🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa151)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder","crawl_time":1775333699,"first_indexed_time":1375987808,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Anxiety disorder - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Anxiety disorder\nSpecialty\nPsychiatry\n,\nclinical psychology\nSymptoms\nWorrying,\nfast heart rate\n, shakiness\n[\n1\n]\nComplications\nDepression\n,\ntrouble sleeping\n, poor\nquality of life\n,\nsubstance use disorder\n,\nalcohol use disorder\n,\nsuicide\n[\n2\n]\nUsual onset\n15–35 years old\n[\n3\n]\nDuration\nOver 6 months\n[\n1\n]\n[\n3\n]\nCauses\nGenetic\n,\nenvironmental\n, and psychological factors\n[\n4\n]\nRisk factors\nChild abuse\n,\nfamily history\n,\npoverty\n[\n3\n]\nDiagnostic method\nPsychological assessment\nDifferential diagnosis\nHyperthyroidism\n;\nheart disease\n;\ncaffeine\n,\nalcohol\n,\ncannabis\nuse; withdrawal from certain drugs\n[\n3\n]\n[\n5\n]\nTreatment\nLifestyle changes,\ncounselling\n, medications\n[\n3\n]\nMedication\nSSRIs\nand\nSNRIs\nare first line,\n[\n6\n]\nother options include:\ntricyclic antidepressants\n,\nbenzodiazepines\n,\nbeta blockers\n[\n4\n]\nFrequency\n12% per year\n[\n3\n]\n[\n7\n]\nAnxiety disorders\nare a group of\nmental disorders\ncharacterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of\nanxiety\nand\nfear\nsuch that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired.\n[\n1\n]\nAnxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as a sense of impending doom, restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that vary based on the individual.\n[\n1\n]\nIn casual discourse, the words\nanxiety\nand\nfear\nare often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings; anxiety is clinically defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is clinically defined as an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat.\n[\n8\n]\nThe umbrella term 'anxiety disorder' refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) and\/or anxiety symptoms.\n[\n1\n]\nThere are several types of anxiety disorders, including\ngeneralized anxiety disorder\n,\nhypochondriasis\n,\nspecific phobia\n,\nsocial anxiety disorder\n,\nseparation anxiety disorder\n,\nagoraphobia\n,\npanic disorder\n, and\nselective mutism\n.\n[\n1\n]\nIndividual disorders can be diagnosed using the specific and unique symptoms, triggering events, and timing.\n[\n1\n]\nA medical professional must evaluate a person before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder to ensure that their anxiety cannot be attributed to another medical illness or mental disorder.\n[\n1\n]\nIt is possible for an individual to have more than one anxiety disorder during their life or to have more than one anxiety disorder at the same time.\n[\n1\n]\nComorbid mental disorders or substance use disorders are common in those with anxiety. Comorbid depression (lifetime prevalence) is seen in 20–70% of those with social anxiety disorder, 50% of those with panic disorder and 43% of those with general anxiety disorder. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol or substance use disorders in those with anxiety disorders is 16.5%.\n[\n6\n]\nWorldwide, anxiety disorders are the second most common type of mental disorders after depressive disorders.\n[\n9\n]\nAnxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available.\n[\n10\n]\nMost people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment.\n[\n11\n]\nGeneralized anxiety disorder\n[\nedit\n]\nGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. Those with generalized anxiety disorder experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and become overly concerned with everyday matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is \"characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance\".\n[\n12\n]\nGeneralized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults.\n[\n13\n]\nAnxiety can be a symptom of a medical or\nsubstance use disorder\nproblem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more.\n[\n14\n]\nThese stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health. A person may find that they have problems making daily decisions and remembering commitments as a result of a lack of concentration and\/or preoccupation with worry.\n[\n15\n]\nA symptom can be a strained appearance, with increased sweating from the hands, feet, and axillae,\n[\n16\n]\nalong with tearfulness, which can suggest depression.\n[\n17\n]\nBefore a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and other medical causes.\n[\n18\n]\nIn children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and\nheart palpitations\n.\n[\n19\n]\nTypically, it begins around eight to nine years of age.\n[\n19\n]\nThe largest category of anxiety disorders is that of specific phobias, which includes all cases in which fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide has specific phobias.\n[\n14\n]\nAccording to the National Institute of Mental Health, a phobia is an intense fear of or aversion to specific objects or situations.\n[\n20\n]\nIndividuals with a phobia typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Common\nphobias\nare flying, blood, water, highway driving, and tunnels. When people are exposed to their phobia, they may experience trembling, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat.\n[\n21\n]\nPeople with specific phobias often go to extreme lengths to avoid encountering their phobia. People with specific phobias understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger, but they can still become overwhelmed by it.\n[\n22\n]\nWith panic disorder, a person has brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. These\npanic attacks\nare defined by the\nAPA\nas fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes but can last for several hours.\n[\n23\n]\nAttacks can be triggered by stress, irrational thoughts, general fear, fear of the unknown, or even when engaging in exercise. However, sometimes the trigger is unclear, and attacks can arise without warning. To help prevent an attack, one can avoid the trigger. This can mean avoiding places, people, types of behaviors, or certain situations that have been known to cause a panic attack. This being said, not all attacks can be prevented.\nIn addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside of specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness (\nhypervigilance\n) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme\nhypochondriasis\n).\nPanic disorder is commonly comorbid with anxiety due to the consistent fight or flight response that one's brain is being put under at such a high repetitive rate. Another one of the very big leading causes of someone developing a panic disorder has a lot to do with one's childhood. The article provides knowledge on a positive trend in children who experience abuse and have low self-esteem to later on develop disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.\n[\n24\n]\nAgoraphobia is a specific anxiety disorder wherein an individual is afraid of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable.\n[\n25\n]\nAgoraphobia is strongly linked with\npanic disorder\nand is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common manifestation involves needing to be in constant view of a door or other escape route. In addition to the fears themselves, the term\nagoraphobia\nis often used to refer to avoidance behaviors that individuals often develop.\n[\n26\n]\nFor example, following a panic attack while driving, someone with agoraphobia may develop anxiety over driving and will therefore avoid driving. These avoidance behaviors can have serious consequences and often reinforce the fear they are caused by. In a severe case of agoraphobia, the person may never leave their home.\nSocial anxiety disorder\n(SAD), also known as social phobia, describes an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This\nfear\ncan be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or it can be experienced in most or all social situations. Roughly 7% of American adults have social anxiety disorder, and more than 75% of people experience their first symptoms in their childhood or early teenage years.\n[\n27\n]\nSocial anxiety\noften manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking.\n[\n28\n]\nAs with all phobic disorders, those with social anxiety often attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety, this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases, it can lead to complete social isolation.\nChildren are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different from those of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation.\n[\n29\n]\nSocial physique anxiety (SPA) is a sub-type of social anxiety involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others.\n[\n30\n]\nSPA is common among adolescents, especially females.\nPost-traumatic stress disorder\n[\nedit\n]\nPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to\ntrauma- and stressor-related disorders\nin the DSM-5) that results from a traumatic experience. PTSD affects approximately 3.5% of U.S. adults every year, and an estimated one in eleven people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime.\n[\n31\n]\nPost-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullying, or even a serious accident. It can also result from long-term (chronic) exposure to a severe stressor—\n[\n32\n]\nfor example, soldiers who endure individual battles but cannot\ncope\nwith continuous combat. Common symptoms include\nhypervigilance\n,\nflashbacks\n, avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger, and depression.\n[\n33\n]\nIn addition, individuals may experience sleep disturbances.\n[\n34\n]\nPeople who have PTSD often try to detach themselves from their friends and family and have difficulty maintaining these close relationships. There are a number of treatments that form the basis of the care plan for those with PTSD; such treatments include\ncognitive behavioral therapy\n(CBT), prolonged exposure therapy, stress inoculation therapy, medication, psychotherapy, and support from family and friends.\n[\n14\n]\nPost-traumatic stress disorder\nresearch began with US military veterans of the Vietnam War, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster to be the best predictor of\nPTSD\n.\n[\n35\n]\nSeparation anxiety disorder\n[\nedit\n]\nSeparation anxiety disorder\n(SepAD) is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. Separation anxiety is a normal part of development in babies or children, and it is only when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder.\n[\n36\n]\nSeparation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults and 4% of children, but childhood cases tend to be more severe; in some instances, even a brief separation can produce panic.\n[\n37\n]\n[\n38\n]\nTreating a child earlier may prevent problems. This may include training the parents and family on how to deal with it. Often, the parents will reinforce the anxiety because they do not know how to properly work through it with the child. In addition to parent training and family therapy, medication, such as\nSSRIs\n, can be used to treat separation anxiety.\n[\n39\n]\nSelective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with\nshyness\nor\nsocial anxiety\n.\n[\n40\n]\nPeople with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or even punishment.\n[\n41\n]\nSelective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their lives.\n[\n3\n]\nTesting for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing or movements associated with the jaw or tongue and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them.\n[\n42\n]\nGenerally,\ncognitive behavioral therapy\n(CBT) is the recommended approach for treating selective mutism, but prospective long-term outcome studies are lacking.\n[\n43\n]\nEvolutionary perspectives\n[\nedit\n]\nEvolutionary psychiatry\ninterprets anxiety as part of an evolved defensive system calibrated to potential threat. According to the \"smoke-alarm principle,\" anxiety mechanisms are expected to err on the side of false alarms because the cost of unnecessary fear is typically lower than the cost of failing to detect genuine danger.\n[\n44\n]\nThis framework has been extended to modern settings, where mismatch between ancestral and contemporary threat profiles may contribute to chronic or generalised anxiety.\n[\n45\n]\nThe diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and an individuals personal and family histories. There are no objective\nbiomarkers\nor laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety.\n[\n46\n]\nIt is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes of prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably.\n[\n1\n]\nNumerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and irritability.\n[\n1\n]\n[\n3\n]\nQuestionnaires developed for clinical use include the\nState-Trait Anxiety Inventory\n(STAI), the\nGeneralized Anxiety Disorder 7\n(GAD-7), the\nBeck Anxiety Inventory\n(BAI), the\nZung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale\n, and the\nTaylor Manifest Anxiety Scale\n.\n[\n46\n]\nOther questionnaires combine anxiety and depression measurements, such as the\nHamilton Anxiety Rating Scale\n, the\nHospital Anxiety and Depression Scale\n(HADS), the\nPatient Health Questionnaire\n(PHQ), and the\nPatient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System\n(PROMIS).\n[\n46\n]\nExamples of specific anxiety questionnaires include the\nLiebowitz Social Anxiety Scale\n(LSAS), the\nSocial Interaction Anxiety Scale\n(SIAS), the\nSocial Phobia Inventory\n(SPIN), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ-A30).\n[\n46\n]\nThe GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 57–94% and a specificity of 82–88% in the diagnosis of general anxiety disorder.\n[\n6\n]\nAll screening questionnaires, if positive, should be followed by clinical interview including assessment of impairment and distress, avoidance behaviors, symptom history and persistence to definitively diagnose an anxiety disorder.\n[\n6\n]\nSome organizations support routinely screening all adults for anxiety disorders, with the US Preventative Services Task Force recommending screening for all adults younger than 65.\n[\n47\n]\nDifferential diagnosis\n[\nedit\n]\nAnxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal\nfear\nor\nanxiety\nby being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.\n[\n1\n]\nThe diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires first ruling out an underlying medical cause.\n[\n5\n]\n[\n8\n]\nDiseases that may present similar to an anxiety disorder include certain endocrine diseases (\nhypo-\nand\nhyperthyroidism\n,\nhyperprolactinemia\n),\n[\n3\n]\n[\n5\n]\n[\n48\n]\nmetabolic disorders (\ndiabetes\n),\n[\n5\n]\n[\n49\n]\ndeficiency states (low levels of\nvitamin D\n,\nB2\n,\nB12\n,\nfolic acid\n),\n[\n5\n]\ngastrointestinal diseases (\nceliac disease\n,\nnon-celiac gluten sensitivity\n,\ninflammatory bowel disease\n),\n[\n50\n]\n[\n51\n]\n[\n52\n]\nheart diseases,\n[\n3\n]\n[\n5\n]\nblood diseases (\nanemia\n),\n[\n5\n]\nand brain degenerative diseases (\nParkinson's disease\n,\ndementia\n,\nmultiple sclerosis\n,\nHuntington's disease\n).\n[\n5\n]\n[\n53\n]\n[\n54\n]\n[\n55\n]\nAnxiety and panic disorders as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders can be a symptom of\nmast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)\n.\n[\n56\n]\n[\n57\n]\n[\n58\n]\nSeveral drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use. These include\nalcohol\n, tobacco, cannabis,\nsedatives\n(including prescription\nbenzodiazepines\n),\nopioids\n(including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin),\nstimulants\n(such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines),\nhallucinogens\n, and\ninhalants\n.\n[\n3\n]\n[\n1\n]\nFocus is increasing on the prevention of anxiety disorders.\n[\n59\n]\nThere is tentative evidence to support the use of\ncognitive behavioral therapy\n[\n59\n]\nand\nmindfulness\ntherapy.\n[\n60\n]\n[\n61\n]\nA 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults.\n[\n62\n]\nA 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety.\n[\n63\n]\n[\n64\n]\nResearch indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence.\n[\n65\n]\nA big factor that goes into anxiety disorder prevention starts in childhood. Based on the cited article, parents have a big part in whether or not their child will develop anxiety in their future. Specific interventions have been tested to educate parents with young children on how to care and prevent a disorder like anxiety from becoming a bigger issue in their child's teen to adult life. The study also shared that since it is such a new intervention that there is not much information on long term results, however it does seem to be looking in a positive direction.\n[\n66\n]\nTreatment options include\npsychotherapy\n, medications and lifestyle changes. There is no clear evidence as to whether psychotherapy or medication is more effective; the specific medication decision can be made by a doctor and patient with consideration for the patient's specific circumstances and symptoms.\n[\n67\n]\nIf, while on treatment with a chosen medication, the person's anxiety does not improve, another medication may be offered.\n[\n67\n]\nSpecific treatments will vary by sub-type of anxiety disorder, a person's other medical conditions, and medications.\nPsychological techniques\n[\nedit\n]\nCognitive behavioral therapy\n(CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment.\n[\n67\n]\n[\n68\n]\n[\n69\n]\nCBT is the most widely studied and preferred form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.\n[\n6\n]\nCBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face-to-face.\n[\n69\n]\n[\n70\n]\nThere are specific CBT curriculums or strategies for the specific type of anxiety disorder. CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.\n[\n6\n]\nCBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months. CBT is sometimes given as once weekly sessions for 8–20 weeks, but regimens vary widely. Booster sessions may need to be restarted for patients who have a relapse of symptoms.\n[\n6\n]\nExposure and response prevention (ERP)\nhas been found effective for treating OCD.\n[\n71\n]\nMindfulness\n-based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders.\n[\n72\n]\n[\n73\n]\nIt is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety, and\ntranscendental meditation\nappears to be no different from other types of meditation.\n[\n74\n]\nA 2015\nCochrane review\nof\nMorita therapy\nfor anxiety disorder in adults found insufficient evidence of an effect.\n[\n75\n]\nFirst-line choices for medications include\nSSRIs\nor\nSNRIs\nto treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or panic disorder.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n67\n]\n[\n76\n]\n[\n77\n]\nFor adults, there is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice.\n[\n67\n]\n[\n78\n]\nFluvoxamine\nis effective in treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.\n[\n79\n]\n[\n80\n]\n[\n81\n]\nFluoxetine\n,\nsertraline\n, and\nparoxetine\ncan also help with some forms of anxiety in children and adolescents.\n[\n79\n]\n[\n80\n]\n[\n81\n]\nIf the chosen medicine is effective, it is recommended that it be continued for at least a year to mitigate the risk of a relapse.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n82\n]\nBenzodiazepines are a second line option for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are associated with moderate to high effect sizes with regard to symptom relief and they have an onset usually within 1 week.\n[\n6\n]\nClonazepam has a longer half life and may possibly be used as once per day dosing.\n[\n6\n]\nBenzodiazepines may also be used with SNRIs or SSRIs to initially reduce anxiety symptoms, and they may potentially be continued long term. Benzodiazepines are not a first line pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and they carry risks of\nphysical dependence\n,\npsychological dependence\n,\noverdose death\n(especially when combined with opioids), misuse,\ncognitive impairment\n, falls and motor vehicle crashes.\n[\n6\n]\n[\n83\n]\nBuspirone\nand\npregabalin\nare second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. Pregabalin and\ngabapentin\nare effective in treating some anxiety disorders, but there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy in multiple conditions and their proven side effects.\n[\n84\n]\nMedications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions.\n[\n13\n]\nIn general, medications are not seen as helpful for\nspecific phobias\n, but\nbenzodiazepines\nare sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for the efficacy of any drug.\n[\n85\n]\nLifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking.\n[\n67\n]\nStopping smoking has benefits for anxiety as great as or greater than those of medications.\n[\n86\n]\nA meta-analysis found 2000 mg\/day or more of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, tended to reduce anxiety in placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies, particularly in people with more significant symptoms.\n[\n87\n]\nAs of 2023\n, THC appears to decrease anxiety at lower doses and increase anxiety at higher doses. CBD appears to decrease anxiety at all doses that have been tested.\n[\n88\n]\nTreatments for children\n[\nedit\n]\nBoth therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders.\n[\n89\n]\nTherapy is generally preferred to medication.\n[\n90\n]\nCognitive behavioral therapy\n(CBT) is a good first-line therapy approach.\n[\n90\n]\nStudies have gathered substantial evidence for treatments that are not CBT-based as effective forms of treatment, expanding treatment options for those who do not respond to CBT.\n[\n90\n]\nAlthough studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, evidence that it is more effective than\ntreatment as usual\n, medication, or\nwait list controls\nis inconclusive.\n[\n91\n]\nLike adults, children may undergo psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or counseling.\nFamily therapy\nis a form of treatment in which the child meets with a therapist together with the primary guardians and siblings.\n[\n92\n]\nEach family member may attend individual therapy, but family therapy is typically a form of group therapy. Art and\nplay therapy\nare also used.\nArt therapy\nis most commonly used when the child will not or cannot verbally communicate due to trauma or a disability in which they are nonverbal. Participating in art activities allows the child to express what they otherwise may not be able to communicate to others.\n[\n93\n]\nIn play therapy, the child is allowed to play however they please as a therapist observes them. The therapist may intercede from time to time with a question, comment, or suggestion. This is often most effective when the family of the child plays a role in the treatment.\n[\n92\n]\n[\n94\n]\nGlobally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder.\n[\n95\n]\nIt is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%).\n[\n95\n]\nIn Europe, Africa, and Asia, lifetime rates of anxiety disorders are between 9 and 16%, and yearly rates are between 4 and 7%.\n[\n96\n]\nIn the United States, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%,\n[\n97\n]\nand between 11 and 18% of adults have the condition in a given year.\n[\n96\n]\nThis difference is affected by the range of ways in which different cultures interpret anxiety symptoms and what they consider to be normative behavior.\n[\n98\n]\n[\n99\n]\nIn general, anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in the United States, outside of\nsubstance use disorder\n.\n[\n100\n]\nLike adults, children can experience anxiety disorders; between 10 and 20 percent of all children will develop a full-fledged anxiety disorder prior to the age of 18,\n[\n101\n]\nmaking anxiety the most common mental health issue in young people. Anxiety disorders in children are often more challenging to identify than their adult counterparts, owing to the difficulty many parents face in discerning them from normal childhood fears. Likewise, anxiety in children is sometimes misdiagnosed as\nattention deficit hyperactivity disorder\n, or, due to the tendency of children to interpret their emotions physically (as stomachaches, headaches, etc.), anxiety disorders may initially be confused with physical ailments.\n[\n102\n]\nAnxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology and may be a product of another existing condition, such as\nautism spectrum disorder\n.\n[\n103\n]\nGifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children.\n[\n104\n]\nOther cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed.\n[\n105\n]\nAnxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved.\n[\n102\n]\nAccording to a 2011 study, people who rank highly in hypercompetitive traits are at increased risk of both anxiety and depression.\n[\n106\n]\nSociety and culture\n[\nedit\n]\nPeople with an anxiety disorder may be challenged by prejudices and stereotypes held by other people, most likely as a result of misconceptions around anxiety and anxiety disorders.\n[\n107\n]\nMisconceptions found in a data analysis from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma include: (1) many people believe anxiety is not a real medical illness; and (2) many people believe that people with anxiety could turn it off if they wanted to.\n[\n108\n]\nFor people experiencing the physical and mental symptoms of an anxiety disorder, stigma and negative social perception can make an individual less likely to seek treatment.\n[\n108\n]\nPrejudice that some people with mental illness turn against themselves is called self-stigma.\n[\n107\n]\nThere is no explicit evidence for the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety. Stigma can be divided by social scale, into the macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro-level marks society as a whole with the influence of mass media. The intermediate level includes healthcare professionals and their perspectives. The micro-level details the individual's contributions to the process through self-stigmatization.\n[\n109\n]\nIt has become very prevalent that many college students undergo some sort of mental disorder in their early adulthood. Anxiety has become one of the main ones that has grown in prevalence over time. This is due to many issues such as different social pressures, school, career worries, etc. This has not only affected a lot of the youth in today's world but their overall quality of life. However, it is important to bring this issue to light since there is such a negative stigma when it comes to mental health; but rather than ignoring it and letting the issue grow exponentially larger, it is important to recognize ways that it can be lessened for future generations.\n[\n110\n]\nStigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.\n[\n109\n]\nExposure therapy\nList of investigational anxiety disorder drugs\nMixed anxiety–depressive disorder\nSymptoms of victimization\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nm\nDiagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition:\nDSM-5\n. Arlington, VA Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. \n189–195\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-89042-555-8\n.\nOCLC\n \n830807378\n.\n^\n\"Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes\"\n.\nMayo Clinic\n. 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Retrieved\n14 August\n2016\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\nTesta A, Giannuzzi R, Daini S, Bernardini L, Petrongolo L, Gentiloni Silveri N (February 2013).\n\"Psychiatric emergencies (part III): psychiatric symptoms resulting from organic diseases\"\n(PDF)\n.\nEuropean Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences\n.\n17\n(Suppl 1):\n86–\n99.\nPMID\n \n23436670\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\nf\ng\nh\ni\nj\nk\nl\nSzuhany KL, Simon NM (27 December 2022). \"Anxiety Disorders: A Review\".\nJAMA\n.\n328\n(24):\n2431–\n2445.\ndoi\n:\n10.1001\/jama.2022.22744\n.\nPMID\n \n36573969\n.\n^\nKessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, DE Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. (October 2007).\n\"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative\"\n.\nWorld Psychiatry\n.\n6\n(3):\n168–\n176.\nPMC\n \n2174588\n.\nPMID\n \n18188442\n.\n^\na\nb\nPharmacological treatment of mental disorders in primary health care\n. World Health Organization. 2009.\nhdl\n:\n10665\/44095\n.\nISBN\n \n978-92-4-154769-7\n.\n[\npage needed\n]\n^\nVos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH (September 2017).\n\"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016\"\n.\nThe Lancet\n.\n390\n(10100):\n1211–\n1259.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2\n.\nPMC\n \n5605509\n.\nPMID\n \n28919117\n.\n^\n\"Anxiety disorders\"\n.\nWorld Health Organization\n. Retrieved\n16 March\n2024\n.\n^\n\"What are Anxiety Disorders?\"\n.\nAmerican Psychiatric Association\n. Retrieved\n8 September\n2022\n.\n^\nSchacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2011).\nPsychology\n. Macmillan.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4292-3719-2\n.\n[\npage needed\n]\n^\na\nb\nCalleo J, Stanley M (1 July 2008). \"Anxiety disorders in later life: differentiated diagnosis and treatment strategies\".\nPsychiatric Times\n.\n25\n(8): 24.\nGale\n \nCA181302423\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nBarker P (2003).\nPsychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring\n. Taylor & Francis.\nISBN\n \n978-0-340-81026-2\n.\n[\npage needed\n]\n^\nPasser MW, Bremner A, Smith RE, Holt N, Vliek M, Sutherland E (2009).\nPsychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour\n. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 790.\nISBN\n \n978-0-07-711836-5\n.\n^\nBhandari S, ed. (7 January 2023).\n\"All About Anxiety Disorders: From Causes to Treatment and Prevention\"\n.\nWebMD\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 17 February 2016\n. Retrieved\n18 February\n2016\n.\n^\nGelder MG, Mayou R, Geddes J (2005).\nPsychiatry\n. Oxford University Press. p. 75.\nISBN\n \n978-0-19-852863-0\n.\n^\nVarcarolis EM (2010).\nManual of Psychiatric Nursing Care Planning\n. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 109.\nISBN\n \n978-1-4377-1783-9\n.\n^\na\nb\nKeeton CP, Kolos AC, Walkup JT (2009). \"Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management\".\nPaediatric Drugs\n.\n11\n(3):\n171–\n183.\ndoi\n:\n10.2165\/00148581-200911030-00003\n.\nPMID\n \n19445546\n.\n^\n\"NIMH » Anxiety Disorders\"\n.\nNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)\n. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Archived from\nthe original\non 19 September 2007\n. Retrieved\n16 November\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Phobias\"\n.\nU.S. Department of Health & Human Services\n. 2017. Archived from\nthe original\non 13 May 2017\n. Retrieved\n1 December\n2017\n.\n^\nBremner A, Holt N, Passer M, Smith R, Sutherland E, Vliek M (2009).\nPsychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour\n. Berkshire UK: McGraw-Hill.\nISBN\n \n978-0-07-711836-5\n.\n^\n\"Panic Disorder\"\n.\nCenter for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 27 May 2015.\n^\nSarkar N, Zainal NH, Newman MG (November 2024).\n\"Self-esteem mediates child abuse predicting adulthood anxiety, depression, and substance use symptoms 18 years later\"\n.\nJournal of Affective Disorders\n.\n365\n:\n542–\n552.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.107\n.\nPMC\n \n11415822\n.\nPMID\n \n39178955\n.\n^\nCraske MG (2003).\nOrigins of Phobias and Anxiety Disorders\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/B978-0-08-044032-3.X5000-X\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-08-044032-3\n.\n[\npage needed\n]\n^\nHazlett-Stevens H (2006). \"Agoraphobia\". In Fisher JE, O'Donohue WT (eds.).\nPractitioner's Guide to Evidence-Based Psychotherapy\n. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. \n24–\n34.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/978-0-387-28370-8_2\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-387-28369-2\n.\n^\n\"Social Anxiety Disorder\"\n.\nMental Health America\n. 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(March 2015).\n\"The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review\"\n.\nMultiple Sclerosis\n(Systematic Review).\n21\n(3):\n305–\n317.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/1352458514564487\n.\nPMC\n \n4429164\n.\nPMID\n \n25583845\n.\n^\nWeinstock LB, Nelson RM, Blitshteyn S (31 October 2023).\n\"Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Mast Cell Activation Syndrome and Response to Mast-Cell-Directed Treatment: A Case Series\"\n.\nJ Pers Med\n.\n13\n(11): 1562.\ndoi\n:\n10.3390\/jpm13111562\n.\nPMC\n \n10672129\n.\nPMID\n \n38003876\n.\n^\nAfrin LB, Pöhlau D, Raithel M, Haenisch B, Dumoulin FL, Homann J, et al. 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(October 2017).\n\"Effectiveness of Psychological and\/or Educational Interventions in the Prevention of Anxiety: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression\"\n.\nJAMA Psychiatry\n.\n74\n(10):\n1021–\n1029.\ndoi\n:\n10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.2509\n.\nPMC\n \n5710546\n.\nPMID\n \n28877316\n.\n^\nSchmidt NB, Allan NP, Knapp AA, Capron D (2019). \"Targeting anxiety sensitivity as a prevention strategy\".\nThe Clinician's Guide to Anxiety Sensitivity Treatment and Assessment\n. pp. \n145–\n178.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/B978-0-12-813495-5.00008-5\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-12-813495-5\n.\n^\nHovenkamp-Hermelink JH, Jeronimus BF, Myroniuk S, Riese H, Schoevers RA (May 2021).\n\"Predictors of persistence of anxiety disorders across the lifespan: a systematic review\"\n(PDF)\n.\nThe Lancet. 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Generalized Anxiety Disorder\".\nThe New England Journal of Medicine\n.\n373\n(21):\n2059–\n2068.\ndoi\n:\n10.1056\/nejmcp1502514\n.\nPMID\n \n26580998\n.\n^\nPompoli A, Furukawa TA, Imai H, Tajika A, Efthimiou O, Salanti G (April 2016).\n\"Psychological therapies for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults: a network meta-analysis\"\n.\nThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\n.\n2016\n(4) CD011004.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/14651858.CD011004.pub2\n.\nPMC\n \n7104662\n.\nPMID\n \n27071857\n.\n^\na\nb\nOlthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, Hayden JA, Stewart SH (March 2016).\n\"Therapist-supported Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults\"\n.\nThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\n.\n2016\n(3) CD011565.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/14651858.CD011565.pub2\n.\nPMC\n \n7077612\n.\nPMID\n \n26968204\n.\n^\nMayo-Wilson E, Montgomery P (September 2013).\n\"Media-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy (self-help) for anxiety disorders in adults\"\n.\nThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\n(9) CD005330.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/14651858.CD005330.pub4\n.\nPMC\n \n11694413\n.\nPMID\n \n24018460\n.\n^\nHezel DM, Simpson HB (January 2019).\n\"Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions\"\n.\nIndian Journal of Psychiatry\n.\n61\n(Suppl 1):\nS85–\nS92.\ndoi\n:\n10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_516_18\n.\nPMC\n \n6343408\n.\nPMID\n \n30745681\n.\n^\nRoemer L, Williston SK, Eustis EH, Orsillo SM (November 2013). \"Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders\".\nCurrent Psychiatry Reports\n.\n15\n(11) 410.\ndoi\n:\n10.1007\/s11920-013-0410-3\n.\nPMID\n \n24078067\n.\n^\nLang AJ (May 2013).\n\"What mindfulness brings to psychotherapy for anxiety and depression\"\n.\nDepression and Anxiety\n.\n30\n(5):\n409–\n412.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/da.22081\n.\nPMID\n \n23423991\n.\n^\nKrisanaprakornkit T, Krisanaprakornkit W, Piyavhatkul N, Laopaiboon M (January 2006). \"Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders\".\nThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\n(1) CD004998.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/14651858.CD004998.pub2\n.\nPMID\n \n16437509\n.\n^\nWu H, Yu D, He Y, Wang J, Xiao Z, Li C (February 2015).\n\"Morita therapy for anxiety disorders in adults\"\n.\nThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\n.\n2015\n(2) CD008619.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/14651858.CD008619.pub2\n.\nPMC\n \n10907974\n.\nPMID\n \n25695214\n.\n^\nBaldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, den Boer JA, et al. (May 2014).\n\"Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology\"\n.\nJournal of Psychopharmacology\n.\n28\n(5):\n403–\n439.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/0269881114525674\n.\nPMID\n \n24713617\n.\n^\n\"Anxiety Disorders: Integrating Pharmacologic and Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies\"\n.\nastramd.org\n. Retrieved\n27 November\n2025\n.\n^\nBaldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Allgulander C, Bandelow B, den Boer JA, et al. (May 2014).\n\"Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology\"\n.\nJournal of Psychopharmacology\n.\n28\n(5):\n403–\n439.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/0269881114525674\n.\nPMID\n \n24713617\n.\n^\na\nb\nKwint J (November 2022).\n\"Antidepressants for children and teenagers: what works for anxiety and depression?\"\n.\nNIHR Evidence\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.3310\/nihrevidence_53342\n.\n^\na\nb\nBoaden K, Tomlinson A, Cortese S, Cipriani A (2 September 2020).\n\"Antidepressants in Children and Adolescents: Meta-Review of Efficacy, Tolerability and Suicidality in Acute Treatment\"\n.\nFrontiers in Psychiatry\n.\n11\n717.\ndoi\n:\n10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00717\n.\nPMC\n \n7493620\n.\nPMID\n \n32982805\n.\n^\na\nb\nCorrell CU, Cortese S, Croatto G, Monaco F, Krinitski D, Arrondo G, et al. (June 2021).\n\"Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review\"\n.\nWorld Psychiatry\n.\n20\n(2):\n244–\n275.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/wps.20881\n.\nPMC\n \n8129843\n.\nPMID\n \n34002501\n.\n^\nBatelaan NM, Bosman RC, Muntingh A, Scholten WD, Huijbregts KM, van Balkom AJ (September 2017).\n\"Risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of relapse prevention trials\"\n.\nBMJ\n.\n358\nj3927.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/bmj.j3927\n.\nPMC\n \n5596392\n.\nPMID\n \n28903922\n.\n^\nThomas RE (April 1998).\n\"Benzodiazepine use and motor vehicle accidents. Systematic review of reported association\"\n.\nCanadian Family Physician\n.\n44\n:\n799–\n808.\nPMC\n \n2277821\n.\nPMID\n \n9585853\n.\n^\nHong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).\n\"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale\"\n.\nMolecular Psychiatry\n.\n27\n(3):\n1339–\n1349.\ndoi\n:\n10.1038\/s41380-021-01386-6\n.\nPMC\n \n9095464\n.\nPMID\n \n34819636\n.\n^\nChoy Y, Fyer AJ, Lipsitz JD (April 2007). \"Treatment of specific phobia in adults\".\nClinical Psychology Review\n.\n27\n(3):\n266–\n286.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.10.002\n.\nPMID\n \n17112646\n.\n^\nTaylor G, McNeill A, Girling A, Farley A, Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P (February 2014).\n\"Change in mental health after smoking cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis\"\n.\nBMJ\n.\n348\n(feb13 1) g1151.\ndoi\n:\n10.1136\/bmj.g1151\n.\nPMC\n \n3923980\n.\nPMID\n \n24524926\n.\n^\nSu KP, Tseng PT, Lin PY, Okubo R, Chen TY, Chen YW, et al. (September 2018).\n\"Association of Use of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids With Changes in Severity of Anxiety Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis\"\n.\nJAMA Network Open\n.\n1\n(5): e182327.\ndoi\n:\n10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.2327\n.\nPMC\n \n6324500\n.\nPMID\n \n30646157\n.\n^\n\"Anxiety and Cannabis: A Review of Recent Research\"\n.\nDrexel University\n. 10 April 2023.\n^\nWang Z, Whiteside SP, Sim L, Farah W, Morrow AS, Alsawas M, et al. (November 2017).\n\"Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Childhood Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis\"\n.\nJAMA Pediatrics\n.\n171\n(11):\n1049–\n1056.\ndoi\n:\n10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.3036\n.\nPMC\n \n5710373\n.\nPMID\n \n28859190\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nHiga-McMillan CK, Francis SE, Rith-Najarian L, Chorpita BF (3 March 2016).\n\"Evidence Base Update: 50 Years of Research on Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety\"\n.\nJournal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology\n.\n45\n(2):\n91–\n113.\ndoi\n:\n10.1080\/15374416.2015.1046177\n.\nPMID\n \n26087438\n.\n^\nJames AC, James G, Cowdrey FA, Soler A, Choke A (February 2015).\n\"Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents\"\n.\nThe Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews\n.\n2015\n(2) CD004690.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/14651858.CD004690.pub4\n.\nPMC\n \n6491167\n.\nPMID\n \n25692403\n.\n^\na\nb\nCreswell C, Cruddace S, Gerry S, Gitau R, McIntosh E, Mollison J, et al. (May 2015).\n\"Treatment of childhood anxiety disorder in the context of maternal anxiety disorder: a randomised controlled trial and economic analysis\"\n.\nHealth Technology Assessment\n.\n19\n(38):\n1–\n184,\nvii–\nviii.\ndoi\n:\n10.3310\/hta19380\n.\nPMC\n \n4781330\n.\nPMID\n \n26004142\n.\n^\nKozlowska K, Hanney L (June 1999). \"Family Assessment and Intervention Using an Interactive Art Exercise\".\nAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy\n.\n20\n(2):\n61–\n69.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/j.1467-8438.1999.tb00358.x\n.\n^\nBratton SC, Ray D (2002). \"Humanistic play therapy\".\nHumanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice\n. pp. \n369–\n402.\ndoi\n:\n10.1037\/10439-012\n.\nISBN\n \n978-1-55798-787-7\n.\n^\na\nb\nVos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012).\n\"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010\"\n.\nLancet\n.\n380\n(9859):\n2163–\n2196.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61729-2\n.\nPMC\n \n6350784\n.\nPMID\n \n23245607\n.\n^\na\nb\nSimpson HB, Neria Y, Lewis-Fernández R, Schneier F, eds. (2010). \"Evolving concepts of anxiety\".\nAnxiety Disorders\n. Cambridge University Press. pp. \n6–\n68.\ndoi\n:\n10.1017\/CBO9780511777578.004\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-511-77757-8\n.\n^\nKessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (June 2005).\n\"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication\"\n.\nArchives of General Psychiatry\n.\n62\n(6):\n593–\n602.\ndoi\n:\n10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593\n.\nPMID\n \n15939837\n.\n^\nBrockveld KC, Perini SJ, Rapee RM (2014). \"Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder Across Cultures\".\nSocial Anxiety\n. pp. \n141–\n158.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/B978-0-12-394427-6.00006-6\n.\nISBN\n \n978-0-12-394427-6\n.\n^\nHofmann SG, Anu Asnaani MA, Hinton DE (December 2010).\n\"Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder\"\n.\nDepression and Anxiety\n.\n27\n(12):\n1117–\n1127.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/da.20759\n.\nPMC\n \n3075954\n.\nPMID\n \n21132847\n.\n^\nFricchione G (August 2004). \"Clinical practice. Generalized anxiety disorder\".\nThe New England Journal of Medicine\n.\n351\n(7):\n675–\n682.\ndoi\n:\n10.1056\/NEJMcp022342\n.\nPMID\n \n15306669\n.\n^\nEssau C (2006).\nChild and Adolescent Psychopathology: Theoretical and Clinical Implications\n. Routledge. p. 79.\nISBN\n \n978-1-58391-834-0\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children\"\n.\nAnxiety Canada\n.\n^\nMerrill A.\n\"Anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorders\"\n.\nIndiana Resource Center for Autism\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 11 June 2015\n. Retrieved\n10 June\n2015\n.\n^\nGuignard JH, Jacquet AY, Lubart TI (2012).\n\"Perfectionism and anxiety: a paradox in intellectual giftedness?\"\n.\nPLOS ONE\n.\n7\n(7) e41043.\nBibcode\n:\n2012PLoSO...741043G\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0041043\n.\nPMC\n \n3408483\n.\nPMID\n \n22859964\n.\n^\nRapee RM, Schniering CA, Hudson JL (April 2009). \"Anxiety disorders during childhood and adolescence: origins and treatment\".\nAnnual Review of Clinical Psychology\n.\n5\n(1):\n311–\n341.\ndoi\n:\n10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153628\n.\nPMID\n \n19152496\n.\n^\nSwab RG, Johnson PD (February 2019). \"Steel sharpens steel: A review of multilevel competition and competitiveness in organizations\".\nJournal of Organizational Behavior\n.\n40\n(2):\n147–\n165.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/job.2340\n.\n^\na\nb\nCorrigan PW (February 2016).\n\"Lessons learned from unintended consequences about erasing the stigma of mental illness\"\n.\nWorld Psychiatry\n.\n15\n(1):\n67–\n73.\ndoi\n:\n10.1002\/wps.20295\n.\nPMC\n \n4780288\n.\nPMID\n \n26833611\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Stigma relating to anxiety\"\n.\nBeyond Blue\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 23 March 2024\n. Retrieved\n3 July\n2023\n.\n^\na\nb\nRössler W (September 2016).\n\"The stigma of mental disorders: A millennia-long history of social exclusion and prejudices\"\n.\nEMBO Reports\n.\n17\n(9):\n1250–\n1253.\ndoi\n:\n10.15252\/embr.201643041\n.\nPMC\n \n5007563\n.\nPMID\n \n27470237\n.\n^\nBaik SY, Shin KE, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Eisenberg D, Wilfley DE, Taylor CB, et al. (December 2024).\n\"The relationship of race, ethnicity, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation, parental education, financial hardship and comorbid mental disorders with quality of life in college students with anxiety, depression or eating disorders\"\n.\nJournal of Affective Disorders\n.\n366\n:\n335–\n344.\ndoi\n:\n10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.098\n.\nPMC\n \n11444337\n.\nPMID\n \n39173926\n.\nWHO fact sheet on anxiety disorders","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anxiety+disorder \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anxiety+disorder \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anxiety+disorder \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anxiety+disorder \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder)\n- [1 Classification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Classification)\n  Toggle Classification subsection\n  - [1\\.1 Generalized anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Generalized_anxiety_disorder)\n  - [1\\.2 Specific phobias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Specific_phobias)\n  - [1\\.3 Panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Panic_disorder)\n  - [1\\.4 Agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Agoraphobia)\n  - [1\\.5 Social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Social_anxiety_disorder)\n  - [1\\.6 Post-traumatic stress disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Post-traumatic_stress_disorder)\n  - [1\\.7 Separation anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Separation_anxiety_disorder)\n  - [1\\.8 Selective mutism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Selective_mutism)\n- [2 Causes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Causes)\n  Toggle Causes subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Evolutionary perspectives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Evolutionary_perspectives)\n- [3 Diagnosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Diagnosis)\n  Toggle Diagnosis subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Differential diagnosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Differential_diagnosis)\n- [4 Prevention](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Prevention)\n- [5 Treatment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Treatment)\n  Toggle Treatment subsection\n  - [5\\.1 Psychological techniques](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Psychological_techniques)\n  - [5\\.2 Medications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Medications)\n  - [5\\.3 Lifestyle and diet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Lifestyle_and_diet)\n  - [5\\.4 Cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Cannabis)\n  - [5\\.5 Treatments for children](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Treatments_for_children)\n- [6 Epidemiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Epidemiology)\n- [7 Society and culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Society_and_culture)\n  Toggle Society and culture subsection\n  - [7\\.1 Stigma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#Stigma)\n- [8 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#See_also)\n- [9 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#References)\n- [10 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Anxiety disorder\n67 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angssteuring \"Angssteuring – Afrikaans\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82 \"اضطراب القلق – Arabic\")\n- [অসমীয়া](https:\/\/as.