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URLhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado
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Avocado Avocado fruit and foliage, RĂ©union island Whole and halved Hass avocados grown in Colombia Conservation status Least Concern  ( IUCN 3.1 ) [ 1 ] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Tracheophytes Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Magnoliids Order: Laurales Family: Lauraceae Genus: Persea Species: P. americana Binomial name Persea americana Mill. Synonyms [ 2 ] synonymy Laurus persea L. Persea americana var. angustifolia Miranda Persea americana var. drymifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) S.F. Blake Persea americana var. nubigena (L.O. Williams) L.E. Kopp Persea drymifolia Cham. & Schltdl. Persea edulis Raf. Persea floccosa Mez Persea gigantea L.O. Williams Persea gratissima C.F.Gaertn. Persea gratissima var. drimyfolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) Mez Persea gratissima var. macrophylla Meisn. Persea gratissima var. oblonga Meisn. Persea gratissima var. praecox Nees Persea gratissima var. vulgaris Meisn. Persea leiogyna Blake Persea nubigena L.O. Williams Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis L.O. Williams Persea paucitriplinervia Lundell Persea persea (L.) Cockerell Persea steyermarkii C.K. Allen The avocado , alligator pear or avocado pear ( Persea americana ) is an evergreen tree in the laurel family ( Lauraceae ). It is native to the Americas , with archaeological evidence of early human avocado use dating back thousands of years across various regions of Central and South America. [ 3 ] It was prized for its large and unusually oily fruit . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The native range of avocado ( Persea americana ) extends from Mexico to Peru, encompassing much of Central America and parts of northern and western South America. [ 8 ] Its fruit, sometimes also referred to as an alligator pear or avocado pear , is botanically a large berry containing a single large seed. [ 9 ] Sequencing of its genome showed that the evolution of avocados was shaped by polyploidy events and that commercial varieties have a hybrid origin. [ 10 ] Avocado trees are partly self-pollinating , and are often propagated through grafting to maintain consistent fruit output. [ 11 ] Avocados are presently cultivated in the tropical and Mediterranean climates of many countries. [ 5 ] As of 2023 , Mexico is the world's leading producer of avocados, supplying 29% of the global harvest of 10.5 million tonnes . [ 12 ] The fruit of domestic varieties have smooth, buttery, golden-green flesh when ripe. Depending on the cultivar , avocados have green, brown, purplish, or black skin, and may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. For commercial purposes, the fruits are picked while unripe and ripened after harvesting. The nutrient density and high fat content of avocado flesh are advantages for various cuisines, including vegetarian diets. [ 13 ] In major production regions like Chile , Mexico and California , the water demands of avocado farms place strain on local resources. [ 14 ] Avocado production is implicated in other externalities , including deforestation and human rights concerns associated with the partial control of their production in Mexico by organized crime . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Global warming is expected to result in significant changes to the suitable growing zones for avocados, and place additional pressures on the locales in which they are produced due to heat waves and drought. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Description Persea americana is a tree that grows to 9–20 m (30–66 ft) with a trunk diameter between 0.3–0.6 m (1–2 ft). The leaves are 8–25 cm (3–10 in) long and alternately arranged. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Flower Panicles of flowers with deciduous bracts arise from new growth or the axils of leaves. The tree flowers thousands of blossoms every year. Avocado blossoms sprout from racemes near the leaf axils; they are small and inconspicuous 5–10 mm ( 3 ⁄ 16 – 3 ⁄ 8  in) wide. They have no petals but instead two whorls of three pale-green or greenish-yellow downy perianth lobes, each blossom has 9 stamens with 2 basal orange nectar glands. [ 21 ] [ 5 ] Fruit Avocado flower Pollen grains of avocado The avocado fruit is a climacteric , [ 23 ] single-seeded berry , due to the imperceptible endocarp covering the seed, [ 9 ] [ 24 ] rather than a drupe . [ 25 ] The pear-shaped fruit is usually 7–20 cm (3–8 in) long, weighs between 100 and 1,000 g ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 35 + 1 ⁄ 2  oz), and has a large central seed , 5–6.4 cm (2– 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) long. [ 5 ] Early wild avocados prior to domestication had much smaller seeds around 2.1–2.2 centimetres (0.83–0.87 in) in diameter, likely corresponding to smaller fruit size. [ 26 ] The species produces various cultivars with larger, fleshier fruits with a thinner exocarp because of selective breeding by humans. [ 27 ] Taxonomy and evolution The species was scientifically named by the British botanist Philip Miller in 1768. [ 28 ] The genus Persea to which the avocado belongs is considered to have a North American origin, with Persea suggested to have diversified in Central America during the Pleistocene epoch. [ 29 ] The modern avocado is thought to have speciated from other Persea during the Pleistocene, estimated at around either 1.3 million or 430,000 years ago. [ 30 ] A number of authors, including Connie Barlow in her 2001 book The Ghosts of Evolution , have speculated that the avocado is an " evolutionary anachronism " with megafaunal dispersal syndrome (a concept originally proposed in the 1980s by Paul S. Martin and Daniel H. Janzen [ 31 ] ), arguing that the avocado likely coevolved dispersal of its large seed by now-extinct megafauna . [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Barlow proposed that the dispersers included the gomphothere (elephant relative) Cuvieronius , as well as ground sloths , toxodontids , and glyptodonts . [ 32 ] The concept of evolutionary anachronisms/megafaunal dispersal syndrome has been criticised by some authors, who note that many large fruit are readily dispersed by non-megafaunal animals, [ 34 ] with it being noted that living agoutis disperse avocado seeds, [ 35 ] [ 36 ] with spectacled bears also having been observed eating domestic avocados. [ 37 ] History First international air shipment of avocados from Los Angeles to Toronto for the Canadian National Exhibition , 1927 The earliest known written account of the avocado in Europe is that of MartĂ­n FernĂĄndez de Enciso ( c.  1470  – 1528) in 1519 in his book, Suma De Geographia Que Trata De Todas Las Partidas Y Provincias Del Mundo , while describing the native settlement of Yaharo (present-day Dibulla , Colombia). [ 38 ] [ 39 ] The first detailed account that unequivocally describes the avocado was given by Gonzalo FernĂĄndez de Oviedo y ValdĂ©s in his work Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias in 1526, while holding administrative Spanish colonial duties in Santo Domingo and visiting Castilla de Oro . [ 40 ] The first written record in English of the use of the word 'avocado' was by Hans Sloane , who coined the term, [ 40 ] in a 1696 index of Jamaican plants. Etymology The word avocado comes from the Spanish aguacate , which derives from the Nahuatl (Mexican) word āhuacatl [aːˈwakatÍĄÉŹ] , [ 41 ] which goes back to the proto-Aztecan * pa:wa . [ 42 ] In Molina's Nahuatl dictionary "auacatl" is given also as the translation for compañón "testicle", [ 43 ] and this has been taken up in popular culture where a frequent claim is that testicle was the word's original meaning. This is not the case, as the original meaning can be reconstructed as "avocado" – rather the word seems to have been used in Nahuatl as a euphemism for "testicle". [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The modern English name comes from a rendering of the Spanish aguacate as avogato . The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1697 as avogato pear , later avocado pear (due to its shape), a term sometimes corrupted to alligator pear . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 5 ] Regional names In Central American, Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, and Spain [ 49 ] it is known by the Mexican Spanish name aguacate , while South American Spanish-speaking countries Argentina, Chile, PerĂș and Uruguay use a Quechua -derived word, palta . [ 50 ] In Portuguese, it is abacate . The Nahuatl āhuacatl can be compounded with other words, as in ahuacamolli , meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word guacamole derives. [ 51 ] In Trinidad and Tobago , it is known as 'Zaboca', which is derived from the French Creole, 'l'avocat'. In the United Kingdom the term avocado pear , applied when avocados first became commonly available in the 1960s, is sometimes used. [ 52 ] Originating as a diminutive in Australian English , a clipped form, avo , has since become a common colloquialism in South Africa and the United Kingdom. [ 53 ] It is known as "butter fruit" in parts of India [ 54 ] and Hong Kong. [ 55 ] Cultivation Domestication and cultivation history Domestication, leading to genetically distinct cultivars, is traditionally believed to have originated in the Tehuacan Valley [ 56 ] in the state of Puebla , Mexico. [ 57 ] However, archaeological findings suggest a much earlier human interaction with the fruit. The oldest known avocado remains were discovered at Huaca Prieta, a preceramic site on the northern coast of Peru, where humans were consuming avocados as early as 10,500 years ago. [ 3 ] This predates other known evidence, such as avocado pits found in Coxcatlan Cave , dating from around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago, which was previously thought to be the oldest discovery of an avocado pit. [ 56 ] [ 58 ] Other caves in the Tehuacan Valley from around the same time period also show early evidence for the presence and consumption of avocado. [ 56 ] In addition to early archaeological evidence from Peru, [ 3 ] genetic and linguistic research has identified three major domesticated avocado landraces —Guatemalan ( quilaoacatl ), Mexican ( aoacatl ), and West Indian ( tlacacolaocatl )—which developed in distinct ecological regions of Mesoamerica and Central America. [ 40 ] [ 58 ] The Guatemalan and Mexican landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru, [ 40 ] achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans. [ 58 ] The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled [ a ] in pre-Columbian America and were described in the Florentine Codex . [ 58 ] As a result of artificial selection , the fruit and correspondingly the seeds of cultivated avocados became considerably larger relative to their earlier wild forebears millennia before the Columbian exchange. [ 26 ] The earliest residents of northern coastal Peru were living in temporary camps in an ancient wetland and eating avocados, along with chilies, mollusks, sharks, birds, and sea lions. [ 3 ] There is additional evidence for avocado use at Norte Chico civilization sites in Peru at Caballo Muerto in Peru from around 3,800 to 4,500 years ago. [ 56 ] Native Oaxaca criollo avocados, the ancestral form of today's domesticated varieties The avocado tree has a long history of cultivation in Central and South America, now known to be much earlier than previously thought. [ 3 ] [ 57 ] A water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre- Inca city of Chan Chan . [ 59 ] The plant was introduced to Spain in 1601, Indonesia around 1750, Mauritius in 1780, Brazil in 1809, the United States mainland in 1825, South Africa and Australia in the late 19th century, and the Ottoman Empire in 1908. [ 58 ] In the United States, the avocado was introduced to Florida and Hawaii in 1833 and in California in 1856. [ 58 ] The name avocado has been used in English since at least 1764, with minor spelling variants such as avogato attested even earlier. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] [ 62 ] The avocado was commonly referred to in California as ahuacate and in Florida as alligator pear until 1915, when the California Avocado Association popularized the term avocado. [ 58 ] Requirements Persea americana , young avocado plant (seedling), complete with parted pit and roots As a subtropical species, avocados need a climate without frost and with little wind. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination. [ original research? ] When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur; although the ' Hass ' cultivar can tolerate temperatures down to −1 °C. [ original research? ] Several cold-hardy varieties [ specify ] [ which? ] are planted in the region of Gainesville, Florida , which survive temperatures as low as −6.5 °C (20 °F) with only minor leaf damage. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep. [ original research? ] However, Guatemalan varieties such as "MacArthur", "Rincon", or "Nabal" can withstand temperatures down to −1.6 °C (29 °F). [ 63 ] According to information published by the Water Footprint Network , it takes an average of approximately 70 litres (18 US gallons; 15 imperial gallons) of applied fresh ground or surface water, not including rainfall or natural moisture in the soil, to grow one avocado (283 L/kg [33.9 US gal/lb; 28.2 imp gal/lb]). However, the amount of water needed depends on where it is grown; for example, in the main avocado-growing region of Chile, about 320 L (85 US gal; 70 imp gal) of applied water are needed to grow one avocado (1,280 L/kg [153 US gal/lb; 128 imp gal/lb]). [ 64 ] Increasing demand and production of avocados may cause water shortages in some avocado production areas, such as the Mexican state of MichoacĂĄn . [ 14 ] [ 65 ] Avocados may also cause environmental and socioeconomic impacts in major production areas, illegal deforestation , and water disputes . [ 14 ] [ 65 ] Water requirements for growing avocados are three times higher than for apples, and 18 times higher than for tomatoes. [ 65 ] Harvest and postharvest Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 20 tonnes per hectare. [ 66 ] Biennial bearing can be a problem, with heavy crops in one year being followed by poor yields the next. Like the banana, the avocado is a climacteric fruit, which matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers at 3.3 to 5.6 °C (37.9 to 42.1 °F) until they reach their final destination. Avocados must be mature to ripen properly. Avocados that fall off the tree ripen on the ground. Generally, the fruit is picked once it reaches maturity; Mexican growers pick 'Hass' avocados when they have more than 23% dry matter, and other producing countries have similar standards. Once picked, avocados ripen in one to two weeks (depending on the cultivar) at room temperature (faster if stored with other fruits such as apples or bananas, because of the influence of ethylene gas). Some supermarkets sell ripened avocados which have been treated with synthetic ethylene to hasten ripening. [ 67 ] The use of an ethylene gas "ripening room", which is now an industry standard, was pioneered in the 1980s by farmer Gil Henry of Escondido, California , in response to footage from a hidden supermarket camera which showed shoppers repeatedly squeezing hard, unripe avocados, putting them "back in the bin", and moving on without making a purchase. [ 68 ] In some cases, avocados can be left on the tree for several months, which is an advantage to commercial growers who seek the greatest return for their crop, but if the fruit remains unpicked for too long, it falls to the ground. Breeding A seedless avocado, or cuke, growing next to two regular Ettinger avocados The species is only partially able to self-pollinate because of dichogamy in its flowering. This limitation, added to the long juvenile period, makes the species difficult to breed. Most cultivars are propagated by grafting , having originated from random seedling plants or minor mutations derived from cultivars. Modern breeding programs tend to use isolation plots where the chances of cross- pollination are reduced. That is the case for programs at the University of California, Riverside , as well as the Volcani Centre and the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias in Chile. The avocado is unusual in that the timing of the male and female flower phases differs among cultivars. The two flowering types are A and B. A-cultivar flowers open as female on the morning of the first day and close in late morning or early afternoon. Then they open as male in the afternoon of the second day. B varieties open as female on the afternoon of the first day, close in late afternoon and reopen as male the following morning. A cultivars: 'Hass', 'Gwen', 'Lamb Hass', 'Pinkerton', 'Reed' B cultivars: 'Fuerte', 'Sharwil', 'Zutano', 'Bacon', 'Ettinger', 'Sir Prize', 'Walter Hole' [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Certain cultivars, such as the 'Hass', have a tendency to bear well only in alternate years. After a season with a low yield, due to factors such as cold (which the avocado does not tolerate well), the trees tend to produce abundantly the next season. In addition, due to environmental circumstances during some years, seedless avocados may appear on the trees. [ 71 ] Known in the avocado industry as "cukes", they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size. [ 72 ] Propagation and rootstocks A common technique to germinate avocados at home is to use toothpicks poked into the avocado pit to suspend the pit partially in water. Young avocado sprout Avocados can be propagated by seed, taking roughly four to six years to bear fruit, although in some cases seedlings can take 10 years to come into bearing. [ 73 ] The offspring is unlikely to be identical to the parent cultivar in fruit quality. Prime quality varieties are therefore propagated by grafting to rootstocks that are propagated by seed (seedling rootstocks) or by layering (clonal rootstocks). After about a year of growing in a greenhouse, the young rootstocks are ready to be grafted. Terminal and lateral grafting is normally used. The scion cultivar grows for another 6–12 months before the tree is ready to be sold. Clonal rootstocks are selected for tolerance of specific soil and disease conditions, such as poor soil aeration or resistance to the soil-borne disease (root rot) caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi . Advances in cloning techniques that can produce up to 500 new plants from a single millimetre of tree cutting have the potential to increase the availability of rootstocks. [ 74 ] Commercial avocado production is limited to a small fraction of the vast genetic diversity in the species. Conservation of this genetic diversity has relied largely on field collection, as avocado seeds often do not survive storage in seed banks. This is problematic, as field preservation of living cultivars is expensive, and habitat loss threatens wild cultivars. More recently, an alternate method of conservation has been developed based on cryopreservation of avocado somatic embryos with reliable methods for somatic embryogenesis and reconstitution into living trees. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As a houseplant Avocado houseplant leaf with ruler to indicate size (numbers in cm) The avocado tree can be grown domestically and used as a decorative houseplant . The pit germinates in normal soil conditions or partially submerged in a small glass (or container) of water. In the latter method, the pit sprouts in four to six weeks, at which time it is planted in standard houseplant potting soil. The plant normally grows large enough to be prunable; it does not bear fruit unless it has ample sunlight. Home gardeners can graft a branch from a fruit-bearing plant to speed maturity, which typically takes four to six years to bear fruit. [ 77 ] Pests and diseases P. americana , avocado plant flowers Avocado trees are vulnerable to bacterial, viral , fungal , and nutritional diseases (excesses and deficiencies of key minerals). Disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting, and discoloration. [ 78 ] The pyriform scale insect ( Protopulvinaria pyriformis ) is known from Australia, South Africa, Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Cuba, Florida, [ 79 ] and Peru. It is normally found on avocado, and in Peru it is said to be the worst insect pest of the fruit. Certain cultivars of avocado seem more susceptible to attack by the scale than others. [ 80 ] Cultivation by location Cultivation in Mexico Mexico is by far the world's largest avocado growing country, producing several times more than the second largest producer. [ 81 ] In 2013, the total area dedicated to avocado production was 188,723 hectares (466,340 acres), and the harvest was 2.03 million tonnes in 2017. [ 12 ] The states that produce the most are MĂ©xico , Morelos , Nayarit , Puebla , and Michoacan, accounting for 86% of the total. In MichoacĂĄn, the cultivation is complicated by the existence of drug cartels that extort protection fees from cultivators. They are reported to exact 2,000 Mexican pesos per hectare from avocado farmers and 1 to 3 pesos/kg of harvested fruit. [ 82 ] It is such a problem that the phrase blood guacamole has been adopted to describe the social effects in Mexico of the vast worldwide demand for its fruits. [ 83 ] Cultivation in California Avocados were introduced to California from Nicaragua in the early 1850s, when avocado trees imported from the Central American country were observed and reported growing near San Gabriel. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] [ 86 ] The avocado has since become a successful cash crop . About 24,000 hectares (59,000 acres) – as of 2015, some 80% of United States avocado production – is located in Southern California . [ 83 ] Avocado is the official fruit of the state of California. [ 87 ] Fallbrook, California , claims, without official recognition, the title of "Avocado Capital of the World" (also claimed by the town of Uruapan in Mexico [ 88 ] ), and both it and Carpinteria, California , host annual avocado festivals. The California Avocado Commission and the California Avocado Society are the two major grower organizations and Calavo Growers is a major distributor. Cultivation in Peru 'Hass' avocado production in Peru encompasses thousands of hectares in central and western Peru. [ 89 ] Peru has now become the largest supplier of avocados imported to the European Union and the second largest supplier to Asia and the United States. [ 90 ] The country's location near the equator and along the Pacific Ocean creates consistently mild temperatures all year. 'Hass' avocados from Peru are seasonally available to consumers from May through September and are promoted under the auspices of the Peruvian Avocado Commission, headquartered in Washington, D.C. Cultivation in Chile Chile has produced avocados for over 100 years with production increasing dramatically in the early 1980s due to global demand. New York magazine reported in 2015 that "Large avocado growers are draining the country's groundwater and rivers faster than they can replenish themselves." [ 83 ] 88% of total production and 99% of exported avocados from Chile are Hass avocados. Avocados are a staple fruit in Chile with 30% of production destined for the domestic market. No import tariffs are imposed on Chilean avocados by China, the United States, or the European Union due to free trade agreements. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] Cultivars A cultivars 'Choquette' : Avocado 'Choquette' grafted A seedling from Miami, Florida. 'Choquette' bore large fruit of good eating quality in large quantities and had good disease resistance, and thus became a major cultivar. Today 'Choquette' is widely propagated in south Florida both for commercial growing and for home growing. [ 93 ] 'Gwen': A seedling bred from 'Hass' x 'Thille' in 1982, 'Gwen' is higher yielding and more dwarfing than 'Hass' in California. The fruit has an oval shape, slightly smaller than 'Hass' ( 100–200 g or 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 –7 oz), with a rich, nutty flavor. The skin texture is more finely pebbled than 'Hass', and is dull green when ripe. It is frost-hardy down to −1 °C (30 °F). [ 94 ] 'Hass' : Two 'Hass' avocados The 'Hass' is the most common cultivar of avocado. It produces fruit year-round and accounts for 80% of cultivated avocados in the world. [ 39 ] [ 95 ] All 'Hass' trees are descended from a single "mother tree" raised by a mail carrier named Rudolph Hass , of La Habra Heights, California . [ 38 ] [ 95 ] Hass patented the productive tree in 1935. The "mother tree", of uncertain subspecies, died of root rot and was cut down in September 2002. [ 39 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] 'Lula' : A seedling reportedly grown from a 'Taft' avocado planted in Miami on the property of George Cellon, it is named after Cellon's wife, Lula. It was likely a cross between Guatemalan and Mexican types. 'Lula' was recognized for its flavor and high oil content and propagated commercially in Florida. 'Maluma' : A relatively new cultivar, it was discovered in South Africa in the early 1990s by Mr. A.G. (Dries) Joubert. It is a chance seedling of unknown parentage. 'Pinkerton': First grown on the Pinkerton Ranch in Saticoy, California , in the early 1970s, 'Pinkerton' is a seedling of 'Hass' x 'Rincon'. The large fruit has a small seed, and its green skin deepens in color as it ripens. The thick flesh has a smooth, creamy texture, pale green color, good flavor, and high oil content. It shows some cold tolerance, to −1 °C (30 °F) and bears consistently heavy crops. A hybrid Guatemalan type, it has excellent peeling characteristics. [ citation needed ] 'Reed': Developed from a chance seedling found in 1948 by James S. Reed in California, this cultivar has large, round, green fruit with a smooth texture and dark, thick, glossy skin. Smooth and delicate, the flesh has a slightly nutty flavor. The skin ripens green. A Guatemalan type, it is hardy to −1 °C (30 °F). Tree size is about 5 by 4 m ( 16 + 1 ⁄ 2 by 13 ft). [ citation needed ] B cultivars 'Fuerte' : Commercialized in the U.S. from budwood imported from Atlixco , Mexico in 1911, [ 97 ] Fuerte was the dominant commercial variety in the U.S. for the first half of the 20th century. [ 98 ] 'Sharwil': Developed by James Cockburn Wilson (died 1990) with Frank Victor Sharpe in Tamborine Mountain , Queensland, Australia, in the 1950s, a portmanteau of Sharpe and Wilson. [ 99 ] Wilson also developed the Willard variety (Wilson and Hazzard), imported the Reed variety into Australia, and developed the Shepard variety. Sharpe OBE was later awarded a CMG in 1972 for services to the avocado industry. The variety originated in Guatemala. [ 100 ] Other cultivars Other avocado cultivars include 'Spinks' . Historically attested varieties (which may or may not survive among horticulturists ) include the 'Challenge', 'Dickinson', 'Kist', 'Queen', 'Rey', 'Royal', 'Sharpless', and 'Taft'. [ 101 ] Stoneless avocado A stoneless avocado, marketed as a "cocktail avocado", which does not contain a pit, is available on a limited basis. They are five to eight centimetres long; the whole fruit may be eaten, including the skin. It is produced from an unpollinated blossom in which the seed does not develop. [ 102 ] Seedless avocados regularly appear on trees. [ 103 ] Known in the avocado industry as "cukes", they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size. [ 104 ] Production Avocado production Avocado production 2023, millions of tonnes   Mexico 2.97   Colombia 1.09   Dominican Republic 1.02   Peru 0.98   Indonesia 0.87   Kenya 0.54 World 10.47 Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations [ 12 ] In 2023, world production of avocados was 10.5 million tonnes, led by Mexico with 29% (3 million tonnes) of the total (table). Other major producers were Colombia , Dominican Republic , Peru , and Indonesia . [ 12 ] International market A 2024 market analysis indicated that avocado exports will increase over the next five years with as many as 30 countries producing avocados, possibly becoming the world's most traded fruit by 2030. [ 105 ] Toxicity Allergies Some people have allergic reactions to avocado. There are two main forms of allergy: those with a tree-pollen allergy develop local symptoms in the mouth and throat shortly after eating avocado; the second, known as latex-fruit syndrome, [ 106 ] is related to latex allergy [ 107 ] and symptoms include generalised urticaria , abdominal pain, and vomiting and can sometimes be life-threatening. [ 108 ] Toxicity to animals Avocado leaves, bark , skin, or pit are documented to be harmful to animals; cats, dogs, cattle, goats, rabbits, [ 109 ] rats, guinea pigs, birds, fish, and horses [ 110 ] can be severely harmed or even killed when they consume them. The avocado fruit is poisonous to some birds, and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) lists it as toxic to horses. [ 111 ] Avocado leaves contain a toxic fatty acid derivative, persin , which in sufficient quantity can cause colic in horses and without veterinary treatment, death. [ 112 ] The symptoms include gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, congestion, fluid accumulation around the tissues of the heart, and even death. Birds also seem to be particularly sensitive to this toxic compound. The leaves of the Guatemalan variety of P. americana are toxic to goats, sheep, and horses. [ 113 ] Uses Nutrition Avocados, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 670 kJ (160 kcal) Carbohydrates 8.53 g Sugars 0.66 g Dietary fiber 6.7 g Fat 14.66 g Saturated 2.13 g Monounsaturated 9.80 g Polyunsaturated 1.82 g Protein 2 g Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV † Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene lutein zeaxanthin 1% 7 ÎŒg 1% 62 ÎŒg 271 ÎŒg Thiamine (B 1 ) 6% 0.067 mg Riboflavin (B 2 ) 10% 0.13 mg Niacin (B 3 ) 11% 1.738 mg Pantothenic acid (B 5 ) 28% 1.389 mg Vitamin B 6 15% 0.257 mg Folate (B 9 ) 20% 81 ÎŒg Vitamin C 11% 10 mg Vitamin E 14% 2.07 mg Vitamin K 18% 21 ÎŒg Minerals Quantity %DV † Calcium 1% 12 mg Iron 3% 0.55 mg Magnesium 7% 29 mg Manganese 6% 0.142 mg Phosphorus 4% 52 mg Potassium 16% 485 mg Sodium 0% 7 mg Zinc 6% 0.64 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 73.23 g Fluoride 7 ”g Beta-sitosterol 76 mg Link to USDA Database entry † Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults, [ 114 ] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies . [ 115 ] Raw avocado flesh is 73% water, 15% fat, 9% carbohydrates , and 2% protein (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, avocado supplies 670 kilojoules (160 kilocalories), and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of several B vitamins (such as 28% DV in pantothenic acid ) and vitamin K (20% DV), with moderate contents (10–19% DV) of vitamin C , vitamin E , and potassium . Avocados also contain phytosterols and carotenoids , such as lutein and zeaxanthin . [ 116 ] Fat composition Avocados have diverse fats: About 75% of an avocado's energy comes from fat, most of which (67% of total fat) is monounsaturated fat as oleic acid (USDA reference in table). Other predominant fats include palmitic acid and linoleic acid . The saturated fat content amounts to 14% of the total fat. Typical total fat composition is roughly: 1%  omega-3 , 14%  omega-6 , 71%  omega-9 (65% oleic and 6% palmitoleic), and 14% saturated fat (palmitic acid). Although costly to produce, nutrient-rich avocado oil has a multitude of uses for salads or cooking and in cosmetics and soap products. [ 5 ] Research Reviews of clinical research found that avocado consumption may lower blood levels of low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol , two biomarkers of cardiovascular disease . [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Culinary The