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| Boilerpipe Text | Apple
'
Cripps Pink
' cultivar
Flowers of
M. domestica
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade
:
Tracheophytes
Clade
:
Angiosperms
Clade
:
Eudicots
Clade
:
Rosids
Order:
Rosales
Family:
Rosaceae
Genus:
Malus
Species:
M. domestica
Binomial name
Malus domestica
(Suckow) Borkh.
, 1803
[
1
]
Synonyms
[
2
]
[
3
]
M. communis
Desf., 1768
M. pumila
Mil.
M. frutescens
Medik.
M. paradisiaca
(L.) Medikus
M. sylvestris
Mil.
Pyrus malus
L.
Pyrus malus
var.
paradisiaca
L.
Pyrus dioica
Moench
An
apple
is the round, edible
fruit
of an apple tree (
Malus
spp.).
Fruit trees
of the
orchard
or
domestic apple
(
Malus domestica
), the most widely grown in the genus, are
cultivated
worldwide. The tree originated in
Central Asia
, where its wild ancestor,
Malus sieversii
, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in
Eurasia
before they were introduced to
North America
by
European colonists
. Apples have cultural significance in many
mythologies
(including
Norse
and
Greek
) and
religions
(such as
Christianity in Europe
).
Apples grown from
seeds
tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including
botanical
evaluation, apple
cultivars
are propagated by clonal
grafting
onto
rootstocks
. Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting.
There are
more than 7,500 cultivars of apples
. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including
cooking
, eating raw, and
cider
or
apple juice
production. Trees and fruit are prone to
fungal
, bacterial, and
pest
problems, which can be controlled by a number of
organic
and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's
genome
was
sequenced
as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
Etymology
The word
apple
is derived from
Old English
ĂŠppel
, meaning "fruit", not specifically the apple.
[
4
]
That in turn is descended from the
Proto-Germanic
noun
*
aplaz
, descended in turn from
Proto-Indo-European
*
hâĂ©bĆl
.
[
5
]
As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit including
nuts
; one example is the
pineapple
, the swollen
accessory fruit
outside of the
cashew
nut known as the "cashew apple",
[
6
]
another is a 14th-century
Middle English
expression
appel of paradis
, meaning a
banana
.
[
4
]
Description
The apple tree is
deciduous
, generally standing from 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15Â m (49Â ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10Â m (6.5 to 33Â ft).
[
7
]
[
2
]
When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by
rootstock
selection and trimming method.
[
7
]
Apple trees may naturally have a rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves.
[
8
]
The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture.
[
2
]
[
9
]
Young twigs are covered in fine downy hairs; they become hairless when older.
[
9
]
The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5mm, but are usually less than 4mm. The
bud scales
have very hairy edges. When emerging from the buds, the leaves are
convolute
, meaning that their edges overlap each other.
[
2
]
Leaves can be simple ovals (
elliptic
), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base (
ovate
), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved (
oblong
) with a narrow pointed end.
[
9
]
[
2
]
The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of the leaves are
glabrescent
, almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs.
[
2
]
The leaves are attached
alternately
by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5Â cm (
1
â
2
-to-
1
+
1
â
2
 in) long.
[
8
]
[
2
]
Blossoms
are produced in
spring
simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long
shoots
.
[
7
]
When the flower buds first begin to open the
petals
are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower
3-to-4-centimeter (1-to-
1
+
1
â
2
-inch) in diameter.
[
2
]
The five-petaled flowers are group in an
inflorescence
consisting of a
cyme
with 3â7 flowers.
[
10
]
The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.
[
8
]
Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures â2 °C (28 °F) or less, although the overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to â40 °C (â40 °F).
[
10
]
Apple blossoms
Botanical illustration
Fruit
The
fruit
is a
pome
that matures in late
summer
or
autumn
.
[
2
]
The true fruits or
carpels
are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds.
[
11
]
The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at the base of the flower.
[
12
]
How apple fruit derives from flower structures
The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point.
[
13
]
The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple.
[
2
]
The size of the fruit varies widely between
cultivars
, but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12Â cm (1 and 5Â in).
[
9
]
The shape is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated,
conical
, or short and wide.
[
14
]
The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0â100%.
[
15
]
The skin may be wholly or partly
russeted
, making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of
epicuticular wax
.
[
16
]
The skin may also be marked with scattered dots.
[
2
]
The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green.
[
15
]
Apples can have any amount of overcolor, a darker tint over a pale groundcolor.
0% overcolor
100% overcolor
Chemistry
Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include
acetaldehyde
,
ethyl acetate
,
1-butanal
,
ethanol
, 2-methylbutanal,
3-methylbutanal
,
ethyl propionate
, ethyl 2-methylpropionate,
ethyl butyrate
, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate,
hexanal
,
1-butanol
,
3-methylbutyl acetate
, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate,
ethyl pentanoate
,
amyl acetate
,
2-methyl-1-butanol
, trans-2-hexenal,
ethyl hexanoate
,
hexanol
.
[
17
]
[
18
]
Taxonomy
The apple as a species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or
synonyms
.
[
19
]
In modern times,
Malus pumila
and
Malus domestica
are the two main names in use.
M. pumila
is the older name, but
M. domestica
has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make
M. domestica
a
conserved name
: the earlier proposal was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the
IAPT
in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved.
[
20
]
The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving
M. domestica
.
[
21
]
Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use
M. pumila
as the
correct name
, under an alternate taxonomy.
[
3
]
When first classified by
Linnaeus
in 1753, the pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named
Pyrus
and he named the apple as
Pyrus malus
. This was widely accepted. However, the botanist
Philip Miller
published an alternate classification in
The Gardeners Dictionary
, with the apple species separated from
Pyrus
, in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by
Malus pumila
he meant the domesticated apple; nonetheless, the term was used as such by many botanists. When
Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen
published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of
P. malus
var.
domestica
, but this was not directly referenced by
Borkhausen
.
[
19
]
The earliest use of var.
domestica
for the apple was by
Georg Adolf Suckow
in 1786.
[
3
]
Genome
Apples are
diploid
, with two sets of
chromosomes
per cell (though
triploid
cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17
chromosomes
and an estimated
genome
size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole
genome
sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar '
Golden Delicious
'.
[
22
]
However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors,
[
23
]
in part owing to the high degree of
heterozygosity
in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.
[
24
]
[
25
]
The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes,
[
22
]
though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes.
[
24
]
[
25
]
The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is
Malus sieversii
. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from
Malus sylvestris
following domestication.
[
26
]
Cultivation
History
Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.
[
26
]
Wild
Malus sieversii
apple in Kazakhstan
Central Asia
is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there.
[
27
]
The wild ancestor of
Malus domestica
was
Malus sieversii
, found growing wild in the
mountains of Central Asia
in southern
Kazakhstan
,
Kyrgyzstan
,
Tajikistan
, and
northwestern China
.
[
7
]
[
28
]
Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the
Tian Shan
mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary
introgression
of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with
Malus sylvestris
, the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more
morphologically
similar progenitor
Malus sieversii
. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates.
[
29
]
[
30
]
[
31
]
The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4,000â10,000 years ago in the
Tian Shan
mountains, and then to have travelled along the
Silk Road
to Europe, with
hybridisation
and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (
M. baccata
), the Caucasus (
M. orientalis
), and Europe (
M. sylvestris
). Only the
M. sieversii
trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.
[
26
]
Chinese soft apples, such as
M. asiatica
and
M. prunifolia
, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between
M. baccata
and
M. sieversii
in Kazakhstan.
[
26
]
Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit
acidity
, color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild
M. sieversii
origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.
[
26
]
At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE.
[
32
]
Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild
Malus sylvestris
or
Malus domesticus
containing
Malus sieversii
ancestry. It is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.
[
33
]
There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the
Middle East
.
[
33
]
There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev.
[
34
]
There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then.
[
33
]
Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented.
[
33
]
The Roman writer
Pliny the Elder
describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on a bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately.
[
35
]
These methods extend the shelf life of fresh apples, but refrigeration is still required. Even sturdy winter varieties only keep well until December in cool climates.
[
36
]
For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings.
[
37
]
Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to
Chiloé Archipelago
in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted.
[
38
]
Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century,
[
7
]
and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in
Boston
by Reverend
William Blaxton
in 1640.
[
39
]
The only apples native to North America are
crab apples
.
[
40
]
Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century.
[
40
]
In the 20th century, irrigation projects in
Eastern Washington
began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.
[
7
]
Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in
frostproof cellars
during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.
[
41
]
[
42
]
Controlled atmosphere
facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s.
[
43
]
Breeding
An apple tree in Germany
Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with the characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples do not "
breed true
", instead they are "
extreme heterozygotes
", i.e. rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents.
[
44
]
Triploid
cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during
meiosis
, yielding unequal
segregation
of the chromosomes (
aneuploids
). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive.
[
45
]
Because apples are not true breeders when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves
grafting
of cuttings. The
rootstock
used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0Â m or 10Â ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest.
[
46
]
Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of
Persia
and
Asia Minor
.
Alexander the Great
sent samples of dwarf apple trees to
Aristotle
's
Lyceum
. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world.
[
47
]
The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The
East Malling Research Station
conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of '
Northern Spy
' in
Merton, England
.
[
48
]
Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics.
[
49
]
The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form
bud sports
(mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.
[
50
]
Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.
[
51
]
Pollination
An apple blossom from an old
Ayrshire
cultivar
An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom
Apples are self-incompatible; they must
cross-pollinate
to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize
pollinators
to carry pollen.
Honey bees
are most commonly used.
Orchard mason bees
are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards.
Bumblebee
queens
are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.
[
50
]
[
52
]
Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate:
[
53
]
Group A â Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('
Gravenstein
', 'Red Astrachan')
Group B â 4 to 7 May ('
Idared
', '
McIntosh
')
Group C â Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May ('
Granny Smith
', '
Cox's Orange Pippin
')
Group D â Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('
Golden Delicious
', 'Calville blanc d'hiver')
Group E â Late flowering, 16 to 18 May ('
Braeburn
', 'Reinette d'Orléans')
Group F â 19 to 23 May ('Suntan')
Group H â 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' â also called Court-Pendu plat)
One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).
[
53
]
Maturation and harvest
Lauri Kristian Relander
, the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s
Apples being harvested in
Wenatchee, Washington
, United States (2010)
Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very largeâletting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear 40â200Â kg (90â440Â lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10â80Â kg (20â180Â lb) of fruit per year.
[
50
]
Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples.
[
54
]
Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivars that yield their crop in the summer include '
Sweet Bough
' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', '
Swayzie
', and 'Tolman Sweet'.
[
40
]
Storage
Rome apples
on sale at a
farmer's market
in Newark, Delaware, United States (2011)
Commercially, apples can be stored for months in
controlled atmosphere
chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of
oxygen
to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if the fruit is already fully ripe. The gas
ethylene
is used by plants as a
hormone
which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to
carbon dioxide
, which also must be controlled.
[
55
]
For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be stored for three weeks in a pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F).
[
56
]
[
57
]
Some varieties of apples (e.g. '
Granny Smith
' and '
Fuji
') have more than three times the storage life of others.
[
58
]
Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance
1-methylcyclopropene
blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.
[
59
]
Pests and diseases
Codling moth
larva tunnelling inside an apple
A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant, including:
Mildew
is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers turn a creamy yellow color and do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to
Botrytis
âeliminating the conditions that caused the disease and burning the infected plants are among recommended actions.
[
60
]
Aphids
are small insects with
sucking mouthparts
. Five species of aphids commonly attack apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid, and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by color, time of year, and by differences in the cornicles (small paired projections from their rear).
[
61
]
Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor.
[
62
]
Apple scab
: Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth.
[
63
]
Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called
fireblight
, and three fungal diseases:
Gymnosporangium
rust,
black spot
,
[
64
]
and
bitter rot
.
[
65
]
Codling moths
, and the
apple maggots
of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter.
[
63
]
The larvae of the
apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing)
burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.
[
66
]
Cultivars
From left to right: the '
Golden Delicious
', '
SweeTango
', '
Granny Smith
', and '
Gala
' apples.
There are more than 7,500 known
cultivars
(cultivated varieties) of apples.
[
67
]
Cultivars vary in their
yield
and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same
rootstock
.
[
68
]
Different cultivars are available for
temperate
and
subtropical
climates. The UK's
National Fruit Collection
in Kent includes over 2,000 apple cultivars.
[
69
]
The
University of Reading
, responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. Its work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources, with 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.
[
70
]
The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking (
cooking apples
) or producing
cider
.
Cider apples
are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.
[
71
]
In Europe, apple breeding programs are conducted at places such as
Julius KĂŒhn-Institut
, the German federal research center for cultivated plants.
[
72
]
In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities. For instance, in the East,
Cornell University
has had a program operating since 1880 in
Geneva, New York
, while in the West,
Washington State University
started a program to support their home state's apple industry in 1994.
[
73
]
Released by the
University of Minnesota
in 1991, the '
Honeycrisp
' has become famous for its crispness and juiciness, thereby commanding high market prices.
[
73
]
Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars.
[
74
]
However, it is also difficult to grow and to store, prompting the industry to seek hybrids that not only appeal to consumers but are also less costly for farmers to cultivate and last longer in storage.
[
75
]
By the 2020s, about half of the new apple varieties entering the market in the United States and Canada are 'Honeycrisp' progeny.
[
76
]
Such hybrids include the '
SweeTango
' (a cross between the 'Honeycrisp' and the '
Zestar
') introduced by the University of Minnesota in 2008 and the '
Cosmic Crisp
' (the 'Honeycrisp' and the '
Enterprise
') released by Washington State University in 2017.
[
75
]
Less common apple cultivars from an orchard in Italy
Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of
russeting
, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor.
[
68
]
Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time.
[
77
]
Most North Americans and Europeans favor crunchy, sweet, and subacid apples.
[
78
]
Nevertheless, tart apples maintain a strong minority following.
[
79
]
In the United States today, the most popular apple varieties are the '
Ambrosia
', 'Honeycrisp', and '
Jazz
', according Nielsen data,
[
75
]
while in Canada, the 'Honeycrisp', 'Ambrosia', and 'Gala' take the top spots.
[
77
]
Together, these newer varieties have overtaken once dominant cultivars like the '
McIntosh
' and the '
Red Delicious
' in the North American market.
[
77
]
[
78
]
Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia,
[
79
]
especially the
Indian subcontinent
.
[
71
]
Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviableâlow yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size.
[
80
]
A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers who sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as '
Cox's Orange Pippin
' and '
Egremont Russet
' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease.
[
7
]
Production
Apple production
Apple production
2023, millions of tonnes
Â
China
49.6
Â
United States
5.2
Â
Turkey
4.6
Â
Poland
3.9
Â
India
2.9
Â
Iran
2.2
World
97.3
Source:
FAOSTAT
of the United Nations
[
81
]
World production of apples in 2023 was 97 million
tonnes
, with China producing 51% of the total (table).
[
81
]
Secondary producers were the United States,
Turkey
, and
Poland
.
[
81
]
Toxicity
Amygdalin
Apple seeds contain small amounts of
amygdalin
, a sugar and
cyanide
compound known as a
cyanogenic glycoside
. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause
adverse reactions
. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be
hydrolyzed
before the cyanide ion is released.
[
82
]
The U.S.
National Library of Medicine
's
Hazardous Substances Data Bank
records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.
[
83
]
Allergy
One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to
birch
pollen
.
[
84
]
Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail
oral allergy syndrome
(OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat,
[
84
]
but in rare cases can also include life-threatening
anaphylaxis
.
[
85
]
This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumedâthe allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome.
[
84
]
In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches.
[
84
]
This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and
urticaria
, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction.
[
84
]
Breeding efforts have yet to produce a
hypoallergenic
fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.
[
84
]
Uses
Nutrition
Apples, with skin (edible parts)
Nutritional value per 100Â g (3.5Â oz)
Energy
218Â kJ (52Â kcal)
Carbohydrates
13.81 g
Sugars
10.39
Dietary fiber
2.4 g
Fat
0.17 g
Protein
0.26 g
Vitamins and minerals
Vitamins
Quantity
%DV
â
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein
zeaxanthin
0%
3 ÎŒg
0%
27 ÎŒg
29 ÎŒg
Thiamine (B
1
)
1%
0.017 mg
Riboflavin (B
2
)
2%
0.026 mg
Niacin (B
3
)
1%
0.091 mg
Pantothenic acid (B
5
)
1%
0.061 mg
Vitamin B
6
2%
0.041 mg
Folate (B
9
)
1%
3 ÎŒg
Vitamin C
5%
4.6 mg
Vitamin E
1%
0.18 mg
Vitamin K
2%
2.2 ÎŒg
Minerals
Quantity
%DV
â
Calcium
0%
6 mg
Copper
3%
0.027 mg
Iron
1%
0.12 mg
Magnesium
1%
5 mg
Manganese
2%
0.035 mg
Phosphorus
1%
11 mg
Potassium
4%
107 mg
Sodium
0%
1 mg
Zinc
0%
0.04 mg
Other constituents
Quantity
Water
85.56 g
Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA FoodData Central
â
Percentages estimated using
USÂ recommendations
for adults,
[
86
]
except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the
National Academies
.
[
87
]
A raw apple is 86% water and 14%
carbohydrates
, with negligible content of
fat
and
protein
(table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100Â g (3.5Â oz) provides 52
calories
and a moderate content of
dietary fiber
(table). Otherwise, there is low content of
micronutrients
, which are all below 10% of the
Daily Value
(table).
Culinary
Machine for paring, coring, and slicing apples, from Henry B. Scammell's 1897 handbook
Cyclopedia of Valuable Receipts
Apple varieties can be grouped as
cooking apples
,
eating apples
, and
cider apples
, the last so astringent as to be "almost inedible".
[
88
]
Apples are consumed as
juice
, raw in salads, baked in
pies
, cooked into
sauces
and
apple butter
, or baked.
[
89
]
They are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing.
[
90
]
Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Traditional methods include drying and making
apple butter
.
[
88
]
Juice and cider are produced commercially; cider is a significant industry in regions such as the
West of England
and
Normandy
.
[
88
]
A
toffee apple
(UK) or
caramel apple
(US) is a confection made by coating an apple in hot
toffee
or
caramel
candy respectively and allowing it to cool.
[
91
]
[
10
]
Apples and honey
are a ritual
food pairing
eaten during the Jewish New Year of
Rosh Hashanah
.
[
92
]
Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as
pies
,
crumbles
, and
cakes
. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as
apple sauce
, which can be cooked down to form a preserve, apple butter. They are often
baked
or
stewed
, and are cooked in some meat dishes.
[
88
]
Apples are
milled
or
pressed
to produce
apple juice
, which may be drunk unfiltered (called
apple cider
in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be
fermented
to make
cider
(called hard cider in North America),
ciderkin
, and vinegar.
[
10
]
Through
distillation
, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as
applejack
,
Calvados
, and
apple brandy
.
[
10
]
[
93
]
Organic production
Organic
apples are commonly produced in the United States.
[
94
]
Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe.
[
95
]
The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts (
pyrethrum
,
neem
) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality.
[
95
]
A light coating of
kaolin
, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding.
[
50
]
Non-browning apples
Apple skins and seeds contain
polyphenols
.
[
96
]
These are oxidised by the
enzyme
polyphenol oxidase
, which causes
browning
in sliced or bruised apples, by
catalyzing
the
oxidation
of phenolic compounds to
o-quinones
, a browning factor.
[
97
]
Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value.
Arctic apples
, a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been
genetically modified
to silence the
expression
of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality.
[
98
]
[
99
]
The US
Food and Drug Administration
in 2015, and
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.
[
100
]
[
101
]
Other products
Apple seed oil
is obtained by
pressing
apple seeds for manufacturing
cosmetics
.
[
102
]
In culture
Germanic paganism
"Brita as
Iduna
" (1901) by
Carl Larsson
In
Norse mythology
, the goddess
IĂ°unn
is portrayed in the
Prose Edda
(written in the 13th century by
Snorri Sturluson
) as providing apples to the
gods
that give them
eternal youthfulness
. The English scholar
H. R. Ellis Davidson
links apples to religious practices in
Germanic paganism
, from which
Norse paganism
developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the
Oseberg ship
burial site in Norway, and that fruits and nuts have been found in the early graves of the
Germanic peoples
in England and elsewhere in Europe. The fruits and nuts may have had a symbolic meaning, and nuts are still a recognized symbol of
fertility
in southwest England.
[
103
]
Davidson notes a connection between apples and the
Vanir
, a tribe of gods associated with
fertility
in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful
GerĂ°r
by
SkĂrnir
, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god
Freyr
in stanzas 19 and 20 of
SkĂrnismĂĄl
. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the
Völsunga saga
: when the major goddess
Frigg
sends King
Rerir
an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a
mound
.
