🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa055)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_(company)","crawl_time":1775618566,"first_indexed_time":1442759529,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/Amazon_(company) s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Amazon (company) - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Amazon.com, Inc.\nDoppler\n, home to Amazon's corporate headquarters\nTrade name\nAmazon\nFormerly\nCadabra, Inc. (1994–1995)\nCompany type\nPublic\nTraded as\nNasdaq\n: \nAMZN\nNasdaq-100\ncomponent\nDJIA\ncomponent\nS&P 100\ncomponent\nS&P 500\ncomponent\nISIN\nUS0231351067\nIndustry\nConglomerate\nFounded\nJuly 5, 1994\n; 31 years ago\n, in\nBellevue, Washington\n, U.S.\nFounder\nJeff Bezos\nHeadquarters\nSeattle\n, Washington, and\nArlington County, Virginia\n,\nU.S.\nArea served\nWorldwide\nKey people\nJeff Bezos\n(\nexecutive chairman\n)\nAndy Jassy\n(\npresident\nand\nCEO\n)\nProducts\nEcho\nFire Tablet\nFire TV\nFire OS\nKindle\nServices\nAmazon.com\nAmazon Alexa\nAmazon Luna\nAmazon Music\nAmazon Pay\nAmazon Prime\nAmazon Prime Video\nAmazon MGM Studios\nAmazon Robotics\nAmazon Web Services\nMGM+\nOne Medical\nRing\nTwitch\nRevenue\nUS$716.9\n \nbillion (2025)\nOperating income\nUS$79.98\n \nbillion (2025)\nNet income\nUS$77.67\n \nbillion (2025)\nTotal assets\nUS$818.0\n \nbillion (2025)\nTotal equity\nUS$411.1\n \nbillion (2025)\nOwner\nJeff Bezos (8.92%)\nNumber of employees\n1,576,000 (2025)\nSubsidiaries\nList\nAbeBooks\nAmazon.com\nAmazon Air\nAmazon Books\nAmazon Fresh\nAmazon Games\nAmazon Lab126\nAmazon Leo\nAmazon Logistics\nAmazon Pharmacy\nAmazon Publishing\nAmazon Robotics\nAmazon MGM Studios\nAWS\nAudible\nBlink\nBody Labs\nBrilliance Audio\nEero LLC\nGoodreads\nIMDb\nPillPack\nRing\nTwitch Interactive\nWhole Foods Market\nWoot\nZappos\nZoox\nWebsite\namazon.com\nFootnotes \/ references\n[\n1\n]\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\nAmazon.com, Inc.\n[\n1\n]\n(\ndoing business as\nAmazon\n)\n[\na\n]\nis an American multinational technology company engaged in\ne-commerce\n,\ncloud computing\n,\nonline advertising\n,\ndigital streaming\n, and\nartificial intelligence\n.\n[\n5\n]\nFounded in 1994 by\nJeff Bezos\nin\nBellevue, Washington\n,\n[\n6\n]\nthe company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as \"The Everything Store\".\n[\n7\n]\nAmazon has been described as a\nBig Tech\ncompany.\n[\n8\n]\nIt is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping\nretailer\nand\nmarketplace\n, best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells\nbooks\n,\nelectronics\n,\npharmacy\n,\ncar parts\n,\nvideo games\n,\ndining\n,\njewelry\n,\nfood\n,\nmusic\n, and\nsports equipment\n.\n[\n9\n]\nThe company has multiple subsidiaries, including\nAmazon Web Services\n(AWS), providing cloud computing;\nZoox\n, a\nself-driving car\ndivision;\nKuiper Systems\n, a satellite Internet provider; and\nAmazon Lab126\n, a computer hardware\nR&D\nprovider. Other subsidiaries include\nRing\n,\nTwitch\n,\nIMDb\n, and\nWhole Foods Market\n. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for\nUS$\n13.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a\nphysical retailer\n.\n[\n10\n]\nAmazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its\nAmazon Prime Video\n,\nMGM+\n,\nAmazon Music\n, Twitch,\nAudible\nand\nWondery\n[\n11\n]\nunits. It publishes books through its publishing arm,\nAmazon Publishing\n, produces and distributes film and television content through\nAmazon MGM Studios\n, including the\nMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer\nstudio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute\naudiobooks\n, respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably,\nKindle\ne-readers,\nEcho\ndevices,\nFire\ntablets, and\nFire\nTVs.\nAmazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.\n[\n12\n]\n[\n13\n]\n[\n14\n]\n[\n15\n]\nAs of 2023\n, it is the world's largest\nonline retailer\nand\nmarketplace\n,\nsmart speaker\nprovider, cloud computing service through AWS,\n[\n16\n]\nlive-streaming\nservice through Twitch, and\nInternet company\nas measured by revenue and market share.\n[\n17\n]\nIn 2021, it surpassed\nWalmart\nas the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan,\nAmazon Prime\n, which has 200 million subscribers worldwide.\n[\n18\n]\n[\n19\n]\nIt is the\nsecond-largest private employer in the United States\n[\n20\n]\nand the\nsecond-largest company in the world\nand\nin the U.S.\nby revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).\n[\n21\n]\nAs of October 2024, Amazon is the\n12th-most visited website in the world\nand 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.\n[\n22\n]\n[\n23\n]\nAmazon has been criticized\nfor its business practices, including\nsurveillance\npartnerships, poor worker conditions,\nanti-union\nefforts,\nenvironmental harm\n,\nanti-competitive behavior\n,\ncensorship\ncontroversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers.\nHistory\n1994–2009\nJeff Bezos's home in\nBellevue, Washington\n, where the company was founded in 1994\nOn July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as \"Cadabra\" by\nJeff Bezos\n, after he relocated from\nNew York City\nto\nBellevue, Washington\n, near\nSeattle\n, to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from\nMicrosoft\nand the\nUniversity of Washington\n, as well as its smaller population for\nsales tax\npurposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in\nRoseburg, Oregon\n. Other options Bezos considered included\nPortland, Oregon\n, and\nBoulder, Colorado\n.\n[\n24\n]\nA few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.\n[\n25\n]\nOn July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.\n[\n24\n]\n[\n26\n]\nBezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.\n[\n27\n]\nIn May 1997, Amazon went\npublic\n.\n[\n28\n]\n[\n29\n]\nIn 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.\n[\n28\n]\n[\n29\n]\nIn 2002, the company launched\nAmazon Web Services\n(AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build\nweb applications\non top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.\n[\n30\n]\n[\n31\n]\nIn 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.\n[\n32\n]\nAWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with\nSimple Storage Service\n(S3) in 2006,\n[\n33\n]\nand\nElastic Compute Cloud\n(EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.\n[\n34\n]\nIn 2006, Amazon launched the\nFulfillment by Amazon\nprogram, which allowed individuals and small companies (called \"third-party sellers\") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.\n[\n35\n]\n2010–present\nAmazon purchased the\nWhole Foods Market\nsupermarket chain in 2017.\n[\n36\n]\nIt is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US$178 billion\nnet sales\nin 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.\n[\n37\n]\nAmazon saw large growth during the\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n, hiring more than 100,000 staff in the\nUnited States\nand\nCanada\n.\n[\n38\n]\nSome Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to \"run normal shifts\" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.\n[\n39\n]\n[\n40\n]\nIn Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,\n[\n41\n]\nwhile a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.\n[\n42\n]\nOn February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS\nAndy Jassy\nreplacing him as CEO.\n[\n43\n]\n[\n44\n]\nIn January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.\n[\n45\n]\nOn November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for\nJeff Bezos\nto sell approximately 50 million\nshares\nof the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about $2 billion.\n[\n46\n]\nOn February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the\nDow Jones Industrial Average\n.\n[\n47\n]\nOn December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the\nInternational Brotherhood of Teamsters\nlabor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.\n[\n48\n]\n[\n49\n]\nOn October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.\n[\n50\n]\nAs part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.\n[\n51\n]\nIn January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce\nbureaucracy\n, and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of\nartificial intelligence\ntechnologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.\n[\n52\n]\n[\n53\n]\n[\n54\n]\nIn January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested $475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.\n[\n55\n]\nIn January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to $50 billion.\n[\n56\n]\nAmazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.\n[\n57\n]\nIn January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to\nAI\n.\n[\n58\n]\nIn February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest $12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.\n[\n59\n]\nAccording to an analysis by\nBridgewater Associates\n, Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about $650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.\n[\n60\n]\nIn March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.\n[\n61\n]\nProducts and services\nAmazon.com\namazon.com\nLogo since November 2024\nScreenshot\nHomepage\nType of site\nE-commerce\nAvailable in\nArabic\nChinese\nDutch\nEnglish\nFrench\nGerman\nHindi\nItalian\nJapanese\nPolish\nPortuguese\nSpanish\nSwedish\nTurkish\nOwner\nAmazon\nURL\namazon\n.com\n(original US site)\nCommercial\nYes\nRegistration\nOptional\nLaunched\n1995\n; 31 years ago\nCurrent status\nActive\nWritten in\nC++\nand\nJava\n[\n62\n]\nAmazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media (\nbooks\n, movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products,\nconsumer electronics\n,\nbeauty products\n, gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items,\njewelry\n, watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments,\nsporting goods\n, tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm\nsupplies\n[\n63\n]\nand\nconsulting services\n.\n[\n64\n]\nAmazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.\n[\n65\n]\nVisits to\namazon.com\ngrew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,\n[\n66\n]\nto more than 2 billion per month in 2022.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nThe e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.\n[\n23\n]\nIn February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, \"Rufus\" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.\n[\n67\n]\n\"Rufus\" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.\n[\n68\n]\nResults generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.\n[\n69\n]\nThe company's\nlocalized\nstorefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by\ntop-level domain\nand\ncountry code\n:\nAmazon Marketplaces worldwide\n \n Top-Level Domain\n \n Served by neighboring Domain\nSales by country (2023)\n[\n70\n]\nCountry\nshare\nUnited States\n69.3%\nGermany\n6.5%\nUnited Kingdom\n5.8%\nJapan\n4.8%\nOther\n13.6%\nRegion\nCountry\nDomain name\nSince\nLanguages\nNotes\nAfrica\nEgypt\namazon\n.eg\nSeptember 2021\nArabic, English\nFormerly known as\nSouq.com\nEgypt\nSouth Africa\namazon.co\n.za\nMay 2024\nEnglish\nAmericas\nBrazil\namazon.com\n.br\nDecember 2012\nPortuguese\nCanada\namazon\n.ca\nJune 2002\nEnglish, French\nMexico\namazon.com\n.mx\nAugust 2013\nSpanish\nUnited States\namazon\n.com\nJuly 1995\nEnglish, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional)\nInternational customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the\nKindle Store\non Amazon US.\n[\n71\n]\nAsia\nChina\namazon\n.cn\nSeptember 2004\nChinese (Simplified)\nFormerly known as\nJoyo.com\nCHN\nIndia\namazon\n.in\nJune 2013\nEnglish, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi\nJapan\namazon.co\n.jp\nNovember 2000\nJapanese, English, Chinese (Simplified)\nSaudi Arabia\namazon\n.sa\nJune 2020\nArabic, English\nFormerly known as\nSouq.com\nKSA\nSingapore\namazon\n.sg\nJuly 2017\nEnglish\nTurkey\namazon.com\n.tr\nSeptember 2018\nTurkish\nUnited Arab Emirates\namazon\n.ae\nMay 2019\nArabic, English\nFormerly known as\nSouq.com\nUAE\nEurope\nBelgium\namazon.com\n.be\nOctober 2022\nDutch, French, English\nFrance\namazon\n.fr\nAugust 2000\nFrench, English\nGermany\namazon\n.de\nOctober 1998\nGerman, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish\nAlso serves Austria,\n[\n72\n]\nDenmark\n[\n73\n]\nand Switzerland\n[\n74\n]\nIreland\namazon\n.ie\nMarch 2025\nEnglish\nItaly\namazon\n.it\nNovember 2010\nItalian, English\nNetherlands\namazon\n.nl\nNovember 2014\nDutch, English\nInitially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020\n[\n75\n]\nPoland\namazon\n.pl\nMarch 2021\nPolish\nSpain\namazon\n.es\nSeptember 2011\nSpanish, Portuguese, English\nAlso serves Portugal\n[\n76\n]\nSweden\namazon\n.se\nOctober 2020\nSwedish, English\nUnited Kingdom\namazon.co\n.uk\nOctober 1998\nEnglish\nOceania\nAustralia\namazon.com\n.au\nNovember 2017\nEnglish\nAlso serves New Zealand\n[\n77\n]\nMerchant partnerships\nIn 2000, US toy retailer\nToys \"R\" Us\nentered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys \"R\" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys \"R\" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys \"R\" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys \"R\" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys \"R\" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.\n[\n78\n]\n[\n79\n]\n[\n80\n]\nIn 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with\nBorders\n, under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.\n[\n81\n]\nBorders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.\n[\n82\n]\nOn October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with\nDC Comics\nfor the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including\nSuperman\n,\nBatman\n,\nGreen Lantern\n,\nSandman\n, and\nWatchmen\n. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like\nBarnes & Noble\nto remove these titles from their shelves.\n[\n83\n]\nIn November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the\nUnited States Postal Service\nto begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of\nGreater Los Angeles\nand\nNew York\nbecause of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into\nDallas\n,\nHouston\n,\nNew Orleans\nand\nPhoenix\nby 2014.\n[\n84\n]\nIn June 2017,\nNike\nagreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.\n[\n85\n]\n[\n86\n]\nThis proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.\n[\n86\n]\n[\n87\n]\nCompanies including\nIKEA\nand\nBirkenstock\nalso stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.\n[\n88\n]\nIn September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$104.44 million (\n₹\n759\ncrore\n) in financial year 2017–2018.\n[\n89\n]\nAs of October 11, 2017\n,\nAmazon Fresh\nsold a range of\nBooths\nbranded products for home delivery in selected areas.\n[\n90\n]\nIn November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with\nApple Inc.\nto sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.\n[\n91\n]\n[\n92\n]\nOn November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup\nAnthropic\n, following its initial $4 billion investment.\n[\n93\n]\nOn 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.\n[\n94\n]\nPrivate-label products\nAmazon Basics USB cable\nAmazon sells many products under its\nown brand names\n, including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.\n[\n95\n]\nOther Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.\n[\n96\n]\nThird-party sellers\nAmazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.\n[\n97\n]\nSome other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.\n[\n98\n]\nAffiliate program\nPublishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has \"over 900,000 members\" in its affiliate programs.\n[\n99\n]\nIn the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after\nGoogle Ads\n.\n[\n100\n]\nIt is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.\n[\n101\n]\nAssociates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the\nAmazon Web Services\n(AWS)\nXML\nservice. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.\n[\n102\n]\nProduct reviews\nAmazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a\nrating scale\nfrom one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: \"...\nthe comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used\n.\" The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough \"helpful\" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.\n[\n103\n]\nWhen publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was \"taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose\".\n[\n104\n]\nThere have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by\npublic relations\ncompanies on behalf of their clients\n[\n105\n]\nand instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.\nAmazon sales rank\nThe Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a \"best sellers list\" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.\n[\n106\n]\nWhile the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.\n[\n106\n]\nProducts that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of \"movers and shakers\"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.\n[\n107\n]\nFor competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release\npoint of sale\ndata via the\nBookScan\nservice to verified authors.\n[\n108\n]\nWhile the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,\n[\n109\n]\nthough Amazon states:\nPlease keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources\n— Amazon.com Help\n[\n110\n]\nPhysical stores\nAmazon Fresh\nstore in\nSevenoaks\n,\nUnited Kingdom\nIn November 2015, Amazon opened a physical\nAmazon Books\nstore in\nUniversity Village\nin\nSeattle\n. The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.\n[\n111\n]\nAmazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;\n[\n112\n]\nmedia speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.\n[\n111\n]\nAll of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the \"Amazon 4-Star\" brand.\n[\n113\n]\nIn July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in\nPalmer Township\nin the\nLehigh Valley\nregion of eastern\nPennsylvania\n. As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.\n[\n114\n]\n[\n115\n]\nIn August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in\nSan Francisco\n, as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.\n[\n116\n]\nIn 2020,\nAmazon Fresh\nopened several physical stores in the US and the\nUnited Kingdom\n.\n[\n117\n]\nIn January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.\n[\n118\n]\nHardware and services\nAmazon Fire\ntablet\nAmazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant\nAlexa\n,\nAmazon Music\n, and\nPrime Video\nfor music and videos respectively, the\nAmazon Appstore\nfor Android apps, the\nKindle\nline of\nelectronic paper\ne-readers,\nFire\nand\nFire HD\ncolor\nLCD\ntablets.\nAudible\nprovides audiobooks for purchase and listening.\nIn September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of\nAstro\n, its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.\n[\n119\n]\nIn January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S.\nAmazon Prime\nmembers to pay a $5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as\nMedicare\nand\nMedicaid\nwill not be able to sign up for RXPass.\n[\n120\n]\nSubsidiaries\nAmazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including\nAmazon Web Services\n,\nAudible\n,\nDiapers.com\n,\nGoodreads\n,\nIMDb\n, Kiva Systems (now\nAmazon Robotics\n),\nOne Medical\n,\nShopbop\n, Teachstreet,\nTwitch\n,\nZappos\n, and\nZoox\n.\n[\n121\n]\nBezos separately owns\nThe Washington Post\n(through Nash Holdings, LLC),\nBlue Origin\n,\nBezos Expeditions\n,\nAltos Labs\n, and other companies.\nAmazon Live\nAmazon Inspire\nType of site\nOnline video platform\nHeadquarters\n98109, WA\nSeattle\n, Washington,\nUnited States\nOwner\nAmazon Inc.\nIndustry\nE-commerce\nLive streaming\nParent\nAmazon Inc.\nLaunched\n2019\n; 7 years ago\nAmazon Live\nis an American video\ne-commerce\nlive-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.\n[\n122\n]\nUsers (mainly celebrities or\nInternet influencers\n) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.\n[\n122\n]\nIn 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and\napplication\n. In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into\nAmazon Freevee\nand\nAmazon Prime Video\n.\n[\n123\n]\nAmazon Web Services\nAmazon Web Services\n,\nHOU-14\nAmazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides\non-demand\ncloud computing\nplatforms\nand\nAPIs\nto individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing\nweb services\nprovide\ndistributed computing\nprocessing capacity and software tools via AWS\nserver farms\n. As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors\nMicrosoft Azure\nand\nGoogle Cloud\nhave 21%, and 10% respectively, according to\nSynergy Group\n.\n[\n124\n]\nAudible\nAudible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital\naudiobooks\n,\nradio\nand\ntelevision programs\n, and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.\n[\n125\n]\nGoodreads\nGoodreads\nis a \"\nsocial cataloging\n\" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.\n[\n126\n]\nRing\nRing is a\nhome automation\ncompany founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its\nWi-Fi\npowered\nsmart doorbells\n, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1 billion in 2018.\n[\n127\n]\nTwitch\nTwitch\nat the\nElectronic Entertainment Expo\nTwitch\nis a\nlive streaming\nplatform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for $970 million.\n[\n128\n]\nThe site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major\nesports\ncompetitions on the service, leading\nGameSpot\nsenior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as \"the\nESPN\nof esports\".\n[\n129\n]\nAs of 2015\n, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.\n[\n130\n]\nWhole Foods Market\nWhole Foods Market\nstore in\nAnn Arbor, Michigan\nWhole Foods Market\nis an American\nsupermarket\nchain\nexclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.\n[\n131\n]\nAmazon acquired Whole Foods for $13.7 billion in August 2017.\n[\n132\n]\n[\n133\n]\n[\n10\n]\nSince acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of\nFresh\nsupermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations.\nOther\nOther Amazon subsidiaries include:\nA9.com\n, a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.\n[\n134\n]\nAmazon Academy\n, formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021\nAmazon Maritime\n, Inc. holds a\nFederal Maritime Commission\nlicense to operate as a\nnon-vessel-owning common carrier\n(NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.\n[\n135\n]\nAmazon Pharmacy\nis an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.\n[\n136\n]\nAnnapurna Labs\n, an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M acquired by\nAmazon Web Services\nin January 2015 .\n[\n137\n]\n[\n138\n]\n[\n139\n]\nBeijing Century Joyo Courier Services\n, which applied for a\nfreight forwarding\nlicense with the\nUS Maritime Commission\n. Amazon is also building out its logistics in\ntrucking\nand\nair freight\nto potentially compete with\nUPS\nand\nFedEx\n.\n[\n140\n]\n[\n141\n]\nBrilliance Audio\n, an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in\nGrand Haven, Michigan\n.\n[\n142\n]\nThe company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.\n[\n142\n]\nThe company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.\n[\n143\n]\n[\n144\n]\nAt the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.\n[\n144\n]\nIt operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.\n[\n145\n]\nThe technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.\n[\n145\n]\nIt has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.\n[\n145\n]\nComiXology\n, a\ncloud\n-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013\n. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.\n[\n146\n]\nCreateSpace\n, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.\n[\n147\n]\n[\n148\n]\neero\n, an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking\nWi-Fi\nfounded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.\n[\n149\n]\nEero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US$97 million.\n[\n150\n]\nEero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.\n[\n151\n]\nHealth Navigator\nis a startup developing\nAPIs\nfor online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of\nPillPack\nfor under $1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.\n[\n152\n]\nJunglee\n, a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.\n[\n153\n]\nAmazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012\n[\n154\n]\nas a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.\n[\n155\n]\nKuiper Systems\n, a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a\nbroadband\nsatellite internet constellation\nwith an announced 3,236\nLow Earth orbit\nsatellites\nto provide satellite based Internet connectivity.\n[\n156\n]\n[\n157\n]\n[\n158\n]\nLab126\n, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the\nKindle\n, became a subsidiary in 2004.\n[\n159\n]\nShelfari\n, a former\nsocial cataloging\nwebsite for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review,\ntag\nand discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.\n[\n126\n]\nShelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with\nGoodreads\nand closing down Shelfari.\n[\n160\n]\n[\n161\n]\nSouq\n, the former largest\ne-commerce\nplatform in the\nArab world\n. The company launched in 2005 in\nDubai\n,\nUnited Arab Emirates\nand served multiple areas across the Middle East.\n[\n162\n]\nOn March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for $580 million.\n[\n163\n]\nThe company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.\n[\n164\n]\nZoox\n, Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.\n[\n165\n]\nAmazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four\nsmall nuclear reactors\nat the\nXe-100 reactor site\nin Eastern\nWashington\n, and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in\nAlberta\n.\n[\n166\n]\nOperations\nLogistics\nAmazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station\nAmazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in\nFlorida\nAmazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:\nAmazon Air\n, a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.\nAmazon Flex, a\nsmartphone app\nthat enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours\nPrime Now\n, same or next day\nAmazon Fresh\ngroceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.\n[\n167\n]\nAmazon Freight\n, a\nfreight brokerage\nand logistics service\n[\n168\n]\nAmazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls \"Delivery Service Partners\") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.\n[\n169\n]\nAmazon Prime Air\nis an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities.\nAmazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed \"Amazon Hub Locker+\" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.\n[\n170\n]\nRakuten Intelligence\nestimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the\nUnited States Postal Service\n(mostly in rural areas), and 14% by\nUPS\n.\n[\n171\n]\nIn April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the\nCOVID-19 pandemic in the United States\n).\n[\n172\n]\nSupply chain\nAmazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and\nNew Castle, Delaware\n. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.\n[\n173\n]\n[\n174\n]\nEmployees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by\nAmazon Robotics\n.\n[\n175\n]\nIn September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.\n[\n35\n]\nAmazon.fr fulfillment center in\nLauwin-Planque\n,\nFrance\nAmazon.es fulfillment center in\nSan Fernando de Henares\n,\nSpain\nAmazon.co.uk fulfillment center in\nGlenrothes\n,\nScotland\n,\nUK\nAmazon.de fulfillment center in\nGraben\n,\nGermany\nAmazon.co.jp fulfillment center in\nIchikawa\n,\nJapan\nAmazon.co fulfillment center in\nBaltimore\n, Maryland,\nUS\nfeaturing\nAmazon Robotics\nCorporate affairs\nBoard of directors\nAmazon founder\nJeff Bezos\nin 2019\nAs of August 2025\n, Amazon's board of directors were:\n[\n176\n]\nJeff Bezos\n, executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.\nAndy Jassy\n, president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.\nKeith B. Alexander\n, CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former\nNSA director\nEdith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of\nGoldman Sachs\nJamie Gorelick\n, partner,\nWilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr\nDaniel Huttenlocher\n,\ndean\nof the\nMIT Schwarzman College of Computing\n.\nAndrew Ng\n, co-founder,\nCoursera\nIndra Nooyi\n, former CEO,\nPepsiCo\nJon Rubinstein\n, former chairman and CEO,\nPalm, Inc.\nBrad D. Smith\n, president,\nMarshall University\nPatty Stonesifer\n, president and CEO,\nMartha's Table\nWendell Weeks\n, chairman, president and CEO,\nCorning Inc.\nOwnership\nThe 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:\n[\n70\n]\nShareholder name\nPercentage\nJeff Bezos\n9.04%\nThe Vanguard Group\n7.96%\nBlackRock\n4.93%\nState Street Corporation\n3.5%\nFidelity Investments\n3.22%\nGeode Capital Management\n2.03%\nJP Morgan Investment Management\n1.81%\nEaton Vance\n1.5%\nT. Rowe Price\n1.48%\nBlackRock Life Ltd.\n1.45%\nOthers\n63.04%\nFinances\nSales by business (2023)\n[\n70\n]\nBusiness\nshare\nOnline Stores\n40.3%\nThird-party Seller Services\n24.4%\nAmazon Web Services\n15.8%\nAdvertising\n8.2%\nSubscription Services\n7.0%\nPhysical Stores\n3.5%\nOther\n0.9%\nAmazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.\n[\n177\n]\nAs of 2018\n, Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the\nFortune 500\nrankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.\n[\n178\n]\nIn\nForbes Global 2000\n2023 Amazon ranked 36th.\n[\n179\n]\nFor the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nAmazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.\n[\n180\n]\nYear\nRevenue\n[\n181\n]\nNet income\nTotal Assets\nEmployees\nin million US$\n1995\n[\n182\n]\n0.5\n−0.3\n1.1\n1996\n[\n182\n]\n16\n−6\n8\n1997\n[\n182\n]\n148\n−28\n149\n614\n1998\n[\n183\n]\n610\n−124\n648\n2,100\n1999\n[\n183\n]\n1,639\n−720\n2,466\n7,600\n2000\n[\n183\n]\n2,761\n−1,411\n2,135\n9,000\n2001\n[\n183\n]\n3,122\n−567\n1,638\n7,800\n2002\n[\n183\n]\n3,932\n−149\n1,990\n7,500\n2003\n[\n184\n]\n5,263\n35\n2,162\n7,800\n2004\n[\n184\n]\n6,921\n588\n3,248\n9,000\n2005\n[\n184\n]\n8,490\n359\n3,696\n12,000\n2006\n[\n184\n]\n10,711\n190\n4,363\n13,900\n2007\n[\n184\n]\n14,835\n476\n6,485\n17,000\n2008\n[\n185\n]\n19,166\n645\n8,314\n20,700\n2009\n[\n186\n]\n24,509\n902\n13,813\n24,300\n2010\n[\n187\n]\n34,204\n1,152\n18,797\n33,700\n2011\n[\n188\n]\n48,077\n631\n25,278\n56,200\n2012\n[\n189\n]\n61,093\n−39\n32,555\n88,400\n2013\n[\n190\n]\n74,452\n274\n40,159\n117,300\n2014\n[\n191\n]\n88,988\n−241\n54,505\n154,100\nin billion US$\n2015\n[\n192\n]\n107.0\n0.59\n64.7\n230,800\n2016\n[\n193\n]\n135.9\n2.3\n83.4\n341,400\n2017\n[\n194\n]\n177.8\n3.0\n131.3\n566,000\n2018\n[\n195\n]\n232.8\n10.0\n162.6\n647,500\n2019\n[\n196\n]\n280.5\n11.5\n225.2\n798,000\n2020\n[\n197\n]\n386.0\n21.3\n321.1\n1,298,000\n2021\n[\n198\n]\n469.8\n33.3\n420.5\n1,608,000\n2022\n[\n198\n]\n513.9\n−2.7\n462.6\n1,541,000\n2023\n[\n199\n]\n574.7\n30.4\n527.8\n1,525,000\n2024\n[\n1\n]\n637.9\n59.2\n624.8\n1,556,000\n2025\n[\n200\n]\n716.9\n77.7\n818.0\n1,576,000\nCorporate culture\nDuring his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of\nWarren Buffett\n.\n[\n201\n]\nThese annual letters gave an \"invaluable window\" into the famously \"secretive\" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.\n[\n201\n]\n[\n202\n]\nA common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, \"customer obsession\") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.\n[\n203\n]\nOne of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for \"all teams\" to \"expose their data and functionality\" through service interfaces \"designed from the ground up to be externalizable\". This process, commonly known as a\nservice-oriented architecture\n(SOA), resulted in mandatory\ndogfooding\nof services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.\n[\ncitation needed\n]\nAmazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award\n[\n204\n]\n[\n205\n]\n[\n206\n]\nto encourage employee initiative and experimentation.\nLobbying\nAmazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and\ndata protection\nand intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the\nUnited States Congress\n, the\nFederal Communications Commission\nand the\nFederal Reserve\n. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.\n[\n207\n]\nIn 2019, it spent $16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.\n[\n208\n]\nAmazon.com was a corporate member of the\nAmerican Legislative Exchange Council\n(ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.\n[\n209\n]\nIn 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the\nFederal Aviation Administration\nto approve its drone delivery program, hiring the\nAkin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld\nlobbying firm in June.\n[\n210\n]\nAmazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.\n[\n211\n]\nIn September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.\n[\n212\n]\nDuring the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated $1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.\n[\n213\n]\nIn April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the\nWhite House Easter Egg Roll\n, after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.\n[\n214\n]\n[\n215\n]\nIn October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the\nWhite House State Ballroom\n.\n[\n216\n]\nAmazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.\n[\n217\n]\n[\n218\n]\nAmazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.\n[\n219\n]\nA December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.\n[\n220\n]\n[\n221\n]\nCriticism\nA sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle\nAmazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;\n[\n222\n]\nforming cloud computing partnerships with the\nCIA\n;\n[\n223\n]\nleading customers away from bookshops;\n[\n224\n]\nadversely impacting the environment;\n[\n225\n]\nplacing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;\n[\n226\n]\n[\n227\n]\nactively opposing unionization efforts;\n[\n228\n]\nremotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its\n1-Click\ntechnology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and\nprice discrimination\n;\n[\n229\n]\n[\n230\n]\nand reclassifying\nLGBTQ\nbooks as adult content.\n[\n231\n]\n[\n232\n]\nCriticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the\nWikiLeaks\nwebsite, works containing\nlibel\n, anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating\ndog fighting\n,\ncockfighting\n, or\npedophile\nactivities. An article published by\nTime\nin the wake of social media website\nParler\n's termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.\n[\n233\n]\nIn December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.\n[\n234\n]\nCompanies like\nGroupon\n,\neBay\nand Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.\n[\n235\n]\n[\n236\n]\nThe company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to\nBrad Stone\n, \"that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle.\"\n[\n69\n]\nIn July 2014, the\nFederal Trade Commission\nlaunched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.\n[\n237\n]\nIn 2019, Amazon banned selling\nskin-lightening\nproducts after pushback from\nMinnesota\nhealth and\nenvironmental activists.\n[\n238\n]\nIn 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general\nLetitia James\nwas dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.\n[\n239\n]\nAfter the\nCOVID-19 pandemic\n, Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the\nBiden Administration\n, to \"reduce the visibility\" of books critical of the\nCOVID-19 vaccine\n,\n[\n240\n]\n[\n241\n]\nwhich was revealed after Rep.\nJim Jordan\n(acting on behalf of the\nHouse Judiciary Committee\n) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.\n[\n242\n]\nAn Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C.\nAmazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically\ndouble parking\n, blocking\nbike lanes\n, and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to\ntraffic congestion\nand endangering other road users.\n[\n243\n]\n[\n244\n]\n[\n245\n]\n[\n246\n]\nJane Friedman\n[\n247\n]\ndiscovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and\nGoodreads\n. Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled \"I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires).\"\n[\n248\n]\n[\n249\n]\n[\n250\n]\n[\n251\n]\nIn 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of\nRing\n(a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.\n[\n252\n]\nIt received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the\nElectronic Frontier Foundation\nfor this change.\n[\n252\n]\nIn February 2025,\nSky\naccused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via \"jailbroken\" Fire Sticks.\n[\n253\n]\nProject Nimbus\nis a contract by which Amazon and Google provide\nIsrael\nand\nits military\nwith artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.\n[\n254\n]\n[\n255\n]\nThe contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of\nPalestinian\nhuman rights in the\nIsraeli–Palestinian conflict\n.\n[\n256\n]\nIn October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.\n[\n257\n]\n[\n258\n]\nOn July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire\nSan Francisco\n-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern\nsmartwatches\n, equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24\/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.\n[\n259\n]\nIn January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a \"Project Dawn\" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.\n[\n260\n]\nSee also\nAmazon Breakthrough Novel Award\n – Literary award\nAmazon Pay\n – Online purchase processing system\nAmazon Standard Identification Number\n(\nASIN\n) – Alphanumeric unique identifier\nAmazon Storywriter\n – Cloud-based screenwriting app by Amazon\nCamelcamelcamel\n– A website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com\nHistory of Amazon\nInternal carbon pricing\nList of book distributors\nStatistically improbable phrases\n– Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books\nReferences\n^\n,\nAM\n-ə-zon\n;\n,\nAM\n-ə-zən\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"Amazon.com, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K Annual Report\"\n.\nUS Securities and Exchange Commission\n. February 7, 2025.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 7, 2025\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 7,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"California Secretary of State Business Search\"\n.\nSecretary of State of California\n. 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Here's how the e-commerce giant got its name\"\n.\nBusiness Insider\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on June 11, 2021\n. Retrieved\nAugust 16,\n2025\n.\n^\na\nb\nAnders, George; Tessler, Joelle (June 8, 1999).\n\"Amazon.com Steps Into World Of Online, Downloadable Music\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nISSN\n \n0099-9660\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 27, 2022\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 27,\n2022\n.\n^\na\nb\nAnders, George (July 13, 1999).\n\"Amazon.com Unveils Plans to Open Two More 'Stores' on Its Web Site\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nISSN\n \n0099-9660\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 27, 2022\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 27,\n2022\n.\n^\n\"Amazon.com Launches Web Services; Developers Can Now Incorporate Amazon.com Content and Features into Their Own Web Sites; Extends\nWelcome Mat\nfor Developers\"\n(Press release). Amazon.com Press Center. July 16, 2002.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 27, 2022\n. 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May 15, 2017.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 17, 2016\n. Retrieved\nMarch 17,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Frequently Asked Questions about Amazon.com\"\n. Amazon.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 25, 2013\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 6,\n2012\n.\n^\na\nb\nBensinger, Greg (February 2, 2016).\n\"Amazon Plans Hundreds of Brick-and-Mortar Bookstores, Mall CEO Says\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nISSN\n \n0099-9660\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 12, 2019\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\nRey, Jason Del (March 8, 2017).\n\"Amazon just confirmed its tenth bookstore, signaling this is way more than an experiment\"\n.\nRecode\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 23, 2017\n. Retrieved\nMay 12,\n2017\n.\n^\nRosenblatt, Lauren (March 2, 2022).\n\"Turning the page on a bookstore push launched in Seattle, Amazon ditches dozens of brick-and-mortar shops\"\n.\nThe Seattle Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 22, 2024\n. Retrieved\nMarch 21,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Amazon opening new Lehigh Valley facility, creating over 500 new jobs\"\nArchived\nFebruary 17, 2024, at the\nWayback Machine\n, Lehigh Valley Economic Development\n^\n\"Lehigh Valley's Largest Private-Sector Employers\"\nArchived\nDecember 29, 2023, at the\nWayback Machine\n, Lehigh Valley Economic Development\n^\nLeskin, Paige.\n\"Amazon is looking to open a brick-and-mortar liquor store in San Francisco\"\n.\nBusiness Insider\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 29, 2019\n. Retrieved\nAugust 29,\n2019\n.\n^\nSoper, Taylor (August 27, 2020).\n\"Amazon opens first Fresh grocery store, debuts high-tech shopping cart in retail expansion\"\n.\nGeekWire\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 17, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 28,\n2022\n.\n^\nAvila, Kate King, Sean McLain and Joseph De (January 27, 2026).\n\"Amazon to Shut Down All Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh Stores\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 27, 2026\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 27,\n2026\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (\nlink\n)\n^\nMolloy, David (September 28, 2021).\n\"Amazon announces Astro the home robot\"\n. BBC News.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 29, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 29,\n2021\n.\n^\nMeyersohn, Nathaniel (January 24, 2023).\n\"Amazon launches $5-a-month unlimited prescription plan\"\n. CNN.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 9, 2023\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 26,\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Amazon Jobs – Work for a Subsidiary\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non August 1, 2014\n. Retrieved\nOctober 27,\n2014\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Amazon Live\"\n. Amazon.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 19, 2024\n. Retrieved\nApril 20,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Amazon Live introduces an interactive and shoppable channel on Prime Video and Amazon Freevee\"\n.\naboutamazon.com\n. Amazon Staff. April 16, 2024.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 20, 2024\n. Retrieved\nApril 20,\n2024\n.\n^\nPanettieri, Joe (August 3, 2020).\n\"Cloud Market Share 2020: Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google, IBM\"\n.\nChannelE2E\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 10, 2021\n. Retrieved\nOctober 12,\n2020\n.\n^\nSayer, Peter (January 31, 2008).\n\"Amazon buys Audible for US$300 million\"\n.\nPC World\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on May 30, 2017\n. Retrieved\nAugust 24,\n2017\n.\n^\na\nb\nKaufman, Leslie (March 28, 2013).\n\"Amazon to Buy Social Site Dedicated to Sharing Books\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 29, 2013\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\nMontag, Ali (February 27, 2018).\n\"Amazon buys Ring, a former 'Shark Tank' reject\"\n. CNBC.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 12, 2019\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\nWelch, Chris (August 25, 2014).\n\"Amazon, not Google, is buying Twitch for $970 million\"\n.\nThe Verge\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 19, 2016\n. Retrieved\nAugust 8,\n2017\n.\n^\nPopper, Ben (September 30, 2013).\n\"Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport\"\n.\nThe Verge\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 8, 2017\n. Retrieved\nAugust 8,\n2017\n.\n^\nNeedleman, Sarah E. (January 29, 2015).\n\"Twitch's Viewers Reach 100 Million a Month\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 9, 2017\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Quality Standards\"\n. Whole Foods Market.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 21, 2017\n. Retrieved\nNovember 4,\n2017\n.\n^\nKelleher, Kevin (August 28, 2017).\n\"Amazon closes Whole Foods acquisition. Here's what's next\"\n.\nVentureBeat\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 19, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 13,\n2021\n.\n^\nThomas, Lauren (August 24, 2017).\n\"Amazon says Whole Foods deal will close Monday, with discounts to begin then\"\n.\nCNBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 13, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 13,\n2021\n.\n^\nMcCracken, Harry (September 29, 2006).\n\"Amazon's A9 Search as We Knew It: Dead!\"\n.\nPC World\n. Archived from\nthe original\non July 16, 2011\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 6,\n2012\n.\n^\nSteele, B.,\nAmazon is now managing its own ocean freight\nArchived\nJanuary 29, 2017, at the\nWayback Machine\n,\nengadget.com\n, January 27, 2017, accessed January 29, 2017\n^\nHarry Dempsey (November 17, 2020).\n\"Amazon launches online pharmacy in challenge to traditional retailers\"\n.\nFinancial Times\n. Archived from\nthe original\non December 10, 2022\n. Retrieved\nNovember 17,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Amazon to buy Israeli start-up Annapurna Labs\"\n. Reuters. January 22, 2015.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 15, 2015\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 24,\n2015\n.\n^\nWhitwam, Ryan (January 23, 2015).\n\"Amazon buys secretive chip maker Annapurna Labs for $350 million\"\n.\nExtremeTech\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 14, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 24,\n2015\n.\n^\nHirschauge, Orr (January 22, 2015).\n\"Amazon to Acquire Israeli Chip Maker Annapurna Labs\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nISSN\n \n0099-9660\n. Retrieved\nOctober 20,\n2020\n.\n^\nSchreiber, Zvi (January 29, 2016).\n\"Is Logistics About To Get Amazon'ed?\"\n.\nTechCrunch\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on June 22, 2017\n. Retrieved\nJune 25,\n2017\n.\n^\nDavid Z. Morris (January 14, 2016).\n\"Amazon China Has Its Ocean Shipping License – Fortune\"\n.\nFortune\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 5, 2016\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 30,\n2016\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Company Overview\"\n. Brilliance Audio. Archived from\nthe original\non February 9, 2014\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 14,\n2014\n.\n^\n\"amazon.com Acquires Brilliance Audio\"\n.\nTaume News\n. May 27, 2007. Archived from\nthe original\non July 4, 2007\n. Retrieved\nMay 28,\n2007\n.\n^\na\nb\nStaci D. Kramer (May 23, 2007).\n\"Amazon Acquires Audiobook Indie Brilliance Audio\"\n.\nGigaom\n. Archived from\nthe original\non February 22, 2014\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 14,\n2014\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nVirgil L. P. Blake (1990). \"Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries\".\nInformation Literacies for the Twenty-First Century\n. G. K. Hall & Co. pp. \n203–\n218.\n^\nStone, Brad (April 11, 2014).\n\"Amazon Buys ComiXology, Takes Over Digital Leadership\"\n.\nBloomberg BusinessWeek\n. Archived from\nthe original\non April 11, 2014.\n^\n\"Independent Publishing with CreateSpace\"\n.\nCreateSpace: An Amazon Company\n. Archived from\nthe original\non November 26, 2013\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 22,\n2017\n.\n^\n\"About CreateSpace : History\"\n.\nCreateSpace: An Amazon Company\n. Archived from\nthe original\non July 6, 2017\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 22,\n2017\n.\n^\nNovet, Jordan (February 11, 2019).\n\"Amazon is acquiring home Wi-Fi start-up Eero\"\n.\nCNBC Tech\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 6, 2022\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 6,\n2022\n.\n^\nKraus, Rachel (April 5, 2019).\n\"How Amazon's $97 million Eero acquisition screwed employees and minted millionaires\"\n.\nMashable\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 6, 2022\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 6,\n2022\n.\n^\nWhittaker, Zack (February 12, 2019).\n\"What Amazon's purchase of Eero means for your privacy\"\n.\nTechCrunch\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 6, 2022\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 6,\n2022\n.\n^\nShu, Catherine (October 24, 2019).\n\"Amazon acquires Health Navigator for Amazon Care, its pilot employee healthcare program\"\n.\nTech Crunch\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 31, 2019\n. Retrieved\nOctober 31,\n2019\n.\n^\nRajghatta, Chidanand.\n\"Junglee boys strike gold on the net\"\n.\nIndian Express\n. Archived from\nthe original\non December 17, 2013.\n^\n\"Amazon Launches Online Shopping Service In India\"\n. Reuters. February 2, 2012. Archived from\nthe original\non August 2, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJuly 5,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Amazon brings the curtains down on Junglee.com, finally\"\n.\nvccircle.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 4, 2018\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 1,\n2018\n.\n^\nSheetz, Michael (April 4, 2019).\n\"Amazon wants to launch thousands of satellites so it can offer broadband internet from space\"\n.\nCNBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 4, 2019\n. Retrieved\nApril 4,\n2019\n.\n^\nHenry, Caleb (April 4, 2019).\n\"Amazon planning 3,236-satellite constellation for internet connectivity\"\n.\nSpaceNews\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 5, 2022\n. Retrieved\nApril 5,\n2019\n.\n^\nBrodkin, Jon (July 8, 2019).\n\"Amazon plans nationwide broadband—with both home and mobile service\"\n.\nars Technica\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 8, 2019\n. Retrieved\nJuly 9,\n2019\n.\nKuiper is wholly owned by Amazon, and its president is Rajeev Badyal, a former SpaceX vice president who was reportedly fired because SpaceX CEO Elon Musk was unsatisfied with his company's satellite-broadband progress.\n^\nAvalos, George (September 19, 2012).\n\"Amazon research unit Lab 126 agrees to big lease that could bring Sunnyvale 2,600 new workers\"\n.\nThe Mercury News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 24, 2019\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Amazon Kills Shelfari\"\n.\nThe Reader's Room\n. January 13, 2016.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 22, 2019\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\nHoliday, J.D. (January 13, 2016).\n\"Shelfari Is Closing! BUT, You Can Merge Your Account with Goodreads!\"\n.\nThe Book Marketing Network\n. Archived from\nthe original\non February 6, 2016\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 20,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Amazon reaches deal to acquire Middle East e-commerce site Souq.com\"\n. CNBC. March 28, 2017.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 16, 2021\n. Retrieved\nOctober 16,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Document\"\n. Securities and Exchange Commission.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 25, 2018\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 3,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Amazon launches new Middle East marketplace, and rebrands Souq, the company it bought for $580 million in 2017\"\n. CNBC. April 30, 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 16, 2021\n. Retrieved\nOctober 16,\n2021\n.\n^\nGerut, Amanda.\n\"Amazon robotaxi service Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026, with 'laser focus' on transporting people, not deliveries, says cofounder\"\n.\nFortune\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 9, 2025\n. Retrieved\nDecember 9,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Amazon unveils plan for a major solar power project in southern Alberta\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on May 7, 2021\n. Retrieved\nMay 21,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Frequently asked questions about Amazon Flex\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 4, 2021\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2020\n.\n^\nKim, Eugene (April 30, 2019).\n\"Amazon Freight, 'Uber for trucking' service, running since last year\"\n.\nCNBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 24, 2025\n. Retrieved\nDecember 23,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Amazon Logistics \/ Frequently Asked Questions\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 4, 2021\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Find jobs by job category\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 29, 2020\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Prime Day, early holiday sales create new potential for USPS ballot delivery tie-ups\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 25, 2020\n. Retrieved\nDecember 31,\n2020\n.\n^\nPalmer, Annie (April 30, 2021).\n\"Amazon is spending big to take on UPS and FedEx\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 22, 2021\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 22,\n2021\n.\n^\nRoutley, Nick (September 8, 2018).\n\"Amazon's Massive Distribution Network in One Giant Visualization\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 7, 2019\n. Retrieved\nJuly 7,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"9 facts about Amazon's unprecedented warehouse empire\"\n. November 21, 2017. Archived from\nthe original\non July 7, 2019\n. Retrieved\nJuly 7,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Amazon announces 2 new ways it's using robots to assist employees and deliver for customers\"\n.\nUS About Amazon\n. October 18, 2023.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 22, 2023\n. Retrieved\nOctober 22,\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Officers & Directors\"\n. Amazon.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 13, 2025\n. Retrieved\nAugust 13,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"SWOT Analysis Amazon\"\n. Archived from\nthe original\non December 3, 2011\n. Retrieved\nDecember 17,\n2011\n.\n^\n\"Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List\"\n.\nFortune\n. Archived from\nthe original\non November 10, 2018\n. Retrieved\nNovember 9,\n2018\n.\n^\nMurphy, Andrea; Tucker, Hank, eds. (June 8, 2023).\n\"The Global 2000 2023\"\n.\nForbes\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 29, 2024\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 7,\n2024\n.\n^\nStreitfeld, David (January 30, 2020).\n\"Amazon Powers Ahead With Robust Profit\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 30, 2020\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 2,\n2020\n.\n^\n\"Amazon.com, Inc. Common Stock (AMZN)\"\n.\nNasdaq\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 20, 2021\n. Retrieved\nJune 21,\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\n\"1997 Annual Report\"\n(PDF)\n. Amazon 1997 10K.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on October 9, 2022\n. Retrieved\nMay 17,\n2022\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\n\"2002 Amazon 10K\"\n(PDF)\n.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on October 9, 2022\n. Retrieved\nMay 17,\n2022\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\ne\n\"2007 Annual Report\"\n.\nIr.aboutamazon.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 13, 2019.\n^\n\"2008 Annual Report\"\n.\nIr.aboutamazon.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 13, 2019.\n^\n\"2009 Annual Report\"\n.\nIr.aboutamazon.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 13, 2019.\n^\n\"2010 Annual Report\"\n.\nIr.aboutamazon.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non November 11, 2018.\n^\n\"2011 Annual Report\"\n.\nIr.aboutamazon.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non November 11, 2018.\n^\n\"2012 Annual Report\"\n.\nIr.aboutamazon.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 13, 2019.\n^\n\"2013 Annual Report\"\n.\nIr.aboutamazon.com\n. Archived from\nthe original\non January 13, 2019.\n^\nNeate, Rupert (January 29, 2015).\n\"Amazon reports $89bn in sales last year as shares jump 11% after hours\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 16, 2020\n. Retrieved\nNovember 7,\n2018\n.\n^\nRoettgers, Janko (January 28, 2016).\n\"Amazon Clocks $107 Billion In Revenue In 2015\"\n.\nVariety\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 30, 2020\n. Retrieved\nNovember 7,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Amazon sales hit $136B in 2016; dollar hurts overseas business\"\n.\nThe Seattle Times\n. February 2, 2017.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 25, 2020\n. Retrieved\nNovember 7,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"Amazon 2017 sales jump by nearly a third\"\n. BBC News. February 1, 2018.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 16, 2020\n. Retrieved\nNovember 7,\n2018\n.\n^\n\"2018 Annual Report\"\n(PDF)\n. Archived from\nthe original\n(PDF)\non November 27, 2020\n. Retrieved\nJanuary 12,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"2019 Annual Report\"\n(PDF)\n.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on October 9, 2022.\n^\n\"Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results\"\n.\nir.aboutamazon.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 2, 2021\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 10,\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Amazon.com, Inc. 2022 Form 10-K Annual Report\"\n.\nUS Securities and Exchange Commission\n. February 3, 2022.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 3, 2023\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 3,\n2023\n.\n^\n\"Amazon.com, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K Annual Report\"\n.\nUS Securities and Exchange Commission\n. February 2, 2024.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 3, 2024\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 3,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results\"\n.\nir.aboutamazon.com\n. Retrieved\nMarch 10,\n2026\n.\n^\na\nb\nGregg, Tricia; Groysberg, Boris (May 17, 2019).\n\"Amazon's Priorities Over the Years, Based on Jeff Bezos's Letters to Shareholders\"\n.\nHarvard Business Review\n.\nISSN\n \n0017-8012\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 27, 2022\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 27,\n2022\n.\n^\nManjoo, Farhad (August 10, 2016).\n\"Think Amazon's Drone Delivery Idea Is a Gimmick? Think Again\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 27, 2022\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 27,\n2022\n.\n^\nRitson, Mark (February 3, 2021).\n\"Jeff Bezos's success at Amazon is down to one thing: focusing on the customer\"\n.\nMarketing Week\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 27, 2022\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 27,\n2022\n.\n^\n\"Jeff Bezos, The Post's incoming owner, known for a demanding management style at Amazon\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n. August 8, 2013.\nISSN\n \n0190-8286\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 10, 2022\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 4,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"How Amazon is built to try and learn\"\n.\nMcKinsey & Company\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 9, 2025\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 4,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"Maximize Experimentation | Stanford eCorner\"\n.\nStanford Technology Ventures Program\n. November 3, 2010.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 7, 2025\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 4,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"Amazon's Lobbying Expenditures\"\n.\nOpensecrets.org\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 7, 2020\n. Retrieved\nAugust 9,\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Client Profile: Amazon.com\"\n. Centre for Responsive Politics.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 7, 2020\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 4,\n2020\n.\n^\nParkhurst, Emily (May 24, 2012).\n\"Amazon shareholders met by protesters, company cuts ties with ALEC\"\n.\nBizjournals.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 27, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMay 29,\n2012\n.\n^\nRomm, Tony (August 6, 2014).\n\"In Amazon's shopping cart: D.C. influence\"\n.\nPolitico\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 29, 2020\n. Retrieved\nAugust 7,\n2014\n.\n^\nKang, Cecilia (December 27, 2015).\n\"F.A.A. Drone Laws Start to Clash With Stricter Local Rules\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 28, 2015\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\nMatt McFarland.\n\"Amazon gets closer to drone delivery with FAA approval\"\n. CNN.\nArchived\nfrom the original on September 27, 2020\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 4,\n2020\n.\n^\nKamisar, Ben (April 21, 2025).\n\"Major corporate interests and megadonors gave $239 million to fund Trump's inauguration\"\n. NBC News.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 25, 2025\n. Retrieved\nApril 29,\n2025\n.\n^\nWise, Alana (April 19, 2025).\n\"White House solicits corporate sponsors for its Easter Egg Roll event\"\n. NPR.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 23, 2025\n. Retrieved\nApril 24,\n2025\n.\n^\nJohansen, Ben (April 19, 2025).\n\"Companies vying for Trump's attention are sponsoring the Easter Egg Roll\"\n.\nPolitico\n. Retrieved\nApril 24,\n2025\n.\n^\nMaher, Kit; Tapper, Jake; Jaramillo, Alejandra.\n\"White House releases list of donors for Trump's multi-million-dollar ballroom\"\n.\nCNN\n. Archived from\nthe original\non October 23, 2025\n. Retrieved\nOctober 23,\n2025\n.\n^\nStaff, Amazon (July 15, 2025).\n\"How Amazon is helping power America's AI future\"\n.\nAmazon News\n. Retrieved\nMarch 23,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"LobbyMap: Amazon\"\n.