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| Boilerpipe Text | "First Moon landing" and "The Moon landing" redirect here. For earlier uncrewed Moon landings, see
Moon landing
.
Apollo 11
Buzz Aldrin
on the
Moon
in a photograph taken by
Neil Armstrong
, who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth, the
Lunar Module
Eagle
, and the
U.S. flag
[
1
]
Mission type
Crewed lunar landing (
G
)
Operator
NASA
COSPAR ID
CSM:
1969-059A
LM:
1969-059C
SATCAT
no.
CSM: 4039
[
2
]
LM: 4041
[
3
]
Mission duration
8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft
Apollo CSM
-107
Apollo LM
-5
Manufacturer
CSM:
North American Rockwell
[
4
]
LM:
Grumman
[
4
]
Launch mass
109,646 lb (49,735 kg)
[
5
]
Landing mass
10,873 lb (4,932 kg)
Crew
Crew size
3
Members
Neil Armstrong
Michael Collins
Buzz Aldrin
Callsign
CSM:
Columbia
LM:
Eagle
On surface:
Tranquility Base
Start of mission
Launch date
July 16, 1969, 13:32:00
UTC
(9:32 am
EDT
)
[
6
]
Rocket
Saturn V
SA-506
Launch site
Kennedy
,
LC‑39A
End of mission
Recovered by
USS
Hornet
Landing date
July 24, 1969, 16:50:35
UTC
Landing site
North Pacific Ocean
(
13°19′N
169°9′W
/
13.317°N 169.150°W
)
Orbital parameters
Reference system
Selenocentric
Periselene altitude
100.9 km (54.5
nmi
; 62.7 mi)
[
7
]
Aposelene altitude
122.4 km (66.1 nmi; 76.1 mi)
[
7
]
Inclination
1.25°
[
7
]
Period
2 hours
[
7
]
Epoch
July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC
[
7
]
Lunar
orbiter
Spacecraft component
Apollo command and service module
Orbital insertion
July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC
[
8
]
Orbital departure
July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC
[
9
]
Orbits
30
Lunar lander
Spacecraft component
Apollo Lunar Module
Landing date
July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC
[
10
]
Return launch
July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC
[
11
]
Landing site
Tranquility Base
,
Mare Tranquillitatis
(
0°40′27″N
23°28′23″E
/
0.67416°N 23.47314°E
)
[
12
]
Sample mass
47.51 lb (21.55 kg)
Surface EVAs
1
EVA duration
2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds
Docking with Lunar module
Docking date
July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC
[
8
]
Undocking date
July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC
[
13
]
Time docked
96 hours, 47 minutes, 57 seconds
Docking with Lunar module ascent stage
Docking date
July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC
[
9
]
Undocking date
July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC
[
9
]
Time docked
2 hours, 6 minutes, 31 seconds
Mission insignia
Left to right:
Armstrong
,
Collins
, and
Aldrin
Apollo program
←
Apollo 10
Apollo 12
→
Apollo 11
(July 16–24, 1969) was the American
spaceflight
that first landed
humans
on the
Moon
, and the fifth crewed mission of
NASA
's
Apollo program
. The mission was crewed by Commander
Neil Armstrong
, Command Module Pilot
Michael Collins
, and Lunar Module Pilot
Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin
, all of whom were on their second and final spaceflight.
Launched atop a
Saturn V
rocket from
Kennedy Space Center
in
Florida
on July 16 at 13:32
UTC
, the Apollo spacecraft consisted of three parts: the
command module
(CM), which housed the three astronauts and was the only part to return to Earth; the
service module
(SM), which provided propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water to the command module; and the
Lunar Module
(LM), which had two stages—a descent stage with a large engine and fuel tanks for landing on the Moon, and a lighter ascent stage containing a cabin for two astronauts and a small engine to return them to
lunar orbit
. After a three-day transit, Armstrong and Aldrin descended to the surface aboard the LM
Eagle
, landing in the
Sea of Tranquility
on July 20 at 20:17 UTC while Collins remained in lunar orbit aboard the CM
Columbia
. Armstrong became the first human to walk on the Moon approximately six hours after landing, followed by Aldrin nineteen minutes later. Together they spent around two and a half hours walking on the surface, planting an
American flag
, speaking by telephone with President
Richard Nixon
, deploying scientific instruments, and collecting 21.5 kg (47.5 lb) of lunar material. After more than 21 hours on the surface, they rejoined Collins in lunar orbit, and the crew returned safely to
Earth
on July 24, splashing down in the
Pacific Ocean
.
Apollo 11 was the culmination of the
Space Race
, a geopolitical competition between the United States and the
Soviet Union
rooted in
Cold War
rivalry. It fulfilled a national goal set by President
John F. Kennedy
in May 1961, who had
challenged
the United States to land a man on the Moon and return him safely before the end of the decade. The programme overcame a severe setback with the fatal
Apollo 1
launchpad fire in January 1967 and drew on technologies developed through the preceding
Mercury
and
Gemini
programmes. The Soviet Union, despite early leads in spaceflight, was unable to match the Saturn V rocket, and its uncrewed lunar probe
Luna 15
crashed on the Moon on July 21, while Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were still on the lunar surface.
Armstrong's moonwalk was broadcast live to an estimated 600 million viewers, roughly one-fifth of the world's population, making it among the most-watched
television
events in history. Stepping onto the lunar surface, Armstrong declared: "
That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind
."
Lunar samples
returned by the mission led to the identification of three previously unrecognized minerals, and scientific instruments deployed on the surface continued returning data for years afterwards. The crew were honoured with
ticker-tape parades
, a world goodwill tour, and the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
. The command module
Columbia
is preserved at the
National Air and Space Museum
in
Washington, D.C.
, while the descent stage of
Eagle
remains on the lunar surface.
Background
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the
Cold War
, a geopolitical rivalry with the
Soviet Union
.
[
14
]
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched
Sputnik 1
, the first
artificial satellite
, surprising the world and fueling fears about Soviet technological and military capabilities. Its success demonstrated that the USSR could potentially deliver
nuclear weapons
over
intercontinental distances
, challenging American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.
[
15
]
This incident sparked the
Sputnik crisis
and ignited the
Space Race
, as both superpowers sought to demonstrate superiority in spaceflight.
[
16
]
President
Dwight D. Eisenhower
responded to the challenge posed by Sputnik by creating the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), and initiating
Project Mercury
,
[
17
]
which aimed to place a man into
Earth orbit
.
[
18
]
The Soviets took the lead on April 12, 1961, when
cosmonaut
Yuri Gagarin
became the first person in space and the first to orbit the Earth.
[
19
]
Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space; his 15-minute flight was suborbital, not a full orbit.
[
20
]
Because the Soviet Union had
launch vehicles
with higher lift capacity, President John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower's successor, chose a challenge that exceeded the capabilities of the existing generation of rockets, so that both countries would be starting from an equal position. A crewed mission to the Moon would serve this purpose.
[
21
]
On May 25, 1961, Kennedy addressed the
United States Congress
on "Urgent National Needs" and declared:
I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade [1960s] is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations—explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the Moon—if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.
— Kennedy's speech to Congress
[
22
]
On September 12, 1962, Kennedy
delivered another speech
before a crowd of about 40,000 people in the
Rice University football stadium
in
Houston
, Texas.
[
23
]
[
24
]
A widely quoted refrain from the middle portion of the speech reads as follows:
There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago,
fly the Atlantic
? Why does
Rice play Texas
?
We choose to go to the Moon! We choose to go to the Moon ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too.
[
25
]
President
John F. Kennedy
speaking at Rice University
on September 12, 1962
In spite of that, the proposed program faced widespread opposition and was dubbed a "
moondoggle
" by
Norbert Wiener
, a mathematician at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
.
[
26
]
[
27
]
The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name:
Project Apollo
.
[
28
]
When Kennedy met with
Nikita Khrushchev
, the
Premier of the Soviet Union
in June 1961, he proposed making the Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev declined the offer.
[
29
]
Kennedy again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon in a speech to the
United Nations General Assembly
on September 20, 1963.
[
30
]
The idea of a joint Moon mission was ultimately abandoned after Kennedy's death.
[
31
]
An early and crucial decision was choosing
lunar orbit rendezvous
over both
direct ascent
and
Earth orbit rendezvous
. A
space rendezvous
is an
orbital maneuver
in which two spacecraft navigate through space and meet up. In July 1962, NASA head
James Webb
announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used
[
32
]
[
33
]
and that the
Apollo spacecraft
would have three major parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.
[
34
]
This design meant the spacecraft could be launched by a single
Saturn V
rocket that was then under development.
[
35
]
Technologies and techniques required for Apollo were developed by
Project Gemini
.
[
36
]
The Apollo project was enabled by NASA's adoption of new advances in
semiconductor device
, including
metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors
(MOSFETs) in the
Interplanetary Monitoring Platform
(IMP)
[
37
]
[
38
]
and
silicon
integrated circuit
(IC) chips in the
Apollo Guidance Computer
(AGC).
[
39
]
Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the
Apollo 1
fire on January 27, 1967, in which astronauts
Gus Grissom
,
Ed White
, and
Roger B. Chaffee
died, and the subsequent investigation.
[
40
]
In October 1968,
Apollo 7
evaluated the command module in Earth orbit,
[
41
]
and in December
Apollo 8
tested it in lunar orbit.
[
42
]
In March 1969,
Apollo 9
put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit,
[
43
]
and in May
Apollo 10
conducted a "dress rehearsal" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon.
[
44
]
The Soviet Union appeared to be winning the Space Race, but its early lead was overtaken by the US
Gemini program
and Soviet failure to develop the
N1 launcher
, which would have been comparable to the Saturn V.
[
45
]
Seeing these failures, the Soviets then attempted to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of
uncrewed probes
. On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, the Soviet Union launched
Luna 15
, which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in
Mare Crisium
about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to return to earth. The
Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories
radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.
[
46
]
Personnel
Prime crew
The initial crew assignment of Commander
Neil Armstrong
, Command Module Pilot (CMP)
Jim Lovell
, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)
Buzz Aldrin
on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967.
[
47
]
Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of
Gemini 12
. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.
[
48
]
There would be one change.
Michael Collins
, the CMP on the Apollo 8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.
[
49
]
Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and when Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime,
Fred Haise
filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.
[
50
]
Apollo 11 was the second American mission where all the crew members had prior spaceflight experience,
[
51
]
the first being Apollo 10.
[
52
]
The next was
STS-26
in 1988.
[
51
]
Deke Slayton
gave Armstrong the option to replace Aldrin with Lovell, since some thought Aldrin was difficult to work with. Armstrong had no issues working with Aldrin but thought it over for a day before declining. He thought Lovell deserved to command his own mission (eventually
Apollo 13
).
[
53
]
The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie characterized by that of
Apollo 12
. Instead, they forged an amiable working relationship. Armstrong in particular was notoriously aloof, but Collins, who considered himself a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create a more personal relationship.
[
54
]
Aldrin and Collins described the crew as "amiable strangers".
[
55
]
Armstrong did not agree with the assessment, and said "all the crews I was on worked very well together."
[
55
]
Backup crew
The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander,
William Anders
as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.
[
51
]
In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the
National Aeronautics and Space Council
effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time.
Ken Mattingly
was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable.
[
56
]
Under the normal Apollo crew rotation, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise would have been assigned to
Apollo 14
. However, because
Alan Shepard
had only recently returned to flight status and needed additional training, NASA reassigned his crew to Apollo 14 and moved Lovell's crew up to fly
Apollo 13
instead.
[
a
]
Shortly before launch, Mattingly was replaced by
Jack Swigert
due to concerns over possible measles exposure.
[
56
]
Support crew
During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, NASA added a third group, the support crew. Their job was to maintain the flight plan, checklists, and mission rules, and to keep the prime and backup crews updated on any changes. They also developed procedures—especially for emergencies, so that by the time the prime and backup crews entered the simulators, they could focus on practicing and mastering them.
[
58
]
The support crew for Apollo 11 was Mattingly,
Ronald Evans
, and
Bill Pogue
.
[
59
]
Capsule communicators
CAPCOM
Charles Duke
(left), with backup crewmembers Lovell and Haise listening in during Apollo 11's descent
The
capsule communicator
(CAPCOM) was an astronaut stationed at the
Mission Control Center
in
Houston
, Texas, and was typically the only person permitted to communicate directly with the flight crew.
[
60
]
This practice ensured that messages came from someone best able to understand the situation in the spacecraft and to relay guidance from
flight controllers
as clearly as possible. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were backup and support crew members Anders, Evans, Haise, Lovell, and Mattingly, along with
Charles Duke
,
Owen Garriott
,
Don L. Lind
,
Bruce McCandless II
, and
Harrison Schmitt
.
[
59
]
Flight directors
The
flight directors
for this mission were:
[
61
]
[
62
]
[
63
]
[
64
]
[
65
]
[
66
]
Other key personnel
Other key personnel who played important roles in the Apollo 11 mission include the following.
[
67
]
Preparations
Insignia
The Apollo 11 insignia. The eagle is carrying an olive branch to represent a peaceful mission
The Apollo 11
mission emblem
was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the
bald eagle
, the
national bird
of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson, a simulator instructor, suggested an
olive branch
in its beak to represent their peaceful mission. Collins added a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left.
[
68
]
Aldrin, Armstrong and Collins decided the Eagle and the Moon would be in their natural colors, and decided on a blue and gold border. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11",
[
68
]
and they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of
everyone
who had worked toward a lunar landing".
[
69
]
An illustrator at the
Manned Spacecraft Center
(MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval.
[
68
]
The design was rejected.
Bob Gilruth
, the director of the MSC felt the talons of the eagle looked "too warlike".
[
70
]
After some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the talons.
[
70
]
When the
Eisenhower dollar coin
was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.
[
71
]
The design was also used for the smaller
Susan B. Anthony dollar
unveiled in 1979.
[
72
]
Call signs
The original cockpit of the command module (CM) with three seats, photographed from above. It is located in the
National Air and Space Museum
. The very high resolution image was produced in 2007 by the
Smithsonian Institution
.
After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft
Charlie Brown
and
Snoopy
, assistant manager for public affairs
Julian Scheer
wrote to
George Low
, the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the MSC, to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. The name
Snowcone
was used for the CM and
Haystack
was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.
[
73
]
The LM was named
Eagle
after the motif which was featured prominently on the mission insignia. At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named
Columbia
after
Columbiad
, the giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in
Jules Verne
's 1865 novel
From the Earth to the Moon
. It also referred to
Columbia
, a historical name of the United States.
[
74
]
[
75
]
In Collins' 1976 book, he said
Columbia
was in reference to
Christopher Columbus
.
[
76
]
Mementos
Apollo 11 space-flown silver
Robbins medallion
The astronauts had
personal preference kits
(PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission.
[
77
]
Five 0.5-pound (0.23 kg) PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: three (one for each astronaut) were stowed on
Columbia
before launch, and two on
Eagle
.
[
78
]
Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood from the
Wright brothers
' 1903
Wright Flyer
'
s left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,
[
79
]
along with a diamond-studded
astronaut pin
originally given to Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards, but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Armstrong took it with him on Apollo 11.
[
80
]
Site selection
A map of the Moon showing prospective landing sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 in the
Sea of Tranquility
was chosen.
NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years' worth of studies based on high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five uncrewed probes of the
Lunar Orbiter program
and information about surface conditions provided by the
Surveyor program
.
[
81
]
The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required.
[
82
]
The landing site had to be close to the lunar equator to minimize the amount of propellant required, clear of obstacles to minimize maneuvering, and flat to simplify the task of the landing radar. Scientific value was not a consideration.
[
83
]
Areas that appeared promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable. The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found.
[
84
]
Five sites were considered: Sites 1 and 2 were in the Sea of Tranquility (
Mare Tranquillitatis
); Site 3 was in the Central Bay (
Sinus Medii
); and Sites 4 and 5 were in the Ocean of Storms (
Oceanus Procellarum
).
[
81
]
The final site selection was based on seven criteria:
The site needed to be smooth, with relatively few craters;
with approach paths free of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that might confuse the landing radar and cause it to issue incorrect readings;
reachable with a minimum amount of propellant;
allowing for delays in the launch countdown;
providing the Apollo spacecraft with a free-return trajectory, one that would allow it to coast around the Moon and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon;
with good visibility during the landing approach, meaning the Sun would be between 7 and 20 degrees behind the LM; and
a general slope of less than two degrees in the landing area.
[
81
]
The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month.
[
81
]
A landing just after dawn was chosen to limit the temperature extremes the astronauts would experience.
[
85
]
The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10's lunar module flew to within 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) of Site 2, and reported it was acceptable.
[
86
]
[
87
]
First-step decision
During the first press conference after the Apollo 11 crew was announced, the first question was, "Which one of you gentlemen will be the first man to step onto the lunar surface?"
[
88
]
[
89
]
Slayton told the reporter it had not been decided, and Armstrong added that it was "not based on individual desire".
[
88
]
One of the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions,
[
90
]
where the commander had never performed the spacewalk.
[
91
]
Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate Administrator
George Mueller
told reporters he would be first as well. Aldrin heard that Armstrong would be the first because Armstrong was a civilian, which made Aldrin livid. Aldrin attempted to persuade other Lunar Module pilots he should be first, but they responded cynically about what they perceived as a lobbying campaign. Attempting to stem interdepartmental conflict, Slayton told Aldrin that Armstrong would be first since he was the commander. The decision was announced in a press conference on April 14, 1969.
[
92
]
For decades, Aldrin believed the final decision was largely driven by the Lunar Module's hatch location. Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on and the spacecraft was so small, maneuvering to exit the spacecraft was difficult. The crew tried a simulation in which Aldrin left the spacecraft first, but he damaged the simulator while attempting to egress. While this was enough for mission planners to make their decision, Aldrin and Armstrong were left in the dark on the decision until late spring.
[
93
]
Slayton told Armstrong the plan was to have him leave the spacecraft first, if he agreed. Armstrong said, "Yes, that's the way to do it."
[
94
]
The media accused Armstrong of exercising his commander's prerogative to exit the spacecraft first.
[
95
]
Chris Kraft
revealed in his 2001 autobiography that a meeting occurred between Gilruth, Slayton, Low, and himself to make sure Aldrin would not be the first to walk on the Moon. They argued that the first person to walk on the Moon should be like
Charles Lindbergh
, a calm and quiet person. They made the decision to change the flight plan so the commander was the first to egress from the spacecraft.
[
96
]
Pre-launch
Saturn V SA-506, the rocket carrying the Apollo 11 spacecraft, moves out of the
Vehicle Assembly Building
towards
Launch Complex 39
.
The ascent stage of
LM-5
Eagle
arrived at the
Kennedy Space Center
on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and
CSM-107
Columbia
on January 23.
[
6
]
There were several differences between
Eagle
and Apollo 10's LM-4
Snoopy
;
Eagle
had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the
Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package
(EASEP). The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch.
[
97
]
[
98
]
The CSM was mated on January 29, and moved from the
Operations and Checkout Building
to the
Vehicle Assembly Building
on April 14.
[
6
]
The
S-IVB
third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the
S-II
second stage on February 6,
S-IC
first stage on February 20, and the
Saturn V Instrument Unit
on February 27. At 12:30 on May 20, the 5,443-tonne (5,357-long-ton; 6,000-short-ton) assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the
crawler-transporter
, bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of
Launch Complex 39
, while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon. A countdown test commenced on June 26, and concluded on July 2. The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the
mobile service structure
back to its parking area.
[
6
]
In the early hours of the morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with
liquid hydrogen
.
[
99
]
Fueling was completed by three hours before launch.
[
100
]
Launch operations were partly automated, with 43 programs written in the
ATOLL programming language
.
[
101
]
Slayton roused the crew shortly after 04:00, and they showered, shaved, and had the traditional pre-flight breakfast of steak and eggs with Slayton and the backup crew. They then donned their space suits and began breathing pure oxygen. At 06:30, they headed out to Launch Complex 39.
[
102
]
Haise entered
Columbia
about three hours and ten minutes before launch time. Along with a technician, he helped Armstrong into the left-hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins joined him, taking up his position on the right-hand couch. Finally, Aldrin entered, taking the center couch.
[
100
]
Haise left around two hours and ten minutes before launch.
[
103
]
The closeout crew sealed the hatch, and the cabin was purged and pressurized. The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour before launch time. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before launch time.
[
100
]
Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in the
firing room
.
[
99
]
Mission
Launch and flight to lunar orbit
The Apollo 11 Saturn V space vehicle lifts off with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. at 9:32 am. EDT July 16, 1969, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A.
An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the
Chief of Staff of the United States Army
,
General
William Westmoreland
, four
cabinet members
, 19
state governors
, 40
mayors
, 60 ambassadors and 200
congressmen
. Vice President
Spiro Agnew
viewed the launch with former president
Lyndon B. Johnson
and his wife
Lady Bird Johnson
.
[
99
]
[
104
]
Around 3,500 media representatives were present.
[
105
]
About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts.
[
104
]
[
99
]
President
Richard Nixon
viewed the launch from his office in the
White House
with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut
Frank Borman
.
[
106
]
Lodging near Cape Canaveral was reported as being booked months ahead in advance for the launch by a Florida newspaper.
[
107
]
Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00
UTC
(9:32:00
EDT
).
[
6
]
At 13.2 seconds into the flight, the launch vehicle began to
roll
into its
flight azimuth
of 72.058°. Full shutdown of the first-stage engines occurred about 2 minutes and 42 seconds into the mission, followed by separation of the S-IC and ignition of the S-II engines. The second stage engines then cut off and separated at about 9 minutes and 8 seconds, allowing the first ignition of the S-IVB engine a few seconds later.
[
8
]
Apollo 11 entered a
near-circular Earth orbit
at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes into its flight. After one and a half orbits, a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the
trans-lunar injection
(TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, with Collins in the left seat and at the controls, the
transposition, docking, and extraction
maneuver was performed. This involved separating
Columbia
from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with
Eagle
still attached to the stage. After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon.
[
108
]
[
8
]
This was done to avoid the third stage colliding with the spacecraft, the Earth, or the Moon. A
slingshot effect
from passing around the Moon threw it into an
orbit around the Sun
.
[
109
]
On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter
lunar orbit
.
[
8
]
[
110
]
In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the crater
Sabine D
. The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated
Ranger 8
and
Surveyor 5
landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft, and because it was unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges.
[
111
]
It lay about 25 kilometers (16 mi) southeast of the Surveyor 5 landing site, and 68 kilometers (42 mi) southwest of Ranger 8's crash site.
[
112
]
Lunar descent
Columbia
in lunar orbit, photographed from
Eagle
At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered
Eagle
, and began the final preparations for lunar descent.
[
8
]
At 17:44:00
Eagle
separated from
Columbia
.
[
13
]
Collins, alone aboard
Columbia
, inspected
Eagle
as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed.
[
113
]
[
114
]
Armstrong exclaimed: "The
Eagle
has wings!"
[
114
]
As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point.
Eagle
was traveling too fast. The problem could have been
mascons
—concentrations of high mass in a region or regions of the Moon's crust that contains a
gravitational anomaly
, potentially altering
Eagle
's
trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel, or a result of
Eagle
'
s pirouette maneuver.
[
115
]
[
116
]
Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the
LM guidance computer
(LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer
Jack Garman
told
Guidance Officer
Steve Bales
it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all its tasks in real-time and had to postpone some of them.
[
117
]
[
118
]
Margaret Hamilton
, the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the
MIT
Charles Stark Draper Laboratory
later recalled:
Eagle
in
lunar orbit
photographed from
Columbia
To blame the computer for the Apollo 11 problems is like blaming the person who spots a fire and calls the fire department. Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones. The computer, rather than almost forcing an abort, prevented an abort. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful Moon landing it was.
[
119
]
During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.
[
120
]
[
121
]
Software engineer
Don Eyles
concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first uncrewed LM in
Apollo 5
. Having the rendezvous radar on (so it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious
cycle stealing
, as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.
[
122
]
Landing
Armstrong pilots
Eagle
to its landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing system was targeting a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a 300-foot-diameter (91 m) crater (later determined to be
West crater
), so he took semi-automatic control.
[
123
]
[
124
]
Armstrong considered landing short of the boulder field so they could collect geological samples from it, but could not since their horizontal velocity was too high. Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting
Eagle
. Now 107 feet (33 m) above the surface, Armstrong knew their propellant supply was dwindling and was determined to land at the first possible landing site.
[
125
]
Armstrong found a clear patch of ground and maneuvered the spacecraft towards it. As he got closer, now 250 feet (76 m) above the surface, he discovered his new landing site had a crater in it. He cleared the crater and found another patch of level ground. They were now 100 feet (30 m) from the surface, with only 90 seconds of propellant remaining. Lunar dust kicked up by the LM's engine began to impair his ability to determine the spacecraft's motion. Some large rocks jutted out of the dust cloud, and Armstrong focused on them during his descent so he could determine the spacecraft's speed.
[
126
]
A light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from
Eagle
's
footpads had touched the surface a few moments before the landing and he said: "Contact light!" Armstrong was supposed to immediately shut the engine down, as the engineers suspected the pressure caused by the engine's own exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface could make it explode, but he forgot. Three seconds later,
Eagle
landed and Armstrong shut the engine down.
[
127
]
Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA—out of
detent
." Armstrong acknowledged: "Out of detent. Auto." Aldrin continued: "Mode control—both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm—off. 413 is in."
[
128
]
The landing site relative to
West crater
ACA was the
Attitude Control Assembly
—the LM's control stick. Output went to the LGC to command the
reaction control system
(RCS) jets to fire. "Out of Detent" meant the stick had moved away from its centered position; it was spring-centered like the turn indicator in a car. Address 413 of the
Abort Guidance System
(AGS) contained the variable that indicated the LM had landed.
[
10
]
Eagle
landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with 216 pounds (98 kg) of usable fuel remaining. Information available to the crew and mission controllers during the landing showed the LM had enough fuel for another 25 seconds of powered flight before an abort without touchdown would have become unsafe,
[
10
]
[
129
]
but post-mission analysis showed that the real figure was probably closer to 50 seconds.
[
130
]
Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than most subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of the propellant
sloshing
more than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra
anti-slosh baffles
were added to the tanks to prevent this.
[
10
]
Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post-landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston,
Tranquility Base
here. The
Eagle
has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.
[
131
]
[
better source needed
]
Duke expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan—Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."
[
10
]
[
132
]
A
3-D
view from the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
(LRO) of the Apollo 11 landing site
Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth:
This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.
[
133
]
He then took
communion
privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist
Madalyn Murray O'Hair
(who had objected to the
Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis
) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. For this reason, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the
Webster
Presbyterian Church
, and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, Dean Woodruff. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.
[
134
]
The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep.
[
135
]
Lunar surface operations
Preparations for
Neil Armstrong
and
Buzz Aldrin
to walk on the Moon began at 23:43 UTC.
[
13
]
These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two.
[
136
]
During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools.
[
137
]
Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing, Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, and
Eagle
was depressurized.
[
138
]
Eagle
'
s hatch was opened at 02:39:33.
[
13
]
Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his
portable life support system
(PLSS).
[
136
]
Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.
[
139
]
At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote-control unit on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA) folded against
Eagle
's
side and activate the TV camera.
[
140
]
[
141
]
Apollo 11 used
slow-scan television
(TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor (thus, a broadcast of a broadcast), significantly reducing the quality of the picture.
[
142
]
The signal was received at
Goldstone
in the United States, but with better fidelity by
Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station
near
Canberra
in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive
Parkes radio telescope
in Australia.
[
143
]
Despite some technical and weather difficulties, black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.
[
143
]
Copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, but
recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface
were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.
[
142
]
Video of Neil Armstrong and the first step on the Moon
After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",
[
141
]
at 02:56:15,
[
144
]
six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong stepped off
Eagle
's
landing pad and declared: "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."
[
b
]
[
146
]
[
147
]
Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. A more recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static. Other analysis points to the claims of static and slurring as "face-saving fabrication", and that Armstrong himself later admitted to misspeaking the line.
[
148
]
[
149
]
[
150
]
About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.
[
151
]
Twelve minutes after the sample was collected,
[
146
]
he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.
[
136
]
The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a
Hasselblad
camera that could be operated hand-held or mounted on Armstrong's
Apollo space suit
.
[
152
]
Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."
[
141
]
Armstrong said moving in the
lunar gravity
, one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."
[
141
]
Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into
Eagle
's
shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.
[
141
]
The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust, which soiled the outer part of their suits.
[
152
]
Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag on the
lunar surface
.
The astronauts planted the
Lunar Flag Assembly
containing a
flag of the United States
on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, "Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising."
[
153
]
But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only insert the pole about 2 inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers, but gave "a crisp West Point salute".
[
153
]
Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission, which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."
[
154
]
Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief.
[
155
]
Nixon:
Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made from the White House. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you have done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure that they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth.
Armstrong:
Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and a curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.
Nixon:
Thank you very much, and I look forward, all of us look forward, to seeing you on the Hornet on Thursday.
[
156
]
[
157
]
Aldrin's bootprint, part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar
regolith
They deployed the
EASEP
, which included a
Passive Seismic Experiment Package
used to measure
moonquakes
and a
retroreflector
array used for the
lunar laser ranging experiment
.
[
158
]
Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from the LM to take photographs at the rim of
Little West Crater
while Aldrin collected two
core samples
. He used the
geologist's hammer
to pound in the tubes—the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11—but was unable to penetrate more than 6 inches (15 cm) deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles.
[
159
]
Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shoveled 6 kilograms (13 lb) of soil into the box of rocks to pack them in tightly.
[
159
]
Two types of rocks were found in the geological samples:
basalt
and
breccia
.
[
160
]
Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts:
armalcolite
,
tranquillityite
, and
pyroxferroite
. Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.
[
161
]
The plaque
left on the ladder of
Eagle
While on the surface, Armstrong uncovered a
plaque
mounted on the LM ladder, bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read:
Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A. D. We came in peace for all mankind.
[
141
]
At the behest of the
Nixon administration
to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a reason to include A.D., which stands for
Anno Domini
("in the year of our Lord").
[
162
]
Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. As metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.
[
158
]
In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.
[
163
]
Lunar ascent
Aldrin entered
Eagle
first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.
[
136
]
Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down. Armstrong then jumped onto the ladder's third rung, and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM
life support
, the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment.
[
164
]
[
165
]
The hatch was closed again at 05:11:13. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.
[
166
]
Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with the
Lunar Module
Eagle
in the background
Presidential speech writer
William Safire
had prepared an
In Event of Moon Disaster
announcement for Nixon to read in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.
[
167
]
The remarks were in a memo from Safire to Nixon's
White House Chief of Staff
H. R. Haldeman
, in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.
[
168
]
[
169
]
According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to
burial at sea
. The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to
Rupert Brooke
's World War I poem "
The Soldier
".
[
169
]
The script for the speech does not make reference to Collins; as he remained onboard
Columbia
in orbit around the Moon, it was expected that he would be able to return the module to Earth in the event of a mission failure.
[
170
]
While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the
circuit breaker
that would arm the main engine for liftoff from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. The nonconductive tip of a Duro
felt-tip pen
[
171
]
was sufficient to activate the switch.
[
166
]
After more than
21
+
1
⁄
2
hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an
Apollo 1
mission patch in memory of astronauts
Roger Chaffee
,
Gus Grissom
, and
Edward White
, who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts
Vladimir Komarov
and
Yuri Gagarin
, who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the
goodwill statements
by presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world.
[
172
]
The disk also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and then-current top management.
[
173
]
A map of the
Tranquility Base
landing site and photos taken
After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight.
At that time, unknown to them, some hundred kilometers away from them the Soviet probe
Luna 15
was about to descend and impact. Despite having been known to be orbiting the Moon at the same time, through a ground-breaking precautious goodwill exchange of data, the mission control of Luna 15 unexpectedly hastened its robotic
sample-return mission
, initiating descent, in an attempt to return before Apollo 11.
[
174
]
Just two hours before Apollo 11's launch, Luna 15 crashed at 15:50 UTC, with British astronomers monitoring Luna 15 and recording the situation one commented: "I say, this has really been drama of the highest order",
[
175
]
bringing the
Space Race
to a culmination.
[
176
]
Roughly two hours later, at 17:54:00 UTC, the Apollo 11 crew on the surface safely lifted off in
Eagle
's
ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard
Columbia
in lunar orbit.
[
146
]
Film taken from the LM ascent stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the
attitude indicator
, but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."
[
177
]
Subsequent Apollo missions planted their flags farther from the LM.
[
178
]
Columbia
in lunar orbit
During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since
Adam
has any human known such solitude",
[
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]
Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote: "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two".
[
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]
In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while
Columbia
passed round the far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".
[
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]
One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the Lunar Module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the Lunar Module landed about 4 miles (6.4 km) off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the module. On his first orbits on the back side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the
fuel cells
and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return.
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]
Just before he reached the dark side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of
Columbia
might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature.
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]
When
Columbia
came back around to the near side of the Moon again, Collins was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the back side of the Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for
Eagle
to meet up with
Columbia
, Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly
Columbia
down to meet
Eagle
.
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181
]
Return
Eagle
's
ascent stage approaching
Columbia
Eagle
rendezvoused with
Columbia
at 21:24 UTC on July 21, and the two docked at 21:35.
Eagle
'
s ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 23:41.
[
9
]
Just before the
Apollo 12
flight, it was noted that
Eagle
was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that
Eagle
's
orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.
[
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]
In 2021, however, some calculations show that the lander may still be in orbit.
[
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]
On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented: "All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of people ... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, 'Thank you very much'."
[
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]
Aldrin added: "This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ..."
[
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]
Armstrong concluded:
The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little
EMU
, the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.
[
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]
On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg was later thanked by Armstrong.
[
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]
Splashdown and quarantine
Columbia
floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts.
The
aircraft carrier
USS
Hornet
, under the command of
Captain
Carl J. Seiberlich
,
[
186
]
was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing her sister ship, the
LPH
USS
Princeton
, which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26.
Hornet
was then at her home port of
Long Beach, California
.
[
187
]
On reaching
Pearl Harbor
on July 5,
Hornet
embarked
the
Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King
helicopters of
HS-4
, a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of
UDT
Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of
Hornet
'
s air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a
boilerplate
command module used for training.
[
188
]
On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad,
Hornet
departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific,
[
189
]
in the vicinity of
10°36′N
172°24′E
/
10.600°N 172.400°E
.