fruit of horticultural cultivars has a markedly higher fat content than most other fruit, mostly monounsaturated fat , and as such serves as an important staple in the diet of consumers who have limited access to other fatty foods (high-fat meats and fish, dairy products). Having a high smoke point , avocado oil is expensive compared to common salad and cooking oils , and is mostly used for salads or dips . A ripe avocado yields to gentle pressure when held in the palm of the hand and squeezed. The flesh is prone to enzymatic browning , quickly turning brown after exposure to air. [ 119 ] To prevent this, lime or lemon juice can be added to avocados after peeling. The fruit is not sweet, but distinctly and subtly flavored, with smooth texture. [ 5 ] It is used in both savory and sweet dishes, though in many countries not for both. The avocado is common in vegetarian cuisine as a substitute for meats in sandwiches and salads because of its high fat content. Generally, avocado is served raw, though some cultivars, including the common 'Hass', can be cooked for a short time without becoming bitter. The flesh of some avocados may be rendered inedible by heat. Prolonged cooking induces this chemical reaction in all cultivars. [ 120 ] It is used as the base for the Mexican dip known as guacamole , [ 5 ] as well as a spread on corn tortillas or toast, served with spices. Avocado is a primary ingredient in avocado soup . Avocado slices are frequently added to hamburgers and tortas and is a key ingredient in California rolls and other makizushi ("maki", or rolled sushi ). Sliced avocado A guacamole mix (right) used as a dip for tortilla chips (left) Avocado in milk and sugar , a traditional dish from the Philippines Indonesian-style milkshake with chocolate syrup Unusual avocado variety from Cebu, Philippines A mocha almond fudge avocado layer cake International In Mexico and Central America, avocados are served mixed with white rice, in soups, salads, or on the side of chicken and meat. They are also commonly added to pozole . In Peru, they are consumed with tequeños as mayonnaise, served as a side dish with parrillas , used in salads and sandwiches, or as a whole dish when filled with tuna, shrimp, or chicken. In Chile, it is used as a puree-like sauce with chicken, hamburgers , and hot dogs ; and in slices for celery or lettuce salads. The Chilean version of Caesar salad contains large slices of mature avocado. [ citation needed ] Avocado forms the base of guasacaca , a sauce found in Venezuela and the Dominican Republic. Avocados in savory dishes, often seen as exotic, are a relative novelty in Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Brazil, where the traditional preparation is mashed with sugar and lime, and eaten as a dessert or snack. This contrasts with Spanish-speaking countries such as Chile, Mexico, or Argentina , where the opposite is true and sweet preparations are rare, with the exception of the Philippines, a former Spanish colony where avocados are traditionally used in sweet preparations and savory uses are seen as exotic. [ 121 ] In the Philippines (where avocados were introduced from Mexico since before the 1700s), [ 121 ] Brazil, Indonesia, Vietnam , and southern India (especially the coastal Kerala , Tamil Nadu and Karnataka region), avocados are frequently used for milkshakes and occasionally added to ice cream and other desserts. [ 122 ] In Brazil, the Philippines [ 123 ] Vietnam, and Indonesia, a dessert drink is made with sugar, milk or water, and pureed avocado. Chocolate syrup is sometimes added. In Morocco , a similar chilled avocado and milk drink is sweetened with confectioner's sugar and flavored with a touch of orange flower water . In Ethiopia , avocados are made into juice by mixing them with sugar and milk or water, usually served with Vimto and a slice of lemon. It is also common to serve layered multiple fruit juices in a glass (locally called Spris ) made of avocados, mangoes, bananas, guavas, and papayas. Avocados are also used to make salads. In Kenya and Nigeria, the avocado is often eaten as a fruit alone or mixed with other fruits in a fruit salad, or as part of a vegetable salad. In Ghana , they are often eaten alone on sliced bread as a sandwich. In Sri Lanka , their well-ripened flesh, thoroughly mashed or pureed with milk and kitul treacle (a liquid jaggery made from the sap of the inflorescence of jaggery palms ), is a common dessert. [ 124 ] In Haiti , they are often consumed with cassava or regular bread for breakfast. In the United Kingdom, the avocado became available during the 1960s when introduced by Sainsbury's under the name 'avocado pear'. [ 52 ] Much of the success of avocados in the UK is attributed to a long-running promotional campaign initiated by South African growers in 1995. [ 125 ] In Australia and New Zealand, avocados are commonly served on sandwiches, sushi, toast, or with chicken. Leaves Avocado has elliptical-shaped leaves . In addition to the fruit, the leaves of Mexican avocados ( Persea americana var. drymifolia ) are used in some cuisines as a spice, with a flavor somewhat reminiscent of anise . [ 126 ] They are sold both dried and fresh, toasted before use, and either crumbled or used whole, commonly in bean dishes. [ 127 ] Avocado leaves can also be steeped in water to form a tea; used in traditional medicine, this may offer health benefits. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] See also California Avocado Commission California Avocado Society Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul Guacamole List of avocado dishes Plant propagation Recalcitrant seed Explanatory notes ^ Intermingled in a trade or cultural sense, but not necessarily a genetic one. References ^ Wegier, A., Lorea HernĂĄndez, F., Contreras, A., TobĂłn, W. & Mastretta-Yanes, A. 2017. Persea americana (errata version published in 2018). 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ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center . ^ Oelrichs PB, Ng JC, Seawright AA, et al. (1995). "Isolation and identification of a compound from avocado (Persea americana) leaves which causes necrosis of the acinar epithelium of the lactating mammary gland and the myocardium". Natural Toxins . 3 (5): 344– 349. doi : 10.1002/nt.2620030504 . PMID   8581318 . ^ "Livestock – Poisoning Plants of California, Publication 8398" (PDF) . Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. November 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2018 . ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" . FDA . Archived from the original on 27 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 March 2024 . ^ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report" . p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium . pp.  101– 124. doi : 10.17226/25353 . ISBN   978-0-309-48834-1 . PMID   30844154 . NCBI   NBK545428 . ^ Dreher ML, Davenport AJ (2013). "Hass avocado composition and potential health effects" . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr . 53 (7): 738– 750. Bibcode : 2013CRFSN..53..738D . doi : 10.1080/10408398.2011.556759 . PMC   3664913 . PMID   23638933 . ^ Schoeneck M, Iggman D (May 2021). "The effects of foods on LDL cholesterol levels: A systematic review of the accumulated evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials" . Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases . 31 (5): 1325– 1338. doi : 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032 . PMID   33762150 . ^ Candeloro BM, Barbalho SM, Laurindo LF, et al. (2025). "Is avocado beneficial for lipid profiles? An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" . Clinical Nutrition, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism . 69 : 673– 685. doi : 10.1016/j.clnesp.2025.08.019 . PMID   40876535 . ^ Jules Janick, ed. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts . Oxfordshire, England: CABI. p. 440. ISBN   978-0-85199-638-7 . ^ Bates RP (1970). "Heat-Induced Off-Flavor in Avocado Flesh". Journal of Food Science . 35 (4): 478– 482. doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb00962.x . ^ a b Malasig J (22 May 2018). "Is this the best way to eat avocado westerners aren't aware of?" . Interaksyon . Retrieved 1 January 2023 . ^ "Around the world culinary tour with avocados – AvoSeedo" . 20 October 2015. ^ Zeldes LA (2 June 2010). "Eat this! The 'Hass' avocado, black and green and creamy" . Dining Chicago . Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . ^ Lim T. K. (2012). Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 82. ISBN   978-94-007-2534-8 . ^ Saner E (2 November 2015). "Ripe and ready: how 'evil geniuses' got us hooked on avocados" . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 October 2020 . ^ Thomas E. Weil (1969). "Area Handbook for Chile (Area handbook series)" . Pamphlet . 550 (77). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office (Digitized: 16 August 2007): 104. ISSN   0892-8541 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. ^ Diana Kennedy (2010). Oaxaca Al Gusto: An Infinite Gastronomy . University of Texas Press. p. 426. ISBN   978-0-292-72266-8 . ^ Goodwin J (21 June 2021). "Drink to your health with St. Louis-based Avocado Leaf Tea" . Feast Magazine . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Jimenez P, Garcia P, Quitral V, et al. (18 August 2021). "Pulp, Leaf, Peel and Seed of Avocado Fruit: A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Healthy Benefits" . Food Reviews International . 37 (6): 619– 655. doi : 10.1080/87559129.2020.1717520 . ISSN   8755-9129 . Further reading Bruce Shaffer, B. Nigel Wolstenhome, Anthony W. Whiley, eds. (2012). The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses . CABI. ISBN   978-1-84593-701-0 . External links Definitive illustrated list of avocado varieties Archived 9 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine California Avocado Commission Avocados beyond Persea americana Archived 7 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine , California Rare Fruit Growers
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[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Avocado "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Avocado "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") Personal tools - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Avocado "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Avocado "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado) - [1 Description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Description) Toggle Description subsection - [1\.1 Flower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Flower) - [1\.2 Fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Fruit) - [2 Taxonomy and evolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Taxonomy_and_evolution) - [3 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#History) Toggle History subsection - [3\.1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Etymology) - [3\.1.1 Regional names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Regional_names) - [4 Cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Cultivation) Toggle Cultivation subsection - [4\.1 Domestication and cultivation history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Domestication_and_cultivation_history) - [4\.2 Requirements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Requirements) - [4\.3 Harvest and postharvest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Harvest_and_postharvest) - [4\.4 Breeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Breeding) - [4\.5 Propagation and rootstocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Propagation_and_rootstocks) - [4\.6 As a houseplant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#As_a_houseplant) - [4\.7 Pests and diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Pests_and_diseases) - [4\.8 Cultivation by location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Cultivation_by_location) - [4\.8.1 Cultivation in Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Cultivation_in_Mexico) - [4\.8.2 Cultivation in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Cultivation_in_California) - [4\.8.3 Cultivation in Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Cultivation_in_Peru) - [4\.8.4 Cultivation in Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Cultivation_in_Chile) - [4\.9 Cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Cultivars) - [4\.9.1 A cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#A_cultivars) - [4\.9.2 B cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#B_cultivars) - [4\.9.3 Other cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Other_cultivars) - [4\.9.4 Stoneless avocado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Stoneless_avocado) - [4\.10 Production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Production) - [4\.11 International market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#International_market) - [5 Toxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Toxicity) Toggle Toxicity subsection - [5\.1 Allergies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Allergies) - [5\.2 Toxicity to animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Toxicity_to_animals) - [6 Uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Uses) Toggle Uses subsection - [6\.1 Nutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Nutrition) - [6\.1.1 Fat composition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Fat_composition) - [6\.1.2 Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Research) - [6\.2 Culinary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Culinary) - [6\.3 International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#International) - [6\.4 Leaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Leaves) - [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#See_also) - [8 Explanatory notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Explanatory_notes) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#References) - [10 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#Further_reading) - [11 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Avocado 136 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Afrikaans") - [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A1%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%B6 "አብካዶ – Amharic") - [AragonĂ©s](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana – Aragonese") - [Ænglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beallucperu "Beallucperu – Old English") - [Ű§Ù„ŰčŰ±ŰšÙŠŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88 "ŰŁÙÙˆÙƒŰ§ŰŻÙˆ – Arabic") - [Ù…Ű”Ű±Ù‰](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A4%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88 "Ű§Ú€ÙˆÙƒŰ§ŰŻÙˆ – Egyptian Arabic") - [àŠ…àŠžàŠźà§€àŠŻàŠŒàŠŸ](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B "àŠ†àŠ­àŠŸàŠ•àŠŸàŠĄà§‹ – Assamese") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_perseyas%C4%B1 "Amerika perseyası – Azerbaijani") - [ŰȘÛ†Ű±Ú©ŰŹÙ‡](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88 "ŰąÙ…Ű±ÛŒÚ©Ű§ ŰąÙˆÙˆÚ©Ű§ŰŻÙˆŰłÙˆ – South Azerbaijani") - [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokad "Apokad – Balinese") - [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abukado "Abukado – Central Bikol") - [Đ‘Đ”Đ»Đ°Ń€ŃƒŃĐșая (тарашĐșĐ”ĐČіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0 "АĐČĐ°ĐșĐ°ĐŽĐ° – Belarusian (TaraĆĄkievica orthography)") - [Đ‘Đ”Đ»Đ°Ń€ŃƒŃĐșая](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0 "АĐČĐ°ĐșĐ°ĐŽĐ° – Belarusian") - [БългарсĐșĐž](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Bulgarian") - [Bislama](https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoka "Avoka – Bislama") - [Banjar](https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpukat "Alpukat – Banjar") - [àŠŹàŠŸàŠ‚àŠČàŠŸ](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B "àŠ…à§àŠŻàŠŸàŠ­à§‹àŠ•àŠŸàŠĄà§‹ – Bangla") - [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvocater "Alvocater – Catalan") - [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokado "Abokado – Cebuano") - [Chamoru](https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagatapeha%27 "Alagatapeha' – Chamorro") - [Ú©ÙˆŰ±ŰŻÛŒ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86 "ŰŠÛ•Ú€Û†Ú©Ű§ŰŻÛ† – Central Kurdish") - [ČeĆĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hru%C5%A1kovec_p%C5%99elahodn%C3%BD "HruĆĄkovec pƙelahodnĂœ – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afocado "Afocado – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Danish") - [Dagbanli](https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paya "Paya – Dagbani") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – German") - [ΕλληΜÎčÎșÎŹ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF "ΑÎČÎżÎșÎŹÎœÏ„Îż – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokaadopuu "Avokaadopuu – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuakateondo "Ahuakateondo – Basque") - [ÙŰ§Ű±ŰłÛŒ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88 "ŰąÙˆÙˆÚ©Ű§ŰŻÙˆ – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Finnish") - [Na Vosa Vakaviti](https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoka "Avoka – Fijian") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocatier "Avocatier – French") - [Nordfriisk](https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awokaado "Awokaado – Northern Frisian") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhac%C3%A1d "AbhacĂĄd – Irish") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguacate "Aguacate – Galician") - [ŚąŚ‘ŚšŚ™ŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95 "ŚŚ‘Ś•Ś§Ś“Ś• – Hebrew") - [à€čà€żà€šà„à€Šà„€](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE "à€°à„‚à€šà€żà€°à€Ÿ – Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado_\(biljna_vrsta\) "Avokado (biljna vrsta) – Croatian") - [KreyĂČl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pye_zaboka "Pye zaboka – Haitian Creole") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avok%C3%A1d%C3%B3 "AvokĂĄdĂł – Hungarian") - [Ő€ŐĄŐ”Ő„Ö€Ő„Ő¶](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8 "Ô±ŐŸŐžŐŻŐĄŐ€Őž – Armenian") - [Ô±Ö€Ő„Ö‚ŐŽŐżŐĄŐ°ŐĄŐ”Ő„Ö€Ő§Ő¶](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1_\(%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%85\) "Ô±Ö‚ŐŻŐĄŐżŐĄŐ¶Ő± (աւվքատօ) – Western Armenian") - [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocatiero "Avocatiero – Interlingua") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpukat "Alpukat – Indonesian") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1rpera "LĂĄrpera – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana – Italian") - [æ—„æœŹèȘž](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9C%E3%82%AB%E3%83%89 "ă‚ąăƒœă‚«ăƒ‰ – Japanese") - [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokat "Apokat – Javanese") - [áƒ„áƒáƒ áƒ—áƒŁáƒšáƒ˜](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D "ავოკადო – Georgian") - [Kumoring](https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambu_Pukat "Jambu Pukat – Komering") - [GÄ©kĆ©yĆ©](https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyonyoe_\(Ikorobia\) "Inyonyoe (Ikorobia) – Kikuyu") - [ÒšĐ°Đ·Đ°Ò›ŃˆĐ°](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Kazakh") - [ភាសាខ្មែរ](https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A "ប៊័រ – Khmer") - [àȕàČšàłàČšàČĄ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A "àȆàČ”àȕàČŸàČĄàłŠ – Kannada") - [한ꔭ얎](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%B3%B4%EC%B9%B4%EB%8F%84 "ì•„ëłŽìčŽë„ – Korean") - [ĐŸĐ”Ń€Đ”ĐŒ ĐșĐŸĐŒĐž](https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Komi-Permyak") - [KurdĂź](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Kurdish") - [ĐšĐŸĐŒĐž](https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Komi") - [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Kyrgyz") - [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana – Latin") - [Ladino](https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Ladino") - [LĂ«tzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Luxembourgish") - [ЛаĐșĐșу](https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Lak") - [LingĂĄla](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzet%C3%A9_ya_Sab%C3%BAk%C3%A1 "NzetĂ© ya SabĂșkĂĄ – Lingala") - [àș„àșČàș§](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%82%E0%BB%89 "àșȘàșČàș„àș”້ແàș‚້ – Lao") - [LietuviĆł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikin%C4%97_pers%C4%97ja "Amerikinė persėja – Lithuanian") - [LatvieĆĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Latvian") - [MadhurĂą](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albhukat "Albhukat – Madurese") - [Basa Banyumasan](https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apokat "Apokat – Banyumasan") - [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zav%C3%B4ka "ZavĂŽka – Malagasy") - [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokat "Pokat – Minangkabau") - [àŽźàŽČàŽŻàŽŸàŽłàŽ‚](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%82 "àŽ”à”†àŽŁà”àŽŁàŽȘà”àŽȘàŽŽàŽ‚ – Malayalam") - [à€źà€°à€Ÿà€ à„€](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B "à„Čà€”à„à€čà„‹à€•à€Ÿà€Ąà„‹ – Marathi") - [КырыĐș ĐŒĐ°Ń€Ń‹](https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Western Mari") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Malay") - [MirandĂ©s](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacate "Abacate – Mirandese") - [မဌနá€șမာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA "ထေဏပတá€șပငá€ș – Burmese") - [Nāhuatl](https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahuacacuahuitl "Ahuacacuahuitl – Nahuatl") - [à€šà„‡à€Șà€Ÿà€Čà„€](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2 "à€˜à„à€Żà„‚à€«à€Č – Nepali") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmĂ„l](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Norwegian BokmĂ„l") - [Sesotho sa Leboa](https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokato "Abokato – Northern Sotho") - [DinĂ© bizaad](https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCil_ak%CA%BCah%C3%AD "ChÊŒil akÊŒahĂ­ – Navajo") - [Đ˜Ń€ĐŸĐœ](https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Ossetic") - [àšȘà©°àšœàšŸàšŹà©€](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B "àš†àš”àšŸàš•à©ˆàšĄà©‹ – Punjabi") - [Kapampangan](https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abukadu "Abukadu – Pampanga") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smaczliwka_wdzi%C4%99czna "Smaczliwka wdzięczna – Polish") - [PiemontĂšis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocad "Avocad – Piedmontese") - [ÙŸÙ†ŰŹŰ§ŰšÛŒ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88 "Ű§ÛŒÙˆÙˆÚ©ÛŒÚˆÙˆ – Western Punjabi") - [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana – Portuguese") - [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palta "Palta – Quechua") - [RomĂąnă](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Romanian") - [РуссĐșĐžĐč](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Russian") - [Ikinyarwanda](https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoka "Avoka – Kinyarwanda") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Scots") - [Srpskohrvatski / српсĐșĐŸŃ…Ń€ĐČатсĐșĐž](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Serbo-Croatian") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hru%C5%A1kovec_americk%C3%BD "HruĆĄkovec americkĂœ – Slovak") - [Slovenơčina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokadovec "Avokadovec – Slovenian") - [ChiShona](https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avhokadho "Avhokadho – Shona") - [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afakadho "Afakadho – Somali") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Albanian") - [СрпсĐșĐž / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Serbian") - [Seeltersk](https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Saterland Frisian") - [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpuket "Alpuket – Sundanese") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Swedish") - [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mparachichi "Mparachichi – Swahili") - [àź€àźźàźżàźŽàŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE "àź†àź©àŻˆàź•àŻàź•àŻŠàźŻàŻàźŻàźŸ – Tamil") - [ఀెà°Čుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81 "ఔెచ్చà°Șà°‚à°Ąà± – Telugu") - [ĐąĐŸÒ·ĐžĐșÓŁ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐŸĐŽĐŸ – Tajik") - [àč„àž—àžą](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94 "àž­àžČàč‚àž§àž„àžČàč‚àž” – Thai") - [ቔግርኛ](https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%89%AE%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%B6 "ኣ቟ካዶ – Tigrinya") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abukado "Abukado – Tagalog") - [Lea faka-Tonga](https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80voka "ʻĀvoka – Tongan") - [TĂŒrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avokado "Avokado – Turkish") - [батарча / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Tatar") - [ChiTumbuka](https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapeyala "Mapeyala – Tumbuka") - [Reo tahiti](https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%C4%81v%C5%8Dta "’āvƍta – Tahitian") - [ĐŁĐŽĐŒŃƒŃ€Ń‚](https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Udmurt") - [ŰŠÛ‡ÙŠŰșÛ‡Ű±Ú†Û• / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%87%D8%B1 "ŰŠŰ§Û‹ÙƒŰ§ŰŻÛ‡Ű± – Uyghur") - [ĐŁĐșŃ€Đ°Ń—ĐœŃŃŒĐșĐ°](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE "АĐČĐŸĐșĐ°ĐŽĐŸ – Ukrainian") - [Ű§Ű±ŰŻÙˆ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C "Ù…ÚŻŰ± Ù†Ű§ŰŽÙŸŰ§ŰȘی – Urdu") - [OÊ»zbekcha / ўзбДĐșча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "Avocado – Uzbek") - [Tiáșżng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C6%A1_\(th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt\) "BÆĄ (thá»±c váș­t) – Vietnamese") - [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "Persea americana – Waray") - [ćŽèŻ­](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%84%E6%A2%A8 "éł„æąš – Wu") - [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D "ავოკადო – Mingrelian") - [Ś™Ś™ÖŽŚ“Ś™Ś©](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90 "ŚŚ•Ś•ŚŚ§ŚŚ“Ś – Yiddish") - [é–©ć—èȘž / BĂąn-lĂąm-gĂ­](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-b%C3%BA-kh%C3%A1-loh "A-bĂș-khĂĄ-loh – Minnan") - [çČ”èȘž](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B2%B9%E6%9E%9C "牛æČč果 – Cantonese") - [äž­æ–‡](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%84%E6%A2%A8 "éł„æąš – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37153#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Avocado "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avocado&action=edit "This page is protected. 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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Species of flowering plant in the laurel family This article is about the tree and fruit. For other uses, see [Avocado (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_\(disambiguation\) "Avocado (disambiguation)"). | Avocado | | |---|---| | [![Close-up picture of foliage and avocado fruit](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Persea_americana_fruit_2.JPG/250px-Persea_americana_fruit_2.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persea_americana_fruit_2.JPG) | | | Avocado fruit and foliage, [RĂ©union island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union "RĂ©union") | | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Avocado_Hass_-_single_and_halved.jpg/250px-Avocado_Hass_-_single_and_halved.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_Hass_-_single_and_halved.jpg) | | | Whole and halved [Hass avocados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado "Hass avocado") grown in Colombia | | | [Conservation status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status "Conservation status") | | | [![Least Concern](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/250px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg) [Least Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern "Least Concern") ([IUCN 3.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List "IUCN Red List"))[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-1) | | | [Scientific classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_\(biology\) "Taxonomy (biology)") [![Edit this classification](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Persea "Edit this classification") | | | Kingdom: | [Plantae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant "Plant") | | *Clade*: | [Tracheophytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant "Vascular plant") | | *Clade*: | [Angiosperms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant "Flowering plant") | | *Clade*: | [Magnoliids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliids "Magnoliids") | | Order: | [Laurales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurales "Laurales") | | Family: | [Lauraceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceae "Lauraceae") | | Genus: | [*Persea*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea "Persea") | | Species: | ***P. americana*** | | [Binomial name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature "Binomial nomenclature") | | | ***Persea americana*** [Mill.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller "Philip Miller") | | | [Synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_\(taxonomy\) "Synonym (taxonomy)")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-2) | | | synonymy *Laurus persea* L. *Persea americana* var. *angustifolia* Miranda *Persea americana* var. *drymifolia* (Cham. & Schltdl.) S.F. Blake *Persea americana* var. *nubigena* (L.O. Williams) L.E. Kopp *Persea drymifolia* Cham. & Schltdl. *Persea edulis* Raf. *Persea floccosa* Mez *Persea gigantea* L.O. Williams *Persea gratissima* C.F.Gaertn. *Persea gratissima* var. *drimyfolia* (Schltdl. & Cham.) Mez *Persea gratissima* var. *macrophylla* [Meisn.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Meissner "Carl Meissner") *Persea gratissima* var. *oblonga* Meisn. *Persea gratissima* var. *praecox* Nees *Persea gratissima* var. *vulgaris* Meisn. *Persea leiogyna* Blake *Persea nubigena* L.O. Williams *Persea nubigena* var. *guatemalensis* L.O. Williams *Persea paucitriplinervia* Lundell *Persea persea* (L.) Cockerell *Persea steyermarkii* C.K. Allen | | The **avocado**, **alligator pear** or **avocado pear** (***Persea americana***) is an [evergreen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen "Evergreen") tree in the laurel family ([Lauraceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceae "Lauraceae")). It is native to [the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas "Americas"), with archaeological evidence of early human avocado use dating back thousands of years across various regions of Central and South America.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) It was prized for its large and unusually [oily fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_oil "Avocado oil").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-chen-7) The native range of avocado (*Persea americana*) extends from Mexico to Peru, encompassing much of Central America and parts of northern and western South America.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-AyalaSilva2014-8) Its fruit, sometimes also referred to as an **alligator pear** or **avocado pear**, is botanically a large [berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_\(botany\) "Berry (botany)") containing a single large seed.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-storey-9) Sequencing of its genome showed that the evolution of avocados was shaped by [polyploidy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy "Polyploidy") events and that commercial varieties have a [hybrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_\(biology\) "Hybrid (biology)") origin.