[
103
]
Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by
Caesarean section
) of their sonâthe hero
Völsung
.
[
104
]
Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of
Hel
" used in an 11th-century poem by the
skald
Thorbiorn BrĂșnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by BrĂșnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess
Nehalennia
is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the
Roman Empire
and came to Europe from the
Near East
, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of IĂ°unn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world."
[
103
]
Greek mythology
Heracles
with the apple of
Hesperides
Apples appear in many
religious traditions
, including Greek and Roman
mythology
where it has an ambiguous symbolism of discord, fertility, or courtship.
[
105
]
In
Greek mythology
, the
Greek hero
Heracles
, as a part of his
Twelve Labours
, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the
Tree of Life
growing at its center.
[
106
]
The Greek goddess of discord,
Eris
, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of
Peleus
and
Thetis
.
[
107
]
In retaliation, she tossed a
golden apple
inscribed
ÎαλλίÏÏη
(
KallistÄ
, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple:
Hera
,
Athena
, and
Aphrodite
.
Paris
of
Troy
was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world,
Helen
of
Sparta
. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the
Trojan War
.
[
108
]
[
109
]
The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:
[
110
]
I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is beauty.
Atalanta
, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but
Hippomenes
(also known as
Melanion
, a name possibly derived from
melon
, the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general),
[
106
]
who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.
[
111
]
[
112
]
Celtic mythology
In
Celtic mythology
, the
otherworld
has many names, including
Emain Ablach
, "Emain of the Apple-trees". A version of this is
Avalon
in
Arthurian legend
, or in
Welsh
Ynys Afallon
, "Island of Apples".
[
113
]
China
PĂngÄnguÇ
("Peace apples") on sale in Beijing for Christmas Eve (2017)
In China, apples symbolise
peace
, since the sounds of the first element ("pĂng") in the words "apple" (èčæ,
PĂngguÇ
) and "peace" (ćčłćź,
PĂng'Än
) are
homophonous
in Mandarin and Cantonese.
[
5
]
[
114
]
When these two words are combined, the word
PĂngÄnguÇ
(ćčłćźæ, "Peace apples") is formed. This association developed further as the name for
Christmas Eve
in Mandarin is
PĂngÄnyĂš
(ćčłćźć€, "Peaceful/Quiet Evening"), which made the
gifting
of apples at this season to friends and associates popular, as a way to wish them peace and safety.
[
114
]
Christian art
Adam and Eve
by
Albrecht DĂŒrer
(1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin
Though the
forbidden fruit
of
Eden
in the
Book of Genesis
is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that
Eve
coaxed
Adam
to share with her.
[
115
]
The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the
Latin
words
mÄlum
(an apple) and
mÄlum
(an evil), each of which is normally written
malum
.
[
116
]
The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17,
[
117
]
and the Latin for "good and evil" is
bonum et malum
.
[
118
]
Renaissance
painters may also have been influenced by the story of the
golden apples
in the
Garden of Hesperides
. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The
larynx
in the human throat has been called the "
Adam's apple
" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual
seduction
has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.
[
115
]
Proverb
The
proverb
, "
An apple a day keeps the doctor away
", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century
Wales
, where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread".
[
119
]
In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922.
[
120
]
See also
Apple chip
Apple cider
Apple juice
Applecrab
, appleâcrabapple hybrids for eating
Isaac Newton's apple tree
Johnny Appleseed
List of apple dishes
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Further reading
Browning, Frank
(1998).
Apples
(First ed.). New York:
North Point Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-0-86547-537-3
.
LCCN
Â
98027252
.
OCLC
Â
39235786
.
Hanson, Beth; Marinelli, Janet; Saphire, Sigrun Wolff; Tebbitt, Mark, eds. (2003).
The Best Apples to Buy and Grow
(First ed.). Brooklyn, New York:
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-889538-66-2
.
OCLC
Â
60384060
.
Juniper, Barrie E.
;
Mabberley, David J.
(2006).
The Story of the Apple
(First ed.). Portland, Oregon:
Timber Press
.
ISBN
Â
978-0-88192-784-9
.
LCCN
Â
2006011869
.
OCLC
Â
67383484
.
Phillips, Michael (1998).
The Apple Grower: A Guide for the Organic Orchardist
(First ed.). White River Junction, Vermont:
Chelsea Green Publishing
.
ISBN
Â
978-1-890132-04-0
.
LCCN
Â
98003631
.
OCLC
Â
38731995
.
Sanders, Rosie (2010).
The Apple Book
(Second ed.). London:
Frances Lincoln Limited
.
ISBN
Â
978-0-7112-3141-2
.
OCLC
Â
646397065
.
External links | |||||||||||||||||||||
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple)
- [1 Etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Etymology)
- [2 Description](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Description)
Toggle Description subsection
- [2\.1 Fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Fruit)
- [2\.2 Chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Chemistry)
- [3 Taxonomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Taxonomy)
Toggle Taxonomy subsection
- [3\.1 Genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Genome)
- [4 Cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Cultivation)
Toggle Cultivation subsection
- [4\.1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#History)
- [4\.2 Breeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Breeding)
- [4\.3 Pollination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Pollination)
- [4\.4 Maturation and harvest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Maturation_and_harvest)
- [4\.5 Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Storage)
- [4\.6 Pests and diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Pests_and_diseases)
- [4\.7 Cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Cultivars)
- [4\.8 Production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Production)
- [5 Toxicity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Toxicity)
Toggle Toxicity subsection
- [5\.1 Amygdalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Amygdalin)
- [5\.2 Allergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Allergy)
- [6 Uses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Uses)
Toggle Uses subsection
- [6\.1 Nutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Nutrition)
- [6\.2 Culinary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Culinary)
- [6\.3 Organic production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Organic_production)
- [6\.4 Non-browning apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Non-browning_apples)
- [6\.5 Other products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Other_products)
- [7 In culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#In_culture)
Toggle In culture subsection
- [7\.1 Germanic paganism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Germanic_paganism)
- [7\.2 Greek mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Greek_mythology)
- [7\.3 Celtic mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Celtic_mythology)
- [7\.4 China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#China)
- [7\.5 Christian art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Christian_art)
- [7\.6 Proverb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Proverb)
- [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#See_also)
- [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#References)
- [10 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Further_reading)
- [11 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# Apple
204 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel "Appel â Afrikaans")
- [Alemannisch](https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfel "Apfel â Alemannic")
- [á ááá](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%96%E1%88%9D "áá â Amharic")
- [AragonĂ©s](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana "Manzana â Aragonese")
- [Ănglisc](https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ppel "Ăppel â Old English")
- [ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD "ŰȘÙŰ§Ű â Arabic")
- [ÜÜȘÜĄÜÜ](https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%90 "ÜÜÜÜȘÜ â Aramaic")
- [ۧÙۯۧ۱ۏ۩](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD "ŰȘÙŰ§Ű â Moroccan Arabic")
- [Ù
۔۱Ù](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AD "ŰȘÙŰ§Ű â Egyptian Arabic")
- [àŠ
àŠžàŠźà§àŠŻàŠŒàŠŸ](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2 "àŠàŠȘà§àŠČ â Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazana "Mazana â Asturian")
- [Atikamekw](https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamin "Wamin â Atikamekw")
- [à€
à€”à€§à„](https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5 "à€žà„à€” â Awadhi")
- [AzÉrbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma "Alma â Azerbaijani")
- [ŰȘÛ۱کۏÙ](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7 "ŰąÙÙ
ۧ â South Azerbaijani")
- [ĐĐ°ŃÒĄĐŸŃŃŃĐ°](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0 "ĐĐ»ĐŒĐ° â Bashkir")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Balinese")
- [Boarisch](https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epfe "Epfe â Bavarian")
- [ĆœemaitÄĆĄka](https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuobols "Vuobols â Samogitian")
- [Bikol Central](https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas "Mansanas â Central Bikol")
- [Bajau Sama](https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipol "Ipol â West Coast Bajau")
- [ĐДлаŃŃŃĐșĐ°Ń (ŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐșĐ”ĐČŃŃĐ°)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA "ЯблŃĐș â Belarusian (TaraĆĄkievica orthography)")
- [ĐДлаŃŃŃĐșĐ°Ń](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA "ЯблŃĐș â Belarusian")
- [ĐŃлгаŃŃĐșĐž](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0 "ЯбŃĐ»ĐșĐ° â Bulgarian")
- [à€à„à€à€Șà„à€°à„](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5 "à€žà„à€” â Bhojpuri")
- [Bislama](https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apol "Apol â Bislama")
- [àŠŹàŠŸàŠàŠČàŠŸ](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2 "àŠàŠȘà§àŠČ â Bangla")
- [àœàœŒàœàŒàœĄàœČàœ](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D "àœàœŽàŒàœ€àœŽàŒ â Tibetan")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aval "Aval â Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka "Jabuka â Bosnian")
- [ĐŃŃŃĐ°ĐŽ](https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0 "ĐĐ»ŃĐŒĐ° â Russia Buriat")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma "Poma â Catalan")
- [é©æ±èȘ / MĂŹng-dÄÌ€ng-ngáčłÌ](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACng-gu%C5%8D "BĂŹng-guĆ â Mindong")
- [ĐĐŸŃ
ŃĐžĐčĐœ](https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B6 "Óаж â Chechen")
- [áŁáłá©](https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%92%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94 "ááŠá â Cherokee")
- [TsetsĂȘhestĂąhese](https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1%27xeme "MĂĄ'xeme â Cheyenne")
- [Ú©Ù۱ۯÛ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%88 "ŰłÛÙ â Central Kurdish")
- [Qırımtatarca](https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma "Alma â Crimean Tatar")
- [ÄeĆĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko "Jablko â Czech")
- [ЧÓĐČĐ°Ńла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8 "ĐĐ°ĐœŃĐ»ĐŒĐž â Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afal "Afal â Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ble "Ăble â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelapfel "Tafelapfel â German")
- [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saye "Saye â Dimli")
- [Dolnoserbski](https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko "JabĆuko â Lower Sorbian")
- [ȚȚšȚȚŹȚȚšȚȚŠȚȚ°](https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0 "ȚȚ§ȚȚŠȚȚ° â Divehi")
- [ÎλληΜÎčÎșÎŹ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%BF "ÎΟλο â Greek")
- [EmiliĂ n e rumagnĂČl](https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0m "PĂ m â Emiliano-Romagnolo")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo "Pomo â Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana "Manzana â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95un "Ăun â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar "Sagar â Basque")
- [Ùۧ۱۳Û](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8 "ŰłÛŰš â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omena "Omena â Finnish")
- [VĂ”ro](https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upin "Upin â VĂ”ro")
- [Na Vosa Vakaviti](https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapolo "Yapolo â Fijian")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomme "Pomme â French")
- [Furlan](https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milu%C3%A7%C3%A2r "Miluçùr â Friulian")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9All "Ăll â Irish")
- [èŽèȘ](https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C "èæ â Gan")
- [GĂ idhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhal "Ubhal â Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maz%C3%A1 "MazĂĄ â Galician")
- [ÚŻÛÙÚ©Û](https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8 "ŰłÛŰš â Gilaki")
- [Avañe'áșœ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guavirana%27a "Guavirana'a â Guarani")
- [đČđżđđčđđș](https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8D%83 "đ°đđ»đ â Gothic")
- [àȘà«àȘàȘ°àȘŸàȘ€à«](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8 "àȘžàȘ«àȘ°àȘàȘš â Gujarati")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa "Tuffa â Hausa")
- [柹柶èȘ / Hak-kĂą-ngĂź](https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%ACn-k%C3%B3 "PhĂŹn-kĂł â Hakka Chinese")
- [HawaiÊ»i](https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple "Apple â Hawaiian")
- [ŚąŚŚšŚŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%97 "ŚȘŚ€ŚŚ â Hebrew")
- [à€čà€żà€šà„à€Šà„](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC "à€žà„à€Ź â Hindi")
- [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapul "Aapul â Fiji Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitoma_jabuka "Pitoma jabuka â Croatian")
- [Hornjoserbsce](https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82uko "JabĆuko â Upper Sorbian")
- [KreyĂČl ayisyen](https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2m "PĂČm â Haitian Creole")
- [ŐŐĄŐ”Ő„ÖŐ„Ő¶](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80 "ÔœŐ¶Ő±ŐžÖ â Armenian")
- [Ô±ÖŐ„ÖŐŽŐżŐĄŐ°ŐĄŐ”Ő„ÖŐ§Ő¶](https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%80 "ÔœŐ¶Ő±ŐžÖ â Western Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo "Pomo â Interlingua")
- [Jaku Iban](https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipul "Ipul â Iban")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Indonesian")
- [Igbo](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple "Apple â Igbo")
- [Iñupiatun](https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapuq "Aapuq â Inupiaq")
- [Ilokano](https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas "Mansanas â Iloko")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo "Pomo â Ido")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epli "Epli â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela "Mela â Italian")
- [áááááአ/ inuktitut](https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AD%E1%92%BB%E1%92%A5%E1%93%87%E1%90%85%E1%94%AD%E1%96%85 "áá»á„áá
áá
â Inuktitut")
- [æ„æŹèȘ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4 "ăȘăłăŽ â Japanese")
- [La .lojban.](https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plise "plise â Lojban")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Javanese")
- [Qaraqalpaqsha](https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma "Alma â Kara-Kalpak")
- [Taqbaylit](https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adeffu "Adeffu â Kabyle")
- [Jju](https://kaj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple "Apple â Jju")
- [Kumoring](https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Komering")
- [GÄ©kĆ©yĆ©](https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbirikic%C5%A9 "MbirikicĆ© â Kikuyu")
- [ÒĐ°Đ·Đ°ÒŃĐ°](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0 "ĐĐ»ĐŒĐ° â Kazakh")
- [àČàČšàłàČšàČĄ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81 "àČžàłàČŹàł â Kannada")
- [Yerwa Kanuri](https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuffa "Tuffa â Central Kanuri")
- [íê”ìŽ](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC "ìŹêłŒ â Korean")
- [ĐŃĐ°ŃĐ°ŃĐ°Đč-ĐŒĐ°Đ»ĐșŃĐ°Ń](https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0 "ĐĐ»ĐŒĐ° â Karachay-Balkar")
- [Ú©ÙČŰŽÙ۱](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%97%D9%86%D9%9B%D9%B9%DA%BE "ÚÙÙÙÙÙčÚŸ â Kashmiri")
- [Ripoarisch](https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel "Appel â Colognian")
- [KurdĂź](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAv "SĂȘv â Kurdish")
- [ĐŃŃĐłŃĐ·ŃĐ°](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0 "ĐĐ»ĐŒĐ° â Kyrgyz")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum "Malum â Latin")
- [Ladino](https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansana "Mansana â Ladino")
- [LĂ«tzebuergesch](https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Luxembourgish")
- [Luganda](https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegu "Zegu â Ganda")
- [Limburgs](https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel "Appel â Limburgish")
- [Ligure](https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei "Mei â Ligurian")
- [àș„àșČàș§](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1 "à»àșČàșàșàș»à»àșĄ â Lao")
- [LietuviĆł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuolys "Obuolys â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĆĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80bols "Äbols â Latvian")
- [MadhurĂą](https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Madurese")
- [Basa Banyumasan](https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Banyumasan")
- [ĐĐŸĐșŃĐ”ĐœŃ](https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C "ĐĐ°ŃŃŃŃ â Moksha")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoma "Paoma â Malagasy")
- [ĐĐ»ŃĐș ĐŒĐ°ŃĐžĐč](https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0 "ĐĐ»ĐŒĐ° â Eastern Mari")
- [MÄori](https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80poro "Äporo â MÄori")
- [ĐĐ°ĐșĐ”ĐŽĐŸĐœŃĐșĐž](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE "ĐĐ°Đ±ĐŸĐ»ĐșĐŸ â Macedonian")
- [àŽźàŽČàŽŻàŽŸàŽłàŽ](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE "àŽàŽȘà”àŽȘàŽżà”Ÿ â Malayalam")
- [êŻêŻ€êŻêŻ© êŻêŻŁêŻ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9D_\(%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A9\) "êŻêŻŠêŻ (êŻêŻ©) â Manipuri")
- [à€źà€°à€Ÿà€ à„](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6 "à€žà€«à€°à€à€à€Š â Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epal "Epal â Malay")
- [MirandĂ©s](https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7ana "Maçana â Mirandese")
- [ááŒááșááŹááŹááŹ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8 "áááșážááźáž â Burmese")
- [Ù
ۧŰČÙ۱ÙÙÛ](https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87 "ŰłÙ â Mazanderani")
- [Napulitano](https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo "Milo â Neapolitan")
- [PlattdĂŒĂŒtsch](https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huusappel "Huusappel â Low German")
- [à€šà„à€Șà€Ÿà€Čà„](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89 "à€žà„à€Żà€Ÿà€ â Nepali")
- [à€šà„à€Șà€Ÿà€Č à€à€Ÿà€·à€Ÿ](https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89 "à€žà„à€Żà€Ÿà€ â Newari")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel_\(vrucht\) "Appel (vrucht) â Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple "Eple â Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmĂ„l](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple "Eple â Norwegian BokmĂ„l")
- [Nouormand](https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poume "Poume â Norman")
- [Sesotho sa Leboa](https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole "Apole â Northern Sotho")
- [DinĂ© bizaad](https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilas%C3%A1ana "BilasĂĄana â Navajo")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma "Poma â Occitan")
- [Livvinkarjala](https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juablokku "Juablokku â Livvi-Karelian")
- [Oromoo](https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appilii "Appilii â Oromo")
- [ĐŃĐŸĐœ](https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%C3%A6%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8B "ЀÊŃĐșŃŃŃ â Ossetic")
- [àšȘà©°àšàšŸàšŹà©](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC "àšžà©àšŹ â Punjabi")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jab%C5%82ko "JabĆko â Polish")
- [PiemontĂšis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom "Pom â Piedmontese")
- [ÙŸÙۏۧۚÛ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8 "ŰłÛŰš â Western Punjabi")
- [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%A7%C3%A3 "Maçã â Portuguese")
- [RomĂąnÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83r "MÄr â Romanian")
- [ArmĂŁneashti](https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz%C3%A2 "MuzĂą â Aromanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃĐșĐžĐč](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE "ĐŻĐ±Đ»ĐŸĐșĐŸ â Russian")
- [Đ ŃŃĐžĐœŃŃĐșŃĐč](https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BE "ЯбĐșĐŸ â Rusyn")
- [Ikinyarwanda](https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome "Pome â Kinyarwanda")
- [à€žà€à€žà„à€à„à€€à€źà„](https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D "à€žà„à€”à€«à€Čà€źà„ â Sanskrit")
- [ĐĄĐ°Ń
Đ° ŃŃла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0 "ĐŃаабŃĐ»ŃĐșĐ° â Yakut")
- [Sicilianu](https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumu "Pumu â Sicilian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiple "Aiple â Scots")
- [ŰłÙÚÙ](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81 "Ű”ÙÙ â Sindhi")
- [Srpskohrvatski / ŃŃĐżŃĐșĐŸŃ
ŃĐČĐ°ŃŃĐșĐž](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka "Jabuka â Serbo-Croatian")
- [Tacláž„it](https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adffuy "Adffuy â Tachelhit")
- [áááž](https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%82%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87 "ááąá”áșáá”á
ááșáá¶áœááșá â Shan")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple "Apple â Simple English")
- [SlovenÄina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko "Jablko â Slovak")
- [۳۱ۧۊÛÚ©Û](https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8 "ŰłÛŰš â Saraiki")
- [SlovenĆĄÄina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabolko "Jabolko â Slovenian")
- [Gagana Samoa](https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu "Apu â Samoan")
- [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufaax "Tufaax â Somali")
- [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla "Molla â Albanian")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃĐșĐž / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0 "ĐабŃĐșĐ° â Serbian")
- [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel "Apel â Sundanese")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84pple "Ăpple â Swedish")
- [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofaa "Tofaa â Swahili")
- [ê ê €ê ê ê €](https://syl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A0%80%EA%A0%84%EA%A0%9A%EA%A0%9F "ê ê ê ê â Sylheti")
- [Sakizaya](https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/dayas_siku "dayas siku â Sakizaya")
- [àź€àźźàźżàźŽàŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "àź
àź°àź€àŻàź€àźżàźȘàŻàźȘàźŽàźźàŻ â Tamil")
- [á„á„á„° á„á„Źá„Č á„á„šá„á„°](https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B0 "á„á„Łá„ᄱ á„á„Łá„ąá„° á„ᄀᄰ â Tai Nuea")
- [à°€à±à°Čà±à°à±](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D "à°à°Șà°żà°Čà± â Telugu")
- [ĐąĐŸÒ·ĐžĐșÓŁ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B1 "ХДб â Tajik")
- [àčàžàžą](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5 "àčàžàžàčàžàžŽàž„ â Thai")
- [TĂŒrkmençe](https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma "Alma â Turkmen")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas "Mansanas â Tagalog")
- [TolıĆi](https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sef "Sef â Talysh")
- [Setswana](https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole "Apole â Tswana")
- [TĂŒrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma "Elma â Turkish")
- [йаŃĐ°ŃŃĐ° / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0 "ĐĐ»ĐŒĐ° â Tatar")
- [ĐąŃĐČĐ° ĐŽŃĐ»](https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE "ĐŻĐ±Đ»ĐŸĐșĐŸ â Tuvinian")
- [ŰŠÛÙŰșÛ۱ÚÛ / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7 "ۊۧÙÙ
ۧ â Uyghur")
- [ĐŁĐșŃĐ°ŃĐœŃŃĐșĐ°](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE "ЯблŃĐșĐŸ â Ukrainian")
- [ۧ۱ۯÙ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A8 "ŰłÛŰš â Urdu")
- [OÊ»zbekcha / ŃзбДĐșŃĐ°](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olma "Olma â Uzbek")
- [VĂšneto](https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo "Pomo â Venetian")
- [VepsĂ€n kelâ](https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablok "Jablok â Veps")
- [Tiáșżng Viá»t](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1o_t%C3%A2y "TĂĄo tĂąy â Vietnamese")
- [West-Vlams](https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel "Appel â West Flemish")
- [VolapĂŒk](https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod "Pod â VolapĂŒk")
- [Walon](https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pem%C3%AE "PemĂź â Walloon")
- [Winaray](https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas "Mansanas â Waray")
- [ćŽèŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C "èčæ â Wu")
- [Đ„Đ°Đ»ŃĐŒĐł](https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD "ĐĐ»ŃĐŒĐ°Đœ â Kalmyk")
- [ŚŚÖŽŚŚŚ©](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%9C "ŚąŚ€Ś â Yiddish")
- [Vahcuengh](https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makbinzgoj "Makbinzgoj â Zhuang")
- [é©ćèȘ / BĂąn-lĂąm-gĂ](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C5%8Dng-k%C3%B3 "PhĆng-kĂł â Minnan")
- [çČ”èȘ](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C "èæ â Cantonese")
- [äžæ](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C "èčæ â Chinese")
- [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhumezi "IPhumezi â Zulu")
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Edible fruit
This article is about the fruit. For the technology company, see [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") For other uses, see [Apple (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_\(disambiguation\) "Apple (disambiguation)"). "Apple tree" redirects here. For other uses, see [Apple tree (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_tree_\(disambiguation\) "Apple tree (disambiguation)").