\nlobbymap.org\n. Retrieved\nMarch 23,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"C3 Energy Summit - Dec 15, 2025\"\n.\nC3 Energy Summit\n. Retrieved\nMarch 23,\n2026\n.\n^\nTakver, Rei (December 18, 2025).\n\"Amazon Sponsors AI Energy Summit Featuring Climate Deniers\"\n.\nDeSmog\n. Retrieved\nMarch 23,\n2026\n.\n^\n\"LobbyMap: Amazon\"\n.\nlobbymap.org\n. Retrieved\nMarch 23,\n2026\n.\n^\nDwoskin, Elizabeth (May 22, 2018).\n\"Amazon is selling facial recognition to law enforcement — for a fistful of dollars\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 15, 2020\n. Retrieved\nAugust 18,\n2018\n.\n^\nJeong, May (August 13, 2018).\n\"\n'Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon': Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?\"\n.\nVanity Fair\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 21, 2018\n. Retrieved\nSeptember 14,\n2018\n.\n^\nLeiber, Nick (December 7, 2011).\n\"Amazon Lure's Shoppers Away from Stores\"\n.\nBloomberg BusinessWeek\n. Archived from\nthe original\non December 8, 2011\n. Retrieved\nDecember 7,\n2011\n.\n^\nJean-Philippe Cavaillez (March 5, 2019).\n\"Plateforme logistique Amazon : bras de fer dans l'Est lyonnais\"\n.\nLe Progrès\n(in French). p. 10.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 24, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMarch 7,\n2019\n.\n^\nGreene, Jay; Alcantara, Chris (June 1, 2021).\n\"Amazon warehouse workers suffer serious injuries at higher rates than other firms\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 31, 2022\n. Retrieved\nApril 11,\n2022\n.\n^\nChakrabortty, Aditya (November 22, 2024).\n\"Chronic pain and ravaged mental health: this is the brutal reality of Britain's new working class\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\nISSN\n \n0261-3077\n.\n^\nMatsakis, Louise (October 2, 2018).\n\"Why Amazon Really Raised Its Minimum Wage to $15\"\n.\nWired\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 30, 2018\n. Retrieved\nJune 10,\n2019\n.\n^\nKhan, Lina (January 2017).\n\"Amazon's Antitrust Paradox\"\n.\nYale Law Journal\n.\n126\n(3):\n564–\n907.\nArchived\nfrom the original on April 5, 2017\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 9,\n2020\n.\n^\nBaum, Andrew (October 23, 2015).\n\"Amazon Wins Ruling on Results for Searches on Brands It Doesn't Sell\"\n.\nThe National Law Review\n. Foley & Lardner.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 27, 2020\n. Retrieved\nDecember 21,\n2015\n.\n^\nSlatterly, Brennon (April 13, 2009).\n\"Amazon 'Glitch' Yanks Sales Rank of Hundreds of LGBT Books\"\n.\nPC World\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 28, 2012\n. Retrieved\nJuly 28,\n2012\n.\n^\nArmstrong, Paul (April 14, 2009).\n\"Amazon: 'Glitch' caused gay censorship error\"\n. CNN.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 24, 2020\n. Retrieved\nMay 17,\n2020\n.\n^\nAlex Fitzpatrick (January 21, 2021).\n\"Why Amazon's Move to Drop Parler Is a Big Deal for the Future of the Internet\"\n.\nTime\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on November 28, 2023\n. Retrieved\nNovember 26,\n2023\n.\n^\nRaice, Shayndi (December 20, 2011).\n\"Groupon Launches Anti-Amazon Promotion of Sorts\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 25, 2020\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 20,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Focus on Mobile Commerce – While some still cry, others fight back\"\n.\nInternet Retailer\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on March 27, 2016\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 1,\n2012\n.\n^\n\"What can retailers learn from Amazon, Groupon and eBay? – Mobile Commerce Daily – Multichannel retail support\"\n.\nMobile Commerce Daily\n. December 20, 2011. Archived from\nthe original\non February 7, 2012\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 1,\n2012\n.\n^\n\"Complaint, Federal Trade Commission v. Amazon.com, Inc\"\n(PDF)\n.\nPacerMonitor\n.\nArchived\n(PDF)\nfrom the original on October 9, 2022\n. Retrieved\nJune 16,\n2016\n.\n^\n\"Amazon pulls \"racist\" skin-lightening products\"\n. CBS News. November 22, 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 25, 2020\n. Retrieved\nNovember 24,\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Amazon.com wins dismissal of NY attorney general lawsuit over worker safety\"\n.\nReuters\n. Reuters. May 10, 2022.\nArchived\nfrom the original on May 10, 2022\n. Retrieved\nMay 10,\n2022\n.\n^\nMiller, Parker (February 8, 2024).\n\"The Amazon Files: Biden likes banning books too, you hypocrites - Washington Examiner\"\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 14, 2024\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 14,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Biden administration pressured Amazon to censor books that questioned COVID vaccines - Washington Times\"\n.\nThe Washington Times\n. February 13, 2024. Archived from\nthe original\non February 13, 2024\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 14,\n2024\n.\n^\nJordan, Jim [@Jim_Jordan] (February 5, 2024).\n\"Amazon Files Thread\"\n(\nTweet\n).\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 14, 2024\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 14,\n2024\n– via\nX (formerly Twitter)\n.\n^\nHaag, Matthew; Hu, Winnie (October 27, 2019).\n\"1.5 Million Packages a Day: The Internet Brings Chaos to N.Y. Streets\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on January 28, 2021\n. Retrieved\nDecember 13,\n2024\n.\n^\nDungca, Nicole (November 21, 2019).\n\"Seeing Red: Ride-hailing, deliveries add traffic to Boston's crowded streets\"\n.\nThe Boston Globe\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 12, 2024\n. Retrieved\nDecember 13,\n2024\n.\n^\nBergmann, Joy (January 28, 2019).\n\"Locals Decry 'Total Madness' of Delivery Truck Parking; Proposed City Council Bill May Help\"\n.\nWest Side Rag\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 13, 2024\n. Retrieved\nDecember 13,\n2024\n.\n^\nCaldwell, Christopher (August 17, 2023).\n\"Something Has Changed on City Streets, and Amazon Is to Blame\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on December 13, 2024\n. Retrieved\nDecember 13,\n2024\n.\n^\n\"Books by Jane Friedman\"\n.\nJane Friedman.com\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 10, 2023\n. Retrieved\nAugust 9,\n2023\n.\n^\nFriedman, Jane (August 7, 2023).\n\"I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)\"\n.\nJane Friedman\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 9, 2023\n. Retrieved\nAugust 9,\n2023\n.\n^\nEdwards, Benj (August 8, 2023).\n\"Author discovers AI-generated counterfeit books written in her name on Amazon\"\n.\nArs Technica\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 8, 2023\n. Retrieved\nAugust 9,\n2023\n.\n^\nRoscoe, Jules (June 28, 2023).\n\"AI-Generated Books of Nonsense Are All Over Amazon's Bestseller Lists\"\n.\nVice\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 8, 2023\n. Retrieved\nAugust 9,\n2023\n.\n^\nO'Donovan, Caroline (July 2, 2023).\n\"Goodreads was the future of book reviews. Then Amazon bought it\"\n.\nWashington Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on August 28, 2023\n. Retrieved\nAugust 9,\n2023\n.\n^\na\nb\n\"Ring will no longer allow police to request users' doorbell camera footage\"\n.\nNPR\n. Associated Press. January 27, 2024. Archived from\nthe original\non January 27, 2024\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 3,\n2024\n.\n^\nDalleres, Frank (February 26, 2025).\n\"Sky accuses Amazon of failing to prevent piracy on Fire Sticks\"\n.\nCity AM\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 26, 2025\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 27,\n2025\n.\n^\nKwet, Michael.\n\"How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid\"\n.\nAl Jazeera\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 16, 2025\n. Retrieved\nJuly 17,\n2025\n.\n^\nGrant, Nico (August 30, 2022).\n\"Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on May 31, 2024\n. Retrieved\nJuly 17,\n2025\n.\n^\n\"We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n. October 12, 2021.\nISSN\n \n0261-3077\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on May 18, 2023\n. Retrieved\nJuly 17,\n2025\n.\n^\nPalmer, Annie (September 11, 2025).\n\"Amazon suspends engineer who protested company's work with Israeli government\"\n.\nCNBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on October 14, 2025\n. Retrieved\nOctober 17,\n2025\n.\n^\nHays, Kali.\n\"Amazon fires engineer after internal message critical of company's work with Israeli government\"\n.\nOf Interest\n. Retrieved\nOctober 17,\n2025\n.\n^\nNguyen, Nicole (July 23, 2025).\n\"Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say\"\n.\nWSJ\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on July 24, 2025\n. Retrieved\nJuly 25,\n2025\n.\n^\nPalmer, Annie (January 28, 2026).\n\"Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees\"\n.\nCNBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on February 1, 2026\n. Retrieved\nFebruary 13,\n2026\n.\nFurther reading\nBrandt, Richard L. (2011).\nOne Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com\n. New York: Portfolio Penguin.\nISBN\n \n978-1-59184-375-7\n.\nDaisey, Mike\n(2002).\n21 Dog Years\n. Free Press.\nISBN\n \n0-7432-2580-5\n.\nFriedman, Mara (2004).\nAmazon.com for Dummies\n. Wiley Publishing.\nISBN\n \n0-7645-5840-4\n.\nMarcus, James (2004).\nAmazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut\n. W. W. Norton.\nISBN\n \n1-56584-870-5\n.\nSpector, Robert (2000).\nAmazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World\n. HarperCollins.\nISBN\n \n0-06-662041-4\n.\nStone, Brad\n(2013).\nThe Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon\n. New York: Little Brown and Co.\nISBN\n \n978-0-316-21926-6\n.\nOCLC\n \n856249407\n.\nExternal links\nWikimedia Commons has media related to\nAmazon.com\n.","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Amazon+%28company%29 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Amazon+%28company%29 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\nPersonal tools\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Amazon+%28company%29 \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Amazon+%28company%29 \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$)\n- [1 History](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#History)\n  Toggle History subsection\n  - [1\\.1 1994–2009](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#1994%E2%80%932009)\n  - [1\\.2 2010–present](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#2010%E2%80%93present)\n- [2 Products and services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Products_and_services)\n  Toggle Products and services subsection\n  - [2\\.1 Amazon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Amazon.com)\n    - [2\\.1.1 Merchant partnerships](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Merchant_partnerships)\n    - [2\\.1.2 Private-label products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Private-label_products)\n    - [2\\.1.3 Third-party sellers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Third-party_sellers)\n    - [2\\.1.4 Affiliate program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Affiliate_program)\n    - [2\\.1.5 Product reviews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Product_reviews)\n    - [2\\.1.6 Amazon sales rank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Amazon_sales_rank)\n  - [2\\.2 Physical stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Physical_stores)\n  - [2\\.3 Hardware and services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Hardware_and_services)\n  - [2\\.4 Subsidiaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Subsidiaries)\n    - [2\\.4.1 Amazon Live](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Amazon_Live)\n    - [2\\.4.2 Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Amazon_Web_Services)\n    - [2\\.4.3 Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Audible)\n    - [2\\.4.4 Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Goodreads)\n    - [2\\.4.5 Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Ring)\n    - [2\\.4.6 Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Twitch)\n    - [2\\.4.7 Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Whole_Foods_Market)\n    - [2\\.4.8 Other](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Other)\n- [3 Operations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Operations)\n  Toggle Operations subsection\n  - [3\\.1 Logistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Logistics)\n  - [3\\.2 Supply chain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Supply_chain)\n- [4 Corporate affairs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Corporate_affairs)\n  Toggle Corporate affairs subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Board of directors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Board_of_directors)\n  - [4\\.2 Ownership](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Ownership)\n  - [4\\.3 Finances](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Finances)\n  - [4\\.4 Corporate culture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Corporate_culture)\n  - [4\\.5 Lobbying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Lobbying)\n- [5 Criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Criticism)\n- [6 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#See_also)\n- [7 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#References)\n- [8 Further reading](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Further_reading)\n- [9 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# Amazon (company)\n115 languages\n\n- [Afrikaans](https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Afrikaans\")\n- [Aragonés](https:\/\/an.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Aragonese\")\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9\$ \"أمازون (شركة) – Arabic\")\n- [الدارجة](https:\/\/ary.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9\$ \"أمازون (شركة) – Moroccan Arabic\")\n- [مصرى](https:\/\/arz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%87\$ \"امازون (شركه) – Egyptian Arabic\")\n- [অসমীয়া](https:\/\/as.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_\$%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80\$ \"এমাজন (কোম্পানী) – Assamese\")\n- [Asturianu](https:\/\/ast.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Asturian\")\n- [Azərbaycanca](https:\/\/az.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$%C5%9Firk%C9%99t\$ \"Amazon (şirkət) – Azerbaijani\")\n- [تۆرکجه](https:\/\/azb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\$ \"آمازون (شیرکت) – South Azerbaijani\")\n- [Башҡортса](https:\/\/ba.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\$ \"Amazon (компания) – Bashkir\")\n- [Basa Bali](https:\/\/ban.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$pautsahaan\$ \"Amazon (pautsahaan) – Balinese\")\n- [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https:\/\/be-tarask.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)\")\n- [Беларуская](https:\/\/be.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Belarusian\")\n- [Betawi](https:\/\/bew.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amason_\$matskep%C3%A9\$ \"Amason (matskepé) – Betawi\")\n- [Български](https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD \"Амазон – Bulgarian\")\n- [भोजपुरी](https:\/\/bh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_\$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80\$ \"अमेजन (कंपनी) – Bhojpuri\")\n- [বাংলা](https:\/\/bn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_\$%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF\$ \"অ্যামাজন (কোম্পানি) – Bangla\")\n- [Brezhoneg](https:\/\/br.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$embregerezh\$ \"Amazon (embregerezh) – Breton\")\n- [Bosanski](https:\/\/bs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kompanija\$ \"Amazon (kompanija) – Bosnian\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$empresa\$ \"Amazon (empresa) – Catalan\")\n- [کوردی](https:\/\/ckb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%86_\$%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7\$ \"ئەمازۆن (کۆمپانیا) – Central Kurdish\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Czech\")\n- [Cymraeg](https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Welsh\")\n- [Dansk](https:\/\/da.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Danish\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – German\")\n- [Zazaki](https:\/\/diq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Dimli\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Spanish\")\n- [Eesti](https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Estonian\")\n- [Euskara](https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Basque\")\n- [فارسی](https:\/\/fa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA\$ \"آمازون (شرکت) – Persian\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – French\")\n- [Frysk](https:\/\/fy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Western Frisian\")\n- [Gaeilge](https:\/\/ga.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$comhlacht\$ \"Amazon (comhlacht) – Irish\")\n- [Galego](https:\/\/gl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Galician\")\n- [Hausa](https:\/\/ha.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kamfani\$ \"Amazon (kamfani) – Hausa\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F \"אמזון – Hebrew\")\n- [हिन्दी](https:\/\/hi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8_\$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80\$ \"अमेज़न (कंपनी) – Hindi\")\n- [Fiji Hindi](https:\/\/hif.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$ \"Amazon (company) – Fiji Hindi\")\n- [Hrvatski](https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Croatian\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6_\$%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6\$ \"Ամազոն (ընկերություն) – Armenian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$perusahaan\$ \"Amazon (perusahaan) – Indonesian\")\n- [Igbo](https:\/\/ig.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$ \"Amazon (company) – Igbo\")\n- [Ido](https:\/\/io.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kompanio\$ \"Amazon (kompanio) – Ido\")\n- [Íslenska](https:\/\/is.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Icelandic\")\n- [Italiano](https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Italian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Japanese\")\n- [ქართული](https:\/\/ka.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Georgian\")\n- [Kabɩyɛ](https:\/\/kbp.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Kabiye\")\n- [Қазақша](https:\/\/kk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Kazakh\")\n- [ಕನ್ನಡ](https:\/\/kn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_\$%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF\$ \"ಅಮೇಜಾನ್ (ಕಂಪನಿ) – Kannada\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%A1%B4_\$%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85\$ \"아마존 (기업) – Korean\")\n- [کٲشُر](https:\/\/ks.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 \"امیزون – Kashmiri\")\n- [Kurdî](https:\/\/ku.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kompan%C3%AE\$ \"Amazon (kompanî) – Kurdish\")\n- [Кыргызча](https:\/\/ky.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Kyrgyz\")\n- [Latina](https:\/\/la.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Latin\")\n- [Lingála](https:\/\/ln.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Lingala\")\n- [ລາວ](https:\/\/lo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99_\$%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94\$ \"ອາເມຊອນ (ບໍລິສັດ) – Lao\")\n- [Lietuvių](https:\/\/lt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Lithuanian\")\n- [Latviešu](https:\/\/lv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Latvian\")\n- [Македонски](https:\/\/mk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Macedonian\")\n- [മലയാളം](https:\/\/ml.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82 \"ആമസോൺ.കോം – Malayalam\")\n- [Монгол](https:\/\/mn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Mongolian\")\n- [मराठी](https:\/\/mr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_\$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80\$ \"ॲमेझॉन (कंपनी) – Marathi\")\n- [Bahasa Melayu](https:\/\/ms.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$syarikat\$ \"Amazon (syarikat) – Malay\")\n- [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https:\/\/my.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%87%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6_\$%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AE\$ \"အမေဇုံ (ကုမ္ပဏီ) – Burmese\")\n- [नेपाली](https:\/\/ne.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_\$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80\$ \"अमेजन (कम्पनी) – Nepali\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Dutch\")\n- [Norsk nynorsk](https:\/\/nn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Norwegian Nynorsk\")\n- [Norsk bokmål](https:\/\/no.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Norwegian Bokmål\")\n- [Occitan](https:\/\/oc.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Occitan\")\n- [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https:\/\/or.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D.%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C \"ଆମାଜନ୍.କମ୍‌ – Odia\")\n- [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https:\/\/pa.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_\$%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80\$ \"ਐਮਾਜ਼ਾਨ (ਕੰਪਨੀ) – Punjabi\")\n- [Polski](https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Polish\")\n- [پنجابی](https:\/\/pnb.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C\$ \"ایمیزون (کمپنی) – Western Punjabi\")\n- [پښتو](https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 \"امازون – Pashto\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Portuguese\")\n- [Runa Simi](https:\/\/qu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Quechua\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$companie\$ \"Amazon (companie) – Romanian\")\n- [Русский](https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Russian\")\n- [Саха тыла](https:\/\/sah.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Yakut\")\n- [Scots](https:\/\/sco.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$ \"Amazon (company) – Scots\")\n- [سنڌي](https:\/\/sd.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%8A\$ \"ايميزون (ڪمپني) – Sindhi\")\n- [Srpskohrvatski \/ српскохрватски](https:\/\/sh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kompanija\$ \"Amazon (kompanija) – Serbo-Croatian\")\n- [တႆး](https:\/\/shn.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_\$%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87\$ \"ဢမေႇၸူင်ႇ (ၶွမ်ႇပၼီႇ) – Shan\")\n- [Simple English](https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$ \"Amazon (company) – Simple English\")\n- [Slovenčina](https:\/\/sk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Slovak\")\n- [Slovenščina](https:\/\/sl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Slovenian\")\n- [Soomaaliga](https:\/\/so.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Somali\")\n- [Shqip](https:\/\/sq.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kompani\$ \"Amazon (kompani) – Albanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5\$ \"Amazon (предузеће) – Serbian\")\n- [Sunda](https:\/\/su.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Sundanese\")\n- [Svenska](https:\/\/sv.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$f%C3%B6retag\$ \"Amazon (företag) – Swedish\")\n- [Kiswahili](https:\/\/sw.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kampuni\$ \"Amazon (kampuni) – Swahili\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D \"அமேசான்.காம் – Tamil\")\n- [తెలుగు](https:\/\/te.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_\$%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80\$ \"అమెజాన్ (కంపెనీ) – Telugu\")\n- [Тоҷикӣ](https:\/\/tg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Tajik\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_\$%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97\$ \"แอมะซอน (บริษัท) – Thai\")\n- [Toki pona](https:\/\/tok.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/kulupu_Amasan \"kulupu Amasan – Toki Pona\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$%C5%9Firket\$ \"Amazon (şirket) – Turkish\")\n- [ئۇيغۇرچە \/ Uyghurche](https:\/\/ug.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 \"ئامازون – Uyghur\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon \"Amazon – Ukrainian\")\n- [اردو](https:\/\/ur.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_\$%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C\$ \"امیزون (کمپنی) – Urdu\")\n- [Oʻzbekcha \/ ўзбекча](https:\/\/uz.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$shirkat\$ \"Amazon (shirkat) – Uzbek\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$c%C3%B4ng_ty\$ \"Amazon (công ty) – Vietnamese\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E9%80%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 \"亚马逊公司 – Wu\")\n- [მარგალური](https:\/\/xmf.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Mingrelian\")\n- [ייִדיש](https:\/\/yi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F_\$%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A2\$ \"אמאזאן (פירמע) – Yiddish\")\n- [閩南語 \/ Bân-lâm-gí](https:\/\/zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$kong-si\$ \"Amazon (kong-si) – Minnan\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 \"亞馬遜公司 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 \"亞馬遜公司 – Chinese\")\n- [IsiZulu](https:\/\/zu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com – Zulu\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q3884#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- [Article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$ \"View the content page [c]\")\n- [Talk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:Amazon_\$company\$ \"Discuss improvements to the content page [t]\")\n\nEnglish\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit \"This page is protected.\n  You can view its source [e]\")\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=history \"Past revisions of this page [h]\")\n\nTools\n\nTools\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nActions\n\n- [Read](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$)\n- [View source](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit)\n- [View history](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=history)\n\nGeneral\n\n- [What links here](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:WhatLinksHere\/Amazon_\$company\$ \"List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]\")\n- [Related changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChangesLinked\/Amazon_\$company\$ \"Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard \"Upload files [u]\")\n- [Permanent link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&oldid=1345024237 \"Permanent link to this revision of this page\")\n- [Page information](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=info \"More information about this page\")\n- [Cite this page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Amazon_%28company%29&id=1345024237&wpFormIdentifier=titleform \"Information on how to cite this page\")\n- [Get shortened URL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmazon_%28company%29)\n\nPrint\/export\n\n- [Download as PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Amazon_%28company%29&action=show-download-screen \"Download this page as a PDF file\")\n- [Printable version](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&printable=yes \"Printable version of this page [p]\")\n\nIn other projects\n\n- [Wikimedia Commons](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Amazon.com)\n- [Wikinews](https:\/\/en.wikinews.org\/wiki\/Category:Amazon.com)\n- [Wikidata item](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q3884 \"Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]\")\n\nAppearance\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n[![Page semi-protected](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/1\/1b\/Semi-protection-shackle.svg\/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi \"This article is semi-protected.\")\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n\nAmerican multinational technology conglomerate\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Amazon_2024.svg\/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_2024.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out,_June_2015.jpg)[Doppler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doppler_\$building\$ \"Doppler (building)\"), home to Amazon's corporate headquarters |   |\n| [Trade name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_name \"Trade name\") | Amazon |\n| Formerly | Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995) |\n| Company type | [Public](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_company \"Public company\") |\n| [Traded as](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ticker_symbol \"Ticker symbol\") | [Nasdaq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasdaq \"Nasdaq\"): [AMZN](https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/market-activity\/stocks\/amzn) [Nasdaq-100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasdaq-100 \"Nasdaq-100\") component [DJIA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DJIA \"DJIA\") component [S\\&P 100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%26P_100 \"S&P 100\") component [S\\&P 500](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%26P_500 \"S&P 500\") component |\n| [ISIN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Securities_Identification_Number \"International Securities Identification Number\") | [US0231351067](https:\/\/isin.toolforge.org\/?language=en&isin=US0231351067) |\n| Industry | [Conglomerate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conglomerate_\$company\$ \"Conglomerate (company)\") |\n| Founded | July 5, 1994; 31 years ago (1994-07-05), in [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"), U.S. |\n| Founder | [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") |\n| Headquarters | [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"), Washington, and [Arlington County, Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arlington_County,_Virginia \"Arlington County, Virginia\"), U.S. |\n| Area served | Worldwide |\n| Key people | [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") ([executive chairman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chair_\$officer\$ \"Chair (officer)\")) [Andy Jassy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Jassy \"Andy Jassy\") ([president](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_\$corporate_title\$ \"President (corporate title)\") and [CEO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\")) |\n| Products | [Echo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Echo \"Amazon Echo\") [Fire Tablet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") [Fire TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire_TV \"Amazon Fire TV\") [Fire OS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_OS \"Fire OS\") [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") |\n| Services | Amazon.com [Amazon Alexa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Alexa \"Amazon Alexa\") [Amazon Luna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Luna \"Amazon Luna\") [Amazon Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\") [Amazon Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pay \"Amazon Pay\") [Amazon Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\") [Amazon Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\") [Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\") [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\") [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [MGM+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM%2B \"MGM+\") [One Medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Medical \"One Medical\") [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") |\n| Revenue | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$716.9 billion (2025) |\n| [Operating income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes \"Earnings before interest and taxes\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$79.98 billion (2025) |\n| [Net income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Net_income \"Net income\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$77.67 billion (2025) |\n| [Total assets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asset \"Asset\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$818.0 billion (2025) |\n| [Total equity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equity_\$finance\$ \"Equity (finance)\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$411.1 billion (2025) |\n| Owner | Jeff Bezos (8.92%) |\n| Number of employees | 1,576,000 (2025) |\n| [Subsidiaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") | List [AbeBooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbeBooks \"AbeBooks\") [Amazon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com\") [Amazon Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Air \"Amazon Air\") [Amazon Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Books \"Amazon Books\") [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") [Amazon Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Games \"Amazon Games\") [Amazon Lab126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lab126 \"Amazon Lab126\") [Amazon Leo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Leo \"Amazon Leo\") [Amazon Logistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Logistics \"Amazon Logistics\") [Amazon Pharmacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pharmacy \"Amazon Pharmacy\") [Amazon Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Publishing \"Amazon Publishing\") [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\") [Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\") [AWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\") [Blink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blink_Home \"Blink Home\") [Body Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Body_Labs \"Body Labs\") Brilliance Audio [Eero LLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eero_\$wireless_networking_brand\$ \"Eero (wireless networking brand)\") [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") [IMDb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb \"IMDb\") [PillPack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PillPack \"PillPack\") [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") [Twitch Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_Interactive \"Twitch Interactive\") [Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") [Woot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woot \"Woot\") [Zappos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zappos \"Zappos\") [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox_\$company\$ \"Zoox (company)\") |\n| Website | [amazon.com](https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/) |\n| **Footnotes \/ references** [\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10K-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-4) |   |\n\n**Amazon.com, Inc.**[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10K-1) ([doing business as](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doing_business_as \"Doing business as\") **Amazon**)[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-5) is an American multinational technology company engaged in [e-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\"), [cloud computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_computing \"Cloud computing\"), [online advertising](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_advertising \"Online advertising\"), [digital streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_streaming \"Digital streaming\"), and [artificial intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-6) Founded in 1994 by [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") in [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-7) the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as \"The Everything Store\".[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-8) Amazon has been described as a [Big Tech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Tech \"Big Tech\") company.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-9)\n\nIt is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping [retailer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retailer \"Retailer\") and [marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marketplace \"Marketplace\"), best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells [books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Books \"Books\"), [electronics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronics \"Electronics\"), [pharmacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharmacy \"Pharmacy\"), [car parts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Car_parts \"Car parts\"), [video games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_games \"Video games\"), [dining](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dining \"Dining\"), [jewelry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jewelry \"Jewelry\"), [food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food \"Food\"), [music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music \"Music\"), and [sports equipment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_equipment \"Sports equipment\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10)\n\nThe company has multiple subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") (AWS), providing cloud computing; [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox_\$company\$ \"Zoox (company)\"), a [self-driving car](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-driving_car \"Self-driving car\") division; [Kuiper Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuiper_Systems \"Kuiper Systems\"), a satellite Internet provider; and [Amazon Lab126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lab126 \"Amazon Lab126\"), a computer hardware [R\\&D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%26D \"R&D\") provider. Other subsidiaries include [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\"), [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\"), [IMDb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb \"IMDb\"), and [Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\"). Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US\\$13\\.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a [physical retailer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_retailer \"Physical retailer\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-wf-11) Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its [Amazon Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\"), [MGM+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM%2B \"MGM+\"), [Amazon Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\"), Twitch, [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\") and [Wondery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wondery \"Wondery\")[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-12) units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, [Amazon Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Publishing \"Amazon Publishing\"), produces and distributes film and television content through [Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\"), including the [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute [audiobooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audiobook \"Audiobook\"), respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") e-readers, [Echo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Echo \"Amazon Echo\") devices, [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") tablets, and [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire_TV \"Amazon Fire TV\") TVs.\n\nAmazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-13)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-14)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-15)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-16) As of 2023[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit), it is the world's largest [online retailer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_retailer \"Online retailer\") and [marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_marketplace \"Online marketplace\"), [smart speaker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_speaker \"Smart speaker\") provider, cloud computing service through AWS,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-17) [live-streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live-streaming \"Live-streaming\") service through Twitch, and [Internet company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_Internet_companies \"List of largest Internet companies\") as measured by revenue and market share.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-18) In 2021, it surpassed [Walmart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walmart \"Walmart\") as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, [Amazon Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\"), which has 200 million subscribers worldwide.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-19)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-20) It is the [second-largest private employer in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_United_States%E2%80%93based_employers_globally \"List of largest United States–based employers globally\")[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-21) and the [second-largest company in the world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue \"List of largest companies by revenue\") and [in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue \"List of largest companies in the United States by revenue\") by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-22) As of October 2024, Amazon is the [12th-most visited website in the world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-visited_websites \"List of most-visited websites\") and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-23)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto5-24) [Amazon has been criticized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Amazon \"Criticism of Amazon\") for its business practices, including [surveillance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surveillance \"Surveillance\") partnerships, poor worker conditions, [anti-union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_busting \"Union busting\") efforts, [environmental harm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\"), [anti-competitive behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-competitive_practices \"Anti-competitive practices\"), [censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Censorship \"Censorship\") controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers.\n\n## History\nMain article: [History of Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Amazon \"History of Amazon\")\n\n### 1994–2009\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg\/250px-Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue,_Washington_-_exterior.jpg)\n\nJeff Bezos's home in [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"), where the company was founded in 1994\n\nOn July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as \"Cadabra\" by [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\"), after he relocated from [New York City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_City \"New York City\") to [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"), near [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"), to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") and the [University of Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\"), as well as its smaller population for [sales tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sales_tax \"Sales tax\") purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in [Roseburg, Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roseburg,_Oregon \"Roseburg, Oregon\"). Other options Bezos considered included [Portland, Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portland,_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), and [Boulder, Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boulder,_Colorado \"Boulder, Colorado\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25)\n\nA few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-26)\n\nOn July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-27) Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-28)\n\nIn May 1997, Amazon went [public](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_company \"Public company\").[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999b-30)\n\nIn 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999b-30)\n\nIn 2002, the company launched [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build [web applications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_application \"Web application\") on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-31)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-32) In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-33) AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with [Simple Storage Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_S3 \"Amazon S3\") (S3) in 2006,[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-34) and [Elastic Compute Cloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud \"Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud\") (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-35)\n\nIn 2006, Amazon launched the *Fulfillment by Amazon* program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called \"third-party sellers\") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36)\n\n### 2010–present\nAmazon purchased the [Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") supermarket chain in 2017.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-37) It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US\\$178 billion [net sales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sales_\$accounting\$#Gross_sales_and_net_sales \"Sales (accounting)\") in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-38)\n\nAmazon saw large growth during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), hiring more than 100,000 staff in the [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\") and [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada \"Canada\").[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-39) Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to \"run normal shifts\" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto-40)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-FTMarch19-41) In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-BBCMarch31-42) while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-TheVergeMarch31-43)\n\nOn February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS [Andy Jassy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Jassy \"Andy Jassy\") replacing him as CEO.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-44)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-45) In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-46)\n\nOn November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") to sell approximately 50 million [shares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Share_\$finance\$ \"Share (finance)\") of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about \\$2 billion.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-47)\n\nOn February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average \"Dow Jones Industrial Average\").[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-48)\n\nOn December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the [International Brotherhood of Teamsters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters \"International Brotherhood of Teamsters\") labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-49)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-50)\n\nOn October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-51) As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-52) In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce [bureaucracy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bureaucracy \"Bureaucracy\"), and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of [artificial intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-53)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-54)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-55)\n\nIn January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested \\$475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-56)\n\nIn January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to \\$50 billion.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-57) Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-58)\n\nIn January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to [AI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\").[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-59)\n\nIn February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest \\$12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-60)\n\nAccording to an analysis by [Bridgewater Associates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bridgewater_Associates \"Bridgewater Associates\"), Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about \\$650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-61)\n\nIn March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-62)\n\n## Products and services\nMain article: [List of Amazon products and services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Amazon_products_and_services \"List of Amazon products and services\")\n\n### Amazon.com\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Amazon_2024.svg\/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_2024.svg)Logo since November 2024 |   |\n| Screenshot [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/5\/59\/Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg) Homepage |   |\n| Type of site | [E-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") |\n| Available in | Arabic Chinese Dutch English French German Hindi Italian Japanese Polish Portuguese Spanish Swedish Turkish |\n| Owner | Amazon |\n| URL | [amazon.com](http:\/\/amazon.com\/) (original US site) |\n| Commercial | Yes |\n| Registration | Optional |\n| Launched | 1995; 31 years ago (1995) |\n| Current status | Active |\n| Written in | [C++](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%2B%2B \"C++\") and [Java](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Java_\$programming_language\$ \"Java (programming language)\") |\n| [\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-63) |   |\n\nAmazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media ([books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book \"Book\"), movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, [consumer electronics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_electronics \"Consumer electronics\"), [beauty products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmetics \"Cosmetics\"), gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [jewelry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jewellery \"Jewellery\"), watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [sporting goods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_equipment \"Sports equipment\"), tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm [supplies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agrochemical \"Agrochemical\")[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-64) and [consulting services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agronomy \"Agronomy\").[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-Rai-65) Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-66)\n\nVisits to *amazon.com* grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-67) to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto5-24)\n\nIn February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, \"Rufus\" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-68)\n\n\"Rufus\" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-69)\n\nResults generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) The company's [localized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internationalization_and_localization \"Internationalization and localization\") storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [top-level domain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Top-level_domain \"Top-level domain\") and [country code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Country_code \"Country code\"):\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e3\/Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg\/500px-Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg)\n\nAmazon Marketplaces worldwide\n\nTop-Level Domain\n\nServed by neighboring Domain\n\n| Country | share |\n|---|---|\n| United States | 69\\.3% |\n| Germany | 6\\.5% |\n| United Kingdom | 5\\.8% |\n| Japan | 4\\.8% |\n| Other | 13\\.6% |\n\n| Region | Country | [Domain name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domain_name \"Domain name\") | Since | Languages | Notes |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Africa | Egypt | amazon[.eg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.eg \".eg\") | September 2021 | Arabic, English | Formerly known as [Souq.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq.com \"Souq.com\") Egypt |\n| South Africa | amazon.co[.za](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.za \".za\") | May 2024 | English |   |   |\n| Americas | Brazil | amazon.com[.br](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.br \".br\") | December 2012 | Portuguese |   |\n| Canada | amazon[.ca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.ca \".ca\") | June 2002 | English, French |   |   |\n| Mexico | amazon.com[.mx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.mx \".mx\") | August 2013 | Spanish |   |   |\n| United States | amazon[.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.com \".com\") | July 1995 | English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional) | International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the [Kindle Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_Store \"Kindle Store\") on Amazon US.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-buy-ebooks-on-amazon-us-72) |   |\n| Asia | China | amazon[.cn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.cn \".cn\") | September 2004 | Chinese (Simplified) | Formerly known as [Joyo.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joyo.com \"Joyo.com\") CHN |\n| India | amazon[.in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.in \".in\") | June 2013 | English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi |   |   |\n| Japan | amazon.co[.jp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.jp \".jp\") | November 2000 | Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified) |   |   |\n| Saudi Arabia | amazon[.sa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.sa \".sa\") | June 2020 | Arabic, English | Formerly known as [Souq.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq.com \"Souq.com\") KSA |   |\n| Singapore | amazon[.sg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.sg \".sg\") | July 2017 | English |   |   |\n| Turkey | amazon.com[.tr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.tr \".tr\") | September 2018 | Turkish |   |   |\n| United Arab Emirates | amazon[.ae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.ae \".ae\") | May 2019 | Arabic, English | Formerly known as [Souq.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq.com \"Souq.com\") UAE |   |\n| Europe | Belgium | amazon.com[.be](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.be \".be\") | October 2022 | Dutch, French, English |   |\n| France | amazon[.fr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.fr \".fr\") | August 2000 | French, English |   |   |\n| Germany | amazon[.de](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.de \".de\") | October 1998 | German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish | Also serves Austria,[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-73) Denmark[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-74) and Switzerland[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-75) |   |\n| Ireland | amazon[.ie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.ie \".ie\") | March 2025 | English |   |   |\n| Italy | amazon[.it](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.it \".it\") | November 2010 | Italian, English |   |   |\n| Netherlands | amazon[.nl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.nl \".nl\") | November 2014 | Dutch, English | Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-76) |   |\n| Poland | amazon[.pl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.pl \".pl\") | March 2021 | Polish |   |   |\n| Spain | amazon[.es](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.es \".es\") | September 2011 | Spanish, Portuguese, English | Also serves Portugal[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-77) |   |\n| Sweden | amazon[.se](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.se \".se\") | October 2020 | Swedish, English |   |   |\n| United Kingdom | amazon.co[.uk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.uk \".uk\") | October 1998 | English |   |   |\n| Oceania | Australia | amazon.com[.au](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.au \".au\") | November 2017 | English | Also serves New Zealand[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-78) |\n#### Merchant partnerships\nIn 2000, US toy retailer [Toys \"R\" Us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toys_%22R%22_Us \"Toys \\\"R\\\" Us\") entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at \\$50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys \"R\" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys \"R\" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys \"R\" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys \"R\" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys \"R\" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded \\$51 million in damages.[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-79)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-80)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-81)\n\nIn 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [Borders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borders_\$retailer\$ \"Borders (retailer)\"), under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-82) Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-83)\n\nOn October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [DC Comics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DC_Comics \"DC Comics\") for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including *[Superman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superman \"Superman\")*, *[Batman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batman \"Batman\")*, *[Green Lantern](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_Lantern \"Green Lantern\")*, *[Sandman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandman_\$comics\$ \"Sandman (comics)\")*, and *[Watchmen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watchmen \"Watchmen\")*. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like [Barnes & Noble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barnes_%26_Noble \"Barnes & Noble\") to remove these titles from their shelves.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-84)\n\nIn November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [United States Postal Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [Greater Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greater_Los_Angeles \"Greater Los Angeles\") and [New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_metropolitan_area \"New York metropolitan area\") because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [Dallas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dallas \"Dallas\"), [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\"), [New Orleans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") and [Phoenix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenix,_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") by 2014.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-85)\n\nIn June 2017, [Nike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nike,_Inc. \"Nike, Inc.\") agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-86)[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-CNBC-87) This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-CNBC-87)[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-88) Companies including [IKEA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IKEA \"IKEA\") and [Birkenstock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birkenstock \"Birkenstock\") also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-89)\n\nIn September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US\\$104.44 million ([₹](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_rupee \"Indian rupee\")759 [crore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crore \"Crore\")) in financial year 2017–2018.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-90)\n\nAs of October 11, 2017[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit), [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") sold a range of [Booths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booths \"Booths\") branded products for home delivery in selected areas.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-91)\n\nIn November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [Apple Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-92)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-93)\n\nOn November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup [Anthropic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthropic \"Anthropic\"), following its initial \\$4 billion investment.