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-10) Avocado trees are partly [self-pollinating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination "Self-pollination"), and are often [propagated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation "Plant propagation") through [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") to maintain consistent fruit output.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-11) Avocados are presently cultivated in the tropical and [Mediterranean climates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate "Mediterranean climate") of many countries.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avocado&action=edit), [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico "Agriculture in Mexico") is the world's [leading producer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production "List of countries by avocado production") of avocados, supplying 29% of the global harvest of 10.5 million [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) The fruit of domestic varieties have smooth, buttery, golden-green flesh when ripe. Depending on the [cultivar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar"), avocados have green, brown, purplish, or black skin, and may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. For commercial purposes, the fruits are picked while unripe and ripened after harvesting. The nutrient density and high fat content of avocado flesh are advantages for various cuisines, including vegetarian diets.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-13) In major production regions like [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile"), [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") and [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), the water demands of avocado farms place strain on local resources.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-footprint-14) Avocado production is implicated in other [externalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality "Externality"), including [deforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation "Deforestation") and human rights concerns associated with the partial control of their production in Mexico by [organized crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Mexico "Organized crime in Mexico").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-18) Global warming is expected to result in [significant changes to the suitable growing zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture "Effects of climate change on agriculture") for avocados, and place additional pressures on the locales in which they are produced due to [heat waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave "Heat wave") and drought.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-20) ## Description *Persea americana* is a tree that grows to 9–20 m (30–66 ft) with a trunk diameter between 0.3–0.6 m (1–2 ft). The leaves are 8–25 cm (3–10 in) long and alternately arranged.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Nandwani2014-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-22) ### Flower Panicles of flowers with deciduous bracts arise from new growth or the axils of leaves. The tree flowers thousands of blossoms every year. Avocado blossoms sprout from racemes near the leaf axils; they are small and inconspicuous 5–10 mm (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) wide. They have no petals but instead two whorls of three pale-green or greenish-yellow downy [perianth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth "Perianth") lobes, each blossom has 9 stamens with 2 basal orange nectar glands.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Nandwani2014-21)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) ### Fruit [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flower_of_Avocado_2.jpg/250px-Flower_of_Avocado_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_of_Avocado_2.jpg) Avocado flower [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pollen_grains_of_avocado_plant.jpg/250px-Pollen_grains_of_avocado_plant.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollen_grains_of_avocado_plant.jpg) Pollen grains of avocado The avocado fruit is a [climacteric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climacteric_\(botany\) "Climacteric (botany)"),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Yahia2011-23) single-seeded [berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_\(botany\) "Berry (botany)"), due to the imperceptible [endocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp") covering the seed,[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-storey-9)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-whiley-24) rather than a [drupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe "Drupe").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Essig2015-25) The pear-shaped fruit is usually 7–20 cm (3–8 in) long, weighs between 100 and 1,000 g (3\+1⁄2 and 35\+1⁄2 oz), and has a large central [seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed "Seed"), 5–6.4 cm (2–2\+1⁄2 in) long.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) Early wild avocados prior to domestication had much smaller seeds around 2.1–2.2 centimetres (0.83–0.87 in) in diameter, likely corresponding to smaller fruit size.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Smith-1966-26) The species produces various cultivars with larger, fleshier fruits with a thinner [exocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocarp "Exocarp") because of [selective breeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding "Plant breeding") by humans.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Kole2011-27) ## Taxonomy and evolution The species was scientifically named by the British botanist [Philip Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller "Philip Miller") in 1768.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-28) The genus *[Persea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea "Persea")* to which the avocado belongs is considered to have a North American origin, with *Persea* suggested to have diversified in Central America during the [Pleistocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene "Pleistocene") epoch.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-29) The modern avocado is thought to have speciated from other *Persea* during the Pleistocene, estimated at around either 1.3 million or 430,000 years ago.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-berd-30) A number of authors, including Connie Barlow in her 2001 book *The Ghosts of Evolution*, have speculated that the avocado is an "[evolutionary anachronism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anachronism "Evolutionary anachronism")" with megafaunal dispersal syndrome (a concept originally proposed in the 1980s by [Paul S. Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schultz_Martin "Paul Schultz Martin") and [Daniel H. Janzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Janzen "Daniel H. Janzen")[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Janzen-31)), arguing that the avocado likely [coevolved](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution "Coevolution") dispersal of its large seed by now-extinct [megafauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna "Megafauna").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Barlow2001-32)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-33) Barlow proposed that the dispersers included the [gomphothere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphothere "Gomphothere") (elephant relative) *[Cuvieronius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvieronius "Cuvieronius")*, as well as [ground sloths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_sloth "Ground sloth"), [toxodontids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodontidae "Toxodontidae"), and [glyptodonts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptodont "Glyptodont").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Barlow2001-32) The concept of evolutionary anachronisms/megafaunal dispersal syndrome has been criticised by some authors, who note that many large fruit are readily dispersed by non-megafaunal animals,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-34) with it being noted that living [agoutis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti "Agouti") disperse avocado seeds,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-36) with [spectacled bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_bear "Spectacled bear") also having been observed eating domestic avocados.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-37) ## History [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Avocado_firstInternationalShipment.jpg/250px-Avocado_firstInternationalShipment.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_firstInternationalShipment.jpg) First international air shipment of avocados from Los Angeles to Toronto for the [Canadian National Exhibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition "Canadian National Exhibition"), 1927 The earliest known written account of the avocado in Europe is that of [MartĂ­n FernĂĄndez de Enciso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso "MartĂ­n FernĂĄndez de Enciso") (c. 1470 – 1528) in 1519 in his book, *[Suma De Geographia Que Trata De Todas Las Partidas Y Provincias Del Mundo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma_de_Geographia "Suma de Geographia")*, while describing the native settlement of Yaharo (present-day [Dibulla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibulla,_La_Guajira "Dibulla, La Guajira"), Colombia).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-IF-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-WCA-39) The first detailed account that unequivocally describes the avocado was given by [Gonzalo FernĂĄndez de Oviedo y ValdĂ©s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s "Gonzalo FernĂĄndez de Oviedo y ValdĂ©s") in his work *Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias* in 1526, while holding administrative Spanish colonial duties in [Santo Domingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo "Santo Domingo") and visiting [Castilla de Oro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro "Castilla de Oro").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40) The first written record in English of the use of the word 'avocado' was by [Hans Sloane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane "Hans Sloane"), who coined the term,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40) in a 1696 index of Jamaican plants. ### Etymology The word *avocado* comes from the Spanish *aguacate*, which derives from the [Nahuatl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl "Nahuatl") (Mexican) word *āhuacatl* [\[aːˈwakatÍĄÉŹ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl "Help:IPA/Nahuatl"),[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-41) which goes back to the [proto-Aztecan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Nahuan_language "Proto-Nahuan language") \**pa:wa*.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-42) In [Molina's Nahuatl dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulario_en_lengua_castellana_y_mexicana "Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana") "auacatl" is given also as the translation for *compañón* "testicle",[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-43) and this has been taken up in popular culture where a frequent claim is that testicle was the word's original meaning. This is not the case, as the original meaning can be reconstructed as "avocado" – rather the word seems to have been used in Nahuatl as a euphemism for "testicle".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-46) The modern English name comes from a rendering of the Spanish *aguacate* as *avogato*. The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1697 as *avogato pear*, later *avocado pear* (due to its shape), a term sometimes corrupted to *alligator pear*.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-mw-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-48)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) #### Regional names In Central American, Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, and Spain[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-49) it is known by the Mexican Spanish name *aguacate*, while South American Spanish-speaking countries Argentina, Chile, PerĂș and Uruguay use a [Quechua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages "Quechua languages")\-derived word, *palta*.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-50) In Portuguese, it is *abacate*. The Nahuatl *āhuacatl* can be compounded with other words, as in *ahuacamolli*, meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word *[guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole")* derives.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-51) In [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago"), it is known as 'Zaboca', which is derived from the French Creole, 'l'avocat'. In the United Kingdom the term *avocado pear*, applied when avocados first became commonly available in the 1960s, is sometimes used.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Scotsman-52) Originating as a [diminutive in Australian English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive_in_Australian_English "Diminutive in Australian English"), a [clipped](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_\(morphology\) "Clipping (morphology)") form, *avo*, has since become a common colloquialism in South Africa and the United Kingdom.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-53) It is known as "butter fruit" in parts of India[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-54) and Hong Kong.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-55) ## Cultivation ### Domestication and cultivation history Domestication, leading to genetically distinct cultivars, is traditionally believed to have originated in the [Tehuacan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuacan_Valley "Tehuacan Valley")[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56) in the state of [Puebla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla "Puebla"), Mexico.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Harvard-57) However, archaeological findings suggest a much earlier human interaction with the fruit. The oldest known avocado remains were discovered at Huaca Prieta, a preceramic site on the northern coast of Peru, where humans were consuming avocados as early as 10,500 years ago.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) This predates other known evidence, such as avocado pits found in [Coxcatlan Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxcatlan_Cave "Coxcatlan Cave"), dating from around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago, which was previously thought to be the oldest discovery of an avocado pit.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) Other caves in the [Tehuacan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuacan_Valley "Tehuacan Valley") from around the same time period also show early evidence for the presence and consumption of avocado.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56) In addition to early archaeological evidence from Peru,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) genetic and linguistic research has identified three major domesticated avocado [landraces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace "Landrace")—Guatemalan (*quilaoacatl*), Mexican (*aoacatl*), and West Indian (*tlacacolaocatl*)—which developed in distinct ecological regions of Mesoamerica and Central America.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) The Guatemalan and Mexican landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40) achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-59) in pre-Columbian America and were described in the [Florentine Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_Codex "Florentine Codex").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) As a result of [artificial selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_selection "Artificial selection"), the fruit and correspondingly the seeds of cultivated avocados became considerably larger relative to their earlier wild forebears millennia before the Columbian exchange.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Smith-1966-26) The earliest residents of northern coastal Peru were living in temporary camps in an ancient wetland and eating avocados, along with chilies, mollusks, sharks, birds, and sea lions.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) There is additional evidence for avocado use at [Norte Chico civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization "Norte Chico civilization") sites in Peru at [Caballo Muerto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballo_Muerto "Caballo Muerto") in Peru from around 3,800 to 4,500 years ago.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Criollo_avocados_de_Oaxaca.png/250px-Criollo_avocados_de_Oaxaca.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Criollo_avocados_de_Oaxaca.png) Native [Oaxaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca "Oaxaca") *criollo* avocados, the ancestral form of today's domesticated varieties The avocado tree has a long history of cultivation in Central and South America, now known to be much earlier than previously thought.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Harvard-57) A water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre-[Inca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca "Inca") city of [Chan Chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Chan "Chan Chan").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-turtle-60) The plant was introduced to Spain in 1601, Indonesia around 1750, Mauritius in 1780, Brazil in 1809, the United States mainland in 1825, South Africa and Australia in the late 19th century, and the Ottoman Empire in 1908.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) In the United States, the avocado was introduced to Florida and Hawaii in 1833 and in California in 1856.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) The name *avocado* has been used in English since at least 1764, with minor spelling variants such as *avogato* attested even earlier.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-63) The avocado was commonly referred to in California as *ahuacate* and in Florida as *alligator pear* until 1915, when the [California Avocado Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Society "California Avocado Society") popularized the term *avocado.*[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) ### Requirements [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Avocado_Seedling.jpg/250px-Avocado_Seedling.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_Seedling.jpg) *Persea americana*, young avocado plant (seedling), complete with parted pit and roots As a [subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical "Subtropical") species, avocados need a climate without frost and with little wind. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination.\[*[original research?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur; although the '[Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado "Hass avocado")' [cultivar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") can tolerate temperatures down to −1 °C.\[*[original research?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] Several cold-hardy varieties\[*[specify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]\[*[which?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words "Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words")*\] are planted in the region of [Gainesville, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida "Gainesville, Florida"), which survive temperatures as low as −6.5 °C (20 °F) with only minor leaf damage. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep.\[*[original research?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] However, Guatemalan varieties such as "MacArthur", "Rincon", or "Nabal" can withstand temperatures down to −1.6 °C (29 °F).[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-64) According to information published by the [Water Footprint Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_footprint#Water_Footprint_Network_\(WFN\) "Water footprint"), it takes an average of approximately 70 litres (18 US gallons; 15 imperial gallons) of applied fresh ground or surface water, not including rainfall or natural moisture in the soil, to grow one avocado (283 L/kg \[33.9 US gal/lb; 28.2 imp gal/lb\]). However, the amount of water needed depends on where it is grown; for example, in the main avocado-growing region of Chile, about 320 L (85 US gal; 70 imp gal) of applied water are needed to grow one avocado (1,280 L/kg \[153 US gal/lb; 128 imp gal/lb\]).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Danwatch2019-65) Increasing demand and production of avocados may cause [water shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity "Water scarcity") in some avocado production areas, such as the Mexican state of [MichoacĂĄn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n "MichoacĂĄn").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-footprint-14)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cbc-66) Avocados may also cause environmental and [socioeconomic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics "Socioeconomics") impacts in major production areas, illegal [deforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation "Deforestation"), and [water disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict "Water conflict").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-footprint-14)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cbc-66) Water requirements for growing avocados are three times higher than for apples, and 18 times higher than for tomatoes.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cbc-66) ### Harvest and postharvest Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 20 tonnes per hectare.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-67) [Biennial bearing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_bearing "Biennial bearing") can be a problem, with heavy crops in one year being followed by poor yields the next. Like the banana, the avocado is a [climacteric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climacteric_\(botany\) "Climacteric (botany)") fruit, which matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers at 3.3 to 5.6 °C (37.9 to 42.1 °F) until they reach their final destination. Avocados must be mature to ripen properly. Avocados that fall off the tree ripen on the ground. Generally, the fruit is picked once it reaches maturity; Mexican growers pick 'Hass' avocados when they have more than 23% dry matter, and other producing countries have similar standards. Once picked, avocados ripen in one to two weeks (depending on the cultivar) at [room temperature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature "Room temperature") (faster if stored with other fruits such as apples or bananas, because of the influence of [ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene "Ethylene") gas). Some supermarkets sell ripened avocados which have been treated with synthetic ethylene to hasten ripening.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-68) The use of an ethylene gas "ripening room", which is now an industry standard, was pioneered in the 1980s by farmer Gil Henry of [Escondido, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California "Escondido, California"), in response to footage from a hidden supermarket camera which showed shoppers repeatedly squeezing hard, unripe avocados, putting them "back in the bin", and moving on without making a purchase.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-69) In some cases, avocados can be left on the tree for several months, which is an advantage to commercial growers who seek the greatest return for their crop, but if the fruit remains unpicked for too long, it falls to the ground. ### Breeding [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Seedless_Avocado_in_Mexico.jpg/250px-Seedless_Avocado_in_Mexico.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seedless_Avocado_in_Mexico.jpg) A seedless avocado, or cuke, growing next to two regular Ettinger avocados The species is only partially able to [self-pollinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination "Self-pollination") because of [dichogamy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism "Sequential hermaphroditism") in its flowering. This limitation, added to the long juvenile period, makes the species difficult to breed. Most cultivars are propagated by [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting"), having originated from random seedling plants or minor [mutations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation "Mutation") derived from cultivars. Modern breeding programs tend to use isolation plots where the chances of cross-[pollination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination "Pollination") are reduced. That is the case for programs at the [University of California, Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside "University of California, Riverside"), as well as the [Volcani Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_research_In_Israel#Agricultural_Research_Organization_\(ARO\) "Agricultural research In Israel") and the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias in Chile. The avocado is unusual in that the timing of the male and female flower phases differs among cultivars. The two flowering types are A and B. A-cultivar flowers open as female on the morning of the first day and close in late morning or early afternoon. Then they open as male in the afternoon of the second day. B varieties open as female on the afternoon of the first day, close in late afternoon and reopen as male the following morning. - A cultivars: 'Hass', 'Gwen', 'Lamb Hass', 'Pinkerton', 'Reed' - B cultivars: 'Fuerte', 'Sharwil', 'Zutano', 'Bacon', 'Ettinger', 'Sir Prize', 'Walter Hole'[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-71) Certain cultivars, such as the 'Hass', have a tendency to bear well only in alternate years. After a season with a low yield, due to factors such as cold (which the avocado does not tolerate well), the trees tend to produce abundantly the next season. In addition, due to environmental circumstances during some years, seedless avocados may appear on the trees.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-72) Known in the avocado industry as "cukes", they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-73) ### Propagation and rootstocks [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GrowingAvocadoFromSeed.JPG/250px-GrowingAvocadoFromSeed.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrowingAvocadoFromSeed.JPG) A common technique to germinate avocados at home is to use toothpicks poked into the avocado pit to suspend the pit partially in water. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persea_americana_%28Avocado%29_Sprout_08May2010.JPG/250px-Persea_americana_%28Avocado%29_Sprout_08May2010.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persea_americana_\(Avocado\)_Sprout_08May2010.JPG) Young avocado sprout Avocados can be propagated by seed, taking roughly four to six years to bear fruit, although in some cases seedlings can take 10 years to come into bearing.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-74) The offspring is unlikely to be identical to the parent cultivar in fruit quality. Prime quality varieties are therefore propagated by grafting to [rootstocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock") that are propagated by seed (seedling rootstocks) or by [layering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layering_\(horticulture\) "Layering (horticulture)") (clonal rootstocks). After about a year of growing in a greenhouse, the young rootstocks are ready to be grafted. Terminal and lateral grafting is normally used. The [scion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_\(grafting\) "Scion (grafting)") cultivar grows for another 6–12 months before the tree is ready to be sold. Clonal rootstocks are selected for tolerance of specific soil and disease conditions, such as poor soil aeration or resistance to the soil-borne disease (root rot) caused by *[Phytophthora cinnamomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi "Phytophthora cinnamomi")*. Advances in cloning techniques that can produce up to 500 new plants from a single millimetre of tree cutting have the potential to increase the availability of rootstocks.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-75) Commercial avocado production is limited to a small fraction of the vast genetic diversity in the species. Conservation of this genetic diversity has relied largely on field collection, as avocado seeds often do not survive storage in seed banks. This is problematic, as field preservation of living cultivars is expensive, and habitat loss threatens wild cultivars. More recently, an alternate method of conservation has been developed based on cryopreservation of avocado somatic embryos with reliable methods for somatic embryogenesis and reconstitution into living trees.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-77) ### As a houseplant [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/20cm_avocado_leaf.JPG/250px-20cm_avocado_leaf.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20cm_avocado_leaf.JPG) Avocado houseplant leaf with ruler to indicate size (numbers in cm) The avocado tree can be grown domestically and used as a decorative [houseplant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplant "Houseplant"). The pit germinates in normal soil conditions or partially submerged in a small glass (or container) of water. In the latter method, the pit sprouts in four to six weeks, at which time it is planted in standard houseplant potting soil. The plant normally grows large enough to be prunable; it does not bear fruit unless it has ample sunlight. Home gardeners can [graft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") a branch from a fruit-bearing plant to speed maturity, which typically takes four to six years to bear fruit.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-78) ### Pests and diseases Main article: [List of avocado diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avocado_diseases "List of avocado diseases") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Persea_americana.jpg/250px-Persea_americana.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persea_americana.jpg) *P. americana*, avocado plant flowers Avocado trees are vulnerable to bacterial, [viral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus "Virus"), [fungal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus "Fungus"), and nutritional diseases (excesses and deficiencies of key minerals). Disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting, and discoloration.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-79) The [pyriform scale insect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopulvinaria_pyriformis "Protopulvinaria pyriformis") (*Protopulvinaria pyriformis*) is known from Australia, South Africa, Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Cuba, Florida,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-CABI-80) and Peru. It is normally found on avocado, and in Peru it is said to be the worst insect pest of the fruit. Certain cultivars of avocado seem more susceptible to attack by the scale than others.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Sharp-81) ### Cultivation by location #### Cultivation in Mexico Main article: [Avocado production in Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_production_in_Mexico "Avocado production in Mexico") Mexico is by far the world's largest avocado growing country, producing several times more than the second largest producer.