[
190
]
A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State
William P. Rogers
and
National Security Advisor
Henry Kissinger
flew to
Johnston Atoll
on
Air Force One
, then to the
command ship
USS
Arlington
in
Marine One
. After a night on board, they would fly to
Hornet
in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival aboard
Hornet
, the party was greeted by the
Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC)
,
Admiral
John S. McCain Jr.
, and
NASA Administrator
Thomas O. Paine
, who flew to
Hornet
from
Pago Pago
in one of
Hornet
'
s
carrier onboard delivery
aircraft.
[
191
]
Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force
Captain
Hank Brandli had access to top-secret
spy satellite
images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule difficult, and strong upper-level winds which "would have ripped their parachutes to shreds" according to Brandli, posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission.
[
192
]
Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the
Fleet Weather Center
at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation,
Rear Admiral
Donald C. Davis
, commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, each man risking his career. A new location was selected 215 nautical miles (398 km) northeast.
[
193
]
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194
]
This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, trajectory event P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead, P65 led directly to P67. The crew were also warned they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when they entered P67.
[
193
]
The first program's acceleration subjected the astronauts to 6.5 standard gravities (64 m/s
2
); the second, to 6.0 standard gravities (59 m/s
2
).
[
195
]
Before dawn on July 24,
Hornet
launched four Sea King helicopters and three
Grumman E-1 Tracers
. Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.
[
196
]
At 16:44 UTC (05:44 local time)
Columbia
'
s
drogue parachutes
were deployed. This was observed by the helicopters. Seven minutes later
Columbia
struck the water forcefully 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of
Wake Island
, 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from
Hornet
,
[
9
]
[
193
]
at
13°19′N
169°9′W
/
13.317°N 169.150°W
.
[
197
]
82 °F (28 °C) with 6 feet (1.8 m) seas and winds at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) from the east were reported under broken clouds at 1,500 feet (460 m) with visibility of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) at the recovery site.
[
198
]
Reconnaissance aircraft flying to the original splashdown location reported the conditions Brandli and Houston had predicted.
[
199
]
During
splashdown
,
Columbia
landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts.
[
200
]
A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a
sea anchor
to prevent it from drifting.
[
201
]
More divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction.
[
202
]
Crew of Apollo 11 in
quarantine
after returning to Earth, visited by Richard Nixon
The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. The possibility of bringing back
pathogens
from the lunar surface was considered remote, but NASA took precautions at the recovery site. The astronauts were rubbed down with a
sodium hypochlorite
solution and
Columbia
wiped with
povidone-iodine
to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board
Hornet
. The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk.
[
200
]
After touchdown on
Hornet
at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the
mobile quarantine facility
(MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.
[
203
]
This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and
Apollo 14
, before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.
[
204
]
[
205
]
Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "[A]s a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."
[
206
]
After Nixon departed,
Hornet
was brought alongside the 5-short-ton (4.5 t)
Columbia
, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a
dolly
and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed.
Hornet
returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter
and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the
Lunar Receiving Laboratory
at 10:00 UTC on July 28.
Columbia
was taken to
Ford Island
for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to
Hickham Air Force Base
, from whence it was flown to Houston in a
Douglas C-133 Cargomaster
, reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.
[
207
]
In accordance with the
Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
, a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol,
[
208
]
the astronauts continued in quarantine. After three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on
Hornet
, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.
[
209
]
On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician
William Carpentier
and MQF project engineer
John Hirasaki
),
[
210
]
and on
Columbia
itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.
[
211
]
August 13, 1969, New York City
Celebrations
Following their return to Earth, the Apollo 11 crew received widespread international acclaim. On August 13, 1969, astronauts
Neil Armstrong
,
Buzz Aldrin
, and
Michael Collins
were honored with ticker-tape parades in
New York City
and
Chicago
, with an estimated six million people lining the streets.
[
212
]
In New York the parade started at
Bowling Green
going down Broadway to
City Hall
where Mayor
John Lindsay
greeted them and ended at the
United Nations headquarters
.
[
213
]
Broadway was even temporarily renamed for that day to "Apollo Way". In Chicago the parade went to
the Loop
[
214
]
and culminated at the
Chicago Civic Center
where the astronauts and local officials spoke to the crowd. That evening, a state dinner was held in
Los Angeles
at the
Century Plaza Hotel
to commemorate the historic achievement. The event was attended by members of
Congress
, 44
state governors
,
Chief Justice of the United States
Warren E. Burger
and his predecessor
Earl Warren
, as well as ambassadors from 83 nations.
President
Richard Nixon
and
Vice President
Spiro Agnew
awarded each astronaut the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
, the highest civilian honor in the United States.
[
215
]
Apollo 11 Astronauts - New York City - August 13, 1969
On September 16, the astronauts addressed a joint session of
Congress
, where they presented two
American flags
—one to the
House of Representatives
and one to the
Senate
—that had traveled to the lunar surface aboard
Eagle
.
[
216
]
One of the mission flags carried aboard the flight—the
Flag of American Samoa
—was later displayed at the
Jean P. Haydon Museum
in
Pago Pago
, the capital of
American Samoa
, recognizing the territory's support role as a recovery staging area.
[
217
]
Terrazzo tribute to Apollo 11 astronauts on the
Hollywood Walk of Fame
The celebrations continued with a 38-day world goodwill tour titled "Giant Leap", which began on September 29 and concluded on November 5, 1969. The astronauts visited 22 countries and met with numerous heads of state, prime ministers, royalty, and civic leaders.
[
218
]
The tour, intended to thank the international community for their support of the space program, began in
Mexico City
and ended in
Tokyo
.
[
219
]
Notable stops included
Bogotá
,
Buenos Aires
,
Rio de Janeiro
,
Madrid
,
Paris
,
Amsterdam
,
Brussels
,
London
,
Rome
,
Belgrade
,
Tehran
,
Mumbai
,
Bangkok
,
Sydney
,
Guam
, and
Honolulu
.
[
220
]
Crowds in the tens or hundreds of thousands gathered to greet the astronauts in each city.
Numerous countries and organizations honored the Moon landing by issuing special commemorative items. These included postage stamps, coins, medals, plaques, and magazine features.
TIME
,
National Geographic
,
LIFE
, and dozens of international publications featured the astronauts on their covers. Many of these commemoratives are now held in public and private collections, and some were placed aboard later Apollo missions in symbolic tribute.
[
221
]
Additionally, the success of Apollo 11 contributed to a brief spike in interest in science and technology education, often referred to as the “Apollo effect,” influencing a generation of engineers and scientists.
[
222
]
Legacy
Cultural significance
A girl holding
The Washington Post
newspaper stating
"
'The Eagle Has Landed' – Two Men Walk on the Moon"
Humans walking on the Moon and returning safely to Earth accomplished Kennedy's goal set eight years earlier. In Mission Control during the Apollo 11 landing, Kennedy's speech flashed on the screen, followed by the words "TASK ACCOMPLISHED, July 1969".
[
223
]
The success of Apollo 11 demonstrated the United States' technological superiority;
[
223
]
and with the success of Apollo 11, America had won the
Space Race
.
[
224
]
[
225
]
New phrases permeated into the English language. "If they can send a man to the Moon, why can't they ...?" became a common saying following Apollo 11.
[
226
]
Armstrong's words on the lunar surface also spun off various parodies.
[
224
]
While most people celebrated the accomplishment, disenfranchised Americans saw it as a symbol of the divide in America, evidenced by protesters led by
Ralph Abernathy
outside of Kennedy Space Center the day before Apollo 11 launched.
[
227
]
NASA Administrator
Thomas Paine
met with Abernathy at the occasion, both hoping that the space program can spur progress also in other regards, such as poverty in the US. Paine was then asked, and agreed, to host protesters as spectators at the launch, and Abernathy, awestruck by the spectacle,
[
105
]
prayed for the astronauts.
[
228
]
[
better source needed
]
Jazz poet
Gil Scott-Heron
wrote a poem called "
Whitey on the Moon
" (1970) expressing his view that the mission was emblematic of
racial inequality in the United States
.
[
224
]
The poem starts with:
A rat done bit my sister Nell.
(with Whitey on the moon)
Her face and arms began to swell.
(and Whitey's on the moon)
I can't pay no doctor bill.
(but Whitey's on the moon)
Ten years from now I'll be paying still.
(while Whitey's on the moon)
[...]
Twenty percent of the world's population watched humans walk on the Moon for the first time.
[
229
]
While Apollo 11 sparked the interest of the world, the follow-on Apollo missions did not hold the interest of the nation.
[
223
]
One possible explanation was the shift in complexity. Landing someone on the Moon was an easy goal to understand; lunar geology was too abstract for the average person. Another is that Kennedy's goal of landing humans on the Moon had already been accomplished.
[
230
]
A well-defined objective helped Project Apollo accomplish its goal, but after it was completed it was hard to justify continuing the lunar missions.
[
231
]
[
232
]
While most Americans were proud of their nation's achievements in space exploration, only once during the late 1960s did the
Gallup Poll
indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. The Space Race had been won, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of
détente
. This was also a time when inflation was rising, which put pressure on the government to reduce spending. The space program was saved due to the perception that it was one of the few government programs that had achieved something great. Drastic cuts, warned
Caspar Weinberger
, the deputy director of the
Office of Management and Budget
, might send a signal that "our best years are behind us".
[
233
]
After the Apollo 11 mission, officials from the Soviet Union said landing humans on the Moon was dangerous and unnecessary. At the time the Soviet Union was attempting to retrieve lunar samples robotically. The Soviets publicly denied there was a race to the Moon, and indicated they were not making an attempt.
[
234
]
Mstislav Keldysh
said in July 1969, "We are concentrating wholly on the creation of large satellite systems." It was revealed in 1989 that the Soviets had tried to send people to the Moon, but were unable due to technological difficulties.
[
235
]
The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.
[
236
]
Spacecraft
Columbia
on display in the Milestones of Flight exhibition hall at the
National Air and Space Museum
The
command module
Columbia
went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state capitals, the
District of Columbia
, and
Anchorage, Alaska
.
[
237
]
In 1971, it was transferred to the
Smithsonian Institution
, and was displayed at the
National Air and Space Museum
(NASM) in Washington, DC.
[
238
]
It was in the central
Milestones of Flight
exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the
Wright Flyer
,
Spirit of St. Louis
,
Bell X-1
,
North American X-15
and
Friendship 7
.
[
239
]
Columbia
was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled
Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission
. This included
Space Center Houston
from October 14, 2017, to March 18, 2018, the
Saint Louis Science Center
from April 14 to September 3, 2018, the Senator John
Heinz History Center
in
Pittsburgh
from September 29, 2018, to February 18, 2019, and its last location at
Museum of Flight
in
Seattle
from March 16 to September 2, 2019.
[
238
]
[
240
]
Continued renovations at the Smithsonian allowed time for an additional stop for the capsule, and it was moved to the
Cincinnati Museum Center
. The ribbon cutting ceremony was on September 29, 2019.
[
241
]
For 40 years Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits were displayed in the museum's
Apollo to the Moon
exhibit,
[
242
]
until it permanently closed on December 3, 2018, to be replaced by a new gallery which was scheduled to open in 2022. A special display of Armstrong's suit was unveiled for the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 in July 2019.
[
243
]
[
244
]
The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the flotation bags are in the Smithsonian's
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
annex near
Washington Dulles International Airport
in Chantilly, Virginia, where they are on display along with a test lunar module.
[
245
]
[
246
]
[
247
]
Armstrong's space suit on display at the
National Air and Space Museum
in its new exhibit
The descent stage of the LM
Eagle
remains on the Moon. In 2009, the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
(LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.
[
248
]
The remains of the ascent stage are assumed to lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface. The ascent stage,
Eagle
, was not tracked after it was jettisoned. The lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make low Moon orbits unstable after a short time, leading the orbiting object to impact the surface.
[
249
]
However, using a program developed by NASA, and high-resolution lunar gravity data, a paper was published, in 2021, indicating that
Eagle
might still be in orbit as late as 2020. Using the orbital elements published by NASA, a
Monte Carlo method
was used to generate parameter sets that bracket the uncertainties in these elements. All simulations, of the orbit, predicted that
Eagle
would never impact the lunar surface.
[
250
]
In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by
Amazon
founder
Jeff Bezos
located the
F-1 engines
from the S-IC stage that launched Apollo 11 into space. They were found on the Atlantic seabed using advanced sonar scanning.
[
251
]
His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11.
[
252
]
[
253
]
The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection remains in a solar orbit near to that of Earth.
[
254
]
Pieces of fabric and wood from the first airplane, the 1903
Wright Flyer
, traveled to the Moon in Apollo 11's
Lunar Module
Eagle
and are displayed at the
Wright Brothers National Memorial
.
Moon rocks
The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the
Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility
at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in
Houston
, Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at
White Sands Test Facility
near
Las Cruces, New Mexico
. Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories worldwide conduct studies of the samples; approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.
[
255
]
[
256
]
In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation
Apollo 11 lunar sample displays
for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations. Each display included Moon dust from Apollo 11 and flags, including one of the Soviet Union, taken along by Apollo 11. The rice-sized particles were four small pieces of Moon soil weighing about 50 mg and were enveloped in a clear acrylic button about as big as a
United States half-dollar coin
. This acrylic button magnified the grains of lunar dust. Nixon gave the Apollo 11 lunar sample displays as goodwill gifts in 1970.
[
257
]
[
258
]
Experiment results
The Passive Seismic Experiment ran until the command uplink failed on August 25, 1969. The downlink failed on December 14, 1969.
[
259
]
As of 2018
, the
Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
remains operational.
[
260
]
Moonwalk camera
The Hasselblad camera used during the moonwalk was thought to be lost or left on the Moon's surface.
[
261
]
Lunar Module
Eagle
memorabilia
In 2015, after Armstrong died in 2012, his widow contacted the
National Air and Space Museum
to inform them she had found a white cloth bag in one of Armstrong's closets. The bag contained various items, which should have been left behind in the
Lunar Module
Eagle
, including the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera that had been used to capture images of the first Moon landing.
[
262
]
[
263
]
The camera is currently on display at the National Air and Space Museum.
[
264
]
Anniversary events
40th anniversary
Columbia
at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar
On July 15, 2009,
Life.com
released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by
Life
photographer
Ralph Morse
prior to the Apollo 11 launch.
[
265
]
From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.
[
266
]
It is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.
[
267
]
In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.
[
268
]
The
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
set up an
Adobe Flash
website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.
[
269
]
On July 20, 2009, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with President
Barack Obama
at the White House.
[
270
]
"We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey."
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271
]
On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a
Congressional Gold Medal
, the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator
Bill Nelson
and Florida Representative
Alan Grayson
.
[
272
]
[
273
]
A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:
It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close [to] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts—Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.
[
274
]
50th anniversary
In June 2015, Congressman
Bill Posey
introduced resolution H.R. 2726 to the 114th session of the
United States House of Representatives
directing the
United States Mint
to design and sell commemorative coins in gold, silver and clad for the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. On January 24, 2019, the Mint released the
Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins
to the public on its website.
[
275
]
[
276
]
A documentary film,
Apollo 11
, with restored footage of the 1969 event, premiered in
IMAX
on March 1, 2019, and broadly in theaters on March 8.
[
277
]
[
278
]
The Smithsonian Institute's
National Air and Space Museum
and
NASA
sponsored the "Apollo 50 Festival" on the
National Mall
in Washington DC. The three-day (July 18 to 20, 2019) outdoor festival featured hands-on exhibits and activities, live performances, and speakers such as
Adam Savage
and NASA scientists.
[
279
]
A Saturn V rocket projected onto the
Washington Monument
during the Apollo 11 50th anniversary show
As part of the festival, a projection of the 363-foot (111 m) tall
Saturn V
rocket was displayed on the east face of the 555-foot (169 m) tall
Washington Monument
from July 16 to the 20th from 9:30 pm until 11:30 pm (EDT). The program included a 17-minute show that combined full-motion video projected on the Washington Monument to recreate the assembly and launch of the
Saturn V
rocket.
[
280
]
The projection was joined by a 40-foot (12 m) wide recreation of the
Kennedy Space Center
countdown clock and two large video screens showing archival footage to recreate the time leading up to the moon landing. There were three shows per night on July 19–20, with the last show on Saturday, delayed slightly so the portion where Armstrong first set foot on the Moon would happen exactly 50 years to the second after the actual event.
[
281
]
On July 19, 2019, the
Google Doodle
paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut
Michael Collins
.
[
282
]
[
283
]
Aldrin, Collins, and Armstrong's sons were hosted by President
Donald Trump
in the Oval Office.
[
284
]
[
285
]
Films and documentaries
Footprints on the Moon
, a 1969 documentary film by Bill Gibson and Barry Coe
[
286
]
Moonwalk One
, a 1971 documentary film by
Theo Kamecke
[
287
]
Apollo 11: As It Happened
, a 1994 six-hour documentary on ABC News' coverage of the event
[
288
]
Apollo
11
, 1996.
First Man
, 2018 film by
Damien Chazelle
based on the 2005
James R. Hansen
book
First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong
.
Apollo 11
, a 2019 documentary film by Todd Douglas Miller with restored footage of the 1969 event
[
289
]
[
290
]
Chasing the Moon
, a July 2019
PBS
three-night six-hour documentary, directed by
Robert Stone
, examined the events leading up to the mission. An accompanying book of the same name was also released.
[
291
]
8 Days: To the Moon and Back
, a PBS and
BBC Studios
2019 documentary film by Anthony Philipson re-enacting major portions of the mission using mission audio recordings, new studio footage, NASA and news archives, and computer-generated imagery.
[
292
]
See also
Apollo in Real Time
– Interactive website of Apollo 11, 13, and 17
Exploration of the Moon
– Missions to the Moon
List of missions to the Moon
List of species that have landed on the Moon
List of photographs considered the most important
References
Notes
^
The role of the backup crew was to train and be prepared to fly in the event something happened to the prime crew.
[
57
]
Backup crews, according to the rotation, were assigned as the prime crew three missions after their assignment of backups.
^
Eric Jones of the
Apollo Lunar Surface Journal
explains that the indefinite article "a" was intended, whether or not it was said; the intention was to contrast
a man
(an individual's action) and
mankind
(as a species).
[
145
]
Citations
In some of the following sources, times are shown in the format
hours:minutes:seconds
(e.g. 109:24:15), referring to the mission's Ground Elapsed Time (GET),
[
293
]
based on the official launch time of July 16, 1969, 13:32:00
UTC
(000:00:00 GET).
[
103
]
[
6
]
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Biomedical Results of Apollo
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. New York: Doubleday.
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. SP-4201.
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.
External links
English
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
This audio file
was created from a revision of this article dated 13 July 2020
, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
"Apollo 11 transcripts"
at
Spacelog
Apollo 11 in real time
Apollo 11 Press Conference filmed by KPRC-TV
at Texas Archive of the Moving Image
Apollo 11 and 13 Checklists
Archived
October 8, 2024, at the
Wayback Machine
at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections.
Apollo 11, 12, and 14 Traverses
, at the Lunar and Planetary Institute
Multimedia
Garner, Robert (ed.).
"Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos (Downloads)"
. NASA
. Retrieved
June 13,
2013
.
Remastered videos of the original landing.
Dynamic timeline of lunar excursion
. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
The short film
Moonwalk One
is available for free viewing and download at the
Internet Archive
.
The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11
(1969)
(
transcript
) from
US National Archives
(via YouTube)
Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1
(1
hour of restored footage)
Apollo 11: As They Photographed It (Augmented Reality)
—
The New York Times
, Interactive, July 18, 2019
"Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11"
as aired on CBS Radio and WCCO Radio (Minneapolis/St. Paul) for RadioTapes.com. Radio station recordings (airchecks) covering the flight of Apollo 11. |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11)
- [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Background)
- [2 Personnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Personnel)
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- [2\.1 Prime crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Prime_crew)
- [2\.2 Backup crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Backup_crew)
- [2\.3 Support crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Support_crew)
- [2\.4 Capsule communicators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Capsule_communicators)
- [2\.5 Flight directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Flight_directors)
- [2\.6 Other key personnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Other_key_personnel)
- [3 Preparations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Preparations)
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- [3\.1 Insignia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Insignia)
- [3\.2 Call signs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Call_signs)
- [3\.3 Mementos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Mementos)
- [3\.4 Site selection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Site_selection)
- [3\.5 First-step decision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#First-step_decision)
- [3\.6 Pre-launch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Pre-launch)
- [4 Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Mission)
Toggle Mission subsection
- [4\.1 Launch and flight to lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Launch_and_flight_to_lunar_orbit)
- [4\.2 Lunar descent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Lunar_descent)
- [4\.3 Landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Landing)
- [4\.4 Lunar surface operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Lunar_surface_operations)
- [4\.5 Lunar ascent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Lunar_ascent)
- [4\.6 *Columbia* in lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Columbia_in_lunar_orbit)
- [4\.7 Return](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Return)
- [4\.8 Splashdown and quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Splashdown_and_quarantine)
- [5 Celebrations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Celebrations)
- [6 Legacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Legacy)
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- [6\.1 Cultural significance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Cultural_significance)
- [6\.2 Spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Spacecraft)
- [6\.3 Moon rocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Moon_rocks)
- [6\.4 Experiment results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Experiment_results)
- [6\.5 Moonwalk camera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Moonwalk_camera)
- [6\.6 Lunar Module *Eagle* memorabilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Lunar_Module_Eagle_memorabilia)
- [6\.7 Anniversary events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Anniversary_events)
- [6\.7.1 40th anniversary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#40th_anniversary)
- [6\.7.2 50th anniversary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#50th_anniversary)
- [7 Films and documentaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Films_and_documentaries)
- [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#See_also)
- [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#References)
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- [9\.1 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Notes)
- [9\.2 Citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Citations)
- [9\.3 Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Sources)
- [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#External_links)
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- [10\.1 Multimedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#Multimedia)
Toggle the table of contents
# Apollo 11
104 languages
- [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Afrikaans")
- [አማርኛ](https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8E_%E1%8D%B2%E1%8D%A9 "አፖሎ ፲፩ – Amharic")
- [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Aragonese")
- [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_11 "أبولو 11 – Arabic")
- [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AA%27%E0%A6%B2%27_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7 "এপ'ল' ১১ – Assamese")
- [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Asturian")
- [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_11 "Apollon 11 – Azerbaijani")
- [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_11 "آپولو 11 – South Azerbaijani")
- [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Balinese")
- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD-11 "Апалён-11 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)")
- [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-11 "Апалон-11 – Belarusian")
- [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_11 "Аполо 11 – Bulgarian")
- [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7 "অ্যাপোলো ১১ – Bangla")
- [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Breton")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Bosnian")
- [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Catalan")
- [Cebuano](https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_XI "Apollo XI – Cebuano")
- [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86_%D9%A1%D9%A1 "ئەپۆلۆ ١١ – Central Kurdish")
- [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Czech")
- [Чӑвашла](https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-11 "Аполлон-11 – Chuvash")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – German")
- [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD_11 "Απόλλων 11 – Greek")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Esperanto")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_11 "Apolo 11 – Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Basque")
- [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B1 "آپولو ۱۱ – Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – French")
- [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Western Frisian")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Irish")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Galician")
- [ગુજરાતી](https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%A7 "એપોલો ૧૧ – Gujarati")
- [Gaelg](https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Manx")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Hausa")
- [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_11 "אפולו 11 – Hebrew")
- [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 "अपोलो ११ – Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%9311 "Apollo–11 – Hungarian")
- [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6_11 "Ապոլոն 11 – Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Indonesian")
- [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Ido")
- [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungllendingin_\(1969\) "Tungllendingin (1969) – Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Italian")
- [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD11%E5%8F%B7 "アポロ11号 – Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Javanese")
- [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_11 "აპოლო 11 – Georgian")
- [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_11 "Аполлон 11 – Kazakh")
- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A_%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%A7 "ಅಪೋಲೊ ೧೧ – Kannada")
- [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C_11%ED%98%B8 "아폴로 11호 – Korean")
- [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B1 "اپولو ۱۱ – Kashmiri")
- [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Kurdish")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Latin")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_XI "Apollo XI – Lombard")
- [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Lithuanian")
- [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Latvian")
- [Malagasy](https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Malagasy")
- [Minangkabau](https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Minangkabau")
- [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_11 "Аполо 11 – Macedonian")
- [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_11 "അപ്പോളോ 11 – Malayalam")
- [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7 "अपोलो ११ – Marathi")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Malay")
- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%81%81%E1%81%81 "အပိုလို ၁၁ – Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Dutch")
- [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Norwegian Nynorsk")
- [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Norwegian Bokmål")
- [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Occitan")
- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%A7 "ଆପୋଲୋ ୧୧ – Odia")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Polish")
- [Piemontèis](https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Piedmontese")
- [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_11 "اپولو 11 – Western Punjabi")
- [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B1 "اپولو ۱۱ – Pashto")
- [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "Apollo 11 – Portuguese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
First crewed Moon landing (1969)
"First Moon landing" and "The Moon landing" redirect here. For earlier uncrewed Moon landings, see [Moon landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing "Moon landing").
This article is about the 1969 crewed lunar mission. For other uses, see [Apollo 11 (disambiguation)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_\(disambiguation\) "Apollo 11 (disambiguation)").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Man_on_the_Moon,_AS11-40-5903_\(cropped\).jpg)[Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") on the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon") in a photograph taken by [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth, the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle"), and the [U.S. flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States "Flag of the United States")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Byrne._2019-1) | |
| Mission type | Crewed lunar landing ([G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types "List of Apollo missions")) |
| Operator | [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") |
| [COSPAR ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Designator "International Designator") | CSM: [1969-059A](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A) LM: [1969-059C](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C) |
| [SATCAT no.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number "Satellite Catalog Number") | CSM: 4039[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-2) LM: 4041[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-3) |
| Mission duration | 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | [Apollo CSM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module")\-107 [Apollo LM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module")\-5 |
| Manufacturer | CSM: [North American Rockwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Rockwell "North American Rockwell")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-mfr-4) LM: [Grumman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman "Grumman")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-mfr-4) |
| Launch mass | 109,646 lb (49,735 kg)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-5) |
| Landing mass | 10,873 lb (4,932 kg) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 3 |
| Members | [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong") [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") |
| Callsign | CSM: *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia")* LM: *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")* On surface: *[Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base")* |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 (1969-07-16UTC13:32Z) [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") (9:32 am [EDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time "Eastern Daylight Time"))[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) |
| Rocket | [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") SA-506 |
| Launch site | [Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center"), [LC‑39A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A") |
| End of mission | |
| Recovered by | [USS *Hornet*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_\(CV-12\) "USS Hornet (CV-12)") |
| Landing date | July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 (1969-07-24UTC16:50:36Z) UTC |
| Landing site | North Pacific Ocean ([13°19′N 169°9′W / 13\.317°N 169.150°W / 13\.317; -169.150 (Apollo 11 splashdown)](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=13_19_N_169_9_W_type:event&title=Apollo+11+splashdown)) |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | [Selenocentric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit") |
| [Periselene altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") | 100\.9 km (54.5 [nmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile "Nautical mile"); 62.7 mi)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Aposelene altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") | 122\.4 km (66.1 nmi; 76.1 mi)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Inclination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination "Orbital inclination") | 1\.25°[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period "Orbital period") | 2 hours[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Epoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_\(astronomy\) "Epoch (astronomy)") | July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Lunar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon") orbiter | |
| Spacecraft component | [Apollo command and service module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module") |
| Orbital insertion | July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) |
| Orbital departure | July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) |
| Orbits | 30 |
| Lunar lander | |
| Spacecraft component | [Apollo Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") |
| Landing date | July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10) |
| Return launch | July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200097-11) |
| Landing site | [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base"), [Mare Tranquillitatis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis") ( [0°40′27″N 23°28′23″E / 0\.67416°N 23.47314°E / 0\.67416; 23.47314](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=0.67416_N_23.47314_E_globe:moon) )[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-12) |
| Sample mass | 47\.51 lb (21.55 kg) |
| Surface EVAs | 1 |
| EVA duration | 2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds |
| Docking with Lunar module | |
| Docking date | July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) |
| Undocking date | July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) |
| Time docked | 96 hours, 47 minutes, 57 seconds |
| Docking with Lunar module ascent stage | |
| Docking date | July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) |
| Undocking date | July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) |
| Time docked | 2 hours, 6 minutes, 31 seconds |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png) Mission insignia [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Crew.jpg) Left to right: [Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), [Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), and [Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin")[Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program")← [Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10") [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") → | |
**Apollo 11** (July 16–24, 1969) was the American [spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight "Spaceflight") that first landed [humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human "Human") on the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon"), and the fifth crewed mission of [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s [Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program"). The mission was crewed by Commander [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), Command Module Pilot [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), and Lunar Module Pilot [Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin"), all of whom were on their second and final spaceflight.
Launched atop a [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket from [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") on July 16 at 13:32 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time"), the Apollo spacecraft consisted of three parts: the [command module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module") (CM), which housed the three astronauts and was the only part to return to Earth; the [service module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_module "Service module") (SM), which provided propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water to the command module; and the [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module "Lunar Module") (LM), which had two stages—a descent stage with a large engine and fuel tanks for landing on the Moon, and a lighter ascent stage containing a cabin for two astronauts and a small engine to return them to [lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit"). After a three-day transit, Armstrong and Aldrin descended to the surface aboard the LM *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module_Eagle "Apollo Lunar Module Eagle")*, landing in the [Sea of Tranquility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Tranquility "Sea of Tranquility") on July 20 at 20:17 UTC while Collins remained in lunar orbit aboard the CM *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")*. Armstrong became the first human to walk on the Moon approximately six hours after landing, followed by Aldrin nineteen minutes later. Together they spent around two and a half hours walking on the surface, planting an [American flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly "Lunar Flag Assembly"), speaking by telephone with President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon"), deploying scientific instruments, and collecting 21.5 kg (47.5 lb) of lunar material. After more than 21 hours on the surface, they rejoined Collins in lunar orbit, and the crew returned safely to [Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth "Earth") on July 24, splashing down in the [Pacific Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean").
Apollo 11 was the culmination of the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race"), a geopolitical competition between the United States and the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") rooted in [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") rivalry. It fulfilled a national goal set by President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") in May 1961, who had [challenged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon") the United States to land a man on the Moon and return him safely before the end of the decade. The programme overcame a severe setback with the fatal [Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") launchpad fire in January 1967 and drew on technologies developed through the preceding [Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury") and [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") programmes. The Soviet Union, despite early leads in spaceflight, was unable to match the Saturn V rocket, and its uncrewed lunar probe [Luna 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15") crashed on the Moon on July 21, while Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were still on the lunar surface.
Armstrong's moonwalk was broadcast live to an estimated 600 million viewers, roughly one-fifth of the world's population, making it among the most-watched [television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television "Television") events in history. Stepping onto the lunar surface, Armstrong declared: "[That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_small_step "One small step")." [Lunar samples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_sample "Lunar sample") returned by the mission led to the identification of three previously unrecognized minerals, and scientific instruments deployed on the surface continued returning data for years afterwards. The crew were honoured with [ticker-tape parades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade "Ticker-tape parade"), a world goodwill tour, and the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom"). The command module *Columbia* is preserved at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), while the descent stage of *Eagle* remains on the lunar surface.
## Background
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), a geopolitical rivalry with the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134-14) On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched *[Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1")*, the first [artificial satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite "Satellite"), surprising the world and fueling fears about Soviet technological and military capabilities. Its success demonstrated that the USSR could potentially deliver [nuclear weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon") over [intercontinental distances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile"), challenging American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon197613%E2%80%9315-15)
This incident sparked the [Sputnik crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_crisis "Sputnik crisis") and ignited the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race"), as both superpowers sought to demonstrate superiority in spaceflight.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson19791-16) President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") responded to the challenge posed by Sputnik by creating the [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") (NASA), and initiating [Project Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury"),[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966101%E2%80%93106-17) which aimed to place a man into [Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_orbit "Geocentric orbit").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966134-18) The Soviets took the lead on April 12, 1961, when [cosmonaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonaut "Cosmonaut") [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin") became the first person in space and the first to orbit the Earth.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966332%E2%80%93333-19) Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space; his 15-minute flight was suborbital, not a full orbit.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976121-20)
Because the Soviet Union had [launch vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle "Launch vehicle") with higher lift capacity, President John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower's successor, chose a challenge that exceeded the capabilities of the existing generation of rockets, so that both countries would be starting from an equal position. A crewed mission to the Moon would serve this purpose.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976112%E2%80%93117-21)
On May 25, 1961, Kennedy addressed the [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") on "Urgent National Needs" and declared:
> I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade \[1960s\] is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations—explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the Moon—if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.