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-94)\n\nOn 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-95)\n\n#### Private-label products\nMain article: [List of Amazon brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Amazon_brands \"List of Amazon brands\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg)\n\nAmazon Basics USB cable\n\nAmazon sells many products under its [own brand names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Private_label \"Private label\"), including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-96) Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-97)\n\n#### Third-party sellers\nAmazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-98) Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-99)\n\n#### Affiliate program\nPublishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has \"over 900,000 members\" in its affiliate programs.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-100) In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after [Google Ads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Ads \"Google Ads\").[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-101) It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-102)\n\nAssociates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") (AWS) [XML](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XML \"XML\") service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-103)\n\n#### Product reviews\nSee also: [Criticism of Amazon § Amazon reviews](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Amazon#Amazon_reviews \"Criticism of Amazon\")\n\nAmazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [rating scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rating_scale \"Rating scale\") from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: \"...*the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used*.\" The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough \"helpful\" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-104)\n\nWhen publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was \"taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose\".[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-105)\n\nThere have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [public relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_relations \"Public relations\") companies on behalf of their clients[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-106) and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.\n\n#### Amazon sales rank\nThe Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a \"best sellers list\" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-107) While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-107) Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of \"movers and shakers\"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-108) For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [point of sale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Point_of_sale \"Point of sale\") data via the [BookScan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BookScan \"BookScan\") service to verified authors.[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-109) While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-110) though Amazon states:\n\n> Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources\n\n— Amazon.com Help[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-111)\n\n### Physical stores\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9f\/Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_\$52626225962\$.jpg)\n\n[Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") store in [Sevenoaks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sevenoaks \"Sevenoaks\"), [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")\n\nIn November 2015, Amazon opened a physical [Amazon Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Books \"Amazon Books\") store in [University Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_Village,_Seattle \"University Village, Seattle\") in [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"). The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:1-112) Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-113) media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:1-112) All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the \"Amazon 4-Star\" brand.[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-114)\n\nIn July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in [Palmer Township](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmer_Township,_Pennsylvania \"Palmer Township, Pennsylvania\") in the [Lehigh Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lehigh_Valley \"Lehigh Valley\") region of eastern [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-115)[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-116)\n\nIn August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [San Francisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-117)\n\nIn 2020, [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") opened several physical stores in the US and the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-118) In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-119)\n\n### Hardware and services\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f9\/Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg\/250px-Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg)\n\n[Amazon Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") tablet\n\nAmazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant [Alexa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Alexa \"Amazon Alexa\"), [Amazon Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\"), and [Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\") for music and videos respectively, the [Amazon Appstore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Appstore \"Amazon Appstore\") for Android apps, the [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") line of [electronic paper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_paper \"Electronic paper\") e-readers, [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") and [Fire HD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_HD \"Fire HD\") color [LCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquid-crystal_display \"Liquid-crystal display\") tablets. [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\") provides audiobooks for purchase and listening.\n\nIn September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of [Astro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Astro \"Amazon Astro\"), its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-120)\n\nIn January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. [Amazon Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\") members to pay a \\$5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as [Medicare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicare_\$United_States\$ \"Medicare (United States)\") and [Medicaid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicaid \"Medicaid\") will not be able to sign up for RXPass.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-121)\n\n### Subsidiaries\nSee also: [List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Amazon \"List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon\")\n\nAmazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\"), [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\"), [Diapers.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diapers.com \"Diapers.com\"), [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\"), [IMDb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb \"IMDb\"), Kiva Systems (now [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\")), [One Medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Medical \"One Medical\"), [Shopbop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shopbop \"Shopbop\"), Teachstreet, [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\"), [Zappos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zappos \"Zappos\"), and [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox_\$company\$ \"Zoox (company)\").[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-122)\n\nBezos separately owns *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* (through Nash Holdings, LLC), [Blue Origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Origin \"Blue Origin\"), [Bezos Expeditions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bezos_Expeditions \"Bezos Expeditions\"), [Altos Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altos_Labs \"Altos Labs\"), and other companies.\n\n#### Amazon Live\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c2\/Amazon_Live_logo.png\/250px-Amazon_Live_logo.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Live_logo.png) |   |\n| Type of site | [Online video platform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_video_platform \"Online video platform\") |\n| Headquarters | 98109, WA [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"), Washington, United States |\n| Owner | [Amazon Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Inc. \"Amazon Inc.\") |\n| Industry | [E-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") Live streaming |\n| [Parent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holding_company \"Holding company\") | [Amazon Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Inc. \"Amazon Inc.\") |\n| Launched | 2019; 7 years ago (2019) |\n\n**Amazon Live** is an American video [e-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123) Users (mainly celebrities or [Internet influencers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Influencer \"Influencer\")) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123)\n\nIn 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and [application](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_app \"Mobile app\"). In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into [Amazon Freevee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Freevee \"Amazon Freevee\") and [Amazon Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\").[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-124)\n\n#### Amazon Web Services\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg\/250px-AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston,_Texas_\$46600198075\$.jpg)\n\n[Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\"), [HOU-14](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\")\n\nMain article: [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\")\n\nAmazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides [on-demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_as_a_service \"Software as a service\") [cloud computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_computing \"Cloud computing\") [platforms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computing_platform \"Computing platform\") and [APIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/API \"API\") to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing [web services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_service \"Web service\") provide [distributed computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distributed_computing \"Distributed computing\") processing capacity and software tools via AWS [server farms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Server_farm \"Server farm\"). As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors [Microsoft Azure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft_Azure \"Microsoft Azure\") and [Google Cloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Platform \"Google Cloud Platform\") have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to [Synergy Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synergy_Group \"Synergy Group\").[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-125)\n\n#### Audible\nMain article: [Audible (service)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\")\n\nAudible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [audiobooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audiobook \"Audiobook\"), [radio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_program \"Radio program\") and [television programs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Television_show \"Television show\"), and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about \\$300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-126)\n\n#### Goodreads\nMain article: [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\")\n\n[Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") is a \"[social cataloging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_cataloging_application \"Social cataloging application\")\" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:0-127)\n\n#### Ring\nMain article: [Ring (company)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\")\n\nRing is a [home automation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_automation \"Home automation\") company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its [Wi-Fi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wi-Fi \"Wi-Fi\") powered [smart doorbells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_doorbell \"Smart doorbell\"), but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US\\$1 billion in 2018.[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-128)\n\n#### Twitch\nMain article: [Twitch (service)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e1\/E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg\/250px-E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:E3_%E2%80%93_2014_\$23113432796\$.jpg)\n\n[Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") at the [Electronic Entertainment Expo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E3 \"E3\")\n\n[Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") is a [live streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_streaming \"Live streaming\") platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for \\$970 million.[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-129) The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [esports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esports \"Esports\") competitions on the service, leading *[GameSpot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GameSpot \"GameSpot\")* senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as \"the [ESPN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ESPN \"ESPN\") of esports\".[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-130) As of 2015[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit), the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-131)\n\n#### Whole Foods Market\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG\/250px-Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG)\n\n[Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") store in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\")\n\n[Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") is an American [supermarket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supermarket \"Supermarket\") [chain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chain_store \"Chain store\") exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-132) Amazon acquired Whole Foods for \\$13.7 billion in August 2017.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-133)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-134)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-wf-11)\n\nSince acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of [Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations.\n\n#### Other\nOther Amazon subsidiaries include:\n\n- **[A9.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A9.com \"A9.com\")**, a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-135)\n- [Amazon Academy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Academy \"Amazon Academy\"), formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021\n- **Amazon Maritime**, Inc. holds a [Federal Maritime Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Maritime_Commission \"Federal Maritime Commission\") license to operate as a [non-vessel-owning common carrier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freight_forwarder \"Freight forwarder\") (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-136)\n- **[Amazon Pharmacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pharmacy \"Amazon Pharmacy\")** is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-137)\n- **[Annapurna Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annapurna_Labs \"Annapurna Labs\")**, an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US\\$350–370M acquired by [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") in January 2015 .[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-reut_Amaz-138)[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-extr_Amaz-139)[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-140)\n- **Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services**, which applied for a [freight forwarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freight_forwarder \"Freight forwarder\") license with the [US Maritime Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Maritime_Commission \"Federal Maritime Commission\"). Amazon is also building out its logistics in [trucking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States \"Trucking industry in the United States\") and [air freight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_cargo \"Air cargo\") to potentially compete with [UPS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Parcel_Service \"United Parcel Service\") and [FedEx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FedEx \"FedEx\").[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-141)[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-142)\n- **Brilliance Audio**, an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [Grand Haven, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Haven,_Michigan \"Grand Haven, Michigan\").[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-144)[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-gigaom-145) At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-gigaom-145) It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-blake-146) The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-blake-146) It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-blake-146)\n- **[ComiXology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ComiXology \"ComiXology\")**, a [cloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_computing \"Cloud computing\")\\-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit). It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-147)\n- **[CreateSpace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CreateSpace \"CreateSpace\")**, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-148)[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-149)\n- **[eero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eero_\$wireless_networking_brand\$ \"Eero (wireless networking brand)\")**, an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking [Wi-Fi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wi-Fi \"Wi-Fi\") founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-150) Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US\\$97 million.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-151) Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-152)\n- **Health Navigator** is a startup developing [APIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Application_programming_interface \"Application programming interface\") for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [PillPack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PillPack \"PillPack\") for under \\$1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-153)\n- **Junglee**, a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-154) Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-155) as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-156)\n- **[Kuiper Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuiper_Systems \"Kuiper Systems\")**, a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [broadband](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadband \"Broadband\") [satellite internet constellation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite_internet_constellation \"Satellite internet constellation\") with an announced 3,236 [Low Earth orbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_Earth_orbit \"Low Earth orbit\") [satellites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite \"Satellite\") to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-cnbc20190404-157)[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-sn20190404-158)[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-ars20190708-159)\n- **[Lab126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lab126 \"Amazon Lab126\")**, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\"), became a subsidiary in 2004.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-160)\n- **Shelfari**, a former [social cataloging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_cataloging_application \"Social cataloging application\") website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [tag](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tag_\$metadata\$ \"Tag (metadata)\") and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:0-127) Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") and closing down Shelfari.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-161)[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-162)\n- **[Souq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq_\$company\$ \"Souq (company)\")**, the former largest [e-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") platform in the [Arab world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_world \"Arab world\"). The company launched in 2005 in [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\"), [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") and served multiple areas across the Middle East.[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-163) On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for \\$580 million.[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-164) The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.[\\[164\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-165)\n- [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox \"Zoox\"), Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.[\\[165\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-166)\n\nAmazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four [small nuclear reactors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Small_modular_reactor \"Small modular reactor\") at the [Xe-100 reactor site](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_Xe-100_reactor_site \"Washington Xe-100 reactor site\") in Eastern [Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_\$state\$ \"Washington (state)\"), and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in [Alberta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alberta \"Alberta\").[\\[166\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-167)\n\n## Operations\nSee also: [List of Amazon locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Amazon_locations \"List of Amazon locations\")\n\n### Logistics\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3a\/Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Logistics,_Borgstedt_\$APC_0067\$.jpg)\n\nAmazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_\$44155424640\$.jpg)\n\nAmazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in [Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florida \"Florida\")\n\nAmazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:\n\n- [Amazon Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Air \"Amazon Air\"), a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.\n- Amazon Flex, a [smartphone app](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_app \"Mobile app\") that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours [Prime Now](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Now \"Prime Now\"), same or next day [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.[\\[167\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-168)\n- [Amazon Freight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Freight \"Amazon Freight\"), a [freight brokerage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freight_brokerage \"Freight brokerage\") and logistics service[\\[168\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-169)\n- Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls \"Delivery Service Partners\") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[\\[169\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-170)\n- [Amazon Prime Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Air \"Amazon Prime Air\") is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities.\n\nAmazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed \"Amazon Hub Locker+\" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.[\\[170\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-171)\n\n[Rakuten Intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Rakuten_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Rakuten Intelligence (page does not exist)\") estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the [United States Postal Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [UPS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Parcel_Service \"United Parcel Service\").[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-172) In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\")).[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-173)\n\n### Supply chain\nAmazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and [New Castle, Delaware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Castle,_Delaware \"New Castle, Delaware\"). Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[\\[173\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-174)[\\[174\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-175) Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\").[\\[175\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-176)\n\nIn September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36)\n\n- [![Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/14\/Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG\/500px-Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_\$02\$.JPG \"Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France\")\n  Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [Lauwin-Planque](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lauwin-Planque \"Lauwin-Planque\"), [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France \"France\")\n- [![Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG\/330px-Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_\$San_Fernando_de_Henares\$.JPG \"Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain\")\n  Amazon.es fulfillment center in [San Fernando de Henares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Fernando_de_Henares \"San Fernando de Henares\"), [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain \"Spain\")\n- [![Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg\/330px-Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg \"Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK\")\n  Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [Glenrothes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glenrothes \"Glenrothes\"), [Scotland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scotland \"Scotland\"), [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")\n- [![Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/18\/Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg\/330px-Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg \"Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany\")\n  Amazon.de fulfillment center in [Graben](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graben,_Bavaria \"Graben, Bavaria\"), [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany \"Germany\")\n- [![Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f7\/AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg\/250px-AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:AmazonIchikawaFC_\$78316917\$.jpg \"Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan\")\n  Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [Ichikawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ichikawa,_Chiba \"Ichikawa, Chiba\"), [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\")\n- [![Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg\/330px-Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_\$36490655883\$.jpg \"Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics\")\n  Amazon.co fulfillment center in [Baltimore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"), Maryland, [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\") featuring [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\")\n## Corporate affairs\n### Board of directors\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f9\/Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg\/250px-Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_\$cropped\$.jpg)\n\nAmazon founder [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") in 2019\n\nAs of August 2025[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit), Amazon's board of directors were:[\\[176\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-177)\n\n- [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\"), executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.\n- [Andy Jassy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Jassy \"Andy Jassy\"), president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.\n- [Keith B. Alexander](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keith_B._Alexander \"Keith B. Alexander\"), CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former [NSA director](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Director_of_the_National_Security_Agency \"Director of the National Security Agency\")\n- Edith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of [Goldman Sachs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldman_Sachs \"Goldman Sachs\")\n- [Jamie Gorelick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamie_Gorelick \"Jamie Gorelick\"), partner, [Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilmer_Cutler_Pickering_Hale_and_Dorr \"Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr\")\n- [Daniel Huttenlocher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Huttenlocher \"Daniel Huttenlocher\"), [dean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dean_\$education\$ \"Dean (education)\") of the [MIT Schwarzman College of Computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing \"MIT Schwarzman College of Computing\").\n- [Andrew Ng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrew_Ng \"Andrew Ng\"), co-founder, [Coursera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coursera \"Coursera\")\n- [Indra Nooyi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indra_Nooyi \"Indra Nooyi\"), former CEO, [PepsiCo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PepsiCo \"PepsiCo\")\n- [Jon Rubinstein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jon_Rubinstein \"Jon Rubinstein\"), former chairman and CEO, [Palm, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm,_Inc. \"Palm, Inc.\")\n- [Brad D. Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brad_D._Smith \"Brad D. Smith\"), president, [Marshall University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_University \"Marshall University\")\n- [Patty Stonesifer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patty_Stonesifer \"Patty Stonesifer\"), president and CEO, [Martha's Table](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martha%27s_Table \"Martha's Table\")\n- [Wendell Weeks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wendell_Weeks \"Wendell Weeks\"), chairman, president and CEO, [Corning Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corning_Inc. \"Corning Inc.\")\n### Ownership\nThe 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:2-71)\n\n| Shareholder name | Percentage |\n|---|---|\n| [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") | 9\\.04% |\n| [The Vanguard Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Vanguard_Group \"The Vanguard Group\") | 7\\.96% |\n| [BlackRock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlackRock \"BlackRock\") | 4\\.93% |\n| [State Street Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Street_Corporation \"State Street Corporation\") | 3\\.5% |\n| [Fidelity Investments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fidelity_Investments \"Fidelity Investments\") | 3\\.22% |\n| [Geode Capital Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geode_Capital_Management \"Geode Capital Management\") | 2\\.03% |\n| [JP Morgan Investment Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JPMorgan_Chase \"JPMorgan Chase\") | 1\\.81% |\n| [Eaton Vance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eaton_Vance \"Eaton Vance\") | 1\\.5% |\n| [T. Rowe Price](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T._Rowe_Price \"T. Rowe Price\") | 1\\.48% |\n| BlackRock Life Ltd. | 1\\.45% |\n| Others | 63\\.04% |\n### Finances\n| Business | share |\n|---|---|\n| Online Stores | 40\\.3% |\n| Third-party Seller Services | 24\\.4% |\n| Amazon Web Services | 15\\.8% |\n| Advertising | 8\\.2% |\n| Subscription Services | 7\\.0% |\n| Physical Stores | 3\\.5% |\n| Other | 0\\.9% |\n\nAmazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.[\\[177\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-178) As of 2018[\\[update\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&action=edit), Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the [Fortune 500](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortune_500 \"Fortune 500\") rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[\\[178\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-179) In [Forbes Global 2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forbes_Global_2000 \"Forbes Global 2000\") 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.[\\[179\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-180)\n\nFor the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US\\$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US\\$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nAmazon's market capitalization went over US\\$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.[\\[180\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-4Q_2020-181)\n\n| Year | Revenue[\\[181\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-182) | Net income | Total Assets | Employees |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| in million US\\$ |   |   |   |   |\n| 1995[\\[182\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto3-183) | 0\\.5 | −0.3 | 1\\.1 |   |\n| 1996[\\[182\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto3-183) | 16 | −6 | 8 |   |\n| 1997[\\[182\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto3-183) | 148 | −28 | 149 | 614 |\n| 1998[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 610 | −124 | 648 | 2,100 |\n| 1999[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 1,639 | −720 | 2,466 | 7,600 |\n| 2000[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 2,761 | −1,411 | 2,135 | 9,000 |\n| 2001[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 3,122 | −567 | 1,638 | 7,800 |\n| 2002[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 3,932 | −149 | 1,990 | 7,500 |\n| 2003[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 5,263 | 35 | 2,162 | 7,800 |\n| 2004[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 6,921 | 588 | 3,248 | 9,000 |\n| 2005[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 8,490 | 359 | 3,696 | 12,000 |\n| 2006[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 10,711 | 190 | 4,363 | 13,900 |\n| 2007[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 14,835 | 476 | 6,485 | 17,000 |\n| 2008[\\[185\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-186) | 19,166 | 645 | 8,314 | 20,700 |\n| 2009[\\[186\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-187) | 24,509 | 902 | 13,813 | 24,300 |\n| 2010[\\[187\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-188) | 34,204 | 1,152 | 18,797 | 33,700 |\n| 2011[\\[188\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-189) | 48,077 | 631 | 25,278 | 56,200 |\n| 2012[\\[189\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-190) | 61,093 | −39 | 32,555 | 88,400 |\n| 2013[\\[190\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-191) | 74,452 | 274 | 40,159 | 117,300 |\n| 2014[\\[191\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-192) | 88,988 | −241 | 54,505 | 154,100 |\n|   | in billion US\\$ |   |   |   |\n| 2015[\\[192\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-193) | 107\\.0 | 0\\.59 | 64\\.7 | 230,800 |\n| 2016[\\[193\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-194) | 135\\.9 | 2\\.3 | 83\\.4 | 341,400 |\n| 2017[\\[194\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-195) | 177\\.8 | 3\\.0 | 131\\.3 | 566,000 |\n| 2018[\\[195\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-196) | 232\\.8 | 10\\.0 | 162\\.6 | 647,500 |\n| 2019[\\[196\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-197) | 280\\.5 | 11\\.5 | 225\\.2 | 798,000 |\n| 2020[\\[197\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-198) | 386\\.0 | 21\\.3 | 321\\.1 | 1,298,000 |\n| 2021[\\[198\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) | 469\\.8 | 33\\.3 | 420\\.5 | 1,608,000 |\n| 2022[\\[198\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) | 513\\.9 | −2.7 | 462\\.6 | 1,541,000 |\n| 2023[\\[199\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2023-10K-200) | 574\\.7 | 30\\.4 | 527\\.8 | 1,525,000 |\n| 2024[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10K-1) | 637\\.9 | 59\\.2 | 624\\.8 | 1,556,000 |\n| 2025[\\[200\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-201) | 716\\.9 | 77\\.7 | 818\\.0 | 1,576,000 |\n### Corporate culture\nDuring his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of [Warren Buffett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warren_Buffett \"Warren Buffett\").[\\[201\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:7-202) These annual letters gave an \"invaluable window\" into the famously \"secretive\" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.[\\[201\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:7-202)[\\[202\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-203) A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, \"customer obsession\") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.[\\[203\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-204) One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for \"all teams\" to \"expose their data and functionality\" through service interfaces \"designed from the ground up to be externalizable\". This process, commonly known as a [service-oriented architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Service-oriented_architecture \"Service-oriented architecture\") (SOA), resulted in mandatory [dogfooding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eating_your_own_dog_food \"Eating your own dog food\") of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nAmazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award[\\[204\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-205)[\\[205\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-206)[\\[206\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-207) to encourage employee initiative and experimentation.\n\n### Lobbying\nAmazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [data protection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_privacy \"Information privacy\") and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [United States Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\"), the [Federal Communications Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") and the [Federal Reserve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Reserve \"Federal Reserve\"). Amazon.com spent roughly \\$3.5 million, \\$5 million and \\$9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.[\\[207\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-208) In 2019, it spent \\$16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.[\\[208\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-209)\n\nAmazon.com was a corporate member of the [American Legislative Exchange Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council \"American Legislative Exchange Council\") (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[\\[209\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-210)\n\nIn 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [Federal Aviation Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Aviation_Administration \"Federal Aviation Administration\") to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akin_Gump_Strauss_Hauer_%26_Feld \"Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld\") lobbying firm in June.[\\[210\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-211) Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.[\\[211\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-212) In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.[\\[212\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-213)\n\nDuring the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated \\$1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.[\\[213\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-214) In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the [White House Easter Egg Roll](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egg_rolling#United_States \"Egg rolling\"), after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.[\\[214\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-215)[\\[215\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-216) In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the [White House State Ballroom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_State_Ballroom \"White House State Ballroom\").[\\[216\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-217)\n\nAmazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.[\\[217\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-218)[\\[218\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-219) Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.[\\[219\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-220) A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.[\\[220\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-221)[\\[221\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-222)\n\n## Criticism\nMain article: [Criticism of Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Amazon \"Criticism of Amazon\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg\/250px-Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg)\n\nA sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle\n\nAmazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;[\\[222\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-223) forming cloud computing partnerships with the [CIA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\");[\\[223\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-vanity-fair-224) leading customers away from bookshops;[\\[224\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-225) adversely impacting the environment;[\\[225\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-Cavaillez-226) placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;[\\[226\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-227)[\\[227\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-228) actively opposing unionization efforts;[\\[228\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-229) remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [1-Click](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1-Click \"1-Click\") technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [price discrimination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Price_discrimination \"Price discrimination\");[\\[229\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:6-230)[\\[230\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-baum-231) and reclassifying [LGBTQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LGBTQ \"LGBTQ\") books as adult content.[\\[231\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-232)[\\[232\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-233) Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [WikiLeaks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WikiLeaks \"WikiLeaks\") website, works containing [libel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Defamation \"Defamation\"), anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating [dog fighting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dog_fighting \"Dog fighting\"), [cockfighting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cockfighting \"Cockfighting\"), or [pedophile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedophilia \"Pedophilia\") activities. An article published by *[Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_\$magazine\$ \"Time (magazine)\")* in the wake of social media website [Parler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parler \"Parler\")'s termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.[\\[233\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-234) In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[\\[234\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-235) Companies like [Groupon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groupon \"Groupon\"), [eBay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBay \"EBay\") and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering \\$10 off from their products.[\\[235\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-236)[\\[236\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-237)\n\nThe company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [Brad Stone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brad_Stone_\$journalist\$ \"Brad Stone (journalist)\"), \"that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle.\"[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) In July 2014, the [Federal Trade Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Trade_Commission \"Federal Trade Commission\") launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[\\[237\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-238) In 2019, Amazon banned selling [skin-lightening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skin_whitening \"Skin whitening\") products after pushback from [Minnesota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minnesota \"Minnesota\") health and [environmental activists.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_movement \"Environmental movement\")[\\[238\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-239) In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general [Letitia James](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letitia_James \"Letitia James\") was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.[\\[239\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-240) After the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the [Biden Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden \"Presidency of Joe Biden\"), to \"reduce the visibility\" of books critical of the [COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\"),[\\[240\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-241)[\\[241\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-242) which was revealed after Rep. [Jim Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jim_Jordan \"Jim Jordan\") (acting on behalf of the [House Judiciary Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary \"United States House Committee on the Judiciary\")) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.[\\[242\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-243)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg)\n\nAn Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C.\n\nAmazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically [double parking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_parking \"Double parking\"), blocking [bike lanes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bike_lane \"Bike lane\"), and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to [traffic congestion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_congestion \"Traffic congestion\") and endangering other road users.[\\[243\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-244)[\\[244\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-245)[\\[245\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-246)[\\[246\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-247)\n\nJane Friedman[\\[247\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-janefriedman\/books-248) discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\"). Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled \"I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires).\"[\\[248\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-janefriedman\/rather-my-books-pirated-249)[\\[249\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-arstechnica\/2023\/08\/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon-250)[\\[250\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-vice\/v7b774-251)[\\[251\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-washingtonpost\/amazon-goodreads-252)\n\nIn 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.[\\[252\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto4-253) It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the [Electronic Frontier Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation \"Electronic Frontier Foundation\") for this change.[\\[252\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto4-253)\n\nIn February 2025, [Sky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_UK \"Sky UK\") accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via \"jailbroken\" Fire Sticks.[\\[253\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-254)\n\n[Project Nimbus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Nimbus \"Project Nimbus\") is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel \"Israel\") and [its military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.[\\[254\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-255)[\\[255\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-256) The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of [Palestinian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinians \"Palestinians\") human rights in the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict \"Israeli–Palestinian conflict\").[\\[256\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-257) In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.[\\[257\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-258)[\\[258\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-259)\n\nOn July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire [San Francisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\")\\-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern [smartwatches](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smartwatch \"Smartwatch\"), equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24\/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.[\\[259\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-260)\n\nIn January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a \"Project Dawn\" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.[\\[260\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-261)\n\n## See also\n- [Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award \"Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award\") – Literary award\n- [Amazon Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pay \"Amazon Pay\") – Online purchase processing system\n- [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number \"Amazon Standard Identification Number\") (\n  ASIN\n  ) – Alphanumeric unique identifier\n- [Amazon Storywriter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Storywriter \"Amazon Storywriter\") – Cloud-based screenwriting app by Amazon\n- [Camelcamelcamel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camelcamelcamel \"Camelcamelcamel\") – A website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com\n- [History of Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Amazon \"History of Amazon\")\n- [Internal carbon pricing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_tax#Internal_price_on_carbon \"Carbon tax\")\n- [List of book distributors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_book_distributors \"List of book distributors\")\n- [Statistically improbable phrases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistically_improbable_phrase \"Statistically improbable phrase\") – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books\n\n[Portals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals \"Wikipedia:Contents\/Portals\"):\n\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f9\/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg\/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg) [Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Internet \"Portal:Internet\")\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Industry5.svg\/20px-Industry5.svg.png) [Companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Companies \"Portal:Companies\")\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Noun-technology.svg\/20px-Noun-technology.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Noun-technology.svg) [Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Technology \"Portal:Technology\")\n## References\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-5)** [\/ˈæməzɒn\/](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English \"Help:IPA\/English\") [ⓘ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:LL-Q1860_\$eng\$-Flame,_not_lame-Amazon_\$company\$.wav \"File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Amazon (company).wav\"), [*AM\\-ə-zon*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\"); [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_English \"British English\") also [\/ˈæməzən\/](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:IPA\/English \"Help:IPA\/English\"), [*AM\\-ə-zən*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\")\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-10K_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-10K_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-10K_1-2)\n   [\"Amazon.com, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K Annual Report\"](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/ix?doc=\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1018724\/000101872425000004\/amzn-20241231.htm). 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Retrieved August 9, 2023.\n248. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-janefriedman\/rather-my-books-pirated_249-0)**\n     Friedman, Jane (August 7, 2023). [\"I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)\"](https:\/\/janefriedman.com\/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated\/). *Jane Friedman*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230809003245\/https:\/\/janefriedman.com\/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated\/) from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.\n249. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-arstechnica\/2023\/08\/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon_250-0)**\n     Edwards, Benj (August 8, 2023). [\"Author discovers AI-generated counterfeit books written in her name on Amazon\"](https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2023\/08\/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon\/). *Ars Technica*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230808231428\/https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2023\/08\/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon\/) from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.\n250. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-vice\/v7b774_251-0)**\n     Roscoe, Jules (June 28, 2023). [\"AI-Generated Books of Nonsense Are All Over Amazon's Bestseller Lists\"](https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists\/). *Vice*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230808123916\/https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/v7b774\/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists) from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.\n251. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-washingtonpost\/amazon-goodreads_252-0)**\n     O'Donovan, Caroline (July 2, 2023). [\"Goodreads was the future of book reviews. Then Amazon bought it\"](https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2023\/07\/01\/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert\/). *Washington Post*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230828145218\/https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2023\/07\/01\/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert\/) from the original on August 28, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.\n252. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-auto4_253-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-auto4_253-1)\n     [\"Ring will no longer allow police to request users' doorbell camera footage\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240127172246\/https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2024\/01\/25\/1226942087\/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage). [NPR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NPR \"NPR\"). Associated Press. January 27, 2024. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2024\/01\/25\/1226942087\/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage) on January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024.\n253. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-254)**\n     Dalleres, Frank (February 26, 2025). [\"Sky accuses Amazon of failing to prevent piracy on Fire Sticks\"](https:\/\/www.cityam.com\/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks\/). *City AM*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250226154039\/https:\/\/www.cityam.com\/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks\/) from the original on February 26, 2025. Retrieved February 27, 2025.\n254. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-255)**\n     Kwet, Michael. [\"How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid\"](https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2024\/5\/12\/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid). *Al Jazeera*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250716212913\/https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/opinions\/2024\/5\/12\/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid) from the original on July 16, 2025. Retrieved July 17, 2025.\n255. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-256)**\n     Grant, Nico (August 30, 2022). [\"Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/08\/30\/technology\/google-employee-israel.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0362-4331](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0362-4331). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240531195403\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/08\/30\/technology\/google-employee-israel.html) from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2025.\n256. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-257)**\n     [\"We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus\"](https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2021\/oct\/12\/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract). *The Guardian*. October 12, 2021. [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\$identifier\$ \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0261-3077](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0261-3077). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230518020549\/https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2021\/oct\/12\/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract) from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2025.\n257. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-258)**\n     Palmer, Annie (September 11, 2025). [\"Amazon suspends engineer who protested company's work with Israeli government\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/09\/11\/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html). *CNBC*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20251014034800\/https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/09\/11\/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html) from the original on October 14, 2025. Retrieved October 17, 2025.\n258. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-259)**\n     Hays, Kali. [\"Amazon fires engineer after internal message critical of company's work with Israeli government\"](https:\/\/of-interest.beehiiv.com\/p\/amazon-fires-engineer-after-internal-message-critical-of-company-s-work-with-israeli-government). *Of Interest*. Retrieved October 17, 2025.\n259. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-260)**\n     Nguyen, Nicole (July 23, 2025). [\"Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/tech\/personal-tech\/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934). *WSJ*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250724222242\/https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/tech\/personal-tech\/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934) from the original on July 24, 2025. Retrieved July 25, 2025.\n260. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-261)**\n     Palmer, Annie (January 28, 2026). [\"Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/01\/27\/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html). *CNBC*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260201214259\/https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/01\/27\/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html) from the original on February 1, 2026. Retrieved February 13, 2026.\n## Further reading\n- Brandt, Richard L. (2011). *[One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Click:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Rise_of_Amazon.com \"One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com\")*. New York: Portfolio Penguin. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-59184-375-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-59184-375-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-59184-375-7\")\n  \n  .\n- [Daisey, Mike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Daisey \"Mike Daisey\") (2002). [*21 Dog Years*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/21dogyearsdoingt00dais). Free Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-7432-2580-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7432-2580-5 \"Special:BookSources\/0-7432-2580-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Friedman, Mara (2004). [*Amazon.com for Dummies*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/amazoncomfordumm00frie). Wiley Publishing. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-7645-5840-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7645-5840-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-7645-5840-4\")\n  \n  .\n- Marcus, James (2004). [*Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/amazonia00marc). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-56584-870-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-56584-870-5 \"Special:BookSources\/1-56584-870-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Spector, Robert (2000). [*Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/amazoncomgetbigf00spec). HarperCollins. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-06-662041-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-06-662041-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-06-662041-4\")\n  \n  .\n- [Stone, Brad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brad_Stone_\$journalist\$ \"Brad Stone (journalist)\") (2013). [*The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Everything_Store:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Age_of_Amazon \"The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon\"). New York: Little Brown and Co. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-316-21926-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-21926-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-21926-6\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [856249407](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/856249407).\n## External links\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Amazon.com](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Amazon.com \"commons:Category:Amazon.com\").\n\n- [Official website](https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q3884#P856 \"Edit this at Wikidata\")\n- [Amazon](https:\/\/www.opensecrets.org\/orgs\/summary?id=D000023883) on [OpenSecrets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenSecrets \"OpenSecrets\"), a website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q3884#P4691 \"Edit this at Wikidata\")\n- [Amazon (company) companies](https:\/\/opencorporates.com\/corporate_groupings\/Amazon) grouped at [OpenCorporates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OpenCorporates \"OpenCorporates\")\n- Business data for Amazon.com, Inc.:\n  - [Google](https:\/\/www.google.com\/finance\/quote\/AMZN:NASDAQ)\n  - [SEC filings](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/cgi-bin\/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1018724)\n  - [Yahoo\\!](https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/quote\/AMZN)\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Amazon \"Template:Amazon\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Amazon \"Template talk:Amazon\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Amazon \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Amazon\")[Amazon]() |   |\n|---|---|\n| People |   |\n|   |   |\n| Current | [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") (Founder and Executive Chairman) [Andy Jassy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Jassy \"Andy Jassy\") (President and CEO) [Werner Vogels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_Vogels \"Werner Vogels\") (CTO) |\n| Former | [Rick Dalzell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rick_Dalzell \"Rick Dalzell\") [Paul Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Davis_\$programmer\$ \"Paul Davis (programmer)\") [Tony Hsieh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tony_Hsieh \"Tony Hsieh\") [Christopher North](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christopher_North_\$businessman\$ \"Christopher North (businessman)\") [Ram Shriram](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ram_Shriram \"Ram Shriram\") [Tom Szkutak](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tom_Szkutak \"Tom Szkutak\") [Brian Valentine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brian_Valentine \"Brian Valentine\") |\n| Facilities | [List of Amazon locations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Amazon_locations \"List of Amazon locations\") [Doppler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doppler_\$building\$ \"Doppler (building)\") [Day 1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Day_1_\$building\$ \"Day 1 (building)\") *[HQ2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_HQ2 \"Amazon HQ2\")* [Principal Place](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Principal_Place \"Principal Place\") [Spheres](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Spheres \"Amazon Spheres\") *[Bellevue 600](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue_600 \"Bellevue 600\")* |\n| Products and services |   |\n|   |   |\n| Subsidiaries | [AbeBooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbeBooks \"AbeBooks\") [Amazon Game Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Game_Studios \"Amazon Game Studios\") [Amazon Lab126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lab126 \"Amazon Lab126\") [Amazon Pharmacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pharmacy \"Amazon Pharmacy\") [PillPack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PillPack \"PillPack\") [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\") [Amazon University Esports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_University_Esports \"Amazon University Esports\") [Annapurna Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annapurna_Labs \"Annapurna Labs\") [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\") [Blink Home](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blink_Home \"Blink Home\") [Body Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Body_Labs \"Body Labs\") [BookFinder](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BookFinder.com \"BookFinder.com\") [Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AmazonFresh \"AmazonFresh\") [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") [Goodreads Choice Awards](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads_Choice_Awards \"Goodreads Choice Awards\") [Graphiq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graphiq \"Graphiq\") [IMDb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb \"IMDb\") [Box Office Mojo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Box_Office_Mojo \"Box Office Mojo\") [IMDbPro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb#IMDbPro \"IMDb\") [Kuiper Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuiper_Systems \"Kuiper Systems\") [One Medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1Life_Healthcare \"1Life Healthcare\") [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") [Neighbors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neighbors_\$app\$ \"Neighbors (app)\") [Shopbop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shopbop \"Shopbop\") [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") [IGDB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IGDB \"IGDB\") [Woot.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woot \"Woot\") [Zappos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zappos \"Zappos\") [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox \"Zoox\") |\n| Cloud computing | [Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [AMI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Machine_Image \"Amazon Machine Image\") [Amazon Aurora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Aurora \"Amazon Aurora\") [Beanstalk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AWS_Elastic_Beanstalk \"AWS Elastic Beanstalk\") [CloudFront](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_CloudFront \"Amazon CloudFront\") [DynamoDB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_DynamoDB \"Amazon DynamoDB\") [EBS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Elastic_Block_Store \"Amazon Elastic Block Store\") [EC2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud \"Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud\") [EFS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Elastic_File_System \"Amazon Elastic File System\") [ElastiCache](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_ElastiCache \"Amazon ElastiCache\") [EMR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Elastic_MapReduce \"Amazon Elastic MapReduce\") [Glacier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Glacier \"Amazon Glacier\") [Glue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AWS_Glue \"AWS Glue\") [Lambda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AWS_Lambda \"AWS Lambda\") [Lightsail](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lightsail \"Amazon Lightsail\") [MTurk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk \"Amazon Mechanical Turk\") [Neptune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Neptune \"Amazon Neptune\") [Product Advertising API](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Product_Advertising_API \"Amazon Product Advertising API\") [RDS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Relational_Database_Service \"Amazon Relational Database Service\") [Redshift](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Redshift \"Amazon Redshift\") [Rekognition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Rekognition \"Amazon Rekognition\") [Route 53](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Route_53 \"Amazon Route 53\") [S3](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_S3 \"Amazon S3\") [SageMaker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_SageMaker \"Amazon SageMaker\") [SES](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [SNS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Simple_Notification_Service \"Amazon Simple Notification Service\") [SimpleDB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_SimpleDB \"Amazon SimpleDB\") [SQS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Simple_Queue_Service \"Amazon Simple Queue Service\") [VPC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Virtual_Private_Cloud \"Amazon Virtual Private Cloud\") |\n| Services | [Amazon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#Website) [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_China \"Amazon China\") [Alexa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Alexa \"Amazon Alexa\") [Appstore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Appstore \"Amazon Appstore\") [Digital Game Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store \"Amazon Digital Game Store\") [Fire OS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_OS \"Fire OS\") [Kindle Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_Store \"Kindle Store\") [Luna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Luna \"Amazon Luna\") [Payments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pay \"Amazon Pay\") [Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\") [Amazon miniTV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_miniTV \"Amazon miniTV\") [MX Player](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MX_Player \"MX Player\") [Key](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Key \"Amazon Key\") [Prime Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Music \"Amazon Prime Music\") [Prime Now](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Now \"Prime Now\") [Prime Pantry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Pantry \"Amazon Prime Pantry\") [Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\") [Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_on_Amazon_Prime_Video \"Sports on Amazon Prime Video\") [Marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Marketplace \"Amazon Marketplace\") [Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\") ([Wondery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wondery \"Wondery\")) [Silk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Silk \"Amazon Silk\") [Wireless](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#AmazonWireless) |\n| Devices | [Astro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Astro \"Amazon Astro\") [Echo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Echo \"Amazon Echo\") [Show](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Echo_Show \"Amazon Echo Show\") [Echo Buds](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Echo_Buds \"Amazon Echo Buds\") [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") [Fire HD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_HD \"Fire HD\") [Fire HDX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_HDX \"Fire HDX\") [Fire TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire_TV \"Amazon Fire TV\") [Stick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire_TV#Fire_TV_Stick \"Amazon Fire TV\") [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") |\n| Technology | [1-Click](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1-Click \"1-Click\") [Amazon One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_One \"Amazon One\") [Dynamo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynamo_\$storage_system\$ \"Dynamo (storage system)\") [Obidos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Obidos_\$software\$ \"Obidos (software)\") [Lumberyard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lumberyard \"Amazon Lumberyard\") |\n| Media | [Amazon Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Games \"Amazon Games\") [Amazon Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Publishing \"Amazon Publishing\") [Breakthrough Novel Award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award \"Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award\") [Best Books of the Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon%27s_Best_Books_of_the_Year \"Amazon's Best Books of the Year\") [Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\") [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") [United Artists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Artists \"United Artists\") [Orion Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orion_Pictures \"Orion Pictures\") [American International Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_International_Pictures \"American International Pictures\") [MGM+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM%2B \"MGM+\") [Kindle Direct Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_Direct_Publishing \"Kindle Direct Publishing\") [YES Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YES_Network \"YES Network\") (15%) |\n| Retail | [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") [Amazon Go](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Go \"Amazon Go\") [Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") |\n| Logistics | [Amazon Freight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Freight \"Amazon Freight\") [Amazon Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Air \"Amazon Air\") [Amazon Prime Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Air \"Amazon Prime Air\") |\n| Former | [43 Things](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/43_Things \"43 Things\") [A9.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A9.com \"A9.com\") [Askville](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Askville \"Askville\") [Alexa Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexa_Internet \"Alexa Internet\") [Amapedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amapedia \"Amapedia\") [Amazon Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Books \"Amazon Books\") [Amazon Clinic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Clinic \"Amazon Clinic\") [Amie Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amie_Street \"Amie Street\") ([Songza](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songza \"Songza\")) [Book Depository](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_Depository \"Book Depository\") [CDNow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CDNow \"CDNow\") [ComiXology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ComiXology \"ComiXology\") [Dash buttons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Dash \"Amazon Dash\") [Dash wand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Dash#Barcode_scanner \"Amazon Dash\") [Diapers.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diapers.com \"Diapers.com\") [Digital Photography Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Photography_Review \"Digital Photography Review\") [Double Helix Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_Helix_Games \"Double Helix Games\") [Drive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Drive \"Amazon Drive\") [Endless.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Endless.com \"Endless.com\") [Fire Phone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_Phone \"Fire Phone\") [Freevee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Freevee \"Amazon Freevee\") [Lexcycle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lexcycle \"Lexcycle\") [Liquavista](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquavista \"Liquavista\") [LivingSocial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LivingSocial \"LivingSocial\") [LoveFilm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LoveFilm \"LoveFilm\") [MGM Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Holdings \"MGM Holdings\") [Mobipocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobipocket \"Mobipocket\") [PlanetAll](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PlanetAll \"PlanetAll\") [Reflexive Entertainment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reflexive_Entertainment \"Reflexive Entertainment\") [Sellaband](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sellaband \"Sellaband\") [Shelfari](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shelfari \"Shelfari\") [Souq.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq_\$company\$ \"Souq (company)\") [TenMarks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TenMarks_Education,_Inc. \"TenMarks Education, Inc.\") [Treasure Truck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treasure_Truck \"Treasure Truck\") [Withoutabox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Withoutabox \"Withoutabox\") |\n| Litigation | *[Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc. \"Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.\")* *[Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com,_Inc._v._Barnesandnoble.com,_Inc. \"Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.\")* *[Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com_Inc_v_Canada_\$Commissioner_of_Patents\$ \"Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)\")* *[FTC v. Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FTC_v._Amazon \"FTC v. Amazon\")* |\n| Other | [Amazon Light](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Light \"Amazon Light\") [ASIN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number \"Amazon Standard Identification Number\") [Community Banana Stand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Community_Banana_Stand \"Community Banana Stand\") [Criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Amazon \"Criticism of Amazon\") ([tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_tax \"Amazon tax\")) [Fishbowl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fishbowl \"Amazon Fishbowl\") [History of Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Amazon \"History of Amazon\") [LibraryThing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LibraryThing \"LibraryThing\") [List of Amazon brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Amazon_brands \"List of Amazon brands\") [List of Amazon products and services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Amazon_products_and_services \"List of Amazon products and services\") [List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Amazon \"List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon\") [Locker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Locker \"Amazon Locker\") [MacKenzie Scott](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MacKenzie_Scott \"MacKenzie Scott\") [Statistically improbable phrase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistically_improbable_phrase \"Statistically improbable phrase\") [Vine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Vine \"Amazon Vine\") [Worker organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_worker_organization \"Amazon worker organization\") [List of fatalities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Amazon_fatalities \"List of Amazon fatalities\") [Edwardsville Amazon warehouse collapse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwardsville_Amazon_warehouse_collapse \"Edwardsville Amazon warehouse collapse\") |\n| Unions | [Congress of Essential Workers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_Essential_Workers \"Congress of Essential Workers\") [Amazon Labor Union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Labor_Union \"Amazon Labor Union\") [Amazon worker organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_worker_organization \"Amazon worker organization\") [2024 strike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2024_Teamsters_Amazon_Strike \"2024 Teamsters Amazon Strike\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Amazon_\$company\$ \"Category:Amazon (company)\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Jeff_Bezos \"Template:Jeff Bezos\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Jeff_Bezos \"Template talk:Jeff Bezos\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Jeff_Bezos \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Jeff Bezos\")[Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n| Organizations | [Amazon]() [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [Alexa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Alexa \"Amazon Alexa\") [Amazon Appstore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Appstore \"Amazon Appstore\") [Amazon Luna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Luna \"Amazon Luna\") [Amazon Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\") [Amazon Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pay \"Amazon Pay\") [Amazon Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\") [Amazon Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\") [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\") [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") [Blue Origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Origin \"Blue Origin\") [Bezos Expeditions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bezos_Expeditions \"Bezos Expeditions\") [Bezos Family Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bezos_Family_Foundation \"Bezos Family Foundation\") [Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post#Jeff_Bezos_era_\$2013%E2%80%93present\$ \"The Washington Post\") | [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fb\/Jeff_Bezos_2016_crop.jpg\/60px-Jeff_Bezos_2016_crop.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jeff_Bezos_2016_crop.jpg) |\n| [Family](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Family_of_Jeff_Bezos \"Family of Jeff Bezos\") | [Ted Jorgensen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ted_Jorgensen \"Ted Jorgensen\") [Miguel Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miguel_Bezos \"Miguel Bezos\") [Jackie Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jackie_Bezos \"Jackie Bezos\") [Mark Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Bezos \"Mark Bezos\") [MacKenzie Scott](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MacKenzie_Scott \"MacKenzie Scott\") [Lauren Sánchez](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lauren_S%C3%A1nchez \"Lauren Sánchez\") |   |\n| Related | *[Koru](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koru_\$yacht\$ \"Koru (yacht)\")* [Billionaire space race](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Billionaire_space_race \"Billionaire space race\") *[The Everything Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Everything_Store \"The Everything Store\")* *[The Space Barons](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Space_Barons \"The Space Barons\")* [Phone hacking incident](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident \"Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident\") |   |\n\n| Links to related articles |   |\n|---|---|\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Nasdaq-100 \"Template:Nasdaq-100\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Nasdaq-100 \"Template talk:Nasdaq-100\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Nasdaq-100 \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Nasdaq-100\")Companies of the [Nasdaq-100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasdaq-100 \"Nasdaq-100\") index |   |\n| [Adobe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_Inc. \"Adobe Inc.\") [ADP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ADP_\$company\$ \"ADP (company)\") [AMD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AMD \"AMD\") [Airbnb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airbnb \"Airbnb\") [Alnylam Pharmaceuticals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alnylam_Pharmaceuticals \"Alnylam Pharmaceuticals\") [Alphabet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\") [Amazon]() [AEP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Electric_Power \"American Electric Power\") [Amgen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amgen \"Amgen\") [Analog Devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analog_Devices \"Analog Devices\") [Apple](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") [Applied Materials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_Materials \"Applied Materials\") [AppLovin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AppLovin \"AppLovin\") [Arm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arm_Holdings \"Arm Holdings\") [ASML](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASML_Holding \"ASML Holding\") [Atlassian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlassian \"Atlassian\") [Autodesk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autodesk \"Autodesk\") [Axon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axon_Enterprise \"Axon Enterprise\") [Baker Hughes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baker_Hughes \"Baker Hughes\") [Booking Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booking_Holdings \"Booking Holdings\") [Broadcom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadcom \"Broadcom\") [Cadence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cadence_Design_Systems \"Cadence Design Systems\") [Charter Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charter_Communications \"Charter Communications\") [Cintas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cintas \"Cintas\") [Cisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cisco \"Cisco\") [Coca-Cola Europacific Partners](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coca-Cola_Europacific_Partners \"Coca-Cola Europacific Partners\") [Cognizant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognizant \"Cognizant\") [Comcast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comcast \"Comcast\") [Constellation Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constellation_Energy \"Constellation Energy\") [Copart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copart \"Copart\") [CoStar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoStar_Group \"CoStar Group\") [Costco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costco \"Costco\") [CrowdStrike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CrowdStrike \"CrowdStrike\") [CSX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CSX_Corporation \"CSX Corporation\") [Datadog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datadog \"Datadog\") [Dexcom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dexcom \"Dexcom\") [Diamondback Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diamondback_Energy \"Diamondback Energy\") [DoorDash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DoorDash \"DoorDash\") [Electronic Arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Arts \"Electronic Arts\") [Exelon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exelon \"Exelon\") [Fastenal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fastenal \"Fastenal\") [Ferrovial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ferrovial \"Ferrovial\") [Fortinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortinet \"Fortinet\") [GE HealthCare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GE_HealthCare \"GE HealthCare\") [Gilead](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilead_Sciences \"Gilead Sciences\") [Honeywell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honeywell \"Honeywell\") [Idexx Laboratories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idexx_Laboratories \"Idexx Laboratories\") [Insmed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Insmed&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Insmed (page does not exist)\") [Intel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel \"Intel\") [Intuit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intuit \"Intuit\") [Intuitive Surgical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intuitive_Surgical \"Intuitive Surgical\") [Keurig Dr Pepper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keurig_Dr_Pepper \"Keurig Dr Pepper\") [KLA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KLA_Corporation \"KLA Corporation\") [Kraft Heinz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kraft_Heinz \"Kraft Heinz\") [Lam Research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lam_Research \"Lam Research\") [Linde](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linde_plc \"Linde plc\") [Marriott International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriott_International \"Marriott International\") [Marvell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marvell_Technology \"Marvell Technology\") [Mercado Libre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercado_Libre \"Mercado Libre\") [Meta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\") [Microchip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microchip_Technology \"Microchip Technology\") [Micron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Micron_Technology \"Micron Technology\") [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") [MicroStrategy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MicroStrategy \"MicroStrategy\") [Mondelez International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mondelez_International \"Mondelez International\") [Monolithic Power Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monolithic_Power_Systems \"Monolithic Power Systems\") [Monster Beverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monster_Beverage \"Monster Beverage\") [Netflix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netflix,_Inc. \"Netflix, Inc.\") [Nvidia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nvidia \"Nvidia\") [NXP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NXP_Semiconductors \"NXP Semiconductors\") [O'Reilly Auto Parts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts \"O'Reilly Auto Parts\") [Old Dominion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line \"Old Dominion Freight Line\") [Paccar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paccar \"Paccar\") [Palantir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palantir \"Palantir\") [Palo Alto Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palo_Alto_Networks \"Palo Alto Networks\") [Paychex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paychex \"Paychex\") [PayPal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PayPal \"PayPal\") [PDD Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinduoduo \"Pinduoduo\") [PepsiCo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PepsiCo \"PepsiCo\") [Qualcomm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qualcomm \"Qualcomm\") [Regeneron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals \"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals\") [Roper Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roper_Technologies \"Roper Technologies\") [Ross Stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ross_Stores \"Ross Stores\") [Seagate Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seagate_Technology \"Seagate Technology\") [Shopify](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shopify \"Shopify\") [Starbucks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starbucks \"Starbucks\") [Synopsys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synopsys \"Synopsys\") [Take-Two Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Take-Two_Interactive \"Take-Two Interactive\") [T-Mobile US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T-Mobile_US \"T-Mobile US\") [Tesla](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tesla,_Inc. \"Tesla, Inc.\") [Texas Instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_Instruments \"Texas Instruments\") [Thomson Reuters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomson_Reuters \"Thomson Reuters\") [Verisk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verisk_Analytics \"Verisk Analytics\") [Vertex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals \"Vertex Pharmaceuticals\") [Walmart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walmart \"Walmart\") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Bros._Discovery \"Warner Bros. Discovery\") [Western Digital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Digital \"Western Digital\") [Workday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workday,_Inc. \"Workday, Inc.\") [Xcel Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xcel_Energy \"Xcel Energy\") [Zscaler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zscaler \"Zscaler\") |   |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies \"Template:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies \"Template talk:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies\")Components of the [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average \"Dow Jones Industrial Average\") |   |\n| [3M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3M \"3M\") [Amazon]() [American Express](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Express \"American Express\") [Amgen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amgen \"Amgen\") [Apple](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") [Boeing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing \"Boeing\") [Caterpillar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caterpillar_Inc. \"Caterpillar Inc.\") [Chevron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\") [Cisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cisco \"Cisco\") [Coca-Cola](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Coca-Cola_Company \"The Coca-Cola Company\") [Disney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Walt_Disney_Company \"The Walt Disney Company\") [Goldman Sachs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldman_Sachs \"Goldman Sachs\") [Home Depot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_Depot \"Home Depot\") [Honeywell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honeywell \"Honeywell\") [IBM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBM \"IBM\") [Johnson & Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johnson_%26_Johnson \"Johnson & Johnson\") [JPMorgan Chase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JPMorgan_Chase \"JPMorgan Chase\") [McDonald's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\") [Merck](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merck_%26_Co. \"Merck & Co.\") [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") [Nike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nike,_Inc. \"Nike, Inc.\") [Nvidia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nvidia \"Nvidia\") [Procter & Gamble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") [Salesforce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salesforce \"Salesforce\") [Sherwin-Williams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sherwin-Williams \"Sherwin-Williams\") [Travelers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Travelers_Companies \"The Travelers Companies\") [UnitedHealth](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UnitedHealth_Group \"UnitedHealth Group\") [Verizon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verizon \"Verizon\") [Visa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_Inc. \"Visa Inc.\") [Walmart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walmart \"Walmart\") |   |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:S%26P_500_companies \"Template:S&P 500 companies\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:S%26P_500_companies \"Template talk:S&P 500 companies\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:S%26P_500_companies \"Special:EditPage\/Template:S&P 500 companies\")[S\\&P 500 companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_S%26P_500_companies \"List of S&P 500 companies\") |   |\n| Energy | [APA Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/APA_Corporation \"APA Corporation\") [Baker Hughes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baker_Hughes \"Baker Hughes\") [Chevron Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chevron_Corporation \"Chevron Corporation\") [ConocoPhillips](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ConocoPhillips \"ConocoPhillips\") [Coterra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coterra \"Coterra\") [Devon Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Devon_Energy \"Devon Energy\") [Diamondback Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diamondback_Energy \"Diamondback Energy\") [EOG Resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EOG_Resources \"EOG Resources\") [EQT Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EQT_Corporation \"EQT Corporation\") [Expand Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expand_Energy \"Expand Energy\") [ExxonMobil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ExxonMobil \"ExxonMobil\") [Halliburton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Halliburton \"Halliburton\") [Kinder Morgan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kinder_Morgan \"Kinder Morgan\") [Marathon Petroleum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marathon_Petroleum \"Marathon Petroleum\") [Occidental Petroleum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occidental_Petroleum \"Occidental Petroleum\") [Oneok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oneok \"Oneok\") [Phillips 66](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phillips_66 \"Phillips 66\") [SLB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SLB \"SLB\") [Targa Resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Targa_Resources \"Targa Resources\") [Texas Pacific Land Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_Pacific_Land_Corporation \"Texas Pacific Land Corporation\") [Valero Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valero_Energy \"Valero Energy\") [Williams Companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Williams_Companies \"Williams Companies\") |\n| Materials | [Air Products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_Products \"Air Products\") [Albemarle Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albemarle_Corporation \"Albemarle Corporation\") [Amcor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amcor \"Amcor\") [Avery Dennison](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avery_Dennison \"Avery Dennison\") [Ball Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ball_Corporation \"Ball Corporation\") [CF Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CF_Industries \"CF Industries\") [Corteva](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corteva \"Corteva\") [CRH plc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CRH_plc \"CRH plc\") [Dow Chemical Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dow_Chemical_Company \"Dow Chemical Company\") [DuPont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DuPont \"DuPont\") [Ecolab](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecolab \"Ecolab\") [Freeport-McMoRan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freeport-McMoRan \"Freeport-McMoRan\") [International Flavors & Fragrances](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Flavors_%26_Fragrances \"International Flavors & Fragrances\") [International Paper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Paper \"International Paper\") [Linde plc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linde_plc \"Linde plc\") [LyondellBasell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LyondellBasell \"LyondellBasell\") [Martin Marietta Materials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martin_Marietta_Materials \"Martin Marietta Materials\") [Newmont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newmont \"Newmont\") [Nucor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nucor \"Nucor\") [Packaging Corporation of America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Packaging_Corporation_of_America \"Packaging Corporation of America\") [PPG Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PPG_Industries \"PPG Industries\") [Sherwin-Williams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sherwin-Williams \"Sherwin-Williams\") [Smurfit Westrock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smurfit_Westrock \"Smurfit Westrock\") [Steel Dynamics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steel_Dynamics \"Steel Dynamics\") [Vulcan Materials Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vulcan_Materials_Company \"Vulcan Materials Company\") |\n| Industrials | [3M](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3M \"3M\") [A. O. Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A._O._Smith \"A. O. Smith\") [Allegion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allegion \"Allegion\") [Ametek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ametek \"Ametek\") [Automatic Data Processing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ADP_\$company\$ \"ADP (company)\") [Axon Enterprise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axon_Enterprise \"Axon Enterprise\") [Boeing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing \"Boeing\") [Broadridge Financial Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadridge_Financial_Solutions \"Broadridge Financial Solutions\") [Builders FirstSource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Builders_FirstSource \"Builders FirstSource\") [C.H. Robinson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C.H._Robinson \"C.H. Robinson\") [Carrier Global](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carrier_Global \"Carrier Global\") [Caterpillar Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caterpillar_Inc. \"Caterpillar Inc.\") [Cintas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cintas \"Cintas\") [Comfort Systems USA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comfort_Systems_USA \"Comfort Systems USA\") [Copart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Copart \"Copart\") [CSX Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CSX_Corporation \"CSX Corporation\") [Cummins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cummins \"Cummins\") [Deere & Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Deere \"John Deere\") [Delta Air Lines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Delta_Air_Lines \"Delta Air Lines\") [Dover Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dover_Corporation \"Dover Corporation\") [Eaton Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eaton_Corporation \"Eaton Corporation\") [Emcor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emcor \"Emcor\") [Emerson Electric](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emerson_Electric \"Emerson Electric\") [Equifax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equifax \"Equifax\") [Expeditors International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expeditors_International \"Expeditors International\") [Fastenal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fastenal \"Fastenal\") [FedEx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FedEx \"FedEx\") [Fortive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortive \"Fortive\") [GE Aerospace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GE_Aerospace \"GE Aerospace\") [GE Vernova](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GE_Vernova \"GE Vernova\") [Generac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generac \"Generac\") [General Dynamics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Dynamics \"General Dynamics\") [Honeywell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honeywell \"Honeywell\") [Howmet Aerospace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Howmet_Aerospace \"Howmet Aerospace\") [Hubbell Incorporated](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hubbell_Incorporated \"Hubbell Incorporated\") [Huntington Ingalls Industries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huntington_Ingalls_Industries \"Huntington Ingalls Industries\") [IDEX Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IDEX_Corporation \"IDEX Corporation\") [Illinois Tool Works](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illinois_Tool_Works \"Illinois Tool Works\") [Ingersoll Rand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ingersoll_Rand \"Ingersoll Rand\") [J. B. Hunt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._B._Hunt \"J. B. Hunt\") [Jacobs Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacobs_Solutions \"Jacobs Solutions\") [Johnson Controls](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johnson_Controls \"Johnson Controls\") [L3Harris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L3Harris \"L3Harris\") [Leidos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leidos \"Leidos\") [Lennox International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lennox_International \"Lennox International\") [Lockheed Martin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_Martin \"Lockheed Martin\") [Masco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Masco \"Masco\") [Nordson Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordson_Corporation \"Nordson Corporation\") [Norfolk Southern Railway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfolk_Southern_Railway \"Norfolk Southern Railway\") [Northrop Grumman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northrop_Grumman \"Northrop Grumman\") [Old Dominion Freight Line](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line \"Old Dominion Freight Line\") [Otis Worldwide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otis_Worldwide \"Otis Worldwide\") [Paccar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paccar \"Paccar\") [Parker Hannifin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parker_Hannifin \"Parker Hannifin\") [Paychex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paychex \"Paychex\") [Pentair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pentair \"Pentair\") [Quanta Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quanta_Services \"Quanta Services\") [RTX Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTX_Corporation \"RTX Corporation\") [Republic Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_Services \"Republic Services\") [Rockwell Automation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rockwell_Automation \"Rockwell Automation\") [Rollins, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rollins,_Inc. \"Rollins, Inc.\") [Snap-on](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snap-on \"Snap-on\") [Southwest Airlines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southwest_Airlines \"Southwest Airlines\") [Stanley Black & Decker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanley_Black_%26_Decker \"Stanley Black & Decker\") [Textron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Textron \"Textron\") [Trane Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trane_Technologies \"Trane Technologies\") [TransDigm Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TransDigm_Group \"TransDigm Group\") [Uber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uber \"Uber\") [Union Pacific Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_Pacific_Corporation \"Union Pacific Corporation\") [United Airlines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Airlines \"United Airlines\") [United Parcel Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Parcel_Service \"United Parcel Service\") [United Rentals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Rentals \"United Rentals\") [Veralto](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veralto \"Veralto\") [Verisk Analytics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verisk_Analytics \"Verisk Analytics\") [Vertiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertiv \"Vertiv\") [W. W. Grainger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._W._Grainger \"W. W. Grainger\") [Wabtec](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wabtec \"Wabtec\") [Waste Management, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waste_Management,_Inc. \"Waste Management, Inc.\") [Xylem Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xylem_Inc. \"Xylem Inc.\") |\n| Consumer  discretionary | [Airbnb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airbnb \"Airbnb\") [Amazon]() [Aptiv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aptiv \"Aptiv\") [AutoZone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AutoZone \"AutoZone\") [Best Buy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Best_Buy \"Best Buy\") [Booking Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booking_Holdings \"Booking Holdings\") [Carnival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carnival_Corporation_%26_plc \"Carnival Corporation & plc\") [Carvana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carvana \"Carvana\") [Chipotle Mexican Grill](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chipotle_Mexican_Grill \"Chipotle Mexican Grill\") [Darden Restaurants](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darden_Restaurants \"Darden Restaurants\") [Deckers Brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deckers_Brands \"Deckers Brands\") [Domino's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domino%27s \"Domino's\") [DoorDash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DoorDash \"DoorDash\") [D. R. Horton](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D._R._Horton \"D. R. Horton\") [eBay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBay \"EBay\") [Expedia Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expedia_Group \"Expedia Group\") [Ford Motor Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ford_Motor_Company \"Ford Motor Company\") [Garmin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garmin \"Garmin\") [General Motors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Motors \"General Motors\") [Genuine Parts Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genuine_Parts_Company \"Genuine Parts Company\") [Hasbro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hasbro \"Hasbro\") [Hilton Worldwide](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hilton_Worldwide \"Hilton Worldwide\") [Home Depot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_Depot \"Home Depot\") [Las Vegas Sands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Las_Vegas_Sands \"Las Vegas Sands\") [Lennar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lennar \"Lennar\") [Lowe's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lowe%27s \"Lowe's\") [Lululemon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lululemon \"Lululemon\") [Marriott International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriott_International \"Marriott International\") [McDonald's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McDonald%27s \"McDonald's\") [MGM Resorts International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Resorts_International \"MGM Resorts International\") [Nike, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nike,_Inc. \"Nike, Inc.\") [Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Holdings \"Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings\") [NVR, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NVR,_Inc. \"NVR, Inc.\") [O'Reilly Auto Parts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts \"O'Reilly Auto Parts\") [Pool Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pool_Corporation \"Pool Corporation\") [PulteGroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PulteGroup \"PulteGroup\") [Ralph Lauren Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation \"Ralph Lauren Corporation\") [Ross Stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ross_Stores \"Ross Stores\") [Royal Caribbean Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Caribbean_Group \"Royal Caribbean Group\") [Starbucks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starbucks \"Starbucks\") [Tapestry, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tapestry,_Inc. \"Tapestry, Inc.\") [Tesla, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tesla,_Inc. \"Tesla, Inc.\") [TJX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TJX \"TJX\") [Tractor Supply Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tractor_Supply_Company \"Tractor Supply Company\") [Ulta Beauty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulta_Beauty \"Ulta Beauty\") [Williams-Sonoma, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Williams-Sonoma,_Inc. \"Williams-Sonoma, Inc.\") [Wynn Resorts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wynn_Resorts \"Wynn Resorts\") [Yum! Brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yum!_Brands \"Yum! Brands\") |\n| Consumer  staples | [Altria](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altria \"Altria\") [Archer Daniels Midland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archer_Daniels_Midland \"Archer Daniels Midland\") [Brown-Forman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brown-Forman \"Brown-Forman\") [Bunge Global](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bunge_Global \"Bunge Global\") [Campbell's](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campbell%27s \"Campbell's\") [Church & Dwight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Church_%26_Dwight \"Church & Dwight\") [Clorox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clorox \"Clorox\") [The Coca-Cola Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Coca-Cola_Company \"The Coca-Cola Company\") [Colgate-Palmolive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colgate-Palmolive \"Colgate-Palmolive\") [Conagra Brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conagra_Brands \"Conagra Brands\") [Constellation Brands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constellation_Brands \"Constellation Brands\") [Costco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costco \"Costco\") [Dollar General](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dollar_General \"Dollar General\") [Dollar Tree](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dollar_Tree \"Dollar Tree\") [The Estée Lauder Companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies \"The Estée Lauder Companies\") [General Mills](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Mills \"General Mills\") [The Hershey Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Hershey_Company \"The Hershey Company\") [Hormel Foods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hormel_Foods \"Hormel Foods\") [Kenvue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenvue \"Kenvue\") [Keurig Dr Pepper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keurig_Dr_Pepper \"Keurig Dr Pepper\") [Kimberly-Clark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kimberly-Clark \"Kimberly-Clark\") [Kraft Heinz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kraft_Heinz \"Kraft Heinz\") [Kroger](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kroger \"Kroger\") [McCormick & Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McCormick_%26_Company \"McCormick & Company\") [Molson Coors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Molson_Coors \"Molson Coors\") [Mondelez International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mondelez_International \"Mondelez International\") [Monster Beverage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monster_Beverage \"Monster Beverage\") [PepsiCo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PepsiCo \"PepsiCo\") [Philip Morris International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philip_Morris_International \"Philip Morris International\") [Procter & Gamble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Procter_%26_Gamble \"Procter & Gamble\") [The J.M. Smucker Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_J.M._Smucker_Company \"The J.M. Smucker Company\") [Sysco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sysco \"Sysco\") [Target Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Target_Corporation \"Target Corporation\") [Tyson Foods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tyson_Foods \"Tyson Foods\") [Walmart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walmart \"Walmart\") |\n| Health Care | [Abbott Laboratories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbott_Laboratories \"Abbott Laboratories\") [AbbVie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbbVie \"AbbVie\") [Agilent Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agilent_Technologies \"Agilent Technologies\") [Align Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Align_Technology \"Align Technology\") [Amgen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amgen \"Amgen\") [Baxter International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baxter_International \"Baxter International\") [Becton Dickinson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BD_\$company\$ \"BD (company)\") [Bio-Techne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bio-Techne \"Bio-Techne\") [Biogen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biogen \"Biogen\") [Boston Scientific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boston_Scientific \"Boston Scientific\") [Bristol Myers Squibb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bristol_Myers_Squibb \"Bristol Myers Squibb\") [Cardinal Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardinal_Health \"Cardinal Health\") [Cencora](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cencora \"Cencora\") [Centene Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centene_Corporation \"Centene Corporation\") [Charles River Laboratories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_River_Laboratories \"Charles River Laboratories\") [The Cigna Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Cigna_Group \"The Cigna Group\") [Cooper Companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Cooper_Companies \"The Cooper Companies\") [CVS Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CVS_Health \"CVS Health\") [Danaher Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danaher_Corporation \"Danaher Corporation\") [DaVita](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DaVita \"DaVita\") [Dexcom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dexcom \"Dexcom\") [Edwards Lifesciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edwards_Lifesciences \"Edwards Lifesciences\") [Elevance Health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elevance_Health \"Elevance Health\") [GE HealthCare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GE_HealthCare \"GE HealthCare\") [Gilead Sciences](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilead_Sciences \"Gilead Sciences\") [HCA Healthcare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HCA_Healthcare \"HCA Healthcare\") [Henry Schein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_Schein \"Henry Schein\") [Hologic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hologic \"Hologic\") [Humana](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humana \"Humana\") [Idexx Laboratories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idexx_Laboratories \"Idexx Laboratories\") [Incyte](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incyte \"Incyte\") [Insulet Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Insulet_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Insulet Corporation (page does not exist)\") [Intuitive Surgical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intuitive_Surgical \"Intuitive Surgical\") [IQVIA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IQVIA \"IQVIA\") [Johnson & Johnson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johnson_%26_Johnson \"Johnson & Johnson\") [Labcorp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labcorp \"Labcorp\") [Eli Lilly and Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eli_Lilly_and_Company \"Eli Lilly and Company\") [McKesson Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McKesson_Corporation \"McKesson Corporation\") [Medtronic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medtronic \"Medtronic\") [Merck & Co.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merck_%26_Co. \"Merck & Co.\") [Mettler Toledo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mettler_Toledo \"Mettler Toledo\") [Moderna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moderna \"Moderna\") [Pfizer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pfizer \"Pfizer\") [Quest Diagnostics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quest_Diagnostics \"Quest Diagnostics\") [Regeneron Pharmaceuticals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals \"Regeneron Pharmaceuticals\") [ResMed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ResMed \"ResMed\") [Revvity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revvity \"Revvity\") [Solventum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solventum \"Solventum\") [Steris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steris \"Steris\") [Stryker Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stryker_Corporation \"Stryker Corporation\") [Thermo Fisher Scientific](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific \"Thermo Fisher Scientific\") [UnitedHealth Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UnitedHealth_Group \"UnitedHealth Group\") [Universal Health Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Health_Services \"Universal Health Services\") [Vertex Pharmaceuticals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals \"Vertex Pharmaceuticals\") [Viatris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Viatris \"Viatris\") [Waters Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Waters_Corporation \"Waters Corporation\") [West Pharmaceutical Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Pharmaceutical_Services \"West Pharmaceutical Services\") [Zimmer Biomet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zimmer_Biomet \"Zimmer Biomet\") [Zoetis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoetis \"Zoetis\") |\n| Financials | [Aflac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aflac \"Aflac\") [Allstate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allstate \"Allstate\") [American Express](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Express \"American Express\") [American International Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_International_Group \"American International Group\") [Ameriprise Financial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ameriprise_Financial \"Ameriprise Financial\") [Aon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aon_\$company\$ \"Aon (company)\") [Apollo Global Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_Global_Management \"Apollo Global Management\") [Arch Capital Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arch_Capital_Group \"Arch Capital Group\") [Ares Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ares_Management \"Ares Management\") [Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_J._Gallagher_%26_Co. \"Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.