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0 \"উদ্বেগজনিত বিকাৰ – Assamese\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C9%99%C5%9Fvi%C5%9F_pozuntusu \"Təşviş pozuntusu – Azerbaijani\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF \"উদ্বেগমূলক ব্যাধি – Bangla\")\n- [Bosanski](https:\/\/bs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anksiozni_poreme%C4%87aj \"Anksiozni poremećaj – Bosnian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trastorn_d%27ansietat \"Trastorn d'ansietat – Catalan\")\n- [کوردی](https:\/\/ckb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%B5%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8E \"پەشێویی دڵەڕاوکێ – Central Kurdish\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Azkostn%C3%A1_porucha \"Úzkostná porucha – Czech\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anhwylder_gorbryder \"Anhwylder gorbryder – Welsh\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angstst%C3%B6rung \"Angststörung – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AE \"Αγχώδης διαταραχή – Greek\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trastorno_de_ansiedad \"Trastorno de ansiedad – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%84revush%C3%A4ire \"Ärevushäire – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antsietate-nahasmendu \"Antsietate-nahasmendu – Basque\")\n- 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\"Trastorno di ansiedad – Papiamento\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zaburzenia_l%C4%99kowe \"Zaburzenia lękowe – Polish\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transtorno_de_ansiedade \"Transtorno de ansiedade – Portuguese\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tulburare_de_anxietate \"Tulburare de anxietate – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE \"Тревожное расстройство – Russian\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anksiozni_poreme%C4%87aj \"Anksiozni poremećaj – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [සිංහල](https:\/\/si.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA \"කාංසා අක්‍රමතාවය – Sinhala\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder \"Anxiety disorder – Simple English\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%87rregullimi_i_ankthit \"Çrregullimi i ankthit – Albanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8 \"Анксиозни поремећаји – Serbian\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%85ngestst%C3%B6rningar \"Ångeststörningar – Swedish\")\n- [Kiswahili](https:\/\/sw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_Disorder \"Anxiety Disorder – Swahili\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81 \"பதகளிப்புக் கோளாறு – Tamil\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5 \"โรควิตกกังวล – Thai\")\n- [ትግርኛ](https:\/\/ti.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8C%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%B8%E1%8C%88%E1%88%9D \"ናይ ጭንቀት ጸገም – Tigrinya\")\n- [Tagalog](https:\/\/tl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diperensiya_ng_pagkabalisa \"Diperensiya ng pagkabalisa – Tagalog\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anksiyete_bozuklu%C4%9Fu \"Anksiyete bozukluğu – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7 \"Тривожний невроз – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%81 \"اضطراب کا عارضہ – Urdu\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%E1%BB%91i_lo%E1%BA%A1n_lo_%C3%A2u \"Rối loạn lo âu – Vietnamese\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87 \"焦虑症 – Wu\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE%E7%97%87 \"焦慮症 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87 \"焦虑症 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q544006#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Anxiety_disorder \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder)\n- [Edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit \"Edit this page [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to 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sidebar\n\nhide\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nCognitive disorder with an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations\n\nMedical condition\n\n| Anxiety disorder |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Specialty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_specialty \"Medical specialty\") | [Psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychiatry \"Psychiatry\"), [clinical psychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_psychology \"Clinical psychology\") |\n| [Symptoms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signs_and_symptoms \"Signs and symptoms\") | Worrying, [fast heart rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tachycardia \"Tachycardia\"), shakiness[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) |\n| [Complications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Complication_\\(medicine\\) \"Complication (medicine)\") | [Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\"), [trouble sleeping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\"), poor [quality of life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quality_of_life \"Quality of life\"), [substance use disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_use_disorder \"Substance use disorder\"), [alcohol use disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcoholism \"Alcoholism\"), [suicide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide \"Suicide\")[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-2) |\n| Usual onset | 15–35 years old[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) |\n| Duration | Over 6 months[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) |\n| [Causes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cause_\\(medicine\\) \"Cause (medicine)\") | [Genetic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_disorder \"Genetic disorder\"), [environmental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_factor \"Environmental factor\"), and psychological factors[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NIH2016-4) |\n| [Risk factors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Risk_factor \"Risk factor\") | [Child abuse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_abuse \"Child abuse\"), [family history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_history_\\(medicine\\) \"Family history (medicine)\"), [poverty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poverty \"Poverty\")[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) |\n| [Diagnostic method](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_diagnosis \"Medical diagnosis\") | [Psychological assessment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_testing \"Psychological testing\") |\n| [Differential diagnosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Differential_diagnosis \"Differential diagnosis\") | [Hyperthyroidism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperthyroidism \"Hyperthyroidism\"); [heart disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_disease \"Heart disease\"); [caffeine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caffeine \"Caffeine\"), [alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\\(drug\\) \"Alcohol (drug)\"), [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_\\(drug\\) \"Cannabis (drug)\") use; withdrawal from certain drugs[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) |\n| Treatment | Lifestyle changes, [counselling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\"), medications[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) |\n| [Medication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medication \"Medication\") | [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSRI \"SSRI\") and [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNRI \"SNRI\") are first line,[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) other options include: [tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressants \"Tricyclic antidepressants\"), [benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepines \"Benzodiazepines\"), [beta blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_blockers \"Beta blockers\")[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NIH2016-4) |\n| Frequency | 12% per year[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kess2007-7) |\n\n**Anxiety disorders** are a group of [mental disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorder \"Mental disorder\") characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") and [fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear \"Fear\") such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as a sense of impending doom, restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that vary based on the individual.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nIn casual discourse, the words *anxiety* and *fear* are often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings; anxiety is clinically defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is clinically defined as an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) The umbrella term 'anxiety disorder' refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) and\/or anxiety symptoms.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nThere are several types of anxiety disorders, including [generalized anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalized_anxiety_disorder \"Generalized anxiety disorder\"), [hypochondriasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypochondriasis \"Hypochondriasis\"), [specific phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_phobia \"Specific phobia\"), [social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\"), [separation anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_disorder \"Separation anxiety disorder\"), [agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\"), [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\"), and [selective mutism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_mutism \"Selective mutism\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Individual disorders can be diagnosed using the specific and unique symptoms, triggering events, and timing.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) A medical professional must evaluate a person before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder to ensure that their anxiety cannot be attributed to another medical illness or mental disorder.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) It is possible for an individual to have more than one anxiety disorder during their life or to have more than one anxiety disorder at the same time.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Comorbid mental disorders or substance use disorders are common in those with anxiety. Comorbid depression (lifetime prevalence) is seen in 20–70% of those with social anxiety disorder, 50% of those with panic disorder and 43% of those with general anxiety disorder. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol or substance use disorders in those with anxiety disorders is 16.5%.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)\n\nWorldwide, anxiety disorders are the second most common type of mental disorders after depressive disorders.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Vos_2017-9) Anxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-10) Most people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-11)\n\n## Classification\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Classification\")\\]\n\n### Generalized anxiety disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Generalized anxiety disorder\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Generalized anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalized_anxiety_disorder \"Generalized anxiety disorder\")\n\nGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. Those with generalized anxiety disorder experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and become overly concerned with everyday matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is \"characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance\".[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-12) Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13) Anxiety can be a symptom of a medical or [substance use disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_use_disorder \"Substance use disorder\") problem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) These stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health. A person may find that they have problems making daily decisions and remembering commitments as a result of a lack of concentration and\/or preoccupation with worry.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-15) A symptom can be a strained appearance, with increased sweating from the hands, feet, and axillae,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-16) along with tearfulness, which can suggest depression.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Gelder2005-17) Before a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and other medical causes.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-18)\n\nIn children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and [heart palpitations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palpitations \"Palpitations\").[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19) Typically, it begins around eight to nine years of age.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19)\n\n### Specific phobias\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: Specific phobias\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Specific phobias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_phobias \"Specific phobias\")\n\nThe largest category of anxiety disorders is that of specific phobias, which includes all cases in which fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide has specific phobias.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a phobia is an intense fear of or aversion to specific objects or situations.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-20) Individuals with a phobia typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Common [phobias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_phobias \"List of phobias\") are flying, blood, water, highway driving, and tunnels. When people are exposed to their phobia, they may experience trembling, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-21) People with specific phobias often go to extreme lengths to avoid encountering their phobia. People with specific phobias understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger, but they can still become overwhelmed by it.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-22)\n\n### Panic disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: Panic disorder\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\")\n\nWith panic disorder, a person has brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. These [panic attacks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_attacks \"Panic attacks\") are defined by the [APA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\") as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes but can last for several hours.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-23) Attacks can be triggered by stress, irrational thoughts, general fear, fear of the unknown, or even when engaging in exercise. However, sometimes the trigger is unclear, and attacks can arise without warning. To help prevent an attack, one can avoid the trigger. This can mean avoiding places, people, types of behaviors, or certain situations that have been known to cause a panic attack. This being said, not all attacks can be prevented.\n\nIn addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside of specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness ([hypervigilance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypervigilance \"Hypervigilance\")) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme [hypochondriasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypochondriasis \"Hypochondriasis\")).\n\nPanic disorder is commonly comorbid with anxiety due to the consistent fight or flight response that one's brain is being put under at such a high repetitive rate. Another one of the very big leading causes of someone developing a panic disorder has a lot to do with one's childhood. The article provides knowledge on a positive trend in children who experience abuse and have low self-esteem to later on develop disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-24)\n\n### Agoraphobia\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: Agoraphobia\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\")\n\nAgoraphobia is a specific anxiety disorder wherein an individual is afraid of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-25) Agoraphobia is strongly linked with [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\") and is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common manifestation involves needing to be in constant view of a door or other escape route. In addition to the fears themselves, the term [agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\") is often used to refer to avoidance behaviors that individuals often develop.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-26) For example, following a panic attack while driving, someone with agoraphobia may develop anxiety over driving and will therefore avoid driving. These avoidance behaviors can have serious consequences and often reinforce the fear they are caused by. In a severe case of agoraphobia, the person may never leave their home.\n\n### Social anxiety disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Social anxiety disorder\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\")\n\n[Social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\") (SAD), also known as social phobia, describes an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This [fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear \"Fear\") can be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or it can be experienced in most or all social situations. Roughly 7% of American adults have social anxiety disorder, and more than 75% of people experience their first symptoms in their childhood or early teenage years.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-27) [Social anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety \"Social anxiety\") often manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-28) As with all phobic disorders, those with social anxiety often attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety, this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases, it can lead to complete social isolation.\n\nChildren are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different from those of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-29)\n\nSocial physique anxiety (SPA) is a sub-type of social anxiety involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-30) SPA is common among adolescents, especially females.\n\n### Post-traumatic stress disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Post-traumatic stress disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\")\n\nPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to *trauma- and stressor-related disorders* in the DSM-5) that results from a traumatic experience. PTSD affects approximately 3.5% of U.S. adults every year, and an estimated one in eleven people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-31) Post-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullying, or even a serious accident. It can also result from long-term (chronic) exposure to a severe stressor—[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-32) for example, soldiers who endure individual battles but cannot [cope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coping_\\(psychology\\) \"Coping (psychology)\") with continuous combat. Common symptoms include [hypervigilance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypervigilance \"Hypervigilance\"), [flashbacks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flashback_\\(psychological_phenomenon\\) \"Flashback (psychological phenomenon)\"), avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger, and depression.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-psycho-prat-33) In addition, individuals may experience sleep disturbances.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-34) People who have PTSD often try to detach themselves from their friends and family and have difficulty maintaining these close relationships. There are a number of treatments that form the basis of the care plan for those with PTSD; such treatments include [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy, stress inoculation therapy, medication, psychotherapy, and support from family and friends.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14)\n\n[Post-traumatic stress disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") research began with US military veterans of the Vietnam War, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster to be the best predictor of [PTSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\").[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-35)\n\n### Separation anxiety disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Separation anxiety disorder\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Separation anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_disorder \"Separation anxiety disorder\")\n\n[Separation anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_disorder \"Separation anxiety disorder\") (SepAD) is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. Separation anxiety is a normal part of development in babies or children, and it is only when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-36) Separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults and 4% of children, but childhood cases tend to be more severe; in some instances, even a brief separation can produce panic.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-38) Treating a child earlier may prevent problems. This may include training the parents and family on how to deal with it. Often, the parents will reinforce the anxiety because they do not know how to properly work through it with the child. In addition to parent training and family therapy, medication, such as [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\"), can be used to treat separation anxiety.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Moh2014-39)\n\n### Selective mutism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Selective mutism\")\\]\n\nMain article: [Selective mutism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_mutism \"Selective mutism\")\n\nSelective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with [shyness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shyness \"Shyness\") or [social anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety \"Social anxiety\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-40) People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or even punishment.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-41) Selective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their lives.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)\n\nTesting for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing or movements associated with the jaw or tongue and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-42) Generally, [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT) is the recommended approach for treating selective mutism, but prospective long-term outcome studies are lacking.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-43)\n\n## Causes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: Causes\")\\]\n\n### Evolutionary perspectives\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Evolutionary perspectives\")\\]\n\n[Evolutionary psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychiatry \"Evolutionary psychiatry\") interprets anxiety as part of an evolved defensive system calibrated to potential threat. According to the \"smoke-alarm principle,\" anxiety mechanisms are expected to err on the side of false alarms because the cost of unnecessary fear is typically lower than the cost of failing to detect genuine danger.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-44) This framework has been extended to modern settings, where mismatch between ancestral and contemporary threat profiles may contribute to chronic or generalised anxiety.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-45)\n\n## Diagnosis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Diagnosis\")\\]\n\nThe diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and an individuals personal and family histories. There are no objective [biomarkers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomarker_\\(medicine\\) \"Biomarker (medicine)\") or laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) It is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes of prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nNumerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and irritability.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)\n\nQuestionnaires developed for clinical use include the [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State-Trait_Anxiety_Inventory \"State-Trait Anxiety Inventory\") (STAI), the [Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder_7 \"Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7\") (GAD-7), the [Beck Anxiety Inventory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck_Anxiety_Inventory \"Beck Anxiety Inventory\") (BAI), the [Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zung_Self-Rating_Anxiety_Scale \"Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale\"), and the [Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taylor_Manifest_Anxiety_Scale \"Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale\").[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Other questionnaires combine anxiety and depression measurements, such as the [Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamilton_Anxiety_Rating_Scale \"Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale\"), the [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_Anxiety_and_Depression_Scale \"Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale\") (HADS), the [Patient Health Questionnaire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient_Health_Questionnaire \"Patient Health Questionnaire\") (PHQ), and the [Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System \"Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System\") (PROMIS).[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Examples of specific anxiety questionnaires include the [Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liebowitz_Social_Anxiety_Scale \"Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale\") (LSAS), the [Social Interaction Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Interaction_Anxiety_Scale \"Social Interaction Anxiety Scale\") (SIAS), the [Social Phobia Inventory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Phobia_Inventory \"Social Phobia Inventory\") (SPIN), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ-A30).[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46)\n\nThe GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 57–94% and a specificity of 82–88% in the diagnosis of general anxiety disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) All screening questionnaires, if positive, should be followed by clinical interview including assessment of impairment and distress, avoidance behaviors, symptom history and persistence to definitively diagnose an anxiety disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Some organizations support routinely screening all adults for anxiety disorders, with the US Preventative Services Task Force recommending screening for all adults younger than 65.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-47)\n\n### Differential diagnosis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Differential diagnosis\")\\]\n\nAnxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal [fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear \"Fear\") or [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nThe diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires first ruling out an underlying medical cause.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) Diseases that may present similar to an anxiety disorder include certain endocrine diseases ([hypo-](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypothyroidism \"Hypothyroidism\") and [hyperthyroidism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperthyroidism \"Hyperthyroidism\"), [hyperprolactinemia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperprolactinemia \"Hyperprolactinemia\")),[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Samuels2008-48) metabolic disorders ([diabetes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes_mellitus \"Diabetes mellitus\")),[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GrigsbyAnderson2002-49) deficiency states (low levels of [vitamin D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_D \"Vitamin D\"), [B2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riboflavin \"Riboflavin\"), [B12](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_B12 \"Vitamin B12\"), [folic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folic_acid \"Folic acid\")),[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) gastrointestinal diseases ([celiac disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celiac_disease \"Celiac disease\"), [non-celiac gluten sensitivity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity \"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity\"), [inflammatory bowel disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inflammatory_bowel_disease \"Inflammatory bowel disease\")),[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZingoneSwift2015-50)[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015SystematicReview-51)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NeuendorfHarding2016-52) heart diseases,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) blood diseases ([anemia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anemia \"Anemia\")),[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) and brain degenerative diseases ([Parkinson's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\"), [dementia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dementia \"Dementia\"), [multiple sclerosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_sclerosis \"Multiple sclerosis\"), [Huntington's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huntington%27s_disease \"Huntington's disease\")).[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZhaoTan2016-53)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WenChan2016-54)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MarrieReingold2015-55) Anxiety and panic disorders as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders can be a symptom of [mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mast_cell_activation_syndrome \"Mast cell activation syndrome\").[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID38003876-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID26162709-57)[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID28262205-58)\n\nSeveral drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use. These include [alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\\(drug\\) \"Alcohol (drug)\"), tobacco, cannabis, [sedatives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedative \"Sedative\") (including prescription [benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepine \"Benzodiazepine\")), [opioids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opioid \"Opioid\") (including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin), [stimulants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stimulant \"Stimulant\") (such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines), [hallucinogens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hallucinogen \"Hallucinogen\"), and [inhalants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inhalants \"Inhalants\").[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\n## Prevention\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Prevention\")\\]\n\nFocus is increasing on the prevention of anxiety disorders.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) There is tentative evidence to support the use of [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\")[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) and [mindfulness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindfulness \"Mindfulness\") therapy.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Khoury-60)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Sharma-61) A 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-62) A 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-63)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-64) Research indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2021-65)\n\nA big factor that goes into anxiety disorder prevention starts in childhood. Based on the cited article, parents have a big part in whether or not their child will develop anxiety in their future. Specific interventions have been tested to educate parents with young children on how to care and prevent a disorder like anxiety from becoming a bigger issue in their child's teen to adult life. The study also shared that since it is such a new intervention that there is not much information on long term results, however it does seem to be looking in a positive direction.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-66)\n\n## Treatment\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: Treatment\")\\]\n\nTreatment options include [psychotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\"), medications and lifestyle changes. There is no clear evidence as to whether psychotherapy or medication is more effective; the specific medication decision can be made by a doctor and patient with consideration for the patient's specific circumstances and symptoms.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) If, while on treatment with a chosen medication, the person's anxiety does not improve, another medication may be offered.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Specific treatments will vary by sub-type of anxiety disorder, a person's other medical conditions, and medications.\n\n### Psychological techniques\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Psychological techniques\")\\]\n\n[Cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-68)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69) CBT is the most widely studied and preferred form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face-to-face.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-70) There are specific CBT curriculums or strategies for the specific type of anxiety disorder. CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months. CBT is sometimes given as once weekly sessions for 8–20 weeks, but regimens vary widely. Booster sessions may need to be restarted for patients who have a relapse of symptoms.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)\n\n[Exposure and response prevention (ERP)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_therapy#Exposure_and_response_prevention_\\(ERP\\) \"Exposure therapy\") has been found effective for treating OCD.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-71)\n\n[Mindfulness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindfulness \"Mindfulness\")\\-based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Roemer-72)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lang-73) It is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety, and [transcendental meditation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transcendental_meditation \"Transcendental meditation\") appears to be no different from other types of meditation.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-74)\n\nA 2015 [Cochrane review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cochrane_review \"Cochrane review\") of [Morita therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morita_therapy \"Morita therapy\") for anxiety disorder in adults found insufficient evidence of an effect.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-75)\n\n### Medications\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: Medications\")\\]\n\nFirst-line choices for medications include [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\") or [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor \"Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor\") to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or panic disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald2005-76)[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-77) For adults, there is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald20052-78) [Fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\") is effective in treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) [Fluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"Fluoxetine\"), [sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\"), and [paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\") can also help with some forms of anxiety in children and adolescents.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) If the chosen medicine is effective, it is recommended that it be continued for at least a year to mitigate the risk of a relapse.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Batelaan_Bosman_Muntingh_et_al_2017-82)\n\nBenzodiazepines are a second line option for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are associated with moderate to high effect sizes with regard to symptom relief and they have an onset usually within 1 week.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Clonazepam has a longer half life and may possibly be used as once per day dosing.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Benzodiazepines may also be used with SNRIs or SSRIs to initially reduce anxiety symptoms, and they may potentially be continued long term. Benzodiazepines are not a first line pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and they carry risks of [physical dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_dependence \"Physical dependence\"), [psychological dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_dependence \"Psychological dependence\"), [overdose death](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opioid_overdose \"Opioid overdose\") (especially when combined with opioids), misuse, [cognitive impairment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_impairment \"Cognitive impairment\"), falls and motor vehicle crashes.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Thomas_1998-83)\n\n[Buspirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buspirone \"Buspirone\") and [pregabalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregabalin \"Pregabalin\") are second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. Pregabalin and [gabapentin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabapentin \"Gabapentin\") are effective in treating some anxiety disorders, but there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy in multiple conditions and their proven side effects.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-:12-84)\n\nMedications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13)\n\nIn general, medications are not seen as helpful for [specific phobias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_phobia \"Specific phobia\"), but [benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepines \"Benzodiazepines\") are sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for the efficacy of any drug.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-85)\n\n### Lifestyle and diet\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Lifestyle and diet\")\\]\n\nLifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Stopping smoking has benefits for anxiety as great as or greater than those of medications.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-86) A meta-analysis found 2000 mg\/day or more of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, tended to reduce anxiety in placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies, particularly in people with more significant symptoms.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-SuTseng2018-87)\n\n### Cannabis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: Cannabis\")\\]\n\nAs of 2023[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit), THC appears to decrease anxiety at lower doses and increase anxiety at higher doses. CBD appears to decrease anxiety at all doses that have been tested.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-88)\n\n### Treatments for children\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Treatments for children\")\\]\n\nBoth therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Wang2017-89) Therapy is generally preferred to medication.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90)\n\n[Cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT) is a good first-line therapy approach.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Studies have gathered substantial evidence for treatments that are not CBT-based as effective forms of treatment, expanding treatment options for those who do not respond to CBT.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, evidence that it is more effective than [treatment as usual](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_treatment \"Standard treatment\"), medication, or [wait list controls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wait_list_control_group \"Wait list control group\") is inconclusive.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-91) Like adults, children may undergo psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or counseling. [Family therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_therapy \"Family therapy\") is a form of treatment in which the child meets with a therapist together with the primary guardians and siblings.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92) Each family member may attend individual therapy, but family therapy is typically a form of group therapy. Art and [play therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Play_therapy \"Play therapy\") are also used. [Art therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_therapy \"Art therapy\") is most commonly used when the child will not or cannot verbally communicate due to trauma or a disability in which they are nonverbal. Participating in art activities allows the child to express what they otherwise may not be able to communicate to others.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-93) In play therapy, the child is allowed to play however they please as a therapist observes them. The therapist may intercede from time to time with a question, comment, or suggestion. This is often most effective when the family of the child plays a role in the treatment.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-94)\n\n## Epidemiology\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=21 \"Edit section: Epidemiology\")\\]\n\nGlobally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95) It is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%).[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95)\n\nIn Europe, Africa, and Asia, lifetime rates of anxiety disorders are between 9 and 16%, and yearly rates are between 4 and 7%.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%,[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-97) and between 11 and 18% of adults have the condition in a given year.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) This difference is affected by the range of ways in which different cultures interpret anxiety symptoms and what they consider to be normative behavior.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-98)[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Hofmann2010-99) In general, anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in the United States, outside of [substance use disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_use_disorder \"Substance use disorder\").[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-nejm_2014_on_generalized_anxiety-100)\n\nLike adults, children can experience anxiety disorders; between 10 and 20 percent of all children will develop a full-fledged anxiety disorder prior to the age of 18,[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-101) making anxiety the most common mental health issue in young people. Anxiety disorders in children are often more challenging to identify than their adult counterparts, owing to the difficulty many parents face in discerning them from normal childhood fears. Likewise, anxiety in children is sometimes misdiagnosed as [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder \"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder\"), or, due to the tendency of children to interpret their emotions physically (as stomachaches, headaches, etc.), anxiety disorders may initially be confused with physical ailments.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102)\n\nAnxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology and may be a product of another existing condition, such as [autism spectrum disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_spectrum_disorder \"Autism spectrum disorder\").[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-103) Gifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-104) Other cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-105)\n\nAnxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102)\n\nAccording to a 2011 study, people who rank highly in hypercompetitive traits are at increased risk of both anxiety and depression.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-106)\n\n## Society and culture\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Society and culture\")\\]\n\n### Stigma\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=23 \"Edit section: Stigma\")\\]\n\nPeople with an anxiety disorder may be challenged by prejudices and stereotypes held by other people, most likely as a result of misconceptions around anxiety and anxiety disorders.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107) Misconceptions found in a data analysis from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma include: (1) many people believe anxiety is not a real medical illness; and (2) many people believe that people with anxiety could turn it off if they wanted to.[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108) For people experiencing the physical and mental symptoms of an anxiety disorder, stigma and negative social perception can make an individual less likely to seek treatment.[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108)\n\nPrejudice that some people with mental illness turn against themselves is called self-stigma.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107)\n\nThere is no explicit evidence for the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety. Stigma can be divided by social scale, into the macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro-level marks society as a whole with the influence of mass media. The intermediate level includes healthcare professionals and their perspectives. The micro-level details the individual's contributions to the process through self-stigmatization.