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-82) In 2013, the total area dedicated to avocado production was 188,723 hectares (466,340 acres), and the harvest was 2.03 million tonnes in 2017.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) The states that produce the most are [MĂ©xico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Mexico "State of Mexico"), [Morelos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos "Morelos"), [Nayarit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit "Nayarit"), [Puebla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla "Puebla"), and Michoacan, accounting for 86% of the total. In MichoacĂĄn, the cultivation is complicated by the existence of [drug cartels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartel "Drug cartel") that extort protection fees from cultivators. They are reported to exact 2,000 Mexican [pesos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peso "Peso") per hectare from avocado farmers and 1 to 3 pesos/kg of harvested fruit.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-83) It is such a problem that the phrase *blood guacamole* has been adopted to describe the social effects in Mexico of the vast worldwide demand for its fruits.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-nymag-84) #### Cultivation in California Avocados were introduced to California from [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua") in the early 1850s, when avocado trees imported from the [Central American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American "Central American") country were observed and reported growing near San Gabriel.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-85)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-87) The avocado has since become a successful [cash crop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crop "Cash crop"). About 24,000 hectares (59,000 acres) – as of 2015, some 80% of United States avocado production – is located in [Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California "Southern California").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-nymag-84) Avocado is the official fruit of the state of California.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-88) [Fallbrook, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbrook,_California "Fallbrook, California"), claims, without official recognition, the title of "Avocado Capital of the World" (also claimed by the town of [Uruapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan "Uruapan") in Mexico[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-89)), and both it and [Carpinteria, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinteria,_California "Carpinteria, California"), host annual avocado festivals. The [California Avocado Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Commission "California Avocado Commission") and the [California Avocado Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Society "California Avocado Society") are the two major grower organizations and [Calavo Growers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calavo_Growers "Calavo Growers") is a major distributor. #### Cultivation in Peru 'Hass' avocado production in Peru encompasses thousands of hectares in central and western Peru.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-90) Peru has now become the largest supplier of avocados imported to the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") and the second largest supplier to Asia and the United States.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-91) The country's location near the [equator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator "Equator") and along the Pacific Ocean creates consistently mild temperatures all year. 'Hass' avocados from Peru are seasonally available to consumers from May through September and are promoted under the auspices of the Peruvian Avocado Commission, headquartered in Washington, D.C. #### Cultivation in Chile See also: [Petorca water crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petorca_water_crisis "Petorca water crisis") and [Laguna de Aculeo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_de_Aculeo "Laguna de Aculeo") Chile has produced avocados for over 100 years with production increasing dramatically in the early 1980s due to global demand. [*New York* magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(magazine\) "New York (magazine)") reported in 2015 that "Large avocado growers are draining the country's [groundwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater "Groundwater") and rivers faster than they can replenish themselves."[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-nymag-84) 88% of total production and 99% of exported avocados from Chile are Hass avocados. Avocados are a staple fruit in Chile with 30% of production destined for the domestic market. No import tariffs are imposed on Chilean avocados by China, the United States, or the European Union due to free trade agreements.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-92)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-93) ### Cultivars | | | |---|---| | ![Globe icon.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/60px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png) | The examples and perspective in this article **may not represent a [worldwide view](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias") of the subject**. You may [improve this article](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avocado&action=edit), discuss the issue on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Avocado "Talk:Avocado"), or [create a new article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard "Wikipedia:Article wizard"), as appropriate. *(May 2022)* *([Learn how and when to remove this message](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal "Help:Maintenance template removal"))* | #### A cultivars - ['Choquette'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choquette_avocado "Choquette avocado"): [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Avocado_cv_Choquette.jpg/250px-Avocado_cv_Choquette.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_cv_Choquette.jpg) Avocado 'Choquette' grafted A seedling from Miami, Florida. 'Choquette' bore large fruit of good eating quality in large quantities and had good disease resistance, and thus became a major cultivar. Today 'Choquette' is widely propagated in south Florida both for commercial growing and for home growing.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-94) - 'Gwen': A seedling bred from 'Hass' x 'Thille' in 1982, 'Gwen' is higher yielding and more dwarfing than 'Hass' in California. The fruit has an oval shape, slightly smaller than 'Hass' ( 100–200 g or 3\+1⁄2–7 oz), with a rich, nutty flavor. The skin texture is more finely pebbled than 'Hass', and is dull green when ripe. It is frost-hardy down to −1 °C (30 °F).[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-95) - ['Hass'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado "Hass avocado"): [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hass_avocado_-white_background.jpg/250px-Hass_avocado_-white_background.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hass_avocado_-white_background.jpg) Two 'Hass' avocados The 'Hass' is the most common cultivar of avocado. It produces fruit year-round and accounts for 80% of cultivated avocados in the world.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-WCA-39)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Avocado.org_1-96) All 'Hass' trees are descended from a single "mother tree" raised by a mail carrier named [Rudolph Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Hass "Rudolph Hass"), of [La Habra Heights, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Habra_Heights,_California "La Habra Heights, California").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-IF-38)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Avocado.org_1-96) Hass patented the productive tree in 1935. The "mother tree", of uncertain subspecies, died of [root rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_rot "Root rot") and was cut down in September 2002.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-WCA-39)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Avocado.org_1-96)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-lat-2003sep07-97) - ['Lula'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lula_\(avocado\) "Lula (avocado)"): A seedling reportedly grown from a 'Taft' avocado planted in Miami on the property of George Cellon, it is named after Cellon's wife, Lula. It was likely a cross between Guatemalan and Mexican types. 'Lula' was recognized for its flavor and high oil content and propagated commercially in Florida. - ['Maluma'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluma_\(avocado\) "Maluma (avocado)"): A relatively new cultivar, it was discovered in South Africa in the early 1990s by Mr. A.G. (Dries) Joubert. It is a chance seedling of unknown parentage. - 'Pinkerton': First grown on the Pinkerton Ranch in [Saticoy, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saticoy,_California "Saticoy, California"), in the early 1970s, 'Pinkerton' is a seedling of 'Hass' x 'Rincon'. The large fruit has a small seed, and its green skin deepens in color as it ripens. The thick flesh has a smooth, creamy texture, pale green color, good flavor, and high oil content. It shows some cold tolerance, to −1 °C (30 °F) and bears consistently heavy crops. A hybrid Guatemalan type, it has excellent peeling characteristics.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] - 'Reed': Developed from a chance seedling found in 1948 by James S. Reed in California, this cultivar has large, round, green fruit with a smooth texture and dark, thick, glossy skin. Smooth and delicate, the flesh has a slightly nutty flavor. The skin ripens green. A Guatemalan type, it is hardy to −1 °C (30 °F). Tree size is about 5 by 4 m (16\+1⁄2 by 13 ft).\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] #### B cultivars - ['Fuerte'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerte_avocado "Fuerte avocado"): Commercialized in the U.S. from budwood imported from [Atlixco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlixco "Atlixco"), Mexico in 1911,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-CAS25-26-98) Fuerte was the dominant commercial variety in the U.S. for the first half of the 20th century.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cooksInfo-99) - 'Sharwil': Developed by James Cockburn Wilson (died 1990) with Frank Victor Sharpe in [Tamborine Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain "Tamborine Mountain"), Queensland, Australia, in the 1950s, a [portmanteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of Sharpe and Wilson.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-100) Wilson also developed the Willard variety (Wilson and Hazzard), imported the Reed variety into Australia, and developed the Shepard variety. Sharpe [OBE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire "Order of the British Empire") was later awarded a [CMG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George "Order of St Michael and St George") in [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Birthday_Honours#Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George_\(CMG\)_2 "1972 Birthday Honours") for services to the avocado industry. The variety originated in Guatemala.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-101) #### Other cultivars Other avocado cultivars include ['Spinks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Spinks#Spinks_avocado "William A. Spinks"). Historically attested varieties (which may or may not survive among [horticulturists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture "Horticulture")) include the 'Challenge', 'Dickinson', 'Kist', 'Queen', 'Rey', 'Royal', 'Sharpless', and 'Taft'.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-CAA_1924-25-102) #### Stoneless avocado A stoneless avocado, marketed as a "cocktail avocado", which does not contain a pit, is available on a limited basis. They are five to eight centimetres long; the whole fruit may be eaten, including the skin. It is produced from an unpollinated blossom in which the seed does not develop.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-103) Seedless avocados regularly appear on trees.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-104) Known in the avocado industry as "cukes", they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-105) ### Production Main article: [List of countries by avocado production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production "List of countries by avocado production") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Avocado_production%2C_World%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.svg/500px-Avocado_production%2C_World%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.svg.png) Avocado production | | | |---|---| | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png) [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") | 2\.97 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png) [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") | 1\.09 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png) [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") | 1\.02 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png) [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru") | 0\.98 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png) [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") | 0\.87 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png) [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya "Kenya") | 0\.54 | | **World** | **10\.47** | | Source: [FAOSTAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT "FAOSTAT") of the United Nations[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) | | In 2023, world production of avocados was 10.5 million tonnes, led by Mexico with 29% (3 million tonnes) of the total (table). Other major producers were [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia"), [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru"), and [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) ### International market A 2024 market analysis indicated that avocado exports will increase over the next five years with as many as 30 countries producing avocados, possibly becoming the world's most traded fruit by 2030.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-ajot24-106) ## Toxicity ### Allergies Some people have [allergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic "Allergic") reactions to avocado. There are two main forms of allergy: those with a tree-pollen allergy develop local symptoms in the mouth and throat shortly after eating avocado; the second, known as latex-fruit syndrome,[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-pmid9188921-107) is related to [latex allergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_allergy "Latex allergy")[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-108) and symptoms include generalised [urticaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria "Urticaria"), abdominal pain, and vomiting and can sometimes be life-threatening.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-109) ### Toxicity to animals Avocado leaves, [bark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_\(botany\) "Bark (botany)"), skin, or [pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp") are documented to be harmful to animals; cats, dogs, cattle, goats, rabbits,[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-110) rats, guinea pigs, birds, fish, and horses[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-111) can be severely harmed or even killed when they consume them. The avocado fruit is poisonous to some birds, and the [American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals "American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals") (ASPCA) lists it as toxic to horses.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-112) Avocado leaves contain a toxic fatty acid derivative, [persin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persin "Persin"), which in sufficient quantity can cause [colic in horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colic_in_horses "Colic in horses") and without veterinary treatment, death.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-pmid8581318-113) The symptoms include gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, congestion, fluid accumulation around the tissues of the heart, and even death. Birds also seem to be particularly sensitive to this toxic compound. The leaves of the Guatemalan variety of *P. americana* are toxic to goats, sheep, and horses.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-114) ## Uses ### Nutrition | Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | | |---|---| | [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy "Food energy") | 670 kJ (160 kcal) | | **[Carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate")** | 8\.53 g | | [Sugars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar") | 0\.66 g | | [Dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") | 6\.7 g | | **[Fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat")** | 14\.66 g | | [Saturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") | 2\.13 g | | [Monounsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat") | 9\.80 g | | [Polyunsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat "Polyunsaturated fat") | 1\.82 g | | **[Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)")** | 2 g | | Vitamins and minerals | | | **[Vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin "Vitamin")** | **Quantity** **%DV** † | | [Vitamin A equiv.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A "Vitamin A")[beta-Carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene "Beta-Carotene")[lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin") | 1% 7 ÎŒg1% 62 ÎŒg271 ÎŒg | | [Thiamine (B1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine "Thiamine") | 6% 0.067 mg | | [Riboflavin (B2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin") | 10% 0.13 mg | | [Niacin (B3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin_\(nutrient\) "Niacin (nutrient)") | 11% 1.738 mg | | [Pantothenic acid (B5)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid") | 28% 1.389 mg | | [Vitamin B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6 "Vitamin B6") | 15% 0.257 mg | | [Folate (B9)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") | 20% 81 ÎŒg | | [Vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") | 11% 10 mg | | [Vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E") | 14% 2.07 mg | | [Vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") | 18% 21 ÎŒg | | **[Minerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_\(nutrient\) "Mineral (nutrient)")** | **Quantity** **%DV** † | | [Calcium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans "Calcium in biology") | 1% 12 mg | | [Iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism "Human iron metabolism") | 3% 0.55 mg | | [Magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology "Magnesium in biology") | 7% 29 mg | | [Manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition "Manganese") | 6% 0.142 mg | | [Phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role "Phosphorus") | 4% 52 mg | | [Potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology "Potassium in biology") | 16% 485 mg | | [Sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology "Sodium in biology") | 0% 7 mg | | [Zinc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role "Zinc") | 6% 0.64 mg | | **Other constituents** | **Quantity** | | Water | 73\.23 g | | [Fluoride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride "Fluoride") | 7 ”g | | [Beta-sitosterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sitosterol "Beta-sitosterol") | 76 mg | | [Link to USDA Database entry](https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102652/nutrients) | | | †Percentages estimated using [US recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values "Reference Daily Intake") for adults,[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-FDADailyValues-115) except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the [National Academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-116) | | Raw avocado flesh is 73% water, 15% fat, 9% [carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate"), and 2% [protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)") (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, avocado supplies 670 kilojoules (160 kilocalories), and is a rich source (20% or more of the [Daily Value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value "Daily Value"), DV) of several [B vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins "B vitamins") (such as 28% DV in [pantothenic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid")) and [vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") (20% DV), with moderate contents (10–19% DV) of [vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C"), [vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E"), and [potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium "Potassium"). Avocados also contain [phytosterols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosterols "Phytosterols") and [carotenoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoids "Carotenoids"), such as [lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") and [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin").[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-117) #### Fat composition Avocados have diverse fats: - About 75% of an avocado's energy comes from fat, most of which (67% of total fat) is [monounsaturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat") as [oleic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid "Oleic acid") (USDA reference in table). - Other predominant fats include [palmitic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid "Palmitic acid") and [linoleic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleic_acid "Linoleic acid"). - The [saturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") content amounts to 14% of the total fat. - Typical total fat composition is roughly: 1% [omega-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid "Omega-3 fatty acid"), 14% [omega-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid "Omega-6 fatty acid"), 71% [omega-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid "Omega-9 fatty acid") (65% oleic and 6% palmitoleic), and 14% [saturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") (palmitic acid). Although costly to produce, nutrient-rich avocado oil has a multitude of uses for salads or cooking and in cosmetics and soap products.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) #### Research Reviews of [clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research "Clinical research") found that avocado consumption may lower blood levels of [low-density lipoprotein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein "Low-density lipoprotein") and [total cholesterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol "Cholesterol"), two [biomarkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker "Biomarker") of [cardiovascular disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease "Cardiovascular disease").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-119) ### Culinary [![Wikibooks logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) Wikibooks [Cookbook](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook "wikibooks:Cookbook") has a recipe/module on - ***[Avocado](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Avocado "wikibooks:Cookbook:Avocado")*** See also: [List of avocado dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avocado_dishes "List of avocado dishes") The fruit of horticultural cultivars has a markedly higher fat content than most other fruit, mostly [monounsaturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat"), and as such serves as an important staple in the diet of consumers who have limited access to other fatty foods (high-fat meats and fish, dairy products). Having a high [smoke point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_point "Smoke point"), [avocado oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_oil "Avocado oil") is expensive compared to common [salad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_oil "Salad oil") and [cooking oils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oil "Cooking oil"), and is mostly used for salads or [dips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip_\(food\) "Dip (food)"). A ripe avocado yields to gentle pressure when held in the palm of the hand and squeezed. The flesh is prone to [enzymatic browning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymatic_browning "Enzymatic browning"), quickly turning brown after exposure to air.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-120) To prevent this, [lime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_\(fruit\) "Lime (fruit)") or lemon juice can be added to avocados after peeling. The fruit is not sweet, but distinctly and subtly flavored, with smooth texture.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) It is used in both savory and sweet dishes, though in many countries not for both. The avocado is common in [vegetarian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine "Vegetarian cuisine") as a substitute for meats in sandwiches and salads because of its high fat content. Generally, avocado is served raw, though some cultivars, including the common 'Hass', can be cooked for a short time without becoming bitter. The flesh of some avocados may be rendered inedible by heat. Prolonged cooking induces this chemical reaction in all cultivars.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-121) It is used as the base for the Mexican dip known as [guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) as well as a spread on [corn tortillas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_tortillas "Corn tortillas") or toast, served with spices. Avocado is a primary ingredient in [avocado soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_soup "Avocado soup"). Avocado slices are frequently added to hamburgers and *[tortas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortas "Tortas")* and is a key ingredient in [California rolls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_roll "California roll") and other *[makizushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makizushi "Makizushi")* ("maki", or rolled [sushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi "Sushi")). - [![Sliced avocado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sliced_avocado.jpg/500px-Sliced_avocado.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sliced_avocado.jpg "Sliced avocado") Sliced avocado - [![A guacamole mix (right) used as a dip for tortilla chips (left)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Guacomole.jpg/500px-Guacomole.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guacomole.jpg "A guacamole mix (right) used as a dip for tortilla chips (left)") A [guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole") mix (right) used as a dip for [tortilla chips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla_chip "Tortilla chip") (left) - [![Avocado toast](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/2014_avocado_salad_tomato_salsa_toasted_baguette.jpg/250px-2014_avocado_salad_tomato_salsa_toasted_baguette.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_avocado_salad_tomato_salsa_toasted_baguette.jpg "Avocado toast") [Avocado toast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_toast "Avocado toast") - [![Avocado in milk and sugar, a traditional dish from the Philippines](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Avocado_lamaw_%28Avocado_in_milk_and_sugar%2C_chilled_or_with_ice%29%2C_Philippines_04.jpg/500px-Avocado_lamaw_%28Avocado_in_milk_and_sugar%2C_chilled_or_with_ice%29%2C_Philippines_04.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_lamaw_\(Avocado_in_milk_and_sugar,_chilled_or_with_ice\),_Philippines_04.jpg "Avocado in milk and sugar, a traditional dish from the Philippines") [Avocado in milk and sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_and_milk_in_ice "Avocado and milk in ice"), a traditional dish from the Philippines - [![Indonesian-style milkshake with chocolate syrup](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IndonesianFood_JusAlpokat.JPG/250px-IndonesianFood_JusAlpokat.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndonesianFood_JusAlpokat.JPG "Indonesian-style milkshake with chocolate syrup") [Indonesian-style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine") milkshake with chocolate syrup - [![Unusual avocado variety from Cebu, Philippines](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2015-08-08_09.11.34_unusual_avocado_%28the_fertility_testicle_fruit%29_variety_from_Cebu_Philippines_2.jpg/500px-2015-08-08_09.11.34_unusual_avocado_%28the_fertility_testicle_fruit%29_variety_from_Cebu_Philippines_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015-08-08_09.11.34_unusual_avocado_\(the_fertility_testicle_fruit\)_variety_from_Cebu_Philippines_2.jpg "Unusual avocado variety from Cebu, Philippines") Unusual avocado variety from Cebu, Philippines - [![A mocha almond fudge avocado layer cake](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mocha_almond_fudge_avocado_cake_%284673005762%29.jpg/250px-Mocha_almond_fudge_avocado_cake_%284673005762%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mocha_almond_fudge_avocado_cake_\(4673005762\).jpg "A mocha almond fudge avocado layer cake") A mocha almond fudge avocado layer cake ### International In Mexico and Central America, avocados are served mixed with white rice, in soups, salads, or on the side of chicken and meat. They are also commonly added to *[pozole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozole "Pozole")*. In Peru, they are consumed with *[tequeños](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teque%C3%B1o "Tequeño")* as mayonnaise, served as a side dish with *[parrillas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asado "Asado")*, used in salads and sandwiches, or as a whole dish when filled with tuna, shrimp, or chicken. In Chile, it is used as a puree-like sauce with chicken, [hamburgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger "Hamburger"), and [hot dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog "Hot dog"); and in slices for [celery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery "Celery") or lettuce salads. The Chilean version of [Caesar salad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_salad "Caesar salad") contains large slices of mature avocado.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Avocado forms the base of *[guasacaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guasacaca "Guasacaca")*, a sauce found in [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") and the Dominican Republic. Avocados in savory dishes, often seen as exotic, are a relative novelty in Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Brazil, where the traditional preparation is mashed with sugar and lime, and eaten as a dessert or snack. This contrasts with Spanish-speaking countries such as Chile, Mexico, or [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"), where the opposite is true and sweet preparations are rare, with the exception of the Philippines, a former Spanish colony where avocados are traditionally used in sweet preparations and savory uses are seen as exotic.