| Apple | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg) | |
| '[Cripps Pink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Pink "Cripps Pink")' cultivar | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malus_domestica_a1.jpg) | |
| Flowers of *M. domestica* | |
| [Scientific classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_\(biology\) "Taxonomy (biology)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Malus "Edit this classification") | |
| Kingdom: | [Plantae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant "Plant") |
| *Clade*: | [Tracheophytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant "Vascular plant") |
| *Clade*: | [Angiosperms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant "Flowering plant") |
| *Clade*: | [Eudicots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots "Eudicots") |
| *Clade*: | [Rosids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids "Rosids") |
| Order: | [Rosales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosales "Rosales") |
| Family: | [Rosaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaceae "Rosaceae") |
| Genus: | [*Malus*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus "Malus") |
| Species: | ***M. domestica*** |
| [Binomial name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature "Binomial nomenclature") | |
| ***Malus domestica*** [(Suckow) Borkh.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Suckow "Georg Adolf Suckow"), 1803[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-gbif-1) | |
| [Synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_\(taxonomy\) "Synonym (taxonomy)")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-POWO-3) | |
| *M. communis* Desf., 1768 *M. pumila* Mil. *M. frutescens* Medik. *M. paradisiaca* (L.) Medikus *M. sylvestris* Mil. *Pyrus malus* L. *Pyrus malus* var. *paradisiaca* L. *Pyrus dioica* Moench | |
An **apple** is the round, edible [fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") of an apple tree (*[Malus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus "Malus")* spp.). [Fruit trees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree "Fruit tree") of the **orchard** or **domestic apple** (***Malus domestica***), the most widely grown in the genus, are [cultivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture "Agriculture") worldwide. The tree originated in [Central Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia"), where its wild ancestor, *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")*, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in [Eurasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia "Eurasia") before they were introduced to [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America "North America") by [European colonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas "European colonization of the Americas"). Apples have cultural significance in many [mythologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological "Mythological") (including [Norse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology "Norse mythology") and [Greek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology "Greek mythology")) and [religions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion "Religion") (such as [Christianity in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe "Christianity in Europe")).
Apples grown from [seeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed "Seed") tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including [botanical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany "Botany") evaluation, apple [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") are propagated by clonal [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") onto [rootstocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock"). Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting.
There are [more than 7,500 cultivars of apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars "List of apple cultivars"). Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including [cooking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple"), eating raw, and [cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider "Cider") or [apple juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider") production. Trees and fruit are prone to [fungal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal "Fungal"), bacterial, and [pest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_\(organism\) "Pest (organism)") problems, which can be controlled by a number of [organic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming "Organic farming") and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's [genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome "Genome") was [sequenced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing "DNA sequencing") as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
## Etymology
The word *apple* is derived from [Old English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English "Old English") *ĂŠppel*, meaning "fruit", not specifically the apple.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-OnlineEtymDict-4) That in turn is descended from the [Proto-Germanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic "Proto-Germanic") noun \**aplaz*, descended in turn from [Proto-Indo-European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European "Proto-Indo-European") \**hâĂ©bĆl*.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lisa_Lim-5) As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit including [nuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_\(food\) "Nut (food)"); one example is the [pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple "Pineapple"), the swollen [accessory fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_fruit "Accessory fruit") outside of the [cashew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew "Cashew") nut known as the "cashew apple",[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-mw-6) another is a 14th-century [Middle English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English") expression *appel of paradis*, meaning a [banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana "Banana").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-OnlineEtymDict-4)
## Description
The apple tree is [deciduous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous "Deciduous"), generally standing from 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft).[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by [rootstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock") selection and trimming method.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7) Apple trees may naturally have a rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NC_Extension-8) The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9) Young twigs are covered in fine downy hairs; they become hairless when older.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9)
The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5mm, but are usually less than 4mm. The [bud scales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_scale "Bud scale") have very hairy edges. When emerging from the buds, the leaves are [convolute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#convolute "Glossary of botanical terms"), meaning that their edges overlap each other.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) Leaves can be simple ovals ([elliptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_leaves "Elliptic leaves")), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base ([ovate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovate_leaves "Ovate leaves")), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved ([oblong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblong_leaves "Oblong leaves")) with a narrow pointed end.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of the leaves are [glabrescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#glabrescent "Glossary of botanical terms"), almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The leaves are attached [alternately](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_leaf "Alternate leaf") by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5 cm (1â2\-to-1\+1â2 in) long.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NC_Extension-8)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)
[Blossoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossoms "Blossoms") are produced in [spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_\(season\) "Spring (season)") simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long [shoots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_\(botany\) "Shoot (botany)").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7) When the flower buds first begin to open the [petals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal "Petal") are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower 3-to-4-centimeter (1-to-1\+1â2\-inch) in diameter.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The five-petaled flowers are group in an [inflorescence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence "Inflorescence") consisting of a [cyme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_\(botany\) "Cyme (botany)") with 3â7 flowers.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10) The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NC_Extension-8) Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures â2 °C (28 °F) or less, although the overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to â40 °C (â40 °F).[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_Blossom_@_Manali.jpg "Apple blossoms")
Apple blossoms
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg "Botanical illustration")
Botanical illustration
### Fruit
The [fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") is a [pome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome "Pome") that matures in late [summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer "Summer") or [autumn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn "Autumn").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The true fruits or [carpels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel "Carpel") are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-11) The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at the base of the flower.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-12)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_anatomy,_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg "How apple fruit derives from flower structures")
How apple fruit derives from flower structures
The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-13) The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)
The size of the fruit varies widely between [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar"), but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and 5 in).[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9) The shape is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, [conical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone "Cone"), or short and wide.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-14)
The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0â100%.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Janick-15) The skin may be wholly or partly [russeted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russeting "Russeting"), making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of [epicuticular wax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax "Epicuticular wax").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-16) The skin may also be marked with scattered dots.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Janick-15)
Apples can have any amount of overcolor, a darker tint over a pale groundcolor.
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_Transparent_\(cropped\).jpg "0% overcolor")
0% overcolor
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lobo_\(apple\)_\(cropped\).jpg "100% overcolor")
100% overcolor
### Chemistry
Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include [acetaldehyde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde "Acetaldehyde"), [ethyl acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_acetate "Ethyl acetate"), [1-butanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyraldehyde "Butyraldehyde"), [ethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol"), 2-methylbutanal, [3-methylbutanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-methylbutanal "3-methylbutanal"), [ethyl propionate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_propionate "Ethyl propionate"), ethyl 2-methylpropionate, [ethyl butyrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate "Ethyl butyrate"), ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, [hexanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanal "Hexanal"), [1-butanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-butanol "1-butanol"), [3-methylbutyl acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-methylbutyl_acetate "3-methylbutyl acetate"), 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, [ethyl pentanoate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_pentanoate "Ethyl pentanoate"), [amyl acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyl_acetate "Amyl acetate"), [2-methyl-1-butanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-methyl-1-butanol "2-methyl-1-butanol"), trans-2-hexenal, [ethyl hexanoate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_hexanoate "Ethyl hexanoate"), [hexanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanol "Hexanol").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-18)
## Taxonomy
The apple as a species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or [synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_\(taxonomy\) "Synonym (taxonomy)").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Proposal_to_conserve-19) In modern times, *Malus pumila* and *Malus domestica* are the two main names in use. *M. pumila* is the older name, but *M. domestica* has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make *M. domestica* a [conserved name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_name "Conserved name"): the earlier proposal was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the [IAPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy "International Association for Plant Taxonomy") in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-20) The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving *M. domestica*.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-21) Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use *M. pumila* as the [correct name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correct_name "Correct name"), under an alternate taxonomy.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-POWO-3)
When first classified by [Linnaeus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus "Linnaeus") in 1753, the pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named *[Pyrus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus "Pyrus")* and he named the apple as *Pyrus malus*. This was widely accepted. However, the botanist [Philip Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller "Philip Miller") published an alternate classification in *[The Gardeners Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gardeners_Dictionary "The Gardeners Dictionary")*, with the apple species separated from *Pyrus*, in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by *Malus pumila* he meant the domesticated apple; nonetheless, the term was used as such by many botanists. When [Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen "Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen") published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of *P. malus* var. *domestica*, but this was not directly referenced by [Borkhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen "Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Proposal_to_conserve-19) The earliest use of var. *domestica* for the apple was by [Georg Adolf Suckow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Suckow "Georg Adolf Suckow") in 1786.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-POWO-3)
### Genome
Further information: [Apple genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_genome "Apple genome")
Apples are [diploid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid "Diploid"), with two sets of [chromosomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome") per cell (though [triploid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy "Polyploidy") cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 [chromosomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome") and an estimated [genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome "Genome") size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole [genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome "Genome") sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar '[Golden Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious "Golden Delicious")'.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Velasco_et_al.-22) However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors,[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-23) in part owing to the high degree of [heterozygosity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygosity "Heterozygosity") in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Daccord_et_al.-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Zhang_et_al.-25)
The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes,[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Velasco_et_al.-22) though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Daccord_et_al.-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Zhang_et_al.-25) The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is *Malus sieversii*. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from *[Malus sylvestris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris "Malus sylvestris")* following domestication.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
## Cultivation
### History
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_origins_map.svg)
Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:95apple.jpeg)
Wild *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")* apple in Kazakhstan
[Central Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia") is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Richards_Volk_2009-27) The wild ancestor of *Malus domestica* was *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")*, found growing wild in the [mountains of Central Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_of_Central_Asia "Mountains of Central Asia") in southern [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan "Kyrgyzstan"), [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan "Tajikistan"), and [northwestern China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang "Xinjiang").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-28) Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the [Tian Shan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan "Tian Shan") mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary [introgression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introgression "Introgression") of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with *[Malus sylvestris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris "Malus sylvestris")*, the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more [morphologically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_\(biology\) "Morphology (biology)") similar progenitor *Malus sieversii*. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Cornille_2012-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-31)
The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4,000â10,000 years ago in the [Tian Shan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan "Tian Shan") mountains, and then to have travelled along the [Silk Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road "Silk Road") to Europe, with [hybridisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridisation_\(biology\) "Hybridisation (biology)") and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (*M. baccata*), the Caucasus (*M. orientalis*), and Europe (*M. sylvestris*). Only the *M. sieversii* trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
Chinese soft apples, such as *[M. asiatica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_asiatica "Malus asiatica")* and *[M. prunifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_prunifolia "Malus prunifolia")*, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between *M. baccata* and *M. sieversii* in Kazakhstan.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit [acidity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid "Acid"), color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild *M. sieversii* origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-32) Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild *Malus sylvestris* or *Malus domesticus* containing *Malus sieversii* ancestry. It is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33)
There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the [Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33) There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev. [\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-34) There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33) Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_book_01.svg)
["Wild Apples" by Henry David Thoreau Read by Kevin S for LibriVox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_Apples_by_Henry_David_Thoreau_-_read_by_Kevin_S_for_LibriVox%27s_Short_Nonfiction_Collection_Vol._065_\(2019\).ogg "File:Wild Apples by Henry David Thoreau - read by Kevin S for LibriVox's Short Nonfiction Collection Vol. 065 (2019).ogg")
Audio 01:01:35 ([full text](https://archive.org/details/excursions1863thor/page/266))
***
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The Roman writer [Pliny the Elder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder "Pliny the Elder") describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on a bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-35) These methods extend the shelf life of fresh apples, but refrigeration is still required. Even sturdy winter varieties only keep well until December in cool climates.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-36) For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-37)
Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to [Chiloé Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago "Chiloé Archipelago") in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-38) Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7) and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston") by Reverend [William Blaxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blaxton "William Blaxton") in 1640.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-39) The only apples native to North America are [crab apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_apples "Crab apples").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Harrowsmith-40)
Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Harrowsmith-40) In the 20th century, irrigation projects in [Eastern Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Washington "Eastern Washington") began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)
Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in [frostproof cellars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cellar "Root cellar") during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-42) [Controlled atmosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_atmosphere "Controlled atmosphere") facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-43)
### Breeding
See also: [Fruit tree propagation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation "Fruit tree propagation") and [Malling series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malling_series "Malling series")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg)
An apple tree in Germany
Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with the characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples do not "[breed true](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_true "Breed true")", instead they are "[extreme heterozygotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity "Zygosity")", i.e. rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-44) [Triploid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid "Polyploid") cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during [meiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis "Meiosis"), yielding unequal [segregation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_segregation "Chromosome segregation") of the chromosomes ([aneuploids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy "Aneuploidy")). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-45)
Because apples are not true breeders when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") of cuttings. The [rootstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock") used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or 10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-46)
Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of [Persia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia "Persia") and [Asia Minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor "Asia Minor"). [Alexander the Great](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great") sent samples of dwarf apple trees to [Aristotle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle")'s [Lyceum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_\(classical\) "Lyceum (classical)"). Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-47) The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The [East Malling Research Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malling_Research_Station "East Malling Research Station") conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of '[Northern Spy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Spy "Northern Spy")' in [Merton, England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton "London Borough of Merton").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-48)
Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-49) The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form [bud sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_sport "Bud sport") (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)
Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-51)
### Pollination
See also: [Fruit tree pollination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination "Fruit tree pollination")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_tree_blossom.JPG "An apple blossom from an old Ayrshire cultivar")
An apple blossom from an old [Ayrshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire "Ayrshire") cultivar
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orchmason.jpg "An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom")
An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom
Apples are self-incompatible; they must [cross-pollinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination "Pollination") to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize [pollinators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator "Pollinator") to carry pollen. [Honey bees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee "Honey bee") are most commonly used. [Orchard mason bees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmia_lignaria "Osmia lignaria") are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. [Bumblebee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee "Bumblebee") [queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_bee "Queen bee") are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-52)
Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate:[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Powell_1986-53)
- Group A â Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('[Gravenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravenstein "Gravenstein")', 'Red Astrachan')
- Group B â 4 to 7 May ('[Idared](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idared "Idared")', '[McIntosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_\(apple\) "McIntosh (apple)")')
- Group C â Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May ('[Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith")', '[Cox's Orange Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin "Cox's Orange Pippin")')
- Group D â Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('[Golden Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious "Golden Delicious")', 'Calville blanc d'hiver')
- Group E â Late flowering, 16 to 18 May ('[Braeburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braeburn "Braeburn")', 'Reinette d'OrlĂ©ans')
- Group F â 19 to 23 May ('Suntan')
- Group H â 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' â also called Court-Pendu plat)
One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Powell_1986-53)
### Maturation and harvest
See also: [Fruit picking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_picking "Fruit picking") and [Fruit tree pruning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning "Fruit tree pruning")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relander_and_apples.jpg "Lauri Kristian Relander, the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s")
[Lauri Kristian Relander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Kristian_Relander "Lauri Kristian Relander"), the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg "Apples being harvested in Wenatchee, Washington, United States (2010)")
Apples being harvested in [Wenatchee, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington "Wenatchee, Washington"), United States (2010)
Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very largeâletting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear 40â200 kg (90â440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10â80 kg (20â180 lb) of fruit per year.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)
Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-54)
Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivars that yield their crop in the summer include '[Sweet Bough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bough "Sweet Bough")' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', '[Swayzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swazie_\(apple\) "Swazie (apple)")', and 'Tolman Sweet'.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Harrowsmith-40)
### Storage
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rome_Apples,_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg)
[Rome apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_apple "Rome apple") on sale at a [farmer's market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_market "Farmers' market") in Newark, Delaware, United States (2011)
Commercially, apples can be stored for months in [controlled atmosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_atmosphere "Controlled atmosphere") chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen") to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if the fruit is already fully ripe. The gas [ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene "Ethylene") is used by plants as a [hormone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone "Hormone") which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide"), which also must be controlled.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-55)
For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be stored for three weeks in a pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F).[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-57) Some varieties of apples (e.g. '[Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith")' and '[Fuji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_\(apple\) "Fuji (apple)")') have more than three times the storage life of others.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-58)
Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance [1-methylcyclopropene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-methylcyclopropene "1-methylcyclopropene") blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-59)
### Pests and diseases
Further information: [List of apple diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases "List of apple diseases")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg)
[Codling moth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codling_moth "Codling moth") larva tunnelling inside an apple
A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant, including:
- [Mildew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildew "Mildew") is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers turn a creamy yellow color and do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to [*Botrytis*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryotinia "Botryotinia")âeliminating the conditions that caused the disease and burning the infected plants are among recommended actions.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-60)
- [Aphids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid "Aphid") are small insects with [sucking mouthparts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_mouthparts "Insect mouthparts"). Five species of aphids commonly attack apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid, and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by color, time of year, and by differences in the cornicles (small paired projections from their rear).[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-61) Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-62)
- [Apple scab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_scab "Apple scab"): Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Bradley-63)
Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called [fireblight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireblight "Fireblight"), and three fungal diseases: *[Gymnosporangium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporangium "Gymnosporangium")* rust, [black spot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplocarpon_rosae "Diplocarpon rosae"),[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-64) and [bitter rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_rot_of_apple "Bitter rot of apple").[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-65) [Codling moths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codling_moth "Codling moth"), and the [apple maggots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_maggot "Apple maggot") of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Bradley-63) The larvae of the [apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synanthedon_myopaeformis "Synanthedon myopaeformis") burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-66)
### Cultivars
Main article: [List of apple cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars "List of apple cultivars")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Delicious,_SweeTango,_Granny_Smith,_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG)
From left to right: the '[Golden Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious "Golden Delicious")', '[SweeTango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SweeTango "SweeTango")', '[Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith")', and '[Gala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_\(apple\) "Gala (apple)")' apples.
