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[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages) [  ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antibiotic-associated+diarrhea "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antibiotic-associated+diarrhea "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF-%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6 "Հակաբիոտիկ-ասոցացված փորլուծություն – Armenian") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrea_associata_agli_antibiotici "Diarrea associata agli antibiotici – Italian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F "Антибиотик-ассоциированная диарея – Russian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibioottiripuli "Antibioottiripuli – Finnish") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574891#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea "View the content page [c]") - 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[Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574891 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia See also: [Pseudomembranous colitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis "Pseudomembranous colitis") Medical condition | Antibiotic-associated diarrhea | |---| **Antibiotic-associated diarrhea** (**AAD**) results from an imbalance in the [colonic microbiota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora "Gut flora") caused by [antibiotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic "Antibiotic"). Microbiotal alteration changes [carbohydrate metabolism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate_metabolism "Carbohydrate metabolism") with decreased [short-chain fatty acid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acid "Short-chain fatty acid") absorption and an [osmotic diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea") as a result. Another consequence of antibiotic therapy leading to diarrhea is an overgrowth of potentially [pathogenic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic "Pathogenic") organisms such as *[Clostridioides difficile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_\(bacteria\) "Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)")*. It is defined as frequent loose and watery [stools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_feces "Human feces") with no other complications.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-HN-1) ## Cause \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Cause")\] *Clostridioides difficile*, also known more commonly as *C. diff*, accounts for 10 to 20% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea cases, because the antibiotics administered for the treatment of certain disease processes such as [inflammatory colitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_colitis "Inflammatory colitis") also inadvertently kill a large portion of the [gut flora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora "Gut flora"), the [normal flora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_flora "Normal flora") that is usually present within the [bowel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel "Bowel"). With this lower level of "healthy" bacteria present, the overgrowth of *C. diff* is then responsible "for elaborating the [enterotoxin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterotoxin "Enterotoxin")".[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-HN-1) ## Treatment \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Treatment")\] [Meta-analyses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-analyses "Meta-analyses") have concluded that [probiotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probiotics "Probiotics") may protect against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in both children and adults.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-3) Evidence is insufficient, however, regarding an effect on rates of [*C. difficile* colitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection "Clostridioides difficile infection").[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-4) The efficacy of probiotic AAD prevention is dependent on the probiotic strain(s) used and on the dosage.[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-pmid18542041-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-pmid18545161-6) Up to a 50% reduction of AAD occurrences has been found.[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_note-7) ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-HN_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-HN_1-1) Allan B. Wolfson, ed. (2005). *Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine* (4th ed.). p. 400. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7817-5125-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5125-X "Special:BookSources/0-7817-5125-X") . 2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-2)** Hempel, S; Newberry, SJ; Maher, AR; Wang, Z; Miles, JN; Shanman, R; Johnsen, B; Shekelle, PG (May 9, 2012). "Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis". *JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association*. **307** (18): 1959–69\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1001/jama.2012.3507](https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2012.3507). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [22570464](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22570464). 3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-3)** Guo Q, Goldenberg JZ, Humphrey C, El Dib R, Johnston BC (2019). ["Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6490796). *Cochrane Database Syst Rev*. **4** (4): CD004827. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/14651858.CD004827.pub5](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004827.pub5). [PMC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_\(identifier\) "PMC (identifier)") [6490796](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6490796). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [31039287](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31039287). `{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list "Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list")) 4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-4)** Pillai, A; Nelson, R (January 23, 2008). "Probiotics for treatment of *Clostridium difficile*\-associated colitis in adults". *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews* (1): CD004611. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1002/14651858.CD004611.pub2](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004611.pub2). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [18254055](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18254055). 5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-pmid18542041_5-0)** Doron, S. I.; Hibberd, P. L.; [Gorbach, S. L.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Gorbach "Sherwood Gorbach") (2008). "Probiotics for Prevention of Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea". *Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology*. **42**: S58 – S63. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1097/MCG.0b013e3181618ab7](https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCG.0b013e3181618ab7). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [18542041](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18542041). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [2070623](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2070623). 6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-pmid18545161_6-0)** Surawicz, C. M. (2008). "Role of Probiotics in Antibiotic-associated Diarrhea, *Clostridium difficile*\-associated Diarrhea, and Recurrent *Clostridium difficile*\-associated Diarrhea". *Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology*. **42**: S64 – S70. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1097/MCG.0b013e3181646d09](https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCG.0b013e3181646d09). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [18545161](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18545161). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [37993276](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37993276). 7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea#cite_ref-7)** Sazawal, S; Hiremath, G; Dhingra, U; Malik, P; Deb, S; Black, RE (June 2006). "Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials". *The Lancet Infectious Diseases*. **6** (6): 374–82\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1016/S1473-3099(06)70495-9](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2806%2970495-9). [PMID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_\(identifier\) "PMID (identifier)") [16728323](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16728323). | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_diseases "Template:Digestive system diseases") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_diseases "Template talk:Digestive system diseases") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_diseases "Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system diseases")Diseases of the [human digestive system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_digestive_system "Human digestive system") | | |---|---| | [Upper GI tract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract "Gastrointestinal tract") | | | | | | [Esophagus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_disease "Esophageal disease") | [Esophagitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagitis "Esophagitis") [Candidal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis "Esophageal candidiasis") [Eosinophilic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis "Eosinophilic esophagitis") [Herpetiform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpetiform_esophagitis "Herpetiform esophagitis") *Rupture* [Boerhaave syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome "Boerhaave syndrome") [Mallory–Weiss syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome "Mallory–Weiss syndrome") [Zenker's diverticulum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum "Zenker's diverticulum") [Barrett's esophagus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus "Barrett's esophagus") [Esophageal motility disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder "Esophageal motility disorder") [Nutcracker esophagus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus "Nutcracker esophagus") [Achalasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalasia "Achalasia") [Esophagogastric junction outflow 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necrosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis "Acute esophageal necrosis") | | [Stomach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach_disease "Stomach disease") | [Gastritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis "Gastritis") [Atrophic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis "Atrophic gastritis") [Ménétrier's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease "Ménétrier's disease") [Gastroenteritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis "Gastroenteritis") [Peptic (gastric) ulcer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer "Peptic ulcer") [Cushing ulcer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing_ulcer "Cushing ulcer") [Dieulafoy's lesion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion "Dieulafoy's lesion") [Dyspepsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyspepsia "Dyspepsia") [Functional dyspepsia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia "Functional dyspepsia") [Pyloric stenosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis "Pyloric stenosis") [Achlorhydria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achlorhydria "Achlorhydria") [Gastroparesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroparesis "Gastroparesis") [Gastroptosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroptosis "Gastroptosis") [Portal hypertensive gastropathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy "Portal hypertensive gastropathy") [Gastric antral vascular ectasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia "Gastric antral vascular ectasia") [Gastric dumping syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome "Gastric dumping syndrome") [Gastric volvulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_volvulus "Gastric volvulus") [Buried bumper syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome "Buried bumper syndrome") [Gastrinoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrinoma "Gastrinoma") [Zollinger–Ellison syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome "Zollinger–Ellison syndrome") | | [Lower GI tract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract "Gastrointestinal tract") [Enteropathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteropathy "Enteropathy") | | | | | | [Small intestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine "Small intestine") ([Duodenum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum "Duodenum")/[Jejunum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum "Jejunum")/[Ileum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum "Ileum")) | [Enteritis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteritis "Enteritis") [Duodenitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenitis "Duodenitis") [Jejunitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunitis "Jejunitis") [Ileitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileitis "Ileitis") [Peptic (duodenal) ulcer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer "Peptic ulcer") [Curling's ulcer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer "Curling's ulcer") [Malabsorption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabsorption "Malabsorption"): [Coeliac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease "Coeliac disease") [Tropical sprue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_sprue "Tropical sprue") [Blind loop syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome "Blind loop syndrome") [Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth "Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth") [Whipple's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease "Whipple's disease") [Short bowel syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome "Short bowel syndrome") [Steatorrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatorrhea "Steatorrhea") [Milroy disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milroy_disease "Milroy disease") [Bile acid malabsorption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption "Bile acid malabsorption") | | [Large intestine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine "Large intestine") ([Appendix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendix "Vermiform appendix")/[Colon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_\(anatomy\) "Colon (anatomy)")) | [Appendicitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendicitis "Appendicitis") [Colitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis "Colitis") [Pseudomembranous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis "Pseudomembranous colitis") [Ulcerative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis "Ulcerative colitis") [Ischemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischemic_colitis "Ischemic colitis") [Microscopic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopic_colitis "Microscopic colitis") [Collagenous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagenous_colitis "Collagenous colitis") [Lymphocytic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis "Lymphocytic colitis") [Dysentery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery "Dysentery") [Functional colonic disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease "Functional colonic disease") [IBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome "Irritable bowel syndrome") [Intestinal pseudoobstruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction "Intestinal pseudoobstruction") / [Ogilvie syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome "Ogilvie syndrome") [Megacolon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacolon "Megacolon") / [Toxic megacolon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_megacolon "Toxic megacolon") [Diverticulitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulitis "Diverticulitis")/[Diverticulosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diverticulosis "Diverticulosis")/[SCAD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis "Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis") | | Large and/or small | [Enterocolitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterocolitis "Enterocolitis") [Necrotizing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis "Necrotizing enterocolitis") [Gastroenterocolitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis "Gastroenterocolitis") [IBD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease "Inflammatory bowel disease") [Crohn's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease "Crohn's disease") *[Vascular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_disease "Vascular disease")*: [Abdominal angina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_angina "Abdominal angina") [Mesenteric ischemia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia "Mesenteric ischemia") [Angiodysplasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiodysplasia "Angiodysplasia") [Bowel obstruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel_obstruction "Bowel obstruction"): [Ileus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileus "Ileus") [Intussusception](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intussusception_\(medical_disorder\) "Intussusception (medical disorder)") [Volvulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvulus "Volvulus") [Fecal impaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_impaction "Fecal impaction") [Constipation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation "Constipation") [Functional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_constipation "Functional constipation") [Diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea") [Infectious](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea "Infectious diarrhea") [Intestinal adhesions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion_\(medicine\) "Adhesion (medicine)") | | [Rectum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectum "Rectum") | [Proctitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctitis "Proctitis") [Radiation proctitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_proctitis "Radiation proctitis") [Proctalgia fugax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax "Proctalgia fugax") [Rectal prolapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_prolapse "Rectal prolapse") ([Internal rectal prolapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_rectal_prolapse "Internal rectal prolapse")) [Anismus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anismus "Anismus") [Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome "Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome") [Rectal stricture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_stricture "Rectal stricture") | | [Anal canal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_canal "Anal canal") | [Anal fissure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fissure "Anal fissure")/[Anal fistula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fistula "Anal fistula") [Anal abscess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_abscess "Anal abscess") [Hemorrhoid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemorrhoid "Hemorrhoid") [Anal dysplasia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_dysplasia "Anal dysplasia") [Pruritus ani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruritus_ani "Pruritus ani") [Anal stricture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_stricture "Anal stricture") | | [GI bleeding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding "Gastrointestinal bleeding") | [Blood in stool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_in_stool "Blood in stool") [Upper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding "Upper gastrointestinal bleeding") [Hematemesis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematemesis "Hematemesis") [Melena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melena "Melena") [Lower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding "Lower gastrointestinal bleeding") [Hematochezia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematochezia "Hematochezia") | | [Accessory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland "Accessory digestive gland") | | | | | | [Liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_disease "Liver disease") | [Hepatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis "Hepatitis") [Viral hepatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hepatitis "Viral hepatitis") [Autoimmune hepatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis "Autoimmune hepatitis") [Alcoholic hepatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis "Alcoholic hepatitis") [Cirrhosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis "Cirrhosis") [PBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis "Primary biliary cirrhosis") [Fatty liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_liver "Fatty liver") [MASLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease "Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease") *[Vascular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_disease "Vascular disease")* [Budd–Chiari syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome "Budd–Chiari syndrome") [Hepatic veno-occlusive disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease") [Portal hypertension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_hypertension "Portal hypertension") [Nutmeg liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg_liver "Nutmeg liver") [Alcoholic liver disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease "Alcoholic liver disease") [Liver failure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_failure "Liver failure") [Hepatic encephalopathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy "Hepatic encephalopathy") [Acute liver failure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_liver_failure "Acute liver failure") [Liver abscess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_abscess "Liver abscess") [Pyogenic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess "Pyogenic liver abscess") [Amoebic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess "Amoebic liver abscess") [Hepatorenal syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome "Hepatorenal syndrome") [Peliosis hepatis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis "Peliosis hepatis") [Metabolic disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_disorder "Metabolic disorder") [Wilson's disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease "Wilson's disease") [Hemochromatosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemochromatosis "Hemochromatosis") | | [Gallbladder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallbladder_disease "Gallbladder disease") | [Cholecystitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis "Cholecystitis") [Gallstone / Cholelithiasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallstone "Gallstone") [Cholesterolosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder "Cholesterolosis of gallbladder") [Adenomyomatosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomyomatosis "Adenomyomatosis") [Postcholecystectomy syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome "Postcholecystectomy syndrome") [Porcelain gallbladder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder "Porcelain gallbladder") | | [Bile duct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_duct "Bile duct")/ Other [biliary tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_tree "Biliary tree") | [Cholangitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangitis "Cholangitis") [Primary sclerosing cholangitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis "Primary sclerosing cholangitis") [Secondary sclerosing cholangitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sclerosing_cholangitis "Secondary sclerosing cholangitis") [Ascending](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis "Ascending cholangitis") [Cholestasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholestasis "Cholestasis")/[Mirizzi's syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome "Mirizzi's syndrome") [Biliary fistula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_fistula "Biliary fistula") [Haemobilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haemobilia "Haemobilia") *[Common bile duct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bile_duct "Common bile duct")* [Choledocholithiasis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choledocholithiasis "Choledocholithiasis") [Biliary dyskinesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliary_dyskinesia "Biliary dyskinesia") [Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction "Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction") | | [Pancreatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_disease "Pancreatic disease") | [Pancreatitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatitis "Pancreatitis") [Acute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis "Acute pancreatitis") [Chronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis "Chronic pancreatitis") [Hereditary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_pancreatitis "Hereditary pancreatitis") [Pancreatic abscess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_abscess "Pancreatic abscess") [Pancreatic pseudocyst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst "Pancreatic pseudocyst") [Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency "Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency") [Pancreatic fistula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula "Pancreatic fistula") | | Other | | | | | | [Hernia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia "Hernia") | [Diaphragmatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia "Diaphragmatic hernia") [Congenital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia") [Hiatus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiatus_hernia "Hiatus hernia") [Inguinal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguinal_hernia "Inguinal hernia") [Indirect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia "Indirect inguinal hernia") [Direct](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia "Direct inguinal hernia") [Umbilical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_hernia "Umbilical hernia") [Paraumbilical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraumbilical_hernia "Paraumbilical hernia") [Femoral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_hernia "Femoral hernia") [Obturator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_hernia "Obturator hernia") [Spigelian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spigelian_hernia "Spigelian hernia") *[Lumbar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_hernia "Lumbar hernia")* [Petit's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit%27s_hernia "Petit's hernia") [Grynfeltt–Lesshaft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grynfeltt%E2%80%93Lesshaft_hernia "Grynfeltt–Lesshaft hernia") *Undefined location* [Incisional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisional_hernia "Incisional hernia") [Internal hernia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_hernia "Internal hernia") [Richter's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter%27s_hernia "Richter's hernia") | | [Peritoneal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal_disease "Peritoneal disease") | [Peritonitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonitis "Peritonitis") [Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis "Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis") [Hemoperitoneum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoperitoneum "Hemoperitoneum") [Pneumoperitoneum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum "Pneumoperitoneum") | | [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs "Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs "Template talk:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_and_abdomen_symptoms_and_signs "Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system and abdomen symptoms and signs")[Signs and symptoms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms "Signs and symptoms") relating to the [human digestive system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_digestive_system "Human digestive system") or [abdomen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen "Abdomen") | | |---|---| | [Gastrointestinal tract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract "Gastrointestinal tract") | [Nausea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausea "Nausea") [Vomiting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomiting "Vomiting") [Heartburn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartburn "Heartburn") [Aerophagia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerophagia "Aerophagia") [Pica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_\(disorder\) "Pica (disorder)") [Trichophagia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichophagia "Trichophagia") [Pagophagia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagophagia "Pagophagia") [Geophagia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagia "Geophagia") [Dysphagia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphagia "Dysphagia") [oropharyngeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropharyngeal_dysphagia "Oropharyngeal dysphagia") [esophageal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal_dysphagia "Esophageal dysphagia") [Odynophagia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odynophagia "Odynophagia") [Bad breath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_breath "Bad breath") [Xerostomia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerostomia "Xerostomia") [Hypersalivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersalivation "Hypersalivation") [Burping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burping "Burping") [Goodsall's rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodsall%27s_rule "Goodsall's rule") [Chilaiditi syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilaiditi_syndrome "Chilaiditi syndrome") [Dance's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance%27s_sign "Dance's sign") [Aaron's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%27s_sign "Aaron's sign") [Arapov's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapov%27s_contracture "Arapov's contracture") [Markle's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markle%27s_sign "Markle's sign") [McBurney's point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBurney%27s_point "McBurney's point") [Sherren's triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherren%27s_triangle "Sherren's triangle") *[Radiologic signs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologic_sign "Radiologic sign"):* [Hampton's line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton%27s_line "Hampton's line") [Klemm's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemm%27s_sign "Klemm's sign") | | Accessory | *[liver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver "Liver"):* [Councilman body](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councilman_body "Councilman body") [Mallory body](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallory_body "Mallory body") *biliary:* [Boas' sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boas%27_sign "Boas' sign") [Courvoisier's law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courvoisier%27s_law "Courvoisier's law") [Charcot's cholangitis triad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcot%27s_cholangitis_triad "Charcot's cholangitis triad")/[Reynolds' pentad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds%27_pentad "Reynolds' pentad") *[cholecystitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystitis "Cholecystitis")* ([Murphy's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_sign "Murphy's sign") [Lépine's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9pine%27s_sign "Lépine's sign") [Mirizzi's syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome "Mirizzi's syndrome")) [Nardi test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardi_test "Nardi test") | | [Defecation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defecation "Defecation") | [Flatulence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulence "Flatulence") [Fecal incontinence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_incontinence "Fecal incontinence") and [encopresis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encopresis "Encopresis") [Fecal urgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_urgency "Fecal urgency") [Fecal occult blood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood "Fecal occult blood") [Rectal tenesmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus "Rectal tenesmus") [Constipation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation "Constipation") [Obstructed defecation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructed_defecation "Obstructed defecation") [Diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea "Diarrhea") [Rectal discharge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_discharge "Rectal discharge") | | Abdomen | | | | | | Pain | [Abdominal pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_pain "Abdominal pain") [Acute abdomen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_abdomen "Acute abdomen") [Colic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colic "Colic") [Baby colic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_colic "Baby colic") [Abdominal guarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_guarding "Abdominal guarding") [Blumberg's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumberg%27s_sign "Blumberg's sign") | | Distension | [Abdominal distension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_distension "Abdominal distension") [Bloating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloating "Bloating") [Ascites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascites "Ascites") [Tympany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympany "Tympany") [Shifting dullness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifting_dullness "Shifting dullness") [Fluid wave test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_wave_test "Fluid wave test") | | Masses | [Abdominal mass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_mass "Abdominal mass") [Hepatosplenomegaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatosplenomegaly "Hepatosplenomegaly") [Hepatomegaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatomegaly "Hepatomegaly") [Splenomegaly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenomegaly "Splenomegaly") | | Other | [Jaundice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice "Jaundice") [Mallet-Guy's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallet-Guy%27s_sign "Mallet-Guy's sign") [Puddle sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddle_sign "Puddle sign") [Ballance's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballance%27s_sign "Ballance's sign") [Aortic insufficiency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_insufficiency "Aortic insufficiency") [Castell's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell%27s_sign "Castell's sign") [Kehr's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehr%27s_sign "Kehr's sign") [Cullen's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen%27s_sign "Cullen's sign") [Grey Turner's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Turner%27s_sign "Grey Turner's sign") [Anorexia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_\(symptom\) "Anorexia (symptom)") [Anorexia nervosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa "Anorexia nervosa") | | [Hernia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernia "Hernia") | [Howship–Romberg sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howship%E2%80%93Romberg_sign "Howship–Romberg sign") [Hannington-Kiff sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannington-Kiff_sign "Hannington-Kiff sign") | | Other | [Psoas sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psoas_sign "Psoas sign") [Obturator sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obturator_sign "Obturator sign") [Rovsing's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovsing%27s_sign "Rovsing's sign") [Hamburger sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_sign "Hamburger sign") [Heel tap sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heel_tap_sign "Heel tap sign") [Aure-Rozanova's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aure-Rozanova%27s_sign "Aure-Rozanova's sign") [Dunphy's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunphy%27s_sign "Dunphy's sign") [Alder's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alder%27s_sign "Alder's sign") [Lockwood's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockwood%27s_sign "Lockwood's sign") [Rosenstein's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenstein%27s_sign "Rosenstein's sign") [Cupola sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola_sign "Cupola sign") [Fothergill's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fothergill%27s_sign "Fothergill's sign") [Carnett's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnett%27s_sign "Carnett's sign") [Massouh's sign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massouh%27s_sign "Massouh's sign") [Sister Mary Joseph nodule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Mary_Joseph_nodule "Sister Mary Joseph nodule") [Blumer's shelf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blumer%27s_shelf "Blumer's shelf") |  Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotic-associated_diarrhea&oldid=1252107002>" [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - [Diarrhea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Diarrhea "Category:Diarrhea") Hidden categories: - [CS1 maint: multiple names: authors 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