\") [Assurant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assurant \"Assurant\") [Bank of America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bank_of_America \"Bank of America\") [Berkshire Hathaway](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Berkshire_Hathaway \"Berkshire Hathaway\") [BlackRock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlackRock \"BlackRock\") [Blackstone Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blackstone_Inc. \"Blackstone Inc.\") [Block, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Block,_Inc. \"Block, Inc.\") [BNY](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BNY \"BNY\") [Brown & Brown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brown_%26_Brown \"Brown & Brown\") [Capital One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_One \"Capital One\") [Cboe Global Markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cboe_Global_Markets \"Cboe Global Markets\") [Charles Schwab Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Schwab_Corporation \"Charles Schwab Corporation\") [Chubb Limited](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chubb_Limited \"Chubb Limited\") [Cincinnati Financial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cincinnati_Financial \"Cincinnati Financial\") [Citigroup](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citigroup \"Citigroup\") [Citizens Financial Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citizens_Financial_Group \"Citizens Financial Group\") [CME Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CME_Group \"CME Group\") [Coinbase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coinbase \"Coinbase\") [Corpay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corpay \"Corpay\") [Erie Indemnity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Erie_Insurance_Group \"Erie Insurance Group\") [Everest Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Everest_Group \"Everest Group\") [FactSet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FactSet \"FactSet\") [FIS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_\$company\$ \"FIS (company)\") [Fifth Third Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fifth_Third_Bank \"Fifth Third Bank\") [Fiserv](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FIS_\$company\$ \"FIS (company)\") [Franklin Resources](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_Templeton \"Franklin Templeton\") [Global Payments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Payments \"Global Payments\") [Globe Life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Globe_Life \"Globe Life\") [Goldman Sachs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldman_Sachs \"Goldman Sachs\") [The Hartford](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Hartford \"The Hartford\") [Huntington Bancshares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huntington_Bancshares \"Huntington Bancshares\") [Interactive Brokers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interactive_Brokers \"Interactive Brokers\") [Intercontinental Exchange](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intercontinental_Exchange \"Intercontinental Exchange\") [Invesco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invesco \"Invesco\") [Jack Henry & Associates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Henry_%26_Associates \"Jack Henry & Associates\") [JPMorgan Chase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JPMorgan_Chase \"JPMorgan Chase\") [KeyBank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KeyBank \"KeyBank\") [KKR & Co.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KKR_%26_Co. \"KKR & Co.\") [Loews Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loews_Corporation \"Loews Corporation\") [M\\&T Bank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%26T_Bank \"M&T Bank\") [Marsh McLennan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marsh_McLennan \"Marsh McLennan\") [Mastercard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mastercard \"Mastercard\") [MetLife](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MetLife \"MetLife\") [Moody's Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moody%27s_Corporation \"Moody's Corporation\") [Morgan Stanley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morgan_Stanley \"Morgan Stanley\") [MSCI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MSCI \"MSCI\") [Nasdaq, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasdaq,_Inc. \"Nasdaq, Inc.\") [Northern Trust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Trust \"Northern Trust\") [PayPal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PayPal \"PayPal\") [PNC Financial Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PNC_Financial_Services \"PNC Financial Services\") [Principal Financial Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Principal_Financial_Group \"Principal Financial Group\") [Progressive Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progressive_Corporation \"Progressive Corporation\") [Prudential Financial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prudential_Financial \"Prudential Financial\") [Raymond James Financial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raymond_James_Financial \"Raymond James Financial\") [Regions Financial Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regions_Financial_Corporation \"Regions Financial Corporation\") [Robinhood Markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robinhood_Markets \"Robinhood Markets\") [S\\&P Global](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%26P_Global \"S&P Global\") [State Street Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Street_Corporation \"State Street Corporation\") [Synchrony Financial](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synchrony_Financial \"Synchrony Financial\") [T. Rowe Price](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T._Rowe_Price \"T. Rowe Price\") [The Travelers Companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Travelers_Companies \"The Travelers Companies\") [Truist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truist \"Truist\") [U.S. Bancorp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Bancorp \"U.S. Bancorp\") [Visa Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visa_Inc. \"Visa Inc.\") [W. R. Berkley Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._R._Berkley_Corporation \"W. R. Berkley Corporation\") [Wells Fargo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wells_Fargo \"Wells Fargo\") [Willis Towers Watson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willis_Towers_Watson \"Willis Towers Watson\") |\n| Information  technology | [Accenture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accenture \"Accenture\") [Adobe Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_Inc. \"Adobe Inc.\") [Akamai Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akamai_Technologies \"Akamai Technologies\") [AMD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AMD \"AMD\") [Amphenol](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amphenol \"Amphenol\") [Analog Devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Analog_Devices \"Analog Devices\") [Apple Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") [Applied Materials](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Applied_Materials \"Applied Materials\") [AppLovin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AppLovin \"AppLovin\") [Arista Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arista_Networks \"Arista Networks\") [Autodesk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autodesk \"Autodesk\") [Broadcom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadcom \"Broadcom\") [Cadence Design Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cadence_Design_Systems \"Cadence Design Systems\") [CDW](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CDW \"CDW\") [Ciena](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciena \"Ciena\") [Cisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cisco \"Cisco\") [Cognizant](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cognizant \"Cognizant\") [Coherent Corp.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coherent_Corp. \"Coherent Corp.\") [Corning Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corning_Inc. \"Corning Inc.\") [CrowdStrike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CrowdStrike \"CrowdStrike\") [Datadog](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Datadog \"Datadog\") [Dell Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dell_Technologies \"Dell Technologies\") [EPAM Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EPAM_Systems \"EPAM Systems\") [F5, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F5,_Inc. \"F5, Inc.\") [FICO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FICO \"FICO\") [First Solar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Solar \"First Solar\") [Fortinet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortinet \"Fortinet\") [Gartner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gartner \"Gartner\") [Gen Digital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gen_Digital \"Gen Digital\") [GoDaddy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GoDaddy \"GoDaddy\") [Hewlett Packard Enterprise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise \"Hewlett Packard Enterprise\") [HP Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HP_Inc. \"HP Inc.\") [IBM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBM \"IBM\") [Intel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel \"Intel\") [Intuit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intuit \"Intuit\") [Jabil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jabil \"Jabil\") [Keysight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keysight \"Keysight\") [KLA Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/KLA_Corporation \"KLA Corporation\") [Lam Research](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lam_Research \"Lam Research\") [Lumentum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lumentum \"Lumentum\") [Microchip Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microchip_Technology \"Microchip Technology\") [Micron Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Micron_Technology \"Micron Technology\") [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") [Monolithic Power Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monolithic_Power_Systems \"Monolithic Power Systems\") [Motorola Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorola_Solutions \"Motorola Solutions\") [NetApp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NetApp \"NetApp\") [Nvidia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nvidia \"Nvidia\") [NXP Semiconductors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NXP_Semiconductors \"NXP Semiconductors\") [onsemi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Onsemi \"Onsemi\") [Oracle Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oracle_Corporation \"Oracle Corporation\") [Palantir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palantir \"Palantir\") [Palo Alto Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palo_Alto_Networks \"Palo Alto Networks\") [PTC Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PTC_Inc. \"PTC Inc.\") [Qualcomm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qualcomm \"Qualcomm\") [Qnity Electronics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qnity_Electronics \"Qnity Electronics\") [Roper Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roper_Technologies \"Roper Technologies\") [Salesforce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salesforce \"Salesforce\") [Sandisk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandisk \"Sandisk\") [Seagate Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seagate_Technology \"Seagate Technology\") [ServiceNow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ServiceNow \"ServiceNow\") [Skyworks Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skyworks_Solutions \"Skyworks Solutions\") [Supermicro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supermicro \"Supermicro\") [Synopsys](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synopsys \"Synopsys\") [TE Connectivity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TE_Connectivity \"TE Connectivity\") [Teledyne Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teledyne_Technologies \"Teledyne Technologies\") [Teradyne](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teradyne \"Teradyne\") [Texas Instruments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Texas_Instruments \"Texas Instruments\") [Trimble Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trimble_Inc. \"Trimble Inc.\") [Tyler Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tyler_Technologies \"Tyler Technologies\") [Verisign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verisign \"Verisign\") [Western Digital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Digital \"Western Digital\") [Workday, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workday,_Inc. \"Workday, Inc.\") [Zebra Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zebra_Technologies \"Zebra Technologies\") |\n| Communication  services | [Alphabet Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\") [AT\\&T](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AT%26T \"AT&T\") [Charter Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charter_Communications \"Charter Communications\") [Comcast](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comcast \"Comcast\") [EchoStar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EchoStar \"EchoStar\") [Electronic Arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Arts \"Electronic Arts\") [Fox Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fox_Corporation \"Fox Corporation\") [Live Nation Entertainment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_Nation_Entertainment \"Live Nation Entertainment\") [Meta Platforms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\") [Netflix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netflix \"Netflix\") [News Corp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/News_Corp \"News Corp\") [Omnicom Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Omnicom_Group \"Omnicom Group\") [Paramount Skydance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paramount_Skydance \"Paramount Skydance\") [T-Mobile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T-Mobile_US \"T-Mobile US\") [Take-Two Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Take-Two_Interactive \"Take-Two Interactive\") [TKO Group Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TKO_Group_Holdings \"TKO Group Holdings\") [The Trade Desk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Trade_Desk \"The Trade Desk\") [Verizon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verizon \"Verizon\") [The Walt Disney Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Walt_Disney_Company \"The Walt Disney Company\") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Bros._Discovery \"Warner Bros. Discovery\") |\n| Real estate | [Alexandria Real Estate Equities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexandria_Real_Estate_Equities \"Alexandria Real Estate Equities\") [American Tower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Tower \"American Tower\") [AvalonBay Communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AvalonBay_Communities \"AvalonBay Communities\") [BXP, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BXP,_Inc. \"BXP, Inc.\") [Camden Property Trust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camden_Property_Trust \"Camden Property Trust\") [CBRE Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CBRE_Group \"CBRE Group\") [CoStar Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CoStar_Group \"CoStar Group\") [Crown Castle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crown_Castle \"Crown Castle\") [Digital Realty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Realty \"Digital Realty\") [Equinix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equinix \"Equinix\") [Equity Residential](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equity_Residential \"Equity Residential\") [Essex Property Trust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Essex_Property_Trust \"Essex Property Trust\") [Extra Space Storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extra_Space_Storage \"Extra Space Storage\") [Federal Realty Investment Trust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Realty_Investment_Trust \"Federal Realty Investment Trust\") [Healthpeak Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healthpeak_Properties \"Healthpeak Properties\") [Host Hotels & Resorts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Host_Hotels_%26_Resorts \"Host Hotels & Resorts\") [Invitation Homes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invitation_Homes \"Invitation Homes\") [Iron Mountain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iron_Mountain_\$company\$ \"Iron Mountain (company)\") [Kimco Realty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kimco_Realty \"Kimco Realty\") [Mid-America Apartment Communities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mid-America_Apartment_Communities \"Mid-America Apartment Communities\") [Prologis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prologis \"Prologis\") [Public Storage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_Storage \"Public Storage\") [Realty Income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Realty_Income \"Realty Income\") [Regency Centers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regency_Centers \"Regency Centers\") [SBA Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SBA_Communications \"SBA Communications\") [Simon Property Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simon_Property_Group \"Simon Property Group\") [UDR, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UDR,_Inc. \"UDR, Inc.\") [Ventas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ventas_\$company\$ \"Ventas (company)\") [Vici Properties](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vici_Properties \"Vici Properties\") [Welltower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Welltower \"Welltower\") [Weyerhaeuser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weyerhaeuser \"Weyerhaeuser\") |\n| Utilities | [AES Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AES_Corporation \"AES Corporation\") [Alliant Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alliant_Energy \"Alliant Energy\") [Ameren](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ameren \"Ameren\") [American Electric Power](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Electric_Power \"American Electric Power\") [American Water Works](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Water_Works \"American Water Works\") [Atmos Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atmos_Energy \"Atmos Energy\") [CenterPoint Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CenterPoint_Energy \"CenterPoint Energy\") [CMS Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CMS_Energy \"CMS Energy\") [Consolidated Edison](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consolidated_Edison \"Consolidated Edison\") [Constellation Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constellation_Energy \"Constellation Energy\") [Dominion Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominion_Energy \"Dominion Energy\") [DTE Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DTE_Energy \"DTE Energy\") [Duke Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duke_Energy \"Duke Energy\") [Edison International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edison_International \"Edison International\") [Entergy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entergy \"Entergy\") [Evergy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evergy \"Evergy\") [Eversource Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eversource_Energy \"Eversource Energy\") [Exelon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exelon \"Exelon\") [FirstEnergy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FirstEnergy \"FirstEnergy\") [NextEra Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NextEra_Energy \"NextEra Energy\") [NiSource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NiSource \"NiSource\") [NRG Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NRG_Energy \"NRG Energy\") [Pacific Gas and Electric Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company \"Pacific Gas and Electric Company\") [Pinnacle West Capital](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinnacle_West_Capital \"Pinnacle West Capital\") [PPL Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PPL_Corporation \"PPL Corporation\") [Public Service Enterprise Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_Service_Enterprise_Group \"Public Service Enterprise Group\") [Sempra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sempra \"Sempra\") [Southern Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Company \"Southern Company\") [Vistra Corp.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vistra_Corp. \"Vistra Corp.\") [WEC Energy Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WEC_Energy_Group \"WEC Energy Group\") [Xcel Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xcel_Energy \"Xcel Energy\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Seattle_Corporations \"Template:Seattle Corporations\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Seattle_Corporations \"Template talk:Seattle Corporations\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Seattle_Corporations \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Seattle Corporations\")[Seattle-based corporations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_companies_based_in_Seattle \"List of companies based in Seattle\") (within the [Seattle metropolitan area](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle_metropolitan_area \"Seattle metropolitan area\")) |   |\n| [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\") and [SeaTac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SeaTac,_Washington \"SeaTac, Washington\")\\-based [Fortune 1000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortune_1000 \"Fortune 1000\") corporations | [Alaska Airlines](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska_Airlines \"Alaska Airlines\") (\\#360) [Amazon.com]() (\\#2) [Expedia Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expedia_Group \"Expedia Group\") (\\#263) [Expeditors International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expeditors_International \"Expeditors International\") (\\#389) [Nordstrom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordstrom \"Nordstrom\") (\\#205) [Starbucks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Starbucks \"Starbucks\") (\\#114) [Weyerhaeuser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weyerhaeuser \"Weyerhaeuser\") (\\#457) |\n| [Puget Sound](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puget_Sound_region \"Puget Sound region\")\\-based [Fortune 1000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortune_1000 \"Fortune 1000\") corporations | Companies listed above, plus: [Costco Wholesale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Costco \"Costco\") (\\#14) [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") (\\#21) [Paccar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paccar \"Paccar\") (\\#118) [Puget Sound Energy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puget_Sound_Energy \"Puget Sound Energy\") (\\#710) |\n| Major [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\")\\- and [Puget Sound](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puget_Sound_region \"Puget Sound region\")\\-based non-public  or externally owned corporations | [Big Fish Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Fish_Games \"Big Fish Games\") [Bluesky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluesky \"Bluesky\") [Darigold](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darigold \"Darigold\") [Eddie Bauer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eddie_Bauer \"Eddie Bauer\") [Jones Soda](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jones_Soda \"Jones Soda\") [Nash Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\") [Nintendo of America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nintendo \"Nintendo\") [QFC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QFC \"QFC\") [REI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/REI \"REI\") [Safeco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Safeco \"Safeco\") [T-Mobile US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T-Mobile_US \"T-Mobile US\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Ebooks \"Template:Ebooks\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Ebooks \"Template talk:Ebooks\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Ebooks \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Ebooks\")[Ebooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ebook \"Ebook\") |   |\n| [Formats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_e-book_formats \"Comparison of e-book formats\") | [ePub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EPUB \"EPUB\") [FictionBook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FictionBook \"FictionBook\") [CBR\/CBZ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comic_book_archive \"Comic book archive\") [Kindle File Format](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_File_Format \"Kindle File Format\") [Mobipocket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobipocket \"Mobipocket\") [PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PDF \"PDF\") [Plain text](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Text_file \"Text file\") [IBA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBooks_Author \"IBooks Author\") |\n| Reading |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Devices](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-reader \"E-reader\") | [Amazon Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") [Barnes & Noble Nook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook \"Barnes & Noble Nook\") [Bookeen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bookeen \"Bookeen\") [Elonex ebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elonex_ebook \"Elonex ebook\") [enTourage eDGe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EnTourage_eDGe \"EnTourage eDGe\") [Hanlin eReader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanlin_eReader \"Hanlin eReader\") [iPad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IPad \"IPad\") [iRiver Story](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IRiver_Story \"IRiver Story\") [Kobo eReader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kobo_eReader \"Kobo eReader\") [Onyx Boox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Onyx_Boox \"Onyx Boox\") [Plastic Logic Reader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plastic_Logic \"Plastic Logic\") [PocketBook eReader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PocketBook_International \"PocketBook International\") [Rocket eBook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rocket_eBook \"Rocket eBook\") [SoftBook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SoftBook \"SoftBook\") [Smartphones](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smartphone \"Smartphone\") [Tablets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tablet_computer \"Tablet computer\") |\n| Software | [Adobe Acrobat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_Acrobat \"Adobe Acrobat\") [Adobe Digital Editions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_Digital_Editions \"Adobe Digital Editions\") [Aldiko](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aldiko \"Aldiko\") [Apple Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Books \"Apple Books\") (iBooks) [Aquafadas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rakuten_Aquafadas \"Rakuten Aquafadas\") [Blio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blio \"Blio\") [Bluefire Reader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluefire_Reader \"Bluefire Reader\") [Calibre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calibre_\$software\$ \"Calibre (software)\") [FBReader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FBReader \"FBReader\") [Foliate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foliate_\$software\$ \"Foliate (software)\") [Google Play Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play_Books \"Google Play Books\") [Kindle app](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_app \"Kindle app\") [Kitabu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kitabu \"Kitabu\") [Kobo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kobo_Inc. \"Kobo Inc.\") [Lector](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lector_\$software\$ \"Lector (software)\") [Lektz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lektz \"Lektz\") [Lucifox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lucifox \"Lucifox\") [Microsoft Reader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft_Reader \"Microsoft Reader\") [MuPDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MuPDF \"MuPDF\") [Okular](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okular \"Okular\") [OverDrive Media Console](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OverDrive_Media_Console \"OverDrive Media Console\") [Snapplify](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Snapplify \"Snapplify\") [STDU Viewer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/STDU_Viewer \"STDU Viewer\") [Sumatra PDF](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sumatra_PDF \"Sumatra PDF\") |\n| Editing | [ABBYY FineReader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ABBYY_FineReader \"ABBYY FineReader\") [AbiWord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbiWord \"AbiWord\") [Adobe InDesign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_InDesign \"Adobe InDesign\") [Adobe RoboHelp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_RoboHelp \"Adobe RoboHelp\") [Aquafadas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rakuten_Aquafadas \"Rakuten Aquafadas\") [Atlantis Word Processor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantis_Word_Processor \"Atlantis Word Processor\") [Booktype](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booktype \"Booktype\") [Calibre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calibre_\$software\$ \"Calibre (software)\") [Calligra Author](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calligra \"Calligra\") [Collabora Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collabora_Online \"Collabora Online\") [eXeLearning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EXeLearning \"EXeLearning\") [HelpNDoc](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HelpNDoc \"HelpNDoc\") [iBooks Author](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBooks_Author \"IBooks Author\") [iStudio Publisher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IStudio_Publisher \"IStudio Publisher\") [LaTeX](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LaTeX \"LaTeX\") [LibreOffice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LibreOffice \"LibreOffice\") [MadCap Flare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MadCap_Software \"MadCap Software\") [Oxygen XML Editor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxygen_XML_Editor \"Oxygen XML Editor\") [PagePlus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PagePlus \"PagePlus\") [Pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pages_\$word_processor\$ \"Pages (word processor)\") [QuarkXPress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QuarkXPress \"QuarkXPress\") [Scrivener](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scrivener_\$software\$ \"Scrivener (software)\") [Sigil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigil_\$application\$ \"Sigil (application)\") [Writer2epub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Writer2epub \"Writer2epub\") |\n| [Vendors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Ebook_suppliers \"Category:Ebook suppliers\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Commercial | [Apple Books Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Books \"Apple Books\") [Amazon Kindle Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_Store \"Kindle Store\") [Baen Free Library](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baen_Free_Library \"Baen Free Library\") [Barnes & Noble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barnes_%26_Noble \"Barnes & Noble\") [Booktrack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booktrack \"Booktrack\") [BookWalker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BookWalker \"BookWalker\") [Feedbooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feedbooks \"Feedbooks\") [Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google \"Google\") [Google Play](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Play \"Google Play\") [Google Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Books \"Google Books\") [Jarir.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jarir_Bookstore \"Jarir Bookstore\") [Kobo Bookstore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kobo_Inc. \"Kobo Inc.\") [Rokomari](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rokomari.com \"Rokomari.com\") [Sony Reader Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Reader \"Sony Reader\") [Smashwords](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smashwords \"Smashwords\") |\n| Noncommercial | [Aozora Bunko](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aozora_Bunko \"Aozora Bunko\") [Faded Page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Faded_Page \"Faded Page\") [HathiTrust](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HathiTrust \"HathiTrust\") [Internet Archive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_Archive \"Internet Archive\") [Project Gutenberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Gutenberg \"Project Gutenberg\") [Australia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Gutenberg_Australia \"Project Gutenberg Australia\") [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Gutenberg_Canada \"Project Gutenberg Canada\") [Standard Ebooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Ebooks \"Standard Ebooks\") [Wikisource](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikisource \"Wikisource\") |\n| Related | [Academic journal publishing reform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Academic_journal_publishing_reform \"Academic journal publishing reform\") [Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book \"Book\") [Braille e-book](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Braille_e-book \"Braille e-book\") [Comparison of ebook readers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_e-readers \"Comparison of e-readers\") [Comparison of iOS ebook reader software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software \"Comparison of iOS e-reader software\") [Comparison of Android ebook reader software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software \"Comparison of Android e-reader software\") [E-book lending](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-book_lending \"E-book lending\") [Electronic publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_publishing \"Electronic publishing\") [iBooks Author Conference](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBooks_Author_Conference \"IBooks Author Conference\") [International Digital Publishing Forum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum \"International Digital Publishing Forum\") [Kindle single](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_single \"Kindle single\") [OPDS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Publication_Distribution_System \"Open Publication Distribution System\") [Reflowable document](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reflowable_document \"Reflowable document\") [Self-publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-publishing \"Self-publishing\") [Semantic publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semantic_publishing \"Semantic publishing\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Template:Amazon MGM Studios\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Template talk:Amazon MGM Studios\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Amazon MGM Studios\")[Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\") |   |\n| A subsidiary of [Amazon]() Predecessors [Metro Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro_Pictures \"Metro Pictures\") [Goldwyn Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldwyn_Pictures \"Goldwyn Pictures\") [Louis B. Mayer Productions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_B._Mayer_Pictures \"Louis B. Mayer Pictures\") [MGM Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Holdings \"MGM Holdings\") |   |\n| Key personnel | Founders [Marcus Loew](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marcus_Loew \"Marcus Loew\") [Louis B. Mayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_B._Mayer \"Louis B. Mayer\") Chairwoman and CEO Jennifer Salke |\n| Motion Picture Group | [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") [United Artists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Artists \"United Artists\") [Orion Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orion_Pictures \"Orion Pictures\") [Orion Classics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orion_Classics \"Orion Classics\") [American International Pictures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_International_Pictures \"American International Pictures\") |\n| TV & Digital Group |   |\n|   |   |\n| MGM channels | [MGM+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM%2B \"MGM+\") [Joint ventures](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_venture \"Joint venture\") [Telecine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rede_Telecine \"Rede Telecine\") (13%) Operator [Charge\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charge!_\$TV_network\$ \"Charge! (TV network)\") [Comet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet_\$TV_network\$ \"Comet (TV network)\") |\n| Miscellaneous | [MGM Home Entertainment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Home_Entertainment \"MGM Home Entertainment\") [MGM Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Music \"MGM Music\") [Leo the Lion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leo_the_Lion_\$MGM\$ \"Leo the Lion (MGM)\") (studio mascot) |\n| Former\/defunct units | [G2 Films](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Samuel_Goldwyn_Company \"The Samuel Goldwyn Company\") [MGM HD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_HD \"MGM HD\") [MGM Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Interactive \"MGM Interactive\") [MGM Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Networks \"MGM Networks\") [MGM Records](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Records \"MGM Records\") [United Artists Releasing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Artists_Releasing \"United Artists Releasing\") [MGM\/UA Premiere Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM\/UA_Premiere_Network \"MGM\/UA Premiere Network\") [MGM Animation\/Visual Arts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM_Animation\/Visual_Arts \"MGM Animation\/Visual Arts\") [The Works](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Works_\$TV_network\$ \"The Works (TV network)\") [MGM Animation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_Animation \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation\") [MGM Camera 65](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ultra_Panavision_70 \"Ultra Panavision 70\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Music_industry \"Template:Music industry\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Music_industry \"Template talk:Music industry\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Music_industry \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Music industry\")[Music industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_industry \"Music industry\") |   |\n| Major companies and organizations |   |\n|   |   |\n| Representatives | [AMPROFON](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas \"Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas\") [ARIA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association \"Australian Recording Industry Association\") [BVMI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie \"Bundesverband Musikindustrie\") [BPI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Phonographic_Industry \"British Phonographic Industry\") [Music Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_Canada \"Music Canada\") [FIMI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana \"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana\") [IFPI (worldwide)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry \"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry\") [PMB](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil \"Pro-Música Brasil\") [PROMUSICAE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a \"Productores de Música de España\") [RIAA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RIAA_certification \"RIAA certification\") [SNEP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNEP \"SNEP\") |\n| Publishers | [BMG Rights Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMG_Rights_Management \"BMG Rights Management\") [Sony Music Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Music_Publishing \"Sony Music Publishing\") [Universal Music Publishing Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group \"Universal Music Publishing Group\") [Warner Chappell Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Chappell_Music \"Warner Chappell Music\") [Disney Music Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disney_Music_Publishing \"Disney Music Publishing\") [Concord Music Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concord_\$entertainment_company\$#Concord_Music_Publishing \"Concord (entertainment company)\") [Allied Artists Music Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allied_Artists_Music_Group \"Allied Artists Music Group\") [Believe Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Believe_Music \"Believe Music\") [Reservoir Media](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reservoir_Media \"Reservoir Media\") Nickel Shoe Music [TVT Music Enterprises](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TVT_Records \"TVT Records\") Century Media [Shapiro, Bernstein & Co.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shapiro,_Bernstein_%26_Co. \"Shapiro, Bernstein & Co.\") [Secretly Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretly_Group \"Secretly Group\") [Empire Distribution](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_Distribution \"Empire Distribution\") [Create Music Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Create_Music_Group \"Create Music Group\") |\n| Record labels |   |\n|   |   |\n| [Major](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Record_label#Major_labels \"Record label\") | [Sony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony_Music \"Sony Music\") [Universal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universal_Music_Group \"Universal Music Group\") [Disney](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walt_Disney_Records \"Walt Disney Records\") [Warner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Music_Group \"Warner Music Group\") [AAMG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allied_Artists_Music_Group \"Allied Artists Music Group\") |\n| [Independent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_record_label \"Independent record label\") | [Concord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concord_\$entertainment_company\$ \"Concord (entertainment company)\") [BMG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BMG_Rights_Management \"BMG Rights Management\") [Reservoir](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reservoir_Media \"Reservoir Media\") [Secretly](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretly_Group \"Secretly Group\") [Big Machine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Machine_Records#Imprints \"Big Machine Records\") [PIAS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PIAS_Group \"PIAS Group\") [Beggars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beggars_Group \"Beggars Group\") [Sub Pop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sub_Pop \"Sub Pop\") [Domino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domino_Recording_Company \"Domino Recording Company\") [Glassnote](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glassnote_Records \"Glassnote Records\") [Ninja Tune](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ninja_Tune \"Ninja Tune\") [Empire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_Distribution \"Empire Distribution\") [ECR](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ECR_Music_Group \"ECR Music Group\") [Create](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Create_Music_Group \"Create Music Group\") [Independent UK record labels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels \"List of independent UK record labels\") [Notable independent record labels](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_record_label#Notable_labels \"Independent record label\") |\n| Retailers | [Amazon]() [Digital music stores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_music_store \"Digital music store\") ([iTunes Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ITunes_Store \"ITunes Store\")) [Fnac](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fnac \"Fnac\") [HMV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMV \"HMV\") [Kaspien](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaspien \"Kaspien\") [Virgin Megastores](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virgin_Megastores \"Virgin Megastores\") |\n| Live music | [CTS Eventim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CTS_Eventim \"CTS Eventim\") [Live Nation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_Nation_Entertainment \"Live Nation Entertainment\") [LiveStyle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LiveStyle \"LiveStyle\") [Ticketmaster](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ticketmaster \"Ticketmaster\") |\n| [Major genres](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_music_genres_and_styles \"List of music genres and styles\") | [Blues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blues \"Blues\") [Country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Country_music \"Country music\") [Easy listening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Easy_listening \"Easy listening\") [Electronic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_music \"Electronic music\") [Experimental](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Experimental_music \"Experimental music\") [Folk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folk_music \"Folk music\") [Gospel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gospel_music \"Gospel music\") [Hip-hop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hip-hop \"Hip-hop\") [Jazz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jazz \"Jazz\") [Latin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Latin_music \"Latin music\") [Metal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metal_music \"Metal music\") [New Age](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New-age_music \"New-age music\") [Pop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pop_music \"Pop music\") [Reggae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reggae \"Reggae\") [Rhythm and blues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhythm_and_blues \"Rhythm and blues\") [Rock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rock_music \"Rock music\") [World](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_music \"World music\") |\n| Sectors and roles |   |\n|   |   |\n| Production | [Arrangement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arrangement \"Arrangement\") [Songwriter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Songwriter \"Songwriter\") [Composer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Composer \"Composer\") [Lyricist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyricist \"Lyricist\") [Conductor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conducting \"Conducting\") [Disc jockey](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disc_jockey \"Disc jockey\") [Hip-hop producer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hip-hop_production \"Hip-hop production\") [Horn section](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Horn_section \"Horn section\") [Record producer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Record_producer \"Record producer\") [Rhythm section](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhythm_section \"Rhythm section\") [Orchestrator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchestration \"Orchestration\") [Session musician](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Session_musician \"Session musician\") [Backup singer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backing_vocalist \"Backing vocalist\") [Ghost singer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghost_singer \"Ghost singer\") [Vocal coach](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocal_coach \"Vocal coach\") [Ghostwriter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghostwriter \"Ghostwriter\") [Sound engineer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audio_engineer \"Audio engineer\") |\n| [Release formats](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recording_format \"Recording format\") | [Single](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single_\$music\$ \"Single (music)\") ([Extended play (EP)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extended_play \"Extended play\"), [12\" single](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twelve-inch_single \"Twelve-inch single\"), [Cassette single](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cassette_single \"Cassette single\"), [CD single](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CD_single \"CD single\"), [Maxi single](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maxi_single \"Maxi single\")) [Album](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Album \"Album\") [Double album](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_album \"Double album\"), [Mixtape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mixtape \"Mixtape\"), [Surprise album](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surprise_album \"Surprise album\") [Music video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_video \"Music video\") [Visual album](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visual_album \"Visual album\") [Promotional recording](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Promotional_recording \"Promotional recording\") [Phonograph record](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phonograph_record \"Phonograph record\") [Eight-track](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/8-track_cartridge \"8-track cartridge\") [Compact cassette](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_Cassette \"Compact Cassette\") [CD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_disc \"Compact disc\") [DVD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DVD \"DVD\") [Airplay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airplay \"Airplay\") [Music download](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_download \"Music download\") [Music streaming service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_streaming_service \"Music streaming service\") |\n| Live shows | [Concert](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concert \"Concert\") [Concert tour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concert_tour \"Concert tour\") [Concert residency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concert_residency \"Concert residency\") [Music festival](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_festival \"Music festival\") [Music competition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_competition \"Music competition\") |\n| [Charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Record_chart \"Record chart\") | [ARIA Charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ARIA_Charts \"ARIA Charts\") [*Billboard* Hot 100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Billboard_Hot_100 \"Billboard Hot 100\") [*Billboard* Argentina Hot 100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentina_Hot_100 \"Argentina Hot 100\") [*Billboard* Brasil Hot 100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brasil_Hot_100 \"Brasil Hot 100\") [Canadian Hot 100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canadian_Hot_100 \"Canadian Hot 100\") [Circle Chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circle_Chart \"Circle Chart\") [G-Music chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G-Music \"G-Music\") [Irish Singles Chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_Singles_Chart \"Irish Singles Chart\") [Italian singles chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana \"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana\") [GfK Entertainment charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GfK_Entertainment_charts \"GfK Entertainment charts\") [Entertainment Monitoring Africa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa \"Entertainment Monitoring Africa\") [Oricon charts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oricon \"Oricon\") [New Zealand singles chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart \"Official New Zealand Music Chart\") [*Rolling Stone* Top 100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolling_Stone_charts \"Rolling Stone charts\") [Sino Chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino_Chart \"Sino Chart\") [TME Physical Album Sales Chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TME_Physical_Album_Sales_Chart \"TME Physical Album Sales Chart\") [SNEP singles chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SNEP \"SNEP\") [Sverigetopplistan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sverigetopplistan \"Sverigetopplistan\") [UK singles chart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UK_singles_chart \"UK singles chart\") |\n| Publications | *[Billboard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Billboard_\$magazine\$ \"Billboard (magazine)\")* *[HitQuarters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HitQuarters \"HitQuarters\")* *[Hot Press](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hot_Press \"Hot Press\")* *[Kerrang\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerrang! \"Kerrang!\")* *[Mojo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mojo_\$magazine\$ \"Mojo (magazine)\")* *[Musica e dischi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musica_e_dischi \"Musica e dischi\")* *[NME](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NME \"NME\")* *[Q](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Q_\$magazine\$ \"Q (magazine)\")* *[Rolling Stone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rolling_Stone \"Rolling Stone\")* *[Smash Hits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smash_Hits \"Smash Hits\")* *[Top of the Pops](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Top_of_the_Pops_\$magazine\$ \"Top of the Pops (magazine)\")* |\n| [Television](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_television \"Music television\") |   |\n|   |   |\n| Channels | [Channel V](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Channel_V \"Channel V\") [CMT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CMT_\$American_TV_channel\$ \"CMT (American TV channel)\") [Fuse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuse_\$TV_channel\$ \"Fuse (TV channel)\") [Mnet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mnet_\$TV_channel\$ \"Mnet (TV channel)\") [MTV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MTV \"MTV\") [MTV2](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MTV2 \"MTV2\") [Tr3s](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MTV_Tres \"MTV Tres\") [MuchMusic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Much_\$TV_channel\$ \"Much (TV channel)\") [The Music Factory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Music_Factory \"The Music Factory\") [Viva](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VIVA_Media \"VIVA Media\") [VH1](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VH1 \"VH1\") [The Country Network](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Country_Network \"The Country Network\") |\n| Series | [*Idol* franchise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idol_\$franchise\$ \"Idol (franchise)\") *[Popstars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Popstars \"Popstars\")* *[Star Academy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Star_Academy \"Star Academy\")* *[The Four](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Four_\$franchise\$ \"The Four (franchise)\")* *[The Voice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Voice_\$franchise\$ \"The Voice (franchise)\")* *[The X Factor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_X_Factor \"The X Factor\")* *[Rising Star](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rising_Star_\$franchise\$ \"Rising Star (franchise)\")* |\n| Achievements | [Music award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_award \"Music award\") [Best-selling music artists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_music_artists \"List of best-selling music artists\") [Girl Groups](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups \"List of best-selling girl groups\") In: [Brazil](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil \"List of best-selling music artists in Brazil\") [Finland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland \"List of best-selling music artists in Finland\") [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany \"List of highest-certified music artists in Germany\") [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan \"List of best-selling music artists in Japan\") [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom \"List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom\") (Females) [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States \"List of highest-certified music artists in the United States\") Genre: [Gospel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_gospel_music_artists \"List of best-selling gospel music artists\") [Latin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists \"List of best-selling Latin music artists\") Nationality: [Belgian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists \"List of best-selling Belgian music artists\") [Brazilian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide \"List of best-selling music artists in Brazil\") [British](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists \"List of biggest-selling British music artists\") [Italian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists \"List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists\") [Swedish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists \"List of best-selling Swedish music artists\") [Best-selling albums](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_albums \"List of best-selling albums\") [by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country \"List of best-selling albums by country\") [Latin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_Latin_albums \"List of best-selling Latin albums\") [Best-selling singles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_singles \"List of best-selling singles\") [by country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country \"List of best-selling singles by country\") [Latin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_Latin_singles \"List of best-selling Latin singles\") [Highest-paid musicians](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians \"Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians\") [Highest-grossing live music artists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists \"List of highest-grossing live music artists\") [Highest-grossing concert tours](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours \"List of highest-grossing concert tours\") [by women](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women \"List of highest-grossing concert tours by women\") [Latin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists \"List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists\") [Highest-grossing concert residencies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_series_at_a_single_venue \"List of highest-grossing concert series at a single venue\") [Highest-grossing benefit concerts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_highest-grossing_benefit_concerts \"List of highest-grossing benefit concerts\") [Most-attended concert tours](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours \"List of most-attended concert tours\") [Most-attended concert residencies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-attended_concert_series_at_a_single_venue \"List of most-attended concert series at a single venue\") [Most-attended concerts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-attended_concerts \"List of most-attended concerts\") [Global Recording Artist of the Year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year \"Global Recording Artist of the Year\") [Wealthiest musical artists](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth \"List of music artists by net worth\") |\n| Other | [Album era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Album_era \"Album era\") [Album-equivalent unit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Album-equivalent_unit \"Album-equivalent unit\") [A-side and B-side](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A-side_and_B-side \"A-side and B-side\") [Backmasking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backmasking \"Backmasking\") [Bootleg recording](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bootleg_recording \"Bootleg recording\") [Christian music industry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christian_music_industry \"Christian music industry\") [Environmental impact](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry \"Environmental impact of the music industry\") [Global Release Day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Release_Day \"Global Release Day\") [Hidden track](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hidden_track \"Hidden track\") [Japanese edition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_edition \"Japanese edition\") [Largest music deals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_music_deals \"List of largest music deals\") [Largest recorded music markets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets \"List of largest recorded music markets\") [Most expensive albums](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most_expensive_albums \"List of most expensive albums\") [Most valuable records](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most_valuable_records \"List of most valuable records\") [Music certification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music_recording_certification \"Music recording certification\") [Parental Advisory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parental_Advisory \"Parental Advisory\") [Record sales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Record_sales \"Record sales\") [White label](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_label_record \"White label record\") |\n| **![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c3\/45_record.png\/20px-45_record.png) [Record production portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Record_production \"Portal:Record production\")** **![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Music_industry \"Category:Music industry\")** |   |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies \"Template:Major mobile device companies\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Major_mobile_device_companies \"Template talk:Major mobile device companies\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Major mobile device companies\")Major [mobile device](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_device \"Mobile device\") companies |   |\n| Companies with an annual revenue of over US\\$3 billion |   |\n| [Acer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acer_Inc. \"Acer Inc.