— Kennedy's speech to Congress[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-22)
On September 12, 1962, Kennedy [delivered another speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon") before a crowd of about 40,000 people in the [Rice University football stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Stadium_\(Rice_University\) "Rice Stadium (Rice University)") in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-24) A widely quoted refrain from the middle portion of the speech reads as follows:
> There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, [fly the Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis "Spirit of St. Louis")? Why does [Rice play Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Texas_football_rivalry "Rice–Texas football rivalry")? We choose to go to the Moon! We choose to go to the Moon ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-25)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg)
President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") [speaking at Rice University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon") on September 12, 1962
In spite of that, the proposed program faced widespread opposition and was dubbed a "[moondoggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boondoggle "Boondoggle")" by [Norbert Wiener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener "Norbert Wiener"), a mathematician at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology").[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-27) The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name: [Project Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollo "Project Apollo").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197915-28) When Kennedy met with [Nikita Khrushchev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev"), the [Premier of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union "Premier of the Soviet Union") in June 1961, he proposed making the Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev declined the offer.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon201132-29) Kennedy again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon in a speech to the [United Nations General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly") on September 20, 1963.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-30) The idea of a joint Moon mission was ultimately abandoned after Kennedy's death.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-31)
An early and crucial decision was choosing [lunar orbit rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous "Lunar orbit rendezvous") over both [direct ascent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_ascent "Direct ascent") and [Earth orbit rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous "Earth orbit rendezvous"). A [space rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_rendezvous "Space rendezvous") is an [orbital maneuver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_maneuver "Orbital maneuver") in which two spacecraft navigate through space and meet up. In July 1962, NASA head [James Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Webb "James E. Webb") announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-32)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196685%E2%80%9386-33) and that the [Apollo spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_\(spacecraft\) "Apollo (spacecraft)") would have three major parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197972%E2%80%9377-34) This design meant the spacecraft could be launched by a single [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket that was then under development.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197948%E2%80%9349-35)
Technologies and techniques required for Apollo were developed by [Project Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979181%E2%80%93182,_205%E2%80%93208-36) The Apollo project was enabled by NASA's adoption of new advances in [semiconductor device](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device "Semiconductor device"), including [metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor "Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor") (MOSFETs) in the [Interplanetary Monitoring Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary_Monitoring_Platform "Interplanetary Monitoring Platform") (IMP)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-38) and [silicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon "Silicon") [integrated circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit") (IC) chips in the [Apollo Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") (AGC).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-39)
Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the [Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") fire on January 27, 1967, in which astronauts [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom"), [Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)"), and [Roger B. Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee") died, and the subsequent investigation.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979214%E2%80%93218-40) In October 1968, [Apollo 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7 "Apollo 7") evaluated the command module in Earth orbit,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979265%E2%80%93272-41) and in December [Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8") tested it in lunar orbit.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979274%E2%80%93284-42) In March 1969, [Apollo 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_9 "Apollo 9") put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979292%E2%80%93300-43) and in May [Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10") conducted a "dress rehearsal" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979303%E2%80%93312-44)
The Soviet Union appeared to be winning the Space Race, but its early lead was overtaken by the US [Gemini program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") and Soviet failure to develop the [N1 launcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_\(rocket\) "N1 (rocket)"), which would have been comparable to the Saturn V.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-45) Seeing these failures, the Soviets then attempted to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of [uncrewed probes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft "Uncrewed spacecraft"). On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, the Soviet Union launched [Luna 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15"), which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in [Mare Crisium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Crisium "Mare Crisium") about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to return to earth. The [Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Radio_Astronomy_Laboratories "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories") radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-46)
## Personnel
| |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png) |
| Part of a series on |
| [Apollo 11]() |
| **Crew** [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong") · [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") · [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") **Spacecraft** [CM-107 *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia") · [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") **Landing site** [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") **Recovery vessels** [Helicopter 66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter_66 "Helicopter 66") · [USS *Hornet*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_\(CV-12\) "USS Hornet (CV-12)") **Commemoration** [Anniversaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries "Apollo 11 anniversaries") · [50th Anniversary commemorative coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins "Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins") · [Eisenhower dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar "Eisenhower dollar") · [Anthony dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar "Susan B. Anthony dollar") **Related** [British TV coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_television_Apollo_11_coverage "British television Apollo 11 coverage") · [Goodwill messages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages "Apollo 11 goodwill messages") · [In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture "Apollo 11 in popular culture") · [Lunar sample display](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display "Apollo 11 lunar sample display") · [Missing tapes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes "Apollo 11 missing tapes") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Apollo11series "Template:Apollo11series") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Apollo11series&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:Apollo11series (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo11series "Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo11series") |
### Prime crew
| [Position](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions "Astronaut ranks and positions") | Astronaut |
|---|---|
| Commander | [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong") Second and last spaceflight |
| Command Module Pilot | [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") Second and last spaceflight |
| Lunar Module Pilot | [Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") Second and last spaceflight |
The initial crew assignment of Commander [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), Command Module Pilot (CMP) [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell"), and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979374-47) Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of [Gemini 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_12 "Gemini 12"). Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005312%E2%80%93313-48)
There would be one change. [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), the CMP on the Apollo 8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001288%E2%80%93289-49) Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and when Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime, [Fred Haise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise "Fred Haise") filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010109-50) Apollo 11 was the second American mission where all the crew members had prior spaceflight experience,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-51) the first being Apollo 10.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200072-52) The next was [STS-26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-26 "STS-26") in 1988.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-51)
[Deke Slayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton "Deke Slayton") gave Armstrong the option to replace Aldrin with Lovell, since some thought Aldrin was difficult to work with. Armstrong had no issues working with Aldrin but thought it over for a day before declining. He thought Lovell deserved to command his own mission (eventually [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13")).[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005338%E2%80%93339-53)
The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie characterized by that of [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12"). Instead, they forged an amiable working relationship. Armstrong in particular was notoriously aloof, but Collins, who considered himself a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create a more personal relationship.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001434%E2%80%93435-54) Aldrin and Collins described the crew as "amiable strangers".[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005359-55) Armstrong did not agree with the assessment, and said "all the crews I was on worked very well together."[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005359-55)
### Backup crew
| [Position](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions "Astronaut ranks and positions") | Astronaut |
|---|---|
| Commander | [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell") |
| Command Module Pilot | [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders") |
| Lunar Module Pilot | [Fred Haise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise "Fred Haise") |
The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders") as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-51) In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the [National Aeronautics and Space Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Council "National Space Council") effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time. [Ken Mattingly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mattingly "Ken Mattingly") was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994237-56)
Under the normal Apollo crew rotation, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise would have been assigned to [Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14"). However, because [Alan Shepard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard "Alan Shepard") had only recently returned to flight status and needed additional training, NASA reassigned his crew to Apollo 14 and moved Lovell's crew up to fly [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13") instead.[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-58) Shortly before launch, Mattingly was replaced by [Jack Swigert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert "Jack Swigert") due to concerns over possible measles exposure.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994237-56)
### Support crew
During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, NASA added a third group, the support crew. Their job was to maintain the flight plan, checklists, and mission rules, and to keep the prime and backup crews updated on any changes. They also developed procedures—especially for emergencies, so that by the time the prime and backup crews entered the simulators, they could focus on practicing and mastering them.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979261-59) The support crew for Apollo 11 was Mattingly, [Ronald Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Evans_\(astronaut\) "Ronald Evans (astronaut)"), and [Bill Pogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Pogue "William R. Pogue").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-60)
### Capsule communicators
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke,_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom,_Johnson_Space_Center,_Houston,_Texas_-_19690720.jpg)
CAPCOM [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") (left), with backup crewmembers Lovell and Haise listening in during Apollo 11's descent
The [capsule communicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_communicator "Capsule communicator") (CAPCOM) was an astronaut stationed at the [Mission Control Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center "Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center") in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas, and was typically the only person permitted to communicate directly with the flight crew.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz200027-61) This practice ensured that messages came from someone best able to understand the situation in the spacecraft and to relay guidance from [flight controllers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller "Flight controller") as clearly as possible. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were backup and support crew members Anders, Evans, Haise, Lovell, and Mattingly, along with [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke"), [Owen Garriott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Garriott "Owen Garriott"), [Don L. Lind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_L._Lind "Don L. Lind"), [Bruce McCandless II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II "Bruce McCandless II"), and [Harrison Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt "Harrison Schmitt").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-60)
### Flight directors
The [flight directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller#FLIGHT "Flight controller") for this mission were:[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000272-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz2000230,_236,_273,_320-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-NASA-SP4223-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Murray-Cox-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-A11FJ-4-4-66)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-A11FJ-3-1-67)
| Name | Shift | Team | Activities |
|---|---|---|---|
| [Clifford E. Charlesworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_E._Charlesworth "Clifford E. Charlesworth") | 1 | Green | Launch and extravehicular activity (EVA) |
| [Gerald D. Griffin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_D._Griffin "Gerald D. Griffin") | 1 | Gold | Backup for shift 1 |
| [Gene Kranz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz "Gene Kranz") | 2 | White | Lunar landing |
| [Glynn Lunney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynn_Lunney "Glynn Lunney") | 3 | Black | Lunar ascent |
| [Milton Windler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Windler "Milton Windler") | 4 | Maroon | Planning |
### Other key personnel
Other key personnel who played important roles in the Apollo 11 mission include the following.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-68)
| Name | Activities |
|---|---|
| [Farouk El-Baz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farouk_El-Baz "Farouk El-Baz") | Geologist, studied [geology of the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon "Geology of the Moon"), identified landing locations, trained pilots |
| [Kurt Debus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Debus "Kurt Debus") | [Rocket scientist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_scientist "Rocket scientist"), supervised construction of launch pads and infrastructure |
| Jamye Flowers | Secretary for astronauts |
| [Eleanor Foraker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Foraker "Eleanor Foraker") | Tailor who designed [space suits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_suit "Space suit") |
| [Jack Garman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Garman "Jack Garman") | Computer engineer and technician |
| [Millicent Goldschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Goldschmidt "Millicent Goldschmidt") | Microbiologist who designed aseptic lunar material collection techniques and trained astronauts |
| [Eldon C. Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon_C._Hall "Eldon C. Hall") | [Apollo Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") hardware designer |
| [Margaret Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_\(software_engineer\) "Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)") | Onboard flight computer software engineer |
| [Milton E. Harr](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milton_E._Harr&action=edit&redlink=1 "Milton E. Harr (page does not exist)") | [Geotechnical engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineer "Geotechnical engineer") who designed the foot pads for the [Apollo Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") |
| [John Houbolt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Houbolt "John Houbolt") | Route planner |
| [Gene Shoemaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Shoemaker "Gene Shoemaker") | Geologist who trained astronauts in field geology |
| [Bill Tindall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Tindall "Bill Tindall") | Coordinated mission techniques |
## Preparations
### Insignia
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png)
The Apollo 11 insignia. The eagle is carrying an olive branch to represent a peaceful mission
The Apollo 11 [mission emblem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_patch "Mission patch") was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the [bald eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle "Bald eagle"), the [national bird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_bird "National bird") of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson, a simulator instructor, suggested an [olive branch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_branch "Olive branch") in its beak to represent their peaceful mission. Collins added a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332%E2%80%93334-69)
Aldrin, Armstrong and Collins decided the Eagle and the Moon would be in their natural colors, and decided on a blue and gold border. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11",[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332%E2%80%93334-69) and they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of *everyone* who had worked toward a lunar landing".[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332-70)
An illustrator at the [Manned Spacecraft Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center "Manned Spacecraft Center") (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332%E2%80%93334-69) The design was rejected. [Bob Gilruth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gilruth "Bob Gilruth"), the director of the MSC felt the talons of the eagle looked "too warlike".[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001333-71) After some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the talons.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001333-71) When the [Eisenhower dollar coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar "Eisenhower dollar") was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-72) The design was also used for the smaller [Susan B. Anthony dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar "Susan B. Anthony dollar") unveiled in 1979.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-73)
### Call signs
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg)
The original cockpit of the command module (CM) with three seats, photographed from above. It is located in the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum"). The very high resolution image was produced in 2007 by the [Smithsonian Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution").
After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft *Charlie Brown* and *Snoopy*, assistant manager for public affairs [Julian Scheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Scheer "Julian Scheer") wrote to [George Low](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Low "George Low"), the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the MSC, to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. The name *Snowcone* was used for the CM and *Haystack* was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Space_Flight_Center19698-74)
The LM was named *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")* after the motif which was featured prominently on the mission insignia. At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")* after *[Columbiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiad#In_fiction "Columbiad")*, the giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in [Jules Verne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne "Jules Verne")'s 1865 novel *[From the Earth to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon "From the Earth to the Moon")*. It also referred to [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_\(name\) "Columbia (name)"), a historical name of the United States.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001334%E2%80%93335-75)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979331-76) In Collins' 1976 book, he said *Columbia* was in reference to [Christopher Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus "Christopher Columbus").[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994116-77)
### Mementos
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_\(SN-416\).jpg)
Apollo 11 space-flown silver [Robbins medallion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions "NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions")
The astronauts had [personal preference kits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_preference_kit "Personal preference kit") (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-78) Five 0.5-pound (0.23 kg) PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: three (one for each astronaut) were stowed on *Columbia* before launch, and two on *Eagle*.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-79)
Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood from the [Wright brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers "Wright brothers")' 1903 *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")*'s left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005527-80) along with a diamond-studded [astronaut pin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_pin "Astronaut pin") originally given to Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards, but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Armstrong took it with him on Apollo 11.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994191%E2%80%93192-81)
### Site selection
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg "A map of the Moon showing prospective landing sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 in the Sea of Tranquility was chosen.")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Medii "Sinus Medii")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum "Oceanus Procellarum")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum "Oceanus Procellarum")
A map of the Moon showing prospective landing sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 in the [Sea of Tranquility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis") was chosen.
NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years' worth of studies based on high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five uncrewed probes of the [Lunar Orbiter program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program "Lunar Orbiter program") and information about surface conditions provided by the [Surveyor program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_program "Surveyor program").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82) The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright197579-83) The landing site had to be close to the lunar equator to minimize the amount of propellant required, clear of obstacles to minimize maneuvering, and flat to simplify the task of the landing radar. Scientific value was not a consideration.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199919-84)
Areas that appeared promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable. The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright197598%E2%80%9399-85) Five sites were considered: Sites 1 and 2 were in the Sea of Tranquility (*[Mare Tranquillitatis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis")*); Site 3 was in the Central Bay (*[Sinus Medii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Medii "Sinus Medii")*); and Sites 4 and 5 were in the Ocean of Storms (*[Oceanus Procellarum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum "Oceanus Procellarum")*).[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82) The final site selection was based on seven criteria:
- The site needed to be smooth, with relatively few craters;
- with approach paths free of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that might confuse the landing radar and cause it to issue incorrect readings;
- reachable with a minimum amount of propellant;
- allowing for delays in the launch countdown;
- providing the Apollo spacecraft with a free-return trajectory, one that would allow it to coast around the Moon and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon;
- with good visibility during the landing approach, meaning the Sun would be between 7 and 20 degrees behind the LM; and
- a general slope of less than two degrees in the landing area.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82)
The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82) A landing just after dawn was chosen to limit the temperature extremes the astronauts would experience.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins19947-86) The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10's lunar module flew to within 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) of Site 2, and reported it was acceptable.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappellari1972976-87)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-88)
### First-step decision
During the first press conference after the Apollo 11 crew was announced, the first question was, "Which one of you gentlemen will be the first man to step onto the lunar surface?"[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994148-89)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005360-90) Slayton told the reporter it had not been decided, and Armstrong added that it was "not based on individual desire".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994148-89)
One of the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions,[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001347-91) where the commander had never performed the spacewalk.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrinAbraham201657%E2%80%9358-92) Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate Administrator [George Mueller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mueller_\(NASA\) "George Mueller (NASA)") told reporters he would be first as well. Aldrin heard that Armstrong would be the first because Armstrong was a civilian, which made Aldrin livid. Aldrin attempted to persuade other Lunar Module pilots he should be first, but they responded cynically about what they perceived as a lobbying campaign. Attempting to stem interdepartmental conflict, Slayton told Aldrin that Armstrong would be first since he was the commander. The decision was announced in a press conference on April 14, 1969.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005363%E2%80%93365-93)
For decades, Aldrin believed the final decision was largely driven by the Lunar Module's hatch location. Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on and the spacecraft was so small, maneuvering to exit the spacecraft was difficult. The crew tried a simulation in which Aldrin left the spacecraft first, but he damaged the simulator while attempting to egress. While this was enough for mission planners to make their decision, Aldrin and Armstrong were left in the dark on the decision until late spring.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994149-94) Slayton told Armstrong the plan was to have him leave the spacecraft first, if he agreed. Armstrong said, "Yes, that's the way to do it."[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994150-95)
The media accused Armstrong of exercising his commander's prerogative to exit the spacecraft first.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999281-96) [Chris Kraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kraft "Chris Kraft") revealed in his 2001 autobiography that a meeting occurred between Gilruth, Slayton, Low, and himself to make sure Aldrin would not be the first to walk on the Moon. They argued that the first person to walk on the Moon should be like [Charles Lindbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh "Charles Lindbergh"), a calm and quiet person. They made the decision to change the flight plan so the commander was the first to egress from the spacecraft.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005371%E2%80%93372-97)
### Pre-launch
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_\(69-HC-620\).jpg)
Saturn V SA-506, the rocket carrying the Apollo 11 spacecraft, moves out of the [Vehicle Assembly Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building "Vehicle Assembly Building") towards [Launch Complex 39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_Complex_39 "Launch Complex 39").
The ascent stage of [LM-5 *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") arrived at the [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and [CSM-107 *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia") on January 23.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) There were several differences between *Eagle* and Apollo 10's LM-4 *Snoopy*; *Eagle* had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the [Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Apollo_Scientific_Experiments_Package "Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package") (EASEP). The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978472-98)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-99) The CSM was mated on January 29, and moved from the [Operations and Checkout Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building "Operations and Checkout Building") to the [Vehicle Assembly Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building "Vehicle Assembly Building") on April 14.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6)
The [S-IVB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-IVB "S-IVB") third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the [S-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-II "S-II") second stage on February 6, [S-IC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-IC "S-IC") first stage on February 20, and the [Saturn V Instrument Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit "Saturn V Instrument Unit") on February 27. At 12:30 on May 20, the 5,443-tonne (5,357-long-ton; 6,000-short-ton) assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the [crawler-transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler-transporter "Crawler-transporter"), bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of [Launch Complex 39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_Complex_39 "Launch Complex 39"), while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon. A countdown test commenced on June 26, and concluded on July 2. The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the [mobile service structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_structure "Service structure") back to its parking area.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) In the early hours of the morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with [liquid hydrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen "Liquid hydrogen").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100) Fueling was completed by three hours before launch.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-101) Launch operations were partly automated, with 43 programs written in the [ATOLL programming language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATOLL_\(programming_language\) "ATOLL (programming language)").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978355%E2%80%93356-102)
Slayton roused the crew shortly after 04:00, and they showered, shaved, and had the traditional pre-flight breakfast of steak and eggs with Slayton and the backup crew. They then donned their space suits and began breathing pure oxygen. At 06:30, they headed out to Launch Complex 39.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001355%E2%80%93357-103) Haise entered *Columbia* about three hours and ten minutes before launch time. Along with a technician, he helped Armstrong into the left-hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins joined him, taking up his position on the right-hand couch. Finally, Aldrin entered, taking the center couch.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-101) Haise left around two hours and ten minutes before launch.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-AP11FJ-104) The closeout crew sealed the hatch, and the cabin was purged and pressurized. The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour before launch time. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before launch time.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-101) Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in the [firing room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_room "Firing room").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100)
## Mission
### Launch and flight to lunar orbit
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg)
The Apollo 11 Saturn V space vehicle lifts off with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. at 9:32 am. EDT July 16, 1969, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A.
An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the [Chief of Staff of the United States Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Staff of the United States Army"), [General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_\(United_States\) "General (United States)") [William Westmoreland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland "William Westmoreland"), four [cabinet members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States "Cabinet of the United States"), 19 [state governors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)"), 40 [mayors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States "Mayoralty in the United States"), 60 ambassadors and 200 [congressmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressmen "Congressmen"). Vice President [Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew") viewed the launch with former president [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") and his wife [Lady Bird Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson "Lady Bird Johnson").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1980369%E2%80%93370-105) Around 3,500 media representatives were present.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979338-106) About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1980369%E2%80%93370-105)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100) President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") viewed the launch from his office in the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House") with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-107) Lodging near Cape Canaveral was reported as being booked months ahead in advance for the launch by a Florida newspaper.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-108)
Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") (9:32:00 [EDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time "Eastern Daylight Time")).[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) At 13.2 seconds into the flight, the launch vehicle began to [roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_program "Roll program") into its [flight azimuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_azimuth "Flight azimuth") of 72.058°. Full shutdown of the first-stage engines occurred about 2 minutes and 42 seconds into the mission, followed by separation of the S-IC and ignition of the S-II engines. The second stage engines then cut off and separated at about 9 minutes and 8 seconds, allowing the first ignition of the S-IVB engine a few seconds later.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8)
Apollo 11 entered a [near-circular Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_orbit "Elliptic orbit") at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes into its flight. After one and a half orbits, a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the [trans-lunar injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection "Trans-lunar injection") (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, with Collins in the left seat and at the controls, the [transposition, docking, and extraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction "Transposition, docking, and extraction") maneuver was performed. This involved separating *Columbia* from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with *Eagle* still attached to the stage. After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001374%E2%80%93375-109)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) This was done to avoid the third stage colliding with the spacecraft, the Earth, or the Moon. A [slingshot effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist "Gravity assist") from passing around the Moon threw it into an [orbit around the Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit "Heliocentric orbit").[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Space_Flight_Center19697-110)
On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter [lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-111) In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the crater [Sabine D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_\(crater\) "Collins (crater)"). The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated [Ranger 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_8 "Ranger 8") and [Surveyor 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_5 "Surveyor 5") landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft, and because it was unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-112) It lay about 25 kilometers (16 mi) southeast of the Surveyor 5 landing site, and 68 kilometers (42 mi) southwest of Ranger 8's crash site.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969130-113)
### Lunar descent
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_\(AS11-37-5445\).jpg)
[*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia") in lunar orbit, photographed from [*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")
At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered [*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle"), and began the final preparations for lunar descent.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) At 17:44:00 *Eagle* separated from *Columbia*.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) Collins, alone aboard *Columbia*, inspected *Eagle* as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team19699-114)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975209-115) Armstrong exclaimed: "The *Eagle* has wings!"[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975209-115)
As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point. *Eagle* was traveling too fast. The problem could have been [mascons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concentration_\(astronomy\) "Mass concentration (astronomy)")—concentrations of high mass in a region or regions of the Moon's crust that contains a [gravitational anomaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_anomaly "Gravity anomaly"), potentially altering *Eagle*'s trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel, or a result of *Eagle*'s pirouette maneuver.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008220%E2%80%93221-116)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196982-117)
Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the [LM guidance computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") (LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer [Jack Garman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Garman "Jack Garman") told [Guidance Officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller#GUIDO "Flight controller") [Steve Bales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bales "Steve Bales") it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all its tasks in real-time and had to postpone some of them.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975210%E2%80%93212-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHackler200834%E2%80%9343-119) [Margaret Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_\(software_engineer\) "Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)"), the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT "MIT") [Charles Stark Draper Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory "Charles Stark Draper Laboratory") later recalled:
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg)
[*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") in [lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit") photographed from [*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")
> To blame the computer for the Apollo 11 problems is like blaming the person who spots a fire and calls the fire department. Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones. The computer, rather than almost forcing an abort, prevented an abort. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful Moon landing it was.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-120)
During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969190%E2%80%93192-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-122) Software engineer [Don Eyles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Eyles "Don Eyles") concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first uncrewed LM in [Apollo 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_5 "Apollo 5"). Having the rendezvous radar on (so it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious [cycle stealing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_stealing "Cycle stealing"), as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-123)
### Landing
Armstrong pilots *Eagle* to its landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
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When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing system was targeting a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a 300-foot-diameter (91 m) crater (later determined to be [West crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_\(lunar_crater\) "West (lunar crater)")), so he took semi-automatic control.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994196-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008195%E2%80%93197-125) Armstrong considered landing short of the boulder field so they could collect geological samples from it, but could not since their horizontal velocity was too high. Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting *Eagle*. Now 107 feet (33 m) above the surface, Armstrong knew their propellant supply was dwindling and was determined to land at the first possible landing site.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994197-126)
Armstrong found a clear patch of ground and maneuvered the spacecraft towards it. As he got closer, now 250 feet (76 m) above the surface, he discovered his new landing site had a crater in it. He cleared the crater and found another patch of level ground. They were now 100 feet (30 m) from the surface, with only 90 seconds of propellant remaining. Lunar dust kicked up by the LM's engine began to impair his ability to determine the spacecraft's motion. Some large rocks jutted out of the dust cloud, and Armstrong focused on them during his descent so he could determine the spacecraft's speed.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994198%E2%80%93199-127)
A light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from *Eagle*'s footpads had touched the surface a few moments before the landing and he said: "Contact light!" Armstrong was supposed to immediately shut the engine down, as the engineers suspected the pressure caused by the engine's own exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface could make it explode, but he forgot. Three seconds later, *Eagle* landed and Armstrong shut the engine down.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994199-128) Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA—out of [detent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detent "Detent")." Armstrong acknowledged: "Out of detent. Auto." Aldrin continued: "Mode control—both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm—off. 413 is in."[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008226-129)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png)
The landing site relative to [West crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_\(lunar_crater\) "West (lunar crater)")
ACA was the [Attitude Control Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control "Spacecraft attitude control")—the LM's control stick. Output went to the LGC to command the [reaction control system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_control_system "Reaction control system") (RCS) jets to fire. "Out of Detent" meant the stick had moved away from its centered position; it was spring-centered like the turn indicator in a car. Address 413 of the [Abort Guidance System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System "Apollo Abort Guidance System") (AGS) contained the variable that indicated the LM had landed.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)
*Eagle* landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with 216 pounds (98 kg) of usable fuel remaining. Information available to the crew and mission controllers during the landing showed the LM had enough fuel for another 25 seconds of powered flight before an abort without touchdown would have become unsafe,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000295-130) but post-mission analysis showed that the real figure was probably closer to 50 seconds.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Horizons2013-131) Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than most subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of the propellant [sloshing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh_dynamics "Slosh dynamics") more than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra [anti-slosh baffles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh_baffle "Slosh baffle") were added to the tanks to prevent this.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)
Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post-landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") here. The *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")* has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-132)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] Duke expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan—Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-133)
A [3-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy "Stereoscopy") view from the [Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter") (LRO) of the Apollo 11 landing site
Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth:
> This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-134)
He then took [communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist "Eucharist") privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist [Madalyn Murray O'Hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair "Madalyn Murray O'Hair") (who had objected to the [Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading "Apollo 8 Genesis reading")) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. For this reason, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the [Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster,_Texas "Webster, Texas") [Presbyterian Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism"), and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, Dean Woodruff. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994204,_623-135) The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196921%E2%80%9322-136)
### Lunar surface operations
Main article: [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base")
Preparations for [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong") and [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") to walk on the Moon began at 23:43 UTC.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196922-138) Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing, Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, and *Eagle* was depressurized.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright1975215-139)
*Eagle*'s hatch was opened at 02:39:33.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his [portable life support system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_life_support_system "Primary life support system") (PLSS).[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonDietleinBerry1975115%E2%80%93120-140) At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote-control unit on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA) folded against *Eagle*'s side and activate the TV camera.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142)
Apollo 11 used [slow-scan television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-scan_television "Slow-scan television") (TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor (thus, a broadcast of a broadcast), significantly reducing the quality of the picture.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Blunder_5-143) The signal was received at [Goldstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex") in the United States, but with better fidelity by [Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeysuckle_Creek_Tracking_Station "Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station") near [Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra "Canberra") in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive [Parkes radio telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkes_Observatory "Parkes Observatory") in Australia.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkissian2001287-144) Despite some technical and weather difficulties, black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkissian2001287-144) Copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, but [recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes "Apollo 11 missing tapes") were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Blunder_5-143)
Video of Neil Armstrong and the first step on the Moon
[That's one small step ...](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frase_de_Neil_Armstrong.ogg "File:Frase de Neil Armstrong.ogg")
***
*Problems playing this file? See [media help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media "Help:Media").*
After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142) at 02:56:15,[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-AT-20190723-145) six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong stepped off *Eagle*'s landing pad and declared: "That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind."[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-transcript-147)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-148)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-149)
Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. A more recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static. Other analysis points to the claims of static and slurring as "face-saving fabrication", and that Armstrong himself later admitted to misspeaking the line.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-150)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-151)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-152)
About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-153) Twelve minutes after the sample was collected,[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-148) he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a [Hasselblad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad "Hasselblad") camera that could be operated hand-held or mounted on Armstrong's [Apollo space suit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L "Apollo/Skylab A7L").[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196923-154) Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142)
Armstrong said moving in the [lunar gravity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon "Gravitation of the Moon"), one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142) Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into *Eagle*'s shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142) The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust, which soiled the outer part of their suits.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196923-154)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg)
Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag on the [lunar surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_surface "Lunar surface").
The astronauts planted the [Lunar Flag Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly "Lunar Flag Assembly") containing a [flag of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States "Flag of the United States") on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, "Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising."[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-theattic-155) But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only insert the pole about 2 inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers, but gave "a crisp West Point salute".[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-theattic-155)
Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission, which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-156) Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormanSerling1988237%E2%80%93238-157)
> **Nixon:** Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made from the White House. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you have done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure that they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth.
>
> **Armstrong:** Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and a curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.
>
> **Nixon:** Thank you very much, and I look forward, all of us look forward, to seeing you on the Hornet on Thursday.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-158)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-159)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon,_AS11-40-5877.jpg)
Aldrin's bootprint, part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar [regolith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith "Regolith")
They deployed the [EASEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Apollo_Scientific_Experiments_Package "Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package"), which included a [Passive Seismic Experiment Package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_Seismic_Experiment_Package "Passive Seismic Experiment Package") used to measure [moonquakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonquake "Moonquake") and a [retroreflector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Ranging_Retroflector "Laser Ranging Retroflector") array used for the [lunar laser ranging experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment "Lunar laser ranging experiment").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-EASEP_Deployment_and_Closeout-160) Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from the LM to take photographs at the rim of [Little West Crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_West_\(lunar_crater\) "Little West (lunar crater)") while Aldrin collected two [core samples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_sample "Core sample"). He used the [geologist's hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist%27s_hammer "Geologist's hammer") to pound in the tubes—the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11—but was unable to penetrate more than 6 inches (15 cm) deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199928%E2%80%9329-161)
Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shoveled 6 kilograms (13 lb) of soil into the box of rocks to pack them in tightly.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199928%E2%80%9329-161) Two types of rocks were found in the geological samples: [basalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt "Basalt") and [breccia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia "Breccia").[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-162) Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: [armalcolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalcolite "Armalcolite"), [tranquillityite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquillityite "Tranquillityite"), and [pyroxferroite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxferroite "Pyroxferroite"). Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-163)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg)
[The plaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_plaque "Lunar plaque") left on the ladder of *Eagle*
While on the surface, Armstrong uncovered a [plaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_plaque "Lunar plaque") mounted on the LM ladder, bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read:
> Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A. D. We came in peace for all mankind.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142)
At the behest of the [Nixon administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_administration "Nixon administration") to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a reason to include A.D., which stands for [Anno Domini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini "Anno Domini") ("in the year of our Lord").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2017143-164)
Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. As metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-EASEP_Deployment_and_Closeout-160) In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-165)
### Lunar ascent
Aldrin entered *Eagle* first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down. Armstrong then jumped onto the ladder's third rung, and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM [life support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support "Life support"), the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-166)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-167) The hatch was closed again at 05:11:13. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_6-168)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg)
Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with the [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") *Eagle* in the background
Presidential speech writer [William Safire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Safire "William Safire") had prepared an *In Event of Moon Disaster* announcement for Nixon to read in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-169) The remarks were in a memo from Safire to Nixon's [White House Chief of Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff "White House Chief of Staff") [H. R. Haldeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Haldeman "H. R. Haldeman"), in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-170)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-safire-171) According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to [burial at sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_at_sea "Burial at sea"). The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to [Rupert Brooke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Brooke "Rupert Brooke")'s World War I poem "[The Soldier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soldier_\(poem\) "The Soldier (poem)")".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-safire-171) The script for the speech does not make reference to Collins; as he remained onboard *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")* in orbit around the Moon, it was expected that he would be able to return the module to Earth in the event of a mission failure.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-172)
While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the [circuit breaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker "Circuit breaker") that would arm the main engine for liftoff from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. The nonconductive tip of a Duro [felt-tip pen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_pen "Marker pen")[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-173) was sufficient to activate the switch.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_6-168)
After more than 21\+1⁄2 hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an [Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") mission patch in memory of astronauts [Roger Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee"), [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom"), and [Edward White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)"), who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts [Vladimir Komarov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov "Vladimir Komarov") and [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin"), who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the [goodwill statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages "Apollo 11 goodwill messages") by presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-174) The disk also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and then-current top management.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-175)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_photo_map.svg)
A map of the [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") landing site and photos taken
After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. At that time, unknown to them, some hundred kilometers away from them the Soviet probe [Luna 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15") was about to descend and impact. Despite having been known to be orbiting the Moon at the same time, through a ground-breaking precautious goodwill exchange of data, the mission control of Luna 15 unexpectedly hastened its robotic [sample-return mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-return_mission "Sample-return mission"), initiating descent, in an attempt to return before Apollo 11.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-audio-176) Just two hours before Apollo 11's launch, Luna 15 crashed at 15:50 UTC, with British astronomers monitoring Luna 15 and recording the situation one commented: "I say, this has really been drama of the highest order",[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-a357-177) bringing the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race") to a culmination.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-178)
Roughly two hours later, at 17:54:00 UTC, the Apollo 11 crew on the surface safely lifted off in *Eagle*'s ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard *Columbia* in lunar orbit.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-148) Film taken from the LM ascent stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the [attitude indicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_indicator "Attitude indicator"), but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975219-179) Subsequent Apollo missions planted their flags farther from the LM.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-180)
### *Columbia* in lunar orbit
During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since [Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam "Adam") has any human known such solitude",[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-181) Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote: "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two".[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-181) In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while *Columbia* passed round the far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-181)
One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the Lunar Module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the Lunar Module landed about 4 miles (6.4 km) off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the module. On his first orbits on the back side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the [fuel cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell") and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001401%E2%80%93407-182)
Just before he reached the dark side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of *Columbia* might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001406%E2%80%93408,_410-183)
When *Columbia* came back around to the near side of the Moon again, Collins was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the back side of the Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for *Eagle* to meet up with *Columbia*, Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly *Columbia* down to meet *Eagle*.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001406%E2%80%93408,_410-183)
### Return
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth,_Moon_and_Lunar_Module,_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg)
[*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")'s ascent stage approaching [*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia")
*Eagle* rendezvoused with *Columbia* at 21:24 UTC on July 21, and the two docked at 21:35. *Eagle*'s ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 23:41.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) Just before the [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") flight, it was noted that *Eagle* was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that *Eagle*'s orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-184) In 2021, however, some calculations show that the lander may still be in orbit.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-185)
On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented: "All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of people ... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, 'Thank you very much'."[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-186) Aldrin added: "This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ..."[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-186)
Armstrong concluded:
> The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little [EMU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit "Extravehicular Mobility Unit"), the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-186)
On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg was later thanked by Armstrong.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-187)
### Splashdown and quarantine
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Splashdown_3.jpg)
*Columbia* floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts.