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109)\n\nIt has become very prevalent that many college students undergo some sort of mental disorder in their early adulthood. Anxiety has become one of the main ones that has grown in prevalence over time. This is due to many issues such as different social pressures, school, career worries, etc. This has not only affected a lot of the youth in today's world but their overall quality of life. However, it is important to bring this issue to light since there is such a negative stigma when it comes to mental health; but rather than ignoring it and letting the issue grow exponentially larger, it is important to recognize ways that it can be lessened for future generations.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-110)\n\nStigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=24 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- [Exposure therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_therapy \"Exposure therapy\")\n- [List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_investigational_anxiety_disorder_drugs \"List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs\")\n- [Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mixed_anxiety%E2%80%93depressive_disorder \"Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder\")\n- [Symptoms of victimization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symptoms_of_victimization \"Symptoms of victimization\")\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=25 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-12)\n   *Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition: [DSM-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DSM-5 \"DSM-5\")*. Arlington, VA Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. [189–195](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/diagnosticstatis0005unse\/page\/189). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-89042-555-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-89042-555-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-89042-555-8\")\n   \n   . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [830807378](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/830807378).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes\"](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/anxiety\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350961). *Mayo Clinic*. Retrieved 23 May 2019.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-10)\n   Craske MG, Stein MB (December 2016). \"Anxiety\". *Lancet*. **388** (10063): 3048–3059\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30381-6](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2930381-6). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [27349358](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27349358).\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-NIH2016_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-NIH2016_4-1)\n   [\"Anxiety Disorders\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160727230427\/http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml#pub2). *National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)*. U.S. National Institutes of Health. March 2016. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml#pub2) on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-7)\n   Testa A, Giannuzzi R, Daini S, Bernardini L, Petrongolo L, Gentiloni Silveri N (February 2013). [\"Psychiatric emergencies (part III): psychiatric symptoms resulting from organic diseases\"](https:\/\/www.europeanreview.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/86-99.pdf) (PDF). *European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences*. **17** (Suppl 1): 86–99\\. [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [23436670](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23436670).\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-11)\n   Szuhany KL, Simon NM (27 December 2022). \"Anxiety Disorders: A Review\". *JAMA*. **328** (24): 2431–2445\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1001\/jama.2022.22744](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjama.2022.22744). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [36573969](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36573969).\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Kess2007_7-0)**\n   Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, DE Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. (October 2007). [\"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2174588). *World Psychiatry*. **6** (3): 168–176\\. [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [2174588](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2174588). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [18188442](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18188442).\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-WHO2009_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-WHO2009_8-1)\n   *Pharmacological treatment of mental disorders in primary health care*. World Health Organization. 2009. [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[10665\/44095](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10665%2F44095). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-92-4-154769-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-92-4-154769-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-92-4-154769-7\")\n   \n   .\n   \n   \\[*[page needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Vos_2017_9-0)**\n   Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH (September 2017). [\"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5605509). *The Lancet*. **390** (10100): 1211–1259\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932154-2). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [5605509](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5605509). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [28919117](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28919117).\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-10)**\n    [\"Anxiety disorders\"](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/anxiety-disorders). *World Health Organization*. Retrieved 16 March 2024.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"What are Anxiety Disorders?\"](https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/anxiety-disorders\/what-are-anxiety-disorders). *[American Psychiatric Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\")*. Retrieved 8 September 2022.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-12)**\n    Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2011). *Psychology*. Macmillan. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4292-3719-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4292-3719-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4292-3719-2\")\n    \n    .\n    \n    \\[*[page needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n13. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Calleo_13-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Calleo_13-1)\n    Calleo J, Stanley M (1 July 2008). \"Anxiety disorders in later life: differentiated diagnosis and treatment strategies\". *Psychiatric Times*. **25** (8): 24.\n    \n    [Gale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gale_\\(publisher\\) \"Gale (publisher)\") [CA181302423](https:\/\/go.gale.com\/ps\/anonymous?id=GALE%7CCA181302423).\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-2)\n    Barker P (2003). *Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring*. Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-340-81026-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-340-81026-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-340-81026-2\")\n    \n    .\n    \n    \\[*[page needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-15)**\n    Passer MW, Bremner A, Smith RE, Holt N, Vliek M, Sutherland E (2009). *Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour*. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 790. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-07-711836-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-07-711836-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-07-711836-5\")\n    \n    .\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-16)**\n    Bhandari S, ed. (7 January 2023). [\"All About Anxiety Disorders: From Causes to Treatment and Prevention\"](http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/anxiety-panic\/guide\/mental-health-anxiety-disorders). *WebMD*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160217225046\/http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/anxiety-panic\/guide\/mental-health-anxiety-disorders) from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Gelder2005_17-0)**\n    Gelder MG, Mayou R, Geddes J (2005). *Psychiatry*. Oxford University Press. p. 75. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-19-852863-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-852863-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-852863-0\")\n    \n    .\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-18)**\n    Varcarolis EM (2010). *Manual of Psychiatric Nursing Care Planning*. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 109. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4377-1783-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4377-1783-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4377-1783-9\")\n    \n    .\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-PedGAD2009_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-PedGAD2009_19-1)\n    Keeton CP, Kolos AC, Walkup JT (2009). \"Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management\". *Paediatric Drugs*. **11** (3): 171–183\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2165\/00148581-200911030-00003](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00148581-200911030-00003). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [19445546](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19445546).\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"NIMH » Anxiety Disorders\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070919014740\/http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml). *National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)*. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml) on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2020.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Phobias\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170513022004\/https:\/\/www.mentalhealth.gov\/what-to-look-for\/anxiety-disorders\/phobias\/index.html). *U.S. Department of Health & Human Services*. 2017. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.mentalhealth.gov\/what-to-look-for\/anxiety-disorders\/phobias\/index.html) on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-22)**\n    Bremner A, Holt N, Passer M, Smith R, Sutherland E, Vliek M (2009). *Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour*. Berkshire UK: McGraw-Hill. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-07-711836-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-07-711836-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-07-711836-5\")\n    \n    .\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-23)**\n    [\"Panic Disorder\"](https:\/\/www.med.upenn.edu\/ctsa\/panic_symptoms.html). *Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania*. 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[\"The stigma of mental disorders: A millennia-long history of social exclusion and prejudices\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5007563). *EMBO Reports*. **17** (9): 1250–1253\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.15252\/embr.201643041](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252%2Fembr.201643041). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [5007563](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5007563). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [27470237](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27470237).\n110. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-110)**\n     Baik SY, Shin KE, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Eisenberg D, Wilfley DE, Taylor CB, et al. (December 2024). [\"The relationship of race, ethnicity, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation, parental education, financial hardship and comorbid mental disorders with quality of life in college students with anxiety, depression or eating disorders\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11444337). *Journal of Affective Disorders*. **366**: 335–344\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.098](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2024.08.098). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [11444337](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11444337). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [39173926](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39173926).\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=26 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Anxiety disorders](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Anxiety_disorders \"commons:Category:Anxiety disorders\").\n\n- [WHO fact sheet on anxiety disorders](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/anxiety-disorders)\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Classification | [D](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q544006 \"d:Q544006\") **[ICD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems \"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems\")\\-[11](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICD-11 \"ICD-11\")**: [Anxiety or fear-related disorders](https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse\/latest-release\/mms\/en#1336943699) **[ICD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems \"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems\")\\-[10](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICD-10 \"ICD-10\")**: [F40](https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en#\/F40)\\-[F42](https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse10\/2019\/en#\/F42) **[ICD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems \"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems\")\\-[9-CM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_ICD-9_codes \"List of ICD-9 codes\")**: [300](http:\/\/www.icd9data.com\/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=300) **[MeSH](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_Subject_Headings \"Medical Subject Headings\")**: [D001008](https:\/\/meshb.nlm.nih.gov\/record\/ui?ui=D001008) **[DiseasesDB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diseases_Database \"Diseases Database\")**: [787](http:\/\/www.diseasesdatabase.com\/ddb787.htm) **[SNOMED CT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNOMED_CT \"SNOMED CT\")**: [197480006](https:\/\/browser.ihtsdotools.org\/?perspective=full&conceptId1=197480006&languages=en) |\n| External resources | **[eMedicine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EMedicine \"EMedicine\")**: [med\/152](https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/med\/152-overview) |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Mental_disorders \"Template:Mental disorders\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Mental_disorders \"Template talk:Mental disorders\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Mental_disorders \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Mental disorders\")[Mental disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorder \"Mental disorder\") ([Classification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classification_of_mental_disorders \"Classification of mental disorders\")) |   |\n|---|---|\n| Adult personality and behavior |   |\n|   |   |\n| Sexual | [Ego-dystonic sexual orientation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation \"Ego-dystonic sexual orientation\") [Paraphilia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paraphilia \"Paraphilia\") [Fetishism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_fetishism \"Sexual fetishism\") [Voyeurism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voyeurism \"Voyeurism\") [Sexual anhedonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_anhedonia \"Sexual anhedonia\") [Sexual anorexia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_anorexia \"Sexual anorexia\") [Sexual maturation disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_maturation_disorder \"Sexual maturation disorder\") [Sexual relationship disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_relationship_disorder \"Sexual relationship disorder\") [Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder \"Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder\") |\n| Other | [Factitious disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Factitious_disorder \"Factitious disorder\") [Munchausen syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self \"Factitious disorder imposed on self\") [Fear of intimacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear_of_intimacy \"Fear of intimacy\") [Gender dysphoria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender_dysphoria \"Gender dysphoria\") [Intermittent explosive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intermittent_explosive_disorder \"Intermittent explosive disorder\") [Dermatillomania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excoriation_disorder \"Excoriation disorder\") [Kleptomania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kleptomania \"Kleptomania\") [Pyromania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyromania \"Pyromania\") [Trichotillomania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trichotillomania \"Trichotillomania\") [Personality disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personality_disorder \"Personality disorder\") |\n| [Childhood and learning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood \"Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Emotional and behavioral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders \"Emotional and behavioral disorders\") | [ADHD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder \"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder\") [Conduct disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conduct_disorder \"Conduct disorder\") [ODD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oppositional_defiant_disorder \"Oppositional defiant disorder\") [Emotional and behavioral disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders \"Emotional and behavioral disorders\") [Separation anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_disorder \"Separation anxiety disorder\") [Movement disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Movement_disorders \"Movement disorders\") [Stereotypic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stereotypic_movement_disorder \"Stereotypic movement disorder\") Social functioning [DAD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder \"Disinhibited attachment disorder\") [RAD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reactive_attachment_disorder \"Reactive attachment disorder\") [Selective mutism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_mutism \"Selective mutism\") [Speech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speech_disorder \"Speech disorder\") [Cluttering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cluttering \"Cluttering\") [Stuttering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stuttering \"Stuttering\") [Tic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tic_disorder \"Tic disorder\") [Tourette syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tourette_syndrome \"Tourette syndrome\") |\n| [Intellectual disability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intellectual_disability \"Intellectual disability\") | [X-linked intellectual disability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-linked_intellectual_disability \"X-linked intellectual disability\") [Lujan–Fryns syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome \"Lujan–Fryns syndrome\") |\n| Psychological development ([developmental disabilities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Developmental_disability \"Developmental disability\")) | [Pervasive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pervasive_developmental_disorder \"Pervasive developmental disorder\") [Specific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_developmental_disorder \"Specific developmental disorder\") |\n| [Mood](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mood_disorder \"Mood disorder\") (affective) |   |\n| [Bipolar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\") [Bipolar I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_I_disorder \"Bipolar I disorder\") [Bipolar II](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_II_disorder \"Bipolar II disorder\") [Bipolar NOS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified \"Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified\") [Cyclothymia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyclothymia \"Cyclothymia\") [Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Depression_\\(mood\\) \"Depression (mood)\") [Atypical depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atypical_depression \"Atypical depression\") [Dysthymia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dysthymia \"Dysthymia\") [Major depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\") [Melancholic depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Melancholic_depression \"Melancholic depression\") [Seasonal affective disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seasonal_affective_disorder \"Seasonal affective disorder\") [Mania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mania \"Mania\") |   |\n| Neurological and symptomatic |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Autism spectrum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_spectrum \"Autism spectrum\") | [Autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism \"Autism\") [Asperger syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asperger_syndrome \"Asperger syndrome\") [High-functioning autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-functioning_autism \"High-functioning autism\") [PDD-NOS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified \"Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified\") [Savant syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Savant_syndrome \"Savant syndrome\") |\n| [Dementia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dementia \"Dementia\") | [AIDS dementia complex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder \"HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder\") [Alzheimer's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alzheimer%27s_disease \"Alzheimer's disease\") [Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease \"Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease\") [Frontotemporal dementia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frontotemporal_dementia \"Frontotemporal dementia\") [Huntington's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huntington%27s_disease \"Huntington's disease\") [Mild cognitive impairment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mild_cognitive_impairment \"Mild cognitive impairment\") [Parkinson's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\") [Pick's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pick%27s_disease \"Pick's disease\") [Sundowning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sundowning \"Sundowning\") [Vascular dementia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vascular_dementia \"Vascular dementia\") [Wandering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wandering_\\(dementia\\) \"Wandering (dementia)\") |\n| Other | [Delirium](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delirium \"Delirium\") [Organic brain syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organic_brain_syndrome \"Organic brain syndrome\") [Post-concussion syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-concussion_syndrome \"Post-concussion syndrome\") |\n| [Neurotic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurosis \"Neurosis\"), [stress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress_\\(biology\\) \"Stress (biology)\")\\-related and [somatoform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somatic_symptom_disorder \"Somatic symptom disorder\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Adjustment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjustment_disorder \"Adjustment disorder\") | [Adjustment disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adjustment_disorder \"Adjustment disorder\") with depressed mood |\n| [Anxiety]() |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phobia \"Phobia\") | [Agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\") [Childhood phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Childhood_phobia \"Childhood phobia\") [Social anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety \"Social anxiety\") [Social phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\") [Anthropophobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthropophobia \"Anthropophobia\") [Specific social phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_social_phobia \"Specific social phobia\") [Specific phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_phobia \"Specific phobia\") [Claustrophobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claustrophobia \"Claustrophobia\") |\n| Other | [Generalized anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalized_anxiety_disorder \"Generalized anxiety disorder\") [OCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") [Panic attack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_attack \"Panic attack\") [Panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\") [Paranoia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paranoia \"Paranoia\") [Stress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_stress \"Psychological stress\") [Acute stress reaction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acute_stress_reaction \"Acute stress reaction\") [PTSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") |\n| [Dissociative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissociative_disorder \"Dissociative disorder\") | [Depersonalization-derealization disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder \"Depersonalization-derealization disorder\") [Dissociative identity disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissociative_identity_disorder \"Dissociative identity disorder\") [Dissociative amnesia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissociative_amnesia \"Dissociative amnesia\") [Dissociative fugue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissociative_fugue \"Dissociative fugue\") [Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissociative_disorder_not_otherwise_specified \"Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified\") [Other specified dissociative disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Other_specified_dissociative_disorder \"Other specified dissociative disorder\") |\n| [Somatic symptom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somatic_symptom_disorder \"Somatic symptom disorder\") | [Body dysmorphic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Body_dysmorphic_disorder \"Body dysmorphic disorder\") [Conversion disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conversion_disorder \"Conversion disorder\") [Ganser syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ganser_syndrome \"Ganser syndrome\") [Globus pharyngeus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Globus_pharyngeus \"Globus pharyngeus\") [Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure \"Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure\") [False pregnancy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/False_pregnancy \"False pregnancy\") [Hypochondriasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypochondriasis \"Hypochondriasis\") [Mass psychogenic illness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_psychogenic_illness \"Mass psychogenic illness\") [Nosophobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nosophobia \"Nosophobia\") [Psychogenic pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychogenic_pain \"Psychogenic pain\") |\n| Physiological and physical behavior |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Eating](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eating_disorder \"Eating disorder\") | [Anorexia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anorexia_nervosa \"Anorexia nervosa\") [Bulimia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulimia_nervosa \"Bulimia nervosa\") [Binge eating disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binge_eating_disorder \"Binge eating disorder\") [Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avoidant\/restrictive_food_intake_disorder \"Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder\") [Pica](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pica_\\(disorder\\) \"Pica (disorder)\") [Rumination syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumination_syndrome \"Rumination syndrome\") [Other specified feeding or eating disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder \"Other specified feeding or eating disorder\") |\n| Nonorganic [sleep](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_disorder \"Sleep disorder\") | [Hypersomnia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypersomnia \"Hypersomnia\") [Insomnia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\") [Parasomnia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasomnia \"Parasomnia\") [Night terror](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Night_terror \"Night terror\") [Nightmare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nightmare \"Nightmare\") [REM sleep behavior disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder \"Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder\") |\n| [Postnatal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth \"Psychiatric disorders of childbirth\") | [Postpartum depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postpartum_depression \"Postpartum depression\") [Postpartum psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Postpartum_psychosis \"Postpartum psychosis\") |\n| [Sexual desire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders \"Sexual dysfunction\") | [Hypersexuality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypersexuality \"Hypersexuality\") [Hypoactive sexual desire disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder \"Hypoactive sexual desire disorder\") |\n| [Psychoactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychoactive_drug \"Psychoactive drug\") substances, [substance abuse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_abuse \"Substance abuse\") and substance-related |   |\n| [Drug overdose](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_overdose \"Drug overdose\") [Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder \"Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder\") [Intoxication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_intoxication \"Substance intoxication\") [Physical dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_dependence \"Physical dependence\") [Rebound effect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rebound_effect \"Rebound effect\") [Stimulant psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stimulant_psychosis \"Stimulant psychosis\") [Substance dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_dependence \"Substance dependence\") [Substance-induced psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance-induced_psychosis \"Substance-induced psychosis\") [Withdrawal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_withdrawal \"Drug withdrawal\") |   |\n| [Schizophrenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizophrenia \"Schizophrenia\"), [schizotypal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizotypal_personality_disorder \"Schizotypal personality disorder\") and [delusional](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delusional_disorder \"Delusional disorder\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Delusional | [Delusional disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delusional_disorder \"Delusional disorder\") [Folie à deux](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folie_%C3%A0_deux \"Folie à deux\") |\n| [Psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychosis \"Psychosis\") and schizophrenia-like | [Brief reactive psychosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brief_reactive_psychosis \"Brief reactive psychosis\") [Schizoaffective disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizoaffective_disorder \"Schizoaffective disorder\") [Schizophreniform disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizophreniform_disorder \"Schizophreniform disorder\") |\n| Schizophrenia | [Childhood schizophrenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Childhood_schizophrenia \"Childhood schizophrenia\") [Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disorganized_schizophrenia \"Disorganized schizophrenia\") [Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia \"Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia\") [Simple-type schizophrenia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simple-type_schizophrenia \"Simple-type schizophrenia\") |\n| Other | [Catatonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catatonia \"Catatonia\") |\n| Symptoms and uncategorized |   |\n| [Impulse-control disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impulse-control_disorder \"Impulse-control disorder\") [Klüver–Bucy syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome \"Klüver–Bucy syndrome\") [Psychomotor agitation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychomotor_agitation \"Psychomotor agitation\") [Stereotypy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stereotypy \"Stereotypy\") [Caregiver burden](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caregiver_burden \"Caregiver burden\") |   |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Mental_disorders \"Category:Mental disorders\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health \"Template:Digital media use and mental health\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health \"Template talk:Digital media use and mental health\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Digital media use and mental health\")[Digital media use and mental health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health \"Digital media use and mental health\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Proposed or recognised diagnostic categories | [Computer addiction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_addiction \"Computer addiction\") [Internet addiction disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_addiction_disorder \"Internet addiction disorder\") [Internet sex addiction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_sex_addiction \"Internet sex addiction\") [Online gambling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_gambling \"Online gambling\") [Problematic smartphone use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Problematic_smartphone_use \"Problematic smartphone use\") [Nomophobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nomophobia \"Nomophobia\") [Problematic social media use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Problematic_social_media_use \"Problematic social media use\") [Television addiction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Television_addiction \"Television addiction\") [Video game addiction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_game_addiction \"Video game addiction\") |\n| Disciplines involved | [Digital anthropology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_anthropology \"Digital anthropology\") [Digital sociology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_sociology \"Digital sociology\") [Ergonomics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ergonomics \"Ergonomics\") [Cognitive ergonomics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_ergonomics \"Cognitive ergonomics\") [Computer-mediated communication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer-mediated_communication \"Computer-mediated communication\") [Cyberpsychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyberpsychology \"Cyberpsychology\") [Engineering psychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Engineering_psychology \"Engineering psychology\") [Human–computer interaction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction \"Human–computer interaction\") [Media naturalness theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Media_naturalness_theory \"Media naturalness theory\") [Neuroergonomics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroergonomics \"Neuroergonomics\") [Neuroscience](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroscience \"Neuroscience\") [Psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychiatry \"Psychiatry\") [Evolutionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychiatry \"Evolutionary psychiatry\") [Psychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychology \"Psychology\") [Clinical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clinical_psychology \"Clinical psychology\") [Cognitive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_psychology \"Cognitive psychology\") [Evolutionary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychology \"Evolutionary psychology\") [Social](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_psychology \"Social psychology\") |\n| Associated psychiatric conditions | [Anxiety disorder]() [Generalized anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalized_anxiety_disorder \"Generalized anxiety disorder\") [Obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") [Social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\") [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder \"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder\") [Autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism \"Autism\") [Bipolar disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\") [Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\") [Eating disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eating_disorder \"Eating disorder\") [Anorexia nervosa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anorexia_nervosa \"Anorexia nervosa\") [Body image disturbance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Body_image_disturbance \"Body image disturbance\") [Insomnia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insomnia \"Insomnia\") [Narcissistic personality disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narcissistic_personality_disorder \"Narcissistic personality disorder\") |\n| Related topics | [Behavioral addiction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioral_addiction \"Behavioral addiction\") [Behavioral modernity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Behavioral_modernity \"Behavioral modernity\") [Body image](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Body_image \"Body image\") [Criticism of Facebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Facebook \"Criticism of Facebook\") [2021 Facebook company files leak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_Facebook_leak \"2021 Facebook leak\") [Cyberbullying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyberbullying \"Cyberbullying\") [Cyberpathology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyberpathology \"Cyberpathology\") [Digital detox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_detox \"Digital detox\") [Digital zombie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_zombie \"Digital zombie\") [Evolution of cognition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolution_of_cognition \"Evolution of cognition\") [Evolutionary mismatch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_mismatch \"Evolutionary mismatch\") [Fear of missing out](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear_of_missing_out \"Fear of missing out\") [Mobile phones and driving safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety \"Mobile phones and driving safety\") [Promotion of anorexia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-ana \"Pro-ana\") [Psychological effects of Internet use](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use \"Psychological effects of Internet use\") [Screen time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Screen_time \"Screen time\") [Binge-watching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Binge-watching \"Binge-watching\") [Social aspects of television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_aspects_of_television \"Social aspects of television\") [Television consumption](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Television_consumption \"Television consumption\") [Smartphones and pedestrian safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety \"Smartphones and pedestrian safety\") [Social media addiction trials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_media_addiction_trials \"Social media addiction trials\") [Social media and suicide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_media_and_suicide \"Social media and suicide\") [Social media restrictions on children in Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_Safety_Amendment \"Online Safety Amendment\") [Spaving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spaving \"Spaving\") [Suicide and the Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide_and_the_Internet \"Suicide and the Internet\") [Technophilia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technophilia \"Technophilia\") [Technophobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technophobia \"Technophobia\") [Technostress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technostress \"Technostress\") [Texting while driving](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texting_while_driving \"Texting while driving\") |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Autism \"Template:Autism\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Autism \"Template talk:Autism\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Autism \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Autism\")[Autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism \"Autism\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Main | [Causes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Causes_of_autism \"Causes of autism\") [Diagnosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diagnosis_of_autism \"Diagnosis of autism\") [Epidemiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epidemiology_of_autism \"Epidemiology of autism\") [Epigenetics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epigenetics_of_autism \"Epigenetics of autism\") [Heritability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heritability_of_autism \"Heritability of autism\") [History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_autism \"History of autism\") [Memory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_and_memory \"Autism and memory\") [Pathophysiology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pathophysiology_of_autism \"Pathophysiology of autism\") [Sex and gender](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism \"Sex and gender differences in autism\") [Societal and cultural aspects](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism \"Societal and cultural aspects of autism\") [Therapies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_therapies \"Autism therapies\") |\n| Diagnoses | [Pervasive developmental disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pervasive_developmental_disorder \"Pervasive developmental disorder\") [Autistic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classic_autism \"Classic autism\") [Asperger syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asperger_syndrome \"Asperger syndrome\") [Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified \"Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified\") [Childhood disintegrative disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder \"Childhood disintegrative disorder\") [High-functioning autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-functioning_autism \"High-functioning autism\") |\n| Associated conditions and phenomena | [Alexithymia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexithymia \"Alexithymia\") [Anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distinct_anxiety \"Distinct anxiety\") [LGBTQ identities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_and_LGBTQ_people \"Autism and LGBTQ people\") [Burnout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autistic_burnout \"Autistic burnout\") [Catatonia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autistic_catatonia \"Autistic catatonia\") [Masking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autistic_masking \"Autistic masking\") [Meltdowns](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autistic_meltdown \"Autistic meltdown\") [Inertia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autistic_inertia \"Autistic inertia\") [Echolalia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echolalia \"Echolalia\") [Echopraxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echopraxia \"Echopraxia\") [Emotional dysregulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emotional_dysregulation \"Emotional dysregulation\") [Hyperlexia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperlexia \"Hyperlexia\") [Infodumping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infodumping \"Infodumping\") [Late talker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Late_talker \"Late talker\") [Monotropism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monotropism \"Monotropism\") [Nonspeaking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nonverbal_autism \"Nonverbal autism\") [Pathological demand avoidance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pathological_demand_avoidance \"Pathological demand avoidance\") [Pronoun reversal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pronoun_reversal \"Pronoun reversal\") [Reading differences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reading_and_autism \"Reading and autism\") [Savant syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Savant_syndrome \"Savant syndrome\") [Special interests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_interest_\\(autism\\) \"Special interest (autism)\") [Stimming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stimming \"Stimming\") [Sensory overload](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sensory_overload \"Sensory overload\") [Suicide among people with autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide_among_people_with_autism \"Suicide among people with autism\") |\n| [Comorbid conditions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conditions_comorbid_to_autism \"Conditions comorbid to autism\") | [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder \"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder\") [Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avoidant\/restrictive_food_intake_disorder \"Avoidant\/restrictive food intake disorder\") [Avoidant personality disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avoidant_personality_disorder \"Avoidant personality disorder\") [Anxiety disorder]() [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder \"Obsessive–compulsive disorder\") [Bipolar disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bipolar_disorder \"Bipolar disorder\") [Developmental coordination disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Developmental_coordination_disorder \"Developmental coordination disorder\") [Developmental verbal dyspraxia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia \"Developmental verbal dyspraxia\") [Epilepsy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epilepsy \"Epilepsy\") [Gender dysphoria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender_dysphoria \"Gender dysphoria\") [Global developmental delay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_developmental_delay \"Global developmental delay\") [Intellectual disability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intellectual_disability \"Intellectual disability\") [Major depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_depressive_disorder \"Major depressive disorder\") [Schizoid personality disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schizoid_personality_disorder \"Schizoid personality disorder\") [Sensory processing disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sensory_processing_disorder \"Sensory processing disorder\") [Sleep disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_disorder \"Sleep disorder\") [Suicide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide \"Suicide\") [Tinnitus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinnitus \"Tinnitus\") |\n| [Associated syndromes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syndromic_autism \"Syndromic autism\") | [16p11.2 deletion syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16p11.2_deletion_syndrome \"16p11.2 deletion syndrome\") [16p11.2 duplication syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/16p11.2_duplication_syndrome \"16p11.2 duplication syndrome\") [17q12 microdeletion syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/17q12_microdeletion_syndrome \"17q12 microdeletion syndrome\") [22q13 deletion syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/22q13_deletion_syndrome \"22q13 deletion syndrome\") [Angelman syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angelman_syndrome \"Angelman syndrome\") [Beck–Fahrner syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck%E2%80%93Fahrner_syndrome \"Beck–Fahrner syndrome\") [CACNA1C-related disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CACNA1C-related_disorders \"CACNA1C-related disorders\") [CHARGE syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CHARGE_syndrome \"CHARGE syndrome\") [Cohen syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cohen_syndrome \"Cohen syndrome\") [Cornelia de Lange syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome \"Cornelia de Lange syndrome\") [DiGeorge syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DiGeorge_syndrome \"DiGeorge syndrome\") [Down syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Down_syndrome \"Down syndrome\") [Dup15q](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dup15q \"Dup15q\") [Goldenhar syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldenhar_syndrome \"Goldenhar syndrome\") [Fetal valproate spectrum disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fetal_valproate_spectrum_disorder \"Fetal valproate spectrum disorder\") [Fragile X syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fragile_X_syndrome \"Fragile X syndrome\") [Jacobsen syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacobsen_syndrome \"Jacobsen syndrome\") [Malan syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malan_syndrome \"Malan syndrome\") [MECP2 duplication syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MECP2_duplication_syndrome \"MECP2 duplication syndrome\") [Neurofibromatosis type I](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurofibromatosis_type_I \"Neurofibromatosis type I\") [Noonan syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Noonan_syndrome \"Noonan syndrome\") [Multiple hamartoma syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_hamartoma_syndrome \"Multiple hamartoma syndrome\") [O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O%27Donnell-Luria%E2%80%93Rodan_syndrome \"O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome\") [Pitt–Hopkins syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pitt%E2%80%93Hopkins_syndrome \"Pitt–Hopkins syndrome\") [Rett syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rett_syndrome \"Rett syndrome\") [Skraban–Deardorff syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skraban%E2%80%93Deardorff_syndrome \"Skraban–Deardorff syndrome\") [Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome \"Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome\") [Sotos syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sotos_syndrome \"Sotos syndrome\") [SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SYNGAP1-related_intellectual_disability \"SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability\") [Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tatton-Brown%E2%80%93Rahman_syndrome \"Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome\") [Timothy syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timothy_syndrome \"Timothy syndrome\") [TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TRPM3-related_neurodevelopmental_disorder \"TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder\") [Tuberous sclerosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuberous_sclerosis \"Tuberous sclerosis\") [Williams syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Williams_syndrome \"Williams syndrome\") |\n| Related issues | [Ableism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ableism \"Ableism\") [Autistic rights movement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autistic_rights_movement \"Autistic rights movement\") [Critical autism studies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critical_autism_studies \"Critical autism studies\") [Discrimination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discrimination_against_autistic_people \"Discrimination against autistic people\") [Double empathy problem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_empathy_problem \"Double empathy problem\") [Employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employment_of_autistic_people \"Employment of autistic people\") [Military service and conscription](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_service_and_conscription_for_autistic_people \"Military service and conscription for autistic people\") [Multiple complex developmental disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_complex_developmental_disorder \"Multiple complex developmental disorder\") [Neurodiversity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurodiversity \"Neurodiversity\") [Neuroqueer theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroqueer_theory \"Neuroqueer theory\") [Peripheral neuropathy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peripheral_neuropathy \"Peripheral neuropathy\") [Reduced affect display](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reduced_affect_display \"Reduced affect display\") [Sanism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanism \"Sanism\") [Self-harm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-harm \"Self-harm\") [Suicidal ideation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicidal_ideation \"Suicidal ideation\") [TEACCH program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children \"Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children\") [Twice exceptional](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twice_exceptional \"Twice exceptional\") [Violence and autism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Violence_and_autism \"Violence and autism\") |\n| [Controversies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Controversies_in_autism \"Controversies in autism\") | [Facilitated communication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facilitated_communication \"Facilitated communication\") [Lancet MMR autism fraud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud \"Lancet MMR autism fraud\") [MMR vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MMR_vaccine_and_autism \"MMR vaccine and autism\") [Rapid prompting method](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapid_prompting_method \"Rapid prompting method\") [Thiomersal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thiomersal_and_vaccines \"Thiomersal and vaccines\") [Chelation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chelation_therapy \"Chelation therapy\") [Combating Autism Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Combating_Autism_Act \"Combating Autism Act\") [Autistic supremacism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autistic_supremacism \"Autistic supremacism\") |\n| Diagnostic scales | [Autism Diagnostic Interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_Diagnostic_Interview \"Autism Diagnostic Interview\") [Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_Diagnostic_Observation_Schedule \"Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule\") [Childhood Autism Rating Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Childhood_Autism_Rating_Scale \"Childhood Autism Rating Scale\") [Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilliam_Asperger%27s_disorder_scale \"Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale\") |\n| Screening scales | [Autism-spectrum quotient](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism-spectrum_quotient \"Autism-spectrum quotient\") [Childhood Autism Spectrum Test](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Childhood_Autism_Spectrum_Test \"Childhood Autism Spectrum Test\") [Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritvo_Autism_and_Asperger_Diagnostic_Scale \"Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale\") |\n| Lists | [Autism-related topics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_autism \"Outline of autism\") [Fictional characters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_fictional_autistic_characters \"List of fictional autistic characters\") [Schools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_schools_for_people_on_the_autism_spectrum \"List of schools for people on the autism spectrum\") |\n| Accommodations | [Autism-friendly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism-friendly \"Autism-friendly\") [Curb cut effect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curb_cut_effect \"Curb cut effect\") [Inclusive design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inclusive_design \"Inclusive design\") [Neurodiversity and labor rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neurodiversity_and_labor_rights \"Neurodiversity and labor rights\") [Neuroinclusive design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neuroinclusive_design \"Neuroinclusive design\") [Sensory friendly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sensory_friendly \"Sensory friendly\") [Supported employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supported_employment \"Supported employment\") [Universal design](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_design \"Universal design\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Autism \"Category:Autism\") |   |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q544006#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | [GND](https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4295459-9) [FAST](https:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/1738149) |\n| National | [Japan](https:\/\/id.ndl.go.jp\/auth\/ndlna\/01084829) [Czech Republic](https:\/\/aleph.nkp.cz\/F\/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph280225&CON_LNG=ENG) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007566570605171) |\n| Other | [Yale LUX](https:\/\/lux.collections.yale.edu\/view\/concept\/1ce5fd67-0bf1-46db-a08d-ec1f92232156) |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&oldid=1344873159>\"\n\n[Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Anxiety disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Anxiety_disorders \"Category:Anxiety disorders\")\n\nHidden categories:\n\n- [Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2023](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2023 \"Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2023\")\n- [All articles 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[heart disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart_disease \"Heart disease\"); [caffeine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caffeine \"Caffeine\"), [alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\\(drug\\) \"Alcohol (drug)\"), [cannabis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_\\(drug\\) \"Cannabis (drug)\") use; withdrawal from certain drugs[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) |\n| Treatment | Lifestyle changes, [counselling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\"), medications[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) |\n| [Medication](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medication \"Medication\") | [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SSRI \"SSRI\") and [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNRI \"SNRI\") are first line,[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) other options include: [tricyclic antidepressants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tricyclic_antidepressants \"Tricyclic antidepressants\"), [benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepines \"Benzodiazepines\"), [beta blockers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beta_blockers \"Beta blockers\")[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NIH2016-4) |\n| Frequency | 12% per year[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kess2007-7) |\n\n**Anxiety disorders** are a group of [mental disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mental_disorder \"Mental disorder\") characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") and [fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear \"Fear\") such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as a sense of impending doom, restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that vary based on the individual.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nIn casual discourse, the words *anxiety* and *fear* are often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings; anxiety is clinically defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is clinically defined as an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) The umbrella term 'anxiety disorder' refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) and\/or anxiety symptoms.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nThere are several types of anxiety disorders, including [generalized anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalized_anxiety_disorder \"Generalized anxiety disorder\"), [hypochondriasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypochondriasis \"Hypochondriasis\"), [specific phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_phobia \"Specific phobia\"), [social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\"), [separation anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_disorder \"Separation anxiety disorder\"), [agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\"), [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\"), and [selective mutism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_mutism \"Selective mutism\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Individual disorders can be diagnosed using the specific and unique symptoms, triggering events, and timing.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) A medical professional must evaluate a person before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder to ensure that their anxiety cannot be attributed to another medical illness or mental disorder.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) It is possible for an individual to have more than one anxiety disorder during their life or to have more than one anxiety disorder at the same time.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Comorbid mental disorders or substance use disorders are common in those with anxiety. Comorbid depression (lifetime prevalence) is seen in 20–70% of those with social anxiety disorder, 50% of those with panic disorder and 43% of those with general anxiety disorder. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol or substance use disorders in those with anxiety disorders is 16.5%.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)\n\nWorldwide, anxiety disorders are the second most common type of mental disorders after depressive disorders.[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Vos_2017-9) Anxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available.[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-10) Most people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment.[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-11)\n\n### Generalized anxiety disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Generalized anxiety disorder\")\\]\n\nGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. Those with generalized anxiety disorder experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and become overly concerned with everyday matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is \"characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance\".[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-12) Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13) Anxiety can be a symptom of a medical or [substance use disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_use_disorder \"Substance use disorder\") problem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) These stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health. A person may find that they have problems making daily decisions and remembering commitments as a result of a lack of concentration and\/or preoccupation with worry.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-15) A symptom can be a strained appearance, with increased sweating from the hands, feet, and axillae,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-16) along with tearfulness, which can suggest depression.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Gelder2005-17) Before a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and other medical causes.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-18)\n\nIn children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and [heart palpitations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palpitations \"Palpitations\").[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19) Typically, it begins around eight to nine years of age.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19)\n\nThe largest category of anxiety disorders is that of specific phobias, which includes all cases in which fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide has specific phobias.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a phobia is an intense fear of or aversion to specific objects or situations.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-20) Individuals with a phobia typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Common [phobias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_phobias \"List of phobias\") are flying, blood, water, highway driving, and tunnels. When people are exposed to their phobia, they may experience trembling, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat.[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-21) People with specific phobias often go to extreme lengths to avoid encountering their phobia. People with specific phobias understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger, but they can still become overwhelmed by it.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-22)\n\nWith panic disorder, a person has brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. These [panic attacks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_attacks \"Panic attacks\") are defined by the [APA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\") as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes but can last for several hours.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-23) Attacks can be triggered by stress, irrational thoughts, general fear, fear of the unknown, or even when engaging in exercise. However, sometimes the trigger is unclear, and attacks can arise without warning. To help prevent an attack, one can avoid the trigger. This can mean avoiding places, people, types of behaviors, or certain situations that have been known to cause a panic attack. This being said, not all attacks can be prevented.\n\nIn addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside of specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness ([hypervigilance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypervigilance \"Hypervigilance\")) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme [hypochondriasis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypochondriasis \"Hypochondriasis\")).\n\nPanic disorder is commonly comorbid with anxiety due to the consistent fight or flight response that one's brain is being put under at such a high repetitive rate. Another one of the very big leading causes of someone developing a panic disorder has a lot to do with one's childhood. The article provides knowledge on a positive trend in children who experience abuse and have low self-esteem to later on develop disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-24)\n\nAgoraphobia is a specific anxiety disorder wherein an individual is afraid of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-25) Agoraphobia is strongly linked with [panic disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panic_disorder \"Panic disorder\") and is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common manifestation involves needing to be in constant view of a door or other escape route. In addition to the fears themselves, the term [agoraphobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agoraphobia \"Agoraphobia\") is often used to refer to avoidance behaviors that individuals often develop.[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-26) For example, following a panic attack while driving, someone with agoraphobia may develop anxiety over driving and will therefore avoid driving. These avoidance behaviors can have serious consequences and often reinforce the fear they are caused by. In a severe case of agoraphobia, the person may never leave their home.\n\n[Social anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety_disorder \"Social anxiety disorder\") (SAD), also known as social phobia, describes an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This [fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear \"Fear\") can be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or it can be experienced in most or all social situations. Roughly 7% of American adults have social anxiety disorder, and more than 75% of people experience their first symptoms in their childhood or early teenage years.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-27) [Social anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety \"Social anxiety\") often manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-28) As with all phobic disorders, those with social anxiety often attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety, this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases, it can lead to complete social isolation.\n\nChildren are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different from those of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-29)\n\nSocial physique anxiety (SPA) is a sub-type of social anxiety involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-30) SPA is common among adolescents, especially females.\n\n### Post-traumatic stress disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder\")\\]\n\nPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to *trauma- and stressor-related disorders* in the DSM-5) that results from a traumatic experience. PTSD affects approximately 3.5% of U.S. adults every year, and an estimated one in eleven people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-31) Post-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullying, or even a serious accident. It can also result from long-term (chronic) exposure to a severe stressor—[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-32) for example, soldiers who endure individual battles but cannot [cope](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coping_\\(psychology\\) \"Coping (psychology)\") with continuous combat. Common symptoms include [hypervigilance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypervigilance \"Hypervigilance\"), [flashbacks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flashback_\\(psychological_phenomenon\\) \"Flashback (psychological phenomenon)\"), avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger, and depression.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-psycho-prat-33) In addition, individuals may experience sleep disturbances.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-34) People who have PTSD often try to detach themselves from their friends and family and have difficulty maintaining these close relationships. There are a number of treatments that form the basis of the care plan for those with PTSD; such treatments include [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy, stress inoculation therapy, medication, psychotherapy, and support from family and friends.[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14)\n\n[Post-traumatic stress disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\") research began with US military veterans of the Vietnam War, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster to be the best predictor of [PTSD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder \"Post-traumatic stress disorder\").[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-35)\n\n### Separation anxiety disorder\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Separation anxiety disorder\")\\]\n\n[Separation anxiety disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Separation_anxiety_disorder \"Separation anxiety disorder\") (SepAD) is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. Separation anxiety is a normal part of development in babies or children, and it is only when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-36) Separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults and 4% of children, but childhood cases tend to be more severe; in some instances, even a brief separation can produce panic.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-38) Treating a child earlier may prevent problems. This may include training the parents and family on how to deal with it. Often, the parents will reinforce the anxiety because they do not know how to properly work through it with the child. In addition to parent training and family therapy, medication, such as [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\"), can be used to treat separation anxiety.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Moh2014-39)\n\nSelective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with [shyness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shyness \"Shyness\") or [social anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_anxiety \"Social anxiety\").[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-40) People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or even punishment.[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-41) Selective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their lives.[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)\n\nTesting for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing or movements associated with the jaw or tongue and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-42) Generally, [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT) is the recommended approach for treating selective mutism, but prospective long-term outcome studies are lacking.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-43)\n\n### Evolutionary perspectives\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Evolutionary perspectives\")\\]\n\n[Evolutionary psychiatry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evolutionary_psychiatry \"Evolutionary psychiatry\") interprets anxiety as part of an evolved defensive system calibrated to potential threat. According to the \"smoke-alarm principle,\" anxiety mechanisms are expected to err on the side of false alarms because the cost of unnecessary fear is typically lower than the cost of failing to detect genuine danger.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-44) This framework has been extended to modern settings, where mismatch between ancestral and contemporary threat profiles may contribute to chronic or generalised anxiety.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-45)\n\nThe diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and an individuals personal and family histories. There are no objective [biomarkers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biomarker_\\(medicine\\) \"Biomarker (medicine)\") or laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) It is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes of prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nNumerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and irritability.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)\n\nQuestionnaires developed for clinical use include the [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State-Trait_Anxiety_Inventory \"State-Trait Anxiety Inventory\") (STAI), the [Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder_7 \"Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7\") (GAD-7), the [Beck Anxiety Inventory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beck_Anxiety_Inventory \"Beck Anxiety Inventory\") (BAI), the [Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zung_Self-Rating_Anxiety_Scale \"Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale\"), and the [Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taylor_Manifest_Anxiety_Scale \"Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale\").[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Other questionnaires combine anxiety and depression measurements, such as the [Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamilton_Anxiety_Rating_Scale \"Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale\"), the [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hospital_Anxiety_and_Depression_Scale \"Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale\") (HADS), the [Patient Health Questionnaire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient_Health_Questionnaire \"Patient Health Questionnaire\") (PHQ), and the [Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System \"Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System\") (PROMIS).[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Examples of specific anxiety questionnaires include the [Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liebowitz_Social_Anxiety_Scale \"Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale\") (LSAS), the [Social Interaction Anxiety Scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Interaction_Anxiety_Scale \"Social Interaction Anxiety Scale\") (SIAS), the [Social Phobia Inventory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Phobia_Inventory \"Social Phobia Inventory\") (SPIN), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ-A30).[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46)\n\nThe GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 57–94% and a specificity of 82–88% in the diagnosis of general anxiety disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) All screening questionnaires, if positive, should be followed by clinical interview including assessment of impairment and distress, avoidance behaviors, symptom history and persistence to definitively diagnose an anxiety disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Some organizations support routinely screening all adults for anxiety disorders, with the US Preventative Services Task Force recommending screening for all adults younger than 65.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-47)\n\n### Differential diagnosis\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Differential diagnosis\")\\]\n\nAnxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal [fear](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fear \"Fear\") or [anxiety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety \"Anxiety\") by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nThe diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires first ruling out an underlying medical cause.[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) Diseases that may present similar to an anxiety disorder include certain endocrine diseases ([hypo-](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypothyroidism \"Hypothyroidism\") and [hyperthyroidism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperthyroidism \"Hyperthyroidism\"), [hyperprolactinemia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperprolactinemia \"Hyperprolactinemia\")),[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Samuels2008-48) metabolic disorders ([diabetes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diabetes_mellitus \"Diabetes mellitus\")),[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GrigsbyAnderson2002-49) deficiency states (low levels of [vitamin D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_D \"Vitamin D\"), [B2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riboflavin \"Riboflavin\"), [B12](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vitamin_B12 \"Vitamin B12\"), [folic acid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folic_acid \"Folic acid\")),[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) gastrointestinal diseases ([celiac disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celiac_disease \"Celiac disease\"), [non-celiac gluten sensitivity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity \"Non-celiac gluten sensitivity\"), [inflammatory bowel disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inflammatory_bowel_disease \"Inflammatory bowel disease\")),[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZingoneSwift2015-50)[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015SystematicReview-51)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NeuendorfHarding2016-52) heart diseases,[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) blood diseases ([anemia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anemia \"Anemia\")),[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) and brain degenerative diseases ([Parkinson's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parkinson%27s_disease \"Parkinson's disease\"), [dementia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dementia \"Dementia\"), [multiple sclerosis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Multiple_sclerosis \"Multiple sclerosis\"), [Huntington's disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huntington%27s_disease \"Huntington's disease\")).[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZhaoTan2016-53)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WenChan2016-54)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MarrieReingold2015-55) Anxiety and panic disorders as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders can be a symptom of [mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mast_cell_activation_syndrome \"Mast cell activation syndrome\").[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID38003876-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID26162709-57)[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID28262205-58)\n\nSeveral drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use. These include [alcohol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcohol_\\(drug\\) \"Alcohol (drug)\"), tobacco, cannabis, [sedatives](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sedative \"Sedative\") (including prescription [benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepine \"Benzodiazepine\")), [opioids](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opioid \"Opioid\") (including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin), [stimulants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stimulant \"Stimulant\") (such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines), [hallucinogens](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hallucinogen \"Hallucinogen\"), and [inhalants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inhalants \"Inhalants\").[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)\n\nFocus is increasing on the prevention of anxiety disorders.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) There is tentative evidence to support the use of [cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\")[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) and [mindfulness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindfulness \"Mindfulness\") therapy.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Khoury-60)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Sharma-61) A 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults.[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-62) A 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-63)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-64) Research indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2021-65)\n\nA big factor that goes into anxiety disorder prevention starts in childhood. Based on the cited article, parents have a big part in whether or not their child will develop anxiety in their future. Specific interventions have been tested to educate parents with young children on how to care and prevent a disorder like anxiety from becoming a bigger issue in their child's teen to adult life. The study also shared that since it is such a new intervention that there is not much information on long term results, however it does seem to be looking in a positive direction.[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-66)\n\nTreatment options include [psychotherapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychotherapy \"Psychotherapy\"), medications and lifestyle changes. There is no clear evidence as to whether psychotherapy or medication is more effective; the specific medication decision can be made by a doctor and patient with consideration for the patient's specific circumstances and symptoms.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) If, while on treatment with a chosen medication, the person's anxiety does not improve, another medication may be offered.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Specific treatments will vary by sub-type of anxiety disorder, a person's other medical conditions, and medications.\n\n### Psychological techniques\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Psychological techniques\")\\]\n\n[Cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-68)[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69) CBT is the most widely studied and preferred form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face-to-face.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-70) There are specific CBT curriculums or strategies for the specific type of anxiety disorder. CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months. CBT is sometimes given as once weekly sessions for 8–20 weeks, but regimens vary widely. Booster sessions may need to be restarted for patients who have a relapse of symptoms.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)\n\n[Exposure and response prevention (ERP)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_therapy#Exposure_and_response_prevention_\\(ERP\\) \"Exposure therapy\") has been found effective for treating OCD.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-71)\n\n[Mindfulness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mindfulness \"Mindfulness\")\\-based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders.[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Roemer-72)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lang-73) It is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety, and [transcendental meditation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transcendental_meditation \"Transcendental meditation\") appears to be no different from other types of meditation.[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-74)\n\nA 2015 [Cochrane review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cochrane_review \"Cochrane review\") of [Morita therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morita_therapy \"Morita therapy\") for anxiety disorder in adults found insufficient evidence of an effect.[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-75)\n\nFirst-line choices for medications include [SSRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor \"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor\") or [SNRIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor \"Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor\") to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or panic disorder.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald2005-76)[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-77) For adults, there is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald20052-78) [Fluvoxamine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluvoxamine \"Fluvoxamine\") is effective in treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) [Fluoxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluoxetine \"Fluoxetine\"), [sertraline](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sertraline \"Sertraline\"), and [paroxetine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paroxetine \"Paroxetine\") can also help with some forms of anxiety in children and adolescents.[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) If the chosen medicine is effective, it is recommended that it be continued for at least a year to mitigate the risk of a relapse.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Batelaan_Bosman_Muntingh_et_al_2017-82)\n\nBenzodiazepines are a second line option for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are associated with moderate to high effect sizes with regard to symptom relief and they have an onset usually within 1 week.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Clonazepam has a longer half life and may possibly be used as once per day dosing.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Benzodiazepines may also be used with SNRIs or SSRIs to initially reduce anxiety symptoms, and they may potentially be continued long term. Benzodiazepines are not a first line pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and they carry risks of [physical dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_dependence \"Physical dependence\"), [psychological dependence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_dependence \"Psychological dependence\"), [overdose death](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opioid_overdose \"Opioid overdose\") (especially when combined with opioids), misuse, [cognitive impairment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_impairment \"Cognitive impairment\"), falls and motor vehicle crashes.[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Thomas_1998-83)\n\n[Buspirone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buspirone \"Buspirone\") and [pregabalin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pregabalin \"Pregabalin\") are second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. Pregabalin and [gabapentin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gabapentin \"Gabapentin\") are effective in treating some anxiety disorders, but there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy in multiple conditions and their proven side effects.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-:12-84)\n\nMedications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions.[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13)\n\nIn general, medications are not seen as helpful for [specific phobias](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Specific_phobia \"Specific phobia\"), but [benzodiazepines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benzodiazepines \"Benzodiazepines\") are sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for the efficacy of any drug.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-85)\n\nLifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Stopping smoking has benefits for anxiety as great as or greater than those of medications.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-86) A meta-analysis found 2000 mg\/day or more of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, tended to reduce anxiety in placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies, particularly in people with more significant symptoms.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-SuTseng2018-87)\n\nAs of 2023, THC appears to decrease anxiety at lower doses and increase anxiety at higher doses. CBD appears to decrease anxiety at all doses that have been tested.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-88)\n\n### Treatments for children\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: Treatments for children\")\\]\n\nBoth therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Wang2017-89) Therapy is generally preferred to medication.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90)\n\n[Cognitive behavioral therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy \"Cognitive behavioral therapy\") (CBT) is a good first-line therapy approach.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Studies have gathered substantial evidence for treatments that are not CBT-based as effective forms of treatment, expanding treatment options for those who do not respond to CBT.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, evidence that it is more effective than [treatment as usual](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_treatment \"Standard treatment\"), medication, or [wait list controls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wait_list_control_group \"Wait list control group\") is inconclusive.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-91) Like adults, children may undergo psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or counseling. [Family therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_therapy \"Family therapy\") is a form of treatment in which the child meets with a therapist together with the primary guardians and siblings.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92) Each family member may attend individual therapy, but family therapy is typically a form of group therapy. Art and [play therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Play_therapy \"Play therapy\") are also used. [Art therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Art_therapy \"Art therapy\") is most commonly used when the child will not or cannot verbally communicate due to trauma or a disability in which they are nonverbal. Participating in art activities allows the child to express what they otherwise may not be able to communicate to others.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-93) In play therapy, the child is allowed to play however they please as a therapist observes them. The therapist may intercede from time to time with a question, comment, or suggestion. This is often most effective when the family of the child plays a role in the treatment.[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-94)\n\nGlobally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95) It is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%).[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95)\n\nIn Europe, Africa, and Asia, lifetime rates of anxiety disorders are between 9 and 16%, and yearly rates are between 4 and 7%.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%,[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-97) and between 11 and 18% of adults have the condition in a given year.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) This difference is affected by the range of ways in which different cultures interpret anxiety symptoms and what they consider to be normative behavior.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-98)[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Hofmann2010-99) In general, anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in the United States, outside of [substance use disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substance_use_disorder \"Substance use disorder\").