26/scientific-test-range-no-5-the-baikonur-cosmodrome/) Sometimes Interesting. 26 May 2014 - [Nedelin Disaster](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r16_disaster.html) // RussianSpaceWeb.com (in English) - [Baikonur Cosmodrome](https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome) at [Memory Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_Alpha "Memory Alpha")
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