The [aircraft carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") [USS *Hornet*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_\(CV-12\) "USS Hornet (CV-12)"), under the command of [Captain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_\(United_States_O-6\) "Captain (United States O-6)") [Carl J. Seiberlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_J._Seiberlich "Carl J. Seiberlich"),[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael20103-188) was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing her sister ship, the [LPH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_platform_helicopter "Landing platform helicopter") [USS *Princeton*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_\(CV-37\) "USS Princeton (CV-37)"), which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26. *Hornet* was then at her home port of [Long Beach, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California "Long Beach, California").[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201021-189) On reaching [Pearl Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") on July 5, *Hornet* [embarked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarkation "Embarkation") the [Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King "Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King") helicopters of [HS-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC-4 "HSC-4"), a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of [UDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team "Underwater Demolition Team") Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of *Hornet*'s air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a [boilerplate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_\(spaceflight\) "Boilerplate (spaceflight)") command module used for training.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201038%E2%80%9343,_71%E2%80%9372-190)
On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, *Hornet* departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific,[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201085-191) in the vicinity of [10°36′N 172°24′E / 10\.600°N 172.400°E / 10\.600; 172.400](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=10_36_N_172_24_E_).[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-192) A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State [William P. Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Rogers "William P. Rogers") and [National Security Advisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_\(United_States\) "National Security Advisor (United States)") [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") flew to [Johnston Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll "Johnston Atoll") on [Air Force One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_One "Air Force One"), then to the [command ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_ship "Command ship") [USS *Arlington*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saipan_\(CVL-48\) "USS Saipan (CVL-48)") in [Marine One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_One "Marine One"). After a night on board, they would fly to *Hornet* in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival aboard *Hornet*, the party was greeted by the [Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command "United States Indo-Pacific Command"), [Admiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_\(United_States\) "Admiral (United States)") [John S. McCain Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._McCain_Jr. "John S. McCain Jr."), and [NASA Administrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA "List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA") [Thomas O. Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine"), who flew to *Hornet* from [Pago Pago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago "Pago Pago") in one of *Hornet*'s [carrier onboard delivery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_onboard_delivery "Carrier onboard delivery") aircraft.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010107%E2%80%93108,_145%E2%80%93146-193)
Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force [Captain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_\(United_States_O-3\) "Captain (United States O-3)") Hank Brandli had access to top-secret [spy satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORONA_\(satellite\) "CORONA (satellite)") images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule difficult, and strong upper-level winds which "would have ripped their parachutes to shreds" according to Brandli, posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-194) Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the [Fleet Weather Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center "Joint Typhoon Warning Center") at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation, [Rear Admiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_\(United_States\) "Rear admiral (United States)") [Donald C. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_C._Davis "Donald C. Davis"), commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, each man risking his career. A new location was selected 215 nautical miles (398 km) northeast.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-195)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010136%E2%80%93137,_144%E2%80%93145-196)
This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, trajectory event P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead, P65 led directly to P67. The crew were also warned they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when they entered P67.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-195) The first program's acceleration subjected the astronauts to 6.5 standard gravities (64 m/s2); the second, to 6.0 standard gravities (59 m/s2).[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196928-197)
Before dawn on July 24, *Hornet* launched four Sea King helicopters and three [Grumman E-1 Tracers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_E-1_Tracer "Grumman E-1 Tracer"). Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969169%E2%80%93170-198) At 16:44 UTC (05:44 local time) *Columbia*'s [drogue parachutes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogue_parachute "Drogue parachute") were deployed. This was observed by the helicopters. Seven minutes later *Columbia* struck the water forcefully 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of [Wake Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island"), 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from *Hornet*,[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-195) at [13°19′N 169°9′W / 13\.317°N 169.150°W / 13\.317; -169.150](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=13_19_N_169_9_W_).[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969170-199) 82 °F (28 °C) with 6 feet (1.8 m) seas and winds at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) from the east were reported under broken clouds at 1,500 feet (460 m) with visibility of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) at the recovery site.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-200) Reconnaissance aircraft flying to the original splashdown location reported the conditions Brandli and Houston had predicted.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-201)
During [splashdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashdown "Splashdown"), *Columbia* landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969164%E2%80%93167-202) A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a [sea anchor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anchor "Sea anchor") to prevent it from drifting.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010184%E2%80%93185-203) More divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010186%E2%80%93188-204)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg)
Crew of Apollo 11 in [quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine") after returning to Earth, visited by Richard Nixon
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg)
Apollo 11 Mobile Quarantine Facility on display at the [Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center "Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center") in [Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia "Virginia") in 2009
The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. The possibility of bringing back [pathogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen "Pathogen") from the lunar surface was considered remote, but NASA took precautions at the recovery site. The astronauts were rubbed down with a [sodium hypochlorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite "Sodium hypochlorite") solution and *Columbia* wiped with [povidone-iodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine "Povidone-iodine") to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board *Hornet*. The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969164%E2%80%93167-202)
After touchdown on *Hornet* at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the [mobile quarantine facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_quarantine_facility "Mobile quarantine facility") (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010199%E2%80%93200-205) This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and [Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14"), before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonDietleinBerry1975406%E2%80%93424-206)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-207) Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "\[A\]s a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-208)
After Nixon departed, *Hornet* was brought alongside the 5-short-ton (4.5 t) *Columbia*, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a [dolly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_\(trailer\) "Dolly (trailer)") and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. *Hornet* returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a [Lockheed C-141 Starlifter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter "Lockheed C-141 Starlifter") and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the [Lunar Receiving Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory "Lunar Receiving Laboratory") at 10:00 UTC on July 28. *Columbia* was taken to [Ford Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island "Ford Island") for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to [Hickham Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickham_Air_Force_Base "Hickham Air Force Base"), from whence it was flown to Houston in a [Douglas C-133 Cargomaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-133_Cargomaster "Douglas C-133 Cargomaster"), reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969166,_171%E2%80%93173-209)
In accordance with the [Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law "Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law"), a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol,[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-210) the astronauts continued in quarantine. After three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on *Hornet*, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-211) On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician [William Carpentier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carpentier "William Carpentier") and MQF project engineer [John Hirasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hirasaki "John Hirasaki")),[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010118-212) and on *Columbia* itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtelNewkirkBrooks1978312-213)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg)
August 13, 1969, New York City
## Celebrations
Following their return to Earth, the Apollo 11 crew received widespread international acclaim. On August 13, 1969, astronauts [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin"), and [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") were honored with ticker-tape parades in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), with an estimated six million people lining the streets.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-nyc-chicago-214) In New York the parade started at [Bowling Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_\(New_York_City\) "Bowling Green (New York City)") going down Broadway to [City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Hall "New York City Hall") where Mayor [John Lindsay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay "John Lindsay") greeted them and ended at the [United Nations headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations "Headquarters of the United Nations").[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-215) Broadway was even temporarily renamed for that day to "Apollo Way". In Chicago the parade went to [the Loop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Loop "Chicago Loop")[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-216) and culminated at the [Chicago Civic Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Daley_Center "Richard J. Daley Center") where the astronauts and local officials spoke to the crowd. That evening, a state dinner was held in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") at the [Century Plaza Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Plaza_Hotel "Century Plaza Hotel") to commemorate the historic achievement. The event was attended by members of [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), 44 [state governors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)"), [Chief Justice of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States") [Warren E. Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Burger "Warren E. Burger") and his predecessor [Earl Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren"), as well as ambassadors from 83 nations. [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew") awarded each astronaut the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom"), the highest civilian honor in the United States.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-state-dinner-217)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_City_Welcomes_the_Apollo_11_Astronauts_-_GPN-2002-000034.jpg)
Apollo 11 Astronauts - New York City - August 13, 1969
On September 16, the astronauts addressed a joint session of [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), where they presented two [American flags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States "Flag of the United States")—one to the [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") and one to the [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate")—that had traveled to the lunar surface aboard [Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-congress-flag-218)
One of the mission flags carried aboard the flight—the [Flag of American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_American_Samoa "Flag of American Samoa")—was later displayed at the [Jean P. Haydon Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_P._Haydon_Museum "Jean P. Haydon Museum") in [Pago Pago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago "Pago Pago"), the capital of [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa "American Samoa"), recognizing the territory's support role as a recovery staging area.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-samoa-flag-219)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_terrazzo.jpg)
Terrazzo tribute to Apollo 11 astronauts on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame")
The celebrations continued with a 38-day world goodwill tour titled "Giant Leap", which began on September 29 and concluded on November 5, 1969. The astronauts visited 22 countries and met with numerous heads of state, prime ministers, royalty, and civic leaders.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-world-tour-220) The tour, intended to thank the international community for their support of the space program, began in [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") and ended in [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo").[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-tour-start-end-221) Notable stops included [Bogotá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 "Bogotá"), [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris "Paris"), [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome"), [Belgrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"), [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok"), [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam "Guam"), and [Honolulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu "Honolulu").[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-tour-itinerary-222) Crowds in the tens or hundreds of thousands gathered to greet the astronauts in each city.
Numerous countries and organizations honored the Moon landing by issuing special commemorative items. These included postage stamps, coins, medals, plaques, and magazine features. *[TIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic "National Geographic")*, *[LIFE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_\(magazine\) "Life (magazine)")*, and dozens of international publications featured the astronauts on their covers. Many of these commemoratives are now held in public and private collections, and some were placed aboard later Apollo missions in symbolic tribute.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-commemoratives-223)
Additionally, the success of Apollo 11 contributed to a brief spike in interest in science and technology education, often referred to as the “Apollo effect,” influencing a generation of engineers and scientists.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-apollo-effect-224)
## Legacy
### Cultural significance
Main article: [Apollo 11 in popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture "Apollo 11 in popular culture")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg)
A girl holding *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* newspaper stating "'The Eagle Has Landed' – Two Men Walk on the Moon"
Humans walking on the Moon and returning safely to Earth accomplished Kennedy's goal set eight years earlier. In Mission Control during the Apollo 11 landing, Kennedy's speech flashed on the screen, followed by the words "TASK ACCOMPLISHED, July 1969".[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Launius-225) The success of Apollo 11 demonstrated the United States' technological superiority;[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Launius-225) and with the success of Apollo 11, America had won the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race").[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-226)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999288-227)
New phrases permeated into the English language. "If they can send a man to the Moon, why can't they ...?" became a common saying following Apollo 11.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-228) Armstrong's words on the lunar surface also spun off various parodies.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-226)
While most people celebrated the accomplishment, disenfranchised Americans saw it as a symbol of the divide in America, evidenced by protesters led by [Ralph Abernathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy "Ralph Abernathy") outside of Kennedy Space Center the day before Apollo 11 launched.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999283-229) NASA Administrator [Thomas Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine") met with Abernathy at the occasion, both hoping that the space program can spur progress also in other regards, such as poverty in the US. Paine was then asked, and agreed, to host protesters as spectators at the launch, and Abernathy, awestruck by the spectacle,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979338-106) prayed for the astronauts.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Niiler_2019-230)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] [Jazz poet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_poetry "Jazz poetry") [Gil Scott-Heron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron "Gil Scott-Heron") wrote a poem called "[Whitey on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitey_on_the_Moon "Whitey on the Moon")" (1970) expressing his view that the mission was emblematic of [racial inequality in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States "Racial inequality in the United States").[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-226) The poem starts with:
> A rat done bit my sister Nell.
> (with Whitey on the moon)
> Her face and arms began to swell.
> (and Whitey's on the moon)
> I can't pay no doctor bill.
> (but Whitey's on the moon)
> Ten years from now I'll be paying still.
> (while Whitey's on the moon)
> \[...\]
Twenty percent of the world's population watched humans walk on the Moon for the first time.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-231) While Apollo 11 sparked the interest of the world, the follow-on Apollo missions did not hold the interest of the nation.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Launius-225) One possible explanation was the shift in complexity. Landing someone on the Moon was an easy goal to understand; lunar geology was too abstract for the average person. Another is that Kennedy's goal of landing humans on the Moon had already been accomplished.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200758-232) A well-defined objective helped Project Apollo accomplish its goal, but after it was completed it was hard to justify continuing the lunar missions.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-233)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-234)
While most Americans were proud of their nation's achievements in space exploration, only once during the late 1960s did the [Gallup Poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Poll "Gallup Poll") indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. The Space Race had been won, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of [détente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente "Détente"). This was also a time when inflation was rising, which put pressure on the government to reduce spending. The space program was saved due to the perception that it was one of the few government programs that had achieved something great. Drastic cuts, warned [Caspar Weinberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger "Caspar Weinberger"), the deputy director of the [Office of Management and Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget "Office of Management and Budget"), might send a signal that "our best years are behind us".[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdy1997106%E2%80%93107-235)
After the Apollo 11 mission, officials from the Soviet Union said landing humans on the Moon was dangerous and unnecessary. At the time the Soviet Union was attempting to retrieve lunar samples robotically. The Soviets publicly denied there was a race to the Moon, and indicated they were not making an attempt.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994631-236) [Mstislav Keldysh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh "Mstislav Keldysh") said in July 1969, "We are concentrating wholly on the creation of large satellite systems." It was revealed in 1989 that the Soviets had tried to send people to the Moon, but were unable due to technological difficulties.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-237) The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-238)
### Spacecraft
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg)
[*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia") on display in the Milestones of Flight exhibition hall at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum")
The [command module *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia") went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state capitals, the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), and [Anchorage, Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-239) In 1971, it was transferred to the [Smithsonian Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution"), and was displayed at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") (NASM) in Washington, DC.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-SIColumbia-240) It was in the central *Milestones of Flight* exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")*, *[Spirit of St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis "Spirit of St. Louis")*, [Bell X-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1 "Bell X-1"), [North American X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") and *[Friendship 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_7 "Friendship 7")*.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-241)
*Columbia* was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the [Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center "Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center") in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled *Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission*. This included [Space Center Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Center_Houston "Space Center Houston") from October 14, 2017, to March 18, 2018, the [Saint Louis Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Science_Center "Saint Louis Science Center") from April 14 to September 3, 2018, the Senator John [Heinz History Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_History_Center "Heinz History Center") in [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") from September 29, 2018, to February 18, 2019, and its last location at [Museum of Flight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Flight "Museum of Flight") in [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") from March 16 to September 2, 2019.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-SIColumbia-240)[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-242) Continued renovations at the Smithsonian allowed time for an additional stop for the capsule, and it was moved to the [Cincinnati Museum Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Museum_Center "Cincinnati Museum Center"). The ribbon cutting ceremony was on September 29, 2019.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-243)
For 40 years Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits were displayed in the museum's *Apollo to the Moon* exhibit,[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-244) until it permanently closed on December 3, 2018, to be replaced by a new gallery which was scheduled to open in 2022. A special display of Armstrong's suit was unveiled for the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 in July 2019.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-245)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-246) The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the flotation bags are in the Smithsonian's [Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center "Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center") annex near [Washington Dulles International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport "Washington Dulles International Airport") in Chantilly, Virginia, where they are on display along with a test lunar module.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-247)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-248)[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-249)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArmstrongSuit.jpg)
Armstrong's space suit on display at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") in its new exhibit
The descent stage of the LM *Eagle* remains on the Moon. In 2009, the [Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter") (LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-250)
The remains of the ascent stage are assumed to lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface. The ascent stage, *Eagle*, was not tracked after it was jettisoned. The lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make low Moon orbits unstable after a short time, leading the orbiting object to impact the surface.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-251) However, using a program developed by NASA, and high-resolution lunar gravity data, a paper was published, in 2021, indicating that *Eagle* might still be in orbit as late as 2020. Using the orbital elements published by NASA, a [Monte Carlo method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method "Monte Carlo method") was used to generate parameter sets that bracket the uncertainties in these elements. All simulations, of the orbit, predicted that *Eagle* would never impact the lunar surface.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Impact-252)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-1_Injector_Plate_\(Front\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-1_Injector_Plate_\(Rear\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
F-1 Engine Injector Plate on temporary display at the [Cincinnati Museum Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Museum_Center "Cincinnati Museum Center") in 2019
In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") founder [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") located the [F-1 engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1 "Rocketdyne F-1") from the S-IC stage that launched Apollo 11 into space. They were found on the Atlantic seabed using advanced sonar scanning.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-253) His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-254)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-255) The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection remains in a solar orbit near to that of Earth.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-256)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:430-L1-S1_640.jpg)
Pieces of fabric and wood from the first airplane, the 1903 *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")*, traveled to the Moon in Apollo 11's [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") and are displayed at the [Wright Brothers National Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers_National_Memorial "Wright Brothers National Memorial").
### Moon rocks
The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the [Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility "Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility") at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at [White Sands Test Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility "White Sands Test Facility") near [Las Cruces, New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico "Las Cruces, New Mexico"). Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories worldwide conduct studies of the samples; approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-257)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-258)
In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation [Apollo 11 lunar sample displays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display "Apollo 11 lunar sample display") for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations. Each display included Moon dust from Apollo 11 and flags, including one of the Soviet Union, taken along by Apollo 11. The rice-sized particles were four small pieces of Moon soil weighing about 50 mg and were enveloped in a clear acrylic button about as big as a [United States half-dollar coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_dollar_\(United_States_coin\) "Half dollar (United States coin)"). This acrylic button magnified the grains of lunar dust. Nixon gave the Apollo 11 lunar sample displays as goodwill gifts in 1970.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-259)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-260)
### Experiment results
The Passive Seismic Experiment ran until the command uplink failed on August 25, 1969. The downlink failed on December 14, 1969.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatesLauderdaleKernaghan19792-3_&_4-32-261) As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_11&action=edit), the [Lunar Laser Ranging experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Ranging_Retroflector "Laser Ranging Retroflector") remains operational.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-262)
### Moonwalk camera
The Hasselblad camera used during the moonwalk was thought to be lost or left on the Moon's surface.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-263)
### Lunar Module *Eagle* memorabilia
In 2015, after Armstrong died in 2012, his widow contacted the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") to inform them she had found a white cloth bag in one of Armstrong's closets. The bag contained various items, which should have been left behind in the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle"), including the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera that had been used to capture images of the first Moon landing.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-264)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-265) The camera is currently on display at the National Air and Space Museum.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-266)
### Anniversary events
Further information: [Apollo 11 anniversaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries "Apollo 11 anniversaries")
#### 40th anniversary
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg)
*Columbia* at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar
On July 15, 2009, [Life.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_\(magazine\) "Life (magazine)") released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by *Life* photographer [Ralph Morse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Morse "Ralph Morse") prior to the Apollo 11 launch.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-267) From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-268) It is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-269) In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-270) The [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum "John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum") set up an [Adobe Flash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash "Adobe Flash") website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-271)
On July 20, 2009, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") at the White House.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-272) "We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey."[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-273) On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal"), the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator [Bill Nelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nelson_\(politician\) "Bill Nelson (politician)") and Florida Representative [Alan Grayson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Grayson "Alan Grayson").[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-274)[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-275)
A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:
> It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close \[to\] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts—Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-276)
#### 50th anniversary
Further information: [Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins "Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins")
In June 2015, Congressman [Bill Posey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Posey "Bill Posey") introduced resolution H.R. 2726 to the 114th session of the [United States House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") directing the [United States Mint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mint "United States Mint") to design and sell commemorative coins in gold, silver and clad for the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. On January 24, 2019, the Mint released the [Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_Fiftieth_Anniversary_commemorative_coins "Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins") to the public on its website.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-277)[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-278)
A documentary film, *[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_\(2019_film\) "Apollo 11 (2019 film)")*, with restored footage of the 1969 event, premiered in [IMAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX "IMAX") on March 1, 2019, and broadly in theaters on March 8.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-279)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-280)
The Smithsonian Institute's [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") and [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") sponsored the "Apollo 50 Festival" on the [National Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall "National Mall") in Washington DC. The three-day (July 18 to 20, 2019) outdoor festival featured hands-on exhibits and activities, live performances, and speakers such as [Adam Savage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Savage "Adam Savage") and NASA scientists.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-281)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg)
A Saturn V rocket projected onto the [Washington Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument "Washington Monument") during the Apollo 11 50th anniversary show
As part of the festival, a projection of the 363-foot (111 m) tall [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket was displayed on the east face of the 555-foot (169 m) tall [Washington Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument "Washington Monument") from July 16 to the 20th from 9:30 pm until 11:30 pm (EDT). The program included a 17-minute show that combined full-motion video projected on the Washington Monument to recreate the assembly and launch of the [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-282)
The projection was joined by a 40-foot (12 m) wide recreation of the [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") countdown clock and two large video screens showing archival footage to recreate the time leading up to the moon landing. There were three shows per night on July 19–20, with the last show on Saturday, delayed slightly so the portion where Armstrong first set foot on the Moon would happen exactly 50 years to the second after the actual event.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-283)
On July 19, 2019, the [Google Doodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle "Google Doodle") paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)").[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-284)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-285)
Aldrin, Collins, and Armstrong's sons were hosted by President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in the Oval Office.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-286)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-287)
## Films and documentaries
- *[Footprints on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footprints_on_the_Moon_\(1969_film\) "Footprints on the Moon (1969 film)")*, a 1969 documentary film by Bill Gibson and Barry Coe[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-288)
- *[Moonwalk One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_One "Moonwalk One")*, a 1971 documentary film by [Theo Kamecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Kamecke "Theo Kamecke")[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-289)
- *Apollo 11: As It Happened*, a 1994 six-hour documentary on ABC News' coverage of the event[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-290)
- *[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_\(1996_film\) "Apollo 11 (1996 film)")*, 1996.
- *[First Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man_\(film\) "First Man (film)")*, 2018 film by [Damien Chazelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Chazelle "Damien Chazelle") based on the 2005 [James R. Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen "James R. Hansen") book *[First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong")*.
- *[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_\(2019_film\) "Apollo 11 (2019 film)")*, a 2019 documentary film by Todd Douglas Miller with restored footage of the 1969 event[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-291)[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-292)
- *[Chasing the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_the_Moon_\(2019_film\) "Chasing the Moon (2019 film)")*, a July 2019 [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS") three-night six-hour documentary, directed by [Robert Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stone_\(director\) "Robert Stone (director)"), examined the events leading up to the mission. An accompanying book of the same name was also released.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-293)
- *8 Days: To the Moon and Back*, a PBS and [BBC Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Studios "BBC Studios") 2019 documentary film by Anthony Philipson re-enacting major portions of the mission using mission audio recordings, new studio footage, NASA and news archives, and computer-generated imagery.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-294)
## See also
- [Apollo in Real Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_in_Real_Time "Apollo in Real Time") – Interactive website of Apollo 11, 13, and 17
- [Exploration of the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon "Exploration of the Moon") – Missions to the Moon
- [List of missions to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon "List of missions to the Moon")
- [List of species that have landed on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon "List of species that have landed on the Moon")
- [List of photographs considered the most important](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important "List of photographs considered the most important")
## References
### Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-58)** The role of the backup crew was to train and be prepared to fly in the event something happened to the prime crew.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-57) Backup crews, according to the rotation, were assigned as the prime crew three missions after their assignment of backups.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-transcript_147-0)** Eric Jones of the *Apollo Lunar Surface Journal* explains that the indefinite article "a" was intended, whether or not it was said; the intention was to contrast *a man* (an individual's action) and *mankind* (as a species).[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-146)
### Citations
In some of the following sources, times are shown in the format *hours:minutes:seconds* (e.g. 109:24:15), referring to the mission's Ground Elapsed Time (GET),[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000iv-295) based on the official launch time of July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") (000:00:00 GET).[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-AP11FJ-104)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6)
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Byrne._2019_1-0)**
Byrne., Dave (July 8, 2019). ["Apollo 11 Image Library"](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37). *hq.nasa.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200224163200/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-2)**
["Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A). *NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000804/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A) from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-3)**
["Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C). *NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190803160625/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C) from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-mfr_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-mfr_4-1)
["Apollo 11 Press Kit"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230106050321/https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/Apollo11_Press-Kit_restored.pdf) (PDF). history.nasa.gov. Archived from [the original](https://www.history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/Apollo11_Press-Kit_restored.pdf) (PDF) on January 6, 2023. Retrieved December 16, 2022.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-5)**
["Ground Ignition Weights"](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-19_Ground_Ignition_Weights.htm). history.nasa.gov. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Mission_Overview_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Mission_Overview_6-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Mission_Overview_6-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Mission_Overview_6-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Mission_Overview_6-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Mission_Overview_6-5)
Loff, Sarah (April 17, 2015). ["Apollo 11 Mission Overview"](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html). NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180209204039/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/missions/apollo11.html) from the original on February 9, 2018. Retrieved September 22, 2018.
7. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-orbit_7-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-orbit_7-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-orbit_7-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-orbit_7-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-orbit_7-4)
["Apollo 11 Mission Summary"](https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm). *Smithsonian Air and Space Museum*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210209050759/https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm) from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
8. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106_8-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106_8-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106_8-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106_8-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106_8-4) [***f***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106_8-5) [Orloff 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFOrloff2000), p. 106.
9. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109_9-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109_9-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109_9-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109_9-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109_9-4) [Orloff 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFOrloff2000), p. 109.
10. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-ALSJ_1_10-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-ALSJ_1_10-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-ALSJ_1_10-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-ALSJ_1_10-3) [***e***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-ALSJ_1_10-4)
Jones, Eric M., ed. (1995). ["The First Lunar Landing"](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html). *Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal*. NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161227230604/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11.landing.html) from the original on December 27, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
11. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff200097_11-0)** [Orloff 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFOrloff2000), p. 97.
12. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-12)**
Williams, David R. (December 11, 2003). ["Apollo Landing Site Coordinates"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html). *NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive*. NASA. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181225003326/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/lunar_sites.html) from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
13. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107_13-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107_13-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107_13-2) [***d***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107_13-3) [Orloff 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFOrloff2000), p. 107.
14. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134_14-0)** [Logsdon 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFLogsdon1976), p. 134.
15. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdon197613%E2%80%9315_15-0)** [Logsdon 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFLogsdon1976), pp. 13–15.
16. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson19791_16-0)** [Brooks, Grimwood & Swenson 1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979), p. 1.
17. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966101%E2%80%93106_17-0)** [Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966), pp. 101–106.
18. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966134_18-0)** [Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966), p. 134.
19. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966332%E2%80%93333_19-0)** [Swenson, Grimwood & Alexander 1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFSwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966), pp. 332–333.
20. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976121_20-0)** [Logsdon 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFLogsdon1976), p. 121.
21. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976112%E2%80%93117_21-0)** [Logsdon 1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#CITEREFLogsdon1976), pp. 112–117.
22. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-22)**
["Excerpt: 'Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs'"](https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech_text.html). NASA. May 25, 1961. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210301081146/https://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/features/jfk_speech_text.html) from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
23. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-23)**
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`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service "Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service"))
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[978-1-351-31458-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-31458-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-31458-9")
.
- [Hamilton, Margaret H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_\(software_engineer\) "Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)"); Hackler, William R. (December 2008). "Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo". *Computer*. **41** (12): 34–43\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2008Compr..41l..34H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Compr..41l..34H). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1109/MC.2008.541](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2008.541). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0018-9162](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9162). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [15870726](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15870726).
- [Hansen, James R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen "James R. Hansen") (2005). [*First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong"). New York: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7432-5631-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2005049992](https://lccn.loc.gov/2005049992). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [937302502](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937302502).
- [Harland, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Harland "David M. Harland") (1999). *Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions*. London; New York: Springer. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-85233-099-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [982158259](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982158259).
- Johnston, Richard S.; Dietlein, Lawrence F.; Berry, Charles A., eds. (1975). [*Biomedical Results of Apollo*](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760005580.pdf) (PDF). Vol. NASA-SP-368. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-368. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191102181246/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760005580.pdf) (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
- [Kranz, Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz "Gene Kranz") (2000). [*Failure Is Not An Option*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790). New York: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7432-0079-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [829406416](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406416).
- Logsdon, John M. (1976). *The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [849992795](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849992795).
- Logsdon, John M. (2011). *John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon*. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-230-11010-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [707157323](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707157323).
- Mission Evaluation Team (November 1969). [*Apollo 11 Mission Report*](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/alsj/a11/a11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf) (PDF). Houston, Texas: NASA [Manned Spacecraft Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [10970862](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10970862). SP-238. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180904062754/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- [Marshall Space Flight Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center "Marshall Space Flight Center") (June 1969). [*Technical Information Summary, Apollo-11 (AS-506) Apollo Saturn V Space Vehicle*](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700011707.pdf) (PDF). Huntsville, Alabama: NASA. Document ID: 19700011707; Accession Number: 70N21012; Report Number: NASA-TM-X-62812; S\&E-ASTR-S-101-69. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200529192940/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700011707.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
- [McCurdy, Howard E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._McCurdy "Howard E. McCurdy") (1997). [*Space and the American Imagination*](https://archive.org/details/spaceamericanima0000mccu). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-56098-764-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-764-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-764-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [36186250](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36186250).
- Mindell, David A. (2008). *Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-262-13497-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2007032255](https://lccn.loc.gov/2007032255). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [751829782](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751829782).
- Orloff, Richard W. (2000). [*Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference*](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm). NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-16-050631-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [00061677](https://lccn.loc.gov/00061677). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [829406439](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406439). SP-2000-4029. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm) from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
- Sarkissian, John M. (2001). ["On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission"](http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html). *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia*. **18** (3): 287–310\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2001PASA...18..287S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PASA...18..287S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1071/AS01038](https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAS01038). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200323225519/https://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html) from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- Schefter, James (July 1999). [*The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon*](https://archive.org/details/raceuncensored00sche). New York: Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-385-49253-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9")
.
- [Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton "Deke Slayton"); [Cassutt, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cassutt "Michael Cassutt") (1994). [*Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle*](https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay). New York: Forge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-312-85503-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85503-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85503-1")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [94002463](https://lccn.loc.gov/94002463). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [29845663](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29845663).
- Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). [*This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury*](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm). The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [569889](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/569889). SP-4201. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100617075825/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm) from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
## External links
**Apollo 11** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects "Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg)[Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "c:Apollo 11") from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Apollo_11 "q:Apollo 11") from Wikiquote
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)
English [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has original text related to this article:
**[In Event of Moon Disaster](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:In_Event_of_Moon_Disaster "s:en:In Event of Moon Disaster")**
Listen to this article (1 hour and 29 minutes)
[This audio file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Apollo_11-article.ogg "File:En-Apollo 11-article.ogg") was created from a revision of this article dated 13 July 2020 (2020-07-13), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
([Audio help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help "Wikipedia:Media help") · [More spoken articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles "Wikipedia:Spoken articles"))
- ["Apollo 11 transcripts"](http://apollo11.spacelog.org/) at [Spacelog](https://web.archive.org/web/20101201070617/http://spacelog.org/)
- [Apollo 11 in real time](https://apolloinrealtime.org/11/)
- [Apollo 11 Press Conference filmed by KPRC-TV](https://texasarchive.org/2018_02104) at Texas Archive of the Moving Image
- [Apollo 11 and 13 Checklists](https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/790) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241008165536/https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/790) October 8, 2024, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections.
- [Apollo 11, 12, and 14 Traverses](https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LPST/ap_11_12_14/), at the Lunar and Planetary Institute
### Multimedia
- Garner, Robert (ed.). ["Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos (Downloads)"](https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11_hdpage.html). NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Remastered videos of the original landing.
- [Dynamic timeline of lunar excursion](http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/featured_sites/view_site/59?linkId=65507096). Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
- The short film [*Moonwalk One*](https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.1257628) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive").
- [*The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11* (1969)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYElQpV_Uwg) ([transcript](https://www.archives.gov/social-media/transcripts/transcript-eagle-has-landed-1969-45017.pdf)) from [US National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_archives_and_records_administration "National archives and records administration") (via YouTube)
- [Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1](https://vimeo.com/14275570) (1 hour of restored footage)
- [Apollo 11: As They Photographed It (Augmented Reality)](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/18/science/apollo-11-moon-landing-photos-ul.html)—*[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, Interactive, July 18, 2019
- ["Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11"](https://radiotapes.com/special-postings/#Apollo) as aired on CBS Radio and WCCO Radio (Minneapolis/St. Paul) for RadioTapes.com. Radio station recordings (airchecks) covering the flight of Apollo 11.