\") [Advan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Advan_\$brand\$ \"Advan (brand)\") [Alba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alba_\$brand\$ \"Alba (brand)\") [Amazon]() [Apple](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") [Asus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asus \"Asus\") [BlackBerry Limited](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlackBerry_Limited \"BlackBerry Limited\") [BLU Products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BLU_Products \"BLU Products\") [Bush](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bush_\$brand\$ \"Bush (brand)\") [Dell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dell \"Dell\") [Alienware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alienware \"Alienware\") [Foxconn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foxconn \"Foxconn\") [Sharp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sharp_Corporation \"Sharp Corporation\") [Dynabook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dynabook_Inc. \"Dynabook Inc.\") [Fujitsu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fujitsu \"Fujitsu\") [Gionee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gionee \"Gionee\") [Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google \"Google\") ([Fitbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fitbit \"Fitbit\")) [Haier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haier \"Haier\") [Hisense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hisense \"Hisense\") [HMD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMD_Global \"HMD Global\") [Nokia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nokia \"Nokia\") [Honor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honor_\$company\$ \"Honor (company)\") [HP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HP_Inc. \"HP Inc.\") [HTC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HTC \"HTC\") [Huawei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huawei \"Huawei\") [Intel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel \"Intel\") [Kyocera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyocera \"Kyocera\") [Lenovo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lenovo \"Lenovo\") [Motorola Mobility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motorola_Mobility \"Motorola Mobility\") [LG](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LG_Electronics \"LG Electronics\") [Meizu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meizu \"Meizu\") [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") [Lumia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft_Lumia \"Microsoft Lumia\") [Nubia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nubia_Technology \"Nubia Technology\") [Onyx Boox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Onyx_Boox \"Onyx Boox\") [Oppo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oppo \"Oppo\") [OnePlus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OnePlus \"OnePlus\") [Realme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Realme \"Realme\") [Panasonic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panasonic \"Panasonic\") [Pegatron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pegatron \"Pegatron\") [Samsung](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samsung_Electronics \"Samsung Electronics\") [Sony](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony \"Sony\") [TCL](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TCL_Technology \"TCL Technology\") [Alcatel Mobile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alcatel_Mobile \"Alcatel Mobile\") [BlackBerry Mobile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlackBerry_Mobile \"BlackBerry Mobile\") [Palm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm,_Inc. \"Palm, Inc.\") [RCA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RCA_Corporation \"RCA Corporation\") [Toshiba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toshiba \"Toshiba\") [Transsion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transsion \"Transsion\") [Infinix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infinix_Mobile \"Infinix Mobile\") [Itel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Itel_Mobile \"Itel Mobile\") [Tecno](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tecno_Mobile \"Tecno Mobile\") [Tinno Mobile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinno_Mobile \"Tinno Mobile\") [Wiko](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wiko \"Wiko\") [True](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/True_Corporation \"True Corporation\") [Vaio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vaio \"Vaio\") [VinSmart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VinSmart \"VinSmart\") [Vivo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vivo_\$technology_company\$ \"Vivo (technology company)\") [iQOO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IQOO \"IQOO\") [Xiaomi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xiaomi \"Xiaomi\") [POCO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/POCO_\$company\$ \"POCO (company)\") [Redmi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redmi \"Redmi\") [ZTE](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ZTE \"ZTE\") Zoostorm |   |\n| See also [Largest IT companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue \"List of largest technology companies by revenue\") [Category:Mobile technology companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Mobile_technology_companies \"Category:Mobile technology companies\") [Category:Mobile phone manufacturers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers \"Category:Mobile phone manufacturers\") |   |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Major_Internet_companies \"Template:Major Internet companies\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Major_Internet_companies \"Template talk:Major Internet companies\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Major_Internet_companies \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Major Internet companies\")Major [Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet \"Internet\") companies |   |\n| Companies with an annual revenue of over US\\$4 billion |   |\n| [Internet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_Internet_companies \"List of largest Internet companies\") | [Adobe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adobe_Inc. \"Adobe Inc.\") [Alibaba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alibaba_Group \"Alibaba Group\") [Alphabet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alphabet_Inc. \"Alphabet Inc.\") [Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google \"Google\") [Amazon]() [Apple](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") [Baidu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baidu \"Baidu\") [IAC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IAC_\$company\$ \"IAC (company)\") [Kakao](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kakao \"Kakao\") [Meituan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meituan \"Meituan\") [Meta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meta_Platforms \"Meta Platforms\") [Facebook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facebook \"Facebook\") [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") [Naver](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Naver_Corporation \"Naver Corporation\") [NetEase](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NetEase \"NetEase\") [Tencent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tencent \"Tencent\") [Yandex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yandex \"Yandex\") |\n| Cloud computing | [Akamai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akamai_Technologies \"Akamai Technologies\") [Alibaba Cloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alibaba_Cloud \"Alibaba Cloud\") [AWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [Apple iCloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ICloud \"ICloud\") [Google](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Platform \"Google Cloud Platform\") [IBM](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IBM_Cloud \"IBM Cloud\") [Microsoft Azure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft_Azure \"Microsoft Azure\") [Oracle Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oracle_Corporation \"Oracle Corporation\") [Salesforce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salesforce \"Salesforce\") [SAP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SAP \"SAP\") [ServiceNow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ServiceNow \"ServiceNow\") |\n| E-commerce | [Amazon.com]() [Apple](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") [Booking Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booking_Holdings \"Booking Holdings\") [Coupang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coupang \"Coupang\") [eBay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBay \"EBay\") [Expedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Expedia \"Expedia\") [Flipkart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flipkart \"Flipkart\") [Groupon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groupon \"Groupon\") [JD.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JD.com \"JD.com\") [Lazada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lazada_Group \"Lazada Group\") [Mercado Libre](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mercado_Libre \"Mercado Libre\") [PDD Holdings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinduoduo \"Pinduoduo\") [Rakuten](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rakuten \"Rakuten\") [Shopee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shopee \"Shopee\") [Shopify](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shopify \"Shopify\") [Suning.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suning.com \"Suning.com\") [Trip.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trip.com \"Trip.com\") [Uber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uber \"Uber\") [Wayfair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wayfair \"Wayfair\") [Zalando](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zalando \"Zalando\") |\n| Media | [Bloomberg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\") [BuzzFeed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BuzzFeed \"BuzzFeed\") [ByteDance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ByteDance \"ByteDance\") [Disney Streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disney_Streaming \"Disney Streaming\") [Kuaishou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuaishou \"Kuaishou\") [Netflix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netflix,_Inc. \"Netflix, Inc.\") [Paramount Streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paramount_Streaming \"Paramount Streaming\") [Spotify](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spotify \"Spotify\") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warner_Bros._Discovery \"Warner Bros. Discovery\") |\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Dot-com_Bubble \"Template:Dot-com Bubble\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Dot-com_Bubble \"Template talk:Dot-com Bubble\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Dot-com_Bubble \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Dot-com Bubble\")[Dot-com bubble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dot-com_bubble \"Dot-com bubble\") |   |\n| People | [Daniel Aegerter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Aegerter \"Daniel Aegerter\") [Marc Andreessen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marc_Andreessen \"Marc Andreessen\") [Bob Bernard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bob_Bernard \"Bob Bernard\") [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") [Henry Blodget](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_Blodget \"Henry Blodget\") [James H. Clark](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_H._Clark \"James H. Clark\") [Cynthia Cooper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cynthia_Cooper_\$accountant\$ \"Cynthia Cooper (accountant)\") [Bob Davis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bob_Davis_\$businessman\$ \"Bob Davis (businessman)\") [Bernard Ebbers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernard_Ebbers \"Bernard Ebbers\") [David Filo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Filo \"David Filo\") [Charlie Gasparino](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charlie_Gasparino \"Charlie Gasparino\") [Richard Grasso](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Grasso \"Richard Grasso\") [Alan Greenspan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alan_Greenspan \"Alan Greenspan\") [Jack Grubman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Grubman \"Jack Grubman\") [Josh Harris](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josh_Harris_\$entrepreneur\$ \"Josh Harris (entrepreneur)\") [Jeff Hawkins](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Hawkins \"Jeff Hawkins\") [Howard Jonas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Howard_Jonas \"Howard Jonas\") [Gerry Kearby](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerry_Kearby \"Gerry Kearby\") [Timothy Koogle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timothy_Koogle \"Timothy Koogle\") [Kenneth Lay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kenneth_Lay \"Kenneth Lay\") [Arthur Levitt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Levitt \"Arthur Levitt\") [Mary Meeker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mary_Meeker \"Mary Meeker\") [PayPal Mafia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PayPal_Mafia \"PayPal Mafia\") [Kevin O'Leary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kevin_O%27Leary \"Kevin O'Leary\") [Jason Olim](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jason_Olim \"Jason Olim\") [Stephan Paternot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephan_Paternot \"Stephan Paternot\") [Jim Rutt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jim_Rutt \"Jim Rutt\") [Michael J. Saylor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_J._Saylor \"Michael J. Saylor\") [Jeffrey Skilling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeffrey_Skilling \"Jeffrey Skilling\") [Eliot Spitzer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eliot_Spitzer \"Eliot Spitzer\") [Scott D. Sullivan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scott_D._Sullivan \"Scott D. Sullivan\") [Kaleil Isaza Tuzman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kaleil_Isaza_Tuzman \"Kaleil Isaza Tuzman\") [Julie Wainwright](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julie_Wainwright \"Julie Wainwright\") [Jerry Yang](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerry_Yang \"Jerry Yang\") |\n| Companies | [3Com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3Com \"3Com\") [360networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/360networks \"360networks\") [AboveNet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AboveNet \"AboveNet\") [Actua Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Actua_Corporation \"Actua Corporation\") [Airspan Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airspan_Networks \"Airspan Networks\") [Akamai Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akamai_Technologies \"Akamai Technologies\") [Alteon WebSystems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alteon_WebSystems \"Alteon WebSystems\") [Amazon]() [America Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AOL \"AOL\") [Arthur Andersen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Andersen \"Arthur Andersen\") [Ask Jeeves](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ask.com \"Ask.com\") [Blue Coat Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Coat_Systems \"Blue Coat Systems\") [Boo.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boo.com \"Boo.com\") [Books-A-Million](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Books-A-Million \"Books-A-Million\") [Broadband Sports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadband_Sports \"Broadband Sports\") [Broadcast.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadcast.com \"Broadcast.com\") [CDNow](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CDNow \"CDNow\") [Chemdex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemdex \"Chemdex\") [CMGI Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steel_Connect \"Steel Connect\") [Cobalt Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cobalt_Networks \"Cobalt Networks\") [Commerce One](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commerce_One \"Commerce One\") [Covad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covad \"Covad\") [Cyberian Outpost](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyberian_Outpost \"Cyberian Outpost\") [CyberRebate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CyberRebate \"CyberRebate\") [Digex](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digex \"Digex\") [Digital Convergence Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CueCat \"CueCat\") [Digital Insight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_Insight \"Digital Insight\") [Divine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divine,_Inc. \"Divine, Inc.\") [DoubleClick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DoubleClick \"DoubleClick\") [eBay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBay \"EBay\") [eGain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EGain \"EGain\") [Egghead Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egghead_Software \"Egghead Software\") [Enron](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enron \"Enron\") [Epidemic Marketing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epidemic_Marketing \"Epidemic Marketing\") [Excite](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Excite_\$web_portal\$ \"Excite (web portal)\") [Flooz.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flooz.com \"Flooz.com\") [Freei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freei \"Freei\") [Gadzoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gadzoox \"Gadzoox\") [GeoCities](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GeoCities \"GeoCities\") [Global Crossing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_Crossing \"Global Crossing\") [govWorks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GovWorks \"GovWorks\") [Handspring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Handspring,_Inc. \"Handspring, Inc.\") [Healtheon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healtheon \"Healtheon\") [HomeGrocer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HomeGrocer \"HomeGrocer\") [HotBot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HotBot \"HotBot\") [Infoseek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infoseek \"Infoseek\") [InfoSpace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/InfoSpace \"InfoSpace\") [Inktomi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inktomi \"Inktomi\") [Interactive Intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interactive_Intelligence \"Interactive Intelligence\") [Internet America](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internet_America \"Internet America\") [iVillage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IVillage \"IVillage\") [iWon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IWon \"IWon\") [Kozmo.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kozmo.com \"Kozmo.com\") [lastminute.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lastminute.com \"Lastminute.com\") [The Learning Company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Learning_Company \"The Learning Company\") [Liquid Audio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquid_Audio \"Liquid Audio\") [LookSmart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LookSmart \"LookSmart\") [Lycos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lycos \"Lycos\") [Angelfire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angelfire \"Angelfire\") [Tripod](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tripod_\$web_hosting\$ \"Tripod (web hosting)\") [MarchFirst](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MarchFirst \"MarchFirst\") [Merrill Lynch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merrill_\$company\$ \"Merrill (company)\") [MicroStrategy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MicroStrategy \"MicroStrategy\") [Net2Phone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Net2Phone \"Net2Phone\") [NetBank](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NetBank \"NetBank\") [Netscape](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netscape \"Netscape\") [Network Solutions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Network_Solutions \"Network Solutions\") [NorthPoint Communications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NorthPoint_Communications \"NorthPoint Communications\") [OmniSky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OmniSky \"OmniSky\") [Palm, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm,_Inc. \"Palm, Inc.\") [PayPal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PayPal \"PayPal\") [Pets.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pets.com \"Pets.com\") [PFSweb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PFSweb \"PFSweb\") [Pixelon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pixelon \"Pixelon\") [PLX Technology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PLX_Technology \"PLX Technology\") [Prodigy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prodigy_\$online_service\$ \"Prodigy (online service)\") [Pseudo.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pseudo.com \"Pseudo.com\") [Radvision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radvision \"Radvision\") [Razorfish](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Razorfish_\$company\$ \"Razorfish (company)\") [Redback Networks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Redback_Networks \"Redback Networks\") [Register.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Register.com \"Register.com\") [Ritmoteca.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ritmoteca.com \"Ritmoteca.com\") [Savvis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Savvis \"Savvis\") [Scout Electromedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scout_Electromedia \"Scout Electromedia\") [modo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modo_\$wireless_device\$ \"Modo (wireless device)\") [Terra](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terra_\$company\$ \"Terra (company)\") [theGlobe.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TheGlobe.com \"TheGlobe.com\") [Think Tools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Think_Tools \"Think Tools\") [TIBCO Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TIBCO_Software \"TIBCO Software\") [Tradex Technologies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tradex_Technologies \"Tradex Technologies\") [Transmeta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmeta \"Transmeta\") [uBid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UBid \"UBid\") [United Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Online \"United Online\") [USinternetworking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USinternetworking \"USinternetworking\") [UUNET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UUNET \"UUNET\") [VA Linux Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geeknet \"Geeknet\") [Verio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verio \"Verio\") [VerticalNet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/VerticalNet \"VerticalNet\") [Vignette Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vignette_Corporation \"Vignette Corporation\") [WebChat Broadcasting System](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WebChat_Broadcasting_System \"WebChat Broadcasting System\") [Websense](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forcepoint \"Forcepoint\") [Webvan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Webvan \"Webvan\") [WorldCom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MCI_Inc. \"MCI Inc.\") [World Online](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Online \"World Online\") [Yahoo\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo! \"Yahoo!\") |\n| History | [Enron scandal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enron_scandal \"Enron scandal\") [Irrational exuberance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irrational_exuberance \"Irrational exuberance\") [Sarbanes–Oxley Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act \"Sarbanes–Oxley Act\") [Telecoms crash](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telecoms_crash \"Telecoms crash\") [Trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trial_of_Kenneth_Lay_and_Jeffrey_Skilling \"Trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling\") [WorldCom scandal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WorldCom_scandal \"WorldCom scandal\") |\n| Publications | *[Blood on the Street](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_on_the_Street \"Blood on the Street\")* *[Conspiracy of Fools](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conspiracy_of_Fools \"Conspiracy of Fools\")* *[The Industry Standard](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Industry_Standard \"The Industry Standard\")* *[The PayPal Wars](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_PayPal_Wars \"The PayPal Wars\")* |\n| Broadcast media | *[e-Dreams](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-Dreams \"E-Dreams\")* *[Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enron:_The_Smartest_Guys_in_the_Room \"Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room\")* *[Startup.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Startup.com \"Startup.com\")* *[Valley of the Boom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valley_of_the_Boom \"Valley of the Boom\")* |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/9\/96\/Symbol_category_class.svg\/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Dot-com_bubble \"Category:Dot-com bubble\") |   |\n\n| [Authority control databases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Authority_control \"Help:Authority control\") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/8\/8a\/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg\/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Q3884#identifiers \"Edit this at Wikidata\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| International | [ISNI](https:\/\/isni.org\/isni\/0000000103167795) [VIAF](https:\/\/viaf.org\/viaf\/173278077) [GND](https:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/10177530-1) [FAST](https:\/\/id.worldcat.org\/fast\/752301) |\n| National | [United States](https:\/\/id.loc.gov\/authorities\/n99285360) [France](https:\/\/catalogue.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb13752028p) [BnF data](https:\/\/data.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/cb13752028p) [Japan](https:\/\/id.ndl.go.jp\/auth\/ndlna\/00817133) [Czech Republic](https:\/\/aleph.nkp.cz\/F\/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2011619766&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https:\/\/datos.bne.es\/resource\/XX270019) [Norway](https:\/\/authority.bibsys.no\/authority\/rest\/authorities\/html\/6020732) [Latvia](https:\/\/kopkatalogs.lv\/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249411&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Croatia](http:\/\/katalog.nsk.hr\/F\/?func=direct&doc_number=000333739&local_base=nsk10) [Sweden](https:\/\/libris.kb.se\/6nfxh4t64jzrf7ds) [Poland](https:\/\/dbn.bn.org.pl\/descriptor-details\/9810639205205606) [Israel](https:\/\/www.nli.org.il\/en\/authorities\/987007526334905171) [Catalonia](https:\/\/cantic.bnc.cat\/registre\/981058517925706706) |\n| Academics | [CiNii](https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/author\/DA15674722?l=en) |\n| Other | 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Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the [Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.](https:\/\/wikimediafoundation.org\/), a non-profit organization.\n\n- [Privacy policy](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Privacy_policy)\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About)\n- [Disclaimers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer)\n- [Contact Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us)\n- [Legal & safety contacts](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Legal:Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contact_Information)\n- [Code of Conduct](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct)\n- [Developers](https:\/\/developer.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [Statistics](https:\/\/stats.wikimedia.org\/#\/en.wikipedia.org)\n- [Cookie statement](https:\/\/foundation.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Special:MyLanguage\/Policy:Cookie_statement)\n- [Mobile view](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Amazon_\$company\$&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile)\n\n- [![Wikimedia Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/footer\/wikimedia.svg)](https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/)\n- [![Powered by MediaWiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/resources\/assets\/mediawiki_compact.svg)](https:\/\/www.mediawiki.org\/)\n\nSearch\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\nAmazon (company)\n\n115 languages\n\n[Add topic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$)","attrs_readable_markdown":"|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Amazon_2024.svg\/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_2024.svg) |   |\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bc\/Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out,_June_2015.jpg)[Doppler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doppler_\$building\$ \"Doppler (building)\"), home to Amazon's corporate headquarters |   |\n| [Trade name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trade_name \"Trade name\") | Amazon |\n| Formerly | Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995) |\n| Company type | [Public](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_company \"Public company\") |\n| [Traded as](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ticker_symbol \"Ticker symbol\") | [Nasdaq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasdaq \"Nasdaq\"): [AMZN](https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/market-activity\/stocks\/amzn) [Nasdaq-100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nasdaq-100 \"Nasdaq-100\") component [DJIA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DJIA \"DJIA\") component [S\\&P 100](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%26P_100 \"S&P 100\") component [S\\&P 500](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S%26P_500 \"S&P 500\") component |\n| [ISIN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Securities_Identification_Number \"International Securities Identification Number\") | [US0231351067](https:\/\/isin.toolforge.org\/?language=en&isin=US0231351067) |\n| Industry | [Conglomerate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conglomerate_\$company\$ \"Conglomerate (company)\") |\n| Founded | July 5, 1994; 31 years ago, in [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"), U.S. |\n| Founder | [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") |\n| Headquarters | [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"), Washington, and [Arlington County, Virginia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arlington_County,_Virginia \"Arlington County, Virginia\"), U.S. |\n| Area served | Worldwide |\n| Key people | [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") ([executive chairman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chair_\$officer\$ \"Chair (officer)\")) [Andy Jassy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Jassy \"Andy Jassy\") ([president](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_\$corporate_title\$ \"President (corporate title)\") and [CEO](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_executive_officer \"Chief executive officer\")) |\n| Products | [Echo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Echo \"Amazon Echo\") [Fire Tablet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") [Fire TV](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire_TV \"Amazon Fire TV\") [Fire OS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_OS \"Fire OS\") [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") |\n| Services | Amazon.com [Amazon Alexa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Alexa \"Amazon Alexa\") [Amazon Luna](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Luna \"Amazon Luna\") [Amazon Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\") [Amazon Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pay \"Amazon Pay\") [Amazon Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\") [Amazon Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\") [Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\") [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\") [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [MGM+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM%2B \"MGM+\") [One Medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Medical \"One Medical\") [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") |\n| Revenue | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$716.9 billion (2025) |\n| [Operating income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes \"Earnings before interest and taxes\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$79.98 billion (2025) |\n| [Net income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Net_income \"Net income\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$77.67 billion (2025) |\n| [Total assets](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asset \"Asset\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$818.0 billion (2025) |\n| [Total equity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equity_\$finance\$ \"Equity (finance)\") | ![Increase](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b0\/Increase2.svg\/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\\$411.1 billion (2025) |\n| Owner | Jeff Bezos (8.92%) |\n| Number of employees | 1,576,000 (2025) |\n| [Subsidiaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") | List [AbeBooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AbeBooks \"AbeBooks\") [Amazon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com\") [Amazon Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Air \"Amazon Air\") [Amazon Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Books \"Amazon Books\") [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") [Amazon Games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Games \"Amazon Games\") [Amazon Lab126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lab126 \"Amazon Lab126\") [Amazon Leo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Leo \"Amazon Leo\") [Amazon Logistics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Logistics \"Amazon Logistics\") [Amazon Pharmacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pharmacy \"Amazon Pharmacy\") [Amazon Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Publishing \"Amazon Publishing\") [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\") [Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\") [AWS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\") [Blink](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blink_Home \"Blink Home\") [Body Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Body_Labs \"Body Labs\") Brilliance Audio [Eero LLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eero_\$wireless_networking_brand\$ \"Eero (wireless networking brand)\") [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") [IMDb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb \"IMDb\") [PillPack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PillPack \"PillPack\") [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") [Twitch Interactive](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_Interactive \"Twitch Interactive\") [Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") [Woot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woot \"Woot\") [Zappos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zappos \"Zappos\") [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox_\$company\$ \"Zoox (company)\") |\n| Website | [amazon.com](https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/) |\n| **Footnotes \/ references** [\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10K-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-4) |   |\n\n**Amazon.com, Inc.**[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10K-1) ([doing business as](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doing_business_as \"Doing business as\") **Amazon**)[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-5) is an American multinational technology company engaged in [e-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\"), [cloud computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_computing \"Cloud computing\"), [online advertising](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_advertising \"Online advertising\"), [digital streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_streaming \"Digital streaming\"), and [artificial intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\").[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-6) Founded in 1994 by [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") in [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"),[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-7) the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as \"The Everything Store\".[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-8) Amazon has been described as a [Big Tech](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Big_Tech \"Big Tech\") company.[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-9)\n\nIt is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping [retailer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retailer \"Retailer\") and [marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marketplace \"Marketplace\"), best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells [books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Books \"Books\"), [electronics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronics \"Electronics\"), [pharmacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pharmacy \"Pharmacy\"), [car parts](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Car_parts \"Car parts\"), [video games](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Video_games \"Video games\"), [dining](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dining \"Dining\"), [jewelry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jewelry \"Jewelry\"), [food](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Food \"Food\"), [music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Music \"Music\"), and [sports equipment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_equipment \"Sports equipment\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10)\n\nThe company has multiple subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") (AWS), providing cloud computing; [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox_\$company\$ \"Zoox (company)\"), a [self-driving car](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-driving_car \"Self-driving car\") division; [Kuiper Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuiper_Systems \"Kuiper Systems\"), a satellite Internet provider; and [Amazon Lab126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lab126 \"Amazon Lab126\"), a computer hardware [R\\&D](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%26D \"R&D\") provider. Other subsidiaries include [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\"), [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\"), [IMDb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb \"IMDb\"), and [Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\"). Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US\\$13\\.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a [physical retailer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physical_retailer \"Physical retailer\").[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-wf-11) Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its [Amazon Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\"), [MGM+](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MGM%2B \"MGM+\"), [Amazon Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\"), Twitch, [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\") and [Wondery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wondery \"Wondery\")[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-12) units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, [Amazon Publishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Publishing \"Amazon Publishing\"), produces and distributes film and television content through [Amazon MGM Studios](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_MGM_Studios \"Amazon MGM Studios\"), including the [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\") studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute [audiobooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audiobook \"Audiobook\"), respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") e-readers, [Echo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Echo \"Amazon Echo\") devices, [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") tablets, and [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire_TV \"Amazon Fire TV\") TVs.\n\nAmazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-13)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-14)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-15)[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-16) As of 2023, it is the world's largest [online retailer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_retailer \"Online retailer\") and [marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_marketplace \"Online marketplace\"), [smart speaker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_speaker \"Smart speaker\") provider, cloud computing service through AWS,[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-17) [live-streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live-streaming \"Live-streaming\") service through Twitch, and [Internet company](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_Internet_companies \"List of largest Internet companies\") as measured by revenue and market share.[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-18) In 2021, it surpassed [Walmart](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walmart \"Walmart\") as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, [Amazon Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\"), which has 200 million subscribers worldwide.[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-19)[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-20) It is the [second-largest private employer in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_United_States%E2%80%93based_employers_globally \"List of largest United States–based employers globally\")[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-21) and the [second-largest company in the world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue \"List of largest companies by revenue\") and [in the U.S.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue \"List of largest companies in the United States by revenue\") by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-22) As of October 2024, Amazon is the [12th-most visited website in the world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_most-visited_websites \"List of most-visited websites\") and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-23)[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto5-24) [Amazon has been criticized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Amazon \"Criticism of Amazon\") for its business practices, including [surveillance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Surveillance \"Surveillance\") partnerships, poor worker conditions, [anti-union](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_busting \"Union busting\") efforts, [environmental harm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_degradation \"Environmental degradation\"), [anti-competitive behavior](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-competitive_practices \"Anti-competitive practices\"), [censorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Censorship \"Censorship\") controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers.\n\nHistory\n\n1994–2009\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/da\/Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg\/250px-Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue,_Washington_-_exterior.jpg)\n\nJeff Bezos's home in [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"), where the company was founded in 1994\n\nOn July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as \"Cadabra\" by [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\"), after he relocated from [New York City](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_City \"New York City\") to [Bellevue, Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bellevue,_Washington \"Bellevue, Washington\"), near [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"), to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") and the [University of Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Washington \"University of Washington\"), as well as its smaller population for [sales tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sales_tax \"Sales tax\") purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in [Roseburg, Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roseburg,_Oregon \"Roseburg, Oregon\"). Other options Bezos considered included [Portland, Oregon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portland,_Oregon \"Portland, Oregon\"), and [Boulder, Colorado](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boulder,_Colorado \"Boulder, Colorado\").[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25)\n\nA few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-26)\n\nOn July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-27) Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-28)\n\nIn May 1997, Amazon went [public](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_company \"Public company\").[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999b-30)\n\nIn 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-anders1999b-30)\n\nIn 2002, the company launched [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build [web applications](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_application \"Web application\") on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-31)[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-32) In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-33) AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with [Simple Storage Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_S3 \"Amazon S3\") (S3) in 2006,[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-34) and [Elastic Compute Cloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud \"Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud\") (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-35)\n\nIn 2006, Amazon launched the *Fulfillment by Amazon* program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called \"third-party sellers\") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36)\n\n2010–present\n\nAmazon purchased the [Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") supermarket chain in 2017.[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-37) It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US\\$178 billion [net sales](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sales_\$accounting\$#Gross_sales_and_net_sales \"Sales (accounting)\") in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-38)\n\nAmazon saw large growth during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), hiring more than 100,000 staff in the [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\") and [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada \"Canada\").[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-39) Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to \"run normal shifts\" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto-40)[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-FTMarch19-41) In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-BBCMarch31-42) while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-TheVergeMarch31-43)\n\nOn February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS [Andy Jassy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Jassy \"Andy Jassy\") replacing him as CEO.[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-44)[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-45) In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-46)\n\nOn November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") to sell approximately 50 million [shares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Share_\$finance\$ \"Share (finance)\") of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about \\$2 billion.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-47)\n\nOn February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average \"Dow Jones Industrial Average\").[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-48)\n\nOn December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the [International Brotherhood of Teamsters](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters \"International Brotherhood of Teamsters\") labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-49)[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-50)\n\nOn October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-51) As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-52) In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce [bureaucracy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bureaucracy \"Bureaucracy\"), and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of [artificial intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\") technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-53)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-54)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-55)\n\nIn January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested \\$475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-56)\n\nIn January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to \\$50 billion.[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-57) Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-58)\n\nIn January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to [AI](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artificial_intelligence \"Artificial intelligence\").[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-59)\n\nIn February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest \\$12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-60)\n\nAccording to an analysis by [Bridgewater Associates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bridgewater_Associates \"Bridgewater Associates\"), Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about \\$650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-61)\n\nIn March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-62)\n\nProducts and services\n\nAmazon.com\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/06\/Amazon_2024.svg\/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_2024.svg)Logo since November 2024 |   |\n| Screenshot [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/5\/59\/Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg) Homepage |   |\n| Type of site | [E-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") |\n| Available in | Arabic Chinese Dutch English French German Hindi Italian Japanese Polish Portuguese Spanish Swedish Turkish |\n| Owner | Amazon |\n| URL | [amazon.com](http:\/\/amazon.com\/) (original US site) |\n| Commercial | Yes |\n| Registration | Optional |\n| Launched | 1995; 31 years ago |\n| Current status | Active |\n| Written in | [C++](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%2B%2B \"C++\") and [Java](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Java_\$programming_language\$ \"Java (programming language)\") |\n| [\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-63) |   |\n\nAmazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media ([books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book \"Book\"), movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, [consumer electronics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_electronics \"Consumer electronics\"), [beauty products](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cosmetics \"Cosmetics\"), gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [jewelry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jewellery \"Jewellery\"), watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [sporting goods](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sports_equipment \"Sports equipment\"), tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm [supplies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agrochemical \"Agrochemical\")[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-64) and [consulting services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agronomy \"Agronomy\").[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-Rai-65) Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-66)\n\nVisits to *amazon.com* grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-67) to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\] The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto5-24)\n\nIn February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, \"Rufus\" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-68)\n\n\"Rufus\" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-69)\n\nResults generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) The company's [localized](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internationalization_and_localization \"Internationalization and localization\") storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [top-level domain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Top-level_domain \"Top-level domain\") and [country code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Country_code \"Country code\"):\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e3\/Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg\/500px-Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg)\n\nAmazon Marketplaces worldwide\n\nTop-Level Domain\n\nServed by neighboring Domain\n\n| Country | share |\n|---|---|\n| United States | 69\\.3% |\n| Germany | 6\\.5% |\n| United Kingdom | 5\\.8% |\n| Japan | 4\\.8% |\n| Other | 13\\.6% |\n\n| Region | Country | [Domain name](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domain_name \"Domain name\") | Since | Languages | Notes |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Africa | Egypt | amazon[.eg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.eg \".eg\") | September 2021 | Arabic, English | Formerly known as [Souq.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq.com \"Souq.com\") Egypt |\n| South Africa | amazon.co[.za](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.za \".za\") | May 2024 | English |   |   |\n| Americas | Brazil | amazon.com[.br](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.br \".br\") | December 2012 | Portuguese |   |\n| Canada | amazon[.ca](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.ca \".ca\") | June 2002 | English, French |   |   |\n| Mexico | amazon.com[.mx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.mx \".mx\") | August 2013 | Spanish |   |   |\n| United States | amazon[.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.com \".com\") | July 1995 | English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional) | International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the [Kindle Store](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kindle_Store \"Kindle Store\") on Amazon US.[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-buy-ebooks-on-amazon-us-72) |   |\n| Asia | China | amazon[.cn](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.cn \".cn\") | September 2004 | Chinese (Simplified) | Formerly known as [Joyo.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joyo.com \"Joyo.com\") CHN |\n| India | amazon[.in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.in \".in\") | June 2013 | English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi |   |   |\n| Japan | amazon.co[.jp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.jp \".jp\") | November 2000 | Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified) |   |   |\n| Saudi Arabia | amazon[.sa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.sa \".sa\") | June 2020 | Arabic, English | Formerly known as [Souq.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq.com \"Souq.com\") KSA |   |\n| Singapore | amazon[.sg](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.sg \".sg\") | July 2017 | English |   |   |\n| Turkey | amazon.com[.tr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.tr \".tr\") | September 2018 | Turkish |   |   |\n| United Arab Emirates | amazon[.ae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.ae \".ae\") | May 2019 | Arabic, English | Formerly known as [Souq.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq.com \"Souq.com\") UAE |   |\n| Europe | Belgium | amazon.com[.be](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.be \".be\") | October 2022 | Dutch, French, English |   |\n| France | amazon[.fr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.fr \".fr\") | August 2000 | French, English |   |   |\n| Germany | amazon[.de](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.de \".de\") | October 1998 | German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish | Also serves Austria,[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-73) Denmark[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-74) and Switzerland[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-75) |   |\n| Ireland | amazon[.ie](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.ie \".ie\") | March 2025 | English |   |   |\n| Italy | amazon[.it](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.it \".it\") | November 2010 | Italian, English |   |   |\n| Netherlands | amazon[.nl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.nl \".nl\") | November 2014 | Dutch, English | Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-76) |   |\n| Poland | amazon[.pl](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.pl \".pl\") | March 2021 | Polish |   |   |\n| Spain | amazon[.es](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.es \".es\") | September 2011 | Spanish, Portuguese, English | Also serves Portugal[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-77) |   |\n| Sweden | amazon[.se](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.se \".se\") | October 2020 | Swedish, English |   |   |\n| United Kingdom | amazon.co[.uk](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.uk \".uk\") | October 1998 | English |   |   |\n| Oceania | Australia | amazon.com[.au](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/.au \".au\") | November 2017 | English | Also serves New Zealand[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-78) |\n\nMerchant partnerships\n\nIn 2000, US toy retailer [Toys \"R\" Us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toys_%22R%22_Us \"Toys \\\"R\\\" Us\") entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at \\$50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys \"R\" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys \"R\" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys \"R\" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys \"R\" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys \"R\" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded \\$51 million in damages.