There are more than 7,500 known [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") (cultivated varieties) of apples.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-67) Cultivars vary in their [yield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_yield "Crop yield") and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same [rootstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock").[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-England-68) Different cultivars are available for [temperate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate "Temperate") and [subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical "Subtropical") climates. The UK's [National Fruit Collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fruit_Collection "National Fruit Collection") in Kent includes over 2,000 apple cultivars.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-69) The [University of Reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading "University of Reading"), responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. Its work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources, with 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-70)
The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking ([cooking apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple")) or producing [cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider "Cider"). [Cider apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_apple "Cider apple") are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-apples1-71)
In Europe, apple breeding programs are conducted at places such as [Julius KĂŒhn-Institut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_K%C3%BChn-Institut "Julius KĂŒhn-Institut"), the German federal research center for cultivated plants.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-72)
In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities. For instance, in the East, [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") has had a program operating since 1880 in [Geneva, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_New_York "Geneva, New York"), while in the West, [Washington State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University "Washington State University") started a program to support their home state's apple industry in 1994.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:0-73) Released by the [University of Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") in 1991, the '[Honeycrisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycrisp "Honeycrisp")' has become famous for its crispness and juiciness, thereby commanding high market prices.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:0-73) Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-74) However, it is also difficult to grow and to store, prompting the industry to seek hybrids that not only appeal to consumers but are also less costly for farmers to cultivate and last longer in storage.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:1-75) By the 2020s, about half of the new apple varieties entering the market in the United States and Canada are 'Honeycrisp' progeny.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-76) Such hybrids include the '[SweeTango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SweeTango "SweeTango")' (a cross between the 'Honeycrisp' and the '[Zestar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestar_apple "Zestar apple")') introduced by the University of Minnesota in 2008 and the '[Cosmic Crisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp "Cosmic Crisp")' (the 'Honeycrisp' and the '[Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_\(apple\) "Enterprise (apple)")') released by Washington State University in 2017.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:1-75)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mele_non_comuni.jpg)
Less common apple cultivars from an orchard in Italy
Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of [russeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_apple "Russet apple"), ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-England-68) Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:2-77) Most North Americans and Europeans favor crunchy, sweet, and subacid apples.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Saba2020-78) Nevertheless, tart apples maintain a strong minority following.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-World-79) In the United States today, the most popular apple varieties are the '[Ambrosia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_\(apple\) "Ambrosia (apple)")', 'Honeycrisp', and '[Jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_\(apple\) "Jazz (apple)")', according Nielsen data,[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:1-75) while in Canada, the 'Honeycrisp', 'Ambrosia', and 'Gala' take the top spots.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:2-77) Together, these newer varieties have overtaken once dominant cultivars like the '[McIntosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_\(apple\) "McIntosh (apple)")' and the '[Red Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicious "Red Delicious")' in the North American market.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:2-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Saba2020-78) Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-World-79) especially the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-apples1-71)
Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviableâlow yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Hobby_Farms_Mag.-80) A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers who sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as '[Cox's Orange Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin "Cox's Orange Pippin")' and '[Egremont Russet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egremont_Russet "Egremont Russet")' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)
### Production
Main article: [List of countries by apple production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production "List of countries by apple production")
Apple production
| | |
|---|---|
|  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") | 49\.6 |
|  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | 5\.2 |
|  [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") | 4\.6 |
|  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") | 3\.9 |
|  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") | 2\.9 |
|  [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran") | 2\.2 |
| **World** | **97\.3** |
| Source: [FAOSTAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT "FAOSTAT") of the United Nations[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-faostat-81) | |
World production of apples in 2023 was 97 million [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne"), with China producing 51% of the total (table).[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-faostat-81) Secondary producers were the United States, [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), and [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-faostat-81)
## Toxicity
### Amygdalin
Apple seeds contain small amounts of [amygdalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalin "Amygdalin"), a sugar and [cyanide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide "Cyanide") compound known as a [cyanogenic glycoside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside "Cyanogenic glycoside"). Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause [adverse reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_reaction "Adverse reaction"). It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be [hydrolyzed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed "Hydrolyzed") before the cyanide ion is released.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-82) The U.S. [National Library of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine "National Library of Medicine")'s [Hazardous Substances Data Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_Substances_Data_Bank "Hazardous Substances Data Bank") records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-83)
### Allergy
One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to [birch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch "Birch") [pollen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen "Pollen").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84) Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail [oral allergy syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome "Oral allergy syndrome") (OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84) but in rare cases can also include life-threatening [anaphylaxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis "Anaphylaxis").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-85) This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumedâthe allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84)
In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84) This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and [urticaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria "Urticaria"), and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84)
Breeding efforts have yet to produce a [hypoallergenic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoallergenic "Hypoallergenic") fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84)
## Uses
See also: [Cooking apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple") and [Cider apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_apple "Cider apple")
### Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy "Food energy") | 218 kJ (52 kcal) |
| **[Carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate")** | 13\.81 g |
| [Sugars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar") | 10\.39 |
| [Dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") | 2\.4 g |
| **[Fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat")** | 0\.17 g |
| **[Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)")** | 0\.26 g |
| Vitamins and minerals | |
| **[Vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin "Vitamin")** | **Quantity** **%DV** â |
| [Vitamin A equiv.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A "Vitamin A")[beta-Carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene "Beta-Carotene")[lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin") | 0% 3 ÎŒg0% 27 ÎŒg29 ÎŒg |
| [Thiamine (B1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine "Thiamine") | 1% 0.017 mg |
| [Riboflavin (B2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin") | 2% 0.026 mg |
| [Niacin (B3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin_\(nutrient\) "Niacin (nutrient)") | 1% 0.091 mg |
| [Pantothenic acid (B5)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid") | 1% 0.061 mg |
| [Vitamin B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6 "Vitamin B6") | 2% 0.041 mg |
| [Folate (B9)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") | 1% 3 ÎŒg |
| [Vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") | 5% 4.6 mg |
| [Vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E") | 1% 0.18 mg |
| [Vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") | 2% 2.2 ÎŒg |
| **[Minerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_\(nutrient\) "Mineral (nutrient)")** | **Quantity** **%DV** â |
| [Calcium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans "Calcium in biology") | 0% 6 mg |
| [Copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health "Copper in health") | 3% 0.027 mg |
| [Iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism "Human iron metabolism") | 1% 0.12 mg |
| [Magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology "Magnesium in biology") | 1% 5 mg |
| [Manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition "Manganese") | 2% 0.035 mg |
| [Phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role "Phosphorus") | 1% 11 mg |
| [Potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology "Potassium in biology") | 4% 107 mg |
| [Sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology "Sodium in biology") | 0% 1 mg |
| [Zinc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role "Zinc") | 0% 0.04 mg |
| **Other constituents** | **Quantity** |
| Water | 85\.56 g |
| [Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA FoodData Central](https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102644/nutrients) | |
| â Percentages estimated using [US recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values "Reference Daily Intake") for adults,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FDADailyValues-86) except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the [National Academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-87) | |
A raw apple is 86% water and 14% [carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate"), with negligible content of [fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat") and [protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)") (table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 g (3.5 oz) provides 52 [calories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie "Calorie") and a moderate content of [dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") (table). Otherwise, there is low content of [micronutrients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient "Micronutrient"), which are all below 10% of the [Daily Value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value "Daily Value") (table).
### Culinary
Further information: [List of apple dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes "List of apple dishes")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paring,_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif)
Machine for paring, coring, and slicing apples, from Henry B. Scammell's 1897 handbook *Cyclopedia of Valuable Receipts*
Apple varieties can be grouped as [cooking apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple"), [eating apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_apple "Table apple"), and [cider apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_apple "Cider apple"), the last so astringent as to be "almost inedible".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88) Apples are consumed as [juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice "Apple juice"), raw in salads, baked in [pies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie "Apple pie"), cooked into [sauces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_sauce "Apple sauce") and [apple butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_butter "Apple butter"), or baked.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-89) They are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-90)
Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Traditional methods include drying and making [apple butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_butter "Apple butter").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88) Juice and cider are produced commercially; cider is a significant industry in regions such as the [West of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_England "West of England") and [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy "Normandy").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88)
A [toffee apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffee_apple "Toffee apple") (UK) or [caramel apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel_apple "Caramel apple") (US) is a confection made by coating an apple in hot [toffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffee "Toffee") or [caramel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel "Caramel") candy respectively and allowing it to cool.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-91)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10) [Apples and honey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples_and_honey "Apples and honey") are a ritual [food pairing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_pairing "Food pairing") eaten during the Jewish New Year of [Rosh Hashanah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah "Rosh Hashanah").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-92)
Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as [pies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie "Apple pie"), [crumbles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumble "Crumble"), and [cakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cake "Apple cake"). When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as [apple sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_sauce "Apple sauce"), which can be cooked down to form a preserve, apple butter. They are often [baked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baked "Baked") or [stewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewed "Stewed"), and are cooked in some meat dishes.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88)
Apples are [milled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_mill "Cider mill") or [pressed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_press#Cider_press "Fruit press") to produce [apple juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice "Apple juice"), which may be drunk unfiltered (called [apple cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider") in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be [fermented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_\(food\) "Fermentation (food)") to make [cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider "Cider") (called hard cider in North America), [ciderkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciderkin "Ciderkin"), and vinegar.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10) Through [distillation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation "Distillation"), various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as [applejack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_\(beverage\) "Applejack (beverage)"), [Calvados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados "Calvados"), and [apple brandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_brandy "Apple brandy").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-93)
### Organic production
[Organic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming "Organic farming") apples are commonly produced in the United States.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-organic-94) Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-croplife-95) The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts ([pyrethrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethrum "Pyrethrum"), [neem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem "Neem")) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-croplife-95) A light coating of [kaolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin "Kaolin"), which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)
### Non-browning apples
Apple skins and seeds contain [polyphenols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol "Polyphenol").[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ribeiro2014-96) These are oxidised by the [enzyme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme "Enzyme") [polyphenol oxidase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol_oxidase "Polyphenol oxidase"), which causes [browning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_browning "Food browning") in sliced or bruised apples, by [catalyzing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis "Catalysis") the [oxidation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") of phenolic compounds to [o-quinones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-quinone "O-quinone"), a browning factor.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-nic-97) Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value. [Arctic apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_apples "Arctic apples"), a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been [genetically modified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food "Genetically modified food") to silence the [expression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression "Gene expression") of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-99) The US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") in 2015, and [Canadian Food Inspection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency "Canadian Food Inspection Agency") in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-fda2015-100)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-cfia-101)
### Other products
[Apple seed oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_seed_oil "Apple seed oil") is obtained by [pressing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeller_pressing "Expeller pressing") apple seeds for manufacturing [cosmetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics "Cosmetics").[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-102)
## In culture
Main article: [Apple (symbolism)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_\(symbolism\) "Apple (symbolism)")
### Germanic paganism
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg)
"Brita as [Iduna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0unn "IĂ°unn")" (1901) by [Carl Larsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Larsson "Carl Larsson")
In [Norse mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology "Norse mythology"), the goddess [IĂ°unn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0unn "IĂ°unn") is portrayed in the *[Prose Edda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda "Prose Edda")* (written in the 13th century by [Snorri Sturluson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson "Snorri Sturluson")) as providing apples to the [gods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods "Gods") that give them [eternal youthfulness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_youth "Eternal youth"). The English scholar [H. R. Ellis Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Ellis_Davidson "H. R. Ellis Davidson") links apples to religious practices in [Germanic paganism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism "Germanic paganism"), from which [Norse paganism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_paganism "Norse paganism") developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the [Oseberg ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseberg_ship "Oseberg ship") burial site in Norway, and that fruits and nuts have been found in the early graves of the [Germanic peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples "Germanic peoples") in England and elsewhere in Europe. The fruits and nuts may have had a symbolic meaning, and nuts are still a recognized symbol of [fertility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility "Fertility") in southwest England.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_1990-103)
Davidson notes a connection between apples and the [Vanir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir "Vanir"), a tribe of gods associated with [fertility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility "Fertility") in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful [GerĂ°r](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r "GerĂ°r") by [SkĂrnir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir "SkĂrnir"), who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god [Freyr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr "Freyr") in stanzas 19 and 20 of *[SkĂrnismĂĄl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l "SkĂrnismĂĄl")*. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the *[Völsunga saga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga "Völsunga saga")*: when the major goddess [Frigg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg "Frigg") sends King [Rerir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerir "Rerir") an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a [mound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus "Tumulus").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_1990-103) Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by [Caesarean section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section "Caesarean section")) of their sonâthe hero [Völsung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung "Völsung").[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-104)
Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of [Hel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_\(location\) "Hel (location)")" used in an 11th-century poem by the [skald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald "Skald") Thorbiorn BrĂșnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by BrĂșnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess [Nehalennia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalennia "Nehalennia") is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the [Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") and came to Europe from the [Near East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East "Near East"), the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of IĂ°unn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world."[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_1990-103)
### Greek mythology
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg)
[Heracles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles "Heracles") with the apple of [Hesperides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides "Hesperides")
Apples appear in many [religious traditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_religions "World religions"), including Greek and Roman [mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology "Mythology") where it has an ambiguous symbolism of discord, fertility, or courtship.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-105) In [Greek mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology "Greek mythology"), the [Greek hero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_hero "Greek hero") [Heracles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles "Heracles"), as a part of his [Twelve Labours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Labours "Twelve Labours"), was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the [Tree of Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides "Hesperides") growing at its center.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ruck_2001-106)
The Greek goddess of discord, [Eris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_\(mythology\) "Eris (mythology)"), became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of [Peleus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleus "Peleus") and [Thetis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis "Thetis").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-107) In retaliation, she tossed a [golden apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_Discord "Apple of Discord") inscribed [ÎαλλίÏÏη](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisti "Kallisti") (*KallistÄ*, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: [Hera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera "Hera"), [Athena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena "Athena"), and [Aphrodite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite "Aphrodite"). [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_\(mythology\) "Paris (mythology)") of [Troy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy "Troy") was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, [Helen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy "Helen of Troy") of [Sparta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta "Sparta"). He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the [Trojan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War "Trojan War").[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-109)
The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-110)
> I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is beauty.
â [Plato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato "Plato"), Epigram VII
[Atalanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta "Atalanta"), also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but [Hippomenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippomenes "Hippomenes") (also known as [Melanion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanion_\(son_of_Amphidamas\) "Melanion (son of Amphidamas)"), a name possibly derived from *melon*, the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general),[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ruck_2001-106) who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-112)
### Celtic mythology
In [Celtic mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythology "Celtic mythology"), the [otherworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherworld "Otherworld") has many names, including *Emain Ablach*, "Emain of the Apple-trees". A version of this is [Avalon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon "Avalon") in [Arthurian legend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurian_legend "Arthurian legend"), or in [Welsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language") *Ynys Afallon*, "Island of Apples".[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-113)
### China
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_\(20171224194116\).jpg)
*PĂngÄnguÇ* ("Peace apples") on sale in Beijing for Christmas Eve (2017)
In China, apples symbolise [peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace "Peace"), since the sounds of the first element ("pĂng") in the words "apple" (èčæ, *PĂngguÇ*) and "peace" (ćčłćź, *PĂng'Än*) are [homophonous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone "Homophone") in Mandarin and Cantonese.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lisa_Lim-5)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-English_in_China-114) When these two words are combined, the word *PĂngÄnguÇ* (ćčłćźæ, "Peace apples") is formed. This association developed further as the name for [Christmas Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve") in Mandarin is *PĂngÄnyĂš* (ćčłćźć€, "Peaceful/Quiet Evening"), which made the [gifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift "Gift") of apples at this season to friends and associates popular, as a way to wish them peace and safety.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-English_in_China-114)
### Christian art
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_\(Prado\)_2.jpg)
*[Adam and Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve "Adam and Eve")* by [Albrecht DĂŒrer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer "Albrecht DĂŒrer") (1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin
Though the [forbidden fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_fruit "Forbidden fruit") of [Eden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden "Garden of Eden") in the [Book of Genesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis") is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that [Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve "Eve") coaxed [Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam "Adam") to share with her.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Macrone-115) The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin "Latin") words *mÄlum* (an apple) and *mÄlum* (an evil), each of which is normally written *malum*.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-116) The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17,[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-117) and the Latin for "good and evil" is *bonum et malum*.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-118)
[Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") painters may also have been influenced by the story of the [golden apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_apple "Golden apple") in the [Garden of Hesperides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides "Hesperides"). As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The [larynx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx "Larynx") in the human throat has been called the "[Adam's apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%27s_apple "Adam's apple")" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual [seduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction "Seduction") has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Macrone-115)
### Proverb
The [proverb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb "Proverb"), "[An apple a day keeps the doctor away](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_apple_a_day_keeps_the_doctor_away "An apple a day keeps the doctor away")", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales"), where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread".[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-119) In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-120)
## See also
- [Apple chip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_chip "Apple chip")
- [Apple cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider")
- [Apple juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice "Apple juice")
- [Applecrab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applecrab "Applecrab"), appleâcrabapple hybrids for eating
- [Isaac Newton's apple tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_apple_tree "Isaac Newton's apple tree")
- [Johnny Appleseed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed "Johnny Appleseed")
- [List of apple dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes "List of apple dishes")
## References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-gbif_1-0)**
["*Malus domestica* (Suckow) Borkh., 1803"](https://www.gbif.org/species/105528904/). Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-10)
Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021). ["*Malus domestica*"](http://floranorthamerica.org/Malus_domestica). *[Flora of North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America "Flora of North America")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240728060606/http://floranorthamerica.org/Malus_domestica) from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-POWO_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-POWO_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-POWO_3-2)
["*Malus domestica* (Suckow) Borkh"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/726282-1). *[Plants of the World Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online "Plants of the World Online")*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"). Retrieved 31 July 2024.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-OnlineEtymDict_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-OnlineEtymDict_4-1)
["Origin and history of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary"](https://www.etymonline.com/word/apple). *[Online Etymology Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary "Online Etymology Dictionary")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191221020212/https://www.etymonline.com/word/apple) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lisa_Lim_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lisa_Lim_5-1)
Lim, Lisa (6 July 2021). ["Where the word 'apple' came from and why the forbidden fruit was unlucky to be linked with the fall of man"](https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/3139890/where-word-apple-came-and-why-forbidden-fruit-was-unlucky). Language Matters. *[South China Morning Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post "South China Morning Post")*. Hong Kong, China: [Alibaba Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230628112156/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/3139890/where-word-apple-came-and-why-forbidden-fruit-was-unlucky) from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-mw_6-0)**
["A pineapple is an apple (kind of). How did this tropical fruit get tied to the apple?"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/word-history-pineapple). *Word History*. [Merriam-Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster "Merriam-Webster"). 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-6)
Rieger, Mark. ["Apple - *Malus domestica*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045236/http://www.uga.edu/fruit/apple.html). *HORT 3020: Intro Fruit Crops*. [University of Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia "University of Georgia"). Archived from [the original](http://www.uga.edu/fruit/apple.html) on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-NC_Extension_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-NC_Extension_8-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-NC_Extension_8-2)
["Apples - *Malus domestica*"](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malus-domestica/common-name/apples/). *North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox*. [North Carolina State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240531122432/https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malus-domestica/common-name/apples/) from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-3)
Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). [*Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah*](https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n926) (First ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: [Missouri Botanical Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden "Missouri Botanical Garden"). p. 909. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-930723-84-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930723-84-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-930723-84-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [859541992](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859541992). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-4)
Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). "*Malus* x *domestica*". *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants*. Vol. 4, Fruit (First ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: [Springer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing "Springer Publishing"). pp. 414â415\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-94-007-4053-2\_49](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4053-2_49). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-94-007-4053-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4053-2 "Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4053-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [795503871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795503871).
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-11)**
[Juniper, Barrie E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Juniper "Barrie Juniper"); [Mabberley, David J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mabberley "David Mabberley") (2006). [*The Story of the Apple*](https://archive.org/details/storyofapple0000juni) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: [Timber Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press "Timber Press"). p. 27. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-88192-784-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2006011869](https://lccn.loc.gov/2006011869). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [67383484](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67383484). Retrieved 1 August 2024.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-12)**
["Fruit glossary"](https://schoolgardening.rhs.org.uk/Resources/Info-Sheet/Fruit-Glossary). Royal Horticultural Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071550/https://schoolgardening.rhs.org.uk/Resources/Info-Sheet/Fruit-Glossary) from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-13)**
[Burford, Tom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Burford "Tom Burford") (2013). [*Apples of North America: 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks*](https://archive.org/details/applesofnorthame0000burf) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: [Timber Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press "Timber Press"). pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-60469-249-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-249-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-249-5")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2012045130](https://lccn.loc.gov/2012045130). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [819860825](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819860825).