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Apollo_program "Template:Apollo program") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program "Template talk:Apollo program") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program "Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program")[Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program") | | |
|---|---|---|
| [List of missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions "List of Apollo missions") [canceled missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions "Canceled Apollo missions") [List of Apollo astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts "List of Apollo astronauts") | | |
| Launch complexes | [Launch Complex 34](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34 "Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34") [Launch Complex 37](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_37 "Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 37") [Launch Complex 39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39 "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39") [A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A") [B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg "Emblem of the Apollo program") |
| Ground facilities | [Mission Control Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_\(1965-1975\) "Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center") [Cape Kennedy Air Force Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station") [Crawler-transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler-transporter "Crawler-transporter") [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") [Manned Space Flight Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network "Manned Space Flight Network") | |
| Launch vehicles | [Little Joe II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Joe_II "Little Joe II") [Saturn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_\(rocket_family\) "Saturn (rocket family)") [Saturn I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I "Saturn I") [Saturn IB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_IB "Saturn IB") [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") | |
| Spacecraft and rover | [Apollo spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_\(spacecraft\) "Apollo (spacecraft)") [Command and Service Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module") [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") [Lunar Roving Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle "Lunar Roving Vehicle") | |
| Flights | | |
| | | |
| Uncrewed | [AS-101](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-101 "AS-101") [AS-102](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-102 "AS-102") [AS-201](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-201 "AS-201") [AS-202](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-202 "AS-202") [Apollo 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_4 "Apollo 4") [Apollo 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_5 "Apollo 5") [Apollo 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_6 "Apollo 6")† | |
| Crewed | [Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1")† [Apollo 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7 "Apollo 7") [Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8") [Apollo 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_9 "Apollo 9") [Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10") [Apollo 11]() [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13")† [Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14") [Apollo 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15") [Apollo 16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16") [Apollo 17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17") | |
| Saturn development | [Saturn-Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1 "Saturn I SA-1") [SA-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2 "Saturn I SA-2") [SA-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-3 "Saturn I SA-3") [SA-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-4 "Saturn I SA-4") [SA-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-5 "Saturn I SA-5") [AS-203](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-203 "AS-203") [Apollo 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_4 "Apollo 4") [Apollo 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_6 "Apollo 6")† | |
| [Abort tests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes "Apollo abort modes") | [QTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle "Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle") [Pad Abort Test-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1 "Pad Abort Test 1") [A-001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-001 "A-001") [A-002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-002 "A-002") [A-003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-003 "A-003") [Pad Abort Test-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2 "Pad Abort Test 2") [A-004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-004 "A-004") | |
| [Pegasus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_\(satellite\) "Pegasus (satellite)") flights | [AS-103](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-103 "AS-103") [AS-104](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-104 "AS-104") [AS-105](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-105 "AS-105") | |
| Apollo 8 specific | *[Earthrise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthrise "Earthrise")* [Genesis reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading "Apollo 8 Genesis reading") | |
| Apollo 11 specific | [Command Module *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia") [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") "[One small step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_small_step "One small step")" [Double crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_\(lunar_crater\) "Double (lunar crater)") [Little West crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_West_\(lunar_crater\) "Little West (lunar crater)") [Goodwill messages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages "Apollo 11 goodwill messages") [Lunar sample displays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display "Apollo 11 lunar sample display") [Missing tapes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes "Apollo 11 missing tapes") [Anniversaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries "Apollo 11 anniversaries") [50th Anniversary commemorative coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins "Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins") [In popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture "Apollo 11 in popular culture") | |
| Apollo 12 specific | [Statio Cognitum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum "Mare Cognitum") [Surveyor 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_3 "Surveyor 3") [Surveyor crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_\(crater\) "Surveyor (crater)") [Bench Crater meteorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench_Crater_meteorite "Bench Crater meteorite") [J002E3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J002E3 "J002E3") *[Moon Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Museum "Moon Museum")* [Reports of *Streptococcus mitis* on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon "Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon") | |
| Apollo 13 specific | ["Houston, we've had a problem"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem "Houston, we have a problem") | |
| Apollo 14 specific | [Modular Equipment Transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter "Modular Equipment Transporter") [Fra Mauro formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation "Fra Mauro formation") [Big Bertha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bertha_\(lunar_sample\) "Big Bertha (lunar sample)") [Moon tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_tree "Moon tree") | |
| Apollo 15 specific | [Journey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon "Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon") [Lunar operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface "Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface") [Solo operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15 "Solo operations of Apollo 15") [Return to Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth "Return of Apollo 15 to Earth") [Hadley–Apennine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine "Hadley–Apennine") *[Fallen Astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut "Fallen Astronaut")* [Genesis Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_Rock "Genesis Rock") [Great Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Scott_\(lunar_sample\) "Great Scott (lunar sample)") [Hadley Rille meteorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Rille_meteorite "Hadley Rille meteorite") [Seatbelt basalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt "Seatbelt basalt") [Postal covers incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident "Apollo 15 postal covers incident") | |
| Apollo 16 specific | [Big Muley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Muley "Big Muley") | |
| Apollo 17 specific | *[The Blue Marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble "The Blue Marble")* [Taurus–Littrow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow "Taurus–Littrow") [Tracy's Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock "Tracy's Rock") [Nansen-Apollo crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_\(crater\) "Nansen-Apollo (crater)") [Shorty crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorty_\(crater\) "Shorty (crater)") [Lunar sample display](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display "Apollo 17 lunar sample display") [Lunar basalt 70017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017 "Lunar basalt 70017") [Troctolite 76535](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troctolite_76535 "Troctolite 76535") [Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALSE "ALSE") [Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey "Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey") | |
| [Post-Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program "Apollo Applications Program") capsule use | [Skylab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab "Skylab") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab_2 "Skylab 2") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab_3 "Skylab 3") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab_4 "Skylab 4") [Apollo–Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz "Apollo–Soyuz") | |
| [Apollo program training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program_training "Apollo program training") | [Lunar Landing Research Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Facility "Lunar Landing Research Facility") [Lunar Landing Research Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Research Vehicle") [Lunar Landing Training Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Training_Vehicle "Lunar Landing Training Vehicle") [Reduced Gravity Walking Simulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_Gravity_Walking_Simulator "Reduced Gravity Walking Simulator") [Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbit_and_Landing_Approach "Lunar Orbit and Landing Approach") [Rendezvous Docking Simulator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator "Rendezvous Docking Simulator") [Astrogeology Research Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrogeology_Research_Program "Astrogeology Research Program") | |
| Related | "[We choose to go to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon")" [Lunar orbit rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous "Lunar orbit rendezvous") [Stolen and missing Moon rocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks "Stolen and missing Moon rocks") [Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings "Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings") [Apollo insurance covers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_insurance_covers "Apollo insurance covers") | |
| Symbol † indicates failure or partial failure | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lunar_landers "Template:Lunar landers") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lunar_landers "Template talk:Lunar landers") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar_landers "Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar landers")[Lunar landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_lander "Lunar lander") missions | |
|---|---|
| Active | |
| | |
| Robotic | [Chang'e 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4 "Chang'e 4") |
| Past | |
| | |
| Crewed | [Apollo 11]() [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14") [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15") [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16") [17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17") |
| Robotic | [*Blue Ghost* M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1 "Blue Ghost Mission 1") [Chandrayaan-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-3 "Chandrayaan-3") [Chang'e 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_3 "Chang'e 3") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5 "Chang'e 5") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_6 "Chang'e 6") [Luna 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_9 "Luna 9") [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_13 "Luna 13") [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_16 "Luna 16") [17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_17 "Luna 17") [20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_20 "Luna 20") [21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_21 "Luna 21") [23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_23 "Luna 23") [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_24 "Luna 24") [IM-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-1 "IM-1") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-2 "IM-2") [SLIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon "Smart Lander for Investigating Moon") [Surveyor 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_1 "Surveyor 1") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_3 "Surveyor 3") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_5 "Surveyor 5") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_6 "Surveyor 6") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_7 "Surveyor 7") |
| Failed | [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13") [Beresheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet "Beresheet") [Chandrayaan-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2 "Chandrayaan-2") [Hakuto-R M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1 "Hakuto-R Mission 1") [M2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2 "Hakuto-R Mission 2") [Luna 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_5 "Luna 5") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_7 "Luna 7") [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_8 "Luna 8") [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15") [18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_18 "Luna 18") [25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_25 "Luna 25") [OMOTENASHI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMOTENASHI "OMOTENASHI") [Peregrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One "Peregrine Mission One") [Surveyor 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_2 "Surveyor 2") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_4 "Surveyor 4") |
| Planned | |
| | |
| [Artemis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program "Artemis program") | [Artemis IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_IV "Artemis IV") (2028) [V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_V "Artemis V") (2028) [VI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_VI "Artemis VI") (2029) |
| [CLEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program "Chinese Lunar Exploration Program") | [Chang'e 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_7 "Chang'e 7") (2026) [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_8 "Chang'e 8") (2028) |
| [CLPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services "Commercial Lunar Payload Services") | [*Blue Ghost* M2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_2 "Blue Ghost Mission 2") (2026) [M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_3 "Blue Ghost Mission 3") (2028) [M4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_4 "Blue Ghost Mission 4") (2029) [*Blue Moon* Pathfinder 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_Pathfinder_Mission_1 "Blue Moon Pathfinder Mission 1") (2026) [Pathfinder 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_Pathfinder_Mission_2 "Blue Moon Pathfinder Mission 2") (2027) [*Griffin* M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_Mission_1 "Griffin Mission 1") (2026) [IM-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-3 "IM-3") (2026) |
| [KLEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program "Korean Lunar Exploration Program") | [Korean lunar lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_lunar_lander "Korean lunar lander") (2032) |
| [Luna-Glob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna-Glob "Luna-Glob") | [Luna 27A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_27 "Luna 27") (2029) [27B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_27 "Luna 27") (2030) [28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_28 "Luna 28") (2034) |
| Others | [Hakuto-R M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_\(Japanese_company\) "Ispace (Japanese company)") ([ispace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_\(Japanese_company\) "Ispace (Japanese company)"), 2028) |
| Proposed | |
| | |
| CLPS | [Redwire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwire#Deep_Space_Systems "Redwire") [Draper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services "Draper Laboratory") [Firefly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Genesis_lunar_lander "Firefly Aerospace") [Masten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1 "Masten Space Systems") [MoonEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Express "Moon Express") [OrbitBeyond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OrbitBeyond#Z-01 "OrbitBeyond") [McCandless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander "McCandless Lunar Lander") |
| Others | [Beresheet 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet_2 "Beresheet 2") ([SpaceIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceIL "SpaceIL")) Nyx Moon ([The Exploration Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exploration_Company "The Exploration Company")) [Argonaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonaut_\(lunar_lander\) "Argonaut (lunar lander)") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft "Template:Moon spacecraft") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft "Template talk:Moon spacecraft") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft "Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft")[Spacecraft missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon "List of missions to the Moon") to the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon") | |
|---|---|
| [Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon "Exploration of the Moon") programs | [American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") [Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program") [Artemis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program "Artemis program") [CLPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services "Commercial Lunar Payload Services") [Lunar Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program "Lunar Orbiter program") [Lunar Precursor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program "Lunar Precursor Robotic Program") [Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_program "Pioneer program") [Ranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_program "Ranger program") [Surveyor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_program "Surveyor program") [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration "China National Space Administration") [Chang'e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program "Chinese Lunar Exploration Program") [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency "European Space Agency") [Terrae Novae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrae_Novae "Terrae Novae") [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO "ISRO") [Chandrayaan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme "Chandrayaan programme") [Japanese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science") [Japanese Lunar Exploration Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program "Japanese Lunar Exploration Program") [South Korean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute "Korea Aerospace Research Institute") [Korean Lunar Exploration Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program "Korean Lunar Exploration Program") [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos") [Luna-Glob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna-Glob "Luna-Glob") [Soviet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program "Soviet space program") [Crewed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs "Soviet crewed lunar programs") [Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_programme "Luna programme") [Lunokhod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunokhod_programme "Lunokhod programme") [Zond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_program "Zond program") |
| Active missions | |
| | |
| Orbiters | [ARTEMIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS "THEMIS") [CAPSTONE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPSTONE "CAPSTONE") [Chandrayaan-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2 "Chandrayaan-2") [Chang'e 5-T1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1 "Chang'e 5-T1") [Danuri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuri "Danuri") [Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter") [Queqiao 1 and 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite "Queqiao relay satellite") [Tiandu-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiandu "Tiandu") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiandu "Tiandu") [ICUBE-Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICUBE-Q "ICUBE-Q") |
| Landers | [Chang'e 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4 "Chang'e 4") |
| Rovers | [Yutu-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu-2 "Yutu-2") |
| Flybys | *[Artemis II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II "Artemis II")* |
| Past missions | |
| | |
| Crewed landings | *[Apollo 11]()* *[12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12")* *[14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14")* *[15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15")* *[16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16")* *[17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")* ([List of Apollo astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts "List of Apollo astronauts")) |
| Orbiters | *[Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8")* *[10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10")* [Artemis I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_I "Artemis I") [Chang'e 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_1 "Chang'e 1") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_2 "Chang'e 2") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5 "Chang'e 5") [Chandrayaan-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1 "Chandrayaan-1") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-3 "Chandrayaan-3") [Clementine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementine_\(spacecraft\) "Clementine (spacecraft)") [Explorer 35](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_35 "Explorer 35") [49](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_49 "Explorer 49") [GRAIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAIL "GRAIL") [Hiten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiten_\(spacecraft\) "Hiten (spacecraft)") [LADEE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LADEE "LADEE") [Longjiang-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites "Chang'e 4") [Luna 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_10 "Luna 10") [11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_11 "Luna 11") [12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_12 "Luna 12") [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_14 "Luna 14") [19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_19 "Luna 19") [22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_22 "Luna 22") [Lunar Orbiter 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1 "Lunar Orbiter 1") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2 "Lunar Orbiter 2") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3 "Lunar Orbiter 3") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4 "Lunar Orbiter 4") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5 "Lunar Orbiter 5") [Lunar Prospector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Prospector "Lunar Prospector") [PFS-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite "Apollo 15") [PFS-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2 "Apollo 16") [SMART-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART-1 "SMART-1") [SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELENE "SELENE") [Lunar Trailblazer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer "Lunar Trailblazer") |
| [Impactors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon "Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon") | [LCROSS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCROSS "LCROSS") [Luna 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_2 "Luna 2") [Moon Impact Probe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe "Moon Impact Probe") [Ranger 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_4 "Ranger 4") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_6 "Ranger 6") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_7 "Ranger 7") [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_8 "Ranger 8") [9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_9 "Ranger 9") |
| [Landers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing "Moon landing") | *[Apollo Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module")* ×6 [*Blue Ghost* M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1 "Blue Ghost Mission 1") [Chandrayaan-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-3 "Chandrayaan-3") [Chang'e 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_3 "Chang'e 3") [Chang'e 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5 "Chang'e 5") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_6 "Chang'e 6") [Luna 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_9 "Luna 9") [13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_13 "Luna 13") [16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_16 "Luna 16") [17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_17 "Luna 17") [20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_20 "Luna 20") [21](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_21 "Luna 21") [23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_23 "Luna 23") [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_24 "Luna 24") [SLIM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon "Smart Lander for Investigating Moon") [Surveyor 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_1 "Surveyor 1") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_3 "Surveyor 3") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_5 "Surveyor 5") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_6 "Surveyor 6") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_7 "Surveyor 7") |
| [Rovers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_rover "Lunar rover") | [Lunar Roving Vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle "Lunar Roving Vehicle") *[Apollo 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15")* *[16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16")* *[17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")* [Lunokhod 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunokhod_1 "Lunokhod 1") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunokhod_2 "Lunokhod 2") [Yutu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yutu_\(rover\) "Yutu (rover)") [Pragyan 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragyan_\(Chandrayaan-2\) "Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragyan_\(Chandrayaan-3\) "Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)") [LEV-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1 "Smart Lander for Investigating Moon") [LEV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2 "Smart Lander for Investigating Moon") ([Sora-Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora-Q "Sora-Q")) [Jinchan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_6 "Chang'e 6") [Yaoki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoki "Yaoki") MAPP Micro-Nova AstroAnt |
| [Sample return](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-return_mission "Sample-return mission") | *[Apollo 11]()* *[12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12")* *[14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14")* *[15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15 "Apollo 15")* *[16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_16 "Apollo 16")* *[17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17 "Apollo 17")* [Luna 16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_16 "Luna 16") [20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_20 "Luna 20") [24](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_24 "Luna 24") [Chang'e 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5 "Chang'e 5") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_6 "Chang'e 6") |
| Failed landings | [Beresheet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet "Beresheet") [Emirates Lunar Mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission "Emirates Lunar Mission") [Hakuto-R M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1 "Hakuto-R Mission 1") [M2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2 "Hakuto-R Mission 2") [IM-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-1 "IM-1") [2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-2 "IM-2") [Luna 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_5 "Luna 5") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_7 "Luna 7") [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_8 "Luna 8") [15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15") [18](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_18 "Luna 18") [25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_25 "Luna 25") [OMOTENASHI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMOTENASHI "OMOTENASHI") [Surveyor 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_2 "Surveyor 2") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_4 "Surveyor 4") [Vikram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander "Chandrayaan-2") [*Peregrine*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One "Peregrine Mission One") |
| [Flybys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys "Category:Lunar flybys") | [4M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission "Manfred Memorial Moon Mission") *[Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13")* [Chang'e 5-T1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1 "Chang'e 5-T1") [Geotail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotail "Geotail") [Galileo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_project "Galileo project") [ICE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer "International Cometary Explorer") [Longjiang-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites "Chang'e 4") [Luna 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1 "Luna 1") [3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_3 "Luna 3") [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_4 "Luna 4") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_6 "Luna 6") [LunaH-Map](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper "Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper") [Lunar Flashlight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight "Lunar Flashlight") [Lunar IceCube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_IceCube "Lunar IceCube") [LunIR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LunIR "LunIR") [Mariner 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_10 "Mariner 10") [NEA Scout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout "Near-Earth Asteroid Scout") [Nozomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozomi_\(spacecraft\) "Nozomi (spacecraft)") [Pioneer 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_4 "Pioneer 4") [Ranger 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_5 "Ranger 5") [STEREO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEREO "STEREO") [TESS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite "Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite") [WMAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe") [Wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_\(spacecraft\) "Wind (spacecraft)") [Zond 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_3 "Zond 3") [5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_5 "Zond 5") [6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_6 "Zond 6") [7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_7 "Zond 7") [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_8 "Zond 8") [PAS-22](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAS-22 "PAS-22") [ArgoMoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArgoMoon "ArgoMoon") |
| Planned missions | |
| | |
| [Artemis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program "Artemis program") | *[IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_IV "Artemis IV")* (2028) *[V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_V "Artemis V")* (2028) |
| [CLPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services "Commercial Lunar Payload Services") | [Blue Moon Pathfinder 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_Pathfinder_Mission_1 "Blue Moon Pathfinder Mission 1") (2026) [*Griffin* M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin_Mission_1 "Griffin Mission 1") (2026) [IM-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IM-3 "IM-3") (2026) [*Blue Ghost* M2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_2 "Blue Ghost Mission 2") (2026) [Blue Moon Pathfinder 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_Pathfinder_Mission_2 "Blue Moon Pathfinder Mission 2") (2027) [*Blue Ghost* M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_3 "Blue Ghost Mission 3") (2028) [IM-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IM-4&action=edit&redlink=1 "IM-4 (page does not exist)") (2020s) [IM-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IM-5&action=edit&redlink=1 "IM-5 (page does not exist)") (2030) [ispace M5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_Inc. "Ispace Inc.") (2030) |
| [Luna-Glob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna-Glob "Luna-Glob") | [26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_26 "Luna 26") (2028) [27A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_27 "Luna 27") (2029) [27B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_27 "Luna 27") (2030) [29](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1 "Luna 29 (page does not exist)") (2032) [28](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_28 "Luna 28") (2034) [30](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1 "Luna 30 (page does not exist)") (2036) |
| [CLEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program "Chinese Lunar Exploration Program") | [Chang'e 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_7 "Chang'e 7") (2026) [8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_8 "Chang'e 8") (2028) |
| [Chandrayaan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme "Chandrayaan programme") | [4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-4 "Chandrayaan-4") (2027) [5 (LUPEX)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission "Lunar Polar Exploration Mission") (2028) |
| [KLEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program "Korean Lunar Exploration Program") | [Korean lunar lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_lunar_lander "Korean lunar lander") (2032) |
| [ESA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA "ESA") | [Lunar Pathfinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder "Lunar Pathfinder") (2026) [LUMIO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUMIO_\(space_mission\) "LUMIO (space mission)") (2027) [Moonlight Programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_Programme "Moonlight Programme") (2028) [VMMO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMMO "VMMO") (2028) [MAGPIE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAGPIE_\(rover\) "MAGPIE (rover)") (2028) [Máni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ni_\(spacecraft\) "Máni (spacecraft)") (2029) [Argonaut M1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonaut_\(lunar_lander\) "Argonaut (lunar lander)") (2031) |
| Others | [ispace M2.5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_Inc. "Ispace Inc.") (2027) [DESTINY\+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DESTINY%2B "DESTINY+") (2028) [ispace M3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_Inc. "Ispace Inc.") (2028) [ispace M4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispace_Inc. "Ispace Inc.") (2029) [Cislunar Explorers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers "Cislunar Explorers") (2020s) [CU-E3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer "Earth Escape Explorer") (2020s) [MoonRanger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers "Astrobotic Technology") (2020s) [International Lunar Research Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station "International Lunar Research Station") (2030s) |
| Proposed missions | |
| | |
| Robotic | [ALINA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems "Planetary Transportation Systems") [Artemis-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services "Draper Laboratory") [Beresheet 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beresheet_2 "Beresheet 2") [Blue Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Moon_\(spacecraft\) "Blue Moon (spacecraft)") [BOLAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BOLAS_\(spacecraft\) "BOLAS (spacecraft)") [Garatéa-L](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L "Garatéa-L") [ISOCHRON](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISOCHRON_\(spacecraft\) "ISOCHRON (spacecraft)") [LunaNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LunaNet "LunaNet") [Lunar Crater Radio Telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope "Lunar Crater Radio Telescope") [McCandless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander "McCandless Lunar Lander") [Moon Diver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Diver_\(spacecraft\) "Moon Diver (spacecraft)") [Moonraker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonraker_\(lunar_orbiter\) "Moonraker (lunar orbiter)") |
| Crewed | *[DSE-Alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSE-Alpha "DSE-Alpha")* *[Boeing Lunar Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander "Boeing Lunar Lander")* *[Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander "Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander")* |
| Cancelled / concepts | *[Altair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_\(spacecraft\) "Altair (spacecraft)")* [Baden-Württemberg 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1 "Baden-Württemberg 1") *[\#dearMoon project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DearMoon_project "DearMoon project")* [European Lunar Explorer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer "European Lunar Explorer") [First Lunar Outpost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost "First Lunar Outpost") [International Lunar Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Lunar_Network "International Lunar Network") [LEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEO_\(spacecraft\) "LEO (spacecraft)") *[LK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LK_\(spacecraft\) "LK (spacecraft)")* [Lunar-A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar-A "Lunar-A") *[Lunar Gateway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Gateway "Lunar Gateway")* [Lunar Lander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Lander_\(spacecraft\) "Lunar Lander (spacecraft)") [Lunar Mission One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One "Lunar Mission One") [Lunar Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program "Planetary Observer program") [Lunokhod 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunokhod_3 "Lunokhod 3") [MoonLITE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoonLITE "MoonLITE") [MoonRise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoonRise "MoonRise") [OrbitBeyond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OrbitBeyond "OrbitBeyond") [Project Harvest Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon "Project Harvest Moon") [Prospector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospector_\(spacecraft\) "Prospector (spacecraft)") [Resource Prospector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Prospector_\(rover\) "Resource Prospector (rover)") [SELENE-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELENE-2 "SELENE-2") [Ukrselena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrselena "Ukrselena") [XL-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1 "Masten Space Systems") [VIPER](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIPER_\(rover\) "VIPER (rover)") |
| Related | [Colonization of the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon "Colonization of the Moon") "[We choose to go to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon")" "[One small step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_small_step "One small step")" [Google Lunar X Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize "Google Lunar X Prize") [List of lunar probes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes "List of lunar probes") [List of missions to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon "List of missions to the Moon") [List of artificial objects on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon "List of artificial objects on the Moon") [List of species that have landed on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon "List of species that have landed on the Moon") [Lunar resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_resources "Lunar resources") [Apollo 17 Moon mice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey "Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey") [Moon landing conspiracy theories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories "Moon landing conspiracy theories") [Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings "Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings") [Apollo 11 anniversaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries "Apollo 11 anniversaries") [List of crewed lunar landers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers "List of crewed lunar landers") |
| Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in *italics*. | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1969 "Template:Orbital launches in 1969") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1969 "Template talk:Orbital launches in 1969") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1969 "Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1969")[← 1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_in_spaceflight "1968 in spaceflight") [Orbital launches in 1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_in_spaceflight "1969 in spaceflight") [1970 →](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_spaceflight "1970 in spaceflight") |
|---|
| [Venera 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_5 "Venera 5") [Venera 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_6 "Venera 6") [Kosmos 263](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_263&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 263 (page does not exist)") [Soyuz 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_4 "Soyuz 4") [Soyuz 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_5 "Soyuz 5") *[7K-L1 No.13L](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1_No.13L&action=edit&redlink=1 "Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L (page does not exist)")* [OSO-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSO-5&action=edit&redlink=1 "OSO-5 (page does not exist)") [OPS 7585](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7585&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7585 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 264](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_264&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 264 (page does not exist)") *[US-A No.5](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=US-A_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1 "US-A No.5 (page does not exist)")* [Isis 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isis_1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Isis 1 (page does not exist)") *[Meteor-1 No.11](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor-1_No.11&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meteor-1 No.11 (page does not exist)")* [OPS 3890](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_3890&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 3890 (page does not exist)") [OPS 2644](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_2644&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 2644 (page does not exist)") [Intelsat III F-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-3 "Intelsat III F-3") [Kosmos 265](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_265 "Kosmos 265") [OPS 0757](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_0757&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 0757 (page does not exist)") *[Luna E-8 No.201](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_E-8_No.201 "Luna E-8 No.201")* *[7K-L1S No.3](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1S_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1 "Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 (page does not exist)")* [Mariner 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_6 "Mariner 6") [Kosmos 266](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_266&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 266 (page does not exist)") [ESSA-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESSA-9 "ESSA-9") [Kosmos 267](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_267&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 267 (page does not exist)") [Apollo 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_9 "Apollo 9") [OPS 4248](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_4248&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 4248 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 268](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_268 "Kosmos 268") [Kosmos 269](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_269&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 269 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 270](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_270&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 270 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 271](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_271&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 271 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 272](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_272&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 272 (page does not exist)") [OV1-17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OV1-17 "OV1-17") [OV1-18](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OV1-18&action=edit&redlink=1 "OV1-18 (page does not exist)") [OV1-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OV1-19&action=edit&redlink=1 "OV1-19 (page does not exist)") [Orbiscal 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbiscal_2&action=edit&redlink=1 "Orbiscal 2 (page does not exist)") [OPS 3722](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_3722&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 3722 (page does not exist)") [OPS 2285](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_2285&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 2285 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 273](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_273&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 273 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 274](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_274&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 274 (page does not exist)") [Meteor-1 No.12](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor-1_No.12&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meteor-1 No.12 (page does not exist)") *[2M No.521](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521 "Mars 2M No.521")* [Mariner 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_7 "Mariner 7") [Kosmos 275](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_275 "Kosmos 275") *[2M No.522](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522 "Mars 2M No.522")* [Kosmos 276](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_276&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 276 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 277](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_277 "Kosmos 277") [Kosmos 278](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_278&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 278 (page does not exist)") [Molniya-1 No.16](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.16&action=edit&redlink=1 "Molniya-1 No.16 (page does not exist)") [OPS 3148](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_3148&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 3148 (page does not exist)") [Nimbus 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_3 "Nimbus 3") [SECOR 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SECOR_13&action=edit&redlink=1 "SECOR 13 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 279](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_279&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 279 (page does not exist)") [OPS 5310](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_5310&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 5310 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 280](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_280&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 280 (page does not exist)") [OPS 1101](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_1101&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 1101 (page does not exist)") [OPS 1721](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_1721&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 1721 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 281](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_281&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 281 (page does not exist)") [Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10") [Kosmos 282](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_282&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 282 (page does not exist)") [Intelsat III F-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-4 "Intelsat III F-4") [OPS 6909](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPS_6909 "OPS 6909") [OPS 6911](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_6911&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 6911 (page does not exist)") [ERS-29](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_29 "Environmental Research Satellite 29") [ERS-26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_26 "Environmental Research Satellite 26") [OV5-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OV5-9&action=edit&redlink=1 "OV5-9 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 283](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_283 "Kosmos 283") [Kosmos 284](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_284&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 284 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 285](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_285 "Kosmos 285") [OPS 1077](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_1077&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 1077 (page does not exist)") [OGO-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGO-6 "OGO-6") *[Luna E-8-5 No.402](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_E-8-5_No.402 "Luna E-8-5 No.402")* [Kosmos 286](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_286&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 286 (page does not exist)") [Explorer 41](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer_41 "Explorer 41") [Kosmos 287](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_287&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 287 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 288](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_288&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 288 (page does not exist)") [Biosatellite 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosatellite_3 "Biosatellite 3") *[STV-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=STV-2&action=edit&redlink=1 "STV-2 (page does not exist)")* *[7K-L1S No.5](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1S_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1 "Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 (page does not exist)")* [Kosmos 289](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_289&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 289 (page does not exist)") [Luna 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15") [Apollo 11]() [Kosmos 290](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_290&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 290 (page does not exist)") [Molniya-1 No.18](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.18&action=edit&redlink=1 "Molniya-1 No.18 (page does not exist)") [OPS 1127](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_1127&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 1127 (page does not exist)") *[DS-P1-Yu No.23](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DS-P1-Yu_No.23&action=edit&redlink=1 "DS-P1-Yu No.23 (page does not exist)")* [OPS 3654](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_3654&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 3654 (page does not exist)") [Intelsat III F-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelsat_III_F-5 "Intelsat III F-5") [OPS 8285](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_8285&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 8285 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 291](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_291 "Kosmos 291") [Zond 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zond_7 "Zond 7") [OSO-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSO-6&action=edit&redlink=1 "OSO-6 (page does not exist)") [PAC-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Package_Attitude_Control_1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Package Attitude Control 1 (page does not exist)") [ATS-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATS-5 "ATS-5") [Kosmos 292](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_292&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 292 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 293](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_293&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 293 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 294](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_294&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 294 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 295](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_295 "Kosmos 295") [OPS 7807](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7807&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7807 (page does not exist)") *[Pioneer E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_E "Pioneer E")* *[ERS-32](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Research_Satellite_32 "Environmental Research Satellite 32")* [Kosmos 296](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_296&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 296 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 297](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_297&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 297 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 298](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_298&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 298 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 299](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_299&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 299 (page does not exist)") *[Unnamed](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L-4S-4&action=edit&redlink=1 "L-4S-4 (page does not exist)")* [OPS 3531](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_3531&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 3531 (page does not exist)") [OPS 4710](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_4710&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 4710 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 300](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_300 "Kosmos 300") [Kosmos 301](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_301&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 301 (page does not exist)") [OPS 7613](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_7613&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 7613 (page does not exist)") [NRL PL-161](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-161&action=edit&redlink=1 "NRL PL-161 (page does not exist)") [NRL PL-162](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-162&action=edit&redlink=1 "NRL PL-162 (page does not exist)") [NRL PL-163](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-163&action=edit&redlink=1 "NRL PL-163 (page does not exist)") [NRL PL-164](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-164&action=edit&redlink=1 "NRL PL-164 (page does not exist)") [NRL PL-176](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NRL_PL-176&action=edit&redlink=1 "NRL PL-176 (page does not exist)") [Timation 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timation_2&action=edit&redlink=1 "Timation 2 (page does not exist)") [Tempsat 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tempsat_2&action=edit&redlink=1 "Tempsat 2 (page does not exist)") [SOICAL Cone](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOICAL_Cone&action=edit&redlink=1 "SOICAL Cone (page does not exist)") [SOICAL Cylinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOICAL_Cylinder&action=edit&redlink=1 "SOICAL Cylinder (page does not exist)") [ESRO-1B](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESRO-1B&action=edit&redlink=1 "ESRO-1B (page does not exist)") [Meteor-1 No.15](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteor-1_No.15&action=edit&redlink=1 "Meteor-1 No.15 (page does not exist)") [Soyuz 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_6 "Soyuz 6") [Soyuz 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_7 "Soyuz 7") [Soyuz 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_8 "Soyuz 8") [Interkosmos 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Interkosmos 1 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 302](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_302&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 302 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 303](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_303 "Kosmos 303") [Kosmos 304](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_304&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 304 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 305](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_305 "Kosmos 305") [Kosmos 306](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_306&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 306 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 307](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_307 "Kosmos 307") [OPS 8455](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_8455&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 8455 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 308](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_308 "Kosmos 308") [Azur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azur_\(satellite\) "Azur (satellite)") [Kosmos 309](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_309&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 309 (page does not exist)") [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") [Kosmos 310](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_310&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 310 (page does not exist)") [Skynet 1A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skynet_1A "Skynet 1A") [Kosmos 311](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_311 "Kosmos 311") [Kosmos 312](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_312&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 312 (page does not exist)") *[7K-L1e No.1](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soyuz_7K-L1e_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1 "Soyuz 7K-L1e No.1 (page does not exist)")* [Kosmos 313](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_313&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 313 (page does not exist)") [OPS 6617](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPS_6617&action=edit&redlink=1 "OPS 6617 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 314](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_314 "Kosmos 314") [Kosmos 315](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_315&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 315 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 316](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_316&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 316 (page does not exist)") [Kosmos 317](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_317&action=edit&redlink=1 "Kosmos 317 (page does not exist)") [Interkosmos 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_2&action=edit&redlink=1 "Interkosmos 2 (page does not exist)") *[Unnamed](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=December_1969_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1 "December 1969 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)")* |
| Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in *italics*. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets). |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program "Template:NASA space program") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program "Template talk:NASA space program") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program "Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program")[NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") | |
|---|---|
| [Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States "Space policy of the United States") and history | |
| | |
| History ([creation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_of_NASA "Creation of NASA")) | [NACA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics "National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics") (1915) [National Aeronautics and Space Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act "National Aeronautics and Space Act") (1958) [Space Task Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Task_Group "Space Task Group") (1958) [Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space "Thomas O. Paine") (1986) [Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report "Rogers Commission Report") (1986) [Ride](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_Report "Ride Report") (1987) [Space Exploration Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative "Space Exploration Initiative") (1989) [Augustine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Committee "Augustine Committee") (1990) [U.S. National Space Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration "Space policy of the United States") (1996) [CFUSAI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry "Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry") (2002) [CAIB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board "Columbia Accident Investigation Board") (2003) [Vision for Space Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration "Vision for Space Exploration") (2004) [Aldridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy "President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy") (2004) [Augustine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee "Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee") (2009) |
| General | [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race") [Administrator and Deputy Administrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA "List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA") [Chief Scientist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist "NASA Chief Scientist") [Astronaut Corps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps "NASA Astronaut Corps") [Ranks and positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions "Astronaut ranks and positions") [Chief](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office "Chief of the Astronaut Office") [Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budget_of_NASA "Budget of NASA") [NASA research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_research "NASA research") [spinoff technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies "NASA spinoff technologies") [NASA+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA%2B "NASA+") [NASA TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_TV "NASA TV") [NASA Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Social "NASA Social") [Launch Services Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_Services_Program "Launch Services Program") [Mercury Control Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center "Mercury Control Center") [Manned Space Flight Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network "Manned Space Flight Network") [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") [Vehicle Assembly Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building "Vehicle Assembly Building") [Launch Complex 39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39 "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39") [39A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A") [39B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B") [Launch Complex 48](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48 "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48") [Launch Control Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_Control_Center "Launch Control Center") [Operations and Checkout Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building "Operations and Checkout Building") [Johnson Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center "Johnson Space Center") [Mission Control](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center "Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center") [Lunar Sample Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility "Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility") [Science Mission Directorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate "Science Mission Directorate") |
| [Human spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight "Human spaceflight") programs | |
| | |
| Past | [X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") ([suborbital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight "Sub-orbital spaceflight")) [Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury") [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") [Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program") [Skylab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab "Skylab") [Apollo–Soyuz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz "Apollo–Soyuz") (with the [Soviet space program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_space_program "Soviet space program")) [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program "Space Shuttle program") [Shuttle–*Mir*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program "Shuttle–Mir program") (with [Roscosmos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscosmos "Roscosmos")) [Constellation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_program "Constellation program") |
| Current | [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme "International Space Station programme") [Commercial Orbital Transportation Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services "Commercial Orbital Transportation Services") [Commercial Crew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program "Commercial Crew Program") [Orion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_\(spacecraft\) "Orion (spacecraft)") [Artemis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_program "Artemis program") |
| [Robotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft "Robotic spacecraft") programs | |
| | |
| Past | [Hitchhiker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program "Hitchhiker Program") [Mariner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_program "Mariner program") [Mariner Mark II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II "Mariner Mark II") [MESUR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MESUR "MESUR") [Mars Surveyor '98](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798 "Mars Surveyor '98") [New Millennium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Millennium_Program "New Millennium Program") [Lunar Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program "Lunar Orbiter program") [Pioneer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_program "Pioneer program") [Planetary Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program "Planetary Observer program") [Ranger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_program "Ranger program") [Surveyor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_program "Surveyor program") [Viking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_program "Viking program") [Project Prometheus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Prometheus "Project Prometheus") [Mars Exploration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program "Mars Exploration Program") [Mars Exploration Rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover "Mars Exploration Rover") |
| Current | [Living With a Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_With_a_Star "Living With a Star") [Lunar Precursor Robotic Program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program "Lunar Precursor Robotic Program") [Earth Observing System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Observing_System "Earth Observing System") [Great Observatories program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Observatories_program "Great Observatories program") [Explorers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorers_Program "Explorers Program") [Voyager](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_program "Voyager program") [Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Program "Discovery Program") [New Frontiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Frontiers_program "New Frontiers program") [Solar Terrestrial Probes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program "Solar Terrestrial Probes program") [Commercial Lunar Payload Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services "Commercial Lunar Payload Services") [SIMPLEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration "Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration") |
| Individual featured [missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions "List of NASA missions") (human and robotic) | |
| | |
| Past | [Apollo 11]() [COBE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer "Cosmic Background Explorer") [Mercury 3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3 "Mercury-Redstone 3") [Mercury-Atlas 6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6 "Mercury-Atlas 6") *[Magellan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magellan_\(spacecraft\) "Magellan (spacecraft)")* *[Pioneer 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_10 "Pioneer 10")* *[Pioneer 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_11 "Pioneer 11")* [*Galileo*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_project "Galileo project") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_\(spacecraft\) "Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)") [GALEX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GALEX "GALEX") [GRAIL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAIL "GRAIL") [WMAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe") [Space Shuttle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle "Space Shuttle") [Spitzer Space Telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope "Spitzer Space Telescope") [*Sojourner* rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojourner_\(rover\) "Sojourner (rover)") [*Spirit* rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_\(rover\) "Spirit (rover)") [LADEE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LADEE "LADEE") *[MESSENGER](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MESSENGER "MESSENGER")* [Aquarius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_\(SAC-D_instrument\) "Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)") [*Cassini*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens "Cassini–Huygens") [*Dawn*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_\(spacecraft\) "Dawn (spacecraft)") [Kepler space telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope "Kepler space telescope") [*Opportunity* rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_\(rover\) "Opportunity (rover)") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity "Timeline of Opportunity") [observed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity "List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity") [RHESSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager "Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager") *[InSight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InSight "InSight")* [*Ingenuity* helicopter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity_\(helicopter\) "Ingenuity (helicopter)") [flights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights "List of Ingenuity flights") |
| Currently operating | [Artemis II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis_II "Artemis II") *[Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter")* *[2001 Mars Odyssey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey "2001 Mars Odyssey")* *[New Horizons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons "New Horizons")* [International Space Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station "International Space Station") [Hubble Space Telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope "Hubble Space Telescope") [*Chandra* X-ray Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory "Chandra X-ray Observatory") [Swift Observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory "Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory") [THEMIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THEMIS "THEMIS") [Mars Exploration Rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover "Mars Exploration Rover") [*Curiosity* rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity_\(rover\) "Curiosity (rover)") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory "Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory") [GOES 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOES_14 "GOES 14") *[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter")* [GOES 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOES_15 "GOES 15") [*SDO*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory "Solar Dynamics Observatory") [*Juno*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_\(spacecraft\) "Juno (spacecraft)") [Mars Science Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory "Mars Science Laboratory") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory "Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory") *[NuSTAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuSTAR "NuSTAR")* *[Voyager 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1 "Voyager 1")* *[Voyager 2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2 "Voyager 2")* *[MAVEN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAVEN "MAVEN")* [MMS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission "Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission") *[OSIRIS-APEX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSIRIS-REx "OSIRIS-REx")* [*TESS*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite "Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite") [Mars 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_2020 "Mars 2020") [*Perseverance* rover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_\(rover\) "Perseverance (rover)") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020 "Timeline of Mars 2020") [James Webb Space Telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope "James Webb Space Telescope") [timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope "Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope") [*PACE*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem "Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem") *[Europa Clipper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Clipper "Europa Clipper")* *[NISAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NISAR_\(satellite\) "NISAR (satellite)")* |
| Future | [Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope "Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope") *[DAVINCI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAVINCI "DAVINCI")* *[VERITAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VERITAS_\(spacecraft\) "VERITAS (spacecraft)")* |
| [Communications and navigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program "Space Communications and Navigation Program") | [Near Earth Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Earth_Network "Near Earth Network") [Space Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Network "Space Network") [Deep Space Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network "NASA Deep Space Network") ([Goldstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex") [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex "Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex") [Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex "Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex") [Space Flight Operations Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility "Space Flight Operations Facility")) [Deep Space Atomic Clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock "Deep Space Atomic Clock") |
| NASA lists | [Astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut "Astronaut") [by name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name "List of astronauts by name") [by year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection "List of astronauts by year of selection") [Gemini astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts "List of Gemini astronauts") [Apollo astronauts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts "List of Apollo astronauts") [Space Shuttle crews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews "List of Space Shuttle crews") [NASA aircraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft "List of NASA aircraft") [NASA missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions "List of NASA missions") [uncrewed missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions "List of uncrewed NASA missions") [Apollo missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions "List of Apollo missions") [Space Shuttle missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions "List of Space Shuttle missions") [United States rockets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States "List of rockets of the United States") [NASA cancellations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations "List of NASA cancellations") [NASA cameras on spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft "List of NASA cameras on spacecraft") |
| NASA images and artwork | *[Earthrise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthrise "Earthrise")* *[The Blue Marble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Marble "The Blue Marble")* *[Family Portrait](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Portrait_\(Voyager\) "Family Portrait (Voyager)")* *[Pale Blue Dot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot "Pale Blue Dot")* *[Pillars of Creation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation "Pillars of Creation")* *[Mystic Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_Mountain "Mystic Mountain")* [*Solar System Family Portrait*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Portrait_\(MESSENGER\) "Family Portrait (MESSENGER)") *[The Day the Earth Smiled](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled "The Day the Earth Smiled")* [*Hello, World*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_World_\(photograph\) "Hello, World (photograph)") *[Earthset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthset "Earthset")* *[Fallen Astronaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut "Fallen Astronaut")* [Deep fields](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_deep_fields "List of deep fields") [Lunar plaques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_plaque "Lunar plaque") [Pioneer plaques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque "Pioneer plaque") [Voyager Golden Record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record "Voyager Golden Record") [Apollo 11 goodwill messages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages "Apollo 11 goodwill messages") [NASA insignia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_insignia "NASA insignia") [Gemini and Apollo medallions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions "NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions") [Mission patches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_patch "Mission patch") [Astronomy Picture of the Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day "Astronomy Picture of the Day") [Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images "List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images") |
| Related | "[We choose to go to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon")" "[One small step](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_small_step "One small step")" [Apollo 8 Genesis reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading "Apollo 8 Genesis reading") [Apollo 15 postal covers incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident "Apollo 15 postal covers incident") [Apollo Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") [Space Mirror Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial "Space Mirror Memorial") [The Astronaut Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument "The Astronaut Monument") [Lunar sample displays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays "Lunar sample displays") [Moon rocks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_rock "Moon rock") [stolen or missing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks "Stolen and missing Moon rocks") [U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame "United States Astronaut Hall of Fame") [Space program on U.S. stamps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps") [Apollo 17 Moon mice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey "Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey") [Moon tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_tree "Moon tree") [Other primates in space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States "Monkeys and apes in space") [NASA Exoplanet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive "NASA Exoplanet Archive") [NASA International Space Apps Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge "NASA International Space Apps Challenge") [Astronauts Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauts_Day "Astronauts Day") [National Astronaut Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day "National Astronaut Day") [Nikon NASA F4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4 "Nikon NASA F4") |
|  [**Category**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA "Category:NASA") | |
| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43653#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") | |
|---|---|
| International | [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000123370045) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/145407613) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4356607-8) |
| National | [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79129542) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12510596r) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12510596r) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007594503605171) |
| Other | [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69p85sx) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/fd027bd5-4a78-4c3c-9634-8e872aa9921f) |
[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"):
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-  [Outer space](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Outer_space "Portal:Outer space")
-  [Spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight "Portal:Spaceflight")
-  [Astronomy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy "Portal:Astronomy")
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Apollo 11
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| Readable Markdown | "First Moon landing" and "The Moon landing" redirect here. For earlier uncrewed Moon landings, see [Moon landing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing "Moon landing").
| | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Man_on_the_Moon,_AS11-40-5903_\(cropped\).jpg)[Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") on the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon") in a photograph taken by [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth, the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle"), and the [U.S. flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States "Flag of the United States")[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Byrne._2019-1) | |
| Mission type | Crewed lunar landing ([G](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types "List of Apollo missions")) |
| Operator | [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") |
| [COSPAR ID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Designator "International Designator") | CSM: [1969-059A](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A) LM: [1969-059C](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C) |
| [SATCAT no.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number "Satellite Catalog Number") | CSM: 4039[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-2) LM: 4041[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-3) |
| Mission duration | 8 days, 3 hours, 18 minutes, 35 seconds |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | [Apollo CSM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module")\-107 [Apollo LM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module")\-5 |
| Manufacturer | CSM: [North American Rockwell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Rockwell "North American Rockwell")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-mfr-4) LM: [Grumman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman "Grumman")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-mfr-4) |
| Launch mass | 109,646 lb (49,735 kg)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-5) |
| Landing mass | 10,873 lb (4,932 kg) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 3 |
| Members | [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong") [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") |
| Callsign | CSM: *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia")* LM: *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")* On surface: *[Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base")* |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") (9:32 am [EDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time "Eastern Daylight Time"))[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) |
| Rocket | [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") SA-506 |
| Launch site | [Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center"), [LC‑39A](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A "Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A") |
| End of mission | |
| Recovered by | [USS *Hornet*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_\(CV-12\) "USS Hornet (CV-12)") |
| Landing date | July 24, 1969, 16:50:35 UTC |
| Landing site | North Pacific Ocean ([13°19′N 169°9′W / 13\.317°N 169.150°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=13_19_N_169_9_W_type:event&title=Apollo+11+splashdown)) |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | [Selenocentric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit") |
| [Periselene altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") | 100\.9 km (54.5 [nmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile "Nautical mile"); 62.7 mi)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Aposelene altitude](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsis "Apsis") | 122\.4 km (66.1 nmi; 76.1 mi)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Inclination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination "Orbital inclination") | 1\.25°[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period "Orbital period") | 2 hours[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Epoch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_\(astronomy\) "Epoch (astronomy)") | July 19, 1969, 21:44 UTC[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-orbit-7) |
| [Lunar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon") orbiter | |
| Spacecraft component | [Apollo command and service module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module") |
| Orbital insertion | July 19, 1969, 17:21:50 UTC[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) |
| Orbital departure | July 22, 1969, 04:55:42 UTC[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) |
| Orbits | 30 |
| Lunar lander | |
| Spacecraft component | [Apollo Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") |
| Landing date | July 20, 1969, 20:17:40 UTC[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10) |
| Return launch | July 21, 1969, 17:54:00 UTC[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200097-11) |
| Landing site | [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base"), [Mare Tranquillitatis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis") ([0°40′27″N 23°28′23″E / 0\.67416°N 23.47314°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=0.67416_N_23.47314_E_globe:moon))[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-12) |
| Sample mass | 47\.51 lb (21.55 kg) |
| Surface EVAs | 1 |
| EVA duration | 2 hours, 31 minutes, 40 seconds |
| Docking with Lunar module | |
| Docking date | July 16, 1969, 16:56:03 UTC[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) |
| Undocking date | July 20, 1969, 17:44:00 UTC[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) |
| Time docked | 96 hours, 47 minutes, 57 seconds |
| Docking with Lunar module ascent stage | |
| Docking date | July 21, 1969, 21:35:00 UTC[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) |
| Undocking date | July 21, 1969, 23:41:31 UTC[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) |
| Time docked | 2 hours, 6 minutes, 31 seconds |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png) Mission insignia [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Crew.jpg) Left to right: [Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), [Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), and [Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin")[Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program")← [Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10") [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") → | |
**Apollo 11** (July 16–24, 1969) was the American [spaceflight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceflight "Spaceflight") that first landed [humans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human "Human") on the [Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon "Moon"), and the fifth crewed mission of [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA")'s [Apollo program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program "Apollo program"). The mission was crewed by Commander [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), Command Module Pilot [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), and Lunar Module Pilot [Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin"), all of whom were on their second and final spaceflight.
Launched atop a [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket from [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") on July 16 at 13:32 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time "Coordinated Universal Time"), the Apollo spacecraft consisted of three parts: the [command module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module "Apollo command and service module") (CM), which housed the three astronauts and was the only part to return to Earth; the [service module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_module "Service module") (SM), which provided propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water to the command module; and the [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module "Lunar Module") (LM), which had two stages—a descent stage with a large engine and fuel tanks for landing on the Moon, and a lighter ascent stage containing a cabin for two astronauts and a small engine to return them to [lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit"). After a three-day transit, Armstrong and Aldrin descended to the surface aboard the LM *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module_Eagle "Apollo Lunar Module Eagle")*, landing in the [Sea of Tranquility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Tranquility "Sea of Tranquility") on July 20 at 20:17 UTC while Collins remained in lunar orbit aboard the CM *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")*. Armstrong became the first human to walk on the Moon approximately six hours after landing, followed by Aldrin nineteen minutes later. Together they spent around two and a half hours walking on the surface, planting an [American flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly "Lunar Flag Assembly"), speaking by telephone with President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon"), deploying scientific instruments, and collecting 21.5 kg (47.5 lb) of lunar material. After more than 21 hours on the surface, they rejoined Collins in lunar orbit, and the crew returned safely to [Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth "Earth") on July 24, splashing down in the [Pacific Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean "Pacific Ocean").
Apollo 11 was the culmination of the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race"), a geopolitical competition between the United States and the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union") rooted in [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War") rivalry. It fulfilled a national goal set by President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") in May 1961, who had [challenged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon") the United States to land a man on the Moon and return him safely before the end of the decade. The programme overcame a severe setback with the fatal [Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") launchpad fire in January 1967 and drew on technologies developed through the preceding [Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury") and [Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") programmes. The Soviet Union, despite early leads in spaceflight, was unable to match the Saturn V rocket, and its uncrewed lunar probe [Luna 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15") crashed on the Moon on July 21, while Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were still on the lunar surface.
Armstrong's moonwalk was broadcast live to an estimated 600 million viewers, roughly one-fifth of the world's population, making it among the most-watched [television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television "Television") events in history. Stepping onto the lunar surface, Armstrong declared: "[That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_small_step "One small step")." [Lunar samples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_sample "Lunar sample") returned by the mission led to the identification of three previously unrecognized minerals, and scientific instruments deployed on the surface continued returning data for years afterwards. The crew were honoured with [ticker-tape parades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker-tape_parade "Ticker-tape parade"), a world goodwill tour, and the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom"). The command module *Columbia* is preserved at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") in [Washington, D.C.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), while the descent stage of *Eagle* remains on the lunar surface.
Background
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the [Cold War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War "Cold War"), a geopolitical rivalry with the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union "Soviet Union").[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976134-14) On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched *[Sputnik 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1 "Sputnik 1")*, the first [artificial satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite "Satellite"), surprising the world and fueling fears about Soviet technological and military capabilities. Its success demonstrated that the USSR could potentially deliver [nuclear weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon "Nuclear weapon") over [intercontinental distances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile "Intercontinental ballistic missile"), challenging American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon197613%E2%80%9315-15)
This incident sparked the [Sputnik crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_crisis "Sputnik crisis") and ignited the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race"), as both superpowers sought to demonstrate superiority in spaceflight.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson19791-16) President [Dwight D. Eisenhower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower "Dwight D. Eisenhower") responded to the challenge posed by Sputnik by creating the [National Aeronautics and Space Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") (NASA), and initiating [Project Mercury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Mercury "Project Mercury"),[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966101%E2%80%93106-17) which aimed to place a man into [Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_orbit "Geocentric orbit").[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966134-18) The Soviets took the lead on April 12, 1961, when [cosmonaut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonaut "Cosmonaut") [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin") became the first person in space and the first to orbit the Earth.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander1966332%E2%80%93333-19) Nearly a month later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space; his 15-minute flight was suborbital, not a full orbit.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976121-20)
Because the Soviet Union had [launch vehicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_vehicle "Launch vehicle") with higher lift capacity, President John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower's successor, chose a challenge that exceeded the capabilities of the existing generation of rockets, so that both countries would be starting from an equal position. A crewed mission to the Moon would serve this purpose.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon1976112%E2%80%93117-21)
On May 25, 1961, Kennedy addressed the [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress") on "Urgent National Needs" and declared:
> I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade \[1960s\] is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or more important for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. We propose to accelerate the development of the appropriate lunar space craft. We propose to develop alternate liquid and solid fuel boosters, much larger than any now being developed, until certain which is superior. We propose additional funds for other engine development and for unmanned explorations—explorations which are particularly important for one purpose which this nation will never overlook: the survival of the man who first makes this daring flight. But in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the Moon—if we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation. For all of us must work to put him there.
— Kennedy's speech to Congress[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-22)
On September 12, 1962, Kennedy [delivered another speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon") before a crowd of about 40,000 people in the [Rice University football stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Stadium_\(Rice_University\) "Rice Stadium (Rice University)") in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-24) A widely quoted refrain from the middle portion of the speech reads as follows:
> There is no strife, no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again. But why, some say, the Moon? Why choose this as our goal? And they may well ask, why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, [fly the Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis "Spirit of St. Louis")? Why does [Rice play Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%E2%80%93Texas_football_rivalry "Rice–Texas football rivalry")? We choose to go to the Moon! We choose to go to the Moon ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one we intend to win, and the others, too.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-25)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy_speaks_at_Rice_University.jpg)
President [John F. Kennedy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy "John F. Kennedy") [speaking at Rice University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon "We choose to go to the Moon") on September 12, 1962
In spite of that, the proposed program faced widespread opposition and was dubbed a "[moondoggle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boondoggle "Boondoggle")" by [Norbert Wiener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener "Norbert Wiener"), a mathematician at the [Massachusetts Institute of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology "Massachusetts Institute of Technology").[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-27) The effort to land a man on the Moon already had a name: [Project Apollo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Apollo "Project Apollo").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197915-28) When Kennedy met with [Nikita Khrushchev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev "Nikita Khrushchev"), the [Premier of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union "Premier of the Soviet Union") in June 1961, he proposed making the Moon landing a joint project, but Khrushchev declined the offer.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon201132-29) Kennedy again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon in a speech to the [United Nations General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly") on September 20, 1963.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-30) The idea of a joint Moon mission was ultimately abandoned after Kennedy's death.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-31)
An early and crucial decision was choosing [lunar orbit rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous "Lunar orbit rendezvous") over both [direct ascent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_ascent "Direct ascent") and [Earth orbit rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous "Earth orbit rendezvous"). A [space rendezvous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_rendezvous "Space rendezvous") is an [orbital maneuver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_maneuver "Orbital maneuver") in which two spacecraft navigate through space and meet up. In July 1962, NASA head [James Webb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_E._Webb "James E. Webb") announced that lunar orbit rendezvous would be used[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-32)[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwensonGrimwoodAlexander196685%E2%80%9386-33) and that the [Apollo spacecraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_\(spacecraft\) "Apollo (spacecraft)") would have three major parts: a command module (CM) with a cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part that returned to Earth; a service module (SM), which supported the command module with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and water; and a lunar module (LM) that had two stages—a descent stage for landing on the Moon, and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197972%E2%80%9377-34) This design meant the spacecraft could be launched by a single [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket that was then under development.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson197948%E2%80%9349-35)
Technologies and techniques required for Apollo were developed by [Project Gemini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979181%E2%80%93182,_205%E2%80%93208-36) The Apollo project was enabled by NASA's adoption of new advances in [semiconductor device](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device "Semiconductor device"), including [metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%E2%80%93oxide%E2%80%93semiconductor_field-effect_transistor "Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor") (MOSFETs) in the [Interplanetary Monitoring Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary_Monitoring_Platform "Interplanetary Monitoring Platform") (IMP)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-38) and [silicon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon "Silicon") [integrated circuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit "Integrated circuit") (IC) chips in the [Apollo Guidance Computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") (AGC).[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-39)
Project Apollo was abruptly halted by the [Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") fire on January 27, 1967, in which astronauts [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom"), [Ed White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)"), and [Roger B. Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee") died, and the subsequent investigation.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979214%E2%80%93218-40) In October 1968, [Apollo 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7 "Apollo 7") evaluated the command module in Earth orbit,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979265%E2%80%93272-41) and in December [Apollo 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8 "Apollo 8") tested it in lunar orbit.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979274%E2%80%93284-42) In March 1969, [Apollo 9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_9 "Apollo 9") put the lunar module through its paces in Earth orbit,[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979292%E2%80%93300-43) and in May [Apollo 10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_10 "Apollo 10") conducted a "dress rehearsal" in lunar orbit. By July 1969, all was in readiness for Apollo 11 to take the final step onto the Moon.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979303%E2%80%93312-44)
The Soviet Union appeared to be winning the Space Race, but its early lead was overtaken by the US [Gemini program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini "Project Gemini") and Soviet failure to develop the [N1 launcher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_\(rocket\) "N1 (rocket)"), which would have been comparable to the Saturn V.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-45) Seeing these failures, the Soviets then attempted to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of [uncrewed probes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft "Uncrewed spacecraft"). On July 13, three days before Apollo 11's launch, the Soviet Union launched [Luna 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15"), which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11. During descent, a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in [Mare Crisium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Crisium "Mare Crisium") about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon's surface to return to earth. The [Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuffield_Radio_Astronomy_Laboratories "Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories") radio telescope in England recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent, and these were released in July 2009 for the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-46)
Personnel
Prime crew
The initial crew assignment of Commander [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), Command Module Pilot (CMP) [Jim Lovell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell "Jim Lovell"), and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979374-47) Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of [Gemini 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_12 "Gemini 12"). Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005312%E2%80%93313-48)
There would be one change. [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"), the CMP on the Apollo 8 crew, began experiencing trouble with his legs. Doctors diagnosed a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae, requiring surgery.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001288%E2%80%93289-49) Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew, and when Collins recovered he joined Armstrong's crew as CMP. In the meantime, [Fred Haise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Haise "Fred Haise") filled in as backup LMP, and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham2010109-50) Apollo 11 was the second American mission where all the crew members had prior spaceflight experience,[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-51) the first being Apollo 10.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200072-52) The next was [STS-26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-26 "STS-26") in 1988.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-51)
[Deke Slayton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton "Deke Slayton") gave Armstrong the option to replace Aldrin with Lovell, since some thought Aldrin was difficult to work with. Armstrong had no issues working with Aldrin but thought it over for a day before declining. He thought Lovell deserved to command his own mission (eventually [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13")).[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005338%E2%80%93339-53)
The Apollo 11 prime crew had none of the close cheerful camaraderie characterized by that of [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12"). Instead, they forged an amiable working relationship. Armstrong in particular was notoriously aloof, but Collins, who considered himself a loner, confessed to rebuffing Aldrin's attempts to create a more personal relationship.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001434%E2%80%93435-54) Aldrin and Collins described the crew as "amiable strangers".[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005359-55) Armstrong did not agree with the assessment, and said "all the crews I was on worked very well together."[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005359-55)
Backup crew
The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander, [William Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Anders "William Anders") as CMP, and Haise as LMP. Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff200090-51) In early 1969, Anders accepted a job with the [National Aeronautics and Space Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Space_Council "National Space Council") effective August 1969, and announced he would retire as an astronaut at that time. [Ken Mattingly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Mattingly "Ken Mattingly") was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch date, at which point Anders would be unavailable.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994237-56)
Under the normal Apollo crew rotation, Lovell, Mattingly, and Haise would have been assigned to [Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14"). However, because [Alan Shepard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Shepard "Alan Shepard") had only recently returned to flight status and needed additional training, NASA reassigned his crew to Apollo 14 and moved Lovell's crew up to fly [Apollo 13](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13 "Apollo 13") instead.[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-58) Shortly before launch, Mattingly was replaced by [Jack Swigert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Swigert "Jack Swigert") due to concerns over possible measles exposure.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994237-56)
Support crew
During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, NASA added a third group, the support crew. Their job was to maintain the flight plan, checklists, and mission rules, and to keep the prime and backup crews updated on any changes. They also developed procedures—especially for emergencies, so that by the time the prime and backup crews entered the simulators, they could focus on practicing and mastering them.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979261-59) The support crew for Apollo 11 was Mattingly, [Ronald Evans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Evans_\(astronaut\) "Ronald Evans (astronaut)"), and [Bill Pogue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Pogue "William R. Pogue").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-60)
Capsule communicators
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duke,_Lovell_and_Haise_at_the_Apollo_11_Capcom,_Johnson_Space_Center,_Houston,_Texas_-_19690720.jpg)
CAPCOM [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke") (left), with backup crewmembers Lovell and Haise listening in during Apollo 11's descent
The [capsule communicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule_communicator "Capsule communicator") (CAPCOM) was an astronaut stationed at the [Mission Control Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center "Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center") in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas, and was typically the only person permitted to communicate directly with the flight crew.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz200027-61) This practice ensured that messages came from someone best able to understand the situation in the spacecraft and to relay guidance from [flight controllers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller "Flight controller") as clearly as possible. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were backup and support crew members Anders, Evans, Haise, Lovell, and Mattingly, along with [Charles Duke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duke "Charles Duke"), [Owen Garriott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Garriott "Owen Garriott"), [Don L. Lind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_L._Lind "Don L. Lind"), [Bruce McCandless II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II "Bruce McCandless II"), and [Harrison Schmitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt "Harrison Schmitt").[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979375-60)
Flight directors
The [flight directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller#FLIGHT "Flight controller") for this mission were:[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000272-62)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKranz2000230,_236,_273,_320-63)[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-NASA-SP4223-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Murray-Cox-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-A11FJ-4-4-66)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-A11FJ-3-1-67)
Other key personnel
Other key personnel who played important roles in the Apollo 11 mission include the following.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-68)
Preparations
Insignia
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_insignia.png)
The Apollo 11 insignia. The eagle is carrying an olive branch to represent a peaceful mission
The Apollo 11 [mission emblem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_patch "Mission patch") was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for "peaceful lunar landing by the United States". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the [bald eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle "Bald eagle"), the [national bird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_bird "National bird") of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson, a simulator instructor, suggested an [olive branch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_branch "Olive branch") in its beak to represent their peaceful mission. Collins added a lunar background with the Earth in the distance. The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332%E2%80%93334-69)
Aldrin, Armstrong and Collins decided the Eagle and the Moon would be in their natural colors, and decided on a blue and gold border. Armstrong was concerned that "eleven" would not be understood by non-English speakers, so they went with "Apollo 11",[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332%E2%80%93334-69) and they decided not to put their names on the patch, so it would "be representative of *everyone* who had worked toward a lunar landing".[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332-70)
An illustrator at the [Manned Spacecraft Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manned_Spacecraft_Center "Manned Spacecraft Center") (MSC) did the artwork, which was then sent off to NASA officials for approval.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001332%E2%80%93334-69) The design was rejected. [Bob Gilruth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gilruth "Bob Gilruth"), the director of the MSC felt the talons of the eagle looked "too warlike".[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001333-71) After some discussion, the olive branch was moved to the talons.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001333-71) When the [Eisenhower dollar coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_dollar "Eisenhower dollar") was released in 1971, the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-72) The design was also used for the smaller [Susan B. Anthony dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar "Susan B. Anthony dollar") unveiled in 1979.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-73)
Call signs
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASM-NASM2013-02663.jpg)
The original cockpit of the command module (CM) with three seats, photographed from above. It is located in the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum"). The very high resolution image was produced in 2007 by the [Smithsonian Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution").
After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft *Charlie Brown* and *Snoopy*, assistant manager for public affairs [Julian Scheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Scheer "Julian Scheer") wrote to [George Low](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Low "George Low"), the Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the MSC, to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft. The name *Snowcone* was used for the CM and *Haystack* was used for the LM in both internal and external communications during early mission planning.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Space_Flight_Center19698-74)
The LM was named *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")* after the motif which was featured prominently on the mission insignia. At Scheer's suggestion, the CM was named *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")* after *[Columbiad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiad#In_fiction "Columbiad")*, the giant cannon that launched a spacecraft (also from Florida) in [Jules Verne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne "Jules Verne")'s 1865 novel *[From the Earth to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon "From the Earth to the Moon")*. It also referred to [Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_\(name\) "Columbia (name)"), a historical name of the United States.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001334%E2%80%93335-75)[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979331-76) In Collins' 1976 book, he said *Columbia* was in reference to [Christopher Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus "Christopher Columbus").[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1994116-77)
Mementos
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_\(SN-416\).jpg)
Apollo 11 space-flown silver [Robbins medallion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions "NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions")
The astronauts had [personal preference kits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_preference_kit "Personal preference kit") (PPKs), small bags containing personal items of significance they wanted to take with them on the mission.[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-78) Five 0.5-pound (0.23 kg) PPKs were carried on Apollo 11: three (one for each astronaut) were stowed on *Columbia* before launch, and two on *Eagle*.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-79)
Neil Armstrong's LM PPK contained a piece of wood from the [Wright brothers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers "Wright brothers")' 1903 *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")*'s left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing,[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005527-80) along with a diamond-studded [astronaut pin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut_pin "Astronaut pin") originally given to Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew. This pin had been intended to be flown on that mission and given to Slayton afterwards, but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals, the widows gave the pin to Slayton. Armstrong took it with him on Apollo 11.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlaytonCassutt1994191%E2%80%93192-81)
Site selection
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_site_selection_globe.jpg "A map of the Moon showing prospective landing sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 in the Sea of Tranquility was chosen.")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Medii "Sinus Medii")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum "Oceanus Procellarum")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum "Oceanus Procellarum")
A map of the Moon showing prospective landing sites for Apollo 11. Site 2 in the [Sea of Tranquility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis") was chosen.
NASA's Apollo Site Selection Board announced five potential landing sites on February 8, 1968. These were the result of two years' worth of studies based on high-resolution photography of the lunar surface by the five uncrewed probes of the [Lunar Orbiter program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program "Lunar Orbiter program") and information about surface conditions provided by the [Surveyor program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_program "Surveyor program").[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82) The best Earth-bound telescopes could not resolve features with the resolution Project Apollo required.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright197579-83) The landing site had to be close to the lunar equator to minimize the amount of propellant required, clear of obstacles to minimize maneuvering, and flat to simplify the task of the landing radar. Scientific value was not a consideration.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199919-84)
Areas that appeared promising on photographs taken on Earth were often found to be totally unacceptable. The original requirement that the site be free of craters had to be relaxed, as no such site was found.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright197598%E2%80%9399-85) Five sites were considered: Sites 1 and 2 were in the Sea of Tranquility (*[Mare Tranquillitatis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis "Mare Tranquillitatis")*); Site 3 was in the Central Bay (*[Sinus Medii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinus_Medii "Sinus Medii")*); and Sites 4 and 5 were in the Ocean of Storms (*[Oceanus Procellarum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum "Oceanus Procellarum")*).[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82) The final site selection was based on seven criteria:
- The site needed to be smooth, with relatively few craters;
- with approach paths free of large hills, tall cliffs or deep craters that might confuse the landing radar and cause it to issue incorrect readings;
- reachable with a minimum amount of propellant;
- allowing for delays in the launch countdown;
- providing the Apollo spacecraft with a free-return trajectory, one that would allow it to coast around the Moon and safely return to Earth without requiring any engine firings should a problem arise on the way to the Moon;
- with good visibility during the landing approach, meaning the Sun would be between 7 and 20 degrees behind the LM; and
- a general slope of less than two degrees in the landing area.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82)
The requirement for the Sun angle was particularly restrictive, limiting the launch date to one day per month.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Site_Selection-82) A landing just after dawn was chosen to limit the temperature extremes the astronauts would experience.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins19947-86) The Apollo Site Selection Board selected Site 2, with Sites 3 and 5 as backups in the event of the launch being delayed. In May 1969, Apollo 10's lunar module flew to within 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) of Site 2, and reported it was acceptable.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappellari1972976-87)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-88)
First-step decision
During the first press conference after the Apollo 11 crew was announced, the first question was, "Which one of you gentlemen will be the first man to step onto the lunar surface?"[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994148-89)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005360-90) Slayton told the reporter it had not been decided, and Armstrong added that it was "not based on individual desire".[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994148-89)
One of the first versions of the egress checklist had the lunar module pilot exit the spacecraft before the commander, which matched what had been done on Gemini missions,[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001347-91) where the commander had never performed the spacewalk.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldrinAbraham201657%E2%80%9358-92) Reporters wrote in early 1969 that Aldrin would be the first man to walk on the Moon, and Associate Administrator [George Mueller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mueller_\(NASA\) "George Mueller (NASA)") told reporters he would be first as well. Aldrin heard that Armstrong would be the first because Armstrong was a civilian, which made Aldrin livid. Aldrin attempted to persuade other Lunar Module pilots he should be first, but they responded cynically about what they perceived as a lobbying campaign. Attempting to stem interdepartmental conflict, Slayton told Aldrin that Armstrong would be first since he was the commander. The decision was announced in a press conference on April 14, 1969.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005363%E2%80%93365-93)
For decades, Aldrin believed the final decision was largely driven by the Lunar Module's hatch location. Because the astronauts had their spacesuits on and the spacecraft was so small, maneuvering to exit the spacecraft was difficult. The crew tried a simulation in which Aldrin left the spacecraft first, but he damaged the simulator while attempting to egress. While this was enough for mission planners to make their decision, Aldrin and Armstrong were left in the dark on the decision until late spring.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994149-94) Slayton told Armstrong the plan was to have him leave the spacecraft first, if he agreed. Armstrong said, "Yes, that's the way to do it."[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994150-95)
The media accused Armstrong of exercising his commander's prerogative to exit the spacecraft first.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999281-96) [Chris Kraft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kraft "Chris Kraft") revealed in his 2001 autobiography that a meeting occurred between Gilruth, Slayton, Low, and himself to make sure Aldrin would not be the first to walk on the Moon. They argued that the first person to walk on the Moon should be like [Charles Lindbergh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh "Charles Lindbergh"), a calm and quiet person. They made the decision to change the flight plan so the commander was the first to egress from the spacecraft.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen2005371%E2%80%93372-97)
Pre-launch
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Saturn_V_SN_SA506_\(69-HC-620\).jpg)
Saturn V SA-506, the rocket carrying the Apollo 11 spacecraft, moves out of the [Vehicle Assembly Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building "Vehicle Assembly Building") towards [Launch Complex 39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_Complex_39 "Launch Complex 39").