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-malasig-122) In the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") (where avocados were introduced from [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") since before the 1700s),[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-malasig-122) Brazil, Indonesia, [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), and southern India (especially the coastal [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), Tamil Nadu and [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka") region), avocados are frequently used for milkshakes and occasionally added to [ice cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream "Ice cream") and other desserts.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-123) In Brazil, the Philippines[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-zeldes-124) Vietnam, and Indonesia, a dessert drink is made with sugar, milk or water, and pureed avocado. [Chocolate syrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_syrup "Chocolate syrup") is sometimes added. In [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco "Morocco"), a similar chilled avocado and milk drink is sweetened with [confectioner's sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectioner%27s_sugar "Confectioner's sugar") and flavored with a touch of [orange flower water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_flower_water "Orange flower water"). In [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia"), avocados are made into juice by mixing them with sugar and milk or water, usually served with [Vimto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimto "Vimto") and a slice of lemon. It is also common to serve layered multiple fruit juices in a glass (locally called *Spris*) made of avocados, mangoes, bananas, guavas, and papayas. Avocados are also used to make salads. In [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya "Kenya") and Nigeria, the avocado is often eaten as a fruit alone or mixed with other fruits in a fruit salad, or as part of a vegetable salad. In [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana "Ghana"), they are often eaten alone on sliced bread as a sandwich. In [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka"), their well-ripened flesh, thoroughly mashed or pureed with milk and *kitul* treacle (a liquid [jaggery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggery "Jaggery") made from the sap of the inflorescence of [jaggery palms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryota_urens "Caryota urens")), is a common dessert.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-K.2012-125) In [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), they are often consumed with [cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava "Cassava") or regular bread for breakfast. In the United Kingdom, the avocado became available during the 1960s when introduced by [Sainsbury's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s "Sainsbury's") under the name 'avocado pear'.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Scotsman-52) Much of the success of avocados in the UK is attributed to a long-running promotional campaign initiated by South African growers in 1995.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-126) In Australia and New Zealand, avocados are commonly served on sandwiches, sushi, toast, or with chicken. ### Leaves [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Green_avocado_foliage_%28Persea_americana%29.jpg/250px-Green_avocado_foliage_%28Persea_americana%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_avocado_foliage_\(Persea_americana\).jpg) Avocado has elliptical-shaped [leaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves "Leaves"). In addition to the fruit, the leaves of Mexican avocados (*Persea americana* var. *drymifolia*) are used in some cuisines as a spice, with a flavor somewhat reminiscent of [anise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise "Anise").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-127) They are sold both dried and fresh, toasted before use, and either crumbled or used whole, commonly in bean dishes.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-128) Avocado leaves can also be steeped in water to form a tea; used in traditional medicine, this may offer health benefits.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-130) ## See also - [California Avocado Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Commission "California Avocado Commission") - [California Avocado Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Society "California Avocado Society") - *[Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Lime_%26_Avocado_Growers,_Inc._v._Paul "Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul")* - [Guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole") - [List of avocado dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avocado_dishes "List of avocado dishes") - [Plant propagation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation "Plant propagation") - [Recalcitrant seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recalcitrant_seed "Recalcitrant seed") ## Explanatory notes 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-59)** Intermingled in a trade or cultural sense, but not necessarily a genetic one. ## References 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-1)** Wegier, A., Lorea HernĂĄndez, F., Contreras, A., TobĂłn, W. & Mastretta-Yanes, A. 2017. Persea americana (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T96986556A129765464. <https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T96986556A96986588.en>. Downloaded on 01 May 2021. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-2)** ["*Persea americana* Mill"](http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000465160). *World Flora Online*. The World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022. 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-4) Dillehay TD, Goodbred S, Pino M, et al. (2017). ["Simple technologies and diverse food strategies of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Huaca Prieta, Coastal Peru"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443642). *Science Advances*. **3** (5) e1602778. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2017SciA....3E2778D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciA....3E2778D). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1126/sciadv.1602778](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1602778). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5443642](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443642). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [28560337](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28560337). 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-4)** ["Avocado History"](https://avocadosfrommexico.com/avocados/history/). *Avocados From Mexico*. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2022. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-7) Morton JF (1987). [*Avocado; In: Fruits of Warm Climates*](https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/avocado_ars.html). Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. pp. 91–102\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-9610184-1-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2") . 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-6)** ["What's in a name?"](http://ucavo.ucr.edu/General/HistoryName.html). University of California. Retrieved 27 March 2016. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-chen_7-0)** Chen H, Morrell PL, Ashworth V, et al. (2008). ["Tracing the Geographic Origins of Major Avocado Cultivars"](https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/100/1/56/771306). *Journal of Heredity*. **100** (1): 56–65\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/jhered/esn068](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesn068). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [18779226](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18779226). 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-AyalaSilva2014_8-0)** Ayala Silva, T., & Ledesma, N. (2014). Avocado History, Biodiversity and Production. In N. G. Ravindran & B. L. Smith (Eds.), *Sustainable Horticultural Systems* (pp. 157–205). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7642-2\_7. 9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-storey_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-storey_9-1) Storey, W. B. (1973). ["What kind of fruit is the avocado?"](http://ucavo.ucr.edu/General/FruitBerry.html). *California Avocado Society 1973–74 Yearbook*. **57**: 70–71\. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-10)** RendĂłn-Anaya M, Ibarra-Laclette E, MĂ©ndez-Bravo A, et al. (20 August 2019). ["The avocado genome informs deep angiosperm phylogeny, highlights introgressive hybridization, and reveals pathogen-influenced gene space adaptation"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708331). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **116** (34): 17081–17089\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2019PNAS..11617081R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11617081R). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1073/pnas.1822129116](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1822129116). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0027-8424](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [6708331](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708331). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [31387975](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31387975). 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-11)** Alyssa Cho, Andrea Kawabata, Ty McDonald, and Mike Nagao (July 2018). ["Grafting Avocado"](https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-51.pdf) (PDF). University of Hawai‘i. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250829071951/https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-51.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2026. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) 12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-3) ["Crops/World regions/Production quantity (pick lists) of avocados for 2023"](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC). [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"), Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-13)** Dreher ML, Davenport AJ (1 January 2013). ["Hass Avocado Composition and Potential Health Effects"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664913). *Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition*. **53** (7): 738–750\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013CRFSN..53..738D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CRFSN..53..738D). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10408398.2011.556759](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2011.556759). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1040-8398](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-8398). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [3664913](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664913). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23638933](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23638933). 14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-footprint_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-footprint_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-footprint_14-2) Sommaruga R, Eldridge HM (13 December 2020). ["Avocado production: Water footprint and socioeconomic implications"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1746-692x.12289). *EuroChoices*. **20** (2): 48–53\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/1746-692x.12289](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1746-692x.12289). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1478-0917](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0917). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [230594487](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230594487). 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-15)** ["The Shocking Environmental Effects of Avocado Farming"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220728175549/https://www.voxnature.com/the-shocking-environmental-effects-of-avocado-farming/). *Vox Nature*. 17 May 2019. Archived from [the original](https://www.voxnature.com/the-shocking-environmental-effects-of-avocado-farming/) on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-16)** ["Avocado consumption: environmental and social considerations"](https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/avocado_consumption_environmental_and_social_considerations). *MSU Extension*. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2022. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-17)** Khan N, Kakabadse NK, Skouloudis A (17 November 2021). ["Socio-ecological resilience and environmental sustainability: case of avocado from Mexico"](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504509.2021.1902419). *International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology*. **28** (8): 744–758\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2021IJSDW..28..744K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021IJSDW..28..744K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/13504509.2021.1902419](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504509.2021.1902419). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1350-4509](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-4509). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [233607375](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233607375). 18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-18)** Bravo-Espinosa, M., Mendoza, M.E., Carlo ́n Allende, T., Medina, L., S ́aenz-Reyes, J.T., Pa ́ez, R., 2014. Effects of converting forest to avocado orchards on topsoil properties in the trans-Mexican volcanic system, Mexico. Land Degrad. Dev. 25 (5), 452–467. <https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2163>. 19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-19)** ["What climate change means for the future of coffee, cashews, and avocados"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220126205119/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/what-climate-change-means-for-future-of-coffee-cashew-avocado). *National Geographic Environment*. 26 January 2022. Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/what-climate-change-means-for-future-of-coffee-cashew-avocado) on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-20)** GrĂŒter R, Trachsel T, Laube P, et al. (26 January 2022). ["Expected global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado due to climate change"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8791496). *PLOS ONE*. **17** (1) e0261976. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2022PLoSO..1761976G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1761976G). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1371/journal.pone.0261976](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0261976). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1932-6203](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [8791496](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8791496). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [35081123](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35081123). 21. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-Nandwani2014_21-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-Nandwani2014_21-1) Dilip Nandwani (2014). [*Sustainable Horticultural Systems: Issues, Technology and Innovation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jurSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA176). Springer. pp. 176–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-3-319-06904-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06904-3 "Special:BookSources/978-3-319-06904-3") . 22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-22)** ["Avocado General Information"](http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/crops/i_avocad.htm). *www.extento.hawaii.edu*. Retrieved 21 March 2023. 23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-Yahia2011_23-0)** Elhadi M. Yahia (2011). [*Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Açai to Citrus*](https://books.google.com/books?id=oO51AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125). Elsevier Science. pp. 125–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85709-276-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-276-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-276-2") . 24. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-whiley_24-0)** A. W. Whiley, B. Schaffer, B. N. Wolstenholme (2002). [*The Avocado: Botany, Production, and Uses*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CxmvpAYkL54C&pg=PA30). CABI. p. 30. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85199-978-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-978-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-978-4") . 25. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-Essig2015_25-0)** Frederick B. Essig (2015). [*Plant Life: A Brief History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=XvhzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162). Oxford University Press. pp. 162–. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-026658-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026658-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026658-5") . 26. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-Smith-1966_26-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-Smith-1966_26-1) Smith CE (April 1966). ["Archeological evidence for selection in avocado"](http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02904012). *Economic Botany*. **20** (2): 169–175\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1966EcBot..20..169S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966EcBot..20..169S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/BF02904012](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02904012). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0013-0001](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001). 27. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-Kole2011_27-0)** Chittaranjan Kole (2011). [*Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Tropical and Subtropical Fruits*](https://books.google.com/books?id=WY4zSqE8sdgC&pg=PA172). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 172–. 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[PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [40876535](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40876535). 119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-120)** Jules Janick, ed. (2008). *The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts*. Oxfordshire, England: CABI. p. 440. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85199-638-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-638-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-638-7") . 120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-121)** Bates RP (1970). "Heat-Induced Off-Flavor in Avocado Flesh". *Journal of Food Science*. **35** (4): 478–482\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb00962.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1970.tb00962.x). 121. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-malasig_122-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-malasig_122-1) Malasig J (22 May 2018). ["Is this the best way to eat avocado westerners aren't aware of?"](https://interaksyon.philstar.com/lifestyle/2018/05/22/127241/viral-tweet-avocado-different-culture/). *Interaksyon*. Retrieved 1 January 2023. 122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-123)** ["Around the world culinary tour with avocados – AvoSeedo"](https://www.avoseedo.com/around-the-world-culinary-tour-with-avocados/). 20 October 2015. 123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-zeldes_124-0)** Zeldes LA (2 June 2010). ["Eat this! The 'Hass' avocado, black and green and creamy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212023/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/06/02/eat-this-the-hass-avocado-black-and-green-and-creamy/). *Dining Chicago*. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/06/02/eat-this-the-hass-avocado-black-and-green-and-creamy/) on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2010. 124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-K.2012_125-0)** Lim T. K. (2012). [*Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits*](https://books.google.com/books?id=32rWbxUtjeMC&pg=PA82). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 82. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-94-007-2534-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2534-8 "Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2534-8") . 125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-126)** Saner E (2 November 2015). ["Ripe and ready: how 'evil geniuses' got us hooked on avocados"](https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/02/avocados-ripe-ready-evil-geniuses-hooked). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 3 October 2020. 126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-127)** Thomas E. Weil (1969). ["Area Handbook for Chile (Area handbook series)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200721120131/https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Area_Handbook_for_Chile.html?id=4EVGAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y). *Pamphlet*. **550** (77). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office (Digitized: 16 August 2007): 104. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0892-8541](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-8541). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=4EVGAAAAMAAJ) on 21 July 2020. 127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-128)** Diana Kennedy (2010). [*Oaxaca Al Gusto: An Infinite Gastronomy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vY4j3OIDMeoC&pg=PA426). University of Texas Press. p. 426. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-292-72266-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72266-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72266-8") . 128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-129)** Goodwin J (21 June 2021). ["Drink to your health with St. Louis-based Avocado Leaf Tea"](https://www.feastmagazine.com/makers/drink-to-your-health-with-st-louis-based-avocado-leaf-tea/article_6f1d37ac-d13a-11eb-8eb6-fb9c8c99a444.html). *Feast Magazine*. Retrieved 13 October 2025. 129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-130)** Jimenez P, Garcia P, Quitral V, et al. (18 August 2021). ["Pulp, Leaf, Peel and Seed of Avocado Fruit: A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Healthy Benefits"](https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2020.1717520). *Food Reviews International*. **37** (6): 619–655\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/87559129.2020.1717520](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F87559129.2020.1717520). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [8755-9129](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8755-9129). ## Further reading - Bruce Shaffer, B. Nigel Wolstenhome, Anthony W. Whiley, eds. (2012). [*The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses*](https://books.google.com/books?id=r0hpRJca3zEC). CABI. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84593-701-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-701-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-701-0") . ## External links **Avocado** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects") - [![Wiktionary logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg)[Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Avocado "wikt:Special:Search/Avocado") from Wiktionary - [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "c:Persea americana") from Commons - [![Wikisource logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)[Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Avocado_Pear "s:1911 EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica/Avocado Pear") from Wikisource - [![Wikibooks logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg)[Recipes](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Cookbook:Avocado "b:Special:Search/Cookbook:Avocado") from Wikibooks - [![Wikispecies logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg)[Taxa](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "species:Persea americana") from Wikispecies - [Definitive illustrated list of avocado varieties](http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/AvocadoVarieties/VarietyFrame.html#Anchor-47857) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309191347/http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/AvocadoVarieties/VarietyFrame.html#Anchor-47857) 9 March 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") - [California Avocado Commission](https://www.californiaavocado.com/) - [Avocados beyond *Persea americana*](http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/avocado.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061107033301/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/avocado.html) 7 November 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), California Rare Fruit Growers | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Avocados "Template:Avocados") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Avocados "Template talk:Avocados") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avocados "Special:EditPage/Template:Avocados")[Avocados]() | | |---|---| | [Culinary usage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avocado_dishes "List of avocado dishes") | [Avocado oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_oil "Avocado oil") [Avocado sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_sauce "Avocado sauce") [Avocado soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_soup "Avocado soup") [Avocado toast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_toast "Avocado toast") [Deep-fried avocado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-fried_avocado "Deep-fried avocado") [FĂ©roce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9roce "FĂ©roce") [Guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole") [Western-style sushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi#Western-style_sushi "Sushi") [California roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_roll "California roll") [Rainbow roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_roll "Rainbow roll") [Seattle roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_roll "Seattle roll") | | [Cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avocado_cultivars "List of avocado cultivars") | [Brogden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brogden_\(avocado\) "Brogden (avocado)") [Choquette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choquette_\(avocado\) "Choquette (avocado)") [Fuerte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerte_avocado "Fuerte avocado") [Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado "Hass avocado") [Lula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lula_\(avocado\) "Lula (avocado)") [Maluma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluma_\(avocado\) "Maluma (avocado)") [Monroe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_\(avocado\) "Monroe (avocado)") | | Cultivation | [Diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avocado_diseases "List of avocado diseases") [By location](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_cultivation_by_location "Avocado cultivation by location") [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_production_in_Mexico "Avocado production in Mexico") [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production "List of countries by avocado production") | | Related topics | [California Avocado Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Commission "California Avocado Commission") [California Avocado Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Society "California Avocado Society") [World Avocado Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Avocado_Congress "World Avocado Congress") | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Avocado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Avocado "Category:Avocado") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Avocado dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Avocado_dishes "Category:Avocado dishes") | | | [Taxon identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers "Help:Taxon identifiers") | | |---|---| | *Persea americana* | [Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata "Wikidata"): [Q37153](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37153 "wikidata:Q37153") [Wikispecies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies "Wikispecies"): [Persea americana](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Persea_americana "wikispecies:Persea americana") AoFP: [443](https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=443) APDB: [48991](https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/48991) [APNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index "Australian Plant Name Index"): [165441](https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/165441) [ATRF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants "Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants"): [Persea\_americana](https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Persea_americana.htm) BioLib: [207615](https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id207615) Calflora: [9376](https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9376) [CoL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life "Catalogue of Life"): [4F97T](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4F97T) [Ecocrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocrop "Ecocrop"): [1659](https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1659) [EoL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life "Encyclopedia of Life"): [596888](https://eol.org/pages/596888) [EPPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code "EPPO Code"): [PEBAM](https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PEBAM) [FNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America "Flora of North America"): [200009046](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200009046) [FoAO2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia "Flora of Australia"): [Persea americana](https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Persea%20americana) [FoC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China_\(series\) "Flora of China (series)"): [200009046](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009046) [GBIF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility "Global Biodiversity Information Facility"): [3034046](https://www.gbif.org/species/3034046) [GRIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network "Germplasm Resources Information Network"): [27393](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=27393) [iNaturalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist "INaturalist"): [62831](https://inaturalist.org/taxa/62831) IPA: [14162](https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=14162) [IPNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index "International Plant Names Index"): [467921-1](https://www.ipni.org/n/467921-1) [IRMNG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera "Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera"): [11326304](https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11326304) [ITIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System "Integrated Taxonomic Information System"): [18154](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=18154) [IUCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List "IUCN Red List"): [96986556](https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/96986556/0) [MoBotPF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden "Missouri Botanical Garden"): [281661](https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281661) [NatureServe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe "NatureServe"): [2\.140276](https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.140276/) [NBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network "National Biodiversity Network"): [NHMSYS0000461590](https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000461590) [NCBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information "National Center for Biotechnology Information"): [3435](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3435) NZOR: [6e25c949-ec9d-4d20-a674-4cd746f3b7da](https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6e25c949-ec9d-4d20-a674-4cd746f3b7da) [NZPCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network "New Zealand Plant Conservation Network"): [3005](https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3005) [Observation.