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-14)**
["Shape"](https://agresearch.montana.edu/warc/guides/apples/heritage_orchard_management_guide/heritage-fruit-id-guide/apple_id_characteristics/appleid_shape.html). *Western Agricultural Research Center*. [Montana State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_State_University "Montana State University"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240423183929/https://agresearch.montana.edu/warc/guides/apples/heritage_orchard_management_guide/heritage-fruit-id-guide/apple_id_characteristics/appleid_shape.html) from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
15. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Janick_15-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Janick_15-1)
Janick, Jules; Cummins, James N.; Brown, Susan K.; Hemmat, Minou (1996). ["Chapter 1: Apples"](http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pri/chapter.pdf) (PDF). *Fruit Breeding*. Vol. I: Tree and Tropical Fruits. New York: [John Wiley & Sons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons "John Wiley & Sons"). pp. 9, 48. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-471-31014-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-31014-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-471-31014-3")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [95016407](https://lccn.loc.gov/95016407). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1302621533](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302621533). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130719085631/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pri/chapter.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-16)**
Kolattukudy, P. E. (2013) \[May 1984\]. ["Natural Waxes on Fruits"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130524130738/http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/N2I2A). *Postharvest Information Network*. Washington State University Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center. Archived from [the original](http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/N2I2A) on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-17)**
Flath, R. A.; Black, D. R.; Forrey, R. R.; McDonald, G. M.; Mon, T. R.; Teranishi, R. (1 August 1969). "Volatiles in Gravenstein Apple Essence Identified by GC-Mass Spectrometry". *Journal of Chromatographic Science*. **7** (8): 508. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1093/CHROMSCI/7.8.508](https://doi.org/10.1093%2FCHROMSCI%2F7.8.508).
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-18)**
Flath, Robert A.; Black, Dale Robert.; Guadagni, Dante G.; McFadden, William H.; Schultz, Thomas H. (January 1967). "Identification and organoleptic evaluation of compounds in Delicious apple essence". *[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry")*. **15** (1): 29. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1967JAFC...15...29F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967JAFC...15...29F). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1021/jf60149a032](https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf60149a032).
19. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Proposal_to_conserve_19-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Proposal_to_conserve_19-1)
Qian, Guan-Ze; Liu, Lian-Fen; Tang, Geng-Guo (April 2010). "(1933) Proposal to conserve the name *Malus domestica* against *M. pumila*, *M. communis*, *M. frutescens*, and *Pyrus dioica* ( Rosaceae )". *[Taxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon_\(journal\) "Taxon (journal)")*. **59** (2): 650â652\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2010Taxon..59..650Q](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Taxon..59..650Q). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/tax.592038](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.592038).
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-20)**
Applequist, Wendy L. (2017). ["Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 69"](https://apirs.plants.ifas.ufl.edu/site/assets/files/375067/375067.pdf) (PDF). *[Taxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon_\(journal\) "Taxon (journal)")*. **66** (2): 500â513\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2017Taxon..66..500A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Taxon..66..500A). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.12705/662.17](https://doi.org/10.12705%2F662.17). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240507042204/https://apirs.plants.ifas.ufl.edu/site/assets/files/375067/375067.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 May 2024.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-21)**
Wilson, Karen L. (June 2017). ["Report of the General Committee: 18"](https://doi.org/10.12705%2F663.15). *Taxon*. **66** (3): 742. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2017Taxon..66..742W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Taxon..66..742W). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.12705/663.15](https://doi.org/10.12705%2F663.15).
22. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Velasco_et_al._22-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Velasco_et_al._22-1)
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Traverso, Amy (2011). [*The Apple Lover's Cookbook*](https://archive.org/details/appleloverscookb0000trav). Photographs by Squire Fox (First ed.). New York: [W.W. Norton & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.W._Norton_%26_Company "W.W. Norton & Company"). pp. 16, 32, 35, 45, 92, 137, 262â263, 275. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
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117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-117)** [Genesis 2:17](https://www.esv.org/Genesis+2:17)
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-118)**
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[Mieder, Wolfgang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mieder "Wolfgang Mieder"); Kingsbury, Stewart A.; [Harder, Kelsie B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsie_B._Harder "Kelsie B. Harder"), eds. (1996) \[1992\]. [*A Dictionary of American Proverbs*](https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer00wolf_0/page/23) (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-511133-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511133-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511133-0")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [91015508](https://lccn.loc.gov/91015508). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [23693799](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23693799). Retrieved 23 August 2024.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-120)**
[Pollan, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pollan "Michael Pollan") (2001). [*The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World*](https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesirepl0000poll_v5w7) (First ed.). New York: [Random House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House "Random House"). pp. 9, 22, 50. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-375-50129-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50129-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50129-6")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [00066479](https://lccn.loc.gov/00066479). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [49803415](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49803415).
## Further reading
- [Browning, Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Browning_\(author\) "Frank Browning (author)") (1998). [*Apples*](https://archive.org/details/apples00brow) (First ed.). New York: [North Point Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Point_Press "North Point Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-86547-537-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-537-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-537-3")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [98027252](https://lccn.loc.gov/98027252). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [39235786](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39235786).
- Hanson, Beth; Marinelli, Janet; Saphire, Sigrun Wolff; Tebbitt, Mark, eds. (2003). [*The Best Apples to Buy and Grow*](https://archive.org/details/bestapplestobuyg0000unse) (First ed.). Brooklyn, New York: [Brooklyn Botanic Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden "Brooklyn Botanic Garden"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-889538-66-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889538-66-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-889538-66-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [60384060](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60384060).
- [Juniper, Barrie E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Juniper "Barrie Juniper"); [Mabberley, David J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mabberley "David Mabberley") (2006). [*The Story of the Apple*](https://archive.org/details/storyofapple0000juni) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: [Timber Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press "Timber Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-88192-784-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2006011869](https://lccn.loc.gov/2006011869). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [67383484](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67383484).
- Phillips, Michael (1998). [*The Apple Grower: A Guide for the Organic Orchardist*](https://archive.org/details/applegrowerguide0000phil) (First ed.). White River Junction, Vermont: [Chelsea Green Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Green_Publishing "Chelsea Green Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-890132-04-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-04-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-04-0")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [98003631](https://lccn.loc.gov/98003631). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [38731995](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38731995).
- Sanders, Rosie (2010). *The Apple Book* (Second ed.). London: [Frances Lincoln Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Lincoln_Limited "Frances Lincoln Limited"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7112-3141-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3141-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3141-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [646397065](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646397065).
## External links
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [Apples](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apples "commons:Category:Apples") at Wikimedia Commons
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg) [Apple](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Apple "wikibooks:Cookbook:Apple") at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Apples "Template:Apples") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Apples "Template talk:Apples") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apples "Special:EditPage/Template:Apples")[Apples]() | |
|---|---|
| [List of apple cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars "List of apple cultivars") | |
| Species | [*Malus domestica*]() *[Malus niedzwetzkyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_niedzwetzkyana "Malus niedzwetzkyana")* *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")* |
| [Table apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_apple "Table apple") | [Adams Pearmain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Pearmain "Adams Pearmain") [Aia Ilu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aia_Ilu "Aia Ilu") [Airlie Red Flesh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlie_Red_Flesh "Airlie Red Flesh") [Akane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akane_\(apple\) "Akane (apple)") [Ă
kerö](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ker%C3%B6 "Ă
kerö") [Alkmene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkmene_\(apple\) "Alkmene (apple)") [Allington Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allington_Pippin "Allington Pippin") [Ambrosia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_\(apple\) "Ambrosia (apple)") [Anna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_\(apple\) "Anna (apple)") [Annurca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annurca "Annurca") [Ariane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariane_\(apple\) "Ariane (apple)") [Arkansas Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Black "Arkansas Black") [Ashmead's Kernel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmead%27s_Kernel "Ashmead's Kernel") [Aurora Golden Gala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_Golden_Gala "Aurora Golden Gala") [Autumn Bough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Bough "Autumn Bough") [Autumn Glory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn_Glory "Autumn Glory") [Baldwin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_\(apple\) "Baldwin (apple)") [Beacon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_\(apple\) "Beacon (apple)") [Beauty of Bath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_of_Bath "Beauty of Bath") [Belle de Boskoop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle_de_Boskoop "Belle de Boskoop") [Bellflower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellflower_apple "Bellflower apple") [Ben Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Davis_\(apple\) "Ben Davis (apple)") [Birgit Bonnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Bonnier "Birgit Bonnier") [Braeburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braeburn "Braeburn") [Brina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brina "Brina") [Cameo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_\(apple\) "Cameo (apple)") [Champion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_\(apple\) "Champion (apple)") [Civni (Rubens)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civni_apple "Civni apple") [Claygate Pearmain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claygate_Pearmain "Claygate Pearmain") [Clivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clivia_\(apple\) "Clivia (apple)") [Cornish Aromatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_Aromatic "Cornish Aromatic") [Cornish Gilliflower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_Gilliflower "Cornish Gilliflower") [Cortland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortland_\(apple\) "Cortland (apple)") [Cosmic Crisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp "Cosmic Crisp") [Court Pendu Plat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Pendu_Plat "Court Pendu Plat") [Cox's Orange Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin "Cox's Orange Pippin") [Crimson Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Gold_\(apple\) "Crimson Gold (apple)") [Cripps Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Red "Cripps Red") [Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Pink "Cripps Pink") [Delbard Jubilée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbard_Jubil%C3%A9e "Delbard Jubilée") [Delbarestivale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbarestivale "Delbarestivale") [Delrouval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delrouval "Delrouval") [Devonshire Quarrenden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonshire_Quarrenden "Devonshire Quarrenden") [Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_\(apple\) "Discovery (apple)") [Dorsett Golden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsett_Golden "Dorsett Golden") [Dougherty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougherty_\(apple\) "Dougherty (apple)") [Duchess of Oldenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Oldenburg_\(apple\) "Duchess of Oldenburg (apple)") [Dumelow's Seedling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumelow%27s_Seedling "Dumelow's Seedling") [Egremont Russet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egremont_Russet "Egremont Russet") [Ellison's Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange "Ellison's Orange") [Elstar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstar "Elstar") [Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_\(apple\) "Empire (apple)") [Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_\(apple\) "Enterprise (apple)") [Envy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy_\(apple\) "Envy (apple)") [Esopus Spitzenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esopus_Spitzenburg "Esopus Spitzenburg") [Eva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_\(apple\) "Eva (apple)") [EverCrisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EverCrisp "EverCrisp") [Fiesta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiesta_\(apple\) "Fiesta (apple)") [Filippa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippa_\(apple\) "Filippa (apple)") [Flamenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco_\(apple\) "Flamenco (apple)") [Florina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florina_\(apple\) "Florina (apple)") [Fuji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_\(apple\) "Fuji (apple)") [Gala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_\(apple\) "Gala (apple)") [Gascoyne's Scarlet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascoyne%27s_Scarlet "Gascoyne's Scarlet") [Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheimrat_Dr._Oldenburg "Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg") [Ginger Gold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Gold "Ginger Gold") [Golden Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious "Golden Delicious") [Golden Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Orange_\(apple\) "Golden Orange (apple)") [Goldspur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldspur "Goldspur") [Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith") [Gravenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravenstein "Gravenstein") [Grimes Golden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimes_Golden "Grimes Golden") [Haralson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haralson_\(apple\) "Haralson (apple)") [Hokuto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokuto_\(apple\) "Hokuto (apple)") [Honeycrisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycrisp "Honeycrisp") [Honeygold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeygold "Honeygold") [Idared](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idared "Idared") [Ingrid Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Marie "Ingrid Marie") [James Grieve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grieve_\(apple\) "James Grieve (apple)") [Jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_\(apple\) "Jazz (apple)") [Jersey Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Black "Jersey Black") [Jonadel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonadel "Jonadel") [Jonagold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonagold "Jonagold") [Jonathan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_\(apple\) "Jonathan (apple)") [Jubilee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_apple "Jubilee apple") [Julieta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieta_\(apple\) "Julieta (apple)") [Jupiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_\(apple\) "Jupiter (apple)") [Kanzi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanzi_\(apple\) "Kanzi (apple)") [Karmijn de Sonnaville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmijn_de_Sonnaville "Karmijn de Sonnaville") [Kidd's Orange Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidd%27s_Orange_Red "Kidd's Orange Red") [King of the Pippins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Pippins "King of the Pippins") [Knobby Russet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knobby_Russet "Knobby Russet") [Lady Alice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Alice_\(apple\) "Lady Alice (apple)") [Laxton's Superb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxton%27s_Superb "Laxton's Superb") [Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_\(apple\) "Liberty (apple)") [Liveland Raspberry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveland_Raspberry_apple "Liveland Raspberry apple") [Lodi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodi_\(apple\) "Lodi (apple)") [Lord Lambourne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lambourne_\(apple\) "Lord Lambourne (apple)") [Lucombe's Seedling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucombe%27s_Seedling "Lucombe's Seedling") [Macoun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macoun_apple "Macoun apple") [McIntosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_\(apple\) "McIntosh (apple)") [Melba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_\(apple\) "Melba (apple)") [Melrose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose_\(apple\) "Melrose (apple)") [Mutsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutsu_\(apple\) "Mutsu (apple)") [Newtown Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Pippin "Newtown Pippin") [Nicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_\(apple\) "Nicola (apple)") [Opal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal_\(apple\) "Opal (apple)") [Sciros (Pacific Rose)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciros "Sciros") [Pam's Delight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam%27s_Delight "Pam's Delight") [Papirovka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papirovka "Papirovka") [Paula Red](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Red "Paula Red") [Pink Pearl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Pearl_\(apple\) "Pink Pearl (apple)") [Pinova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinova "Pinova") [Prima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_apple "Prima apple") [Pristine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristine_apple "Pristine apple") [Rajka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajka_\(apple\) "Rajka (apple)") [Ralls Janet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralls_Janet "Ralls Janet") [Rambo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambo_apple "Rambo apple") [Rave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MN55_\(apple\) "MN55 (apple)") [Red Astrachan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Astrachan "Red Astrachan") [Red Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicious "Red Delicious") [Red Pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Pineapple_\(apple\) "Red Pineapple (apple)") [Redlove apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlove_apples "Redlove apples") [Rhode Island Greening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Greening "Rhode Island Greening") [Ribston Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribston_Pippin "Ribston Pippin") [Roxbury Russet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury_Russet "Roxbury Russet") [Sandow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandow_\(apple\) "Sandow (apple)") [Sansa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansa_apple "Sansa apple") [Sekai Ichi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekai_Ichi "Sekai Ichi") [Spartan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_\(apple\) "Spartan (apple)") [Splendour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splendour_\(apple\) "Splendour (apple)") [Star of Devon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Devon "Star of Devon") [Stayman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stayman_\(apple\) "Stayman (apple)") [Sturmer Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmer_Pippin "Sturmer Pippin") [SugarBee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SugarBee "SugarBee") [Summerfree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summerfree "Summerfree") [Sundowner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Red "Cripps Red") [Sunflare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflare_\(apple\) "Sunflare (apple)") [Sunset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_\(apple\) "Sunset (apple)") [Suntan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntan_\(apple\) "Suntan (apple)") [SweeTango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SweeTango "SweeTango") [Taliaferro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliaferro_\(apple\) "Taliaferro (apple)") [Tartu Rose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_Rose "Tartu Rose") [Tentation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentation "Tentation") [Tompkins King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tompkins_King "Tompkins King") [Topaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topaz_\(apple\) "Topaz (apple)") [Tsugaru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsugaru_\(apple\) "Tsugaru (apple)") [Wealthy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wealthy_\(apple\) "Wealthy (apple)") [Winesap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winesap "Winesap") [Winston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_\(apple\) "Winston (apple)") [Worcester Pearmain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Pearmain "Worcester Pearmain") [Wyken Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyken_Pippin "Wyken Pippin") [York Imperial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Imperial "York Imperial") [Zestar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestar_apple "Zestar apple") |
| [Cooking apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple") | [Antonovka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonovka "Antonovka") [Bismarck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_\(apple\) "Bismarck (apple)") [Blenheim Orange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Orange "Blenheim Orange") [Bramley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramley_apple "Bramley apple") [Calville Blanc d'hiver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calville_Blanc_d%27hiver "Calville Blanc d'hiver") [Campanino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanino "Campanino") [Cellini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellini_\(apple\) "Cellini (apple)") [Chelmsford Wonder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_Wonder "Chelmsford Wonder") [Costard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costard_\(apple\) "Costard (apple)") [Creston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creston_\(apple\) "Creston (apple)") [Crimson Bramley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Bramley "Crimson Bramley") [Flower of Kent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_of_Kent "Flower of Kent") [Golden Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Noble "Golden Noble") [Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith") [Grenadier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier_\(apple\) "Grenadier (apple)") [King Byerd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Byerd "King Byerd") [Manks Codlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manks_Codlin "Manks Codlin") [Newton Wonder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_Wonder "Newton Wonder") [Norfolk Biffin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Biffin "Norfolk Biffin") [Northern Spy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Spy "Northern Spy") [Reinette du Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinette_du_Canada "Reinette du Canada") [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_apple "Rome apple") [Upton Pyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Pyne_apple "Upton Pyne apple") [White Transparent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Transparent "White Transparent") [Wolf River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_River_\(apple\) "Wolf River (apple)") |
| [Cider apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_apple "Cider apple") | [Brown Snout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Snout "Brown Snout") [Cap of Liberty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_of_Liberty_\(apple\) "Cap of Liberty (apple)") [Chisel Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisel_Jersey "Chisel Jersey") [Coccagee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccagee "Coccagee") [Crimson King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_King_\(apple\) "Crimson King (apple)") [Dabinett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabinett "Dabinett") [Dufflin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufflin_\(apple\) "Dufflin (apple)") [Ellis Bitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Bitter "Ellis Bitter") [Foxwhelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxwhelp "Foxwhelp") [Golden Russet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Russet "Golden Russet") [Golden Spire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Spire "Golden Spire") [Hangdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangdown_\(apple\) "Hangdown (apple)") [Harrison Cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Cider_Apple "Harrison Cider Apple") [Kingston Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Black "Kingston Black") [Major](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_\(cider_apple\) "Major (cider apple)") [Michelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_\(apple\) "Michelin (apple)") [Poveshon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poveshon "Poveshon") [Redstreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstreak "Redstreak") [Slack-ma-Girdle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack-ma-Girdle "Slack-ma-Girdle") [Styre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styre "Styre") [Tom Putt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Putt "Tom Putt") [Woodcock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcock_\(apple\) "Woodcock (apple)") [Yarlington Mill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlington_Mill "Yarlington Mill") |
| [Ornamental apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_plant "Ornamental plant") | [Flamenco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco_\(apple\) "Flamenco (apple)") [Goldspur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldspur "Goldspur") [Wijcik McIntosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wijcik_McIntosh "Wijcik McIntosh") |
| [Apple products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes "List of apple dishes") | |
| | |
| Food | [ApfelkĂŒchle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelk%C3%BCchle "ApfelkĂŒchle") [Apple butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_butter "Apple butter") [Apple cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cake "Apple cake") [Apple cheese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cheese "Apple cheese") [Apple chip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_chip "Apple chip") [Apple cider vinegar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar "Apple cider vinegar") [Apple crisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_crisp "Apple crisp") [Apple dumpling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_dumpling "Apple dumpling") [Apple flour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_flour "Apple flour") [Apple pie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie "Apple pie") [Apple sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_sauce "Apple sauce") [Apple seed oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_seed_oil "Apple seed oil") [Apple strudel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_strudel "Apple strudel") [Apples and honey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples_and_honey "Apples and honey") [Baked apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple") [Brown Betty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Betty_\(dessert\) "Brown Betty (dessert)") [Candy apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy_apple "Candy apple") [Caramel apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel_apple "Caramel apple") [Eve's pudding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve%27s_pudding "Eve's pudding") [Himmel und Erde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himmel_und_Erde "Himmel und Erde") [Jewish apple cake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_apple_cake "Jewish apple cake") [Pectin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectin "Pectin") |