[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-nejm_2014_on_generalized_anxiety-100)\n\nLike adults, children can experience anxiety disorders; between 10 and 20 percent of all children will develop a full-fledged anxiety disorder prior to the age of 18,[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-101) making anxiety the most common mental health issue in young people. Anxiety disorders in children are often more challenging to identify than their adult counterparts, owing to the difficulty many parents face in discerning them from normal childhood fears. Likewise, anxiety in children is sometimes misdiagnosed as [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder \"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder\"), or, due to the tendency of children to interpret their emotions physically (as stomachaches, headaches, etc.), anxiety disorders may initially be confused with physical ailments.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102)\n\nAnxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology and may be a product of another existing condition, such as [autism spectrum disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autism_spectrum_disorder \"Autism spectrum disorder\").[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-103) Gifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children.[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-104) Other cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed.[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-105)\n\nAnxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102)\n\nAccording to a 2011 study, people who rank highly in hypercompetitive traits are at increased risk of both anxiety and depression.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-106)\n\n## Society and culture\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=22 \"Edit section: Society and culture\")\\]\n\nPeople with an anxiety disorder may be challenged by prejudices and stereotypes held by other people, most likely as a result of misconceptions around anxiety and anxiety disorders.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107) Misconceptions found in a data analysis from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma include: (1) many people believe anxiety is not a real medical illness; and (2) many people believe that people with anxiety could turn it off if they wanted to.[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108) For people experiencing the physical and mental symptoms of an anxiety disorder, stigma and negative social perception can make an individual less likely to seek treatment.[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108)\n\nPrejudice that some people with mental illness turn against themselves is called self-stigma.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107)\n\nThere is no explicit evidence for the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety. Stigma can be divided by social scale, into the macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro-level marks society as a whole with the influence of mass media. The intermediate level includes healthcare professionals and their perspectives. The micro-level details the individual's contributions to the process through self-stigmatization.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109)\n\nIt has become very prevalent that many college students undergo some sort of mental disorder in their early adulthood. Anxiety has become one of the main ones that has grown in prevalence over time. This is due to many issues such as different social pressures, school, career worries, etc. This has not only affected a lot of the youth in today's world but their overall quality of life. However, it is important to bring this issue to light since there is such a negative stigma when it comes to mental health; but rather than ignoring it and letting the issue grow exponentially larger, it is important to recognize ways that it can be lessened for future generations.[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-110)\n\nStigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109)\n\n- [Exposure therapy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exposure_therapy \"Exposure therapy\")\n- [List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_investigational_anxiety_disorder_drugs \"List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs\")\n- [Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mixed_anxiety%E2%80%93depressive_disorder \"Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder\")\n- [Symptoms of victimization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Symptoms_of_victimization \"Symptoms of victimization\")\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-11) [***m***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-12)\n   *Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition: [DSM-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DSM-5 \"DSM-5\")*. Arlington, VA Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. [189–195](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/diagnosticstatis0005unse\/page\/189). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-0-89042-555-8](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-89042-555-8 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-89042-555-8\")\n   \n   . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\\(identifier\\) \"OCLC (identifier)\") [830807378](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/830807378).\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes\"](https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/anxiety\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350961). *Mayo Clinic*. Retrieved 23 May 2019.\n3. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-10)\n   Craske MG, Stein MB (December 2016). \"Anxiety\". *Lancet*. **388** (10063): 3048–3059\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30381-6](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2930381-6). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [27349358](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27349358).\n4. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-NIH2016_4-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-NIH2016_4-1)\n   [\"Anxiety Disorders\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160727230427\/http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml#pub2). *National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)*. U.S. National Institutes of Health. March 2016. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml#pub2) on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.\n5. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-7)\n   Testa A, Giannuzzi R, Daini S, Bernardini L, Petrongolo L, Gentiloni Silveri N (February 2013). [\"Psychiatric emergencies (part III): psychiatric symptoms resulting from organic diseases\"](https:\/\/www.europeanreview.org\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/86-99.pdf) (PDF). *European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences*. **17** (Suppl 1): 86–99\\. [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [23436670](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23436670).\n6. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-2) [***d***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-3) [***e***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-4) [***f***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-5) [***g***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-6) [***h***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-7) [***i***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-8) [***j***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-9) [***k***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-10) [***l***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-11)\n   Szuhany KL, Simon NM (27 December 2022). \"Anxiety Disorders: A Review\". *JAMA*. **328** (24): 2431–2445\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1001\/jama.2022.22744](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjama.2022.22744). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [36573969](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36573969).\n7. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Kess2007_7-0)**\n   Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, DE Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. (October 2007). [\"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2174588). *World Psychiatry*. **6** (3): 168–176\\. [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [2174588](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2174588). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [18188442](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18188442).\n8. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-WHO2009_8-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-WHO2009_8-1)\n   *Pharmacological treatment of mental disorders in primary health care*. World Health Organization. 2009. [hdl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hdl_\\(identifier\\) \"Hdl (identifier)\"):[10665\/44095](https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10665%2F44095). [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n   \n   [978-92-4-154769-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-92-4-154769-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-92-4-154769-7\")\n   \n   .\n   \n   \\[*[page needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Vos_2017_9-0)**\n   Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH (September 2017). [\"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5605509). *The Lancet*. **390** (10100): 1211–1259\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932154-2). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [5605509](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5605509). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [28919117](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28919117).\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-10)**\n    [\"Anxiety disorders\"](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/anxiety-disorders). *World Health Organization*. Retrieved 16 March 2024.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-11)**\n    [\"What are Anxiety Disorders?\"](https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/patients-families\/anxiety-disorders\/what-are-anxiety-disorders). *[American Psychiatric Association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Psychiatric_Association \"American Psychiatric Association\")*. Retrieved 8 September 2022.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-12)**\n    Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2011). *Psychology*. Macmillan. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4292-3719-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4292-3719-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4292-3719-2\")\n    \n    .\n    \n    \\[*[page needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n13. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Calleo_13-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Calleo_13-1)\n    Calleo J, Stanley M (1 July 2008). \"Anxiety disorders in later life: differentiated diagnosis and treatment strategies\". *Psychiatric Times*. **25** (8): 24. [Gale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gale_\\(publisher\\) \"Gale (publisher)\") [CA181302423](https:\/\/go.gale.com\/ps\/anonymous?id=GALE%7CCA181302423).\n14. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-2)\n    Barker P (2003). *Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring*. Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-340-81026-2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-340-81026-2 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-340-81026-2\")\n    \n    .\n    \n    \\[*[page needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\]\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-15)**\n    Passer MW, Bremner A, Smith RE, Holt N, Vliek M, Sutherland E (2009). *Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour*. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. p. 790. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-07-711836-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-07-711836-5 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-07-711836-5\")\n    \n    .\n16. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-16)**\n    Bhandari S, ed. (7 January 2023). [\"All About Anxiety Disorders: From Causes to Treatment and Prevention\"](http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/anxiety-panic\/guide\/mental-health-anxiety-disorders). *WebMD*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160217225046\/http:\/\/www.webmd.com\/anxiety-panic\/guide\/mental-health-anxiety-disorders) from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.\n17. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Gelder2005_17-0)**\n    Gelder MG, Mayou R, Geddes J (2005). *Psychiatry*. Oxford University Press. p. 75. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-0-19-852863-0](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-852863-0 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-19-852863-0\")\n    \n    .\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-18)**\n    Varcarolis EM (2010). *Manual of Psychiatric Nursing Care Planning*. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 109. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n    \n    [978-1-4377-1783-9](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-4377-1783-9 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-4377-1783-9\")\n    \n    .\n19. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-PedGAD2009_19-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-PedGAD2009_19-1)\n    Keeton CP, Kolos AC, Walkup JT (2009). \"Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management\". *Paediatric Drugs*. **11** (3): 171–183\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.2165\/00148581-200911030-00003](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165%2F00148581-200911030-00003). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [19445546](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19445546).\n20. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-20)**\n    [\"NIMH » Anxiety Disorders\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070919014740\/http:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml). *National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)*. U.S. National Institutes of Health. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/anxiety-disorders\/index.shtml) on 19 September 2007. Retrieved 16 November 2020.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-21)**\n    [\"Phobias\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170513022004\/https:\/\/www.mentalhealth.gov\/what-to-look-for\/anxiety-disorders\/phobias\/index.html). *U.S. Department of Health & Human Services*. 2017. 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[\"The stigma of mental disorders: A millennia-long history of social exclusion and prejudices\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5007563). *EMBO Reports*. **17** (9): 1250–1253\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.15252\/embr.201643041](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252%2Fembr.201643041). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [5007563](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5007563). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [27470237](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27470237).\n110. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-110)**\n     Baik SY, Shin KE, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Eisenberg D, Wilfley DE, Taylor CB, et al. (December 2024). [\"The relationship of race, ethnicity, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation, parental education, financial hardship and comorbid mental disorders with quality of life in college students with anxiety, depression or eating disorders\"](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11444337). *Journal of Affective Disorders*. **366**: 335–344\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.098](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2024.08.098). [PMC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMC_\\(identifier\\) \"PMC (identifier)\") [11444337](https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11444337). [PMID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PMID_\\(identifier\\) \"PMID (identifier)\") [39173926](https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39173926).\n\n- [WHO fact sheet on anxiety disorders](https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/anxiety-disorders)","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder
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Boilerpipe Text	Anxiety disorder Specialty Psychiatry , clinical psychology Symptoms Worrying, fast heart rate , shakiness [ 1 ] Complications Depression , trouble sleeping , poor quality of life , substance use disorder , alcohol use disorder , suicide [ 2 ] Usual onset 15–35 years old [ 3 ] Duration Over 6 months [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Causes Genetic , environmental , and psychological factors [ 4 ] Risk factors Child abuse , family history , poverty [ 3 ] Diagnostic method Psychological assessment Differential diagnosis Hyperthyroidism ; heart disease ; caffeine , alcohol , cannabis use; withdrawal from certain drugs [ 3 ] [ 5 ] Treatment Lifestyle changes, counselling , medications [ 3 ] Medication SSRIs and SNRIs are first line, [ 6 ] other options include: tricyclic antidepressants , benzodiazepines , beta blockers [ 4 ] Frequency 12% per year [ 3 ] [ 7 ] Anxiety disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of anxiety and fear such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired. [ 1 ] Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as a sense of impending doom, restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that vary based on the individual. [ 1 ] In casual discourse, the words anxiety and fear are often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings; anxiety is clinically defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is clinically defined as an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat. [ 8 ] The umbrella term 'anxiety disorder' refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) and/or anxiety symptoms. [ 1 ] There are several types of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder , hypochondriasis , specific phobia , social anxiety disorder , separation anxiety disorder , agoraphobia , panic disorder , and selective mutism . [ 1 ] Individual disorders can be diagnosed using the specific and unique symptoms, triggering events, and timing. [ 1 ] A medical professional must evaluate a person before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder to ensure that their anxiety cannot be attributed to another medical illness or mental disorder. [ 1 ] It is possible for an individual to have more than one anxiety disorder during their life or to have more than one anxiety disorder at the same time. [ 1 ] Comorbid mental disorders or substance use disorders are common in those with anxiety. Comorbid depression (lifetime prevalence) is seen in 20–70% of those with social anxiety disorder, 50% of those with panic disorder and 43% of those with general anxiety disorder. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol or substance use disorders in those with anxiety disorders is 16.5%. [ 6 ] Worldwide, anxiety disorders are the second most common type of mental disorders after depressive disorders. [ 9 ] Anxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available. [ 10 ] Most people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment. [ 11 ] Generalized anxiety disorder [ edit ] Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. Those with generalized anxiety disorder experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and become overly concerned with everyday matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is "characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance". [ 12 ] Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults. [ 13 ] Anxiety can be a symptom of a medical or substance use disorder problem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more. [ 14 ] These stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health. A person may find that they have problems making daily decisions and remembering commitments as a result of a lack of concentration and/or preoccupation with worry. [ 15 ] A symptom can be a strained appearance, with increased sweating from the hands, feet, and axillae, [ 16 ] along with tearfulness, which can suggest depression. [ 17 ] Before a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and other medical causes. [ 18 ] In children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and heart palpitations . [ 19 ] Typically, it begins around eight to nine years of age. [ 19 ] The largest category of anxiety disorders is that of specific phobias, which includes all cases in which fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide has specific phobias. [ 14 ] According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a phobia is an intense fear of or aversion to specific objects or situations. [ 20 ] Individuals with a phobia typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Common phobias are flying, blood, water, highway driving, and tunnels. When people are exposed to their phobia, they may experience trembling, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat. [ 21 ] People with specific phobias often go to extreme lengths to avoid encountering their phobia. People with specific phobias understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger, but they can still become overwhelmed by it. [ 22 ] With panic disorder, a person has brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. These panic attacks are defined by the APA as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes but can last for several hours. [ 23 ] Attacks can be triggered by stress, irrational thoughts, general fear, fear of the unknown, or even when engaging in exercise. However, sometimes the trigger is unclear, and attacks can arise without warning. To help prevent an attack, one can avoid the trigger. This can mean avoiding places, people, types of behaviors, or certain situations that have been known to cause a panic attack. This being said, not all attacks can be prevented. In addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside of specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness ( hypervigilance ) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme hypochondriasis ). Panic disorder is commonly comorbid with anxiety due to the consistent fight or flight response that one's brain is being put under at such a high repetitive rate. Another one of the very big leading causes of someone developing a panic disorder has a lot to do with one's childhood. The article provides knowledge on a positive trend in children who experience abuse and have low self-esteem to later on develop disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. [ 24 ] Agoraphobia is a specific anxiety disorder wherein an individual is afraid of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable. [ 25 ] Agoraphobia is strongly linked with panic disorder and is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common manifestation involves needing to be in constant view of a door or other escape route. In addition to the fears themselves, the term agoraphobia is often used to refer to avoidance behaviors that individuals often develop. [ 26 ] For example, following a panic attack while driving, someone with agoraphobia may develop anxiety over driving and will therefore avoid driving. These avoidance behaviors can have serious consequences and often reinforce the fear they are caused by. In a severe case of agoraphobia, the person may never leave their home. Social anxiety disorder (SAD), also known as social phobia, describes an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This fear can be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or it can be experienced in most or all social situations. Roughly 7% of American adults have social anxiety disorder, and more than 75% of people experience their first symptoms in their childhood or early teenage years. [ 27 ] Social anxiety often manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking. [ 28 ] As with all phobic disorders, those with social anxiety often attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety, this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases, it can lead to complete social isolation. Children are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different from those of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation. [ 29 ] Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a sub-type of social anxiety involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others. [ 30 ] SPA is common among adolescents, especially females. Post-traumatic stress disorder [ edit ] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to trauma- and stressor-related disorders in the DSM-5) that results from a traumatic experience. PTSD affects approximately 3.5% of U.S. adults every year, and an estimated one in eleven people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime. [ 31 ] Post-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullying, or even a serious accident. It can also result from long-term (chronic) exposure to a severe stressor— [ 32 ] for example, soldiers who endure individual battles but cannot cope with continuous combat. Common symptoms include hypervigilance , flashbacks , avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger, and depression. [ 33 ] In addition, individuals may experience sleep disturbances. [ 34 ] People who have PTSD often try to detach themselves from their friends and family and have difficulty maintaining these close relationships. There are a number of treatments that form the basis of the care plan for those with PTSD; such treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy, stress inoculation therapy, medication, psychotherapy, and support from family and friends. [ 14 ] Post-traumatic stress disorder research began with US military veterans of the Vietnam War, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster to be the best predictor of PTSD . [ 35 ] Separation anxiety disorder [ edit ] Separation anxiety disorder (SepAD) is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. Separation anxiety is a normal part of development in babies or children, and it is only when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder. [ 36 ] Separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults and 4% of children, but childhood cases tend to be more severe; in some instances, even a brief separation can produce panic. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Treating a child earlier may prevent problems. This may include training the parents and family on how to deal with it. Often, the parents will reinforce the anxiety because they do not know how to properly work through it with the child. In addition to parent training and family therapy, medication, such as SSRIs , can be used to treat separation anxiety. [ 39 ] Selective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with shyness or social anxiety . [ 40 ] People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or even punishment. [ 41 ] Selective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their lives. [ 3 ] Testing for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing or movements associated with the jaw or tongue and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them. [ 42 ] Generally, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the recommended approach for treating selective mutism, but prospective long-term outcome studies are lacking. [ 43 ] Evolutionary perspectives [ edit ] Evolutionary psychiatry interprets anxiety as part of an evolved defensive system calibrated to potential threat. According to the "smoke-alarm principle," anxiety mechanisms are expected to err on the side of false alarms because the cost of unnecessary fear is typically lower than the cost of failing to detect genuine danger. [ 44 ] This framework has been extended to modern settings, where mismatch between ancestral and contemporary threat profiles may contribute to chronic or generalised anxiety. [ 45 ] The diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and an individuals personal and family histories. There are no objective biomarkers or laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety. [ 46 ] It is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes of prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably. [ 1 ] Numerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and irritability. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Questionnaires developed for clinical use include the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale , and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale . [ 46 ] Other questionnaires combine anxiety and depression measurements, such as the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale , the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). [ 46 ] Examples of specific anxiety questionnaires include the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ-A30). [ 46 ] The GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 57–94% and a specificity of 82–88% in the diagnosis of general anxiety disorder. [ 6 ] All screening questionnaires, if positive, should be followed by clinical interview including assessment of impairment and distress, avoidance behaviors, symptom history and persistence to definitively diagnose an anxiety disorder. [ 6 ] Some organizations support routinely screening all adults for anxiety disorders, with the US Preventative Services Task Force recommending screening for all adults younger than 65. [ 47 ] Differential diagnosis [ edit ] Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal fear or anxiety by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children. [ 1 ] The diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires first ruling out an underlying medical cause. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Diseases that may present similar to an anxiety disorder include certain endocrine diseases ( hypo- and hyperthyroidism , hyperprolactinemia ), [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 48 ] metabolic disorders ( diabetes ), [ 5 ] [ 49 ] deficiency states (low levels of vitamin D , B2 , B12 , folic acid ), [ 5 ] gastrointestinal diseases ( celiac disease , non-celiac gluten sensitivity , inflammatory bowel disease ), [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] heart diseases, [ 3 ] [ 5 ] blood diseases ( anemia ), [ 5 ] and brain degenerative diseases ( Parkinson's disease , dementia , multiple sclerosis , Huntington's disease ). [ 5 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Anxiety and panic disorders as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders can be a symptom of mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Several drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use. These include alcohol , tobacco, cannabis, sedatives (including prescription benzodiazepines ), opioids (including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin), stimulants (such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines), hallucinogens , and inhalants . [ 3 ] [ 1 ] Focus is increasing on the prevention of anxiety disorders. [ 59 ] There is tentative evidence to support the use of cognitive behavioral therapy [ 59 ] and mindfulness therapy. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] A 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults. [ 62 ] A 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] Research indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence. [ 65 ] A big factor that goes into anxiety disorder prevention starts in childhood. Based on the cited article, parents have a big part in whether or not their child will develop anxiety in their future. Specific interventions have been tested to educate parents with young children on how to care and prevent a disorder like anxiety from becoming a bigger issue in their child's teen to adult life. The study also shared that since it is such a new intervention that there is not much information on long term results, however it does seem to be looking in a positive direction. [ 66 ] Treatment options include psychotherapy , medications and lifestyle changes. There is no clear evidence as to whether psychotherapy or medication is more effective; the specific medication decision can be made by a doctor and patient with consideration for the patient's specific circumstances and symptoms. [ 67 ] If, while on treatment with a chosen medication, the person's anxiety does not improve, another medication may be offered. [ 67 ] Specific treatments will vary by sub-type of anxiety disorder, a person's other medical conditions, and medications. Psychological techniques [ edit ] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] CBT is the most widely studied and preferred form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. [ 6 ] CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face-to-face. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] There are specific CBT curriculums or strategies for the specific type of anxiety disorder. CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder. [ 6 ] CBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months. CBT is sometimes given as once weekly sessions for 8–20 weeks, but regimens vary widely. Booster sessions may need to be restarted for patients who have a relapse of symptoms. [ 6 ] Exposure and response prevention (ERP) has been found effective for treating OCD. [ 71 ] Mindfulness -based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] It is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety, and transcendental meditation appears to be no different from other types of meditation. [ 74 ] A 2015 Cochrane review of Morita therapy for anxiety disorder in adults found insufficient evidence of an effect. [ 75 ] First-line choices for medications include SSRIs or SNRIs to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or panic disorder. [ 6 ] [ 67 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] For adults, there is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice. [ 67 ] [ 78 ] Fluvoxamine is effective in treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Fluoxetine , sertraline , and paroxetine can also help with some forms of anxiety in children and adolescents. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] If the chosen medicine is effective, it is recommended that it be continued for at least a year to mitigate the risk of a relapse. [ 6 ] [ 82 ] Benzodiazepines are a second line option for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are associated with moderate to high effect sizes with regard to symptom relief and they have an onset usually within 1 week. [ 6 ] Clonazepam has a longer half life and may possibly be used as once per day dosing. [ 6 ] Benzodiazepines may also be used with SNRIs or SSRIs to initially reduce anxiety symptoms, and they may potentially be continued long term. Benzodiazepines are not a first line pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and they carry risks of physical dependence , psychological dependence , overdose death (especially when combined with opioids), misuse, cognitive impairment , falls and motor vehicle crashes. [ 6 ] [ 83 ] Buspirone and pregabalin are second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. Pregabalin and gabapentin are effective in treating some anxiety disorders, but there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy in multiple conditions and their proven side effects. [ 84 ] Medications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions. [ 13 ] In general, medications are not seen as helpful for specific phobias , but benzodiazepines are sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for the efficacy of any drug. [ 85 ] Lifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking. [ 67 ] Stopping smoking has benefits for anxiety as great as or greater than those of medications. [ 86 ] A meta-analysis found 2000 mg/day or more of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, tended to reduce anxiety in placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies, particularly in people with more significant symptoms. [ 87 ] As of 2023 , THC appears to decrease anxiety at lower doses and increase anxiety at higher doses. CBD appears to decrease anxiety at all doses that have been tested. [ 88 ] Treatments for children [ edit ] Both therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders. [ 89 ] Therapy is generally preferred to medication. [ 90 ] Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a good first-line therapy approach. [ 90 ] Studies have gathered substantial evidence for treatments that are not CBT-based as effective forms of treatment, expanding treatment options for those who do not respond to CBT. [ 90 ] Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, evidence that it is more effective than treatment as usual , medication, or wait list controls is inconclusive. [ 91 ] Like adults, children may undergo psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or counseling. Family therapy is a form of treatment in which the child meets with a therapist together with the primary guardians and siblings. [ 92 ] Each family member may attend individual therapy, but family therapy is typically a form of group therapy. Art and play therapy are also used. Art therapy is most commonly used when the child will not or cannot verbally communicate due to trauma or a disability in which they are nonverbal. Participating in art activities allows the child to express what they otherwise may not be able to communicate to others. [ 93 ] In play therapy, the child is allowed to play however they please as a therapist observes them. The therapist may intercede from time to time with a question, comment, or suggestion. This is often most effective when the family of the child plays a role in the treatment. [ 92 ] [ 94 ] Globally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder. [ 95 ] It is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%). [ 95 ] In Europe, Africa, and Asia, lifetime rates of anxiety disorders are between 9 and 16%, and yearly rates are between 4 and 7%. [ 96 ] In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%, [ 97 ] and between 11 and 18% of adults have the condition in a given year. [ 96 ] This difference is affected by the range of ways in which different cultures interpret anxiety symptoms and what they consider to be normative behavior. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] In general, anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in the United States, outside of substance use disorder . [ 100 ] Like adults, children can experience anxiety disorders; between 10 and 20 percent of all children will develop a full-fledged anxiety disorder prior to the age of 18, [ 101 ] making anxiety the most common mental health issue in young people. Anxiety disorders in children are often more challenging to identify than their adult counterparts, owing to the difficulty many parents face in discerning them from normal childhood fears. Likewise, anxiety in children is sometimes misdiagnosed as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , or, due to the tendency of children to interpret their emotions physically (as stomachaches, headaches, etc.), anxiety disorders may initially be confused with physical ailments. [ 102 ] Anxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology and may be a product of another existing condition, such as autism spectrum disorder . [ 103 ] Gifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children. [ 104 ] Other cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed. [ 105 ] Anxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved. [ 102 ] According to a 2011 study, people who rank highly in hypercompetitive traits are at increased risk of both anxiety and depression. [ 106 ] Society and culture [ edit ] People with an anxiety disorder may be challenged by prejudices and stereotypes held by other people, most likely as a result of misconceptions around anxiety and anxiety disorders. [ 107 ] Misconceptions found in a data analysis from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma include: (1) many people believe anxiety is not a real medical illness; and (2) many people believe that people with anxiety could turn it off if they wanted to. [ 108 ] For people experiencing the physical and mental symptoms of an anxiety disorder, stigma and negative social perception can make an individual less likely to seek treatment. [ 108 ] Prejudice that some people with mental illness turn against themselves is called self-stigma. [ 107 ] There is no explicit evidence for the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety. Stigma can be divided by social scale, into the macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro-level marks society as a whole with the influence of mass media. The intermediate level includes healthcare professionals and their perspectives. The micro-level details the individual's contributions to the process through self-stigmatization. [ 109 ] It has become very prevalent that many college students undergo some sort of mental disorder in their early adulthood. Anxiety has become one of the main ones that has grown in prevalence over time. This is due to many issues such as different social pressures, school, career worries, etc. This has not only affected a lot of the youth in today's world but their overall quality of life. However, it is important to bring this issue to light since there is such a negative stigma when it comes to mental health; but rather than ignoring it and letting the issue grow exponentially larger, it is important to recognize ways that it can be lessened for future generations. [ 110 ] Stigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. [ 109 ] Exposure therapy List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder Symptoms of victimization ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition: DSM-5 . Arlington, VA Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. 189–195 . ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8 . 