[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-79)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-80)[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-81)\n\nIn 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [Borders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Borders_\$retailer\$ \"Borders (retailer)\"), under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-82) Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-83)\n\nOn October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [DC Comics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/DC_Comics \"DC Comics\") for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including *[Superman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superman \"Superman\")*, *[Batman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Batman \"Batman\")*, *[Green Lantern](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green_Lantern \"Green Lantern\")*, *[Sandman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandman_\$comics\$ \"Sandman (comics)\")*, and *[Watchmen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watchmen \"Watchmen\")*. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like [Barnes & Noble](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barnes_%26_Noble \"Barnes & Noble\") to remove these titles from their shelves.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-84)\n\nIn November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [United States Postal Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [Greater Los Angeles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greater_Los_Angeles \"Greater Los Angeles\") and [New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_metropolitan_area \"New York metropolitan area\") because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [Dallas](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dallas \"Dallas\"), [Houston](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\"), [New Orleans](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Orleans \"New Orleans\") and [Phoenix](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenix,_Arizona \"Phoenix, Arizona\") by 2014.[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-85)\n\nIn June 2017, [Nike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nike,_Inc. \"Nike, Inc.\") agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-86)[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-CNBC-87) This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-CNBC-87)[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-88) Companies including [IKEA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IKEA \"IKEA\") and [Birkenstock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Birkenstock \"Birkenstock\") also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-89)\n\nIn September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US\\$104.44 million ([₹](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_rupee \"Indian rupee\")759 [crore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crore \"Crore\")) in financial year 2017–2018.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-90)\n\nAs of October 11, 2017, [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") sold a range of [Booths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Booths \"Booths\") branded products for home delivery in selected areas.[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-91)\n\nIn November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [Apple Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_Inc. \"Apple Inc.\") to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-92)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-93)\n\nOn November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup [Anthropic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anthropic \"Anthropic\"), following its initial \\$4 billion investment.[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-94)\n\nOn 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-95)\n\nPrivate-label products\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5c\/Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg)\n\nAmazon Basics USB cable\n\nAmazon sells many products under its [own brand names](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Private_label \"Private label\"), including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-96) Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-97)\n\nThird-party sellers\n\nAmazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.[\\[97\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-98) Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[\\[98\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-99)\n\nAffiliate program\n\nPublishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has \"over 900,000 members\" in its affiliate programs.[\\[99\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-100) In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after [Google Ads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Ads \"Google Ads\").[\\[100\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-101) It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.[\\[101\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-102)\n\nAssociates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") (AWS) [XML](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/XML \"XML\") service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.[\\[102\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-103)\n\nProduct reviews\n\nAmazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [rating scale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rating_scale \"Rating scale\") from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: \"...*the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used*.\" The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough \"helpful\" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[\\[103\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-104)\n\nWhen publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was \"taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose\".[\\[104\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-105)\n\nThere have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [public relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_relations \"Public relations\") companies on behalf of their clients[\\[105\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-106) and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.\n\nAmazon sales rank\n\nThe Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a \"best sellers list\" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-107) While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.[\\[106\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-107) Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of \"movers and shakers\"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.[\\[107\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-108) For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [point of sale](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Point_of_sale \"Point of sale\") data via the [BookScan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BookScan \"BookScan\") service to verified authors.[\\[108\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-109) While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,[\\[109\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-110) though Amazon states:\n\n> Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources\n\n— Amazon.com Help[\\[110\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-111)\n\nPhysical stores\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9f\/Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_\$52626225962\$.jpg)\n\n[Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") store in [Sevenoaks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sevenoaks \"Sevenoaks\"), [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")\n\nIn November 2015, Amazon opened a physical [Amazon Books](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Books \"Amazon Books\") store in [University Village](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_Village,_Seattle \"University Village, Seattle\") in [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"). The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:1-112) Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;[\\[112\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-113) media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[\\[111\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:1-112) All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the \"Amazon 4-Star\" brand.[\\[113\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-114)\n\nIn July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in [Palmer Township](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmer_Township,_Pennsylvania \"Palmer Township, Pennsylvania\") in the [Lehigh Valley](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lehigh_Valley \"Lehigh Valley\") region of eastern [Pennsylvania](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pennsylvania \"Pennsylvania\"). As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.[\\[114\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-115)[\\[115\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-116)\n\nIn August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [San Francisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"), as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.[\\[116\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-117)\n\nIn 2020, [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") opened several physical stores in the US and the [United Kingdom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\").[\\[117\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-118) In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.[\\[118\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-119)\n\nHardware and services\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f9\/Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg\/250px-Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg)\n\n[Amazon Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") tablet\n\nAmazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant [Alexa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Alexa \"Amazon Alexa\"), [Amazon Music](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Music \"Amazon Music\"), and [Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\") for music and videos respectively, the [Amazon Appstore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Appstore \"Amazon Appstore\") for Android apps, the [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\") line of [electronic paper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_paper \"Electronic paper\") e-readers, [Fire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fire \"Amazon Fire\") and [Fire HD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fire_HD \"Fire HD\") color [LCD](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liquid-crystal_display \"Liquid-crystal display\") tablets. [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\") provides audiobooks for purchase and listening.\n\nIn September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of [Astro](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Astro \"Amazon Astro\"), its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.[\\[119\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-120)\n\nIn January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. [Amazon Prime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime \"Amazon Prime\") members to pay a \\$5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as [Medicare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicare_\$United_States\$ \"Medicare (United States)\") and [Medicaid](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicaid \"Medicaid\") will not be able to sign up for RXPass.[\\[120\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-121)\n\nSubsidiaries\n\nAmazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\"), [Audible](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audible_\$service\$ \"Audible (service)\"), [Diapers.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diapers.com \"Diapers.com\"), [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\"), [IMDb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IMDb \"IMDb\"), Kiva Systems (now [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\")), [One Medical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Medical \"One Medical\"), [Shopbop](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shopbop \"Shopbop\"), Teachstreet, [Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\"), [Zappos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zappos \"Zappos\"), and [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox_\$company\$ \"Zoox (company)\").[\\[121\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-122)\n\nBezos separately owns *[The Washington Post](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Washington_Post \"The Washington Post\")* (through Nash Holdings, LLC), [Blue Origin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Origin \"Blue Origin\"), [Bezos Expeditions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bezos_Expeditions \"Bezos Expeditions\"), [Altos Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altos_Labs \"Altos Labs\"), and other companies.\n\nAmazon Live\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| [![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c2\/Amazon_Live_logo.png\/250px-Amazon_Live_logo.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Live_logo.png) |   |\n| Type of site | [Online video platform](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Online_video_platform \"Online video platform\") |\n| Headquarters | 98109, WA [Seattle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle \"Seattle\"), Washington, United States |\n| Owner | [Amazon Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Inc. \"Amazon Inc.\") |\n| Industry | [E-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") Live streaming |\n| [Parent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holding_company \"Holding company\") | [Amazon Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Inc. \"Amazon Inc.\") |\n| Launched | 2019; 7 years ago |\n\n**Amazon Live** is an American video [e-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123) Users (mainly celebrities or [Internet influencers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Influencer \"Influencer\")) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.[\\[122\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123)\n\nIn 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and [application](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_app \"Mobile app\"). In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into [Amazon Freevee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Freevee \"Amazon Freevee\") and [Amazon Prime Video](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Video \"Amazon Prime Video\").[\\[123\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-124)\n\nAmazon Web Services\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/29\/AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg\/250px-AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston,_Texas_\$46600198075\$.jpg)\n\n[Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\"), [HOU-14](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Houston \"Houston\")\n\nAmazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides [on-demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software_as_a_service \"Software as a service\") [cloud computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_computing \"Cloud computing\") [platforms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computing_platform \"Computing platform\") and [APIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/API \"API\") to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing [web services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_service \"Web service\") provide [distributed computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distributed_computing \"Distributed computing\") processing capacity and software tools via AWS [server farms](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Server_farm \"Server farm\"). As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors [Microsoft Azure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft_Azure \"Microsoft Azure\") and [Google Cloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Google_Cloud_Platform \"Google Cloud Platform\") have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to [Synergy Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synergy_Group \"Synergy Group\").[\\[124\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-125)\n\nAudible\n\nAudible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [audiobooks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audiobook \"Audiobook\"), [radio](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_program \"Radio program\") and [television programs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Television_show \"Television show\"), and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about \\$300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.[\\[125\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-126)\n\nGoodreads\n\n[Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") is a \"[social cataloging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_cataloging_application \"Social cataloging application\")\" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:0-127)\n\nRing\n\nRing is a [home automation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_automation \"Home automation\") company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its [Wi-Fi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wi-Fi \"Wi-Fi\") powered [smart doorbells](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_doorbell \"Smart doorbell\"), but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US\\$1 billion in 2018.[\\[127\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-128)\n\nTwitch\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/e\/e1\/E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg\/250px-E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:E3_%E2%80%93_2014_\$23113432796\$.jpg)\n\n[Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") at the [Electronic Entertainment Expo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E3 \"E3\")\n\n[Twitch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitch_\$service\$ \"Twitch (service)\") is a [live streaming](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_streaming \"Live streaming\") platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for \\$970 million.[\\[128\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-129) The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [esports](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esports \"Esports\") competitions on the service, leading *[GameSpot](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GameSpot \"GameSpot\")* senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as \"the [ESPN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ESPN \"ESPN\") of esports\".[\\[129\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-130) As of 2015, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.[\\[130\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-131)\n\nWhole Foods Market\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG\/250px-Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG)\n\n[Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") store in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan \"Ann Arbor, Michigan\")\n\n[Whole Foods Market](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whole_Foods_Market \"Whole Foods Market\") is an American [supermarket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supermarket \"Supermarket\") [chain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chain_store \"Chain store\") exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.[\\[131\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-132) Amazon acquired Whole Foods for \\$13.7 billion in August 2017.[\\[132\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-133)[\\[133\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-134)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-wf-11)\n\nSince acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of [Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations.\n\nOther\n\nOther Amazon subsidiaries include:\n\n- **[A9.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A9.com \"A9.com\")**, a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.[\\[134\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-135)\n- [Amazon Academy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Academy \"Amazon Academy\"), formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021\n- **Amazon Maritime**, Inc. holds a [Federal Maritime Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Maritime_Commission \"Federal Maritime Commission\") license to operate as a [non-vessel-owning common carrier](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freight_forwarder \"Freight forwarder\") (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.[\\[135\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-136)\n- **[Amazon Pharmacy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pharmacy \"Amazon Pharmacy\")** is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.[\\[136\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-137)\n- **[Annapurna Labs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annapurna_Labs \"Annapurna Labs\")**, an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US\\$350–370M acquired by [Amazon Web Services](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Web_Services \"Amazon Web Services\") in January 2015 .[\\[137\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-reut_Amaz-138)[\\[138\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-extr_Amaz-139)[\\[139\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-140)\n- **Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services**, which applied for a [freight forwarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freight_forwarder \"Freight forwarder\") license with the [US Maritime Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Maritime_Commission \"Federal Maritime Commission\"). Amazon is also building out its logistics in [trucking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States \"Trucking industry in the United States\") and [air freight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_cargo \"Air cargo\") to potentially compete with [UPS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Parcel_Service \"United Parcel Service\") and [FedEx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/FedEx \"FedEx\").[\\[140\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-141)[\\[141\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-142)\n- **Brilliance Audio**, an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [Grand Haven, Michigan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Haven,_Michigan \"Grand Haven, Michigan\").[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.[\\[142\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.[\\[143\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-144)[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-gigaom-145) At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.[\\[144\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-gigaom-145) It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-blake-146) The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-blake-146) It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.[\\[145\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-blake-146)\n- **[ComiXology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ComiXology \"ComiXology\")**, a [cloud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cloud_computing \"Cloud computing\")\\-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.[\\[146\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-147)\n- **[CreateSpace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CreateSpace \"CreateSpace\")**, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.[\\[147\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-148)[\\[148\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-149)\n- **[eero](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eero_\$wireless_networking_brand\$ \"Eero (wireless networking brand)\")**, an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking [Wi-Fi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wi-Fi \"Wi-Fi\") founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.[\\[149\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-150) Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US\\$97 million.[\\[150\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-151) Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.[\\[151\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-152)\n- **Health Navigator** is a startup developing [APIs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Application_programming_interface \"Application programming interface\") for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [PillPack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PillPack \"PillPack\") for under \\$1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.[\\[152\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-153)\n- **Junglee**, a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.[\\[153\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-154) Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012[\\[154\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-155) as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.[\\[155\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-156)\n- **[Kuiper Systems](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuiper_Systems \"Kuiper Systems\")**, a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [broadband](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Broadband \"Broadband\") [satellite internet constellation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite_internet_constellation \"Satellite internet constellation\") with an announced 3,236 [Low Earth orbit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_Earth_orbit \"Low Earth orbit\") [satellites](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite \"Satellite\") to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.[\\[156\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-cnbc20190404-157)[\\[157\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-sn20190404-158)[\\[158\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-ars20190708-159)\n- **[Lab126](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Lab126 \"Amazon Lab126\")**, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [Kindle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Kindle \"Amazon Kindle\"), became a subsidiary in 2004.[\\[159\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-160)\n- **Shelfari**, a former [social cataloging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_cataloging_application \"Social cataloging application\") website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [tag](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tag_\$metadata\$ \"Tag (metadata)\") and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.[\\[126\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:0-127) Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\") and closing down Shelfari.[\\[160\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-161)[\\[161\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-162)\n- **[Souq](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Souq_\$company\$ \"Souq (company)\")**, the former largest [e-commerce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-commerce \"E-commerce\") platform in the [Arab world](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_world \"Arab world\"). The company launched in 2005 in [Dubai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dubai \"Dubai\"), [United Arab Emirates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Arab_Emirates \"United Arab Emirates\") and served multiple areas across the Middle East.[\\[162\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-163) On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for \\$580 million.[\\[163\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-164) The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.[\\[164\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-165)\n- [Zoox](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zoox \"Zoox\"), Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.[\\[165\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-166)\n\nAmazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four [small nuclear reactors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Small_modular_reactor \"Small modular reactor\") at the [Xe-100 reactor site](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_Xe-100_reactor_site \"Washington Xe-100 reactor site\") in Eastern [Washington](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_\$state\$ \"Washington (state)\"), and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in [Alberta](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alberta \"Alberta\").[\\[166\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-167)\n\nOperations\n\nLogistics\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3a\/Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Logistics,_Borgstedt_\$APC_0067\$.jpg)\n\nAmazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/74\/Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_\$44155424640\$.jpg)\n\nAmazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in [Florida](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florida \"Florida\")\n\nAmazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:\n\n- [Amazon Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Air \"Amazon Air\"), a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.\n- Amazon Flex, a [smartphone app](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_app \"Mobile app\") that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours [Prime Now](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Now \"Prime Now\"), same or next day [Amazon Fresh](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Fresh \"Amazon Fresh\") groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.[\\[167\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-168)\n- [Amazon Freight](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Freight \"Amazon Freight\"), a [freight brokerage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freight_brokerage \"Freight brokerage\") and logistics service[\\[168\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-169)\n- Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls \"Delivery Service Partners\") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[\\[169\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-170)\n- [Amazon Prime Air](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Prime_Air \"Amazon Prime Air\") is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities.\n\nAmazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed \"Amazon Hub Locker+\" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.[\\[170\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-171)\n\n[Rakuten Intelligence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Rakuten_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Rakuten Intelligence (page does not exist)\") estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the [United States Postal Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Postal_Service \"United States Postal Service\") (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [UPS](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Parcel_Service \"United Parcel Service\").[\\[171\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-172) In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States \"COVID-19 pandemic in the United States\")).[\\[172\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-173)\n\nSupply chain\n\nAmazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and [New Castle, Delaware](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Castle,_Delaware \"New Castle, Delaware\"). Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[\\[173\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-174)[\\[174\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-175) Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\").[\\[175\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-176)\n\nIn September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36)\n\n- [![Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/14\/Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG\/500px-Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_\$02\$.JPG \"Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France\")\n  Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [Lauwin-Planque](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lauwin-Planque \"Lauwin-Planque\"), [France](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France \"France\")\n- [![Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a2\/Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG\/330px-Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_\$San_Fernando_de_Henares\$.JPG \"Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain\")\n  Amazon.es fulfillment center in [San Fernando de Henares](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Fernando_de_Henares \"San Fernando de Henares\"), [Spain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain \"Spain\")\n- [![Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/bb\/Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg\/330px-Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg \"Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK\")\n  Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [Glenrothes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glenrothes \"Glenrothes\"), [Scotland](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scotland \"Scotland\"), [UK](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\")\n- [![Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/1\/18\/Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg\/330px-Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg \"Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany\")\n  Amazon.de fulfillment center in [Graben](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graben,_Bavaria \"Graben, Bavaria\"), [Germany](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany \"Germany\")\n- [![Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f7\/AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg\/250px-AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:AmazonIchikawaFC_\$78316917\$.jpg \"Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan\")\n  Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [Ichikawa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ichikawa,_Chiba \"Ichikawa, Chiba\"), [Japan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan \"Japan\")\n- [![Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/59\/Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg\/330px-Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_\$36490655883\$.jpg \"Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics\")\n  Amazon.co fulfillment center in [Baltimore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltimore \"Baltimore\"), Maryland, [US](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States \"United States\") featuring [Amazon Robotics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Robotics \"Amazon Robotics\")\n\nCorporate affairs\n\nBoard of directors\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f9\/Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg\/250px-Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_\$cropped\$.jpg)\n\nAmazon founder [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") in 2019\n\nAs of August 2025, Amazon's board of directors were:[\\[176\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-177)\n\n- [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\"), executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.\n- [Andy Jassy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andy_Jassy \"Andy Jassy\"), president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.\n- [Keith B. Alexander](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Keith_B._Alexander \"Keith B. Alexander\"), CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former [NSA director](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Director_of_the_National_Security_Agency \"Director of the National Security Agency\")\n- Edith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of [Goldman Sachs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goldman_Sachs \"Goldman Sachs\")\n- [Jamie Gorelick](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamie_Gorelick \"Jamie Gorelick\"), partner, [Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilmer_Cutler_Pickering_Hale_and_Dorr \"Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr\")\n- [Daniel Huttenlocher](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Huttenlocher \"Daniel Huttenlocher\"), [dean](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dean_\$education\$ \"Dean (education)\") of the [MIT Schwarzman College of Computing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing \"MIT Schwarzman College of Computing\").\n- [Andrew Ng](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andrew_Ng \"Andrew Ng\"), co-founder, [Coursera](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coursera \"Coursera\")\n- [Indra Nooyi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indra_Nooyi \"Indra Nooyi\"), former CEO, [PepsiCo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PepsiCo \"PepsiCo\")\n- [Jon Rubinstein](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jon_Rubinstein \"Jon Rubinstein\"), former chairman and CEO, [Palm, Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palm,_Inc. \"Palm, Inc.\")\n- [Brad D. Smith](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brad_D._Smith \"Brad D. Smith\"), president, [Marshall University](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marshall_University \"Marshall University\")\n- [Patty Stonesifer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Patty_Stonesifer \"Patty Stonesifer\"), president and CEO, [Martha's Table](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martha%27s_Table \"Martha's Table\")\n- [Wendell Weeks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wendell_Weeks \"Wendell Weeks\"), chairman, president and CEO, [Corning Inc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corning_Inc. \"Corning Inc.\")\n\nOwnership\n\nThe 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:2-71)\n\n| Shareholder name | Percentage |\n|---|---|\n| [Jeff Bezos](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeff_Bezos \"Jeff Bezos\") | 9\\.04% |\n| [The Vanguard Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Vanguard_Group \"The Vanguard Group\") | 7\\.96% |\n| [BlackRock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BlackRock \"BlackRock\") | 4\\.93% |\n| [State Street Corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/State_Street_Corporation \"State Street Corporation\") | 3\\.5% |\n| [Fidelity Investments](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fidelity_Investments \"Fidelity Investments\") | 3\\.22% |\n| [Geode Capital Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geode_Capital_Management \"Geode Capital Management\") | 2\\.03% |\n| [JP Morgan Investment Management](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JPMorgan_Chase \"JPMorgan Chase\") | 1\\.81% |\n| [Eaton Vance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eaton_Vance \"Eaton Vance\") | 1\\.5% |\n| [T. Rowe Price](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T._Rowe_Price \"T. Rowe Price\") | 1\\.48% |\n| BlackRock Life Ltd. | 1\\.45% |\n| Others | 63\\.04% |\n\nFinances\n\n| Business | share |\n|---|---|\n| Online Stores | 40\\.3% |\n| Third-party Seller Services | 24\\.4% |\n| Amazon Web Services | 15\\.8% |\n| Advertising | 8\\.2% |\n| Subscription Services | 7\\.0% |\n| Physical Stores | 3\\.5% |\n| Other | 0\\.9% |\n\nAmazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.[\\[177\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-178) As of 2018, Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the [Fortune 500](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fortune_500 \"Fortune 500\") rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[\\[178\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-179) In [Forbes Global 2000](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forbes_Global_2000 \"Forbes Global 2000\") 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.[\\[179\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-180)\n\nFor the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US\\$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US\\$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nAmazon's market capitalization went over US\\$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.[\\[180\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-4Q_2020-181)\n\n| Year | Revenue[\\[181\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-182) | Net income | Total Assets | Employees |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| in million US\\$ |   |   |   |   |\n| 1995[\\[182\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto3-183) | 0\\.5 | −0.3 | 1\\.1 |   |\n| 1996[\\[182\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto3-183) | 16 | −6 | 8 |   |\n| 1997[\\[182\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto3-183) | 148 | −28 | 149 | 614 |\n| 1998[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 610 | −124 | 648 | 2,100 |\n| 1999[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 1,639 | −720 | 2,466 | 7,600 |\n| 2000[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 2,761 | −1,411 | 2,135 | 9,000 |\n| 2001[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 3,122 | −567 | 1,638 | 7,800 |\n| 2002[\\[183\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto2-184) | 3,932 | −149 | 1,990 | 7,500 |\n| 2003[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 5,263 | 35 | 2,162 | 7,800 |\n| 2004[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 6,921 | 588 | 3,248 | 9,000 |\n| 2005[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 8,490 | 359 | 3,696 | 12,000 |\n| 2006[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 10,711 | 190 | 4,363 | 13,900 |\n| 2007[\\[184\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto1-185) | 14,835 | 476 | 6,485 | 17,000 |\n| 2008[\\[185\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-186) | 19,166 | 645 | 8,314 | 20,700 |\n| 2009[\\[186\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-187) | 24,509 | 902 | 13,813 | 24,300 |\n| 2010[\\[187\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-188) | 34,204 | 1,152 | 18,797 | 33,700 |\n| 2011[\\[188\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-189) | 48,077 | 631 | 25,278 | 56,200 |\n| 2012[\\[189\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-190) | 61,093 | −39 | 32,555 | 88,400 |\n| 2013[\\[190\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-191) | 74,452 | 274 | 40,159 | 117,300 |\n| 2014[\\[191\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-192) | 88,988 | −241 | 54,505 | 154,100 |\n|   | in billion US\\$ |   |   |   |\n| 2015[\\[192\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-193) | 107\\.0 | 0\\.59 | 64\\.7 | 230,800 |\n| 2016[\\[193\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-194) | 135\\.9 | 2\\.3 | 83\\.4 | 341,400 |\n| 2017[\\[194\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-195) | 177\\.8 | 3\\.0 | 131\\.3 | 566,000 |\n| 2018[\\[195\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-196) | 232\\.8 | 10\\.0 | 162\\.6 | 647,500 |\n| 2019[\\[196\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-197) | 280\\.5 | 11\\.5 | 225\\.2 | 798,000 |\n| 2020[\\[197\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-198) | 386\\.0 | 21\\.3 | 321\\.1 | 1,298,000 |\n| 2021[\\[198\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) | 469\\.8 | 33\\.3 | 420\\.5 | 1,608,000 |\n| 2022[\\[198\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) | 513\\.9 | −2.7 | 462\\.6 | 1,541,000 |\n| 2023[\\[199\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-2023-10K-200) | 574\\.7 | 30\\.4 | 527\\.8 | 1,525,000 |\n| 2024[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-10K-1) | 637\\.9 | 59\\.2 | 624\\.8 | 1,556,000 |\n| 2025[\\[200\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-201) | 716\\.9 | 77\\.7 | 818\\.0 | 1,576,000 |\n\nCorporate culture\n\nDuring his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of [Warren Buffett](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warren_Buffett \"Warren Buffett\").[\\[201\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:7-202) These annual letters gave an \"invaluable window\" into the famously \"secretive\" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.[\\[201\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:7-202)[\\[202\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-203) A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, \"customer obsession\") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.[\\[203\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-204) One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for \"all teams\" to \"expose their data and functionality\" through service interfaces \"designed from the ground up to be externalizable\". This process, commonly known as a [service-oriented architecture](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Service-oriented_architecture \"Service-oriented architecture\") (SOA), resulted in mandatory [dogfooding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eating_your_own_dog_food \"Eating your own dog food\") of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.\\[*[citation needed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citation_needed \"Wikipedia:Citation needed\")*\\]\n\nAmazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award[\\[204\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-205)[\\[205\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-206)[\\[206\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-207) to encourage employee initiative and experimentation.\n\nLobbying\n\nAmazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [data protection](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_privacy \"Information privacy\") and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [United States Congress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress \"United States Congress\"), the [Federal Communications Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Communications_Commission \"Federal Communications Commission\") and the [Federal Reserve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Reserve \"Federal Reserve\"). Amazon.com spent roughly \\$3.5 million, \\$5 million and \\$9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.[\\[207\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-208) In 2019, it spent \\$16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.[\\[208\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-209)\n\nAmazon.com was a corporate member of the [American Legislative Exchange Council](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council \"American Legislative Exchange Council\") (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[\\[209\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-210)\n\nIn 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [Federal Aviation Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Aviation_Administration \"Federal Aviation Administration\") to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Akin_Gump_Strauss_Hauer_%26_Feld \"Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld\") lobbying firm in June.[\\[210\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-211) Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.[\\[211\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-212) In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.[\\[212\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-213)\n\nDuring the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated \\$1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.[\\[213\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-214) In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the [White House Easter Egg Roll](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egg_rolling#United_States \"Egg rolling\"), after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.[\\[214\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-215)[\\[215\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-216) In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the [White House State Ballroom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House_State_Ballroom \"White House State Ballroom\").[\\[216\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-217)\n\nAmazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.[\\[217\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-218)[\\[218\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-219) Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.[\\[219\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-220) A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.[\\[220\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-221)[\\[221\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-222)\n\nCriticism\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7a\/Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg\/250px-Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg)\n\nA sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle\n\nAmazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;[\\[222\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-223) forming cloud computing partnerships with the [CIA](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Intelligence_Agency \"Central Intelligence Agency\");[\\[223\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-vanity-fair-224) leading customers away from bookshops;[\\[224\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-225) adversely impacting the environment;[\\[225\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-Cavaillez-226) placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;[\\[226\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-227)[\\[227\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-228) actively opposing unionization efforts;[\\[228\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-229) remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [1-Click](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1-Click \"1-Click\") technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [price discrimination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Price_discrimination \"Price discrimination\");[\\[229\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-:6-230)[\\[230\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-baum-231) and reclassifying [LGBTQ](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LGBTQ \"LGBTQ\") books as adult content.[\\[231\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-232)[\\[232\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-233) Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [WikiLeaks](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WikiLeaks \"WikiLeaks\") website, works containing [libel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Defamation \"Defamation\"), anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating [dog fighting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dog_fighting \"Dog fighting\"), [cockfighting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cockfighting \"Cockfighting\"), or [pedophile](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedophilia \"Pedophilia\") activities. An article published by *[Time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_\$magazine\$ \"Time (magazine)\")* in the wake of social media website [Parler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parler \"Parler\")'s termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.[\\[233\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-234) In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[\\[234\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-235) Companies like [Groupon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groupon \"Groupon\"), [eBay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EBay \"EBay\") and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering \\$10 off from their products.[\\[235\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-236)[\\[236\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-237)\n\nThe company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [Brad Stone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brad_Stone_\$journalist\$ \"Brad Stone (journalist)\"), \"that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle.\"[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) In July 2014, the [Federal Trade Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Trade_Commission \"Federal Trade Commission\") launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[\\[237\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-238) In 2019, Amazon banned selling [skin-lightening](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skin_whitening \"Skin whitening\") products after pushback from [Minnesota](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minnesota \"Minnesota\") health and [environmental activists.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_movement \"Environmental movement\")[\\[238\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-239) In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general [Letitia James](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letitia_James \"Letitia James\") was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.[\\[239\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-240) After the [COVID-19 pandemic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\"), Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the [Biden Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden \"Presidency of Joe Biden\"), to \"reduce the visibility\" of books critical of the [COVID-19 vaccine](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19_vaccine \"COVID-19 vaccine\"),[\\[240\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-241)[\\[241\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-242) which was revealed after Rep. [Jim Jordan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jim_Jordan \"Jim Jordan\") (acting on behalf of the [House Judiciary Committee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary \"United States House Committee on the Judiciary\")) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.[\\[242\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-243)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5e\/Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg\/250px-Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg)\n\nAn Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C.\n\nAmazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically [double parking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Double_parking \"Double parking\"), blocking [bike lanes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bike_lane \"Bike lane\"), and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to [traffic congestion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_congestion \"Traffic congestion\") and endangering other road users.[\\[243\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-244)[\\[244\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-245)[\\[245\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-246)[\\[246\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-247)\n\nJane Friedman[\\[247\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-janefriedman\/books-248) discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and [Goodreads](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Goodreads \"Goodreads\"). Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled \"I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires).\"[\\[248\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-janefriedman\/rather-my-books-pirated-249)[\\[249\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-arstechnica\/2023\/08\/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon-250)[\\[250\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-vice\/v7b774-251)[\\[251\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-washingtonpost\/amazon-goodreads-252)\n\nIn 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of [Ring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ring_\$company\$ \"Ring (company)\") (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.[\\[252\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto4-253) It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the [Electronic Frontier Foundation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation \"Electronic Frontier Foundation\") for this change.[\\[252\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-auto4-253)\n\nIn February 2025, [Sky](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_UK \"Sky UK\") accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via \"jailbroken\" Fire Sticks.[\\[253\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-254)\n\n[Project Nimbus](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Project_Nimbus \"Project Nimbus\") is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide [Israel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel \"Israel\") and [its military](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel_Defense_Forces \"Israel Defense Forces\") with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.[\\[254\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-255)[\\[255\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-256) The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of [Palestinian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestinians \"Palestinians\") human rights in the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict \"Israeli–Palestinian conflict\").[\\[256\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-257) In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.[\\[257\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-258)[\\[258\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-259)\n\nOn July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire [San Francisco](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\")\\-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern [smartwatches](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smartwatch \"Smartwatch\"), equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24\/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.[\\[259\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-260)\n\nIn January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a \"Project Dawn\" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.[\\[260\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_note-261)\n\nSee also\n\n- [Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award \"Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award\") – Literary award\n- [Amazon Pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Pay \"Amazon Pay\") – Online purchase processing system\n- [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number \"Amazon Standard Identification Number\") (\n  ASIN\n  ) – Alphanumeric unique identifier\n- [Amazon Storywriter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_Storywriter \"Amazon Storywriter\") – Cloud-based screenwriting app by Amazon\n- [Camelcamelcamel](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camelcamelcamel \"Camelcamelcamel\") – A website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com\n- [History of Amazon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Amazon \"History of Amazon\")\n- [Internal carbon pricing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbon_tax#Internal_price_on_carbon \"Carbon tax\")\n- [List of book distributors](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_book_distributors \"List of book distributors\")\n- [Statistically improbable phrases](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistically_improbable_phrase \"Statistically improbable phrase\") – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books\n\nReferences\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-5)** , [*AM\\-ə-zon*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\"); , [*AM\\-ə-zən*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key \"Help:Pronunciation respelling key\")\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-10K_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-10K_1-1) [***c***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-10K_1-2)\n   [\"Amazon.com, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K Annual Report\"](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/ix?doc=\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1018724\/000101872425000004\/amzn-20241231.htm). [US Securities and Exchange Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"US Securities and Exchange Commission\"). February 7, 2025. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250207163728\/https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/ix?doc=\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1018724\/000101872425000004\/amzn-20241231.htm) from the original on February 7, 2025. Retrieved February 7, 2025.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-2)**\n   [\"California Secretary of State Business Search\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180223134214\/https:\/\/businesssearch.sos.ca.gov\/). [Secretary of State of California](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Secretary_of_State_of_California \"Secretary of State of California\"). Archived from [the original](https:\/\/businesssearch.sos.ca.gov\/) on February 23, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-3)**\n   [\"Amazon.com, Inc. 2022 Proxy Statement\"](https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1018724\/000110465922045572\/tm223357-5_def14a.htm#tBOOS). [US Securities and Exchange Commission](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission \"US Securities and Exchange Commission\"). April 14, 2022. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220708001850\/https:\/\/www.sec.gov\/Archives\/edgar\/data\/1018724\/000110465922045572\/tm223357-5_def14a.htm#tBOOS) from the original on July 8, 2022. Retrieved July 8, 2022.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-4)**\n   Reuter, Dominick (July 30, 2021). [\"1 out of every 153 American workers is an Amazon employee\"](https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/amazon-employees-number-1-of-153-us-workers-head-count-2021-7). *Business Insider*. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210913230014\/https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20170824006124\/en\/Amazon-and-Whole-Foods-Market-Announce-Acquisition-to-Close-This-Monday-Will-Work-Together-to-Make-High-Quality-Natural-and-Organic-Food-Affordable-for-Everyone) from the original on September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-12)**\n    Carman, Ashley (December 30, 2020). [\"Amazon buys Wondery, setting itself up to compete against Spotify for podcast domination\"](https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/12\/30\/22098312\/amazon-music-wondery-acquire-buy-podcast-industry). *The Verge*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230929181931\/https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2020\/12\/30\/22098312\/amazon-music-wondery-acquire-buy-podcast-industry) from the original on September 29, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2024.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-13)**\n    Furth, John F. (May 18, 2018). [\"Why Amazon and Jeff Bezos Are So Successful at Disruption\"](https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/312481). *Entrepreneur*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220826131641\/https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/312481) from the original on August 26, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2019.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-14)**\n    Bylund, Per (August 29, 2017). [\"Amazon's Lesson About Disruption: Rattle Any Market You Can\"](https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/299129). *Entrepreneur*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220328011716\/https:\/\/www.entrepreneur.com\/article\/299129) from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2019.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-15)**\n    [\"How to compete with Amazon\"](https:\/\/fortune.com\/2013\/10\/24\/how-to-compete-with-amazon\/). *Fortune*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220927183139\/https:\/\/fortune.com\/2013\/10\/24\/how-to-compete-with-amazon\/) from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.\n15. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-16)**\n    [\"Reinvesting for Growth – Why Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ:AMZN) is Undervalued Even in this Market\"](https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/reinvesting-growth-why-amazon-com-015452330.html). *[Yahoo Finance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahoo_Finance \"Yahoo Finance\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220927213908\/https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/reinvesting-growth-why-amazon-com-015452330.html) from the original on September 27, 2022. 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Retrieved October 17, 2025.\n259. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-260)**\n     Nguyen, Nicole (July 23, 2025). [\"Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/tech\/personal-tech\/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934). *WSJ*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20250724222242\/https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/tech\/personal-tech\/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934) from the original on July 24, 2025. Retrieved July 25, 2025.\n260. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amazon_\$company\$#cite_ref-261)**\n     Palmer, Annie (January 28, 2026). [\"Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/01\/27\/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html). *CNBC*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20260201214259\/https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2026\/01\/27\/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html) from the original on February 1, 2026. Retrieved February 13, 2026.\n\nFurther reading\n\n- Brandt, Richard L. (2011). *[One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/One_Click:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Rise_of_Amazon.com \"One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com\")*. New York: Portfolio Penguin. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-1-59184-375-7](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-1-59184-375-7 \"Special:BookSources\/978-1-59184-375-7\")\n  \n  .\n- [Daisey, Mike](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mike_Daisey \"Mike Daisey\") (2002). [*21 Dog Years*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/21dogyearsdoingt00dais). Free Press. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-7432-2580-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7432-2580-5 \"Special:BookSources\/0-7432-2580-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Friedman, Mara (2004). [*Amazon.com for Dummies*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/amazoncomfordumm00frie). Wiley Publishing. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-7645-5840-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-7645-5840-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-7645-5840-4\")\n  \n  .\n- Marcus, James (2004). [*Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/amazonia00marc). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [1-56584-870-5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/1-56584-870-5 \"Special:BookSources\/1-56584-870-5\")\n  \n  .\n- Spector, Robert (2000). [*Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World*](https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/amazoncomgetbigf00spec). HarperCollins. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [0-06-662041-4](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/0-06-662041-4 \"Special:BookSources\/0-06-662041-4\")\n  \n  .\n- [Stone, Brad](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brad_Stone_\$journalist\$ \"Brad Stone (journalist)\") (2013). [*The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon*](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Everything_Store:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Age_of_Amazon \"The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon\"). New York: Little Brown and Co. [ISBN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_\$identifier\$ \"ISBN (identifier)\")\n  \n  [978-0-316-21926-6](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-21926-6 \"Special:BookSources\/978-0-316-21926-6\")\n  \n  . [OCLC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OCLC_\$identifier\$ \"OCLC (identifier)\") [856249407](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/oclc\/856249407).\n\nExternal links\n\n[![Wikimedia Commons logo](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/4\/4a\/Commons-logo.svg\/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Commons-logo.svg)\n\nWikimedia Commons has media related to [Amazon.com](https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Amazon.com \"commons:Category:Amazon.com\").","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)