| Drink | [Apfelwein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfelwein "Apfelwein") [Apple cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider") [Apple juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice "Apple juice") [Applejack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_\(drink\) "Applejack (drink)") [Calvados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados "Calvados") [Cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider "Cider") [Ice cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cider "Ice cider") [Pommeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pommeau "Pommeau") |
| Agriculture | [Apple picking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_picking#Apple_picking "Fruit picking") [Apple scab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_scab "Apple scab") [Applecrab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applecrab "Applecrab") [Arctic Apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Apples "Arctic Apples") [Fruit tree pruning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pruning "Fruit tree pruning") *[Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporangium_juniperi-virginianae "Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae")* [Johnny Appleseed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed "Johnny Appleseed") [Malling series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malling_series "Malling series") *[Malus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus "Malus")* [Pearmain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearmain "Pearmain") [Pollination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination#Apples "Fruit tree pollination") [Pome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome "Pome") [PRI disease resistant apple breeding program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRI_disease_resistant_apple_breeding_program "PRI disease resistant apple breeding program") [Reinette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinette "Reinette") [Russeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_apple "Russet apple") [USApple Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USApple_Association "USApple Association") Lists [Countries by apple production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_apple_production "List of countries by apple production") [Apple diseases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_diseases "List of apple diseases") |
| Notable individual apples | [Apple of Discord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_Discord "Apple of Discord") [Apples in mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples_in_mythology "Apples in mythology") [Forbidden fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_fruit "Forbidden fruit") [Golden apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_apple "Golden apple") [Isaac Newton's apple tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_apple_tree "Isaac Newton's apple tree") |
|  [Apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apples "Category:Apples")  [Cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars "Category:Apple cultivars")  [Production](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_production "Category:Apple production") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Crabapple "Template:Crabapple") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Crabapple "Template talk:Crabapple") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crabapple "Special:EditPage/Template:Crabapple")"[Crabapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus "Malus")" or "Wild apple" (of the genus *[Malus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus "Malus")*) | | |
|---|---|---|
| [Species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species "Species"), [varieties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_\(botany\) "Variety (botany)") and [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") | *[Malus angustifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_angustifolia "Malus angustifolia")* (Southern) *[Malus asiatica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_asiatica "Malus asiatica")* (Chinese pearleaf) *[Malus baccata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_baccata "Malus baccata")* (Siberian) *[Malus bracteata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_bracteata "Malus bracteata")* *[Malus brevipes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_brevipes "Malus brevipes")* *[Malus coronaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_coronaria "Malus coronaria")* (Sweet) *[Malus crescimannoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_crescimannoi "Malus crescimannoi")* *[Malus doumeri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_doumeri "Malus doumeri")* *[Malus 'Evereste'](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_%27Evereste%27 "Malus 'Evereste'")* *[Malus florentina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_florentina "Malus florentina")* *[Malus floribunda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_floribunda "Malus floribunda")* (Japanese) *[Malus fusca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_fusca "Malus fusca")* (Oregon/Pacific) *[Malus glabrata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_glabrata "Malus glabrata")* *[Malus glaucescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_glaucescens "Malus glaucescens")* *[Malus halliana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_halliana "Malus halliana")* *[Malus honanensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_honanensis "Malus honanensis")* *[Malus hupehensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_hupehensis "Malus hupehensis")* (Tea) *[Malus ioensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_ioensis "Malus ioensis")* (Prairie) *[Malus kansuensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_kansuensis "Malus kansuensis")* *[Malus lancifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_lancifolia "Malus lancifolia")* *[Malus mandshurica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_mandshurica "Malus mandshurica")* (Manchurian) *[Malus niedzwetskyana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_niedzwetskyana "Malus niedzwetskyana")* *[Malus orientalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_orientalis "Malus orientalis")* (Caucasian) *[Malus prattii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_prattii "Malus prattii")* *[Malus prunifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_prunifolia "Malus prunifolia")* *[Malus rockii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_rockii "Malus rockii")* *[Malus sargentii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sargentii "Malus sargentii")* *[Malus sieboldii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieboldii "Malus sieboldii")* *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")* (Asian wild/Almaty) *[Malus sikkimensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sikkimensis "Malus sikkimensis")* *[Malus spectabilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_spectabilis "Malus spectabilis")* *[Malus sublobata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sublobata "Malus sublobata")* *[Malus sylvestris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris "Malus sylvestris")* (European wild) *[Malus toringoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_toringoides "Malus toringoides")* *[Malus transitoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_transitoria "Malus transitoria")* *[Malus trilobata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_trilobata "Malus trilobata")* *[Malus tschonoskii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_tschonoskii "Malus tschonoskii")* *[Malus yunnanensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_yunnanensis "Malus yunnanensis")* | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crab_apples_by_the_roadside_-_geograph.org.uk_-_978786.jpg "Crab apples by the roadside") |
| Topics | [Apple]() [Applecrab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applecrab "Applecrab") [Malling series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malling_series "Malling series") | |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars "Category:Apple cultivars") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg "Commons page") [Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apple_cultivars "commons:Category:Apple cultivars") | | |
| [Taxon identifiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers "Help:Taxon identifiers") | |
|---|---|
| *Malus domestica* | [Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata "Wikidata"): [Q18674606](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18674606 "wikidata:Q18674606") [Wikispecies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies "Wikispecies"): [Malus domestica](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_domestica "wikispecies:Malus domestica") APDB: [152668](https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/152668) [APNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index "Australian Plant Name Index"): [122984](https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/122984) BioLib: [39552](https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39552) [BOLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System "Barcode of Life Data System"): [254406](https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=254406) [CoL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life "Catalogue of Life"): [7NHJZ](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NHJZ) [Ecocrop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocrop "Ecocrop"): [1407](https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1407) [EPPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code "EPPO Code"): [MABSD](https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABSD) [EUNIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System "European Nature Information System"): [180045](https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/180045) [FNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America "Flora of North America"): [242331459](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242331459) [GBIF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility "Global Biodiversity Information Facility"): [3001244](https://www.gbif.org/species/3001244) [GRIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network "Germplasm Resources Information Network"): [104681](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=104681) [iNaturalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist "INaturalist"): [469472](https://inaturalist.org/taxa/469472) [IPNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index "International Plant Names Index"): [726282-1](https://www.ipni.org/n/726282-1) [ITIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System "Integrated Taxonomic Information System"): [516655](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=516655) [NCBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information "National Center for Biotechnology Information"): [3750](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3750) NZOR: [14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0](https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/14d024a2-d821-48e3-95d8-f0dd206c70a0) [Observation.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org "Observation.org"): [123770](https://observation.org/species/123770/) [Open Tree of Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life "Open Tree of Life"): [3902985](https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3902985) [PfaF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future "Plants for a Future"): [Malus domestica](https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+domestica) PFI: [2175](http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=2175) [Plant List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List "The Plant List"): [rjp-454](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-454) [POWO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online "Plants of the World Online"): [urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726282-1](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A726282-1) [Tropicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos "Tropicos"): [27804420](https://www.tropicos.org/name/27804420) VASCAN: [20142](https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/20142) [VicFlora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria "National Herbarium of Victoria"): [e41b929d-b709-4f4c-8dbe-2a9241e2342b](https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/e41b929d-b709-4f4c-8dbe-2a9241e2342b) [WFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online "World Flora Online"): [wfo-0001008355](https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001008355) |
| *Malus pumila* | [Wikidata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata "Wikidata"): [Q158657](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158657 "wikidata:Q158657") [Wikispecies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies "Wikispecies"): [Malus pumila](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malus_pumila "wikispecies:Malus pumila") APA: [3159](http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=3159) APDB: [225375](https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/225375) [APNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index "Australian Plant Name Index"): [201024](https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/201024) BioLib: [214890](https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id214890) [BOLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System "Barcode of Life Data System"): [121191](https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=121191) Calflora: [10099](https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10099) [EoL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life "Encyclopedia of Life"): [629943](https://eol.org/pages/629943) [EPPO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPPO_Code "EPPO Code"): [MABPM](https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABPM) [EUNIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System "European Nature Information System"): [179710](https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/179710) [FNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America "Flora of North America"): [200010913](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200010913) [FoC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_China_\(series\) "Flora of China (series)"): [200010913](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010913) [GBIF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility "Global Biodiversity Information Facility"): [3001093](https://www.gbif.org/species/3001093) [GRIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network "Germplasm Resources Information Network"): [23261](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=23261) [iNaturalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist "INaturalist"): [77949](https://inaturalist.org/taxa/77949) [IPNI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index "International Plant Names Index"): [726372-1](https://www.ipni.org/n/726372-1) [ITIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System "Integrated Taxonomic Information System"): [25262](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=25262) MichiganFlora: [2499](https://michiganflora.net/record/2499) [NatureServe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatureServe "NatureServe"): [2\.160610](https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.160610/) [NBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network "National Biodiversity Network"): [NHMSYS0000460571](https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000460571) [NCBI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information "National Center for Biotechnology Information"): [283210](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=283210) NZOR: [e2b9e72c-b9bc-4ede-91f2-9ddceb5ffea6](https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e2b9e72c-b9bc-4ede-91f2-9ddceb5ffea6) [Observation.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org "Observation.org"): [140258](https://observation.org/species/140258/) [Open Tree of Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life "Open Tree of Life"): [854961](https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=854961) [PfaF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future "Plants for a Future"): [Malus pumila](https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Malus+pumila) [Plant List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plant_List "The Plant List"): [rjp-5777](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-5777) [PLANTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants "Natural Resources Conservation Service"): [MAPU](https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/MAPU) [POWO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online "Plants of the World Online"): [urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:726372-1](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A726372-1) [TaiCOL](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%8C%84 "zh:èșçŁç©çšźćé"): [t0054389](https://taicol.tw/taxon/t0054389) [Tropicos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicos "Tropicos"): [27800985](https://www.tropicos.org/name/27800985) VASCAN: [8790](https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/8790) [VicFlora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria "National Herbarium of Victoria"): [5ba9c4cd-b261-4bf2-871d-d893d1bc15a8](https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/5ba9c4cd-b261-4bf2-871d-d893d1bc15a8) WisFlora: [4188](https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=4188) [WFO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Flora_Online "World Flora Online"): [wfo-0001013584](https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001013584) |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q89#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002405-2) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85006106) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569482) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121262&CON_LNG=ENG) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000326810&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294178805171) |
| Other | [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647441) |
Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple&oldid=1349070880>"
[Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"):
- [Apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Apples "Category:Apples")
- [Fruits originating in Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fruits_originating_in_Asia "Category:Fruits originating in Asia")
- [Malus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Malus "Category:Malus")
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Apple
204 languages
[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Readable Markdown | | Apple | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_lady_and_cross_section.jpg) | |
| '[Cripps Pink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripps_Pink "Cripps Pink")' cultivar | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malus_domestica_a1.jpg) | |
| Flowers of *M. domestica* | |
| [Scientific classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_\(biology\) "Taxonomy (biology)") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Malus "Edit this classification") | |
| Kingdom: | [Plantae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant "Plant") |
| *Clade*: | [Tracheophytes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant "Vascular plant") |
| *Clade*: | [Angiosperms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant "Flowering plant") |
| *Clade*: | [Eudicots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudicots "Eudicots") |
| *Clade*: | [Rosids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosids "Rosids") |
| Order: | [Rosales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosales "Rosales") |
| Family: | [Rosaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaceae "Rosaceae") |
| Genus: | [*Malus*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus "Malus") |
| Species: | ***M. domestica*** |
| [Binomial name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature "Binomial nomenclature") | |
| ***Malus domestica*** [(Suckow) Borkh.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Suckow "Georg Adolf Suckow"), 1803[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-gbif-1) | |
| [Synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_\(taxonomy\) "Synonym (taxonomy)")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-POWO-3) | |
| *M. communis* Desf., 1768 *M. pumila* Mil. *M. frutescens* Medik. *M. paradisiaca* (L.) Medikus *M. sylvestris* Mil. *Pyrus malus* L. *Pyrus malus* var. *paradisiaca* L. *Pyrus dioica* Moench | |
An **apple** is the round, edible [fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") of an apple tree (*[Malus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus "Malus")* spp.). [Fruit trees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_tree "Fruit tree") of the **orchard** or **domestic apple** (***Malus domestica***), the most widely grown in the genus, are [cultivated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture "Agriculture") worldwide. The tree originated in [Central Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia"), where its wild ancestor, *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")*, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in [Eurasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia "Eurasia") before they were introduced to [North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America "North America") by [European colonists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas "European colonization of the Americas"). Apples have cultural significance in many [mythologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythological "Mythological") (including [Norse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology "Norse mythology") and [Greek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology "Greek mythology")) and [religions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion "Religion") (such as [Christianity in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe "Christianity in Europe")).
Apples grown from [seeds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed "Seed") tend to be very different from those of their parents, and the resultant fruit frequently lacks desired characteristics. For commercial purposes, including [botanical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany "Botany") evaluation, apple [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") are propagated by clonal [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") onto [rootstocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock"). Apple trees grown without rootstocks tend to be larger and much slower to fruit after planting. Rootstocks are used to control the speed of growth and the size of the resulting tree, allowing for easier harvesting.
There are [more than 7,500 cultivars of apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_cultivars "List of apple cultivars"). Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including [cooking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple"), eating raw, and [cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider "Cider") or [apple juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider") production. Trees and fruit are prone to [fungal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal "Fungal"), bacterial, and [pest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_\(organism\) "Pest (organism)") problems, which can be controlled by a number of [organic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming "Organic farming") and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's [genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome "Genome") was [sequenced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencing "DNA sequencing") as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
Etymology
The word *apple* is derived from [Old English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English "Old English") *ĂŠppel*, meaning "fruit", not specifically the apple.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-OnlineEtymDict-4) That in turn is descended from the [Proto-Germanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic "Proto-Germanic") noun \**aplaz*, descended in turn from [Proto-Indo-European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European "Proto-Indo-European") \**hâĂ©bĆl*.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lisa_Lim-5) As late as the 17th century, the word also functioned as a generic term for all fruit including [nuts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_\(food\) "Nut (food)"); one example is the [pineapple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple "Pineapple"), the swollen [accessory fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_fruit "Accessory fruit") outside of the [cashew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashew "Cashew") nut known as the "cashew apple",[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-mw-6) another is a 14th-century [Middle English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English "Middle English") expression *appel of paradis*, meaning a [banana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana "Banana").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-OnlineEtymDict-4)
Description
The apple tree is [deciduous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous "Deciduous"), generally standing from 2 to 4.5 metres (6 to 15 feet) tall in cultivation and up to 15 m (49 ft) in the wild, though more typically 2 to 10 m (6.5 to 33 ft).[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by [rootstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock") selection and trimming method.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7) Apple trees may naturally have a rounded to erect crown with a dense canopy of leaves.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NC_Extension-8) The bark of the trunk is dark gray or gray-brown, but young branches are reddish or dark-brown with a smooth texture.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9) Young twigs are covered in fine downy hairs; they become hairless when older.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9)
The buds are egg-shaped and dark red or purple in color; they range in size from 3 to 5mm, but are usually less than 4mm. The [bud scales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_scale "Bud scale") have very hairy edges. When emerging from the buds, the leaves are [convolute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#convolute "Glossary of botanical terms"), meaning that their edges overlap each other.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) Leaves can be simple ovals ([elliptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_leaves "Elliptic leaves")), medium or wide in width, somewhat egg-shaped with the wider portion toward their base ([ovate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovate_leaves "Ovate leaves")), or even with sides that are more parallel to each other instead of curved ([oblong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblong_leaves "Oblong leaves")) with a narrow pointed end.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The edges have broadly-angled teeth, but do not have lobes. The top surface of the leaves are [glabrescent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#glabrescent "Glossary of botanical terms"), almost hairless, while the undersides are densely covered in fine hairs.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The leaves are attached [alternately](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_leaf "Alternate leaf") by short leaf stems 1-to-3.5 cm (1â2\-to-1\+1â2 in) long.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NC_Extension-8)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)
[Blossoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blossoms "Blossoms") are produced in [spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_\(season\) "Spring (season)") simultaneously with the budding of the leaves and are produced on spurs and some long [shoots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_\(botany\) "Shoot (botany)").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7) When the flower buds first begin to open the [petals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal "Petal") are rose-pink and fade to white or light pink when fully open with each flower 3-to-4-centimeter (1-to-1\+1â2\-inch) in diameter.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The five-petaled flowers are group in an [inflorescence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence "Inflorescence") consisting of a [cyme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyme_\(botany\) "Cyme (botany)") with 3â7 flowers.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10) The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first and can develop a larger fruit.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NC_Extension-8) Open apple blossoms are damaged by even brief exposures to temperatures â2 °C (28 °F) or less, although the overwintering wood and buds are hardy down to â40 °C (â40 °F).[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_Blossom_@_Manali.jpg "Apple blossoms")
Apple blossoms
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malus_domestica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-108.jpg "Botanical illustration")
Botanical illustration
Fruit
The [fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit "Fruit") is a [pome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome "Pome") that matures in late [summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer "Summer") or [autumn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autumn "Autumn").[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The true fruits or [carpels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpel "Carpel") are the harder interior chambers inside the apple's core. There are usually five carpels inside an apple, but there may be as few as three. Each of the chambers contains one or two seeds.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-11) The edible flesh is formed from the receptacle at the base of the flower.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-12)
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_anatomy,_flower_and_fruit_compared.svg "How apple fruit derives from flower structures")
How apple fruit derives from flower structures
The seeds are egg- to pear-shaped and may be colored from light brown or tan to a very dark brown, often with red shades or even purplish-black. They may have a blunt or sharp point.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-13) The five sepals remain attached and stand out from the surface of the apple.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2)
The size of the fruit varies widely between [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar"), but generally has a diameter between 2.5 and 12 cm (1 and 5 in).[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Heil_et_al.-9) The shape is quite variable and may be nearly round, elongated, [conical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone "Cone"), or short and wide.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-14)
The groundcolor of ripe apples is yellow, green, yellow-green or whitish yellow. The overcolor of ripe apples can be orange-red, pink-red, red, purple-red or brown-red. The overcolor amount can be 0â100%.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Janick-15) The skin may be wholly or partly [russeted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russeting "Russeting"), making it rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of [epicuticular wax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicuticular_wax "Epicuticular wax").[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-16) The skin may also be marked with scattered dots.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FNA-2) The flesh is generally pale yellowish-white, though it can be pink, yellow or green.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Janick-15)
Apples can have any amount of overcolor, a darker tint over a pale groundcolor.