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Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anxiety+disorder "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anxiety+disorder "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder) - [1 Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Classification) Toggle Classification subsection - [1\.1 Generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Generalized_anxiety_disorder) - [1\.2 Specific phobias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Specific_phobias) - [1\.3 Panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Panic_disorder) - [1\.4 Agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Agoraphobia) - [1\.5 Social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Social_anxiety_disorder) - [1\.6 Post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Post-traumatic_stress_disorder) - [1\.7 Separation anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Separation_anxiety_disorder) - [1\.8 Selective mutism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Selective_mutism) - [2 Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Causes) Toggle Causes subsection - [2\.1 Evolutionary perspectives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Evolutionary_perspectives) - [3 Diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Diagnosis) Toggle Diagnosis subsection - [3\.1 Differential diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Differential_diagnosis) - [4 Prevention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Prevention) - [5 Treatment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Treatment) Toggle Treatment subsection - [5\.1 Psychological techniques](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Psychological_techniques) - [5\.2 Medications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Medications) - [5\.3 Lifestyle and diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Lifestyle_and_diet) - [5\.4 Cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Cannabis) - [5\.5 Treatments for children](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Treatments_for_children) - [6 Epidemiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Epidemiology) - [7 Society and culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Society_and_culture) Toggle Society and culture subsection - [7\.1 Stigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#Stigma) - [8 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#See_also) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#References) - [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Anxiety disorder 67 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angssteuring "Angssteuring – Afrikaans") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82 "اضطراب القلق – Arabic") - [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0 "উদ্বেগজনিত বিকাৰ – Assamese") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99%C5%9Fvi%C5%9F_pozuntusu "Təşviş pozuntusu – Azerbaijani") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF "উদ্বেগমূলক ব্যাধি – Bangla") - [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiozni_poreme%C4%87aj "Anksiozni poremećaj – Bosnian") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorn_d%27ansietat "Trastorn d'ansietat – Catalan") - [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%B5%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8E "پەشێویی دڵەڕاوکێ – Central Kurdish") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Azkostn%C3%A1_porucha "Úzkostná porucha – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhwylder_gorbryder "Anhwylder gorbryder – Welsh") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstst%C3%B6rung "Angststörung – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AE "Αγχώδης διαταραχή – Greek") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_ansiedad "Trastorno de ansiedad – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84revush%C3%A4ire "Ärevushäire – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsietate-nahasmendu "Antsietate-nahasmendu – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C "اختلال اضطرابی – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdistuneisuush%C3%A4iri%C3%B6 "Ahdistuneisuushäiriö – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_anxieux "Trouble anxieux – French") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_ansiedade "Trastorno de ansiedade – Galician") - [Ghanaian Pidgin](https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder – Ghanaian Pidgin") - [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalar_damuwa "Matsalar damuwa – Hausa") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94 "הפרעת חרדה – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE "दुश्चिंता – Hindi") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szorong%C3%A1sos_zavarok "Szorongásos zavarok – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4 "Տագնապային խանգարում – Armenian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangguan_kecemasan "Gangguan kecemasan – Indonesian") - [Igbo](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder – Igbo") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%AD%C3%B0araskanir "Kvíðaraskanir – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbo_d%27ansia "Disturbo d'ansia – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3 "不安障害 – Japanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90 "შფოთვა – Georgian") - [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86 "ಆತಂಕ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ – Kannada") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EC%95%88%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0 "불안장애 – Korean") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerimo_sutrikimai "Nerimo sutrikimai – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauksmes_trauc%C4%93jumi "Trauksmes traucējumi – Latvian") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE "Анксиозно растројство – Macedonian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82 "ഉത്കണ്ഠ വൈകല്യം – Malayalam") - [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0 "चिंता विकार – Marathi") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecelaruan_keresahan "Kecelaruan keresahan – Malay") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angststoornis "Angststoornis – Dutch") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstlidelse "Angstlidelse – Norwegian Bokmål") - [IsiNdebele seSewula](https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukutshwenyeka_Ngokudluleleko "Ukutshwenyeka Ngokudluleleko – South Ndebele") - [Chi-Chewa](https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder – Nyanja") - [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE "ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ ଅବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା – Odia") - [Papiamentu](https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_di_ansiedad "Trastorno di ansiedad – Papiamento") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaburzenia_l%C4%99kowe "Zaburzenia lękowe – Polish") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtorno_de_ansiedade "Transtorno de ansiedade – Portuguese") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulburare_de_anxietate "Tulburare de anxietate – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE "Тревожное расстройство – Russian") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiozni_poreme%C4%87aj "Anksiozni poremećaj – Serbo-Croatian") - [සිංහල](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA "කාංසා අක්‍රමතාවය – Sinhala") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "Anxiety disorder – Simple English") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87rregullimi_i_ankthit "Çrregullimi i ankthit – Albanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8 "Анксиозни поремећаји – Serbian") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngestst%C3%B6rningar "Ångeststörningar – Swedish") - [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_Disorder "Anxiety Disorder – Swahili") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81 "பதகளிப்புக் கோளாறு – Tamil") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5 "โรควิตกกังวล – Thai") - [ትግርኛ](https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8C%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%B8%E1%8C%88%E1%88%9D "ናይ ጭንቀት ጸገም – Tigrinya") - [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diperensiya_ng_pagkabalisa "Diperensiya ng pagkabalisa – Tagalog") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiyete_bozuklu%C4%9Fu "Anksiyete bozukluğu – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7 "Тривожний невроз – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%81 "اضطراب کا عارضہ – Urdu") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%91i_lo%E1%BA%A1n_lo_%C3%A2u "Rối loạn lo âu – Vietnamese") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87 "焦虑症 – Wu") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE%E7%97%87 "焦慮症 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87 "焦虑症 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q544006#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Anxiety_disorder "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder) - [Edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit "Edit this page [e]") - [View 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[g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cognitive disorder with an excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations Medical condition \| Anxiety disorder \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Specialty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialty "Medical specialty") \| [Psychiatry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry "Psychiatry"), [clinical psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology "Clinical psychology") \| \| [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") \| Worrying, [fast heart rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia"), shakiness[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) \| \| [Complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_\(medicine\) "Complication (medicine)") \| [Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), [trouble sleeping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), poor [quality of life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life "Quality of life"), [substance use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder "Substance use disorder"), [alcohol use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism"), [suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide "Suicide")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-2) \| \| Usual onset \| 15–35 years old[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| Duration \| Over 6 months[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| [Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_\(medicine\) "Cause (medicine)") \| [Genetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder "Genetic disorder"), [environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_factor "Environmental factor"), and psychological factors[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NIH2016-4) \| \| [Risk factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factor "Risk factor") \| [Child abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse "Child abuse"), [family history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history_\(medicine\) "Family history (medicine)"), [poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty "Poverty")[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| [Diagnostic method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis "Medical diagnosis") \| [Psychological assessment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_testing "Psychological testing") \| \| [Differential diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis "Differential diagnosis") \| [Hyperthyroidism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism "Hyperthyroidism"); [heart disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease "Heart disease"); [caffeine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine "Caffeine"), [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)"), [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_\(drug\) "Cannabis (drug)") use; withdrawal from certain drugs[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) \| \| Treatment \| Lifestyle changes, [counselling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy"), medications[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| [Medication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication "Medication") \| [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI "SSRI") and [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRI "SNRI") are first line,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) other options include: [tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants"), [benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines "Benzodiazepines"), [beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockers "Beta blockers")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NIH2016-4) \| \| Frequency \| 12% per year[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kess2007-7) \| Anxiety disorders are a group of [mental disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder") characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") and [fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear "Fear") such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as a sense of impending doom, restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that vary based on the individual.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) In casual discourse, the words anxiety and fear are often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings; anxiety is clinically defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is clinically defined as an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) The umbrella term 'anxiety disorder' refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) and/or anxiety symptoms.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) There are several types of anxiety disorders, including [generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder"), [hypochondriasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis "Hypochondriasis"), [specific phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia "Specific phobia"), [social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder"), [separation anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder "Separation anxiety disorder"), [agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia"), [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder"), and [selective mutism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism "Selective mutism").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Individual disorders can be diagnosed using the specific and unique symptoms, triggering events, and timing.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) A medical professional must evaluate a person before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder to ensure that their anxiety cannot be attributed to another medical illness or mental disorder.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) It is possible for an individual to have more than one anxiety disorder during their life or to have more than one anxiety disorder at the same time.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Comorbid mental disorders or substance use disorders are common in those with anxiety. Comorbid depression (lifetime prevalence) is seen in 20–70% of those with social anxiety disorder, 50% of those with panic disorder and 43% of those with general anxiety disorder. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol or substance use disorders in those with anxiety disorders is 16.5%.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Worldwide, anxiety disorders are the second most common type of mental disorders after depressive disorders.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Vos_2017-9) Anxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-10) Most people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-11) ## Classification \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Classification")\] ### Generalized anxiety disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Generalized anxiety disorder")\] Main article: [Generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder") Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. Those with generalized anxiety disorder experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and become overly concerned with everyday matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is "characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance".[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-12) Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13) Anxiety can be a symptom of a medical or [substance use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder "Substance use disorder") problem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) These stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health. A person may find that they have problems making daily decisions and remembering commitments as a result of a lack of concentration and/or preoccupation with worry.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-15) A symptom can be a strained appearance, with increased sweating from the hands, feet, and axillae,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-16) along with tearfulness, which can suggest depression.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Gelder2005-17) Before a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and other medical causes.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-18) In children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and [heart palpitations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitations "Palpitations").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19) Typically, it begins around eight to nine years of age.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19) ### Specific phobias \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: Specific phobias")\] Main article: [Specific phobias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobias "Specific phobias") The largest category of anxiety disorders is that of specific phobias, which includes all cases in which fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide has specific phobias.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a phobia is an intense fear of or aversion to specific objects or situations.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-20) Individuals with a phobia typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Common [phobias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias "List of phobias") are flying, blood, water, highway driving, and tunnels. When people are exposed to their phobia, they may experience trembling, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-21) People with specific phobias often go to extreme lengths to avoid encountering their phobia. People with specific phobias understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger, but they can still become overwhelmed by it.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-22) ### Panic disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: Panic disorder")\] Main article: [Panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") With panic disorder, a person has brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. These [panic attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attacks "Panic attacks") are defined by the [APA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association "American Psychiatric Association") as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes but can last for several hours.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-23) Attacks can be triggered by stress, irrational thoughts, general fear, fear of the unknown, or even when engaging in exercise. However, sometimes the trigger is unclear, and attacks can arise without warning. To help prevent an attack, one can avoid the trigger. This can mean avoiding places, people, types of behaviors, or certain situations that have been known to cause a panic attack. This being said, not all attacks can be prevented. In addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside of specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness ([hypervigilance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervigilance "Hypervigilance")) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme [hypochondriasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis "Hypochondriasis")). Panic disorder is commonly comorbid with anxiety due to the consistent fight or flight response that one's brain is being put under at such a high repetitive rate. Another one of the very big leading causes of someone developing a panic disorder has a lot to do with one's childhood. The article provides knowledge on a positive trend in children who experience abuse and have low self-esteem to later on develop disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-24) ### Agoraphobia \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: Agoraphobia")\] Main article: [Agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia") Agoraphobia is a specific anxiety disorder wherein an individual is afraid of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-25) Agoraphobia is strongly linked with [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") and is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common manifestation involves needing to be in constant view of a door or other escape route. In addition to the fears themselves, the term [agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia") is often used to refer to avoidance behaviors that individuals often develop.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-26) For example, following a panic attack while driving, someone with agoraphobia may develop anxiety over driving and will therefore avoid driving. These avoidance behaviors can have serious consequences and often reinforce the fear they are caused by. In a severe case of agoraphobia, the person may never leave their home. ### Social anxiety disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Social anxiety disorder")\] Main article: [Social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder") [Social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder") (SAD), also known as social phobia, describes an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This [fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear "Fear") can be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or it can be experienced in most or all social situations. Roughly 7% of American adults have social anxiety disorder, and more than 75% of people experience their first symptoms in their childhood or early teenage years.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-27) [Social anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety "Social anxiety") often manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-28) As with all phobic disorders, those with social anxiety often attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety, this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases, it can lead to complete social isolation. Children are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different from those of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-29) Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a sub-type of social anxiety involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-30) SPA is common among adolescents, especially females. ### Post-traumatic stress disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder")\] Main article: [Post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to trauma- and stressor-related disorders in the DSM-5) that results from a traumatic experience. PTSD affects approximately 3.5% of U.S. adults every year, and an estimated one in eleven people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-31) Post-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullying, or even a serious accident. It can also result from long-term (chronic) exposure to a severe stressor—[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-32) for example, soldiers who endure individual battles but cannot [cope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_\(psychology\) "Coping (psychology)") with continuous combat. Common symptoms include [hypervigilance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervigilance "Hypervigilance"), [flashbacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_\(psychological_phenomenon\) "Flashback (psychological phenomenon)"), avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger, and depression.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-psycho-prat-33) In addition, individuals may experience sleep disturbances.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-34) People who have PTSD often try to detach themselves from their friends and family and have difficulty maintaining these close relationships. There are a number of treatments that form the basis of the care plan for those with PTSD; such treatments include [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy, stress inoculation therapy, medication, psychotherapy, and support from family and friends.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) [Post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") research began with US military veterans of the Vietnam War, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster to be the best predictor of [PTSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-35) ### Separation anxiety disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Separation anxiety disorder")\] Main article: [Separation anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder "Separation anxiety disorder") [Separation anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder "Separation anxiety disorder") (SepAD) is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. Separation anxiety is a normal part of development in babies or children, and it is only when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-36) Separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults and 4% of children, but childhood cases tend to be more severe; in some instances, even a brief separation can produce panic.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-38) Treating a child earlier may prevent problems. This may include training the parents and family on how to deal with it. Often, the parents will reinforce the anxiety because they do not know how to properly work through it with the child. In addition to parent training and family therapy, medication, such as [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor"), can be used to treat separation anxiety.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Moh2014-39) ### Selective mutism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Selective mutism")\] Main article: [Selective mutism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism "Selective mutism") Selective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with [shyness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyness "Shyness") or [social anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety "Social anxiety").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-40) People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or even punishment.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-41) Selective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their lives.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) Testing for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing or movements associated with the jaw or tongue and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-42) Generally, [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT) is the recommended approach for treating selective mutism, but prospective long-term outcome studies are lacking.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-43) ## Causes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: Causes")\] ### Evolutionary perspectives \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Evolutionary perspectives")\] [Evolutionary psychiatry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry "Evolutionary psychiatry") interprets anxiety as part of an evolved defensive system calibrated to potential threat. According to the "smoke-alarm principle," anxiety mechanisms are expected to err on the side of false alarms because the cost of unnecessary fear is typically lower than the cost of failing to detect genuine danger.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-44) This framework has been extended to modern settings, where mismatch between ancestral and contemporary threat profiles may contribute to chronic or generalised anxiety.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-45) ## Diagnosis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Diagnosis")\] The diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and an individuals personal and family histories. There are no objective [biomarkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_\(medicine\) "Biomarker (medicine)") or laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) It is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes of prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Numerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and irritability.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) Questionnaires developed for clinical use include the [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-Trait_Anxiety_Inventory "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory") (STAI), the [Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder_7 "Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7") (GAD-7), the [Beck Anxiety Inventory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Anxiety_Inventory "Beck Anxiety Inventory") (BAI), the [Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zung_Self-Rating_Anxiety_Scale "Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale"), and the [Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Manifest_Anxiety_Scale "Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Other questionnaires combine anxiety and depression measurements, such as the [Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Anxiety_Rating_Scale "Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale"), the [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Anxiety_and_Depression_Scale "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale") (HADS), the [Patient Health Questionnaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Health_Questionnaire "Patient Health Questionnaire") (PHQ), and the [Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System "Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System") (PROMIS).[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Examples of specific anxiety questionnaires include the [Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebowitz_Social_Anxiety_Scale "Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale") (LSAS), the [Social Interaction Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Interaction_Anxiety_Scale "Social Interaction Anxiety Scale") (SIAS), the [Social Phobia Inventory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Phobia_Inventory "Social Phobia Inventory") (SPIN), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ-A30).[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) The GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 57–94% and a specificity of 82–88% in the diagnosis of general anxiety disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) All screening questionnaires, if positive, should be followed by clinical interview including assessment of impairment and distress, avoidance behaviors, symptom history and persistence to definitively diagnose an anxiety disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Some organizations support routinely screening all adults for anxiety disorders, with the US Preventative Services Task Force recommending screening for all adults younger than 65.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-47) ### Differential diagnosis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Differential diagnosis")\] Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal [fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear "Fear") or [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) The diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires first ruling out an underlying medical cause.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) Diseases that may present similar to an anxiety disorder include certain endocrine diseases ([hypo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism "Hypothyroidism") and [hyperthyroidism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism "Hyperthyroidism"), [hyperprolactinemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia "Hyperprolactinemia")),[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Samuels2008-48) metabolic disorders ([diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus "Diabetes mellitus")),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GrigsbyAnderson2002-49) deficiency states (low levels of [vitamin D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D "Vitamin D"), [B2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin"), [B12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12 "Vitamin B12"), [folic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid "Folic acid")),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) gastrointestinal diseases ([celiac disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_disease "Celiac disease"), [non-celiac gluten sensitivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity"), [inflammatory bowel disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease "Inflammatory bowel disease")),[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZingoneSwift2015-50)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015SystematicReview-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NeuendorfHarding2016-52) heart diseases,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) blood diseases ([anemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia "Anemia")),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) and brain degenerative diseases ([Parkinson's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease"), [dementia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia "Dementia"), [multiple sclerosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis "Multiple sclerosis"), [Huntington's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease "Huntington's disease")).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZhaoTan2016-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WenChan2016-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MarrieReingold2015-55) Anxiety and panic disorders as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders can be a symptom of [mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell_activation_syndrome "Mast cell activation syndrome").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID38003876-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID26162709-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID28262205-58) Several drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use. These include [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)"), tobacco, cannabis, [sedatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative "Sedative") (including prescription [benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine "Benzodiazepine")), [opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") (including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin), [stimulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant "Stimulant") (such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines), [hallucinogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen "Hallucinogen"), and [inhalants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalants "Inhalants").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) ## Prevention \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Prevention")\] Focus is increasing on the prevention of anxiety disorders.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) There is tentative evidence to support the use of [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy")[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) and [mindfulness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness "Mindfulness") therapy.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Khoury-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Sharma-61) A 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-62) A 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-64) Research indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2021-65) A big factor that goes into anxiety disorder prevention starts in childhood. Based on the cited article, parents have a big part in whether or not their child will develop anxiety in their future. Specific interventions have been tested to educate parents with young children on how to care and prevent a disorder like anxiety from becoming a bigger issue in their child's teen to adult life. The study also shared that since it is such a new intervention that there is not much information on long term results, however it does seem to be looking in a positive direction.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-66) ## Treatment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: Treatment")\] Treatment options include [psychotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy"), medications and lifestyle changes. There is no clear evidence as to whether psychotherapy or medication is more effective; the specific medication decision can be made by a doctor and patient with consideration for the patient's specific circumstances and symptoms.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) If, while on treatment with a chosen medication, the person's anxiety does not improve, another medication may be offered.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Specific treatments will vary by sub-type of anxiety disorder, a person's other medical conditions, and medications. ### Psychological techniques \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Psychological techniques")\] [Cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-68)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69) CBT is the most widely studied and preferred form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face-to-face.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-70) There are specific CBT curriculums or strategies for the specific type of anxiety disorder. CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months. CBT is sometimes given as once weekly sessions for 8–20 weeks, but regimens vary widely. Booster sessions may need to be restarted for patients who have a relapse of symptoms.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) [Exposure and response prevention (ERP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_therapy#Exposure_and_response_prevention_\(ERP\) "Exposure therapy") has been found effective for treating OCD.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-71) [Mindfulness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness "Mindfulness")\-based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Roemer-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lang-73) It is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety, and [transcendental meditation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_meditation "Transcendental meditation") appears to be no different from other types of meditation.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-74) A 2015 [Cochrane review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_review "Cochrane review") of [Morita therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morita_therapy "Morita therapy") for anxiety disorder in adults found insufficient evidence of an effect.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-75) ### Medications \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: Medications")\] First-line choices for medications include [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") or [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor") to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or panic disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald2005-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-77) For adults, there is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald20052-78) [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") is effective in treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine"), [sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline"), and [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") can also help with some forms of anxiety in children and adolescents.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) If the chosen medicine is effective, it is recommended that it be continued for at least a year to mitigate the risk of a relapse.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Batelaan_Bosman_Muntingh_et_al_2017-82) Benzodiazepines are a second line option for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are associated with moderate to high effect sizes with regard to symptom relief and they have an onset usually within 1 week.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Clonazepam has a longer half life and may possibly be used as once per day dosing.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Benzodiazepines may also be used with SNRIs or SSRIs to initially reduce anxiety symptoms, and they may potentially be continued long term. Benzodiazepines are not a first line pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and they carry risks of [physical dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence "Physical dependence"), [psychological dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence "Psychological dependence"), [overdose death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_overdose "Opioid overdose") (especially when combined with opioids), misuse, [cognitive impairment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_impairment "Cognitive impairment"), falls and motor vehicle crashes.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Thomas_1998-83) [Buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone") and [pregabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregabalin "Pregabalin") are second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. Pregabalin and [gabapentin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin "Gabapentin") are effective in treating some anxiety disorders, but there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy in multiple conditions and their proven side effects.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-:12-84) Medications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13) In general, medications are not seen as helpful for [specific phobias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia "Specific phobia"), but [benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines "Benzodiazepines") are sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for the efficacy of any drug.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-85) ### Lifestyle and diet \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Lifestyle and diet")\] Lifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Stopping smoking has benefits for anxiety as great as or greater than those of medications.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-86) A meta-analysis found 2000 mg/day or more of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, tended to reduce anxiety in placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies, particularly in people with more significant symptoms.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-SuTseng2018-87) ### Cannabis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: Cannabis")\] As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit), THC appears to decrease anxiety at lower doses and increase anxiety at higher doses. CBD appears to decrease anxiety at all doses that have been tested.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-88) ### Treatments for children \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Treatments for children")\] Both therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Wang2017-89) Therapy is generally preferred to medication.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) [Cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT) is a good first-line therapy approach.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Studies have gathered substantial evidence for treatments that are not CBT-based as effective forms of treatment, expanding treatment options for those who do not respond to CBT.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, evidence that it is more effective than [treatment as usual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_treatment "Standard treatment"), medication, or [wait list controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_list_control_group "Wait list control group") is inconclusive.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-91) Like adults, children may undergo psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or counseling. [Family therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_therapy "Family therapy") is a form of treatment in which the child meets with a therapist together with the primary guardians and siblings.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92) Each family member may attend individual therapy, but family therapy is typically a form of group therapy. Art and [play therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_therapy "Play therapy") are also used. [Art therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_therapy "Art therapy") is most commonly used when the child will not or cannot verbally communicate due to trauma or a disability in which they are nonverbal. Participating in art activities allows the child to express what they otherwise may not be able to communicate to others.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-93) In play therapy, the child is allowed to play however they please as a therapist observes them. The therapist may intercede from time to time with a question, comment, or suggestion. This is often most effective when the family of the child plays a role in the treatment.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-94) ## Epidemiology \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=21 "Edit section: Epidemiology")\] Globally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95) It is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%).[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95) In Europe, Africa, and Asia, lifetime rates of anxiety disorders are between 9 and 16%, and yearly rates are between 4 and 7%.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-97) and between 11 and 18% of adults have the condition in a given year.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) This difference is affected by the range of ways in which different cultures interpret anxiety symptoms and what they consider to be normative behavior.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Hofmann2010-99) In general, anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in the United States, outside of [substance use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder "Substance use disorder").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-nejm_2014_on_generalized_anxiety-100) Like adults, children can experience anxiety disorders; between 10 and 20 percent of all children will develop a full-fledged anxiety disorder prior to the age of 18,[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-101) making anxiety the most common mental health issue in young people. Anxiety disorders in children are often more challenging to identify than their adult counterparts, owing to the difficulty many parents face in discerning them from normal childhood fears. Likewise, anxiety in children is sometimes misdiagnosed as [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"), or, due to the tendency of children to interpret their emotions physically (as stomachaches, headaches, etc.), anxiety disorders may initially be confused with physical ailments.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102) Anxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology and may be a product of another existing condition, such as [autism spectrum disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder "Autism spectrum disorder").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-103) Gifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-104) Other cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-105) Anxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102) According to a 2011 study, people who rank highly in hypercompetitive traits are at increased risk of both anxiety and depression.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-106) ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] ### Stigma \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=23 "Edit section: Stigma")\] People with an anxiety disorder may be challenged by prejudices and stereotypes held by other people, most likely as a result of misconceptions around anxiety and anxiety disorders.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107) Misconceptions found in a data analysis from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma include: (1) many people believe anxiety is not a real medical illness; and (2) many people believe that people with anxiety could turn it off if they wanted to.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108) For people experiencing the physical and mental symptoms of an anxiety disorder, stigma and negative social perception can make an individual less likely to seek treatment.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108) Prejudice that some people with mental illness turn against themselves is called self-stigma.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107) There is no explicit evidence for the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety. Stigma can be divided by social scale, into the macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro-level marks society as a whole with the influence of mass media. The intermediate level includes healthcare professionals and their perspectives. The micro-level details the individual's contributions to the process through self-stigmatization.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109) It has become very prevalent that many college students undergo some sort of mental disorder in their early adulthood. Anxiety has become one of the main ones that has grown in prevalence over time. This is due to many issues such as different social pressures, school, career worries, etc. This has not only affected a lot of the youth in today's world but their overall quality of life. However, it is important to bring this issue to light since there is such a negative stigma when it comes to mental health; but rather than ignoring it and letting the issue grow exponentially larger, it is important to recognize ways that it can be lessened for future generations.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-110) Stigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=24 "Edit section: See also")\] - [Exposure therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_therapy "Exposure therapy") - [List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigational_anxiety_disorder_drugs "List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs") - [Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_anxiety%E2%80%93depressive_disorder "Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder") - [Symptoms of victimization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_victimization "Symptoms of victimization") ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=25 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-12) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition: [DSM-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 "DSM-5"). Arlington, VA Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. [189–195](https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/189). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-89042-555-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [830807378](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830807378). 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-2)* ["Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes"](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 23 May 2019. 3. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-10) Craske MG, Stein MB (December 2016). "Anxiety". Lancet. 388* (10063): 3048–3059\. 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Retrieved 14 August 2016. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-7) Testa A, Giannuzzi R, Daini S, Bernardini L, Petrongolo L, Gentiloni Silveri N (February 2013). ["Psychiatric emergencies (part III): psychiatric symptoms resulting from organic diseases"](https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/86-99.pdf) (PDF). 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"Anxiety Disorders: A Review". JAMA. 328* (24): 2431–2445\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1001/jama.2022.22744](https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2022.22744). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [36573969](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36573969). 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Kess2007_7-0) Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, DE Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. (October 2007). ["Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174588). World Psychiatry. 6 (3): 168–176\. [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2174588](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174588). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [18188442](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18188442). 8. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-WHO2009_8-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-WHO2009_8-1) Pharmacological treatment of mental disorders in primary health care. World Health Organization. 2009. [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10665/44095](https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F44095). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-92-4-154769-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154769-7 "Special:BookSources/978-92-4-154769-7") . \[[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")\] 9. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Vos_2017_9-0)* Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH (September 2017). ["Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509). The Lancet. 390 (10100): 1211–1259\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932154-2). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5605509](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [28919117](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28919117). 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-10) ["Anxiety disorders"](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders). World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2024. 11. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-11) ["What are Anxiety Disorders?"](https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders). [American Psychiatric Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association "American Psychiatric Association"). Retrieved 8 September 2022. 12. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-12) Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2011). Psychology. Macmillan. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4292-3719-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3719-2 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-3719-2") . \[[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")\] 13. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Calleo_13-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Calleo_13-1) Calleo J, Stanley M (1 July 2008). "Anxiety disorders in later life: differentiated diagnosis and treatment strategies". Psychiatric Times. 25* (8): 24. [Gale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_\(publisher\) "Gale (publisher)") [CA181302423](https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CCA181302423). 14. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Barker2003_14-2) Barker P (2003). Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring. Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-340-81026-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-81026-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-340-81026-2") . \[[page needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources "Wikipedia:Citing sources")\] 15. 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Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. p. 75. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-19-852863-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852863-0 "Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852863-0") . 18. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-18) Varcarolis EM (2010). Manual of Psychiatric Nursing Care Planning. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 109. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-4377-1783-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1783-9 "Special:BookSources/978-1-4377-1783-9") . 19. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-PedGAD2009_19-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-PedGAD2009_19-1) Keeton CP, Kolos AC, Walkup JT (2009). "Pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management". Paediatric Drugs. 11* (3): 171–183\. 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Archived from [the original](https://www.mentalhealth.gov/what-to-look-for/anxiety-disorders/phobias/index.html) on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2017. 22. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-22) Bremner A, Holt N, Passer M, Smith R, Sutherland E, Vliek M (2009). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. Berkshire UK: McGraw-Hill. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-07-711836-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-711836-5 "Special:BookSources/978-0-07-711836-5") . 23. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-23) ["Panic Disorder"](https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/panic_symptoms.html). Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150527074826/http://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/panic_symptoms.html) from the original on 27 May 2015. 24. 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[PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [25692403](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25692403). 92. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-CRD2017_92-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-CRD2017_92-1) Creswell C, Cruddace S, Gerry S, Gitau R, McIntosh E, Mollison J, et al. (May 2015). ["Treatment of childhood anxiety disorder in the context of maternal anxiety disorder: a randomised controlled trial and economic analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781330). Health Technology Assessment. 19* (38): 1–184, vii–viii. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.3310/hta19380](https://doi.org/10.3310%2Fhta19380). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [4781330](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781330). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [26004142](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26004142). 93. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-93) Kozlowska K, Hanney L (June 1999). "Family Assessment and Intervention Using an Interactive Art Exercise". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy. 20 (2): 61–69\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/j.1467-8438.1999.tb00358.x](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1467-8438.1999.tb00358.x). 94. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-94) Bratton SC, Ray D (2002). "Humanistic play therapy". Humanistic psychotherapies: Handbook of research and practice. pp. 369–402\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1037/10439-012](https://doi.org/10.1037%2F10439-012). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-55798-787-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-787-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-787-7") . 95. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-LancetEpi2012_95-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-LancetEpi2012_95-1) Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012). ["Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6350784). Lancet. 380* (9859): 2163–2196\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961729-2). 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[PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [39173926](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39173926). ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=26 "Edit section: External links")\] [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Anxiety disorders](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anxiety_disorders "commons:Category:Anxiety disorders"). - [WHO fact sheet on anxiety disorders](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders) \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Classification \| [D](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544006 "d:Q544006") [ICD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems")\-[11](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11 "ICD-11"): [Anxiety or fear-related disorders](https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1336943699) [ICD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems")\-[10](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10 "ICD-10"): [F40](https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F40)\-[F42](https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F42) [ICD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems")\-[9-CM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes "List of ICD-9 codes"): [300](http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=300) [MeSH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings "Medical Subject Headings"): [D001008](https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001008) [DiseasesDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseases_Database "Diseases Database"): [787](http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb787.htm) [SNOMED CT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNOMED_CT "SNOMED CT"): [197480006](https://browser.ihtsdotools.org/?perspective=full&conceptId1=197480006&languages=en) \| \| External resources \| [eMedicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMedicine "EMedicine"): [med/152](https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/152-overview) \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders "Template:Mental disorders") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders "Template talk:Mental disorders") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders "Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders")[Mental disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder") ([Classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders "Classification of mental disorders")) \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Adult personality and behavior \| \| \| \| \| \| Sexual \| [Ego-dystonic sexual orientation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation "Ego-dystonic sexual orientation") [Paraphilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia "Paraphilia") [Fetishism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism "Sexual fetishism") [Voyeurism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyeurism "Voyeurism") [Sexual anhedonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia "Sexual anhedonia") [Sexual anorexia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_anorexia "Sexual anorexia") [Sexual maturation disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder "Sexual maturation disorder") [Sexual relationship disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder "Sexual relationship disorder") [Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsive_sexual_behaviour_disorder "Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder") \| \| Other \| [Factitious disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder "Factitious disorder") [Munchausen syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self "Factitious disorder imposed on self") [Fear of intimacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy "Fear of intimacy") [Gender dysphoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria "Gender dysphoria") [Intermittent explosive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder "Intermittent explosive disorder") [Dermatillomania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excoriation_disorder "Excoriation disorder") [Kleptomania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptomania "Kleptomania") [Pyromania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyromania "Pyromania") [Trichotillomania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichotillomania "Trichotillomania") [Personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder "Personality disorder") \| \| [Childhood and learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood "Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Emotional and behavioral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders "Emotional and behavioral disorders") \| [ADHD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder") [Conduct disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduct_disorder "Conduct disorder") [ODD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder "Oppositional defiant disorder") [Emotional and behavioral disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders "Emotional and behavioral disorders") [Separation anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder "Separation anxiety disorder") [Movement disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_disorders "Movement disorders") [Stereotypic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder "Stereotypic movement disorder") Social functioning [DAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder "Disinhibited attachment disorder") [RAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder "Reactive attachment disorder") [Selective mutism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism "Selective mutism") [Speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_disorder "Speech disorder") [Cluttering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluttering "Cluttering") [Stuttering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttering "Stuttering") [Tic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic_disorder "Tic disorder") [Tourette syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome "Tourette syndrome") \| \| [Intellectual disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability "Intellectual disability") \| [X-linked intellectual disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability "X-linked intellectual disability") [Lujan–Fryns syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome "Lujan–Fryns syndrome") \| \| Psychological development ([developmental disabilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disability "Developmental disability")) \| [Pervasive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder "Pervasive developmental disorder") [Specific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder "Specific developmental disorder") \| \| [Mood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder "Mood disorder") (affective) \| \| \| [Bipolar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder "Bipolar disorder") [Bipolar I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder "Bipolar I disorder") [Bipolar II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder "Bipolar II disorder") [Bipolar NOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified "Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified") [Cyclothymia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclothymia "Cyclothymia") [Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_\(mood\) "Depression (mood)") [Atypical depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_depression "Atypical depression") [Dysthymia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysthymia "Dysthymia") [Major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder") [Melancholic depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholic_depression "Melancholic depression") [Seasonal affective disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder "Seasonal affective disorder") [Mania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania "Mania") \| \| \| Neurological and symptomatic \| \| \| \| \| \| [Autism spectrum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum "Autism spectrum") \| [Autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism "Autism") [Asperger syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome "Asperger syndrome") [High-functioning autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-functioning_autism "High-functioning autism") [PDD-NOS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified "Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified") [Savant syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome "Savant syndrome") \| \| [Dementia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia "Dementia") \| [AIDS dementia complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder "HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder") [Alzheimer's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease "Alzheimer's disease") [Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease "Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease") [Frontotemporal dementia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia "Frontotemporal dementia") [Huntington's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease "Huntington's disease") [Mild cognitive impairment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment "Mild cognitive impairment") [Parkinson's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease") [Pick's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s_disease "Pick's disease") [Sundowning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundowning "Sundowning") [Vascular dementia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_dementia "Vascular dementia") [Wandering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandering_\(dementia\) "Wandering (dementia)") \| \| Other \| [Delirium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium "Delirium") [Organic brain syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome "Organic brain syndrome") [Post-concussion syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome "Post-concussion syndrome") \| \| [Neurotic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosis "Neurosis"), [stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_\(biology\) "Stress (biology)")\-related and [somatoform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder "Somatic symptom disorder") \| \| \| \| \| \| [Adjustment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder "Adjustment disorder") \| [Adjustment disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustment_disorder "Adjustment disorder") with depressed mood \| \| [Anxiety]() \| \| \| \| \| \| [Phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobia "Phobia") \| [Agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia") [Childhood phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_phobia "Childhood phobia") [Social anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety "Social anxiety") [Social phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder") [Anthropophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropophobia "Anthropophobia") [Specific social phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_social_phobia "Specific social phobia") [Specific phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia "Specific phobia") [Claustrophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claustrophobia "Claustrophobia") \| \| Other \| [Generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder") [OCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") [Panic attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack "Panic attack") [Panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") [Paranoia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia "Paranoia") [Stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress "Psychological stress") [Acute stress reaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction "Acute stress reaction") [PTSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") \| \| [Dissociative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_disorder "Dissociative disorder") \| [Depersonalization-derealization disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder "Depersonalization-derealization disorder") [Dissociative identity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder "Dissociative identity disorder") [Dissociative amnesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia "Dissociative amnesia") [Dissociative fugue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_fugue "Dissociative fugue") [Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_disorder_not_otherwise_specified "Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified") [Other specified dissociative disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_specified_dissociative_disorder "Other specified dissociative disorder") \| \| [Somatic symptom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder "Somatic symptom disorder") \| [Body dysmorphic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder "Body dysmorphic disorder") [Conversion disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_disorder "Conversion disorder") [Ganser syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganser_syndrome "Ganser syndrome") [Globus pharyngeus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus_pharyngeus "Globus pharyngeus") [Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure "Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure") [False pregnancy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_pregnancy "False pregnancy") [Hypochondriasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis "Hypochondriasis") [Mass psychogenic illness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness "Mass psychogenic illness") [Nosophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosophobia "Nosophobia") [Psychogenic pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychogenic_pain "Psychogenic pain") \| \| Physiological and physical behavior \| \| \| \| \| \| [Eating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder "Eating disorder") \| [Anorexia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa "Anorexia nervosa") [Bulimia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa "Bulimia nervosa") [Binge eating disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder "Binge eating disorder") [Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder "Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder") [Pica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_\(disorder\) "Pica (disorder)") [Rumination syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumination_syndrome "Rumination syndrome") [Other specified feeding or eating disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder "Other specified feeding or eating disorder") \| \| Nonorganic [sleep](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder "Sleep disorder") \| [Hypersomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersomnia "Hypersomnia") [Insomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia") [Parasomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia "Parasomnia") [Night terror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_terror "Night terror") [Nightmare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare "Nightmare") [REM sleep behavior disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder "Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder") \| \| [Postnatal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth "Psychiatric disorders of childbirth") \| [Postpartum depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression "Postpartum depression") [Postpartum psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis "Postpartum psychosis") \| \| [Sexual desire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders "Sexual dysfunction") \| [Hypersexuality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersexuality "Hypersexuality") [Hypoactive sexual desire disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder "Hypoactive sexual desire disorder") \| \| [Psychoactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug "Psychoactive drug") substances, [substance abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse "Substance abuse") and substance-related \| \| \| [Drug overdose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_overdose "Drug overdose") [Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen_persisting_perception_disorder "Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder") [Intoxication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_intoxication "Substance intoxication") [Physical dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence "Physical dependence") [Rebound effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effect "Rebound effect") [Stimulant psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis "Stimulant psychosis") [Substance dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence "Substance dependence") [Substance-induced psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance-induced_psychosis "Substance-induced psychosis") [Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_withdrawal "Drug withdrawal") \| \| \| [Schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia "Schizophrenia"), [schizotypal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder "Schizotypal personality disorder") and [delusional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_disorder "Delusional disorder") \| \| \| \| \| \| Delusional \| [Delusional disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusional_disorder "Delusional disorder") [Folie à deux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux "Folie à deux") \| \| [Psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosis "Psychosis") and schizophrenia-like \| [Brief reactive psychosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis "Brief reactive psychosis") [Schizoaffective disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder "Schizoaffective disorder") [Schizophreniform disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder "Schizophreniform disorder") \| \| Schizophrenia \| [Childhood schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia "Childhood schizophrenia") [Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia "Disorganized schizophrenia") [Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia "Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia") [Simple-type schizophrenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia "Simple-type schizophrenia") \| \| Other \| [Catatonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catatonia "Catatonia") \| \| Symptoms and uncategorized \| \| \| [Impulse-control disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder "Impulse-control disorder") [Klüver–Bucy syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome "Klüver–Bucy syndrome") [Psychomotor agitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation "Psychomotor agitation") [Stereotypy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypy "Stereotypy") [Caregiver burden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caregiver_burden "Caregiver burden") \| \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mental_disorders "Category:Mental disorders") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health "Template:Digital media use and mental health") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health "Template talk:Digital media use and mental health") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health "Special:EditPage/Template:Digital media use and mental health")[Digital media use and mental health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health "Digital media use and mental health") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Proposed or recognised diagnostic categories \| [Computer addiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_addiction "Computer addiction") [Internet addiction disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder "Internet addiction disorder") [Internet sex addiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction "Internet sex addiction") [Online gambling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_gambling "Online gambling") [Problematic smartphone use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use "Problematic smartphone use") [Nomophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomophobia "Nomophobia") [Problematic social media use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use "Problematic social media use") [Television addiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_addiction "Television addiction") [Video game addiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_addiction "Video game addiction") \| \| Disciplines involved \| [Digital anthropology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_anthropology "Digital anthropology") [Digital sociology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_sociology "Digital sociology") [Ergonomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics "Ergonomics") [Cognitive ergonomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics "Cognitive ergonomics") [Computer-mediated communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication "Computer-mediated communication") [Cyberpsychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpsychology "Cyberpsychology") [Engineering psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_psychology "Engineering psychology") [Human–computer interaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction "Human–computer interaction") [Media naturalness theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory "Media naturalness theory") [Neuroergonomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroergonomics "Neuroergonomics") [Neuroscience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience "Neuroscience") [Psychiatry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry "Psychiatry") [Evolutionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry "Evolutionary psychiatry") [Psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology "Psychology") [Clinical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology "Clinical psychology") [Cognitive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology "Cognitive psychology") [Evolutionary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology "Evolutionary psychology") [Social](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology "Social psychology") \| \| Associated psychiatric conditions \| [Anxiety disorder]() [Generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder") [Obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") [Social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder") [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder") [Autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism "Autism") [Bipolar disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder "Bipolar disorder") [Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder") [Eating disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorder "Eating disorder") [Anorexia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa "Anorexia nervosa") [Body image disturbance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_image_disturbance "Body image disturbance") [Insomnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia") [Narcissistic personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder "Narcissistic personality disorder") \| \| Related topics \| [Behavioral addiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction "Behavioral addiction") [Behavioral modernity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_modernity "Behavioral modernity") [Body image](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_image "Body image") [Criticism of Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook "Criticism of Facebook") [2021 Facebook company files leak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak "2021 Facebook leak") [Cyberbullying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberbullying "Cyberbullying") [Cyberpathology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpathology "Cyberpathology") [Digital detox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_detox "Digital detox") [Digital zombie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_zombie "Digital zombie") [Evolution of cognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition "Evolution of cognition") [Evolutionary mismatch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch "Evolutionary mismatch") [Fear of missing out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out "Fear of missing out") [Mobile phones and driving safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety "Mobile phones and driving safety") [Promotion of anorexia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-ana "Pro-ana") [Psychological effects of Internet use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use "Psychological effects of Internet use") [Screen time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_time "Screen time") [Binge-watching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge-watching "Binge-watching") [Social aspects of television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television "Social aspects of television") [Television consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_consumption "Television consumption") [Smartphones and pedestrian safety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety "Smartphones and pedestrian safety") [Social media addiction trials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_addiction_trials "Social media addiction trials") [Social media and suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide "Social media and suicide") [Social media restrictions on children in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Safety_Amendment "Online Safety Amendment") [Spaving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaving "Spaving") [Suicide and the Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet "Suicide and the Internet") [Technophilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophilia "Technophilia") [Technophobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophobia "Technophobia") [Technostress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technostress "Technostress") [Texting while driving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texting_while_driving "Texting while driving") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Autism "Template:Autism") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Autism "Template talk:Autism") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autism "Special:EditPage/Template:Autism")[Autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism "Autism") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Main \| [Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_autism "Causes of autism") [Diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_of_autism "Diagnosis of autism") [Epidemiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_autism "Epidemiology of autism") [Epigenetics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_autism "Epigenetics of autism") [Heritability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability_of_autism "Heritability of autism") [History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_autism "History of autism") [Memory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_and_memory "Autism and memory") [Pathophysiology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_autism "Pathophysiology of autism") [Sex and gender](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism "Sex and gender differences in autism") [Societal and cultural aspects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_and_cultural_aspects_of_autism "Societal and cultural aspects of autism") [Therapies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_therapies "Autism therapies") \| \| Diagnoses \| [Pervasive developmental disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder "Pervasive developmental disorder") [Autistic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_autism "Classic autism") [Asperger syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperger_syndrome "Asperger syndrome") [Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified "Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified") [Childhood disintegrative disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder "Childhood disintegrative disorder") [High-functioning autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-functioning_autism "High-functioning autism") \| \| Associated conditions and phenomena \| [Alexithymia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexithymia "Alexithymia") [Anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinct_anxiety "Distinct anxiety") [LGBTQ identities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_people "Autism and LGBTQ people") [Burnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_burnout "Autistic burnout") [Catatonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_catatonia "Autistic catatonia") [Masking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_masking "Autistic masking") [Meltdowns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_meltdown "Autistic meltdown") [Inertia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_inertia "Autistic inertia") [Echolalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echolalia "Echolalia") [Echopraxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echopraxia "Echopraxia") [Emotional dysregulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation "Emotional dysregulation") [Hyperlexia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlexia "Hyperlexia") [Infodumping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infodumping "Infodumping") [Late talker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_talker "Late talker") [Monotropism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotropism "Monotropism") [Nonspeaking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_autism "Nonverbal autism") [Pathological demand avoidance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance "Pathological demand avoidance") [Pronoun reversal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun_reversal "Pronoun reversal") [Reading differences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_and_autism "Reading and autism") [Savant syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savant_syndrome "Savant syndrome") [Special interests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_interest_\(autism\) "Special interest (autism)") [Stimming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimming "Stimming") [Sensory overload](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_overload "Sensory overload") [Suicide among people with autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_among_people_with_autism "Suicide among people with autism") \| \| [Comorbid conditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditions_comorbid_to_autism "Conditions comorbid to autism") \| [Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder") [Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidant/restrictive_food_intake_disorder "Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder") [Avoidant personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder "Avoidant personality disorder") [Anxiety disorder]() [obsessive–compulsive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder "Obsessive–compulsive disorder") [Bipolar disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder "Bipolar disorder") [Developmental coordination disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder "Developmental coordination disorder") [Developmental verbal dyspraxia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia "Developmental verbal dyspraxia") [Epilepsy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy "Epilepsy") [Gender dysphoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_dysphoria "Gender dysphoria") [Global developmental delay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_developmental_delay "Global developmental delay") [Intellectual disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability "Intellectual disability") [Major depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder") [Schizoid personality disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoid_personality_disorder "Schizoid personality disorder") [Sensory processing disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder "Sensory processing disorder") [Sleep disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder "Sleep disorder") [Suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide "Suicide") [Tinnitus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinnitus "Tinnitus") \| \| [Associated syndromes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndromic_autism "Syndromic autism") \| [16p11.2 deletion syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16p11.2_deletion_syndrome "16p11.2 deletion syndrome") [16p11.2 duplication syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16p11.2_duplication_syndrome "16p11.2 duplication syndrome") [17q12 microdeletion syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17q12_microdeletion_syndrome "17q12 microdeletion syndrome") [22q13 deletion syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22q13_deletion_syndrome "22q13 deletion syndrome") [Angelman syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelman_syndrome "Angelman syndrome") [Beck–Fahrner syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck%E2%80%93Fahrner_syndrome "Beck–Fahrner syndrome") [CACNA1C-related disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CACNA1C-related_disorders "CACNA1C-related disorders") [CHARGE syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHARGE_syndrome "CHARGE syndrome") [Cohen syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen_syndrome "Cohen syndrome") [Cornelia de Lange syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_de_Lange_syndrome "Cornelia de Lange syndrome") [DiGeorge syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiGeorge_syndrome "DiGeorge syndrome") [Down syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome "Down syndrome") [Dup15q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dup15q "Dup15q") [Goldenhar syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenhar_syndrome "Goldenhar syndrome") [Fetal valproate spectrum disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_valproate_spectrum_disorder "Fetal valproate spectrum disorder") [Fragile X syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome "Fragile X syndrome") [Jacobsen syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobsen_syndrome "Jacobsen syndrome") [Malan syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malan_syndrome "Malan syndrome") [MECP2 duplication syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MECP2_duplication_syndrome "MECP2 duplication syndrome") [Neurofibromatosis type I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I "Neurofibromatosis type I") [Noonan syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonan_syndrome "Noonan syndrome") [Multiple hamartoma syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_hamartoma_syndrome "Multiple hamartoma syndrome") [O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Donnell-Luria%E2%80%93Rodan_syndrome "O'Donnell-Luria–Rodan syndrome") [Pitt–Hopkins syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Hopkins_syndrome "Pitt–Hopkins syndrome") [Rett syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndrome "Rett syndrome") [Skraban–Deardorff syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skraban%E2%80%93Deardorff_syndrome "Skraban–Deardorff syndrome") [Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Lemli%E2%80%93Opitz_syndrome "Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome") [Sotos syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotos_syndrome "Sotos syndrome") [SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYNGAP1-related_intellectual_disability "SYNGAP1-related intellectual disability") [Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatton-Brown%E2%80%93Rahman_syndrome "Tatton-Brown–Rahman syndrome") [Timothy syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_syndrome "Timothy syndrome") [TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRPM3-related_neurodevelopmental_disorder "TRPM3-related neurodevelopmental disorder") [Tuberous sclerosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis "Tuberous sclerosis") [Williams syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_syndrome "Williams syndrome") \| \| Related issues \| [Ableism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ableism "Ableism") [Autistic rights movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_rights_movement "Autistic rights movement") [Critical autism studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_autism_studies "Critical autism studies") [Discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people "Discrimination against autistic people") [Double empathy problem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_empathy_problem "Double empathy problem") [Employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_of_autistic_people "Employment of autistic people") [Military service and conscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service_and_conscription_for_autistic_people "Military service and conscription for autistic people") [Multiple complex developmental disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_complex_developmental_disorder "Multiple complex developmental disorder") [Neurodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodiversity "Neurodiversity") [Neuroqueer theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory "Neuroqueer theory") [Peripheral neuropathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_neuropathy "Peripheral neuropathy") [Reduced affect display](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_affect_display "Reduced affect display") [Sanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanism "Sanism") [Self-harm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-harm "Self-harm") [Suicidal ideation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation "Suicidal ideation") [TEACCH program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_and_Education_of_Autistic_and_Related_Communication_Handicapped_Children "Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children") [Twice exceptional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twice_exceptional "Twice exceptional") [Violence and autism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_and_autism "Violence and autism") \| \| [Controversies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversies_in_autism "Controversies in autism") \| [Facilitated communication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facilitated_communication "Facilitated communication") [Lancet MMR autism fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud "Lancet MMR autism fraud") [MMR vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism "MMR vaccine and autism") [Rapid prompting method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method "Rapid prompting method") [Thiomersal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines "Thiomersal and vaccines") [Chelation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelation_therapy "Chelation therapy") [Combating Autism Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combating_Autism_Act "Combating Autism Act") [Autistic supremacism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autistic_supremacism "Autistic supremacism") \| \| Diagnostic scales \| [Autism Diagnostic Interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Interview "Autism Diagnostic Interview") [Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_Diagnostic_Observation_Schedule "Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule") [Childhood Autism Rating Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Rating_Scale "Childhood Autism Rating Scale") [Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilliam_Asperger%27s_disorder_scale "Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale") \| \| Screening scales \| [Autism-spectrum quotient](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism-spectrum_quotient "Autism-spectrum quotient") [Childhood Autism Spectrum Test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_Autism_Spectrum_Test "Childhood Autism Spectrum Test") [Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritvo_Autism_and_Asperger_Diagnostic_Scale "Ritvo Autism and Asperger Diagnostic Scale") \| \| Lists \| [Autism-related topics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_autism "Outline of autism") [Fictional characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_autistic_characters "List of fictional autistic characters") [Schools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_for_people_on_the_autism_spectrum "List of schools for people on the autism spectrum") \| \| Accommodations \| [Autism-friendly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism-friendly "Autism-friendly") [Curb cut effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curb_cut_effect "Curb cut effect") [Inclusive design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusive_design "Inclusive design") [Neurodiversity and labor rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurodiversity_and_labor_rights "Neurodiversity and labor rights") [Neuroinclusive design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroinclusive_design "Neuroinclusive design") [Sensory friendly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_friendly "Sensory friendly") [Supported employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supported_employment "Supported employment") [Universal design](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_design "Universal design") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Autism "Category:Autism") \| \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544006#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| International \| [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/4295459-9) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1738149) \| \| National \| 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Readable Markdown	\| Anxiety disorder \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Specialty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialty "Medical specialty") \| [Psychiatry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry "Psychiatry"), [clinical psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_psychology "Clinical psychology") \| \| [Symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") \| Worrying, [fast heart rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia "Tachycardia"), shakiness[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) \| \| [Complications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complication_\(medicine\) "Complication (medicine)") \| [Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder "Major depressive disorder"), [trouble sleeping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia "Insomnia"), poor [quality of life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life "Quality of life"), [substance use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder "Substance use disorder"), [alcohol use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism "Alcoholism"), [suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide "Suicide")[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-2) \| \| Usual onset \| 15–35 years old[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| Duration \| Over 6 months[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| [Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_\(medicine\) "Cause (medicine)") \| [Genetic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder "Genetic disorder"), [environmental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_factor "Environmental factor"), and psychological factors[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NIH2016-4) \| \| [Risk factors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factor "Risk factor") \| [Child abuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse "Child abuse"), [family history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history_\(medicine\) "Family history (medicine)"), [poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty "Poverty")[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| [Diagnostic method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_diagnosis "Medical diagnosis") \| [Psychological assessment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_testing "Psychological testing") \| \| [Differential diagnosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis "Differential diagnosis") \| [Hyperthyroidism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism "Hyperthyroidism"); [heart disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_disease "Heart disease"); [caffeine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine "Caffeine"), [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)"), [cannabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_\(drug\) "Cannabis (drug)") use; withdrawal from certain drugs[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) \| \| Treatment \| Lifestyle changes, [counselling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy"), medications[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) \| \| [Medication](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication "Medication") \| [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRI "SSRI") and [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRI "SNRI") are first line,[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) other options include: [tricyclic antidepressants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants "Tricyclic antidepressants"), [benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines "Benzodiazepines"), [beta blockers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blockers "Beta blockers")[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NIH2016-4) \| \| Frequency \| 12% per year[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kess2007-7) \| Anxiety disorders are a group of [mental disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorder "Mental disorder") characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") and [fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear "Fear") such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as a sense of impending doom, restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that vary based on the individual.