The ascent stage of [LM-5 *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") arrived at the [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") on January 8, 1969, followed by the descent stage four days later, and [CSM-107 *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia") on January 23.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) There were several differences between *Eagle* and Apollo 10's LM-4 *Snoopy*; *Eagle* had a VHF radio antenna to facilitate communication with the astronauts during their EVA on the lunar surface; a lighter ascent engine; more thermal protection on the landing gear; and a package of scientific experiments known as the [Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Apollo_Scientific_Experiments_Package "Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package") (EASEP). The only change in the configuration of the command module was the removal of some insulation from the forward hatch.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978472-98)[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-99) The CSM was mated on January 29, and moved from the [Operations and Checkout Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building "Operations and Checkout Building") to the [Vehicle Assembly Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building "Vehicle Assembly Building") on April 14.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6)
The [S-IVB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-IVB "S-IVB") third stage of Saturn V AS-506 had arrived on January 18, followed by the [S-II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-II "S-II") second stage on February 6, [S-IC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-IC "S-IC") first stage on February 20, and the [Saturn V Instrument Unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit "Saturn V Instrument Unit") on February 27. At 12:30 on May 20, the 5,443-tonne (5,357-long-ton; 6,000-short-ton) assembly departed the Vehicle Assembly Building atop the [crawler-transporter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawler-transporter "Crawler-transporter"), bound for Launch Pad 39A, part of [Launch Complex 39](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_Complex_39 "Launch Complex 39"), while Apollo 10 was still on its way to the Moon. A countdown test commenced on June 26, and concluded on July 2. The launch complex was floodlit on the night of July 15, when the crawler-transporter carried the [mobile service structure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_structure "Service structure") back to its parking area.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) In the early hours of the morning, the fuel tanks of the S-II and S-IVB stages were filled with [liquid hydrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen "Liquid hydrogen").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100) Fueling was completed by three hours before launch.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-101) Launch operations were partly automated, with 43 programs written in the [ATOLL programming language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATOLL_\(programming_language\) "ATOLL (programming language)").[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978355%E2%80%93356-102)
Slayton roused the crew shortly after 04:00, and they showered, shaved, and had the traditional pre-flight breakfast of steak and eggs with Slayton and the backup crew. They then donned their space suits and began breathing pure oxygen. At 06:30, they headed out to Launch Complex 39.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001355%E2%80%93357-103) Haise entered *Columbia* about three hours and ten minutes before launch time. Along with a technician, he helped Armstrong into the left-hand couch at 06:54. Five minutes later, Collins joined him, taking up his position on the right-hand couch. Finally, Aldrin entered, taking the center couch.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-101) Haise left around two hours and ten minutes before launch.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-AP11FJ-104) The closeout crew sealed the hatch, and the cabin was purged and pressurized. The closeout crew then left the launch complex about an hour before launch time. The countdown became automated at three minutes and twenty seconds before launch time.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978475-101) Over 450 personnel were at the consoles in the [firing room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_room "Firing room").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100)
Mission
Launch and flight to lunar orbit
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg)
The Apollo 11 Saturn V space vehicle lifts off with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. at 9:32 am. EDT July 16, 1969, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A.
An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. Dignitaries included the [Chief of Staff of the United States Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army "Chief of Staff of the United States Army"), [General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_\(United_States\) "General (United States)") [William Westmoreland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Westmoreland "William Westmoreland"), four [cabinet members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States "Cabinet of the United States"), 19 [state governors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)"), 40 [mayors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States "Mayoralty in the United States"), 60 ambassadors and 200 [congressmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressmen "Congressmen"). Vice President [Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew") viewed the launch with former president [Lyndon B. Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson "Lyndon B. Johnson") and his wife [Lady Bird Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson "Lady Bird Johnson").[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100)[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1980369%E2%80%93370-105) Around 3,500 media representatives were present.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979338-106) About two-thirds were from the United States; the rest came from 55 other countries. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more around the world listened to radio broadcasts.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein1980369%E2%80%93370-105)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBensonFaherty1978474-100) President [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") viewed the launch from his office in the [White House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House "White House") with his NASA liaison officer, Apollo astronaut [Frank Borman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Borman "Frank Borman").[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-107) Lodging near Cape Canaveral was reported as being booked months ahead in advance for the launch by a Florida newspaper.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-108)
Saturn V AS-506 launched Apollo 11 on July 16, 1969, at 13:32:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") (9:32:00 [EDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time "Eastern Daylight Time")).[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6) At 13.2 seconds into the flight, the launch vehicle began to [roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll_program "Roll program") into its [flight azimuth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_azimuth "Flight azimuth") of 72.058°. Full shutdown of the first-stage engines occurred about 2 minutes and 42 seconds into the mission, followed by separation of the S-IC and ignition of the S-II engines. The second stage engines then cut off and separated at about 9 minutes and 8 seconds, allowing the first ignition of the S-IVB engine a few seconds later.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8)
Apollo 11 entered a [near-circular Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_orbit "Elliptic orbit") at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles (185.9 km) by 98.9 nautical miles (183.2 km), twelve minutes into its flight. After one and a half orbits, a second ignition of the S-IVB engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the [trans-lunar injection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection "Trans-lunar injection") (TLI) burn at 16:22:13 UTC. About 30 minutes later, with Collins in the left seat and at the controls, the [transposition, docking, and extraction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction "Transposition, docking, and extraction") maneuver was performed. This involved separating *Columbia* from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with *Eagle* still attached to the stage. After the LM was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001374%E2%80%93375-109)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) This was done to avoid the third stage colliding with the spacecraft, the Earth, or the Moon. A [slingshot effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_assist "Gravity assist") from passing around the Moon threw it into an [orbit around the Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit "Heliocentric orbit").[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Space_Flight_Center19697-110)
On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter [lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit").[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8)[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-111) In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of the crater [Sabine D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_\(crater\) "Collins (crater)"). The site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated [Ranger 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_8 "Ranger 8") and [Surveyor 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor_5 "Surveyor 5") landers and the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft, and because it was unlikely to present major landing or EVA challenges.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-112) It lay about 25 kilometers (16 mi) southeast of the Surveyor 5 landing site, and 68 kilometers (42 mi) southwest of Ranger 8's crash site.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969130-113)
Lunar descent
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_CSM_photographed_from_Lunar_Module_\(AS11-37-5445\).jpg)
[*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia") in lunar orbit, photographed from [*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")
At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered [*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle"), and began the final preparations for lunar descent.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000106-8) At 17:44:00 *Eagle* separated from *Columbia*.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) Collins, alone aboard *Columbia*, inspected *Eagle* as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged, and that the landing gear was correctly deployed.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team19699-114)[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975209-115) Armstrong exclaimed: "The *Eagle* has wings!"[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975209-115)
As the descent began, Armstrong and Aldrin found themselves passing landmarks on the surface two or three seconds early, and reported that they were "long"; they would land miles west of their target point. *Eagle* was traveling too fast. The problem could have been [mascons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concentration_\(astronomy\) "Mass concentration (astronomy)")—concentrations of high mass in a region or regions of the Moon's crust that contains a [gravitational anomaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_anomaly "Gravity anomaly"), potentially altering *Eagle*'s trajectory. Flight Director Gene Kranz speculated that it could have resulted from extra air pressure in the docking tunnel, or a result of *Eagle*'s pirouette maneuver.[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008220%E2%80%93221-116)[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196982-117)
Five minutes into the descent burn, and 6,000 feet (1,800 m) above the surface of the Moon, the [LM guidance computer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer "Apollo Guidance Computer") (LGC) distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected 1201 and 1202 program alarms. Inside Mission Control Center, computer engineer [Jack Garman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Garman "Jack Garman") told [Guidance Officer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_controller#GUIDO "Flight controller") [Steve Bales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bales "Steve Bales") it was safe to continue the descent, and this was relayed to the crew. The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all its tasks in real-time and had to postpone some of them.[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975210%E2%80%93212-118)[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHackler200834%E2%80%9343-119) [Margaret Hamilton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_\(software_engineer\) "Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)"), the Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming at the [MIT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT "MIT") [Charles Stark Draper Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory "Charles Stark Draper Laboratory") later recalled:
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Lunar_Module_Eagle_in_landing_configuration_in_lunar_orbit_from_the_Command_and_Service_Module_Columbia.jpg)
[*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") in [lunar orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_orbit "Lunar orbit") photographed from [*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")
> To blame the computer for the Apollo 11 problems is like blaming the person who spots a fire and calls the fire department. Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software. The software's action, in this case, was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones. The computer, rather than almost forcing an abort, prevented an abort. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful Moon landing it was.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-120)
During the mission, the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position, causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969190%E2%80%93192-121)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-122) Software engineer [Don Eyles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Eyles "Don Eyles") concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first uncrewed LM in [Apollo 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_5 "Apollo 5"). Having the rendezvous radar on (so it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort) should have been irrelevant to the computer, but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions, depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up. The extra spurious [cycle stealing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_stealing "Cycle stealing"), as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter, caused the computer alarms.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-123)
Landing
Armstrong pilots *Eagle* to its landing on the Moon, July 20, 1969.
When Armstrong again looked outside, he saw that the computer's landing system was targeting a boulder-strewn area just north and east of a 300-foot-diameter (91 m) crater (later determined to be [West crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_\(lunar_crater\) "West (lunar crater)")), so he took semi-automatic control.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994196-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008195%E2%80%93197-125) Armstrong considered landing short of the boulder field so they could collect geological samples from it, but could not since their horizontal velocity was too high. Throughout the descent, Aldrin called out navigation data to Armstrong, who was busy piloting *Eagle*. Now 107 feet (33 m) above the surface, Armstrong knew their propellant supply was dwindling and was determined to land at the first possible landing site.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994197-126)
Armstrong found a clear patch of ground and maneuvered the spacecraft towards it. As he got closer, now 250 feet (76 m) above the surface, he discovered his new landing site had a crater in it. He cleared the crater and found another patch of level ground. They were now 100 feet (30 m) from the surface, with only 90 seconds of propellant remaining. Lunar dust kicked up by the LM's engine began to impair his ability to determine the spacecraft's motion. Some large rocks jutted out of the dust cloud, and Armstrong focused on them during his descent so he could determine the spacecraft's speed.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994198%E2%80%93199-127)
A light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67-inch (170 cm) probes hanging from *Eagle*'s footpads had touched the surface a few moments before the landing and he said: "Contact light!" Armstrong was supposed to immediately shut the engine down, as the engineers suspected the pressure caused by the engine's own exhaust reflecting off the lunar surface could make it explode, but he forgot. Three seconds later, *Eagle* landed and Armstrong shut the engine down.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994199-128) Aldrin immediately said "Okay, engine stop. ACA—out of [detent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detent "Detent")." Armstrong acknowledged: "Out of detent. Auto." Aldrin continued: "Mode control—both auto. Descent engine command override off. Engine arm—off. 413 is in."[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMindell2008226-129)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Landing_Site_%26_West_Crater.png)
The landing site relative to [West crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_\(lunar_crater\) "West (lunar crater)")
ACA was the [Attitude Control Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control "Spacecraft attitude control")—the LM's control stick. Output went to the LGC to command the [reaction control system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_control_system "Reaction control system") (RCS) jets to fire. "Out of Detent" meant the stick had moved away from its centered position; it was spring-centered like the turn indicator in a car. Address 413 of the [Abort Guidance System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System "Apollo Abort Guidance System") (AGS) contained the variable that indicated the LM had landed.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)
*Eagle* landed at 20:17:40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with 216 pounds (98 kg) of usable fuel remaining. Information available to the crew and mission controllers during the landing showed the LM had enough fuel for another 25 seconds of powered flight before an abort without touchdown would have become unsafe,[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000295-130) but post-mission analysis showed that the real figure was probably closer to 50 seconds.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Horizons2013-131) Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than most subsequent missions, and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning. This was later found to be the result of the propellant [sloshing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh_dynamics "Slosh dynamics") more than expected, uncovering a fuel sensor. On subsequent missions, extra [anti-slosh baffles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slosh_baffle "Slosh baffle") were added to the tanks to prevent this.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)
Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin's completion of the post-landing checklist with "Engine arm is off", before responding to the CAPCOM, Charles Duke, with the words, "Houston, [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") here. The *[Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")* has landed." Armstrong's unrehearsed change of call sign from "Eagle" to "Tranquility Base" emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-132)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] Duke expressed the relief at Mission Control: "Roger, Twan—Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot."[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_1-10)[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-133)
A [3-D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy "Stereoscopy") view from the [Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter") (LRO) of the Apollo 11 landing site
Two and a half hours after landing, before preparations began for the EVA, Aldrin radioed to Earth:
> This is the LM pilot. I'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in, whoever and wherever they may be, to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-134)
He then took [communion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist "Eucharist") privately. At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist [Madalyn Murray O'Hair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madalyn_Murray_O%27Hair "Madalyn Murray O'Hair") (who had objected to the [Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading "Apollo 8 Genesis reading")) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space. For this reason, Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon. Aldrin was an elder at the [Webster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster,_Texas "Webster, Texas") [Presbyterian Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism "Presbyterianism"), and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church, Dean Woodruff. Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994204,_623-135) The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five-hour sleep period, but they chose to begin preparations for the EVA early, thinking they would be unable to sleep.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196921%E2%80%9322-136)
Lunar surface operations
Preparations for [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong") and [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") to walk on the Moon began at 23:43 UTC.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) These took longer than expected; three and a half hours instead of two.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) During training on Earth, everything required had been neatly laid out in advance, but on the Moon the cabin contained a large number of other items as well, such as checklists, food packets, and tools.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196922-138) Six hours and thirty-nine minutes after landing, Armstrong and Aldrin were ready to go outside, and *Eagle* was depressurized.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright1975215-139)
*Eagle*'s hatch was opened at 02:39:33.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000107-13) Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his [portable life support system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_life_support_system "Primary life support system") (PLSS).[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) Some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonDietleinBerry1975115%E2%80%93120-140) At 02:51 Armstrong began his descent to the lunar surface. The remote-control unit on his chest kept him from seeing his feet. Climbing down the nine-rung ladder, Armstrong pulled a D-ring to deploy the modular equipment stowage assembly (MESA) folded against *Eagle*'s side and activate the TV camera.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142)
Apollo 11 used [slow-scan television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-scan_television "Slow-scan television") (TV) incompatible with broadcast TV, so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor (thus, a broadcast of a broadcast), significantly reducing the quality of the picture.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Blunder_5-143) The signal was received at [Goldstone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex "Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex") in the United States, but with better fidelity by [Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeysuckle_Creek_Tracking_Station "Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station") near [Canberra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra "Canberra") in Australia. Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive [Parkes radio telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkes_Observatory "Parkes Observatory") in Australia.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkissian2001287-144) Despite some technical and weather difficulties, black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkissian2001287-144) Copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available, but [recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes "Apollo 11 missing tapes") were likely destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Blunder_5-143)
Video of Neil Armstrong and the first step on the Moon
After describing the surface dust as "very fine-grained" and "almost like a powder",[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142) at 02:56:15,[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-AT-20190723-145) six and a half hours after landing, Armstrong stepped off *Eagle*'s landing pad and declared: "That's one small step for \[a\] man, one giant leap for mankind."[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-transcript-147)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-148)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-149)
Armstrong intended to say "That's one small step for a man", but the word "a" is not audible in the transmission, and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast. When later asked about his quote, Armstrong said he believed he said "for a man", and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the "a" in square brackets. One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words "for a" together; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth, partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory. A more recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the "a" may have been spoken but obscured by static. Other analysis points to the claims of static and slurring as "face-saving fabrication", and that Armstrong himself later admitted to misspeaking the line.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-150)[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-151)[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-152)
About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon's surface, Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick. He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh. This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-153) Twelve minutes after the sample was collected,[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-148) he removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep, then mounted it on a tripod.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA. Still photography was accomplished with a [Hasselblad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasselblad "Hasselblad") camera that could be operated hand-held or mounted on Armstrong's [Apollo space suit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L "Apollo/Skylab A7L").[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196923-154) Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface. He described the view with the simple phrase: "Magnificent desolation."[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142)
Armstrong said moving in the [lunar gravity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon "Gravitation of the Moon"), one-sixth of Earth's, was "even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It's absolutely no trouble to walk around."[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142) Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around, including two-footed kangaroo hops. The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward, but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance. Loping became the preferred method of movement. The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead. The fine soil was quite slippery. Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into *Eagle*'s shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit, but the helmet was warmer in sunlight, so he felt cooler in shadow.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142) The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow, slowing work somewhat. As they worked, the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust, which soiled the outer part of their suits.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196923-154)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg)
Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag on the [lunar surface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_surface "Lunar surface").
The astronauts planted the [Lunar Flag Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly "Lunar Flag Assembly") containing a [flag of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States "Flag of the United States") on the lunar surface, in clear view of the TV camera. Aldrin remembered, "Of all the jobs I had to do on the Moon the one I wanted to go the smoothest was the flag raising."[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-theattic-155) But the astronauts struggled with the telescoping rod and could only insert the pole about 2 inches (5 cm) into the hard lunar surface. Aldrin was afraid it might topple in front of TV viewers, but gave "a crisp West Point salute".[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-theattic-155)
Before Aldrin could take a photo of Armstrong with the flag, President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone-radio transmission, which Nixon called "the most historic phone call ever made from the White House."[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-156) Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call, but Frank Borman, who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11, convinced Nixon to keep his words brief.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBormanSerling1988237%E2%80%93238-157)
> **Nixon:** Hello, Neil and Buzz. I'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House. And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made from the White House. I just can't tell you how proud we all are of what you have done. For every American, this has to be the proudest day of our lives. And for people all over the world, I am sure that they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is. Because of what you have done, the heavens have become a part of man's world. And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility, it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth. For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people on this Earth are truly one: one in their pride in what you have done, and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth.
>
> **Armstrong:** Thank you, Mr. President. It's a great honor and privilege for us to be here, representing not only the United States, but men of peace of all nations, and with interest and a curiosity, and men with a vision for the future. It's an honor for us to be able to participate here today.
>
> **Nixon:** Thank you very much, and I look forward, all of us look forward, to seeing you on the Hornet on Thursday.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-158)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-159)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buzz_Aldrin%27s_bootprint_on_the_Moon,_AS11-40-5877.jpg)
Aldrin's bootprint, part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar [regolith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith "Regolith")
They deployed the [EASEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Apollo_Scientific_Experiments_Package "Early Apollo Scientific Experiments Package"), which included a [Passive Seismic Experiment Package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_Seismic_Experiment_Package "Passive Seismic Experiment Package") used to measure [moonquakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonquake "Moonquake") and a [retroreflector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Ranging_Retroflector "Laser Ranging Retroflector") array used for the [lunar laser ranging experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_laser_ranging_experiment "Lunar laser ranging experiment").[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-EASEP_Deployment_and_Closeout-160) Then Armstrong walked 196 feet (60 m) from the LM to take photographs at the rim of [Little West Crater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_West_\(lunar_crater\) "Little West (lunar crater)") while Aldrin collected two [core samples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_sample "Core sample"). He used the [geologist's hammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist%27s_hammer "Geologist's hammer") to pound in the tubes—the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11—but was unable to penetrate more than 6 inches (15 cm) deep. The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199928%E2%80%9329-161)
Many of the surface activities took longer than expected, so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes. Aldrin shoveled 6 kilograms (13 lb) of soil into the box of rocks to pack them in tightly.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland199928%E2%80%9329-161) Two types of rocks were found in the geological samples: [basalt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt "Basalt") and [breccia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia "Breccia").[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-162) Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts: [armalcolite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armalcolite "Armalcolite"), [tranquillityite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquillityite "Tranquillityite"), and [pyroxferroite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroxferroite "Pyroxferroite"). Armalcolite was named after Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. All have subsequently been found on Earth.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-163)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_plaque_closeup_on_Moon.jpg)
[The plaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_plaque "Lunar plaque") left on the ladder of *Eagle*
While on the surface, Armstrong uncovered a [plaque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_plaque "Lunar plaque") mounted on the LM ladder, bearing two drawings of Earth (of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres), an inscription, and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon. The inscription read:
> Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A. D. We came in peace for all mankind.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_4-142)
At the behest of the [Nixon administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixon_administration "Nixon administration") to add a reference to God, NASA included the vague date as a reason to include A.D., which stands for [Anno Domini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini "Anno Domini") ("in the year of our Lord").[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2017143-164)
Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong his metabolic rates were high, and that he should slow down. He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out. As metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk, Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15-minute extension.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-EASEP_Deployment_and_Closeout-160) In a 2010 interview, Armstrong explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-165)
Lunar ascent
Aldrin entered *Eagle* first. With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms (47.5 lb) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor (LEC). This proved to be an inefficient tool, and later missions preferred to carry equipment and samples up to the LM by hand.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_3-137) Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his sleeve pocket, and Aldrin tossed the bag down. Armstrong then jumped onto the ladder's third rung, and climbed into the LM. After transferring to LM [life support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_support "Life support"), the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks, lunar overshoes, an empty Hasselblad camera, and other equipment.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-166)[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-167) The hatch was closed again at 05:11:13. They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_6-168)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldrin_Looks_Back_at_Tranquility_Base_-_GPN-2000-001102.jpg)
Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with the [Lunar Module](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module") *Eagle* in the background
Presidential speech writer [William Safire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Safire "William Safire") had prepared an *In Event of Moon Disaster* announcement for Nixon to read in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-169) The remarks were in a memo from Safire to Nixon's [White House Chief of Staff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff "White House Chief of Staff") [H. R. Haldeman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._R._Haldeman "H. R. Haldeman"), in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-170)[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-safire-171) According to the plan, Mission Control would "close down communications" with the LM, and a clergyman would "commend their souls to the deepest of the deep" in a public ritual likened to [burial at sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial_at_sea "Burial at sea"). The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to [Rupert Brooke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Brooke "Rupert Brooke")'s World War I poem "[The Soldier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soldier_\(poem\) "The Soldier (poem)")".[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-safire-171) The script for the speech does not make reference to Collins; as he remained onboard *[Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_module_Columbia "Command module Columbia")* in orbit around the Moon, it was expected that he would be able to return the module to Earth in the event of a mission failure.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-172)
While moving inside the cabin, Aldrin accidentally damaged the [circuit breaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker "Circuit breaker") that would arm the main engine for liftoff from the Moon. There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine, stranding them on the Moon. The nonconductive tip of a Duro [felt-tip pen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_pen "Marker pen")[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-173) was sufficient to activate the switch.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_6-168)
After more than 21\+1⁄2 hours on the lunar surface, in addition to the scientific instruments, the astronauts left behind: an [Apollo 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1 "Apollo 1") mission patch in memory of astronauts [Roger Chaffee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee "Roger B. Chaffee"), [Gus Grissom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Grissom "Gus Grissom"), and [Edward White](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_White_\(astronaut\) "Ed White (astronaut)"), who died when their command module caught fire during a test in January 1967; two memorial medals of Soviet cosmonauts [Vladimir Komarov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov "Vladimir Komarov") and [Yuri Gagarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin "Yuri Gagarin"), who died in 1967 and 1968 respectively; a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace; and a silicon message disk carrying the [goodwill statements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages "Apollo 11 goodwill messages") by presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon along with messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-174) The disk also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress, a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation, and the names of NASA's past and then-current top management.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-175)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_photo_map.svg)
A map of the [Tranquility Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranquility_Base "Tranquility Base") landing site and photos taken
After about seven hours of rest, the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight. At that time, unknown to them, some hundred kilometers away from them the Soviet probe [Luna 15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_15 "Luna 15") was about to descend and impact. Despite having been known to be orbiting the Moon at the same time, through a ground-breaking precautious goodwill exchange of data, the mission control of Luna 15 unexpectedly hastened its robotic [sample-return mission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample-return_mission "Sample-return mission"), initiating descent, in an attempt to return before Apollo 11.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-audio-176) Just two hours before Apollo 11's launch, Luna 15 crashed at 15:50 UTC, with British astronomers monitoring Luna 15 and recording the situation one commented: "I say, this has really been drama of the highest order",[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-a357-177) bringing the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race") to a culmination.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-178)
Roughly two hours later, at 17:54:00 UTC, the Apollo 11 crew on the surface safely lifted off in *Eagle*'s ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard *Columbia* in lunar orbit.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000108-148) Film taken from the LM ascent stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag, planted some 25 feet (8 m) from the descent stage, whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine. Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple: "The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers, and Neil was studying the [attitude indicator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attitude_indicator "Attitude indicator"), but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over."[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975219-179) Subsequent Apollo missions planted their flags farther from the LM.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-180)
*Columbia* in lunar orbit
During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since [Adam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam "Adam") has any human known such solitude",[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-181) Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote: "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two".[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-181) In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while *Columbia* passed round the far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation".[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001402-181)
One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the Lunar Module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the Lunar Module landed about 4 miles (6.4 km) off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the module. On his first orbits on the back side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the [fuel cells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell "Fuel cell") and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001401%E2%80%93407-182)
Just before he reached the dark side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of *Columbia* might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001406%E2%80%93408,_410-183)
When *Columbia* came back around to the near side of the Moon again, Collins was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the back side of the Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for *Eagle* to meet up with *Columbia*, Collins was prepared for a contingency in which he would fly *Columbia* down to meet *Eagle*.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2001406%E2%80%93408,_410-183)
Return
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earth,_Moon_and_Lunar_Module,_AS11-44-6643_c.jpg)
[*Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle")'s ascent stage approaching [*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia")
*Eagle* rendezvoused with *Columbia* at 21:24 UTC on July 21, and the two docked at 21:35. *Eagle*'s ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit at 23:41.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9) Just before the [Apollo 12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_12 "Apollo 12") flight, it was noted that *Eagle* was still likely to be orbiting the Moon. Later NASA reports mentioned that *Eagle*'s orbit had decayed, resulting in it impacting in an "uncertain location" on the lunar surface.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-184) In 2021, however, some calculations show that the lander may still be in orbit.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-185)
On July 23, the last night before splashdown, the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented: "All this is possible only through the blood, sweat, and tears of a number of people ... All you see is the three of us, but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others, and to all of those, I would like to say, 'Thank you very much'."[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-186) Aldrin added: "This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon; more, still, than the efforts of a government and industry team; more, even, than the efforts of one nation. We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ..."[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-186)
Armstrong concluded:
> The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort; next with the American people, who have, through their will, indicated their desire; next with four administrations and their Congresses, for implementing that will; and then, with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft, the Saturn, the Columbia, the Eagle, and the little [EMU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extravehicular_Mobility_Unit "Extravehicular Mobility Unit"), the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface. We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft; who did the construction, design, the tests, and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft. To those people tonight, we give a special thank you, and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight, God bless you. Good night from Apollo 11.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollinsAldrin1975222-186)
On the return to Earth, a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed, potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return. A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director, Charles Force, had his ten-year-old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease. Greg was later thanked by Armstrong.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-187)
Splashdown and quarantine
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Splashdown_3.jpg)
*Columbia* floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts.