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org "Observation.org"): [159166](https://observation.org/species/159166/) [Open Tree of Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life "Open Tree of Life"): [913249](https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=913249) PalDat: [Persea\_americana](https://www.paldat.org/pub/Persea_americana) [Plant List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List "The Plant List"): [kew-2529835](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2529835) [PLANTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants "Natural Resources Conservation Service"): [PEAM3](https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PEAM3) [POWO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online "Plants of the World Online"): [urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325643-2](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A325643-2) [RHS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society "Royal Horticultural Society"): [21291](https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/21291/wd/Details) [TaiCOL](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84 "zh:è‡șçŁç‰©çšźćéŒ„"): [t0054753](https://taicol.tw/taxon/t0054753) [Tropicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos "Tropicos"): [17801262](https://www.tropicos.org/name/17801262) [WFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online "World Flora Online"): [wfo-0000465160](https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000465160) | | [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37153#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | | |---|---| | National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010549) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560044) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007282448105171) | | Other | [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/47eaa13c-377f-4877-a9f9-46ec6e1b1c12) | ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avocado&oldid=1348281998>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [IUCN Red List least concern species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species "Category:IUCN Red List least concern species") - 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| Avocado | | |---|---| | [![Close-up picture of foliage and avocado fruit](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Persea_americana_fruit_2.JPG/250px-Persea_americana_fruit_2.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persea_americana_fruit_2.JPG) | | | Avocado fruit and foliage, [RĂ©union island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union "RĂ©union") | | | [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Avocado_Hass_-_single_and_halved.jpg/250px-Avocado_Hass_-_single_and_halved.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_Hass_-_single_and_halved.jpg) | | | Whole and halved [Hass avocados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado "Hass avocado") grown in Colombia | | | [Conservation status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_status "Conservation status") | | | [![Least Concern](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/250px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg) [Least Concern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_Concern "Least Concern")([IUCN 3.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List "IUCN Red List"))[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-1) | | | [Scientific classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_\(biology\) "Taxonomy (biology)") [![Edit this classification](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Persea "Edit this classification") | | | Kingdom: | [Plantae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant "Plant") | | *Clade*: | [Tracheophytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant "Vascular plant") | | *Clade*: | [Angiosperms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant "Flowering plant") | | *Clade*: | [Magnoliids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliids "Magnoliids") | | Order: | [Laurales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurales "Laurales") | | Family: | [Lauraceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceae "Lauraceae") | | Genus: | [*Persea*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea "Persea") | | Species: | ***P. americana*** | | [Binomial name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature "Binomial nomenclature") | | | ***Persea americana*** [Mill.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller "Philip Miller") | | | [Synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_\(taxonomy\) "Synonym (taxonomy)")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-2) | | | synonymy *Laurus persea* L. *Persea americana* var. *angustifolia* Miranda *Persea americana* var. *drymifolia* (Cham. & Schltdl.) S.F. Blake *Persea americana* var. *nubigena* (L.O. Williams) L.E. Kopp *Persea drymifolia* Cham. & Schltdl. *Persea edulis* Raf. *Persea floccosa* Mez *Persea gigantea* L.O. Williams *Persea gratissima* C.F.Gaertn. *Persea gratissima* var. *drimyfolia* (Schltdl. & Cham.) Mez *Persea gratissima* var. *macrophylla* [Meisn.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Meissner "Carl Meissner") *Persea gratissima* var. *oblonga* Meisn. *Persea gratissima* var. *praecox* Nees *Persea gratissima* var. *vulgaris* Meisn. *Persea leiogyna* Blake *Persea nubigena* L.O. Williams *Persea nubigena* var. *guatemalensis* L.O. Williams *Persea paucitriplinervia* Lundell *Persea persea* (L.) Cockerell *Persea steyermarkii* C.K. Allen | | The **avocado**, **alligator pear** or **avocado pear** (***Persea americana***) is an [evergreen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen "Evergreen") tree in the laurel family ([Lauraceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauraceae "Lauraceae")). It is native to [the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas "Americas"), with archaeological evidence of early human avocado use dating back thousands of years across various regions of Central and South America.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) It was prized for its large and unusually [oily fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_oil "Avocado oil").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-chen-7) The native range of avocado (*Persea americana*) extends from Mexico to Peru, encompassing much of Central America and parts of northern and western South America.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-AyalaSilva2014-8) Its fruit, sometimes also referred to as an **alligator pear** or **avocado pear**, is botanically a large [berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_\(botany\) "Berry (botany)") containing a single large seed.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-storey-9) Sequencing of its genome showed that the evolution of avocados was shaped by [polyploidy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy "Polyploidy") events and that commercial varieties have a [hybrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_\(biology\) "Hybrid (biology)") origin.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-10) Avocado trees are partly [self-pollinating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination "Self-pollination"), and are often [propagated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation "Plant propagation") through [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") to maintain consistent fruit output.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-11) Avocados are presently cultivated in the tropical and [Mediterranean climates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate "Mediterranean climate") of many countries.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) As of 2023, [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico "Agriculture in Mexico") is the world's [leading producer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_avocado_production "List of countries by avocado production") of avocados, supplying 29% of the global harvest of 10.5 million [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) The fruit of domestic varieties have smooth, buttery, golden-green flesh when ripe. Depending on the [cultivar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar"), avocados have green, brown, purplish, or black skin, and may be pear-shaped, egg-shaped, or spherical. For commercial purposes, the fruits are picked while unripe and ripened after harvesting. The nutrient density and high fat content of avocado flesh are advantages for various cuisines, including vegetarian diets.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-13) In major production regions like [Chile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile "Chile"), [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") and [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California "California"), the water demands of avocado farms place strain on local resources.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-footprint-14) Avocado production is implicated in other [externalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality "Externality"), including [deforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation "Deforestation") and human rights concerns associated with the partial control of their production in Mexico by [organized crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Mexico "Organized crime in Mexico").[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-18) Global warming is expected to result in [significant changes to the suitable growing zones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture "Effects of climate change on agriculture") for avocados, and place additional pressures on the locales in which they are produced due to [heat waves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave "Heat wave") and drought.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-20) Description *Persea americana* is a tree that grows to 9–20 m (30–66 ft) with a trunk diameter between 0.3–0.6 m (1–2 ft). The leaves are 8–25 cm (3–10 in) long and alternately arranged.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Nandwani2014-21)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-22) Flower Panicles of flowers with deciduous bracts arise from new growth or the axils of leaves. The tree flowers thousands of blossoms every year. Avocado blossoms sprout from racemes near the leaf axils; they are small and inconspicuous 5–10 mm (3⁄16–3⁄8 in) wide. They have no petals but instead two whorls of three pale-green or greenish-yellow downy [perianth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perianth "Perianth") lobes, each blossom has 9 stamens with 2 basal orange nectar glands.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Nandwani2014-21)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) Fruit [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flower_of_Avocado_2.jpg/250px-Flower_of_Avocado_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_of_Avocado_2.jpg) Avocado flower [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Pollen_grains_of_avocado_plant.jpg/250px-Pollen_grains_of_avocado_plant.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollen_grains_of_avocado_plant.jpg) Pollen grains of avocado The avocado fruit is a [climacteric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climacteric_\(botany\) "Climacteric (botany)"),[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Yahia2011-23) single-seeded [berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry_\(botany\) "Berry (botany)"), due to the imperceptible [endocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp") covering the seed,[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-storey-9)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-whiley-24) rather than a [drupe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drupe "Drupe").[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Essig2015-25) The pear-shaped fruit is usually 7–20 cm (3–8 in) long, weighs between 100 and 1,000 g (3\+1⁄2 and 35\+1⁄2 oz), and has a large central [seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed "Seed"), 5–6.4 cm (2–2\+1⁄2 in) long.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) Early wild avocados prior to domestication had much smaller seeds around 2.1–2.2 centimetres (0.83–0.87 in) in diameter, likely corresponding to smaller fruit size.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Smith-1966-26) The species produces various cultivars with larger, fleshier fruits with a thinner [exocarp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocarp "Exocarp") because of [selective breeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_breeding "Plant breeding") by humans.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Kole2011-27) Taxonomy and evolution The species was scientifically named by the British botanist [Philip Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller "Philip Miller") in 1768.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-28) The genus *[Persea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persea "Persea")* to which the avocado belongs is considered to have a North American origin, with *Persea* suggested to have diversified in Central America during the [Pleistocene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene "Pleistocene") epoch.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-29) The modern avocado is thought to have speciated from other *Persea* during the Pleistocene, estimated at around either 1.3 million or 430,000 years ago.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-berd-30) A number of authors, including Connie Barlow in her 2001 book *The Ghosts of Evolution*, have speculated that the avocado is an "[evolutionary anachronism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_anachronism "Evolutionary anachronism")" with megafaunal dispersal syndrome (a concept originally proposed in the 1980s by [Paul S. Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schultz_Martin "Paul Schultz Martin") and [Daniel H. Janzen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_H._Janzen "Daniel H. Janzen")[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Janzen-31)), arguing that the avocado likely [coevolved](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coevolution "Coevolution") dispersal of its large seed by now-extinct [megafauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna "Megafauna").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Barlow2001-32)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-33) Barlow proposed that the dispersers included the [gomphothere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomphothere "Gomphothere") (elephant relative) *[Cuvieronius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvieronius "Cuvieronius")*, as well as [ground sloths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_sloth "Ground sloth"), [toxodontids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxodontidae "Toxodontidae"), and [glyptodonts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyptodont "Glyptodont").[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Barlow2001-32) The concept of evolutionary anachronisms/megafaunal dispersal syndrome has been criticised by some authors, who note that many large fruit are readily dispersed by non-megafaunal animals,[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-34) with it being noted that living [agoutis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti "Agouti") disperse avocado seeds,[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-35)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-36) with [spectacled bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacled_bear "Spectacled bear") also having been observed eating domestic avocados.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-37) History [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ab/Avocado_firstInternationalShipment.jpg/250px-Avocado_firstInternationalShipment.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_firstInternationalShipment.jpg) First international air shipment of avocados from Los Angeles to Toronto for the [Canadian National Exhibition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition "Canadian National Exhibition"), 1927 The earliest known written account of the avocado in Europe is that of [MartĂ­n FernĂĄndez de Enciso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Enciso "MartĂ­n FernĂĄndez de Enciso") (c. 1470 – 1528) in 1519 in his book, *[Suma De Geographia Que Trata De Todas Las Partidas Y Provincias Del Mundo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma_de_Geographia "Suma de Geographia")*, while describing the native settlement of Yaharo (present-day [Dibulla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibulla,_La_Guajira "Dibulla, La Guajira"), Colombia).[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-IF-38)[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-WCA-39) The first detailed account that unequivocally describes the avocado was given by [Gonzalo FernĂĄndez de Oviedo y ValdĂ©s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s "Gonzalo FernĂĄndez de Oviedo y ValdĂ©s") in his work *Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias* in 1526, while holding administrative Spanish colonial duties in [Santo Domingo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo "Santo Domingo") and visiting [Castilla de Oro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro "Castilla de Oro").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40) The first written record in English of the use of the word 'avocado' was by [Hans Sloane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane "Hans Sloane"), who coined the term,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40) in a 1696 index of Jamaican plants. Etymology The word *avocado* comes from the Spanish *aguacate*, which derives from the [Nahuatl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahuatl "Nahuatl") (Mexican) word *āhuacatl* [\[aːˈwakatÍĄÉŹ\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl "Help:IPA/Nahuatl"),[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-41) which goes back to the [proto-Aztecan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Nahuan_language "Proto-Nahuan language") \**pa:wa*.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-42) In [Molina's Nahuatl dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulario_en_lengua_castellana_y_mexicana "Vocabulario en lengua castellana y mexicana") "auacatl" is given also as the translation for *compañón* "testicle",[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-43) and this has been taken up in popular culture where a frequent claim is that testicle was the word's original meaning. This is not the case, as the original meaning can be reconstructed as "avocado" – rather the word seems to have been used in Nahuatl as a euphemism for "testicle".[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-44)[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-46) The modern English name comes from a rendering of the Spanish *aguacate* as *avogato*. The earliest known written use in English is attested from 1697 as *avogato pear*, later *avocado pear* (due to its shape), a term sometimes corrupted to *alligator pear*.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-mw-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-48)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) Regional names In Central American, Caribbean Spanish-speaking countries, and Spain[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-49) it is known by the Mexican Spanish name *aguacate*, while South American Spanish-speaking countries Argentina, Chile, PerĂș and Uruguay use a [Quechua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages "Quechua languages")\-derived word, *palta*.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-50) In Portuguese, it is *abacate*. The Nahuatl *āhuacatl* can be compounded with other words, as in *ahuacamolli*, meaning avocado soup or sauce, from which the Spanish word *[guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole")* derives.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-51) In [Trinidad and Tobago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago "Trinidad and Tobago"), it is known as 'Zaboca', which is derived from the French Creole, 'l'avocat'. In the United Kingdom the term *avocado pear*, applied when avocados first became commonly available in the 1960s, is sometimes used.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Scotsman-52) Originating as a [diminutive in Australian English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive_in_Australian_English "Diminutive in Australian English"), a [clipped](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_\(morphology\) "Clipping (morphology)") form, *avo*, has since become a common colloquialism in South Africa and the United Kingdom.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-53) It is known as "butter fruit" in parts of India[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-54) and Hong Kong.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-55) Cultivation Domestication and cultivation history Domestication, leading to genetically distinct cultivars, is traditionally believed to have originated in the [Tehuacan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuacan_Valley "Tehuacan Valley")[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56) in the state of [Puebla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla "Puebla"), Mexico.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Harvard-57) However, archaeological findings suggest a much earlier human interaction with the fruit. The oldest known avocado remains were discovered at Huaca Prieta, a preceramic site on the northern coast of Peru, where humans were consuming avocados as early as 10,500 years ago.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) This predates other known evidence, such as avocado pits found in [Coxcatlan Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxcatlan_Cave "Coxcatlan Cave"), dating from around 9,000 to 10,000 years ago, which was previously thought to be the oldest discovery of an avocado pit.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) Other caves in the [Tehuacan Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuacan_Valley "Tehuacan Valley") from around the same time period also show early evidence for the presence and consumption of avocado.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56) In addition to early archaeological evidence from Peru,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) genetic and linguistic research has identified three major domesticated avocado [landraces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace "Landrace")—Guatemalan (*quilaoacatl*), Mexican (*aoacatl*), and West Indian (*tlacacolaocatl*)—which developed in distinct ecological regions of Mesoamerica and Central America.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) The Guatemalan and Mexican landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru,[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Ayala_SilvaLedesma2014-40) achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) The three separate landraces were most likely to have already intermingled[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-59) in pre-Columbian America and were described in the [Florentine Codex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_Codex "Florentine Codex").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) As a result of [artificial selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_selection "Artificial selection"), the fruit and correspondingly the seeds of cultivated avocados became considerably larger relative to their earlier wild forebears millennia before the Columbian exchange.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Smith-1966-26) The earliest residents of northern coastal Peru were living in temporary camps in an ancient wetland and eating avocados, along with chilies, mollusks, sharks, birds, and sea lions.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3) There is additional evidence for avocado use at [Norte Chico civilization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization "Norte Chico civilization") sites in Peru at [Caballo Muerto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caballo_Muerto "Caballo Muerto") in Peru from around 3,800 to 4,500 years ago.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Landon_2009-56) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Criollo_avocados_de_Oaxaca.png/250px-Criollo_avocados_de_Oaxaca.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Criollo_avocados_de_Oaxaca.png) Native [Oaxaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca "Oaxaca") *criollo* avocados, the ancestral form of today's domesticated varieties The avocado tree has a long history of cultivation in Central and South America, now known to be much earlier than previously thought.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-HuacaPrieta2017-3)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Harvard-57) A water jar shaped like an avocado, dating to AD 900, was discovered in the pre-[Inca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca "Inca") city of [Chan Chan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Chan "Chan Chan").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-turtle-60) The plant was introduced to Spain in 1601, Indonesia around 1750, Mauritius in 1780, Brazil in 1809, the United States mainland in 1825, South Africa and Australia in the late 19th century, and the Ottoman Empire in 1908.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) In the United States, the avocado was introduced to Florida and Hawaii in 1833 and in California in 1856.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) The name *avocado* has been used in English since at least 1764, with minor spelling variants such as *avogato* attested even earlier.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-63) The avocado was commonly referred to in California as *ahuacate* and in Florida as *alligator pear* until 1915, when the [California Avocado Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Society "California Avocado Society") popularized the term *avocado.*[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Schaffer_2013-58) Requirements [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Avocado_Seedling.jpg/250px-Avocado_Seedling.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_Seedling.jpg) *Persea americana*, young avocado plant (seedling), complete with parted pit and roots As a [subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical "Subtropical") species, avocados need a climate without frost and with little wind. High winds reduce the humidity, dehydrate the flowers, and affect pollination.\[*[original research?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] When even a mild frost occurs, premature fruit drop may occur; although the '[Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado "Hass avocado")' [cultivar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") can tolerate temperatures down to −1 °C.\[*[original research?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] Several cold-hardy varieties\[*[specify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")*\]\[*[which?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words "Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words")*\] are planted in the region of [Gainesville, Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida "Gainesville, Florida"), which survive temperatures as low as −6.5 °C (20 °F) with only minor leaf damage. The trees also need well-aerated soils, ideally more than 1 m deep.\[*[original research?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research "Wikipedia:No original research")*\] However, Guatemalan varieties such as "MacArthur", "Rincon", or "Nabal" can withstand temperatures down to −1.6 °C (29 °F).[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-64) According to information published by the [Water Footprint Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_footprint#Water_Footprint_Network_\(WFN\) "Water footprint"), it takes an average of approximately 70 litres (18 US gallons; 15 imperial gallons) of applied fresh ground or surface water, not including rainfall or natural moisture in the soil, to grow one avocado (283 L/kg \[33.9 US gal/lb; 28.2 imp gal/lb\]). However, the amount of water needed depends on where it is grown; for example, in the main avocado-growing region of Chile, about 320 L (85 US gal; 70 imp gal) of applied water are needed to grow one avocado (1,280 L/kg \[153 US gal/lb; 128 imp gal/lb\]).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Danwatch2019-65) Increasing demand and production of avocados may cause [water shortages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity "Water scarcity") in some avocado production areas, such as the Mexican state of [MichoacĂĄn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n "MichoacĂĄn").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-footprint-14)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cbc-66) Avocados may also cause environmental and [socioeconomic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics "Socioeconomics") impacts in major production areas, illegal [deforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation "Deforestation"), and [water disputes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict "Water conflict").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-footprint-14)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cbc-66) Water requirements for growing avocados are three times higher than for apples, and 18 times higher than for tomatoes.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cbc-66) Harvest and postharvest Commercial orchards produce an average of seven tonnes per hectare each year, with some orchards achieving 20 tonnes per hectare.