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_Transparent_\(cropped\).jpg "0% overcolor")
0% overcolor
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lobo_\(apple\)_\(cropped\).jpg "100% overcolor")
100% overcolor
Chemistry
Important volatile compounds in apples that contribute to their scent and flavour include [acetaldehyde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetaldehyde "Acetaldehyde"), [ethyl acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_acetate "Ethyl acetate"), [1-butanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyraldehyde "Butyraldehyde"), [ethanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol "Ethanol"), 2-methylbutanal, [3-methylbutanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-methylbutanal "3-methylbutanal"), [ethyl propionate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_propionate "Ethyl propionate"), ethyl 2-methylpropionate, [ethyl butyrate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_butyrate "Ethyl butyrate"), ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, [hexanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanal "Hexanal"), [1-butanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-butanol "1-butanol"), [3-methylbutyl acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-methylbutyl_acetate "3-methylbutyl acetate"), 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, [ethyl pentanoate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_pentanoate "Ethyl pentanoate"), [amyl acetate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyl_acetate "Amyl acetate"), [2-methyl-1-butanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-methyl-1-butanol "2-methyl-1-butanol"), trans-2-hexenal, [ethyl hexanoate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_hexanoate "Ethyl hexanoate"), [hexanol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanol "Hexanol").[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-17)[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-18)
Taxonomy
The apple as a species has more than 100 alternative scientific names, or [synonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_\(taxonomy\) "Synonym (taxonomy)").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Proposal_to_conserve-19) In modern times, *Malus pumila* and *Malus domestica* are the two main names in use. *M. pumila* is the older name, but *M. domestica* has become much more commonly used starting in the 21st century, especially in the western world. Two proposals were made to make *M. domestica* a [conserved name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_name "Conserved name"): the earlier proposal was voted down by the Committee for Vascular Plants of the [IAPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy "International Association for Plant Taxonomy") in 2014, but in April 2017 the Committee decided, with a narrow majority, that the newly popular name should be conserved.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-20) The General Committee of the IAPT decided in June 2017 to approve this change, officially conserving *M. domestica*.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-21) Nevertheless, some works published after 2017 still use *M. pumila* as the [correct name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correct_name "Correct name"), under an alternate taxonomy.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-POWO-3)
When first classified by [Linnaeus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaeus "Linnaeus") in 1753, the pears, apples, and quinces were combined into one genus that he named *[Pyrus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrus "Pyrus")* and he named the apple as *Pyrus malus*. This was widely accepted. However, the botanist [Philip Miller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Miller "Philip Miller") published an alternate classification in *[The Gardeners Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gardeners_Dictionary "The Gardeners Dictionary")*, with the apple species separated from *Pyrus*, in 1754. He did not clearly indicate that by *Malus pumila* he meant the domesticated apple; nonetheless, the term was used as such by many botanists. When [Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen "Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen") published his scientific description of the apple in 1803 it may have been a new combination of *P. malus* var. *domestica*, but this was not directly referenced by [Borkhausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen "Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Proposal_to_conserve-19) The earliest use of var. *domestica* for the apple was by [Georg Adolf Suckow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Adolf_Suckow "Georg Adolf Suckow") in 1786.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-POWO-3)
Genome
Apples are [diploid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid "Diploid"), with two sets of [chromosomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome") per cell (though [triploid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy "Polyploidy") cultivars, with three sets, are not uncommon), have 17 [chromosomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome "Chromosome") and an estimated [genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome "Genome") size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole [genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome "Genome") sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar '[Golden Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious "Golden Delicious")'.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Velasco_et_al.-22) However, this first whole genome sequence contained several errors,[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-23) in part owing to the high degree of [heterozygosity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygosity "Heterozygosity") in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Daccord_et_al.-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Zhang_et_al.-25)
The first whole genome assembly was estimated to contain around 57,000 genes,[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Velasco_et_al.-22) though the more recent genome sequences support estimates between 42,000 and 44,700 protein-coding genes.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Daccord_et_al.-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Zhang_et_al.-25) The availability of whole genome sequences has provided evidence that the wild ancestor of the cultivated apple most likely is *Malus sieversii*. Re-sequencing of multiple accessions has supported this, while also suggesting extensive introgression from *[Malus sylvestris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris "Malus sylvestris")* following domestication.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
Cultivation
History
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_origins_map.svg)
Map of the origins of the cultivated apple. The wild origin is in Kazakhstan; hybridisations and repeated domestications followed, modifying many attributes of the fruit.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:95apple.jpeg)
Wild *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")* apple in Kazakhstan
[Central Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia "Central Asia") is generally considered the center of origin for apples due to the genetic variability in specimens there.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Richards_Volk_2009-27) The wild ancestor of *Malus domestica* was *[Malus sieversii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii "Malus sieversii")*, found growing wild in the [mountains of Central Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_of_Central_Asia "Mountains of Central Asia") in southern [Kazakhstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan"), [Kyrgyzstan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan "Kyrgyzstan"), [Tajikistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan "Tajikistan"), and [northwestern China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang "Xinjiang").[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-28) Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the [Tian Shan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan "Tian Shan") mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary [introgression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introgression "Introgression") of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with *[Malus sylvestris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sylvestris "Malus sylvestris")*, the crabapple, resulted in populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more [morphologically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_\(biology\) "Morphology (biology)") similar progenitor *Malus sieversii*. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Cornille_2012-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-31)
The apple is thought to have been domesticated 4,000â10,000 years ago in the [Tian Shan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan "Tian Shan") mountains, and then to have travelled along the [Silk Road](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road "Silk Road") to Europe, with [hybridisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybridisation_\(biology\) "Hybridisation (biology)") and introgression of wild crabapples from Siberia (*M. baccata*), the Caucasus (*M. orientalis*), and Europe (*M. sylvestris*). Only the *M. sieversii* trees growing on the western side of the Tian Shan mountains contributed genetically to the domesticated apple, not the isolated population on the eastern side.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
Chinese soft apples, such as *[M. asiatica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_asiatica "Malus asiatica")* and *[M. prunifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_prunifolia "Malus prunifolia")*, have been cultivated as dessert apples for more than 2,000 years in China. These are thought to be hybrids between *M. baccata* and *M. sieversii* in Kazakhstan.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
Among the traits selected for by human growers are size, fruit [acidity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid "Acid"), color, firmness, and soluble sugar. Unusually for domesticated fruits, the wild *M. sieversii* origin is only slightly smaller than the modern domesticated apple.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Duan_2017-26)
At the Sammardenchia-Cueis site near Udine in Northeastern Italy, seeds from some form of apples have been found in material carbon dated to between 6570 and 5684 BCE.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-32) Genetic analysis has not yet been successfully used to determine whether such ancient apples were wild *Malus sylvestris* or *Malus domesticus* containing *Malus sieversii* ancestry. It is hard to distinguish in the archeological record between foraged wild apples and apple plantations.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33)
There is indirect evidence of apple cultivation in the third millennium BCE in the [Middle East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East "Middle East").[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33) There is direct evidence, apple cores, dated to the 10th century BCE from a Judean site between the Sinai and Negev. [\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-34) There was substantial apple production in European classical antiquity, and grafting was certainly known then.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33) Grafting is an essential part of modern domesticated apple production, to be able to propagate the best cultivars; it is unclear when apple tree grafting was invented.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ancient_DNA-33)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Open_book_01.svg)
The Roman writer [Pliny the Elder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder "Pliny the Elder") describes a method of storage for apples from his time in the 1st century. He says they should be placed in a room with good air circulation from a north facing window on a bed of straw, chaff, or mats with windfalls kept separately.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-35) These methods extend the shelf life of fresh apples, but refrigeration is still required. Even sturdy winter varieties only keep well until December in cool climates.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-36) For longer storage medieval Europeans strung up cored and peeled apples to dry, either whole or sliced into rings.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-37)
Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to [Chiloé Archipelago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago "Chiloé Archipelago") in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Torrejonetal2004-38) Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7) and the first named apple cultivar was introduced in [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston "Boston") by Reverend [William Blaxton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blaxton "William Blaxton") in 1640.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-39) The only apples native to North America are [crab apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_apples "Crab apples").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Harrowsmith-40)
Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Harrowsmith-40) In the 20th century, irrigation projects in [Eastern Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Washington "Eastern Washington") began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)
Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in [frostproof cellars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cellar "Root cellar") during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-41)[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-42) [Controlled atmosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_atmosphere "Controlled atmosphere") facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first researched at Cambridge University in the 1920s and first used in the United States in the 1950s.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-43)
Breeding
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apfelbaum_Winterrambour_Hochstamm.jpg)
An apple tree in Germany
Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, apples must be propagated asexually to obtain cuttings with the characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples do not "[breed true](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breed_true "Breed true")", instead they are "[extreme heterozygotes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity "Zygosity")", i.e. rather than resembling their parents, seedlings are all different from each other and from their parents.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-44) [Triploid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid "Polyploid") cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that three sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during [meiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis "Meiosis"), yielding unequal [segregation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_segregation "Chromosome segregation") of the chromosomes ([aneuploids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneuploidy "Aneuploidy")). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-45)
Because apples are not true breeders when planted as seeds, propagation usually involves [grafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting "Grafting") of cuttings. The [rootstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock") used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m or 10 ft high at maturity), which bear fruit many years earlier in their life cycle than full size trees, and are easier to harvest.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-46)
Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BCE, to the area of [Persia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia "Persia") and [Asia Minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor "Asia Minor"). [Alexander the Great](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great "Alexander the Great") sent samples of dwarf apple trees to [Aristotle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle "Aristotle")'s [Lyceum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_\(classical\) "Lyceum (classical)"). Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-47) The majority of the rootstocks used to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The [East Malling Research Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malling_Research_Station "East Malling Research Station") conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of '[Northern Spy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Spy "Northern Spy")' in [Merton, England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Merton "London Borough of Merton").[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-48)
Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-49) The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form [bud sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_sport "Bud sport") (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)
Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-51)
Pollination
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apple_tree_blossom.JPG "An apple blossom from an old Ayrshire cultivar")
An apple blossom from an old [Ayrshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire "Ayrshire") cultivar
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orchmason.jpg "An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom")
An orchard mason bee on an apple bloom
Apples are self-incompatible; they must [cross-pollinate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination "Pollination") to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize [pollinators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinator "Pollinator") to carry pollen. [Honey bees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey_bee "Honey bee") are most commonly used. [Orchard mason bees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmia_lignaria "Osmia lignaria") are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. [Bumblebee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee "Bumblebee") [queens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_bee "Queen bee") are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in sufficient number to be significant pollinators.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-52)
Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollinizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate:[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Powell_1986-53)
- Group A â Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('[Gravenstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravenstein "Gravenstein")', 'Red Astrachan')
- Group B â 4 to 7 May ('[Idared](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idared "Idared")', '[McIntosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_\(apple\) "McIntosh (apple)")')
- Group C â Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May ('[Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith")', '[Cox's Orange Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin "Cox's Orange Pippin")')
- Group D â Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('[Golden Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious "Golden Delicious")', 'Calville blanc d'hiver')
- Group E â Late flowering, 16 to 18 May ('[Braeburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braeburn "Braeburn")', 'Reinette d'OrlĂ©ans')
- Group F â 19 to 23 May ('Suntan')
- Group H â 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' â also called Court-Pendu plat)
One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Powell_1986-53)
Maturation and harvest
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relander_and_apples.jpg "Lauri Kristian Relander, the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s")
[Lauri Kristian Relander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Kristian_Relander "Lauri Kristian Relander"), the former President of Finland, with his family picking apples in the 1930s
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SweeTango_apples_harvested_2010.jpg "Apples being harvested in Wenatchee, Washington, United States (2010)")
Apples being harvested in [Wenatchee, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenatchee,_Washington "Wenatchee, Washington"), United States (2010)
Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, grow very largeâletting them bear more fruit, but making harvesting more difficult. Depending on tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear 40â200 kg (90â440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks bear about 10â80 kg (20â180 lb) of fruit per year.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)
Some farms with apple orchards open them to the public so consumers can pick their own apples.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-54)
Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivars that yield their crop in the summer include '[Sweet Bough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Bough "Sweet Bough")' and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'King', '[Swayzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swazie_\(apple\) "Swazie (apple)")', and 'Tolman Sweet'.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Harrowsmith-40)
Storage
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rome_Apples,_Newark_Delaware_Farmer%27s_Market.jpg)
[Rome apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_apple "Rome apple") on sale at a [farmer's market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_market "Farmers' market") in Newark, Delaware, United States (2011)
Commercially, apples can be stored for months in [controlled atmosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_atmosphere "Controlled atmosphere") chambers. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with lowered concentrations of [oxygen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen "Oxygen") to reduce respiration and slow softening and other changes if the fruit is already fully ripe. The gas [ethylene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene "Ethylene") is used by plants as a [hormone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone "Hormone") which promotes ripening, decreasing the time an apple can be stored. For storage longer than about six months the apples are picked earlier, before full ripeness, when ethylene production by the fruit is low. However, in many varieties this increases their sensitivity to [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide"), which also must be controlled.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-55)
For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be stored for three weeks in a pantry and four to six weeks from the date of purchase in a refrigerator that maintains 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F).[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-57) Some varieties of apples (e.g. '[Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith")' and '[Fuji](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_\(apple\) "Fuji (apple)")') have more than three times the storage life of others.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-58)
Non-organic apples may be sprayed with a substance [1-methylcyclopropene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-methylcyclopropene "1-methylcyclopropene") blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-59)
Pests and diseases
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madige-Apfel-Frucht.jpg)
[Codling moth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codling_moth "Codling moth") larva tunnelling inside an apple
A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant, including:
- [Mildew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildew "Mildew") is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers turn a creamy yellow color and do not develop correctly. This can be treated similarly to [*Botrytis*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botryotinia "Botryotinia")âeliminating the conditions that caused the disease and burning the infected plants are among recommended actions.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-60)
- [Aphids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphid "Aphid") are small insects with [sucking mouthparts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_mouthparts "Insect mouthparts"). Five species of aphids commonly attack apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid, and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by color, time of year, and by differences in the cornicles (small paired projections from their rear).[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-61) Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-62)
- [Apple scab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_scab "Apple scab"): Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Bradley-63)
Among the most serious disease problems is a bacterial disease called [fireblight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireblight "Fireblight"), and three fungal diseases: *[Gymnosporangium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosporangium "Gymnosporangium")* rust, [black spot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplocarpon_rosae "Diplocarpon rosae"),[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-64) and [bitter rot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_rot_of_apple "Bitter rot of apple").[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-65) [Codling moths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codling_moth "Codling moth"), and the [apple maggots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_maggot "Apple maggot") of fruit flies, cause serious damage to apple fruits, making them unsaleable. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Bradley-63) The larvae of the [apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synanthedon_myopaeformis "Synanthedon myopaeformis") burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-66)
Cultivars
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Delicious,_SweeTango,_Granny_Smith,_and_Gala_apples_3.JPG)
From left to right: the '[Golden Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Delicious "Golden Delicious")', '[SweeTango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SweeTango "SweeTango")', '[Granny Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith "Granny Smith")', and '[Gala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_\(apple\) "Gala (apple)")' apples.
There are more than 7,500 known [cultivars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar "Cultivar") (cultivated varieties) of apples.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-67) Cultivars vary in their [yield](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_yield "Crop yield") and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same [rootstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootstock "Rootstock").[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-England-68) Different cultivars are available for [temperate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate "Temperate") and [subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical "Subtropical") climates. The UK's [National Fruit Collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fruit_Collection "National Fruit Collection") in Kent includes over 2,000 apple cultivars.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-69) The [University of Reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Reading "University of Reading"), responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. Its work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources, with 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-70)
The UK's national fruit collection database contains much information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking ([cooking apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple")) or producing [cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider "Cider"). [Cider apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_apple "Cider apple") are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-apples1-71)
In Europe, apple breeding programs are conducted at places such as [Julius KĂŒhn-Institut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_K%C3%BChn-Institut "Julius KĂŒhn-Institut"), the German federal research center for cultivated plants.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-72)
In the United States there are many apple breeding programs associated with universities. For instance, in the East, [Cornell University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University "Cornell University") has had a program operating since 1880 in [Geneva, New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva,_New_York "Geneva, New York"), while in the West, [Washington State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University "Washington State University") started a program to support their home state's apple industry in 1994.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:0-73) Released by the [University of Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota "University of Minnesota") in 1991, the '[Honeycrisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycrisp "Honeycrisp")' has become famous for its crispness and juiciness, thereby commanding high market prices.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:0-73) Unusually for a popular cultivar, the 'Honeycrisp' is not directly related to another popular apple cultivar but instead to two unsuccessful cultivars.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-74) However, it is also difficult to grow and to store, prompting the industry to seek hybrids that not only appeal to consumers but are also less costly for farmers to cultivate and last longer in storage.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:1-75) By the 2020s, about half of the new apple varieties entering the market in the United States and Canada are 'Honeycrisp' progeny.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-76) Such hybrids include the '[SweeTango](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SweeTango "SweeTango")' (a cross between the 'Honeycrisp' and the '[Zestar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestar_apple "Zestar apple")') introduced by the University of Minnesota in 2008 and the '[Cosmic Crisp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Crisp "Cosmic Crisp")' (the 'Honeycrisp' and the '[Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_\(apple\) "Enterprise (apple)")') released by Washington State University in 2017.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:1-75)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mele_non_comuni.jpg)
Less common apple cultivars from an orchard in Italy
Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desirable qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of [russeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russet_apple "Russet apple"), ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-England-68) Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:2-77) Most North Americans and Europeans favor crunchy, sweet, and subacid apples.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Saba2020-78) Nevertheless, tart apples maintain a strong minority following.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-World-79) In the United States today, the most popular apple varieties are the '[Ambrosia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia_\(apple\) "Ambrosia (apple)")', 'Honeycrisp', and '[Jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_\(apple\) "Jazz (apple)")', according Nielsen data,[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:1-75) while in Canada, the 'Honeycrisp', 'Ambrosia', and 'Gala' take the top spots.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:2-77) Together, these newer varieties have overtaken once dominant cultivars like the '[McIntosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntosh_\(apple\) "McIntosh (apple)")' and the '[Red Delicious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Delicious "Red Delicious")' in the North American market.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-:2-77)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Saba2020-78) Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-World-79) especially the [Indian subcontinent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent "Indian subcontinent").[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-apples1-71)
Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and grow in a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems that make them commercially unviableâlow yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Hobby_Farms_Mag.-80) A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers who sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as '[Cox's Orange Pippin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin "Cox's Orange Pippin")' and '[Egremont Russet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egremont_Russet "Egremont Russet")' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-UofGeorgia-7)
Production
Apple production
| | |
|---|---|
|  [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China") | 49\.6 |
|  [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") | 5\.2 |
|  [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey") | 4\.6 |
|  [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") | 3\.9 |
|  [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India "India") | 2\.9 |
|  [Iran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran "Iran") | 2\.2 |
| **World** | **97\.3** |
| Source: [FAOSTAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAOSTAT "FAOSTAT") of the United Nations[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-faostat-81) | |
World production of apples in 2023 was 97 million [tonnes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne "Tonne"), with China producing 51% of the total (table).[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-faostat-81) Secondary producers were the United States, [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey "Turkey"), and [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-faostat-81)
Toxicity
Amygdalin
Apple seeds contain small amounts of [amygdalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdalin "Amygdalin"), a sugar and [cyanide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide "Cyanide") compound known as a [cyanogenic glycoside](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside "Cyanogenic glycoside"). Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds causes no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause [adverse reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_reaction "Adverse reaction"). It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be [hydrolyzed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolyzed "Hydrolyzed") before the cyanide ion is released.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-82) The U.S. [National Library of Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine "National Library of Medicine")'s [Hazardous Substances Data Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_Substances_Data_Bank "Hazardous Substances Data Bank") records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-83)
Allergy
One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to [birch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch "Birch") [pollen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen "Pollen").[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84) Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail [oral allergy syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome "Oral allergy syndrome") (OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat,[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84) but in rare cases can also include life-threatening [anaphylaxis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis "Anaphylaxis").[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-85) This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumedâthe allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84)
In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84) This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and [urticaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticaria "Urticaria"), and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals cannot eat raw or cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84)
Breeding efforts have yet to produce a [hypoallergenic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoallergenic "Hypoallergenic") fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-EU-84)
Uses
Nutrition
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| [Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_energy "Food energy") | 218 kJ (52 kcal) |
| **[Carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate")** | 13\.81 g |
| [Sugars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar "Sugar") | 10\.39 |
| [Dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") | 2\.4 g |
| **[Fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat")** | 0\.17 g |
| **[Protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)")** | 0\.26 g |
| Vitamins and minerals | |
| **[Vitamins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin "Vitamin")** | **Quantity** **%DV**â |
| [Vitamin A equiv.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A "Vitamin A")[beta-Carotene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-Carotene "Beta-Carotene")[lutein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutein "Lutein") [zeaxanthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeaxanthin "Zeaxanthin") | 0% 3 ÎŒg0% 27 ÎŒg29 ÎŒg |
| [Thiamine (B1)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine "Thiamine") | 1% 0.017 mg |
| [Riboflavin (B2)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin") | 2% 0.026 mg |
| [Niacin (B3)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niacin_\(nutrient\) "Niacin (nutrient)") | 1% 0.091 mg |
| [Pantothenic acid (B5)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid "Pantothenic acid") | 1% 0.061 mg |
| [Vitamin B6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B6 "Vitamin B6") | 2% 0.041 mg |
| [Folate (B9)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folate "Folate") | 1% 3 ÎŒg |
| [Vitamin C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_C "Vitamin C") | 5% 4.6 mg |
| [Vitamin E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_E "Vitamin E") | 1% 0.18 mg |
| [Vitamin K](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K "Vitamin K") | 2% 2.2 ÎŒg |
| **[Minerals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_\(nutrient\) "Mineral (nutrient)")** | **Quantity** **%DV**â |
| [Calcium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans "Calcium in biology") | 0% 6 mg |
| [Copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_health "Copper in health") | 3% 0.027 mg |
| [Iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism "Human iron metabolism") | 1% 0.12 mg |
| [Magnesium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology "Magnesium in biology") | 1% 5 mg |
| [Manganese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition "Manganese") | 2% 0.035 mg |
| [Phosphorus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role "Phosphorus") | 1% 11 mg |
| [Potassium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_in_biology "Potassium in biology") | 4% 107 mg |
| [Sodium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_in_biology "Sodium in biology") | 0% 1 mg |
| [Zinc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role "Zinc") | 0% 0.04 mg |
| **Other constituents** | **Quantity** |
| Water | 85\.56 g |
| [Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA FoodData Central](https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/1102644/nutrients) | |
| â Percentages estimated using [US recommendations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values "Reference Daily Intake") for adults,[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-FDADailyValues-86) except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the [National Academies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine").[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-87) | |
A raw apple is 86% water and 14% [carbohydrates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate "Carbohydrate"), with negligible content of [fat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fat "Fat") and [protein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_\(nutrient\) "Protein (nutrient)") (table). A reference serving of a raw apple with skin weighing 100 g (3.5 oz) provides 52 [calories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorie "Calorie") and a moderate content of [dietary fiber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_fiber "Dietary fiber") (table). Otherwise, there is low content of [micronutrients](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient "Micronutrient"), which are all below 10% of the [Daily Value](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Value "Daily Value") (table).