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) In casual discourse, the words anxiety and fear are often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings; anxiety is clinically defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is clinically defined as an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) The umbrella term 'anxiety disorder' refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) and/or anxiety symptoms.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) There are several types of anxiety disorders, including [generalized anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder "Generalized anxiety disorder"), [hypochondriasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis "Hypochondriasis"), [specific phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia "Specific phobia"), [social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder"), [separation anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder "Separation anxiety disorder"), [agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia"), [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder"), and [selective mutism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_mutism "Selective mutism").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Individual disorders can be diagnosed using the specific and unique symptoms, triggering events, and timing.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) A medical professional must evaluate a person before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder to ensure that their anxiety cannot be attributed to another medical illness or mental disorder.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) It is possible for an individual to have more than one anxiety disorder during their life or to have more than one anxiety disorder at the same time.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Comorbid mental disorders or substance use disorders are common in those with anxiety. Comorbid depression (lifetime prevalence) is seen in 20–70% of those with social anxiety disorder, 50% of those with panic disorder and 43% of those with general anxiety disorder. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol or substance use disorders in those with anxiety disorders is 16.5%.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Worldwide, anxiety disorders are the second most common type of mental disorders after depressive disorders.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Vos_2017-9) Anxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-10) Most people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment.[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-11) ### Generalized anxiety disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Generalized anxiety disorder")\] Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a common disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. Those with generalized anxiety disorder experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and become overly concerned with everyday matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is "characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance".[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-12) Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13) Anxiety can be a symptom of a medical or [substance use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder "Substance use disorder") problem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) These stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health. A person may find that they have problems making daily decisions and remembering commitments as a result of a lack of concentration and/or preoccupation with worry.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-15) A symptom can be a strained appearance, with increased sweating from the hands, feet, and axillae,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-16) along with tearfulness, which can suggest depression.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Gelder2005-17) Before a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and other medical causes.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-18) In children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and [heart palpitations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpitations "Palpitations").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19) Typically, it begins around eight to nine years of age.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PedGAD2009-19) The largest category of anxiety disorders is that of specific phobias, which includes all cases in which fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide has specific phobias.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a phobia is an intense fear of or aversion to specific objects or situations.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-20) Individuals with a phobia typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Common [phobias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phobias "List of phobias") are flying, blood, water, highway driving, and tunnels. When people are exposed to their phobia, they may experience trembling, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat.[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-21) People with specific phobias often go to extreme lengths to avoid encountering their phobia. People with specific phobias understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger, but they can still become overwhelmed by it.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-22) With panic disorder, a person has brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. These [panic attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attacks "Panic attacks") are defined by the [APA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association "American Psychiatric Association") as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes but can last for several hours.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-23) Attacks can be triggered by stress, irrational thoughts, general fear, fear of the unknown, or even when engaging in exercise. However, sometimes the trigger is unclear, and attacks can arise without warning. To help prevent an attack, one can avoid the trigger. This can mean avoiding places, people, types of behaviors, or certain situations that have been known to cause a panic attack. This being said, not all attacks can be prevented. In addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside of specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness ([hypervigilance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervigilance "Hypervigilance")) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme [hypochondriasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochondriasis "Hypochondriasis")). Panic disorder is commonly comorbid with anxiety due to the consistent fight or flight response that one's brain is being put under at such a high repetitive rate. Another one of the very big leading causes of someone developing a panic disorder has a lot to do with one's childhood. The article provides knowledge on a positive trend in children who experience abuse and have low self-esteem to later on develop disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-24) Agoraphobia is a specific anxiety disorder wherein an individual is afraid of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-25) Agoraphobia is strongly linked with [panic disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_disorder "Panic disorder") and is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common manifestation involves needing to be in constant view of a door or other escape route. In addition to the fears themselves, the term [agoraphobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia "Agoraphobia") is often used to refer to avoidance behaviors that individuals often develop.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-26) For example, following a panic attack while driving, someone with agoraphobia may develop anxiety over driving and will therefore avoid driving. These avoidance behaviors can have serious consequences and often reinforce the fear they are caused by. In a severe case of agoraphobia, the person may never leave their home. [Social anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder "Social anxiety disorder") (SAD), also known as social phobia, describes an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This [fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear "Fear") can be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or it can be experienced in most or all social situations. Roughly 7% of American adults have social anxiety disorder, and more than 75% of people experience their first symptoms in their childhood or early teenage years.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-27) [Social anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety "Social anxiety") often manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-28) As with all phobic disorders, those with social anxiety often attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety, this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases, it can lead to complete social isolation. Children are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different from those of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-29) Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a sub-type of social anxiety involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-30) SPA is common among adolescents, especially females. ### Post-traumatic stress disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder")\] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to trauma- and stressor-related disorders in the DSM-5) that results from a traumatic experience. PTSD affects approximately 3.5% of U.S. adults every year, and an estimated one in eleven people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-31) Post-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullying, or even a serious accident. It can also result from long-term (chronic) exposure to a severe stressor—[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-32) for example, soldiers who endure individual battles but cannot [cope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_\(psychology\) "Coping (psychology)") with continuous combat. Common symptoms include [hypervigilance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervigilance "Hypervigilance"), [flashbacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashback_\(psychological_phenomenon\) "Flashback (psychological phenomenon)"), avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger, and depression.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-psycho-prat-33) In addition, individuals may experience sleep disturbances.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-34) People who have PTSD often try to detach themselves from their friends and family and have difficulty maintaining these close relationships. There are a number of treatments that form the basis of the care plan for those with PTSD; such treatments include [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy, stress inoculation therapy, medication, psychotherapy, and support from family and friends.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Barker2003-14) [Post-traumatic stress disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder") research began with US military veterans of the Vietnam War, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster to be the best predictor of [PTSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder "Post-traumatic stress disorder").[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-35) ### Separation anxiety disorder \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Separation anxiety disorder")\] [Separation anxiety disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder "Separation anxiety disorder") (SepAD) is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. Separation anxiety is a normal part of development in babies or children, and it is only when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-36) Separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults and 4% of children, but childhood cases tend to be more severe; in some instances, even a brief separation can produce panic.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-38) Treating a child earlier may prevent problems. This may include training the parents and family on how to deal with it. Often, the parents will reinforce the anxiety because they do not know how to properly work through it with the child. In addition to parent training and family therapy, medication, such as [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor"), can be used to treat separation anxiety.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Moh2014-39) Selective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with [shyness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyness "Shyness") or [social anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anxiety "Social anxiety").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-40) People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or even punishment.[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-41) Selective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their lives.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) Testing for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing or movements associated with the jaw or tongue and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-42) Generally, [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT) is the recommended approach for treating selective mutism, but prospective long-term outcome studies are lacking.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-43) ### Evolutionary perspectives \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Evolutionary perspectives")\] [Evolutionary psychiatry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry "Evolutionary psychiatry") interprets anxiety as part of an evolved defensive system calibrated to potential threat. According to the "smoke-alarm principle," anxiety mechanisms are expected to err on the side of false alarms because the cost of unnecessary fear is typically lower than the cost of failing to detect genuine danger.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-44) This framework has been extended to modern settings, where mismatch between ancestral and contemporary threat profiles may contribute to chronic or generalised anxiety.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-45) The diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and an individuals personal and family histories. There are no objective [biomarkers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker_\(medicine\) "Biomarker (medicine)") or laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) It is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes of prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Numerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and irritability.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3) Questionnaires developed for clinical use include the [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-Trait_Anxiety_Inventory "State-Trait Anxiety Inventory") (STAI), the [Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder_7 "Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7") (GAD-7), the [Beck Anxiety Inventory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck_Anxiety_Inventory "Beck Anxiety Inventory") (BAI), the [Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zung_Self-Rating_Anxiety_Scale "Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale"), and the [Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Manifest_Anxiety_Scale "Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale").[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Other questionnaires combine anxiety and depression measurements, such as the [Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Anxiety_Rating_Scale "Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale"), the [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_Anxiety_and_Depression_Scale "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale") (HADS), the [Patient Health Questionnaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Health_Questionnaire "Patient Health Questionnaire") (PHQ), and the [Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System "Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System") (PROMIS).[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) Examples of specific anxiety questionnaires include the [Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebowitz_Social_Anxiety_Scale "Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale") (LSAS), the [Social Interaction Anxiety Scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Interaction_Anxiety_Scale "Social Interaction Anxiety Scale") (SIAS), the [Social Phobia Inventory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Phobia_Inventory "Social Phobia Inventory") (SPIN), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ-A30).[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-46) The GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 57–94% and a specificity of 82–88% in the diagnosis of general anxiety disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) All screening questionnaires, if positive, should be followed by clinical interview including assessment of impairment and distress, avoidance behaviors, symptom history and persistence to definitively diagnose an anxiety disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Some organizations support routinely screening all adults for anxiety disorders, with the US Preventative Services Task Force recommending screening for all adults younger than 65.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-47) ### Differential diagnosis \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Differential diagnosis")\] Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal [fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear "Fear") or [anxiety](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety "Anxiety") by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) The diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires first ruling out an underlying medical cause.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WHO2009-8) Diseases that may present similar to an anxiety disorder include certain endocrine diseases ([hypo-](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism "Hypothyroidism") and [hyperthyroidism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthyroidism "Hyperthyroidism"), [hyperprolactinemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia "Hyperprolactinemia")),[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Samuels2008-48) metabolic disorders ([diabetes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus "Diabetes mellitus")),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GrigsbyAnderson2002-49) deficiency states (low levels of [vitamin D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D "Vitamin D"), [B2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riboflavin "Riboflavin"), [B12](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12 "Vitamin B12"), [folic acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folic_acid "Folic acid")),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) gastrointestinal diseases ([celiac disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_disease "Celiac disease"), [non-celiac gluten sensitivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity "Non-celiac gluten sensitivity"), [inflammatory bowel disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease "Inflammatory bowel disease")),[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZingoneSwift2015-50)[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015SystematicReview-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NeuendorfHarding2016-52) heart diseases,[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) blood diseases ([anemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia "Anemia")),[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5) and brain degenerative diseases ([Parkinson's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease "Parkinson's disease"), [dementia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia "Dementia"), [multiple sclerosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis "Multiple sclerosis"), [Huntington's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease "Huntington's disease")).[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Test2013partIII-5)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-ZhaoTan2016-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-WenChan2016-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-MarrieReingold2015-55) Anxiety and panic disorders as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders can be a symptom of [mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cell_activation_syndrome "Mast cell activation syndrome").[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID38003876-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID26162709-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-PMID28262205-58) Several drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use. These include [alcohol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_\(drug\) "Alcohol (drug)"), tobacco, cannabis, [sedatives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedative "Sedative") (including prescription [benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine "Benzodiazepine")), [opioids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid "Opioid") (including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin), [stimulants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant "Stimulant") (such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines), [hallucinogens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen "Hallucinogen"), and [inhalants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalants "Inhalants").[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2016-3)[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-DSM5-1) Focus is increasing on the prevention of anxiety disorders.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) There is tentative evidence to support the use of [cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy")[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bien2007-59) and [mindfulness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness "Mindfulness") therapy.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Khoury-60)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Sharma-61) A 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults.[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-62) A 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-63)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-64) Research indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lancet2021-65) A big factor that goes into anxiety disorder prevention starts in childhood. Based on the cited article, parents have a big part in whether or not their child will develop anxiety in their future. Specific interventions have been tested to educate parents with young children on how to care and prevent a disorder like anxiety from becoming a bigger issue in their child's teen to adult life. The study also shared that since it is such a new intervention that there is not much information on long term results, however it does seem to be looking in a positive direction.[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-66) Treatment options include [psychotherapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotherapy "Psychotherapy"), medications and lifestyle changes. There is no clear evidence as to whether psychotherapy or medication is more effective; the specific medication decision can be made by a doctor and patient with consideration for the patient's specific circumstances and symptoms.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) If, while on treatment with a chosen medication, the person's anxiety does not improve, another medication may be offered.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Specific treatments will vary by sub-type of anxiety disorder, a person's other medical conditions, and medications. ### Psychological techniques \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Psychological techniques")\] [Cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-68)[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69) CBT is the most widely studied and preferred form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face-to-face.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Ol2016-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-70) There are specific CBT curriculums or strategies for the specific type of anxiety disorder. CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) CBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months. CBT is sometimes given as once weekly sessions for 8–20 weeks, but regimens vary widely. Booster sessions may need to be restarted for patients who have a relapse of symptoms.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) [Exposure and response prevention (ERP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_therapy#Exposure_and_response_prevention_\(ERP\) "Exposure therapy") has been found effective for treating OCD.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-71) [Mindfulness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindfulness "Mindfulness")\-based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Roemer-72)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Lang-73) It is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety, and [transcendental meditation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_meditation "Transcendental meditation") appears to be no different from other types of meditation.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-74) A 2015 [Cochrane review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochrane_review "Cochrane review") of [Morita therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morita_therapy "Morita therapy") for anxiety disorder in adults found insufficient evidence of an effect.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-75) First-line choices for medications include [SSRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor") or [SNRIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor "Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor") to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or panic disorder.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald2005-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-77) For adults, there is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Bald20052-78) [Fluvoxamine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvoxamine "Fluvoxamine") is effective in treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) [Fluoxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoxetine "Fluoxetine"), [sertraline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sertraline "Sertraline"), and [paroxetine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine "Paroxetine") can also help with some forms of anxiety in children and adolescents.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Kwint2022-79)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Boaden_2020-80)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Correll_2021-81) If the chosen medicine is effective, it is recommended that it be continued for at least a year to mitigate the risk of a relapse.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Batelaan_Bosman_Muntingh_et_al_2017-82) Benzodiazepines are a second line option for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are associated with moderate to high effect sizes with regard to symptom relief and they have an onset usually within 1 week.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Clonazepam has a longer half life and may possibly be used as once per day dosing.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6) Benzodiazepines may also be used with SNRIs or SSRIs to initially reduce anxiety symptoms, and they may potentially be continued long term. Benzodiazepines are not a first line pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and they carry risks of [physical dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_dependence "Physical dependence"), [psychological dependence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_dependence "Psychological dependence"), [overdose death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_overdose "Opioid overdose") (especially when combined with opioids), misuse, [cognitive impairment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_impairment "Cognitive impairment"), falls and motor vehicle crashes.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-6)[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Thomas_1998-83) [Buspirone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone "Buspirone") and [pregabalin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregabalin "Pregabalin") are second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. Pregabalin and [gabapentin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabapentin "Gabapentin") are effective in treating some anxiety disorders, but there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy in multiple conditions and their proven side effects.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-:12-84) Medications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Calleo-13) In general, medications are not seen as helpful for [specific phobias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_phobia "Specific phobia"), but [benzodiazepines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepines "Benzodiazepines") are sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for the efficacy of any drug.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-85) Lifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-NEJM20152-67) Stopping smoking has benefits for anxiety as great as or greater than those of medications.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-86) A meta-analysis found 2000 mg/day or more of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, tended to reduce anxiety in placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies, particularly in people with more significant symptoms.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-SuTseng2018-87) As of 2023, THC appears to decrease anxiety at lower doses and increase anxiety at higher doses. CBD appears to decrease anxiety at all doses that have been tested.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-88) ### Treatments for children \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: Treatments for children")\] Both therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Wang2017-89) Therapy is generally preferred to medication.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) [Cognitive behavioral therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy "Cognitive behavioral therapy") (CBT) is a good first-line therapy approach.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Studies have gathered substantial evidence for treatments that are not CBT-based as effective forms of treatment, expanding treatment options for those who do not respond to CBT.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-90) Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, evidence that it is more effective than [treatment as usual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_treatment "Standard treatment"), medication, or [wait list controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait_list_control_group "Wait list control group") is inconclusive.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-91) Like adults, children may undergo psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or counseling. [Family therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_therapy "Family therapy") is a form of treatment in which the child meets with a therapist together with the primary guardians and siblings.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92) Each family member may attend individual therapy, but family therapy is typically a form of group therapy. Art and [play therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_therapy "Play therapy") are also used. [Art therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_therapy "Art therapy") is most commonly used when the child will not or cannot verbally communicate due to trauma or a disability in which they are nonverbal. Participating in art activities allows the child to express what they otherwise may not be able to communicate to others.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-93) In play therapy, the child is allowed to play however they please as a therapist observes them. The therapist may intercede from time to time with a question, comment, or suggestion. This is often most effective when the family of the child plays a role in the treatment.[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-CRD2017-92)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-94) Globally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95) It is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%).[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-95) In Europe, Africa, and Asia, lifetime rates of anxiety disorders are between 9 and 16%, and yearly rates are between 4 and 7%.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%,[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-97) and between 11 and 18% of adults have the condition in a given year.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Helen2010-96) This difference is affected by the range of ways in which different cultures interpret anxiety symptoms and what they consider to be normative behavior.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Hofmann2010-99) In general, anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in the United States, outside of [substance use disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_use_disorder "Substance use disorder").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-nejm_2014_on_generalized_anxiety-100) Like adults, children can experience anxiety disorders; between 10 and 20 percent of all children will develop a full-fledged anxiety disorder prior to the age of 18,[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-101) making anxiety the most common mental health issue in young people. Anxiety disorders in children are often more challenging to identify than their adult counterparts, owing to the difficulty many parents face in discerning them from normal childhood fears. Likewise, anxiety in children is sometimes misdiagnosed as [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"), or, due to the tendency of children to interpret their emotions physically (as stomachaches, headaches, etc.), anxiety disorders may initially be confused with physical ailments.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102) Anxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology and may be a product of another existing condition, such as [autism spectrum disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder "Autism spectrum disorder").[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-103) Gifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children.[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-104) Other cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed.[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-105) Anxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-102) According to a 2011 study, people who rank highly in hypercompetitive traits are at increased risk of both anxiety and depression.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-106) ## Society and culture \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=22 "Edit section: Society and culture")\] People with an anxiety disorder may be challenged by prejudices and stereotypes held by other people, most likely as a result of misconceptions around anxiety and anxiety disorders.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107) Misconceptions found in a data analysis from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma include: (1) many people believe anxiety is not a real medical illness; and (2) many people believe that people with anxiety could turn it off if they wanted to.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108) For people experiencing the physical and mental symptoms of an anxiety disorder, stigma and negative social perception can make an individual less likely to seek treatment.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-beyondblue-108) Prejudice that some people with mental illness turn against themselves is called self-stigma.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Corrigan_67%E2%80%9373-107) There is no explicit evidence for the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety. Stigma can be divided by social scale, into the macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro-level marks society as a whole with the influence of mass media. The intermediate level includes healthcare professionals and their perspectives. The micro-level details the individual's contributions to the process through self-stigmatization.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109) It has become very prevalent that many college students undergo some sort of mental disorder in their early adulthood. Anxiety has become one of the main ones that has grown in prevalence over time. This is due to many issues such as different social pressures, school, career worries, etc. This has not only affected a lot of the youth in today's world but their overall quality of life. However, it is important to bring this issue to light since there is such a negative stigma when it comes to mental health; but rather than ignoring it and letting the issue grow exponentially larger, it is important to recognize ways that it can be lessened for future generations.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-110) Stigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_note-Rossler_2016-109) - [Exposure therapy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_therapy "Exposure therapy") - [List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investigational_anxiety_disorder_drugs "List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs") - [Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_anxiety%E2%80%93depressive_disorder "Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder") - [Symptoms of victimization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms_of_victimization "Symptoms of victimization") 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-11) [m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-DSM5_1-12) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition: [DSM-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5 "DSM-5"). Arlington, VA Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. p. [189–195](https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse/page/189). [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-89042-555-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8 "Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-555-8") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_\(identifier\) "OCLC (identifier)") [830807378](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830807378). 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-2)* ["Anxiety disorders – Symptoms and causes"](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/anxiety/symptoms-causes/syc-20350961). Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 23 May 2019. 3. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Lancet2016_3-10) Craske MG, Stein MB (December 2016). "Anxiety". Lancet. 388* (10063): 3048–3059\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0140-6736(16)30381-6](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2930381-6). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [27349358](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27349358). 4. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-NIH2016_4-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-NIH2016_4-1) ["Anxiety Disorders"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160727230427/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml#pub2). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). U.S. National Institutes of Health. March 2016. Archived from [the original](http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml#pub2) on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016. 5. ^ [a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Test2013partIII_5-7) Testa A, Giannuzzi R, Daini S, Bernardini L, Petrongolo L, Gentiloni Silveri N (February 2013). ["Psychiatric emergencies (part III): psychiatric symptoms resulting from organic diseases"](https://www.europeanreview.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/86-99.pdf) (PDF). European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 17* (Suppl 1): 86–99\. [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [23436670](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23436670). 6. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-1) [c](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-2) [d](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-3) [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-4) [f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-5) [g](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-6) [h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-7) [i](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-8) [j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-9) [k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-10) [l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_6-11) Szuhany KL, Simon NM (27 December 2022). "Anxiety Disorders: A Review". JAMA. 328* (24): 2431–2445\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1001/jama.2022.22744](https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2022.22744). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [36573969](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36573969). 7. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-Kess2007_7-0) Kessler RC, Angermeyer M, Anthony JC, DE Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, et al. (October 2007). ["Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Survey Initiative"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174588). World Psychiatry. 6 (3): 168–176\. [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [2174588](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2174588). 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["Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509). The Lancet. 390 (10100): 1211–1259\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932154-2). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [5605509](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [28919117](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28919117). 10. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder#cite_ref-10) ["Anxiety disorders"](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders). World Health Organization. Retrieved 16 March 2024. 11. 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