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-67) [Biennial bearing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_bearing "Biennial bearing") can be a problem, with heavy crops in one year being followed by poor yields the next. Like the banana, the avocado is a [climacteric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climacteric_\(botany\) "Climacteric (botany)") fruit, which matures on the tree, but ripens off the tree. Avocados used in commerce are picked hard and green and kept in coolers at 3.3 to 5.6 °C (37.9 to 42.1 °F) until they reach their final destination. Avocados must be mature to ripen properly. Avocados that fall off the tree ripen on the ground. Generally, the fruit is picked once it reaches maturity; Mexican growers pick 'Hass' avocados when they have more than 23% dry matter, and other producing countries have similar standards. Once picked, avocados ripen in one to two weeks (depending on the cultivar) at [room temperature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_temperature "Room temperature") (faster if stored with other fruits such as apples or bananas, because of the influence of [ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene "Ethylene") gas). Some supermarkets sell ripened avocados which have been treated with synthetic ethylene to hasten ripening.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-68) The use of an ethylene gas "ripening room", which is now an industry standard, was pioneered in the 1980s by farmer Gil Henry of [Escondido, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escondido,_California "Escondido, California"), in response to footage from a hidden supermarket camera which showed shoppers repeatedly squeezing hard, unripe avocados, putting them "back in the bin", and moving on without making a purchase.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-69) In some cases, avocados can be left on the tree for several months, which is an advantage to commercial growers who seek the greatest return for their crop, but if the fruit remains unpicked for too long, it falls to the ground. Breeding [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Seedless_Avocado_in_Mexico.jpg/250px-Seedless_Avocado_in_Mexico.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seedless_Avocado_in_Mexico.jpg) A seedless avocado, or cuke, growing next to two regular Ettinger avocados The species is only partially able to [self-pollinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pollination "Self-pollination") because of [dichogamy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism "Sequential hermaphroditism") in its flowering. This limitation, added to the long juvenile period, makes the species difficult to breed. Most cultivars are propagated by [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting"), having originated from random seedling plants or minor [mutations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation "Mutation") derived from cultivars. Modern breeding programs tend to use isolation plots where the chances of cross-[pollination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination "Pollination") are reduced. That is the case for programs at the [University of California, Riverside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside "University of California, Riverside"), as well as the [Volcani Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_research_In_Israel#Agricultural_Research_Organization_\(ARO\) "Agricultural research In Israel") and the Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias in Chile. The avocado is unusual in that the timing of the male and female flower phases differs among cultivars. The two flowering types are A and B. A-cultivar flowers open as female on the morning of the first day and close in late morning or early afternoon. Then they open as male in the afternoon of the second day. B varieties open as female on the afternoon of the first day, close in late afternoon and reopen as male the following morning. - A cultivars: 'Hass', 'Gwen', 'Lamb Hass', 'Pinkerton', 'Reed' - B cultivars: 'Fuerte', 'Sharwil', 'Zutano', 'Bacon', 'Ettinger', 'Sir Prize', 'Walter Hole'[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-71) Certain cultivars, such as the 'Hass', have a tendency to bear well only in alternate years. After a season with a low yield, due to factors such as cold (which the avocado does not tolerate well), the trees tend to produce abundantly the next season. In addition, due to environmental circumstances during some years, seedless avocados may appear on the trees.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-72) Known in the avocado industry as "cukes", they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-73) Propagation and rootstocks [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/GrowingAvocadoFromSeed.JPG/250px-GrowingAvocadoFromSeed.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GrowingAvocadoFromSeed.JPG) A common technique to germinate avocados at home is to use toothpicks poked into the avocado pit to suspend the pit partially in water. [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Persea_americana_%28Avocado%29_Sprout_08May2010.JPG/250px-Persea_americana_%28Avocado%29_Sprout_08May2010.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persea_americana_\(Avocado\)_Sprout_08May2010.JPG) Young avocado sprout Avocados can be propagated by seed, taking roughly four to six years to bear fruit, although in some cases seedlings can take 10 years to come into bearing.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-74) The offspring is unlikely to be identical to the parent cultivar in fruit quality. Prime quality varieties are therefore propagated by grafting to [rootstocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock") that are propagated by seed (seedling rootstocks) or by [layering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layering_\(horticulture\) "Layering (horticulture)") (clonal rootstocks). After about a year of growing in a greenhouse, the young rootstocks are ready to be grafted. Terminal and lateral grafting is normally used. The [scion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scion_\(grafting\) "Scion (grafting)") cultivar grows for another 6–12 months before the tree is ready to be sold. Clonal rootstocks are selected for tolerance of specific soil and disease conditions, such as poor soil aeration or resistance to the soil-borne disease (root rot) caused by *[Phytophthora cinnamomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi "Phytophthora cinnamomi")*. Advances in cloning techniques that can produce up to 500 new plants from a single millimetre of tree cutting have the potential to increase the availability of rootstocks.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-75) Commercial avocado production is limited to a small fraction of the vast genetic diversity in the species. Conservation of this genetic diversity has relied largely on field collection, as avocado seeds often do not survive storage in seed banks. This is problematic, as field preservation of living cultivars is expensive, and habitat loss threatens wild cultivars. More recently, an alternate method of conservation has been developed based on cryopreservation of avocado somatic embryos with reliable methods for somatic embryogenesis and reconstitution into living trees.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-76)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-77) As a houseplant [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/20cm_avocado_leaf.JPG/250px-20cm_avocado_leaf.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20cm_avocado_leaf.JPG) Avocado houseplant leaf with ruler to indicate size (numbers in cm) The avocado tree can be grown domestically and used as a decorative [houseplant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseplant "Houseplant"). The pit germinates in normal soil conditions or partially submerged in a small glass (or container) of water. In the latter method, the pit sprouts in four to six weeks, at which time it is planted in standard houseplant potting soil. The plant normally grows large enough to be prunable; it does not bear fruit unless it has ample sunlight. Home gardeners can [graft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") a branch from a fruit-bearing plant to speed maturity, which typically takes four to six years to bear fruit.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-78) Pests and diseases [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Persea_americana.jpg/250px-Persea_americana.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persea_americana.jpg) *P. americana*, avocado plant flowers Avocado trees are vulnerable to bacterial, [viral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus "Virus"), [fungal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus "Fungus"), and nutritional diseases (excesses and deficiencies of key minerals). Disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting, and discoloration.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-79) The [pyriform scale insect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopulvinaria_pyriformis "Protopulvinaria pyriformis") (*Protopulvinaria pyriformis*) is known from Australia, South Africa, Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Cuba, Florida,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-CABI-80) and Peru. It is normally found on avocado, and in Peru it is said to be the worst insect pest of the fruit. Certain cultivars of avocado seem more susceptible to attack by the scale than others.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Sharp-81) Cultivation by location Cultivation in Mexico Mexico is by far the world's largest avocado growing country, producing several times more than the second largest producer.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-82) In 2013, the total area dedicated to avocado production was 188,723 hectares (466,340 acres), and the harvest was 2.03 million tonnes in 2017.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) The states that produce the most are [MĂ©xico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Mexico "State of Mexico"), [Morelos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morelos "Morelos"), [Nayarit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayarit "Nayarit"), [Puebla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebla "Puebla"), and Michoacan, accounting for 86% of the total. In MichoacĂĄn, the cultivation is complicated by the existence of [drug cartels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartel "Drug cartel") that extort protection fees from cultivators. They are reported to exact 2,000 Mexican [pesos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peso "Peso") per hectare from avocado farmers and 1 to 3 pesos/kg of harvested fruit.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-83) It is such a problem that the phrase *blood guacamole* has been adopted to describe the social effects in Mexico of the vast worldwide demand for its fruits.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-nymag-84) Cultivation in California Avocados were introduced to California from [Nicaragua](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua "Nicaragua") in the early 1850s, when avocado trees imported from the [Central American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_American "Central American") country were observed and reported growing near San Gabriel.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-85)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-87) The avocado has since become a successful [cash crop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crop "Cash crop"). About 24,000 hectares (59,000 acres) – as of 2015, some 80% of United States avocado production – is located in [Southern California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California "Southern California").[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-nymag-84) Avocado is the official fruit of the state of California.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-88) [Fallbrook, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallbrook,_California "Fallbrook, California"), claims, without official recognition, the title of "Avocado Capital of the World" (also claimed by the town of [Uruapan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruapan "Uruapan") in Mexico[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-89)), and both it and [Carpinteria, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpinteria,_California "Carpinteria, California"), host annual avocado festivals. The [California Avocado Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Commission "California Avocado Commission") and the [California Avocado Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Society "California Avocado Society") are the two major grower organizations and [Calavo Growers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calavo_Growers "Calavo Growers") is a major distributor. Cultivation in Peru 'Hass' avocado production in Peru encompasses thousands of hectares in central and western Peru.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-90) Peru has now become the largest supplier of avocados imported to the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") and the second largest supplier to Asia and the United States.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-91) The country's location near the [equator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator "Equator") and along the Pacific Ocean creates consistently mild temperatures all year. 'Hass' avocados from Peru are seasonally available to consumers from May through September and are promoted under the auspices of the Peruvian Avocado Commission, headquartered in Washington, D.C. Cultivation in Chile Chile has produced avocados for over 100 years with production increasing dramatically in the early 1980s due to global demand. [*New York* magazine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_\(magazine\) "New York (magazine)") reported in 2015 that "Large avocado growers are draining the country's [groundwater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater "Groundwater") and rivers faster than they can replenish themselves."[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-nymag-84) 88% of total production and 99% of exported avocados from Chile are Hass avocados. Avocados are a staple fruit in Chile with 30% of production destined for the domestic market. No import tariffs are imposed on Chilean avocados by China, the United States, or the European Union due to free trade agreements.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-92)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-93) Cultivars A cultivars - ['Choquette'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choquette_avocado "Choquette avocado"): [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Avocado_cv_Choquette.jpg/250px-Avocado_cv_Choquette.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_cv_Choquette.jpg) Avocado 'Choquette' grafted A seedling from Miami, Florida. 'Choquette' bore large fruit of good eating quality in large quantities and had good disease resistance, and thus became a major cultivar. Today 'Choquette' is widely propagated in south Florida both for commercial growing and for home growing.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-94) - 'Gwen': A seedling bred from 'Hass' x 'Thille' in 1982, 'Gwen' is higher yielding and more dwarfing than 'Hass' in California. The fruit has an oval shape, slightly smaller than 'Hass' (100–200 g or 3\+1⁄2–7 oz), with a rich, nutty flavor. The skin texture is more finely pebbled than 'Hass', and is dull green when ripe. It is frost-hardy down to −1 °C (30 °F).[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-95) - ['Hass'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hass_avocado "Hass avocado"): [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hass_avocado_-white_background.jpg/250px-Hass_avocado_-white_background.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hass_avocado_-white_background.jpg) Two 'Hass' avocados The 'Hass' is the most common cultivar of avocado. It produces fruit year-round and accounts for 80% of cultivated avocados in the world.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-WCA-39)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Avocado.org_1-96) All 'Hass' trees are descended from a single "mother tree" raised by a mail carrier named [Rudolph Hass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Hass "Rudolph Hass"), of [La Habra Heights, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Habra_Heights,_California "La Habra Heights, California").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-IF-38)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Avocado.org_1-96) Hass patented the productive tree in 1935. The "mother tree", of uncertain subspecies, died of [root rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_rot "Root rot") and was cut down in September 2002.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-WCA-39)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Avocado.org_1-96)[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-lat-2003sep07-97) - ['Lula'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lula_\(avocado\) "Lula (avocado)"): A seedling reportedly grown from a 'Taft' avocado planted in Miami on the property of George Cellon, it is named after Cellon's wife, Lula. It was likely a cross between Guatemalan and Mexican types. 'Lula' was recognized for its flavor and high oil content and propagated commercially in Florida. - ['Maluma'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluma_\(avocado\) "Maluma (avocado)"): A relatively new cultivar, it was discovered in South Africa in the early 1990s by Mr. A.G. (Dries) Joubert. It is a chance seedling of unknown parentage. - 'Pinkerton': First grown on the Pinkerton Ranch in [Saticoy, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saticoy,_California "Saticoy, California"), in the early 1970s, 'Pinkerton' is a seedling of 'Hass' x 'Rincon'. The large fruit has a small seed, and its green skin deepens in color as it ripens. The thick flesh has a smooth, creamy texture, pale green color, good flavor, and high oil content. It shows some cold tolerance, to −1 °C (30 °F) and bears consistently heavy crops. A hybrid Guatemalan type, it has excellent peeling characteristics.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] - 'Reed': Developed from a chance seedling found in 1948 by James S. Reed in California, this cultivar has large, round, green fruit with a smooth texture and dark, thick, glossy skin. Smooth and delicate, the flesh has a slightly nutty flavor. The skin ripens green. A Guatemalan type, it is hardy to −1 °C (30 °F). Tree size is about 5 by 4 m (16\+1⁄2 by 13 ft).\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] B cultivars - ['Fuerte'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuerte_avocado "Fuerte avocado"): Commercialized in the U.S. from budwood imported from [Atlixco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlixco "Atlixco"), Mexico in 1911,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-CAS25-26-98) Fuerte was the dominant commercial variety in the U.S. for the first half of the 20th century.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-cooksInfo-99) - 'Sharwil': Developed by James Cockburn Wilson (died 1990) with Frank Victor Sharpe in [Tamborine Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamborine_Mountain "Tamborine Mountain"), Queensland, Australia, in the 1950s, a [portmanteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau "Portmanteau") of Sharpe and Wilson.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-100) Wilson also developed the Willard variety (Wilson and Hazzard), imported the Reed variety into Australia, and developed the Shepard variety. Sharpe [OBE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire "Order of the British Empire") was later awarded a [CMG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George "Order of St Michael and St George") in [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Birthday_Honours#Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George_\(CMG\)_2 "1972 Birthday Honours") for services to the avocado industry. The variety originated in Guatemala.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-101) Other cultivars Other avocado cultivars include ['Spinks'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Spinks#Spinks_avocado "William A. Spinks"). Historically attested varieties (which may or may not survive among [horticulturists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture "Horticulture")) include the 'Challenge', 'Dickinson', 'Kist', 'Queen', 'Rey', 'Royal', 'Sharpless', and 'Taft'.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-CAA_1924-25-102) Stoneless avocado A stoneless avocado, marketed as a "cocktail avocado", which does not contain a pit, is available on a limited basis. They are five to eight centimetres long; the whole fruit may be eaten, including the skin. It is produced from an unpollinated blossom in which the seed does not develop.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-103) Seedless avocados regularly appear on trees.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-104) Known in the avocado industry as "cukes", they are usually discarded commercially due to their small size.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-105) Production ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Avocado_production%2C_World%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.svg/500px-Avocado_production%2C_World%2C_2023_%28cropped%29.svg.png) Avocado production | | | |---|---| | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png) [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") | 2\.97 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png) [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") | 1\.09 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png) [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic") | 1\.02 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/40px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png) [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru") | 0\.98 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png) [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia") | 0\.87 | | ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png) [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya "Kenya") | 0\.54 | | **World** | **10\.47** | | Source: [FAOSTAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT "FAOSTAT") of the United Nations[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) | | In 2023, world production of avocados was 10.5 million tonnes, led by Mexico with 29% (3 million tonnes) of the total (table). Other major producers were [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia"), [Dominican Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic "Dominican Republic"), [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru"), and [Indonesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia "Indonesia").[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-faostat-12) International market A 2024 market analysis indicated that avocado exports will increase over the next five years with as many as 30 countries producing avocados, possibly becoming the world's most traded fruit by 2030.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-ajot24-106) Toxicity Allergies Some people have [allergic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic "Allergic") reactions to avocado. There are two main forms of allergy: those with a tree-pollen allergy develop local symptoms in the mouth and throat shortly after eating avocado; the second, known as latex-fruit syndrome,[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-pmid9188921-107) is related to [latex allergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latex_allergy "Latex allergy")[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-108) and symptoms include generalised [urticaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria "Urticaria"), abdominal pain, and vomiting and can sometimes be life-threatening.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-109) Toxicity to animals Avocado leaves, [bark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bark_\(botany\) "Bark (botany)"), skin, or [pit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocarp "Endocarp") are documented to be harmful to animals; cats, dogs, cattle, goats, rabbits,[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-110) rats, guinea pigs, birds, fish, and horses[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-111) can be severely harmed or even killed when they consume them. The avocado fruit is poisonous to some birds, and the [American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals "American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals") (ASPCA) lists it as toxic to horses.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-112) Avocado leaves contain a toxic fatty acid derivative, [persin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persin "Persin"), which in sufficient quantity can cause [colic in horses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colic_in_horses "Colic in horses") and without veterinary treatment, death.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-pmid8581318-113) The symptoms include gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, congestion, fluid accumulation around the tissues of the heart, and even death. Birds also seem to be particularly sensitive to this toxic compound. The leaves of the Guatemalan variety of *P. americana* are toxic to goats, sheep, and horses.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-114) Uses Nutrition | Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | | |---|---| | [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy "Food energy") | 670 kJ (160 kcal) | | **[Carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate")** | 8\.53 g | | [Sugars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar") | 0\.66 g | | [Dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") | 6\.7 g | | **[Fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat")** | 14\.66 g | | [Saturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") | 2\.13 g | | [Monounsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat") | 9\.80 g | | [Polyunsaturated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat "Polyunsaturated fat") | 1\.82 g | | **[Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)")** | 2 g | | Vitamins and minerals | | | **[Vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin "Vitamin")** | **Quantity** **%DV**† | | [Vitamin A equiv.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A "Vitamin A")[beta-Carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene "Beta-Carotene")[lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin") | 1% 7 ÎŒg1% 62 ÎŒg271 ÎŒg | | [Thiamine (B1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine "Thiamine") | 6% 0.067 mg | | [Riboflavin (B2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin") | 10% 0.13 mg | | [Niacin (B3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin_\(nutrient\) "Niacin (nutrient)") | 11% 1.738 mg | | [Pantothenic acid (B5)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid") | 28% 1.389 mg | | [Vitamin B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6 "Vitamin B6") | 15% 0.257 mg | | [Folate (B9)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") | 20% 81 ÎŒg | | [Vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") | 11% 10 mg | | [Vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E") | 14% 2.07 mg | | [Vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") | 18% 21 ÎŒg | | **[Minerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_\(nutrient\) "Mineral (nutrient)")** | **Quantity** **%DV**† | | [Calcium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans "Calcium in biology") | 1% 12 mg | | [Iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism "Human iron metabolism") | 3% 0.55 mg | | [Magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology "Magnesium in biology") | 7% 29 mg | | [Manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition "Manganese") | 6% 0.142 mg | | [Phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role "Phosphorus") | 4% 52 mg | | [Potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology "Potassium in biology") | 16% 485 mg | | [Sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology "Sodium in biology") | 0% 7 mg | | [Zinc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role "Zinc") | 6% 0.64 mg | | **Other constituents** | **Quantity** | | Water | 73\.23 g | | [Fluoride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride "Fluoride") | 7 ”g | | [Beta-sitosterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-sitosterol "Beta-sitosterol") | 76 mg | | [Link to USDA Database entry](https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102652/nutrients) | | | †Percentages estimated using [US recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values "Reference Daily Intake") for adults,[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-FDADailyValues-115) except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the [National Academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine").[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-116) | | Raw avocado flesh is 73% water, 15% fat, 9% [carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate"), and 2% [protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)") (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, avocado supplies 670 kilojoules (160 kilocalories), and is a rich source (20% or more of the [Daily Value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value "Daily Value"), DV) of several [B vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins "B vitamins") (such as 28% DV in [pantothenic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid")) and [vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") (20% DV), with moderate contents (10–19% DV) of [vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C"), [vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E"), and [potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium "Potassium"). Avocados also contain [phytosterols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosterols "Phytosterols") and [carotenoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoids "Carotenoids"), such as [lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") and [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin").[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-117) Fat composition Avocados have diverse fats: - About 75% of an avocado's energy comes from fat, most of which (67% of total fat) is [monounsaturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat") as [oleic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid "Oleic acid") (USDA reference in table). - Other predominant fats include [palmitic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid "Palmitic acid") and [linoleic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleic_acid "Linoleic acid"). - The [saturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") content amounts to 14% of the total fat. - Typical total fat composition is roughly: 1% [omega-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid "Omega-3 fatty acid"), 14% [omega-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid "Omega-6 fatty acid"), 71% [omega-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega-9_fatty_acid "Omega-9 fatty acid") (65% oleic and 6% palmitoleic), and 14% [saturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturated_fat "Saturated fat") (palmitic acid). Although costly to produce, nutrient-rich avocado oil has a multitude of uses for salads or cooking and in cosmetics and soap products.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) Research Reviews of [clinical research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research "Clinical research") found that avocado consumption may lower blood levels of [low-density lipoprotein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein "Low-density lipoprotein") and [total cholesterol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol "Cholesterol"), two [biomarkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker "Biomarker") of [cardiovascular disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease "Cardiovascular disease").