Culinary
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paring,_slicing_and_coring_machine_%E2%80%A2_p279_%E2%80%A2_Scammell%27s_Cyclopedia.tif)
Machine for paring, coring, and slicing apples, from Henry B. Scammell's 1897 handbook *Cyclopedia of Valuable Receipts*
Apple varieties can be grouped as [cooking apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooking_apple "Cooking apple"), [eating apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_apple "Table apple"), and [cider apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_apple "Cider apple"), the last so astringent as to be "almost inedible".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88) Apples are consumed as [juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice "Apple juice"), raw in salads, baked in [pies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie "Apple pie"), cooked into [sauces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_sauce "Apple sauce") and [apple butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_butter "Apple butter"), or baked.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-89) They are sometimes used as an ingredient in savory foods, such as sausage and stuffing.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-90)
Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Traditional methods include drying and making [apple butter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_butter "Apple butter").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88) Juice and cider are produced commercially; cider is a significant industry in regions such as the [West of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_England "West of England") and [Normandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy "Normandy").[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88)
A [toffee apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffee_apple "Toffee apple") (UK) or [caramel apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel_apple "Caramel apple") (US) is a confection made by coating an apple in hot [toffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffee "Toffee") or [caramel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caramel "Caramel") candy respectively and allowing it to cool.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-91)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10) [Apples and honey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples_and_honey "Apples and honey") are a ritual [food pairing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_pairing "Food pairing") eaten during the Jewish New Year of [Rosh Hashanah](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah "Rosh Hashanah").[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-92)
Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as [pies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_pie "Apple pie"), [crumbles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumble "Crumble"), and [cakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cake "Apple cake"). When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as [apple sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_sauce "Apple sauce"), which can be cooked down to form a preserve, apple butter. They are often [baked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baked "Baked") or [stewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewed "Stewed"), and are cooked in some meat dishes.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_2014-88)
Apples are [milled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider_mill "Cider mill") or [pressed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_press#Cider_press "Fruit press") to produce [apple juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice "Apple juice"), which may be drunk unfiltered (called [apple cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider") in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen, then reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be [fermented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_\(food\) "Fermentation (food)") to make [cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider "Cider") (called hard cider in North America), [ciderkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciderkin "Ciderkin"), and vinegar.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10) Through [distillation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation "Distillation"), various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as [applejack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_\(beverage\) "Applejack (beverage)"), [Calvados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados "Calvados"), and [apple brandy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_brandy "Apple brandy").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lim_2012-10)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-93)
Organic production
[Organic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming "Organic farming") apples are commonly produced in the United States.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-organic-94) Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-croplife-95) The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts ([pyrethrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethrum "Pyrethrum"), [neem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem "Neem")) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-croplife-95) A light coating of [kaolin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaolin "Kaolin"), which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Polomski_&_Reighard-50)
Non-browning apples
Apple skins and seeds contain [polyphenols](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol "Polyphenol").[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ribeiro2014-96) These are oxidised by the [enzyme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme "Enzyme") [polyphenol oxidase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol_oxidase "Polyphenol oxidase"), which causes [browning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_browning "Food browning") in sliced or bruised apples, by [catalyzing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis "Catalysis") the [oxidation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation "Oxidation") of phenolic compounds to [o-quinones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-quinone "O-quinone"), a browning factor.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-nic-97) Browning reduces apple taste, color, and food value. [Arctic apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_apples "Arctic apples"), a non-browning group of apples introduced to the United States market in 2019, have been [genetically modified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food "Genetically modified food") to silence the [expression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression "Gene expression") of polyphenol oxidase, thereby delaying a browning effect and improving apple eating quality.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-99) The US [Food and Drug Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration "Food and Drug Administration") in 2015, and [Canadian Food Inspection Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency "Canadian Food Inspection Agency") in 2017, determined that Arctic apples are as safe and nutritious as conventional apples.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-fda2015-100)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-cfia-101)
Other products
[Apple seed oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_seed_oil "Apple seed oil") is obtained by [pressing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeller_pressing "Expeller pressing") apple seeds for manufacturing [cosmetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics "Cosmetics").[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-102)
In culture
Germanic paganism
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Larsson_Brita_as_Iduna.jpg)
"Brita as [Iduna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0unn "IĂ°unn")" (1901) by [Carl Larsson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Larsson "Carl Larsson")
In [Norse mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology "Norse mythology"), the goddess [IĂ°unn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0unn "IĂ°unn") is portrayed in the *[Prose Edda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose_Edda "Prose Edda")* (written in the 13th century by [Snorri Sturluson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson "Snorri Sturluson")) as providing apples to the [gods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods "Gods") that give them [eternal youthfulness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_youth "Eternal youth"). The English scholar [H. R. Ellis Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Ellis_Davidson "H. R. Ellis Davidson") links apples to religious practices in [Germanic paganism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism "Germanic paganism"), from which [Norse paganism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_paganism "Norse paganism") developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the [Oseberg ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseberg_ship "Oseberg ship") burial site in Norway, and that fruits and nuts have been found in the early graves of the [Germanic peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples "Germanic peoples") in England and elsewhere in Europe. The fruits and nuts may have had a symbolic meaning, and nuts are still a recognized symbol of [fertility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility "Fertility") in southwest England.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_1990-103)
Davidson notes a connection between apples and the [Vanir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir "Vanir"), a tribe of gods associated with [fertility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility "Fertility") in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful [GerĂ°r](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r "GerĂ°r") by [SkĂrnir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir "SkĂrnir"), who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god [Freyr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr "Freyr") in stanzas 19 and 20 of *[SkĂrnismĂĄl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l "SkĂrnismĂĄl")*. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the *[Völsunga saga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga "Völsunga saga")*: when the major goddess [Frigg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg "Frigg") sends King [Rerir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerir "Rerir") an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a [mound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus "Tumulus").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_1990-103) Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the birth (by [Caesarean section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section "Caesarean section")) of their sonâthe hero [Völsung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung "Völsung").[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-104)
Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of [Hel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hel_\(location\) "Hel (location)")" used in an 11th-century poem by the [skald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald "Skald") Thorbiorn BrĂșnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by BrĂșnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess [Nehalennia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehalennia "Nehalennia") is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the [Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire "Roman Empire") and came to Europe from the [Near East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East "Near East"), the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of IĂ°unn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world."[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Davidson_1990-103)
Greek mythology
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hercules_Musei_Capitolini_MC1265_n2.jpg)
[Heracles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles "Heracles") with the apple of [Hesperides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides "Hesperides")
Apples appear in many [religious traditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_religions "World religions"), including Greek and Roman [mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology "Mythology") where it has an ambiguous symbolism of discord, fertility, or courtship.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-105) In [Greek mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology "Greek mythology"), the [Greek hero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_hero "Greek hero") [Heracles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles "Heracles"), as a part of his [Twelve Labours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Labours "Twelve Labours"), was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the [Tree of Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides "Hesperides") growing at its center.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ruck_2001-106)
The Greek goddess of discord, [Eris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_\(mythology\) "Eris (mythology)"), became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of [Peleus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleus "Peleus") and [Thetis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis "Thetis").[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-107) In retaliation, she tossed a [golden apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_Discord "Apple of Discord") inscribed [ÎαλλίÏÏη](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallisti "Kallisti") (*KallistÄ*, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: [Hera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera "Hera"), [Athena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena "Athena"), and [Aphrodite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite "Aphrodite"). [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_\(mythology\) "Paris (mythology)") of [Troy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy "Troy") was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, [Helen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy "Helen of Troy") of [Sparta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta "Sparta"). He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the [Trojan War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War "Trojan War").[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-109)
The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, sacred to Aphrodite. To throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-110)
> I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is beauty.
[Atalanta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atalanta "Atalanta"), also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but [Hippomenes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippomenes "Hippomenes") (also known as [Melanion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanion_\(son_of_Amphidamas\) "Melanion (son of Amphidamas)"), a name possibly derived from *melon*, the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general),[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Ruck_2001-106) who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-111)[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-112)
Celtic mythology
In [Celtic mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_mythology "Celtic mythology"), the [otherworld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherworld "Otherworld") has many names, including *Emain Ablach*, "Emain of the Apple-trees". A version of this is [Avalon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon "Avalon") in [Arthurian legend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurian_legend "Arthurian legend"), or in [Welsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language") *Ynys Afallon*, "Island of Apples".[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-113)
China
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas_apples_at_FamilyMart_Beijing_West_Railway_Station_store_\(20171224194116\).jpg)
*PĂngÄnguÇ* ("Peace apples") on sale in Beijing for Christmas Eve (2017)
In China, apples symbolise [peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace "Peace"), since the sounds of the first element ("pĂng") in the words "apple" (èčæ, *PĂngguÇ*) and "peace" (ćčłćź, *PĂng'Än*) are [homophonous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone "Homophone") in Mandarin and Cantonese.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Lisa_Lim-5)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-English_in_China-114) When these two words are combined, the word *PĂngÄnguÇ* (ćčłćźæ, "Peace apples") is formed. This association developed further as the name for [Christmas Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve "Christmas Eve") in Mandarin is *PĂngÄnyĂš* (ćčłćźć€, "Peaceful/Quiet Evening"), which made the [gifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift "Gift") of apples at this season to friends and associates popular, as a way to wish them peace and safety.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-English_in_China-114)
Christian art
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_-_Adam_and_Eve_\(Prado\)_2.jpg)
*[Adam and Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve "Adam and Eve")* by [Albrecht DĂŒrer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer "Albrecht DĂŒrer") (1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin
Though the [forbidden fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbidden_fruit "Forbidden fruit") of [Eden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden "Garden of Eden") in the [Book of Genesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Genesis "Book of Genesis") is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that [Eve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve "Eve") coaxed [Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam "Adam") to share with her.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Macrone-115) The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin "Latin") words *mÄlum* (an apple) and *mÄlum* (an evil), each of which is normally written *malum*.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-116) The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17,[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-117) and the Latin for "good and evil" is *bonum et malum*.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-118)
[Renaissance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance "Renaissance") painters may also have been influenced by the story of the [golden apples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_apple "Golden apple") in the [Garden of Hesperides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides "Hesperides"). As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The [larynx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larynx "Larynx") in the human throat has been called the "[Adam's apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%27s_apple "Adam's apple")" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam. The apple as symbol of sexual [seduction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seduction "Seduction") has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-Macrone-115)
Proverb
The [proverb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb "Proverb"), "[An apple a day keeps the doctor away](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_apple_a_day_keeps_the_doctor_away "An apple a day keeps the doctor away")", addressing the supposed health benefits of the fruit, has been traced to 19th-century [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales"), where the original phrase was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread".[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-119) In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away"; the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_note-120)
See also
- [Apple chip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_chip "Apple chip")
- [Apple cider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider "Apple cider")
- [Apple juice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice "Apple juice")
- [Applecrab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applecrab "Applecrab"), appleâcrabapple hybrids for eating
- [Isaac Newton's apple tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_apple_tree "Isaac Newton's apple tree")
- [Johnny Appleseed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed "Johnny Appleseed")
- [List of apple dishes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apple_dishes "List of apple dishes")
References
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-gbif_1-0)**
["*Malus domestica* (Suckow) Borkh., 1803"](https://www.gbif.org/species/105528904/). Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2025.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-6) [***h***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-7) [***i***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-8) [***j***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-9) [***k***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-FNA_2-10)
Dickson, Elizabeth E. (28 May 2021). ["*Malus domestica*"](http://floranorthamerica.org/Malus_domestica). *[Flora of North America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_North_America "Flora of North America")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240728060606/http://floranorthamerica.org/Malus_domestica) from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
3. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-POWO_3-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-POWO_3-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-POWO_3-2)
["*Malus domestica* (Suckow) Borkh"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/726282-1). *[Plants of the World Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online "Plants of the World Online")*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew "Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"). Retrieved 31 July 2024.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-OnlineEtymDict_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-OnlineEtymDict_4-1)
["Origin and history of "apple" by Online Etymology Dictionary"](https://www.etymonline.com/word/apple). *[Online Etymology Dictionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary "Online Etymology Dictionary")*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191221020212/https://www.etymonline.com/word/apple) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
5. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lisa_Lim_5-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lisa_Lim_5-1)
Lim, Lisa (6 July 2021). ["Where the word 'apple' came from and why the forbidden fruit was unlucky to be linked with the fall of man"](https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/3139890/where-word-apple-came-and-why-forbidden-fruit-was-unlucky). Language Matters. *[South China Morning Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post "South China Morning Post")*. Hong Kong, China: [Alibaba Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230628112156/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/3139890/where-word-apple-came-and-why-forbidden-fruit-was-unlucky) from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-mw_6-0)**
["A pineapple is an apple (kind of). How did this tropical fruit get tied to the apple?"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/word-history-pineapple). *Word History*. [Merriam-Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster "Merriam-Webster"). 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-5) [***g***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-UofGeorgia_7-6)
Rieger, Mark. ["Apple - *Malus domestica*"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080121045236/http://www.uga.edu/fruit/apple.html). *HORT 3020: Intro Fruit Crops*. [University of Georgia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia "University of Georgia"). Archived from [the original](http://www.uga.edu/fruit/apple.html) on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-NC_Extension_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-NC_Extension_8-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-NC_Extension_8-2)
["Apples - *Malus domestica*"](https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malus-domestica/common-name/apples/). *North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox*. [North Carolina State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University "North Carolina State University"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240531122432/https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/malus-domestica/common-name/apples/) from the original on 31 May 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Heil_et_al._9-3)
Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). [*Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah*](https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003888887/page/n926) (First ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: [Missouri Botanical Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden "Missouri Botanical Garden"). p. 909. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-930723-84-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930723-84-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-930723-84-9")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [859541992](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859541992). Retrieved 27 July 2024.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Lim_2012_10-4)
Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). "*Malus* x *domestica*". *Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants*. Vol. 4, Fruit (First ed.). Dordrecht, the Netherlands: [Springer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing "Springer Publishing"). pp. 414â415\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/978-94-007-4053-2\_49](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-4053-2_49). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-94-007-4053-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4053-2 "Special:BookSources/978-94-007-4053-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [795503871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795503871).
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-11)**
[Juniper, Barrie E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Juniper "Barrie Juniper"); [Mabberley, David J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mabberley "David Mabberley") (2006). [*The Story of the Apple*](https://archive.org/details/storyofapple0000juni) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: [Timber Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press "Timber Press"). p. 27. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-88192-784-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2006011869](https://lccn.loc.gov/2006011869). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [67383484](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67383484). Retrieved 1 August 2024.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-12)**
["Fruit glossary"](https://schoolgardening.rhs.org.uk/Resources/Info-Sheet/Fruit-Glossary). Royal Horticultural Society. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240807071550/https://schoolgardening.rhs.org.uk/Resources/Info-Sheet/Fruit-Glossary) from the original on 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
13. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-13)**
[Burford, Tom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Burford "Tom Burford") (2013). [*Apples of North America: 192 Exceptional Varieties for Gardeners, Growers and Cooks*](https://archive.org/details/applesofnorthame0000burf) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: [Timber Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press "Timber Press"). pp. 22, 50, 55, 122, 123, 137, 141, 147, 159, 245, 246. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-60469-249-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-249-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-249-5")
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[978-0-600-02422-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02422-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02422-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [78449216](https://lccn.loc.gov/78449216). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [61702](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61702). Retrieved 3 October 2024.
112. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-112)**
["Atalanta (Atalante) - Arcadian Heroine of Greek Mythology"](https://www.theoi.com/Heroine/Atalanta.html). *[Theoi Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoi_Project "Theoi Project")*. Aaron J. Atsma. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240927101406/https://www.theoi.com/Heroine/Atalanta.html) from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
113. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-113)**
[Flieger, Verlyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlyn_Flieger "Verlyn Flieger") (2005). *Interrupted Music: The Making of Tolkien's Mythology*. Kent, Ohio: [Kent State University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_State_University_Press "Kent State University Press"). pp. 122â123\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-87338-824-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-824-5")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2004024490](https://lccn.loc.gov/2004024490). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [56805947](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56805947).
114. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-English_in_China_114-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-English_in_China_114-1)
["Why Do the Chinese Give Apples Around Christmas?"](https://teach-english-in-china.co.uk/why-do-the-chinese-give-apples-around-christmas/). *Teach English In China*. 22 December 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201001003304/https://teach-english-in-china.co.uk/why-do-the-chinese-give-apples-around-christmas/) from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
115. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Macrone_115-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-Macrone_115-1)
Macrone, Michael (1998). [*Brush up your Bible\!*](https://archive.org/details/brushupyourbible00macr). New York: [Gramercy Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramercy_Books "Gramercy Books"). pp. 15â16, 340â341\. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-517-20189-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-20189-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-517-20189-3")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [38270894](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38270894). Retrieved 31 July 2024.
116. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-116)**
Kissling, Paul J. (2004). [*Genesis*](https://books.google.com/books?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&q=Genesis+apple&pg=PA193). Vol. 1. Joplin, Missouri: College Press. p. 193. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-89900-875-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-875-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-89900-875-2")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2004022577](https://lccn.loc.gov/2004022577). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [56672257](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56672257). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126053142/https://books.google.com/books?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&q=Genesis+apple&pg=PA193) from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
117. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-117)** [Genesis 2:17](https://www.esv.org/Genesis+2:17)
118. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-118)**
Hendel, Ronald S. (2013). [*The Book of Genesis: A Biography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=xBPpIHwcZMUC&q=Genesis+apple+malum&pg=PA114). Princeton, New Jersey: [Princeton University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press "Princeton University Press"). p. 114. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-69114012-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69114012-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-69114012-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2012015634](https://lccn.loc.gov/2012015634). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [788265521](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/788265521). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230305222115/https://books.google.com/books?id=xBPpIHwcZMUC&q=Genesis+apple+malum&pg=PA114#v=snippet&q=Genesis%20apple%20malum&f=false) from the original on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
119. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-119)**
[Mieder, Wolfgang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Mieder "Wolfgang Mieder"); Kingsbury, Stewart A.; [Harder, Kelsie B.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsie_B._Harder "Kelsie B. Harder"), eds. (1996) \[1992\]. [*A Dictionary of American Proverbs*](https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofamer00wolf_0/page/23) (Paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 23. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-19-511133-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511133-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511133-0")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [91015508](https://lccn.loc.gov/91015508). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [23693799](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23693799). Retrieved 23 August 2024.
120. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#cite_ref-120)**
[Pollan, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pollan "Michael Pollan") (2001). [*The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World*](https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesirepl0000poll_v5w7) (First ed.). New York: [Random House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House "Random House"). pp. 9, 22, 50. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-375-50129-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50129-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50129-6")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [00066479](https://lccn.loc.gov/00066479). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [49803415](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49803415).
Further reading
- [Browning, Frank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Browning_\(author\) "Frank Browning (author)") (1998). [*Apples*](https://archive.org/details/apples00brow) (First ed.). New York: [North Point Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Point_Press "North Point Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-86547-537-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-537-3 "Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-537-3")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [98027252](https://lccn.loc.gov/98027252). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [39235786](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39235786).
- Hanson, Beth; Marinelli, Janet; Saphire, Sigrun Wolff; Tebbitt, Mark, eds. (2003). [*The Best Apples to Buy and Grow*](https://archive.org/details/bestapplestobuyg0000unse) (First ed.). Brooklyn, New York: [Brooklyn Botanic Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden "Brooklyn Botanic Garden"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-889538-66-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-889538-66-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-889538-66-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [60384060](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60384060).
- [Juniper, Barrie E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Juniper "Barrie Juniper"); [Mabberley, David J.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mabberley "David Mabberley") (2006). [*The Story of the Apple*](https://archive.org/details/storyofapple0000juni) (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: [Timber Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Press "Timber Press"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-88192-784-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-784-9")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2006011869](https://lccn.loc.gov/2006011869). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [67383484](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67383484).
- Phillips, Michael (1998). [*The Apple Grower: A Guide for the Organic Orchardist*](https://archive.org/details/applegrowerguide0000phil) (First ed.). White River Junction, Vermont: [Chelsea Green Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Green_Publishing "Chelsea Green Publishing"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-890132-04-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-04-0 "Special:BookSources/978-1-890132-04-0")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [98003631](https://lccn.loc.gov/98003631). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [38731995](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38731995).
- Sanders, Rosie (2010). *The Apple Book* (Second ed.). London: [Frances Lincoln Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Lincoln_Limited "Frances Lincoln Limited"). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7112-3141-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3141-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-3141-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [646397065](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646397065).
External links | |||||||||||||||||||||
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