The [aircraft carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier "Aircraft carrier") [USS *Hornet*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_\(CV-12\) "USS Hornet (CV-12)"), under the command of [Captain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_\(United_States_O-6\) "Captain (United States O-6)") [Carl J. Seiberlich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_J._Seiberlich "Carl J. Seiberlich"),[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael20103-188) was selected as the primary recovery ship (PRS) for Apollo 11 on June 5, replacing her sister ship, the [LPH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_platform_helicopter "Landing platform helicopter") [USS *Princeton*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Princeton_\(CV-37\) "USS Princeton (CV-37)"), which had recovered Apollo 10 on May 26. *Hornet* was then at her home port of [Long Beach, California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California "Long Beach, California").[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201021-189) On reaching [Pearl Harbor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor "Pearl Harbor") on July 5, *Hornet* [embarked](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarkation "Embarkation") the [Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikorsky_SH-3_Sea_King "Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King") helicopters of [HS-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSC-4 "HSC-4"), a unit which specialized in recovery of Apollo spacecraft, specialized divers of [UDT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team "Underwater Demolition Team") Detachment Apollo, a 35-man NASA recovery team, and about 120 media representatives. To make room, most of *Hornet*'s air wing was left behind in Long Beach. Special recovery equipment was also loaded, including a [boilerplate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_\(spaceflight\) "Boilerplate (spaceflight)") command module used for training.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201038%E2%80%9343,_71%E2%80%9372-190)
On July 12, with Apollo 11 still on the launch pad, *Hornet* departed Pearl Harbor for the recovery area in the central Pacific,[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael201085-191) in the vicinity of [10°36′N 172°24′E / 10\.600°N 172.400°E](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=10_36_N_172_24_E_).[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-192) A presidential party consisting of Nixon, Borman, Secretary of State [William P. Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Rogers "William P. Rogers") and [National Security Advisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_\(United_States\) "National Security Advisor (United States)") [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger "Henry Kissinger") flew to [Johnston Atoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnston_Atoll "Johnston Atoll") on [Air Force One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_One "Air Force One"), then to the [command ship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_ship "Command ship") [USS *Arlington*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saipan_\(CVL-48\) "USS Saipan (CVL-48)") in [Marine One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_One "Marine One"). After a night on board, they would fly to *Hornet* in Marine One for a few hours of ceremonies. On arrival aboard *Hornet*, the party was greeted by the [Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command "United States Indo-Pacific Command"), [Admiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_\(United_States\) "Admiral (United States)") [John S. McCain Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._McCain_Jr. "John S. McCain Jr."), and [NASA Administrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA "List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA") [Thomas O. Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine"), who flew to *Hornet* from [Pago Pago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago "Pago Pago") in one of *Hornet*'s [carrier onboard delivery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_onboard_delivery "Carrier onboard delivery") aircraft.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010107%E2%80%93108,_145%E2%80%93146-193)
Weather satellites were not yet common, but US Air Force [Captain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_\(United_States_O-3\) "Captain (United States O-3)") Hank Brandli had access to top-secret [spy satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORONA_\(satellite\) "CORONA (satellite)") images. He realized that a storm front was headed for the Apollo recovery area. Poor visibility which could make locating the capsule difficult, and strong upper-level winds which "would have ripped their parachutes to shreds" according to Brandli, posed a serious threat to the safety of the mission.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-194) Brandli alerted Navy Captain Willard S. Houston Jr., the commander of the [Fleet Weather Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center "Joint Typhoon Warning Center") at Pearl Harbor, who had the required security clearance. On their recommendation, [Rear Admiral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_admiral_\(United_States\) "Rear admiral (United States)") [Donald C. Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_C._Davis "Donald C. Davis"), commander of Manned Spaceflight Recovery Forces, Pacific, advised NASA to change the recovery area, each man risking his career. A new location was selected 215 nautical miles (398 km) northeast.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-195)[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010136%E2%80%93137,_144%E2%80%93145-196)
This altered the flight plan. A different sequence of computer programs was used, one never before attempted. In a conventional entry, trajectory event P64 was followed by P67. For a skip-out re-entry, P65 and P66 were employed to handle the exit and entry parts of the skip. In this case, because they were extending the re-entry but not actually skipping out, P66 was not invoked and instead, P65 led directly to P67. The crew were also warned they would not be in a full-lift (heads-down) attitude when they entered P67.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-195) The first program's acceleration subjected the astronauts to 6.5 standard gravities (64 m/s2); the second, to 6.0 standard gravities (59 m/s2).[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team196928-197)
Before dawn on July 24, *Hornet* launched four Sea King helicopters and three [Grumman E-1 Tracers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_E-1_Tracer "Grumman E-1 Tracer"). Two of the E-1s were designated as "air boss" while the third acted as a communications relay aircraft. Two of the Sea Kings carried divers and recovery equipment. The third carried photographic equipment, and the fourth carried the decontamination swimmer and the flight surgeon.[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969169%E2%80%93170-198) At 16:44 UTC (05:44 local time) *Columbia*'s [drogue parachutes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogue_parachute "Drogue parachute") were deployed. This was observed by the helicopters. Seven minutes later *Columbia* struck the water forcefully 2,660 km (1,440 nmi) east of [Wake Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island "Wake Island"), 380 km (210 nmi) south of Johnston Atoll, and 24 km (13 nmi) from *Hornet*,[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000109-9)[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-ALSJ_Re-entry-195) at [13°19′N 169°9′W / 13\.317°N 169.150°W](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_11¶ms=13_19_N_169_9_W_).[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969170-199) 82 °F (28 °C) with 6 feet (1.8 m) seas and winds at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph) from the east were reported under broken clouds at 1,500 feet (460 m) with visibility of 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) at the recovery site.[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-200) Reconnaissance aircraft flying to the original splashdown location reported the conditions Brandli and Houston had predicted.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-201)
During [splashdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splashdown "Splashdown"), *Columbia* landed upside down but was righted within ten minutes by flotation bags activated by the astronauts.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969164%E2%80%93167-202) A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a [sea anchor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anchor "Sea anchor") to prevent it from drifting.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010184%E2%80%93185-203) More divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and positioned rafts for astronaut extraction.[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010186%E2%80%93188-204)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Nixon_welcomes_the_Apollo_11_astronauts_aboard_the_U.S.S._Hornet.jpg)
Crew of Apollo 11 in [quarantine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine "Quarantine") after returning to Earth, visited by Richard Nixon
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Mobile_Quarantine_Facility_at_the_Steven_F_Udvar-Hazy_Center_in_2009.jpg)
The divers then passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. The possibility of bringing back [pathogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogen "Pathogen") from the lunar surface was considered remote, but NASA took precautions at the recovery site. The astronauts were rubbed down with a [sodium hypochlorite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite "Sodium hypochlorite") solution and *Columbia* wiped with [povidone-iodine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povidone-iodine "Povidone-iodine") to remove any lunar dust that might be present. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter. BIGs were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board *Hornet*. The raft containing decontamination materials was intentionally sunk.[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969164%E2%80%93167-202)
After touchdown on *Hornet* at 17:53 UTC, the helicopter was lowered by the elevator into the hangar bay, where the astronauts walked the 30 feet (9.1 m) to the [mobile quarantine facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_quarantine_facility "Mobile quarantine facility") (MQF), where they would begin the Earth-based portion of their 21 days of quarantine.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010199%E2%80%93200-205) This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions, Apollo 12 and [Apollo 14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_14 "Apollo 14"), before the Moon was proven to be barren of life, and the quarantine process dropped.[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnstonDietleinBerry1975406%E2%80%93424-206)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-207) Nixon welcomed the astronauts back to Earth. He told them: "\[A\]s a result of what you've done, the world has never been closer together before."[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-208)
After Nixon departed, *Hornet* was brought alongside the 5-short-ton (4.5 t) *Columbia*, which was lifted aboard by the ship's crane, placed on a [dolly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_\(trailer\) "Dolly (trailer)") and moved next to the MQF. It was then attached to the MQF with a flexible tunnel, allowing the lunar samples, film, data tapes and other items to be removed. *Hornet* returned to Pearl Harbor, where the MQF was loaded onto a [Lockheed C-141 Starlifter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter "Lockheed C-141 Starlifter") and airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center. The astronauts arrived at the [Lunar Receiving Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Receiving_Laboratory "Lunar Receiving Laboratory") at 10:00 UTC on July 28. *Columbia* was taken to [Ford Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island "Ford Island") for deactivation, and its pyrotechnics made safe. It was then taken to [Hickham Air Force Base](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickham_Air_Force_Base "Hickham Air Force Base"), from whence it was flown to Houston in a [Douglas C-133 Cargomaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-133_Cargomaster "Douglas C-133 Cargomaster"), reaching the Lunar Receiving Laboratory on July 30.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMission_Evaluation_Team1969166,_171%E2%80%93173-209)
In accordance with the [Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law "Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law"), a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol,[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-210) the astronauts continued in quarantine. After three weeks in confinement (first in the Apollo spacecraft, then in their trailer on *Hornet*, and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory), the astronauts were given a clean bill of health.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-211) On August 10, 1969, the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts, on those who had joined them in quarantine (NASA physician [William Carpentier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carpentier "William Carpentier") and MQF project engineer [John Hirasaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hirasaki "John Hirasaki")),[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarmichael2010118-212) and on *Columbia* itself. Loose equipment from the spacecraft remained in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErtelNewkirkBrooks1978312-213)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_ticker_tape_parade_1.jpg)
August 13, 1969, New York City
Celebrations
Following their return to Earth, the Apollo 11 crew received widespread international acclaim. On August 13, 1969, astronauts [Neil Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Armstrong "Neil Armstrong"), [Buzz Aldrin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin"), and [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") were honored with ticker-tape parades in [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") and [Chicago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago "Chicago"), with an estimated six million people lining the streets.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-nyc-chicago-214) In New York the parade started at [Bowling Green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_\(New_York_City\) "Bowling Green (New York City)") going down Broadway to [City Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Hall "New York City Hall") where Mayor [John Lindsay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lindsay "John Lindsay") greeted them and ended at the [United Nations headquarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations "Headquarters of the United Nations").[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-215) Broadway was even temporarily renamed for that day to "Apollo Way". In Chicago the parade went to [the Loop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Loop "Chicago Loop")[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-216) and culminated at the [Chicago Civic Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Daley_Center "Richard J. Daley Center") where the astronauts and local officials spoke to the crowd. That evening, a state dinner was held in [Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles "Los Angeles") at the [Century Plaza Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Plaza_Hotel "Century Plaza Hotel") to commemorate the historic achievement. The event was attended by members of [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), 44 [state governors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_\(United_States\) "Governor (United States)"), [Chief Justice of the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States "Chief Justice of the United States") [Warren E. Burger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Burger "Warren E. Burger") and his predecessor [Earl Warren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren "Earl Warren"), as well as ambassadors from 83 nations. [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States "President of the United States") [Richard Nixon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon "Richard Nixon") and [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States "Vice President of the United States") [Spiro Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro_Agnew "Spiro Agnew") awarded each astronaut the [Presidential Medal of Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom "Presidential Medal of Freedom"), the highest civilian honor in the United States.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-state-dinner-217)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_York_City_Welcomes_the_Apollo_11_Astronauts_-_GPN-2002-000034.jpg)
Apollo 11 Astronauts - New York City - August 13, 1969
On September 16, the astronauts addressed a joint session of [Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), where they presented two [American flags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States "Flag of the United States")—one to the [House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") and one to the [Senate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate "United States Senate")—that had traveled to the lunar surface aboard [Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module "Apollo Lunar Module").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-congress-flag-218)
One of the mission flags carried aboard the flight—the [Flag of American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_American_Samoa "Flag of American Samoa")—was later displayed at the [Jean P. Haydon Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_P._Haydon_Museum "Jean P. Haydon Museum") in [Pago Pago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago_Pago "Pago Pago"), the capital of [American Samoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Samoa "American Samoa"), recognizing the territory's support role as a recovery staging area.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-samoa-flag-219)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_terrazzo.jpg)
Terrazzo tribute to Apollo 11 astronauts on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame "Hollywood Walk of Fame")
The celebrations continued with a 38-day world goodwill tour titled "Giant Leap", which began on September 29 and concluded on November 5, 1969. The astronauts visited 22 countries and met with numerous heads of state, prime ministers, royalty, and civic leaders.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-world-tour-220) The tour, intended to thank the international community for their support of the space program, began in [Mexico City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City "Mexico City") and ended in [Tokyo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo "Tokyo").[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-tour-start-end-221) Notable stops included [Bogotá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1 "Bogotá"), [Buenos Aires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires "Buenos Aires"), [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro"), [Madrid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid "Madrid"), [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris "Paris"), [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam "Amsterdam"), [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels "Brussels"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London "London"), [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome "Rome"), [Belgrade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade "Belgrade"), [Tehran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran "Tehran"), [Mumbai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai "Mumbai"), [Bangkok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok "Bangkok"), [Sydney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney "Sydney"), [Guam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam "Guam"), and [Honolulu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu "Honolulu").[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-tour-itinerary-222) Crowds in the tens or hundreds of thousands gathered to greet the astronauts in each city.
Numerous countries and organizations honored the Moon landing by issuing special commemorative items. These included postage stamps, coins, medals, plaques, and magazine features. *[TIME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_\(magazine\) "Time (magazine)")*, *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic "National Geographic")*, *[LIFE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_\(magazine\) "Life (magazine)")*, and dozens of international publications featured the astronauts on their covers. Many of these commemoratives are now held in public and private collections, and some were placed aboard later Apollo missions in symbolic tribute.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-commemoratives-223)
Additionally, the success of Apollo 11 contributed to a brief spike in interest in science and technology education, often referred to as the “Apollo effect,” influencing a generation of engineers and scientists.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-apollo-effect-224)
Legacy
Cultural significance
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_on_the_Moon_7_21_1969-repair.jpg)
A girl holding *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post")* newspaper stating "'The Eagle Has Landed' – Two Men Walk on the Moon"
Humans walking on the Moon and returning safely to Earth accomplished Kennedy's goal set eight years earlier. In Mission Control during the Apollo 11 landing, Kennedy's speech flashed on the screen, followed by the words "TASK ACCOMPLISHED, July 1969".[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Launius-225) The success of Apollo 11 demonstrated the United States' technological superiority;[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Launius-225) and with the success of Apollo 11, America had won the [Space Race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race "Space Race").[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-226)[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999288-227)
New phrases permeated into the English language. "If they can send a man to the Moon, why can't they ...?" became a common saying following Apollo 11.[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-228) Armstrong's words on the lunar surface also spun off various parodies.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-226)
While most people celebrated the accomplishment, disenfranchised Americans saw it as a symbol of the divide in America, evidenced by protesters led by [Ralph Abernathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy "Ralph Abernathy") outside of Kennedy Space Center the day before Apollo 11 launched.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchefter1999283-229) NASA Administrator [Thomas Paine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine "Thomas O. Paine") met with Abernathy at the occasion, both hoping that the space program can spur progress also in other regards, such as poverty in the US. Paine was then asked, and agreed, to host protesters as spectators at the launch, and Abernathy, awestruck by the spectacle,[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooksGrimwoodSwenson1979338-106) prayed for the astronauts.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Niiler_2019-230)\[*[better source needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Questionable_sources "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] [Jazz poet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_poetry "Jazz poetry") [Gil Scott-Heron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Scott-Heron "Gil Scott-Heron") wrote a poem called "[Whitey on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitey_on_the_Moon "Whitey on the Moon")" (1970) expressing his view that the mission was emblematic of [racial inequality in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States "Racial inequality in the United States").[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200757-226) The poem starts with:
> A rat done bit my sister Nell.
> (with Whitey on the moon)
> Her face and arms began to swell.
> (and Whitey's on the moon)
> I can't pay no doctor bill.
> (but Whitey's on the moon)
> Ten years from now I'll be paying still.
> (while Whitey's on the moon)
> \[...\]
Twenty percent of the world's population watched humans walk on the Moon for the first time.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-231) While Apollo 11 sparked the interest of the world, the follow-on Apollo missions did not hold the interest of the nation.[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Launius-225) One possible explanation was the shift in complexity. Landing someone on the Moon was an easy goal to understand; lunar geology was too abstract for the average person. Another is that Kennedy's goal of landing humans on the Moon had already been accomplished.[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin200758-232) A well-defined objective helped Project Apollo accomplish its goal, but after it was completed it was hard to justify continuing the lunar missions.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-233)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-234)
While most Americans were proud of their nation's achievements in space exploration, only once during the late 1960s did the [Gallup Poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_Poll "Gallup Poll") indicate that a majority of Americans favored "doing more" in space as opposed to "doing less". By 1973, 59 percent of those polled favored cutting spending on space exploration. The Space Race had been won, and Cold War tensions were easing as the US and Soviet Union entered the era of [détente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente "Détente"). This was also a time when inflation was rising, which put pressure on the government to reduce spending. The space program was saved due to the perception that it was one of the few government programs that had achieved something great. Drastic cuts, warned [Caspar Weinberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger "Caspar Weinberger"), the deputy director of the [Office of Management and Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget "Office of Management and Budget"), might send a signal that "our best years are behind us".[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCurdy1997106%E2%80%93107-235)
After the Apollo 11 mission, officials from the Soviet Union said landing humans on the Moon was dangerous and unnecessary. At the time the Soviet Union was attempting to retrieve lunar samples robotically. The Soviets publicly denied there was a race to the Moon, and indicated they were not making an attempt.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin1994631-236) [Mstislav Keldysh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh "Mstislav Keldysh") said in July 1969, "We are concentrating wholly on the creation of large satellite systems." It was revealed in 1989 that the Soviets had tried to send people to the Moon, but were unable due to technological difficulties.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-237) The public's reaction in the Soviet Union was mixed. The Soviet government limited the release of information about the lunar landing, which affected the reaction. A portion of the populace did not give it any attention, and another portion was angered by it.[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-238)
Spacecraft
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Kommandomodul_%22Columbia%22.jpg)
[*Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia") on display in the Milestones of Flight exhibition hall at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum")
The [command module *Columbia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Module_Columbia "Command Module Columbia") went on a tour of the United States, visiting 49 state capitals, the [District of Columbia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C. "Washington, D.C."), and [Anchorage, Alaska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska "Anchorage, Alaska").[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-239) In 1971, it was transferred to the [Smithsonian Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution "Smithsonian Institution"), and was displayed at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") (NASM) in Washington, DC.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-SIColumbia-240) It was in the central *Milestones of Flight* exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance, sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")*, *[Spirit of St. Louis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis "Spirit of St. Louis")*, [Bell X-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_X-1 "Bell X-1"), [North American X-15](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15 "North American X-15") and *[Friendship 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_7 "Friendship 7")*.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-241)
*Columbia* was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the [Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center "Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center") in Chantilly, Virginia, to be readied for a four-city tour titled *Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission*. This included [Space Center Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Center_Houston "Space Center Houston") from October 14, 2017, to March 18, 2018, the [Saint Louis Science Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Science_Center "Saint Louis Science Center") from April 14 to September 3, 2018, the Senator John [Heinz History Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_History_Center "Heinz History Center") in [Pittsburgh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh "Pittsburgh") from September 29, 2018, to February 18, 2019, and its last location at [Museum of Flight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Flight "Museum of Flight") in [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") from March 16 to September 2, 2019.[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-SIColumbia-240)[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-242) Continued renovations at the Smithsonian allowed time for an additional stop for the capsule, and it was moved to the [Cincinnati Museum Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Museum_Center "Cincinnati Museum Center"). The ribbon cutting ceremony was on September 29, 2019.[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-243)
For 40 years Armstrong's and Aldrin's space suits were displayed in the museum's *Apollo to the Moon* exhibit,[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-244) until it permanently closed on December 3, 2018, to be replaced by a new gallery which was scheduled to open in 2022. A special display of Armstrong's suit was unveiled for the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 in July 2019.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-245)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-246) The quarantine trailer, the flotation collar and the flotation bags are in the Smithsonian's [Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center "Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center") annex near [Washington Dulles International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport "Washington Dulles International Airport") in Chantilly, Virginia, where they are on display along with a test lunar module.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-247)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-248)[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-249)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArmstrongSuit.jpg)
Armstrong's space suit on display at the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") in its new exhibit
The descent stage of the LM *Eagle* remains on the Moon. In 2009, the [Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter") (LRO) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon, for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules, scientific instruments, and foot trails made by the astronauts.[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-250)
The remains of the ascent stage are assumed to lie at an unknown location on the lunar surface. The ascent stage, *Eagle*, was not tracked after it was jettisoned. The lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make low Moon orbits unstable after a short time, leading the orbiting object to impact the surface.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-251) However, using a program developed by NASA, and high-resolution lunar gravity data, a paper was published, in 2021, indicating that *Eagle* might still be in orbit as late as 2020. Using the orbital elements published by NASA, a [Monte Carlo method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method "Monte Carlo method") was used to generate parameter sets that bracket the uncertainties in these elements. All simulations, of the orbit, predicted that *Eagle* would never impact the lunar surface.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Impact-252)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-1_Injector_Plate_\(Front\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F-1_Injector_Plate_\(Rear\)_\(cropped\).jpg)
In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by [Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") founder [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") located the [F-1 engines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1 "Rocketdyne F-1") from the S-IC stage that launched Apollo 11 into space. They were found on the Atlantic seabed using advanced sonar scanning.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-253) His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface. In July 2013, a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic, which NASA confirmed was from Apollo 11.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-254)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-255) The S-IVB third stage which performed Apollo 11's trans-lunar injection remains in a solar orbit near to that of Earth.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-256)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:430-L1-S1_640.jpg)
Pieces of fabric and wood from the first airplane, the 1903 *[Wright Flyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer "Wright Flyer")*, traveled to the Moon in Apollo 11's [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle") and are displayed at the [Wright Brothers National Memorial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Brothers_National_Memorial "Wright Brothers National Memorial").
Moon rocks
The main repository for the Apollo Moon rocks is the [Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility "Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility") at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), Texas. For safekeeping, there is also a smaller collection stored at [White Sands Test Facility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sands_Test_Facility "White Sands Test Facility") near [Las Cruces, New Mexico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico "Las Cruces, New Mexico"). Most of the rocks are stored in nitrogen to keep them free of moisture. They are handled only indirectly, using special tools. Over 100 research laboratories worldwide conduct studies of the samples; approximately 500 samples are prepared and sent to investigators every year.[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-257)[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-258)
In November 1969, Nixon asked NASA to make up about 250 presentation [Apollo 11 lunar sample displays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display "Apollo 11 lunar sample display") for 135 nations, the fifty states of the United States and its possessions, and the United Nations. Each display included Moon dust from Apollo 11 and flags, including one of the Soviet Union, taken along by Apollo 11. The rice-sized particles were four small pieces of Moon soil weighing about 50 mg and were enveloped in a clear acrylic button about as big as a [United States half-dollar coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_dollar_\(United_States_coin\) "Half dollar (United States coin)"). This acrylic button magnified the grains of lunar dust. Nixon gave the Apollo 11 lunar sample displays as goodwill gifts in 1970.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-259)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-260)
Experiment results
The Passive Seismic Experiment ran until the command uplink failed on August 25, 1969. The downlink failed on December 14, 1969.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatesLauderdaleKernaghan19792-3_&_4-32-261) As of 2018, the [Lunar Laser Ranging experiment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_Ranging_Retroflector "Laser Ranging Retroflector") remains operational.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-262)
Moonwalk camera
The Hasselblad camera used during the moonwalk was thought to be lost or left on the Moon's surface.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-263)
Lunar Module *Eagle* memorabilia
In 2015, after Armstrong died in 2012, his widow contacted the [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") to inform them she had found a white cloth bag in one of Armstrong's closets. The bag contained various items, which should have been left behind in the [Lunar Module *Eagle*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle "Lunar Module Eagle"), including the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera that had been used to capture images of the first Moon landing.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-264)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-265) The camera is currently on display at the National Air and Space Museum.[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-266)
Anniversary events
40th anniversary
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Command_Module_in_Hangar.jpg)
*Columbia* at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar
On July 15, 2009, [Life.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_\(magazine\) "Life (magazine)") released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by *Life* photographer [Ralph Morse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Morse "Ralph Morse") prior to the Apollo 11 launch.[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-267) From July 16 to 24, 2009, NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-268) It is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments.[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-269) In July 2010, air-to-ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronized and released for the first time.[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-270) The [John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum "John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum") set up an [Adobe Flash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash "Adobe Flash") website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-271)
On July 20, 2009, Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins met with President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") at the White House.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-272) "We expect that there is, as we speak, another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong, Collins, and Aldrin", Obama said. "We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey."[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-273) On August 7, 2009, an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a [Congressional Gold Medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal "Congressional Gold Medal"), the highest civilian award in the United States. The bill was sponsored by Florida Senator [Bill Nelson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Nelson_\(politician\) "Bill Nelson (politician)") and Florida Representative [Alan Grayson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Grayson "Alan Grayson").[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-274)[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-275)
A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing:
> It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk-averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close \[to\] the excitement that was generated by those astronauts—Armstrong, Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them.[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-276)
50th anniversary
In June 2015, Congressman [Bill Posey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Posey "Bill Posey") introduced resolution H.R. 2726 to the 114th session of the [United States House of Representatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives "United States House of Representatives") directing the [United States Mint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Mint "United States Mint") to design and sell commemorative coins in gold, silver and clad for the 50th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission. On January 24, 2019, the Mint released the [Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_Fiftieth_Anniversary_commemorative_coins "Apollo 11 Fiftieth Anniversary commemorative coins") to the public on its website.[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-277)[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-278)
A documentary film, *[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_\(2019_film\) "Apollo 11 (2019 film)")*, with restored footage of the 1969 event, premiered in [IMAX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMAX "IMAX") on March 1, 2019, and broadly in theaters on March 8.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-279)[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-280)
The Smithsonian Institute's [National Air and Space Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum "National Air and Space Museum") and [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") sponsored the "Apollo 50 Festival" on the [National Mall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mall "National Mall") in Washington DC. The three-day (July 18 to 20, 2019) outdoor festival featured hands-on exhibits and activities, live performances, and speakers such as [Adam Savage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Savage "Adam Savage") and NASA scientists.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-281)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo_11_projected_on_the_washington_monument.jpg)
A Saturn V rocket projected onto the [Washington Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument "Washington Monument") during the Apollo 11 50th anniversary show
As part of the festival, a projection of the 363-foot (111 m) tall [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket was displayed on the east face of the 555-foot (169 m) tall [Washington Monument](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument "Washington Monument") from July 16 to the 20th from 9:30 pm until 11:30 pm (EDT). The program included a 17-minute show that combined full-motion video projected on the Washington Monument to recreate the assembly and launch of the [Saturn V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V "Saturn V") rocket.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-282)
The projection was joined by a 40-foot (12 m) wide recreation of the [Kennedy Space Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center "Kennedy Space Center") countdown clock and two large video screens showing archival footage to recreate the time leading up to the moon landing. There were three shows per night on July 19–20, with the last show on Saturday, delayed slightly so the portion where Armstrong first set foot on the Moon would happen exactly 50 years to the second after the actual event.[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-283)
On July 19, 2019, the [Google Doodle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle "Google Doodle") paid tribute to the Apollo 11 Moon landing, complete with a link to an animated YouTube video with voiceover by astronaut [Michael Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)").[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-284)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-285)
Aldrin, Collins, and Armstrong's sons were hosted by President [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") in the Oval Office.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-286)[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-287)
Films and documentaries
- *[Footprints on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footprints_on_the_Moon_\(1969_film\) "Footprints on the Moon (1969 film)")*, a 1969 documentary film by Bill Gibson and Barry Coe[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-288)
- *[Moonwalk One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonwalk_One "Moonwalk One")*, a 1971 documentary film by [Theo Kamecke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Kamecke "Theo Kamecke")[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-289)
- *Apollo 11: As It Happened*, a 1994 six-hour documentary on ABC News' coverage of the event[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-290)
- *[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_\(1996_film\) "Apollo 11 (1996 film)")*, 1996.
- *[First Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man_\(film\) "First Man (film)")*, 2018 film by [Damien Chazelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Chazelle "Damien Chazelle") based on the 2005 [James R. Hansen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen "James R. Hansen") book *[First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong")*.
- *[Apollo 11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11_\(2019_film\) "Apollo 11 (2019 film)")*, a 2019 documentary film by Todd Douglas Miller with restored footage of the 1969 event[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-291)[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-292)
- *[Chasing the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_the_Moon_\(2019_film\) "Chasing the Moon (2019 film)")*, a July 2019 [PBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBS "PBS") three-night six-hour documentary, directed by [Robert Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stone_\(director\) "Robert Stone (director)"), examined the events leading up to the mission. An accompanying book of the same name was also released.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-293)
- *8 Days: To the Moon and Back*, a PBS and [BBC Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Studios "BBC Studios") 2019 documentary film by Anthony Philipson re-enacting major portions of the mission using mission audio recordings, new studio footage, NASA and news archives, and computer-generated imagery.[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-294)
See also
- [Apollo in Real Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_in_Real_Time "Apollo in Real Time") – Interactive website of Apollo 11, 13, and 17
- [Exploration of the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon "Exploration of the Moon") – Missions to the Moon
- [List of missions to the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon "List of missions to the Moon")
- [List of species that have landed on the Moon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon "List of species that have landed on the Moon")
- [List of photographs considered the most important](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important "List of photographs considered the most important")
References
Notes
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-58)** The role of the backup crew was to train and be prepared to fly in the event something happened to the prime crew.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-57) Backup crews, according to the rotation, were assigned as the prime crew three missions after their assignment of backups.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-transcript_147-0)** Eric Jones of the *Apollo Lunar Surface Journal* explains that the indefinite article "a" was intended, whether or not it was said; the intention was to contrast *a man* (an individual's action) and *mankind* (as a species).[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-146)
Citations
In some of the following sources, times are shown in the format *hours:minutes:seconds* (e.g. 109:24:15), referring to the mission's Ground Elapsed Time (GET),[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff2000iv-295) based on the official launch time of July 16, 1969, 13:32:00 [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC "UTC") (000:00:00 GET).[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-AP11FJ-104)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_note-Mission_Overview-6)
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-Byrne._2019_1-0)**
Byrne., Dave (July 8, 2019). ["Apollo 11 Image Library"](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37). *hq.nasa.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200224163200/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37) from the original on February 24, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-2)**
["Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A). *NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000804/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A) from the original on February 10, 2021. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-3)**
["Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP"](https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C). *NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190803160625/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C) from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved November 20, 2019.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-mfr_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11#cite_ref-mfr_4-1)
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[978-0-688-07929-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-07929-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-688-07929-1")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [937625026](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937625026).
- Brooks, Courtney G.; Grimwood, James M.; Swenson, Loyd S. Jr. (1979). [*Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft*](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/cover.html). NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, NASA. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-486-46756-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-46756-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-486-46756-6")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [79001042](https://lccn.loc.gov/79001042). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [4664449](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4664449). SP-4205. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111613/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4205/cover.html) from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
- Cappellari, J.O. Jr. (May–June 1972). "Where on the Moon? An Apollo Systems Engineering Problem". *[Bell System Technical Journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System_Technical_Journal "Bell System Technical Journal")*. **51** (5): 955–1126\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/j.1538-7305.1972.tb02642.x](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1538-7305.1972.tb02642.x). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0005-8580](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-8580). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [17779623](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17779623).
- Carmichael, Scott W. (2010). *Moon Men Return: USS* Hornet *and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-59114-110-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-110-5 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-110-5")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [562772897](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/562772897).
- [Chaikin, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin "Andrew Chaikin") (1994). *A Man on the Moon: The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program*. New York: Penguin Group. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-14-027201-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027201-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027201-7")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [890357362](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890357362).
- [Chaikin, Andrew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Chaikin "Andrew Chaikin") (2007). "Live from the Moon: The Societal Impact of Apollo". In Dick, Steven J.; Launius, Roger D. (eds.). [*Societal Impact of Spaceflight*](https://history.nasa.gov/sp4801.pdf) (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [175218028](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/175218028). SP-4801. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225122837/https://history.nasa.gov/sp4801.pdf) (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- [Collins, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)"); [Aldrin, Edwin E. Jr.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin "Buzz Aldrin") (1975). "The Eagle Has landed". In [Cortright, Edgar M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cortright "Edgar Cortright") (ed.). [*Apollo Expeditions to the Moon*](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html). Washington, D.C.: NASA. pp. 203–224\. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1623434](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1623434). SP-350. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080219204538/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-9-5.html) from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- [Collins, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") (2001) \[1974\]. [*Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys*](https://archive.org/details/carryingfire00mich). New York: Cooper Square Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-8154-1028-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7 "Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1028-7")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2001017080](https://lccn.loc.gov/2001017080). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [45755963](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45755963).
- [Collins, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_\(astronaut\) "Michael Collins (astronaut)") (1994) \[1976\]. [*Flying to the Moon: An Astronauts Story*](https://archive.org/details/flyingtomoonastr00coll). New York: Square Fish. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-374-42356-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-42356-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-374-42356-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [29388756](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29388756).
- [Cortright, Edgar M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cortright "Edgar Cortright") (1975). "Scouting the Moon". In [Cortright, Edgar M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cortright "Edgar Cortright") (ed.). [*Apollo Expeditions to the Moon*](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-350/cover.html). Washington, D.C.: NASA. pp. 79–102\. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [1623434](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1623434). SP-350. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080219204538/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-9-5.html) from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- [Cunningham, Walter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cunningham "Walter Cunningham") (2010) \[1977\]. *The All-American Boys*. ipicturebooks. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-876963-24-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876963-24-8 "Special:BookSources/978-1-876963-24-8")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [713908039](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/713908039).
- Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W.; Brooks, Courtney G. (1978). [*The Apollo Spacecraft—A Chronology. Vol. IV. Part 3 (1969 3rd quarter)*](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4009/v4p3e.htm). Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-4009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224233710/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4009/v4p3e.htm) from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
- Gardner, William (2017). *Before the Fall: An Inside View of the Pre-Watergate White House*. London; New York: Routledge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-351-31458-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-31458-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-351-31458-9")
.
- [Hamilton, Margaret H.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_\(software_engineer\) "Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)"); Hackler, William R. (December 2008). "Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo". *Computer*. **41** (12): 34–43\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2008Compr..41l..34H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Compr..41l..34H). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1109/MC.2008.541](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.2008.541). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0018-9162](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-9162). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [15870726](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15870726).
- [Hansen, James R.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hansen "James R. Hansen") (2005). [*First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Man:_The_Life_of_Neil_A._Armstrong "First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong"). New York: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7432-5631-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5631-5")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2005049992](https://lccn.loc.gov/2005049992). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [937302502](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937302502).
- [Harland, David](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Harland "David M. Harland") (1999). *Exploring the Moon: The Apollo Expeditions*. London; New York: Springer. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-85233-099-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6 "Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-099-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [982158259](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982158259).
- Johnston, Richard S.; Dietlein, Lawrence F.; Berry, Charles A., eds. (1975). [*Biomedical Results of Apollo*](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760005580.pdf) (PDF). Vol. NASA-SP-368. Washington, D.C.: NASA. SP-368. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191102181246/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19760005580.pdf) (PDF) from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
- [Kranz, Gene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kranz "Gene Kranz") (2000). [*Failure Is Not An Option*](https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743200790). New York: Simon & Schuster. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-7432-0079-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0079-0")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [829406416](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406416).
- Logsdon, John M. (1976). *The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest*. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [849992795](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/849992795).
- Logsdon, John M. (2011). *John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon*. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-230-11010-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11010-6")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [707157323](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707157323).
- Mission Evaluation Team (November 1969). [*Apollo 11 Mission Report*](https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/history/alsj/a11/a11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf) (PDF). Houston, Texas: NASA [Manned Spacecraft Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center "Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center"). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [10970862](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10970862). SP-238. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180904062754/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11MIssionReport_1971015566.pdf) (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- [Marshall Space Flight Center](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center "Marshall Space Flight Center") (June 1969). [*Technical Information Summary, Apollo-11 (AS-506) Apollo Saturn V Space Vehicle*](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700011707.pdf) (PDF). Huntsville, Alabama: NASA. Document ID: 19700011707; Accession Number: 70N21012; Report Number: NASA-TM-X-62812; S\&E-ASTR-S-101-69. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200529192940/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700011707.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
- [McCurdy, Howard E.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_E._McCurdy "Howard E. McCurdy") (1997). [*Space and the American Imagination*](https://archive.org/details/spaceamericanima0000mccu). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-1-56098-764-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-764-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-764-2")
. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [36186250](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36186250).
- Mindell, David A. (2008). *Digital Apollo: Human and Machine in Spaceflight*. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-262-13497-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13497-2")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [2007032255](https://lccn.loc.gov/2007032255). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [751829782](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751829782).
- Orloff, Richard W. (2000). [*Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference*](https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm). NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Division, Office of Policy and Plans. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-16-050631-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4 "Special:BookSources/978-0-16-050631-4")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [00061677](https://lccn.loc.gov/00061677). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [829406439](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/829406439). SP-2000-4029. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm) from the original on August 23, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
- Sarkissian, John M. (2001). ["On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission"](http://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html). *Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia*. **18** (3): 287–310\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[2001PASA...18..287S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PASA...18..287S). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1071/AS01038](https://doi.org/10.1071%2FAS01038). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200323225519/https://www.parkes.atnf.csiro.au/news_events/apollo11/tv_broadcasts.html) from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2013.
- Schefter, James (July 1999). [*The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon*](https://archive.org/details/raceuncensored00sche). New York: Doubleday. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-385-49253-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9 "Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49253-9")
.
- [Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deke_Slayton "Deke Slayton"); [Cassutt, Michael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cassutt "Michael Cassutt") (1994). [*Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle*](https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay). New York: Forge. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)")
[978-0-312-85503-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85503-1 "Special:BookSources/978-0-312-85503-1")
. [LCCN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_\(identifier\) "LCCN (identifier)") [94002463](https://lccn.loc.gov/94002463). [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [29845663](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29845663).
- Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). [*This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury*](https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm). The NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [569889](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/569889). SP-4201. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100617075825/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/cover.htm) from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
External links
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg)
English [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") has original text related to this article:
[This audio file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Apollo_11-article.ogg "File:En-Apollo 11-article.ogg") was created from a revision of this article dated 13 July 2020, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
- ["Apollo 11 transcripts"](http://apollo11.spacelog.org/) at [Spacelog](https://web.archive.org/web/20101201070617/http://spacelog.org/)
- [Apollo 11 in real time](https://apolloinrealtime.org/11/)
- [Apollo 11 Press Conference filmed by KPRC-TV](https://texasarchive.org/2018_02104) at Texas Archive of the Moving Image
- [Apollo 11 and 13 Checklists](https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/790) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241008165536/https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/790) October 8, 2024, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine") at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections.
- [Apollo 11, 12, and 14 Traverses](https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LPST/ap_11_12_14/), at the Lunar and Planetary Institute
Multimedia
- Garner, Robert (ed.). ["Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos (Downloads)"](https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/hd/apollo11_hdpage.html). NASA. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
Remastered videos of the original landing.
- [Dynamic timeline of lunar excursion](http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/featured_sites/view_site/59?linkId=65507096). Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
- The short film [*Moonwalk One*](https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.1257628) is available for free viewing and download at the [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive").
- [*The Eagle Has Landed: The Flight of Apollo 11* (1969)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYElQpV_Uwg) ([transcript](https://www.archives.gov/social-media/transcripts/transcript-eagle-has-landed-1969-45017.pdf)) from [US National Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_archives_and_records_administration "National archives and records administration") (via YouTube)
- [Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1](https://vimeo.com/14275570) (1 hour of restored footage)
- [Apollo 11: As They Photographed It (Augmented Reality)](https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/18/science/apollo-11-moon-landing-photos-ul.html)—*[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times")*, Interactive, July 18, 2019
- ["Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11"](https://radiotapes.com/special-postings/#Apollo) as aired on CBS Radio and WCCO Radio (Minneapolis/St. Paul) for RadioTapes.com. Radio station recordings (airchecks) covering the flight of Apollo 11. |
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