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-119) Culinary The fruit of horticultural cultivars has a markedly higher fat content than most other fruit, mostly [monounsaturated fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat "Monounsaturated fat"), and as such serves as an important staple in the diet of consumers who have limited access to other fatty foods (high-fat meats and fish, dairy products). Having a high [smoke point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_point "Smoke point"), [avocado oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_oil "Avocado oil") is expensive compared to common [salad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_oil "Salad oil") and [cooking oils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_oil "Cooking oil"), and is mostly used for salads or [dips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip_\(food\) "Dip (food)"). A ripe avocado yields to gentle pressure when held in the palm of the hand and squeezed. The flesh is prone to [enzymatic browning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymatic_browning "Enzymatic browning"), quickly turning brown after exposure to air.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-120) To prevent this, [lime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_\(fruit\) "Lime (fruit)") or lemon juice can be added to avocados after peeling. The fruit is not sweet, but distinctly and subtly flavored, with smooth texture.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) It is used in both savory and sweet dishes, though in many countries not for both. The avocado is common in [vegetarian cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine "Vegetarian cuisine") as a substitute for meats in sandwiches and salads because of its high fat content. Generally, avocado is served raw, though some cultivars, including the common 'Hass', can be cooked for a short time without becoming bitter. The flesh of some avocados may be rendered inedible by heat. Prolonged cooking induces this chemical reaction in all cultivars.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-121) It is used as the base for the Mexican dip known as [guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole"),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-morton-5) as well as a spread on [corn tortillas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_tortillas "Corn tortillas") or toast, served with spices. Avocado is a primary ingredient in [avocado soup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_soup "Avocado soup"). Avocado slices are frequently added to hamburgers and *[tortas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortas "Tortas")* and is a key ingredient in [California rolls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_roll "California roll") and other *[makizushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makizushi "Makizushi")* ("maki", or rolled [sushi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi "Sushi")). - [![Sliced avocado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sliced_avocado.jpg/500px-Sliced_avocado.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sliced_avocado.jpg "Sliced avocado") Sliced avocado - [![A guacamole mix (right) used as a dip for tortilla chips (left)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Guacomole.jpg/500px-Guacomole.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guacomole.jpg "A guacamole mix (right) used as a dip for tortilla chips (left)") A [guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole") mix (right) used as a dip for [tortilla chips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla_chip "Tortilla chip") (left) - [![Avocado toast](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/2014_avocado_salad_tomato_salsa_toasted_baguette.jpg/250px-2014_avocado_salad_tomato_salsa_toasted_baguette.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_avocado_salad_tomato_salsa_toasted_baguette.jpg "Avocado toast") - [![Avocado in milk and sugar, a traditional dish from the Philippines](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Avocado_lamaw_%28Avocado_in_milk_and_sugar%2C_chilled_or_with_ice%29%2C_Philippines_04.jpg/500px-Avocado_lamaw_%28Avocado_in_milk_and_sugar%2C_chilled_or_with_ice%29%2C_Philippines_04.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avocado_lamaw_\(Avocado_in_milk_and_sugar,_chilled_or_with_ice\),_Philippines_04.jpg "Avocado in milk and sugar, a traditional dish from the Philippines") [Avocado in milk and sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado_and_milk_in_ice "Avocado and milk in ice"), a traditional dish from the Philippines - [![Indonesian-style milkshake with chocolate syrup](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/IndonesianFood_JusAlpokat.JPG/250px-IndonesianFood_JusAlpokat.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndonesianFood_JusAlpokat.JPG "Indonesian-style milkshake with chocolate syrup") [Indonesian-style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine "Indonesian cuisine") milkshake with chocolate syrup - [![Unusual avocado variety from Cebu, Philippines](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/2015-08-08_09.11.34_unusual_avocado_%28the_fertility_testicle_fruit%29_variety_from_Cebu_Philippines_2.jpg/500px-2015-08-08_09.11.34_unusual_avocado_%28the_fertility_testicle_fruit%29_variety_from_Cebu_Philippines_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015-08-08_09.11.34_unusual_avocado_\(the_fertility_testicle_fruit\)_variety_from_Cebu_Philippines_2.jpg "Unusual avocado variety from Cebu, Philippines") Unusual avocado variety from Cebu, Philippines - [![A mocha almond fudge avocado layer cake](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mocha_almond_fudge_avocado_cake_%284673005762%29.jpg/250px-Mocha_almond_fudge_avocado_cake_%284673005762%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mocha_almond_fudge_avocado_cake_\(4673005762\).jpg "A mocha almond fudge avocado layer cake") A mocha almond fudge avocado layer cake International In Mexico and Central America, avocados are served mixed with white rice, in soups, salads, or on the side of chicken and meat. They are also commonly added to *[pozole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozole "Pozole")*. In Peru, they are consumed with *[tequeños](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teque%C3%B1o "Tequeño")* as mayonnaise, served as a side dish with *[parrillas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asado "Asado")*, used in salads and sandwiches, or as a whole dish when filled with tuna, shrimp, or chicken. In Chile, it is used as a puree-like sauce with chicken, [hamburgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger "Hamburger"), and [hot dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog "Hot dog"); and in slices for [celery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celery "Celery") or lettuce salads. The Chilean version of [Caesar salad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_salad "Caesar salad") contains large slices of mature avocado.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Avocado forms the base of *[guasacaca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guasacaca "Guasacaca")*, a sauce found in [Venezuela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela "Venezuela") and the Dominican Republic. Avocados in savory dishes, often seen as exotic, are a relative novelty in Portuguese-speaking countries, such as Brazil, where the traditional preparation is mashed with sugar and lime, and eaten as a dessert or snack. This contrasts with Spanish-speaking countries such as Chile, Mexico, or [Argentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina "Argentina"), where the opposite is true and sweet preparations are rare, with the exception of the Philippines, a former Spanish colony where avocados are traditionally used in sweet preparations and savory uses are seen as exotic.[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-malasig-122) In the [Philippines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines "Philippines") (where avocados were introduced from [Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico "Mexico") since before the 1700s),[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-malasig-122) Brazil, Indonesia, [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam "Vietnam"), and southern India (especially the coastal [Kerala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala "Kerala"), Tamil Nadu and [Karnataka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka "Karnataka") region), avocados are frequently used for milkshakes and occasionally added to [ice cream](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream "Ice cream") and other desserts.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-123) In Brazil, the Philippines[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-zeldes-124) Vietnam, and Indonesia, a dessert drink is made with sugar, milk or water, and pureed avocado. [Chocolate syrup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate_syrup "Chocolate syrup") is sometimes added. In [Morocco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco "Morocco"), a similar chilled avocado and milk drink is sweetened with [confectioner's sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectioner%27s_sugar "Confectioner's sugar") and flavored with a touch of [orange flower water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_flower_water "Orange flower water"). In [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia "Ethiopia"), avocados are made into juice by mixing them with sugar and milk or water, usually served with [Vimto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimto "Vimto") and a slice of lemon. It is also common to serve layered multiple fruit juices in a glass (locally called *Spris*) made of avocados, mangoes, bananas, guavas, and papayas. Avocados are also used to make salads. In [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya "Kenya") and Nigeria, the avocado is often eaten as a fruit alone or mixed with other fruits in a fruit salad, or as part of a vegetable salad. In [Ghana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana "Ghana"), they are often eaten alone on sliced bread as a sandwich. In [Sri Lanka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka "Sri Lanka"), their well-ripened flesh, thoroughly mashed or pureed with milk and *kitul* treacle (a liquid [jaggery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaggery "Jaggery") made from the sap of the inflorescence of [jaggery palms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryota_urens "Caryota urens")), is a common dessert.[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-K.2012-125) In [Haiti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti "Haiti"), they are often consumed with [cassava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava "Cassava") or regular bread for breakfast. In the United Kingdom, the avocado became available during the 1960s when introduced by [Sainsbury's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s "Sainsbury's") under the name 'avocado pear'.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-Scotsman-52) Much of the success of avocados in the UK is attributed to a long-running promotional campaign initiated by South African growers in 1995.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-126) In Australia and New Zealand, avocados are commonly served on sandwiches, sushi, toast, or with chicken. Leaves [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Green_avocado_foliage_%28Persea_americana%29.jpg/250px-Green_avocado_foliage_%28Persea_americana%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_avocado_foliage_\(Persea_americana\).jpg) Avocado has elliptical-shaped [leaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves "Leaves"). In addition to the fruit, the leaves of Mexican avocados (*Persea americana* var. *drymifolia*) are used in some cuisines as a spice, with a flavor somewhat reminiscent of [anise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise "Anise").[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-127) They are sold both dried and fresh, toasted before use, and either crumbled or used whole, commonly in bean dishes.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-128) Avocado leaves can also be steeped in water to form a tea; used in traditional medicine, this may offer health benefits.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_note-130) See also - [California Avocado Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Commission "California Avocado Commission") - [California Avocado Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Avocado_Society "California Avocado Society") - *[Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Lime_%26_Avocado_Growers,_Inc._v._Paul "Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul")* - [Guacamole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guacamole "Guacamole") - [List of avocado dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_avocado_dishes "List of avocado dishes") - [Plant propagation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_propagation "Plant propagation") - [Recalcitrant seed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recalcitrant_seed "Recalcitrant seed") Explanatory notes 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-59)** Intermingled in a trade or cultural sense, but not necessarily a genetic one. References 1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-1)** Wegier, A., Lorea HernĂĄndez, F., Contreras, A., TobĂłn, W. & Mastretta-Yanes, A. 2017. Persea americana (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T96986556A129765464. <https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T96986556A96986588.en>. Downloaded on 01 May 2021. 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-2)** ["*Persea americana* Mill"](http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000465160). *World Flora Online*. The World Flora Online Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2022. 3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-HuacaPrieta2017_3-4) Dillehay TD, Goodbred S, Pino M, et al. (2017). ["Simple technologies and diverse food strategies of the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene at Huaca Prieta, Coastal Peru"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443642). *Science Advances*. **3** (5) e1602778. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2017SciA....3E2778D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciA....3E2778D). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1126/sciadv.1602778](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1602778). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5443642](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5443642). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [28560337](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28560337). 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-4)** ["Avocado History"](https://avocadosfrommexico.com/avocados/history/). *Avocados From Mexico*. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2022. 5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-morton_5-7) Morton JF (1987). [*Avocado; In: Fruits of Warm Climates*](https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/avocado_ars.html). Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. pp. 91–102\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-9610184-1-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-9610184-1-2") . 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-6)** ["What's in a name?"](http://ucavo.ucr.edu/General/HistoryName.html). University of California. Retrieved 27 March 2016. 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-chen_7-0)** Chen H, Morrell PL, Ashworth V, et al. (2008). ["Tracing the Geographic Origins of Major Avocado Cultivars"](https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/100/1/56/771306). *Journal of Heredity*. **100** (1): 56–65\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/jhered/esn068](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesn068). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [18779226](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18779226). 8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-AyalaSilva2014_8-0)** Ayala Silva, T., & Ledesma, N. (2014). Avocado History, Biodiversity and Production. In N. G. Ravindran & B. L. Smith (Eds.), *Sustainable Horticultural Systems* (pp. 157–205). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7642-2\_7. 9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-storey_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-storey_9-1) Storey, W. B. (1973). ["What kind of fruit is the avocado?"](http://ucavo.ucr.edu/General/FruitBerry.html). *California Avocado Society 1973–74 Yearbook*. **57**: 70–71\. 10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-10)** RendĂłn-Anaya M, Ibarra-Laclette E, MĂ©ndez-Bravo A, et al. (20 August 2019). ["The avocado genome informs deep angiosperm phylogeny, highlights introgressive hybridization, and reveals pathogen-influenced gene space adaptation"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708331). *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*. **116** (34): 17081–17089\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2019PNAS..11617081R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11617081R). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1073/pnas.1822129116](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1822129116). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0027-8424](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [6708331](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6708331). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [31387975](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31387975). 11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-11)** Alyssa Cho, Andrea Kawabata, Ty McDonald, and Mike Nagao (July 2018). ["Grafting Avocado"](https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-51.pdf) (PDF). University of Hawai‘i. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250829071951/https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-51.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2026. `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) 12. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-faostat_12-3) ["Crops/World regions/Production quantity (pick lists) of avocados for 2023"](http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC). [Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations"), Statistical Division (FAOSTAT). 2025. Retrieved 27 February 2025. 13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-13)** Dreher ML, Davenport AJ (1 January 2013). ["Hass Avocado Composition and Potential Health Effects"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664913). *Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition*. **53** (7): 738–750\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013CRFSN..53..738D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CRFSN..53..738D). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10408398.2011.556759](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2011.556759). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1040-8398](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-8398). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [3664913](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664913). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23638933](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23638933). 14. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-footprint_14-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-footprint_14-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-footprint_14-2) Sommaruga R, Eldridge HM (13 December 2020). ["Avocado production: Water footprint and socioeconomic implications"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1746-692x.12289). *EuroChoices*. **20** (2): 48–53\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/1746-692x.12289](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1746-692x.12289). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1478-0917](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0917). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [230594487](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230594487). 15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-15)** ["The Shocking Environmental Effects of Avocado Farming"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220728175549/https://www.voxnature.com/the-shocking-environmental-effects-of-avocado-farming/). *Vox Nature*. 17 May 2019. Archived from [the original](https://www.voxnature.com/the-shocking-environmental-effects-of-avocado-farming/) on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. 16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-16)** ["Avocado consumption: environmental and social considerations"](https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/avocado_consumption_environmental_and_social_considerations). *MSU Extension*. 24 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2022. 17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-17)** Khan N, Kakabadse NK, Skouloudis A (17 November 2021). ["Socio-ecological resilience and environmental sustainability: case of avocado from Mexico"](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504509.2021.1902419). *International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology*. **28** (8): 744–758\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2021IJSDW..28..744K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021IJSDW..28..744K). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/13504509.2021.1902419](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13504509.2021.1902419). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1350-4509](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-4509). 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Archived from [the original](https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/what-climate-change-means-for-future-of-coffee-cashew-avocado) on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022. 20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-20)** GrĂŒter R, Trachsel T, Laube P, et al. (26 January 2022). ["Expected global suitability of coffee, cashew and avocado due to climate change"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8791496). *PLOS ONE*. **17** (1) e0261976. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2022PLoSO..1761976G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1761976G). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1371/journal.pone.0261976](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0261976). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [1932-6203](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203). 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024. 115. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_116-0)** ["TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/). p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". *Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium*. pp. 101–124\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.17226/25353](https://doi.org/10.17226%2F25353). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-309-48834-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1") . [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [30844154](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154). [NCBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookshelf_ID_\(identifier\) "Bookshelf ID (identifier)") [NBK545428](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428). 116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-117)** Dreher ML, Davenport AJ (2013). ["Hass avocado composition and potential health effects"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664913). *Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr*. **53** (7): 738–750\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2013CRFSN..53..738D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CRFSN..53..738D). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/10408398.2011.556759](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10408398.2011.556759). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [3664913](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664913). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23638933](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23638933). 117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-118)** Schoeneck M, Iggman D (May 2021). ["The effects of foods on LDL cholesterol levels: A systematic review of the accumulated evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939475321000028). *Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases*. **31** (5): 1325–1338\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.numecd.2020.12.032). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [33762150](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33762150). 118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-119)** Candeloro BM, Barbalho SM, Laurindo LF, et al. (2025). ["Is avocado beneficial for lipid profiles? An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405457725029055). *Clinical Nutrition, European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism*. **69**: 673–685\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/j.clnesp.2025.08.019](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clnesp.2025.08.019). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [40876535](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40876535). 119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-120)** Jules Janick, ed. (2008). *The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts*. Oxfordshire, England: CABI. p. 440. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-85199-638-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-638-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-638-7") . 120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-121)** Bates RP (1970). "Heat-Induced Off-Flavor in Avocado Flesh". *Journal of Food Science*. **35** (4): 478–482\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1111/j.1365-2621.1970.tb00962.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2621.1970.tb00962.x). 121. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-malasig_122-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-malasig_122-1) Malasig J (22 May 2018). ["Is this the best way to eat avocado westerners aren't aware of?"](https://interaksyon.philstar.com/lifestyle/2018/05/22/127241/viral-tweet-avocado-different-culture/). *Interaksyon*. Retrieved 1 January 2023. 122. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-123)** ["Around the world culinary tour with avocados – AvoSeedo"](https://www.avoseedo.com/around-the-world-culinary-tour-with-avocados/). 20 October 2015. 123. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-zeldes_124-0)** Zeldes LA (2 June 2010). ["Eat this! The 'Hass' avocado, black and green and creamy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212023/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/06/02/eat-this-the-hass-avocado-black-and-green-and-creamy/). *Dining Chicago*. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from [the original](http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2010/06/02/eat-this-the-hass-avocado-black-and-green-and-creamy/) on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2010. 124. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-K.2012_125-0)** Lim T. K. (2012). [*Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits*](https://books.google.com/books?id=32rWbxUtjeMC&pg=PA82). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 82. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-94-007-2534-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2534-8 "Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2534-8") . 125. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-126)** Saner E (2 November 2015). ["Ripe and ready: how 'evil geniuses' got us hooked on avocados"](https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/02/avocados-ripe-ready-evil-geniuses-hooked). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 3 October 2020. 126. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-127)** Thomas E. Weil (1969). ["Area Handbook for Chile (Area handbook series)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200721120131/https://books.google.com.my/books/about/Area_Handbook_for_Chile.html?id=4EVGAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y). *Pamphlet*. **550** (77). United States: U.S. Government Printing Office (Digitized: 16 August 2007): 104. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0892-8541](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-8541). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=4EVGAAAAMAAJ) on 21 July 2020. 127. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-128)** Diana Kennedy (2010). [*Oaxaca Al Gusto: An Infinite Gastronomy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vY4j3OIDMeoC&pg=PA426). University of Texas Press. p. 426. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-292-72266-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72266-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72266-8") . 128. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-129)** Goodwin J (21 June 2021). ["Drink to your health with St. Louis-based Avocado Leaf Tea"](https://www.feastmagazine.com/makers/drink-to-your-health-with-st-louis-based-avocado-leaf-tea/article_6f1d37ac-d13a-11eb-8eb6-fb9c8c99a444.html). *Feast Magazine*. Retrieved 13 October 2025. 129. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado#cite_ref-130)** Jimenez P, Garcia P, Quitral V, et al. (18 August 2021). ["Pulp, Leaf, Peel and Seed of Avocado Fruit: A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Healthy Benefits"](https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2020.1717520). *Food Reviews International*. **37** (6): 619–655\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/87559129.2020.1717520](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F87559129.2020.1717520). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [8755-9129](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8755-9129). Further reading - Bruce Shaffer, B. Nigel Wolstenhome, Anthony W. Whiley, eds. (2012). [*The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses*](https://books.google.com/books?id=r0hpRJca3zEC). CABI. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-84593-701-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-701-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-701-0") . External links - [Definitive illustrated list of avocado varieties](http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/AvocadoVarieties/VarietyFrame.html#Anchor-47857) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309191347/http://www.ucavo.ucr.edu/AvocadoVarieties/VarietyFrame.html#Anchor-47857) 9 March 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") - [California Avocado Commission](https://www.californiaavocado.com/) - [Avocados beyond *Persea americana*](http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/avocado.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20061107033301/http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/avocado.html) 7 November 2006 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), California Rare Fruit Growers
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