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Boilerpipe Text	Amazon.com, Inc. Doppler , home to Amazon's corporate headquarters Trade name Amazon Formerly Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995) Company type Public Traded as Nasdaq : AMZN Nasdaq-100 component DJIA component S&P 100 component S&P 500 component ISIN US0231351067 Industry Conglomerate Founded July 5, 1994 ; 31 years ago , in Bellevue, Washington , U.S. Founder Jeff Bezos Headquarters Seattle , Washington, and Arlington County, Virginia , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Jeff Bezos ( executive chairman ) Andy Jassy ( president and CEO ) Products Echo Fire Tablet Fire TV Fire OS Kindle Services Amazon.com Amazon Alexa Amazon Luna Amazon Music Amazon Pay Amazon Prime Amazon Prime Video Amazon MGM Studios Amazon Robotics Amazon Web Services MGM+ One Medical Ring Twitch Revenue US$716.9 billion (2025) Operating income US$79.98 billion (2025) Net income US$77.67 billion (2025) Total assets US$818.0 billion (2025) Total equity US$411.1 billion (2025) Owner Jeff Bezos (8.92%) Number of employees 1,576,000 (2025) Subsidiaries List AbeBooks Amazon.com Amazon Air Amazon Books Amazon Fresh Amazon Games Amazon Lab126 Amazon Leo Amazon Logistics Amazon Pharmacy Amazon Publishing Amazon Robotics Amazon MGM Studios AWS Audible Blink Body Labs Brilliance Audio Eero LLC Goodreads IMDb PillPack Ring Twitch Interactive Whole Foods Market Woot Zappos Zoox Website amazon.com Footnotes / references [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Amazon.com, Inc. [ 1 ] ( doing business as Amazon ) [ a ] is an American multinational technology company engaged in e-commerce , cloud computing , online advertising , digital streaming , and artificial intelligence . [ 5 ] Founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington , [ 6 ] the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as "The Everything Store". [ 7 ] Amazon has been described as a Big Tech company. [ 8 ] It is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping retailer and marketplace , best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells books , electronics , pharmacy , car parts , video games , dining , jewelry , food , music , and sports equipment . [ 9 ] The company has multiple subsidiaries, including Amazon Web Services (AWS), providing cloud computing; Zoox , a self-driving car division; Kuiper Systems , a satellite Internet provider; and Amazon Lab126 , a computer hardware R&D provider. Other subsidiaries include Ring , Twitch , IMDb , and Whole Foods Market . Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US$ 13.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a physical retailer . [ 10 ] Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its Amazon Prime Video , MGM+ , Amazon Music , Twitch, Audible and Wondery [ 11 ] units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, Amazon Publishing , produces and distributes film and television content through Amazon MGM Studios , including the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute audiobooks , respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, Kindle e-readers, Echo devices, Fire tablets, and Fire TVs. Amazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] As of 2023 , it is the world's largest online retailer and marketplace , smart speaker provider, cloud computing service through AWS, [ 16 ] live-streaming service through Twitch, and Internet company as measured by revenue and market share. [ 17 ] In 2021, it surpassed Walmart as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, Amazon Prime , which has 200 million subscribers worldwide. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] It is the second-largest private employer in the United States [ 20 ] and the second-largest company in the world and in the U.S. by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart). [ 21 ] As of October 2024, Amazon is the 12th-most visited website in the world and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Amazon has been criticized for its business practices, including surveillance partnerships, poor worker conditions, anti-union efforts, environmental harm , anti-competitive behavior , censorship controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers. History 1994–2009 Jeff Bezos's home in Bellevue, Washington , where the company was founded in 1994 On July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as "Cadabra" by Jeff Bezos , after he relocated from New York City to Bellevue, Washington , near Seattle , to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from Microsoft and the University of Washington , as well as its smaller population for sales tax purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in Roseburg, Oregon . Other options Bezos considered included Portland, Oregon , and Boulder, Colorado . [ 24 ] A few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon. [ 25 ] On July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers. [ 24 ] [ 26 ] Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage. [ 27 ] In May 1997, Amazon went public . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] In 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] In 2002, the company launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build web applications on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service. [ 32 ] AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with Simple Storage Service (S3) in 2006, [ 33 ] and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon. [ 34 ] In 2006, Amazon launched the Fulfillment by Amazon program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure. [ 35 ] 2010–present Amazon purchased the Whole Foods Market supermarket chain in 2017. [ 36 ] It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US$178 billion net sales in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally. [ 37 ] Amazon saw large growth during the COVID-19 pandemic , hiring more than 100,000 staff in the United States and Canada . [ 38 ] Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to "run normal shifts" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies, [ 41 ] while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety. [ 42 ] On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS Andy Jassy replacing him as CEO. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs. [ 45 ] On November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for Jeff Bezos to sell approximately 50 million shares of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about $2 billion. [ 46 ] On February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . [ 47 ] On December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] On October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022. [ 50 ] As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026. [ 51 ] In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce bureaucracy , and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of artificial intelligence technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement. [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] In January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested $475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order. [ 55 ] In January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to $50 billion. [ 56 ] Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor. [ 57 ] In January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to AI . [ 58 ] In February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest $12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs. [ 59 ] According to an analysis by Bridgewater Associates , Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about $650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026. [ 60 ] In March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers. [ 61 ] Products and services Amazon.com amazon.com Logo since November 2024 Screenshot Homepage Type of site E-commerce Available in Arabic Chinese Dutch English French German Hindi Italian Japanese Polish Portuguese Spanish Swedish Turkish Owner Amazon URL amazon .com (original US site) Commercial Yes Registration Optional Launched 1995 ; 31 years ago Current status Active Written in C++ and Java [ 62 ] Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media ( books , movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics , beauty products , gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, jewelry , watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, sporting goods , tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm supplies [ 63 ] and consulting services . [ 64 ] Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping. [ 65 ] Visits to amazon.com grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008, [ 66 ] to more than 2 billion per month in 2022. [ citation needed ] The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world. [ 23 ] In February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, "Rufus" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US. [ 67 ] "Rufus" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions. [ 68 ] Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees. [ 69 ] The company's localized storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by top-level domain and country code : Amazon Marketplaces worldwide Top-Level Domain Served by neighboring Domain Sales by country (2023) [ 70 ] Country share United States 69.3% Germany 6.5% United Kingdom 5.8% Japan 4.8% Other 13.6% Region Country Domain name Since Languages Notes Africa Egypt amazon .eg September 2021 Arabic, English Formerly known as Souq.com Egypt South Africa amazon.co .za May 2024 English Americas Brazil amazon.com .br December 2012 Portuguese Canada amazon .ca June 2002 English, French Mexico amazon.com .mx August 2013 Spanish United States amazon .com July 1995 English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional) International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the Kindle Store on Amazon US. [ 71 ] Asia China amazon .cn September 2004 Chinese (Simplified) Formerly known as Joyo.com CHN India amazon .in June 2013 English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi Japan amazon.co .jp November 2000 Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified) Saudi Arabia amazon .sa June 2020 Arabic, English Formerly known as Souq.com KSA Singapore amazon .sg July 2017 English Turkey amazon.com .tr September 2018 Turkish United Arab Emirates amazon .ae May 2019 Arabic, English Formerly known as Souq.com UAE Europe Belgium amazon.com .be October 2022 Dutch, French, English France amazon .fr August 2000 French, English Germany amazon .de October 1998 German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish Also serves Austria, [ 72 ] Denmark [ 73 ] and Switzerland [ 74 ] Ireland amazon .ie March 2025 English Italy amazon .it November 2010 Italian, English Netherlands amazon .nl November 2014 Dutch, English Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020 [ 75 ] Poland amazon .pl March 2021 Polish Spain amazon .es September 2011 Spanish, Portuguese, English Also serves Portugal [ 76 ] Sweden amazon .se October 2020 Swedish, English United Kingdom amazon.co .uk October 1998 English Oceania Australia amazon.com .au November 2017 English Also serves New Zealand [ 77 ] Merchant partnerships In 2000, US toy retailer Toys "R" Us entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with Borders , under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service. [ 81 ] Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store. [ 82 ] On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with DC Comics for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including Superman , Batman , Green Lantern , Sandman , and Watchmen . The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these titles from their shelves. [ 83 ] In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the United States Postal Service to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of Greater Los Angeles and New York because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into Dallas , Houston , New Orleans and Phoenix by 2014. [ 84 ] In June 2017, Nike agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Companies including IKEA and Birkenstock also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods. [ 88 ] In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$104.44 million ( ₹ 759 crore ) in financial year 2017–2018. [ 89 ] As of October 11, 2017 , Amazon Fresh sold a range of Booths branded products for home delivery in selected areas. [ 90 ] In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with Apple Inc. to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] On November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup Anthropic , following its initial $4 billion investment. [ 93 ] On 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments. [ 94 ] Private-label products Amazon Basics USB cable Amazon sells many products under its own brand names , including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%. [ 95 ] Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials. [ 96 ] Third-party sellers Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon. [ 97 ] Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price. [ 98 ] Affiliate program Publishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs. [ 99 ] In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after Google Ads . [ 100 ] It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission. [ 101 ] Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the Amazon Web Services (AWS) XML service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history. [ 102 ] Product reviews Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "... the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used ." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews. [ 103 ] When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose". [ 104 ] There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by public relations companies on behalf of their clients [ 105 ] and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works. Amazon sales rank The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon. [ 106 ] While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists. [ 106 ] Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales. [ 107 ] For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release point of sale data via the BookScan service to verified authors. [ 108 ] While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR, [ 109 ] though Amazon states: Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources — Amazon.com Help [ 110 ] Physical stores Amazon Fresh store in Sevenoaks , United Kingdom In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical Amazon Books store in University Village in Seattle . The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website. [ 111 ] Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017; [ 112 ] media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country. [ 111 ] All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the "Amazon 4-Star" brand. [ 113 ] In July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in Palmer Township in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania . As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in San Francisco , as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city. [ 116 ] In 2020, Amazon Fresh opened several physical stores in the US and the United Kingdom . [ 117 ] In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores. [ 118 ] Hardware and services Amazon Fire tablet Amazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant Alexa , Amazon Music , and Prime Video for music and videos respectively, the Amazon Appstore for Android apps, the Kindle line of electronic paper e-readers, Fire and Fire HD color LCD tablets. Audible provides audiobooks for purchase and listening. In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of Astro , its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual. [ 119 ] In January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. Amazon Prime members to pay a $5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid will not be able to sign up for RXPass. [ 120 ] Subsidiaries Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including Amazon Web Services , Audible , Diapers.com , Goodreads , IMDb , Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics ), One Medical , Shopbop , Teachstreet, Twitch , Zappos , and Zoox . [ 121 ] Bezos separately owns The Washington Post (through Nash Holdings, LLC), Blue Origin , Bezos Expeditions , Altos Labs , and other companies. Amazon Live Amazon Inspire Type of site Online video platform Headquarters 98109, WA Seattle , Washington, United States Owner Amazon Inc. Industry E-commerce Live streaming Parent Amazon Inc. Launched 2019 ; 7 years ago Amazon Live is an American video e-commerce live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products. [ 122 ] Users (mainly celebrities or Internet influencers ) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream. [ 122 ] In 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and application . In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into Amazon Freevee and Amazon Prime Video . [ 123 ] Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services , HOU-14 Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing web services provide distributed computing processing capacity and software tools via AWS server farms . As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to Synergy Group . [ 124 ] Audible Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital audiobooks , radio and television programs , and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon. [ 125 ] Goodreads Goodreads is a " social cataloging " website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013. [ 126 ] Ring Ring is a home automation company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its Wi-Fi powered smart doorbells , but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1 billion in 2018. [ 127 ] Twitch Twitch at the Electronic Entertainment Expo Twitch is a live streaming platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for $970 million. [ 128 ] The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major esports competitions on the service, leading GameSpot senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the ESPN of esports". [ 129 ] As of 2015 , the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers. [ 130 ] Whole Foods Market Whole Foods Market store in Ann Arbor, Michigan Whole Foods Market is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats. [ 131 ] Amazon acquired Whole Foods for $13.7 billion in August 2017. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 10 ] Since acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of Fresh supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations. Other Other Amazon subsidiaries include: A9.com , a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003. [ 134 ] Amazon Academy , formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021 Amazon Maritime , Inc. holds a Federal Maritime Commission license to operate as a non-vessel-owning common carrier (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States. [ 135 ] Amazon Pharmacy is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States. [ 136 ] Annapurna Labs , an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M acquired by Amazon Web Services in January 2015 . [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services , which applied for a freight forwarding license with the US Maritime Commission . Amazon is also building out its logistics in trucking and air freight to potentially compete with UPS and FedEx . [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Brilliance Audio , an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in Grand Haven, Michigan . [ 142 ] The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985. [ 142 ] The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month. [ 144 ] It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette. [ 145 ] The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track. [ 145 ] It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable. [ 145 ] ComiXology , a cloud -based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013 . It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014. [ 146 ] CreateSpace , which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] eero , an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking Wi-Fi founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home. [ 149 ] Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US$97 million. [ 150 ] Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition. [ 151 ] Health Navigator is a startup developing APIs for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of PillPack for under $1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care. [ 152 ] Junglee , a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window. [ 153 ] Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012 [ 154 ] as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India. [ 155 ] Kuiper Systems , a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a broadband satellite internet constellation with an announced 3,236 Low Earth orbit satellites to provide satellite based Internet connectivity. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Lab126 , developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the Kindle , became a subsidiary in 2004. [ 159 ] Shelfari , a former social cataloging website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, tag and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008. [ 126 ] Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with Goodreads and closing down Shelfari. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Souq , the former largest e-commerce platform in the Arab world . The company launched in 2005 in Dubai , United Arab Emirates and served multiple areas across the Middle East. [ 162 ] On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for $580 million. [ 163 ] The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East. [ 164 ] Zoox , Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026. [ 165 ] Amazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four small nuclear reactors at the Xe-100 reactor site in Eastern Washington , and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in Alberta . [ 166 ] Operations Logistics Amazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station Amazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in Florida Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include: Amazon Air , a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service. Amazon Flex, a smartphone app that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours Prime Now , same or next day Amazon Fresh groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon. [ 167 ] Amazon Freight , a freight brokerage and logistics service [ 168 ] Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. [ 169 ] Amazon Prime Air is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities. Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "Amazon Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees. [ 170 ] Rakuten Intelligence estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the United States Postal Service (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by UPS . [ 171 ] In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States ). [ 172 ] Supply chain Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and New Castle, Delaware . Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees. [ 173 ] [ 174 ] Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by Amazon Robotics . [ 175 ] In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers. [ 35 ] Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque , France Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares , Spain Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes , Scotland , UK Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben , Germany Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa , Japan Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore , Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics Corporate affairs Board of directors Amazon founder Jeff Bezos in 2019 As of August 2025 , Amazon's board of directors were: [ 176 ] Jeff Bezos , executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc. Andy Jassy , president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc. Keith B. Alexander , CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former NSA director Edith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of Goldman Sachs Jamie Gorelick , partner, Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr Daniel Huttenlocher , dean of the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing . Andrew Ng , co-founder, Coursera Indra Nooyi , former CEO, PepsiCo Jon Rubinstein , former chairman and CEO, Palm, Inc. Brad D. Smith , president, Marshall University Patty Stonesifer , president and CEO, Martha's Table Wendell Weeks , chairman, president and CEO, Corning Inc. Ownership The 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025: [ 70 ] Shareholder name Percentage Jeff Bezos 9.04% The Vanguard Group 7.96% BlackRock 4.93% State Street Corporation 3.5% Fidelity Investments 3.22% Geode Capital Management 2.03% JP Morgan Investment Management 1.81% Eaton Vance 1.5% T. Rowe Price 1.48% BlackRock Life Ltd. 1.45% Others 63.04% Finances Sales by business (2023) [ 70 ] Business share Online Stores 40.3% Third-party Seller Services 24.4% Amazon Web Services 15.8% Advertising 8.2% Subscription Services 7.0% Physical Stores 3.5% Other 0.9% Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products. [ 177 ] As of 2018 , Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. [ 178 ] In Forbes Global 2000 2023 Amazon ranked 36th. [ 179 ] For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion. [ citation needed ] Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results. [ 180 ] Year Revenue [ 181 ] Net income Total Assets Employees in million US$ 1995 [ 182 ] 0.5 −0.3 1.1 1996 [ 182 ] 16 −6 8 1997 [ 182 ] 148 −28 149 614 1998 [ 183 ] 610 −124 648 2,100 1999 [ 183 ] 1,639 −720 2,466 7,600 2000 [ 183 ] 2,761 −1,411 2,135 9,000 2001 [ 183 ] 3,122 −567 1,638 7,800 2002 [ 183 ] 3,932 −149 1,990 7,500 2003 [ 184 ] 5,263 35 2,162 7,800 2004 [ 184 ] 6,921 588 3,248 9,000 2005 [ 184 ] 8,490 359 3,696 12,000 2006 [ 184 ] 10,711 190 4,363 13,900 2007 [ 184 ] 14,835 476 6,485 17,000 2008 [ 185 ] 19,166 645 8,314 20,700 2009 [ 186 ] 24,509 902 13,813 24,300 2010 [ 187 ] 34,204 1,152 18,797 33,700 2011 [ 188 ] 48,077 631 25,278 56,200 2012 [ 189 ] 61,093 −39 32,555 88,400 2013 [ 190 ] 74,452 274 40,159 117,300 2014 [ 191 ] 88,988 −241 54,505 154,100 in billion US$ 2015 [ 192 ] 107.0 0.59 64.7 230,800 2016 [ 193 ] 135.9 2.3 83.4 341,400 2017 [ 194 ] 177.8 3.0 131.3 566,000 2018 [ 195 ] 232.8 10.0 162.6 647,500 2019 [ 196 ] 280.5 11.5 225.2 798,000 2020 [ 197 ] 386.0 21.3 321.1 1,298,000 2021 [ 198 ] 469.8 33.3 420.5 1,608,000 2022 [ 198 ] 513.9 −2.7 462.6 1,541,000 2023 [ 199 ] 574.7 30.4 527.8 1,525,000 2024 [ 1 ] 637.9 59.2 624.8 1,556,000 2025 [ 200 ] 716.9 77.7 818.0 1,576,000 Corporate culture During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of Warren Buffett . [ 201 ] These annual letters gave an "invaluable window" into the famously "secretive" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, "customer obsession") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address. [ 203 ] One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for "all teams" to "expose their data and functionality" through service interfaces "designed from the ground up to be externalizable". This process, commonly known as a service-oriented architecture (SOA), resulted in mandatory dogfooding of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS. [ citation needed ] Amazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award [ 204 ] [ 205 ] [ 206 ] to encourage employee initiative and experimentation. Lobbying Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and data protection and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the United States Congress , the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Reserve . Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. [ 207 ] In 2019, it spent $16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists. [ 208 ] Amazon.com was a corporate member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012. [ 209 ] In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the Federal Aviation Administration to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld lobbying firm in June. [ 210 ] Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages. [ 211 ] In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA. [ 212 ] During the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated $1 million to Trump's inaugural fund. [ 213 ] In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the White House Easter Egg Roll , after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time. [ 214 ] [ 215 ] In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the White House State Ballroom . [ 216 ] Amazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide. [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies. [ 219 ] A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] Criticism A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle Amazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools; [ 222 ] forming cloud computing partnerships with the CIA ; [ 223 ] leading customers away from bookshops; [ 224 ] adversely impacting the environment; [ 225 ] placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers; [ 226 ] [ 227 ] actively opposing unionization efforts; [ 228 ] remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its 1-Click technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and price discrimination ; [ 229 ] [ 230 ] and reclassifying LGBTQ books as adult content. [ 231 ] [ 232 ] Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the WikiLeaks website, works containing libel , anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating dog fighting , cockfighting , or pedophile activities. An article published by Time in the wake of social media website Parler 's termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet. [ 233 ] In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon. [ 234 ] Companies like Groupon , eBay and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to Brad Stone , "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle." [ 69 ] In July 2014, the Federal Trade Commission launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent. [ 237 ] In 2019, Amazon banned selling skin-lightening products after pushback from Minnesota health and environmental activists. [ 238 ] In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general Letitia James was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals. [ 239 ] After the COVID-19 pandemic , Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the Biden Administration , to "reduce the visibility" of books critical of the COVID-19 vaccine , [ 240 ] [ 241 ] which was revealed after Rep. Jim Jordan (acting on behalf of the House Judiciary Committee ) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration. [ 242 ] An Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C. Amazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically double parking , blocking bike lanes , and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to traffic congestion and endangering other road users. [ 243 ] [ 244 ] [ 245 ] [ 246 ] Jane Friedman [ 247 ] discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and Goodreads . Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)." [ 248 ] [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] In 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of Ring (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice. [ 252 ] It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation for this change. [ 252 ] In February 2025, Sky accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via "jailbroken" Fire Sticks. [ 253 ] Project Nimbus is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide Israel and its military with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services. [ 254 ] [ 255 ] The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of Palestinian human rights in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . [ 256 ] In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] On July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire San Francisco -based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern smartwatches , equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data. [ 259 ] In January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a "Project Dawn" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about. 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Archived from the original on October 15, 2020 . Retrieved August 18, 2018 . ^ Jeong, May (August 13, 2018). " 'Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon': Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?" . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 21, 2018 . Retrieved September 14, 2018 . ^ Leiber, Nick (December 7, 2011). "Amazon Lure's Shoppers Away from Stores" . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on December 8, 2011 . Retrieved December 7, 2011 . ^ Jean-Philippe Cavaillez (March 5, 2019). "Plateforme logistique Amazon : bras de fer dans l'Est lyonnais" . Le Progrès (in French). p. 10. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020 . Retrieved March 7, 2019 . ^ Greene, Jay; Alcantara, Chris (June 1, 2021). "Amazon warehouse workers suffer serious injuries at higher rates than other firms" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 31, 2022 . Retrieved April 11, 2022 . ^ Chakrabortty, Aditya (November 22, 2024). "Chronic pain and ravaged mental health: this is the brutal reality of Britain's new working class" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . ^ Matsakis, Louise (October 2, 2018). "Why Amazon Really Raised Its Minimum Wage to $15" . Wired . Archived from the original on October 30, 2018 . Retrieved June 10, 2019 . ^ Khan, Lina (January 2017). "Amazon's Antitrust Paradox" . Yale Law Journal . 126 (3): 564– 907. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017 . Retrieved February 9, 2020 . ^ Baum, Andrew (October 23, 2015). "Amazon Wins Ruling on Results for Searches on Brands It Doesn't Sell" . The National Law Review . Foley & Lardner. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020 . Retrieved December 21, 2015 . ^ Slatterly, Brennon (April 13, 2009). "Amazon 'Glitch' Yanks Sales Rank of Hundreds of LGBT Books" . PC World . Archived from the original on July 28, 2012 . Retrieved July 28, 2012 . ^ Armstrong, Paul (April 14, 2009). "Amazon: 'Glitch' caused gay censorship error" . CNN. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020 . Retrieved May 17, 2020 . ^ Alex Fitzpatrick (January 21, 2021). "Why Amazon's Move to Drop Parler Is a Big Deal for the Future of the Internet" . Time . Archived from the original on November 28, 2023 . Retrieved November 26, 2023 . ^ Raice, Shayndi (December 20, 2011). "Groupon Launches Anti-Amazon Promotion of Sorts" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on July 25, 2020 . Retrieved February 20, 2019 . ^ "Focus on Mobile Commerce – While some still cry, others fight back" . Internet Retailer . Archived from the original on March 27, 2016 . Retrieved February 1, 2012 . ^ "What can retailers learn from Amazon, Groupon and eBay? – Mobile Commerce Daily – Multichannel retail support" . Mobile Commerce Daily . December 20, 2011. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012 . Retrieved February 1, 2012 . ^ "Complaint, Federal Trade Commission v. Amazon.com, Inc" (PDF) . PacerMonitor . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022 . Retrieved June 16, 2016 . ^ "Amazon pulls "racist" skin-lightening products" . CBS News. November 22, 2019. Archived from the original on July 25, 2020 . Retrieved November 24, 2019 . ^ "Amazon.com wins dismissal of NY attorney general lawsuit over worker safety" . Reuters . Reuters. May 10, 2022. Archived from the original on May 10, 2022 . Retrieved May 10, 2022 . ^ Miller, Parker (February 8, 2024). "The Amazon Files: Biden likes banning books too, you hypocrites - Washington Examiner" . Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . ^ "Biden administration pressured Amazon to censor books that questioned COVID vaccines - Washington Times" . The Washington Times . February 13, 2024. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . ^ Jordan, Jim [@Jim_Jordan] (February 5, 2024). "Amazon Files Thread" ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 . Retrieved February 14, 2024 – via X (formerly Twitter) . ^ Haag, Matthew; Hu, Winnie (October 27, 2019). "1.5 Million Packages a Day: The Internet Brings Chaos to N.Y. Streets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 28, 2021 . Retrieved December 13, 2024 . ^ Dungca, Nicole (November 21, 2019). "Seeing Red: Ride-hailing, deliveries add traffic to Boston's crowded streets" . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on December 12, 2024 . Retrieved December 13, 2024 . ^ Bergmann, Joy (January 28, 2019). "Locals Decry 'Total Madness' of Delivery Truck Parking; Proposed City Council Bill May Help" . West Side Rag . Archived from the original on December 13, 2024 . Retrieved December 13, 2024 . ^ Caldwell, Christopher (August 17, 2023). "Something Has Changed on City Streets, and Amazon Is to Blame" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 13, 2024 . Retrieved December 13, 2024 . ^ "Books by Jane Friedman" . Jane Friedman.com . Archived from the original on August 10, 2023 . Retrieved August 9, 2023 . ^ Friedman, Jane (August 7, 2023). "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)" . Jane Friedman . Archived from the original on August 9, 2023 . Retrieved August 9, 2023 . ^ Edwards, Benj (August 8, 2023). "Author discovers AI-generated counterfeit books written in her name on Amazon" . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on August 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 9, 2023 . ^ Roscoe, Jules (June 28, 2023). "AI-Generated Books of Nonsense Are All Over Amazon's Bestseller Lists" . Vice . Archived from the original on August 8, 2023 . Retrieved August 9, 2023 . ^ O'Donovan, Caroline (July 2, 2023). "Goodreads was the future of book reviews. Then Amazon bought it" . Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 28, 2023 . Retrieved August 9, 2023 . ^ a b "Ring will no longer allow police to request users' doorbell camera footage" . NPR . Associated Press. January 27, 2024. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024 . Retrieved February 3, 2024 . ^ Dalleres, Frank (February 26, 2025). "Sky accuses Amazon of failing to prevent piracy on Fire Sticks" . City AM . Archived from the original on February 26, 2025 . Retrieved February 27, 2025 . ^ Kwet, Michael. "How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on July 16, 2025 . Retrieved July 17, 2025 . ^ Grant, Nico (August 30, 2022). "Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on May 31, 2024 . Retrieved July 17, 2025 . ^ "We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus" . The Guardian . October 12, 2021. ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on May 18, 2023 . Retrieved July 17, 2025 . ^ Palmer, Annie (September 11, 2025). "Amazon suspends engineer who protested company's work with Israeli government" . CNBC . Archived from the original on October 14, 2025 . Retrieved October 17, 2025 . ^ Hays, Kali. "Amazon fires engineer after internal message critical of company's work with Israeli government" . Of Interest . Retrieved October 17, 2025 . ^ Nguyen, Nicole (July 23, 2025). "Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say" . WSJ . Archived from the original on July 24, 2025 . Retrieved July 25, 2025 . ^ Palmer, Annie (January 28, 2026). "Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees" . CNBC . Archived from the original on February 1, 2026 . Retrieved February 13, 2026 . Further reading Brandt, Richard L. (2011). One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com . New York: Portfolio Penguin. ISBN 978-1-59184-375-7 . Daisey, Mike (2002). 21 Dog Years . Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-2580-5 . Friedman, Mara (2004). Amazon.com for Dummies . Wiley Publishing. ISBN 0-7645-5840-4 . Marcus, James (2004). Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut . W. W. Norton. ISBN 1-56584-870-5 . Spector, Robert (2000). Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World . HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-662041-4 . Stone, Brad (2013). The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon . New York: Little Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-316-21926-6 . OCLC 856249407 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Amazon.com .
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Amazon+%28company%29 "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Amazon+%28company%29 "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$) - [1 History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#History) Toggle History subsection - [1\.1 1994–2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#1994%E2%80%932009) - [1\.2 2010–present](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#2010%E2%80%93present) - [2 Products and services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Products_and_services) Toggle Products and services subsection - [2\.1 Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Amazon.com) - [2\.1.1 Merchant partnerships](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Merchant_partnerships) - [2\.1.2 Private-label products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Private-label_products) - [2\.1.3 Third-party sellers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Third-party_sellers) - [2\.1.4 Affiliate program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Affiliate_program) - [2\.1.5 Product reviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Product_reviews) - [2\.1.6 Amazon sales rank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Amazon_sales_rank) - [2\.2 Physical stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Physical_stores) - [2\.3 Hardware and services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Hardware_and_services) - [2\.4 Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Subsidiaries) - [2\.4.1 Amazon Live](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Amazon_Live) - [2\.4.2 Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Amazon_Web_Services) - [2\.4.3 Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Audible) - [2\.4.4 Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Goodreads) - [2\.4.5 Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Ring) - [2\.4.6 Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Twitch) - [2\.4.7 Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Whole_Foods_Market) - [2\.4.8 Other](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Other) - [3 Operations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Operations) Toggle Operations subsection - [3\.1 Logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Logistics) - [3\.2 Supply chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Supply_chain) - [4 Corporate affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Corporate_affairs) Toggle Corporate affairs subsection - [4\.1 Board of directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Board_of_directors) - [4\.2 Ownership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Ownership) - [4\.3 Finances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Finances) - [4\.4 Corporate culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Corporate_culture) - [4\.5 Lobbying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Lobbying) - [5 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Criticism) - [6 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#See_also) - [7 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#References) - [8 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Further_reading) - [9 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # Amazon (company) 115 languages - [Afrikaans](https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Afrikaans") - [Aragonés](https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Aragonese") - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9$ "أمازون (شركة) – Arabic") - [الدارجة](https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9$ "أمازون (شركة) – Moroccan Arabic") - [مصرى](https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%87$ "امازون (شركه) – Egyptian Arabic") - [অসমীয়া](https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_$%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80$ "এমাজন (কোম্পানী) – Assamese") - [Asturianu](https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Asturian") - [Azərbaycanca](https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$%C5%9Firk%C9%99t$ "Amazon (şirkət) – Azerbaijani") - [تۆرکجه](https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA$ "آمازون (شیرکت) – South Azerbaijani") - [Башҡортса](https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F$ "Amazon (компания) – Bashkir") - [Basa Bali](https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$pautsahaan$ "Amazon (pautsahaan) – Balinese") - [Беларуская (тарашкевіца)](https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)") - [Беларуская](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Belarusian") - [Betawi](https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amason_$matskep%C3%A9$ "Amason (matskepé) – Betawi") - [Български](https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD "Амазон – Bulgarian") - [भोजपुरी](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80$ "अमेजन (कंपनी) – Bhojpuri") - [বাংলা](https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_$%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF$ "অ্যামাজন (কোম্পানি) – Bangla") - [Brezhoneg](https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$embregerezh$ "Amazon (embregerezh) – Breton") - [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kompanija$ "Amazon (kompanija) – Bosnian") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$empresa$ "Amazon (empresa) – Catalan") - [کوردی](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%86_$%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7$ "ئەمازۆن (کۆمپانیا) – Central Kurdish") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Czech") - [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Welsh") - [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Danish") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – German") - [Zazaki](https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Dimli") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Spanish") - [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Estonian") - [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Basque") - [فارسی](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA$ "آمازون (شرکت) – Persian") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – French") - [Frysk](https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Western Frisian") - [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$comhlacht$ "Amazon (comhlacht) – Irish") - [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Galician") - [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kamfani$ "Amazon (kamfani) – Hausa") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F "אמזון – Hebrew") - [हिन्दी](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8_$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80$ "अमेज़न (कंपनी) – Hindi") - [Fiji Hindi](https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$ "Amazon (company) – Fiji Hindi") - [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Croatian") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6_$%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6$ "Ամազոն (ընկերություն) – Armenian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$perusahaan$ "Amazon (perusahaan) – Indonesian") - [Igbo](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$ "Amazon (company) – Igbo") - [Ido](https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kompanio$ "Amazon (kompanio) – Ido") - [Íslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Icelandic") - [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Italian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Japanese") - [ქართული](https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Georgian") - [Kabɩyɛ](https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Kabiye") - [Қазақша](https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Kazakh") - [ಕನ್ನಡ](https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_$%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF$ "ಅಮೇಜಾನ್ (ಕಂಪನಿ) – Kannada") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%A1%B4_$%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85$ "아마존 (기업) – Korean") - [کٲشُر](https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 "امیزون – Kashmiri") - [Kurdî](https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kompan%C3%AE$ "Amazon (kompanî) – Kurdish") - [Кыргызча](https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Kyrgyz") - [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Latin") - [Lingála](https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Lingala") - [ລາວ](https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99_$%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94$ "ອາເມຊອນ (ບໍລິສັດ) – Lao") - [Lietuvių](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Lithuanian") - [Latviešu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Latvian") - [Македонски](https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Macedonian") - [മലയാളം](https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA.%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82 "ആമസോൺ.കോം – Malayalam") - [Монгол](https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Mongolian") - [मराठी](https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80$ "ॲमेझॉन (कंपनी) – Marathi") - [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$syarikat$ "Amazon (syarikat) – Malay") - [မြန်မာဘာသာ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%87%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6_$%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AE$ "အမေဇုံ (ကုမ္ပဏီ) – Burmese") - [नेपाली](https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_$%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80$ "अमेजन (कम्पनी) – Nepali") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Dutch") - [Norsk nynorsk](https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Norwegian Nynorsk") - [Norsk bokmål](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Norwegian Bokmål") - [Occitan](https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Occitan") - [ଓଡ଼ିଆ](https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D.%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C "ଆମାଜନ୍.କମ୍‌ – Odia") - [ਪੰਜਾਬੀ](https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_$%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80$ "ਐਮਾਜ਼ਾਨ (ਕੰਪਨੀ) – Punjabi") - [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Polish") - [پنجابی](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C$ "ایمیزون (کمپنی) – Western Punjabi") - [پښتو](https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 "امازون – Pashto") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Portuguese") - [Runa Simi](https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Quechua") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$companie$ "Amazon (companie) – Romanian") - [Русский](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Russian") - [Саха тыла](https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Yakut") - [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$ "Amazon (company) – Scots") - [سنڌي](https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%8A$ "ايميزون (ڪمپني) – Sindhi") - [Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kompanija$ "Amazon (kompanija) – Serbo-Croatian") - [တႆး](https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_$%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87$ "ဢမေႇၸူင်ႇ (ၶွမ်ႇပၼီႇ) – Shan") - [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$ "Amazon (company) – Simple English") - [Slovenčina](https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Slovak") - [Slovenščina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Slovenian") - [Soomaaliga](https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Somali") - [Shqip](https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kompani$ "Amazon (kompani) – Albanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5$ "Amazon (предузеће) – Serbian") - [Sunda](https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Sundanese") - [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$f%C3%B6retag$ "Amazon (företag) – Swedish") - [Kiswahili](https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kampuni$ "Amazon (kampuni) – Swahili") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D.%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D "அமேசான்.காம் – Tamil") - [తెలుగు](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_$%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80$ "అమెజాన్ (కంపెనీ) – Telugu") - [Тоҷикӣ](https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Tajik") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_$%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97$ "แอมะซอน (บริษัท) – Thai") - [Toki pona](https://tok.wikipedia.org/wiki/kulupu_Amasan "kulupu Amasan – Toki Pona") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$%C5%9Firket$ "Amazon (şirket) – Turkish") - [ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche](https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86 "ئامازون – Uyghur") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon "Amazon – Ukrainian") - [اردو](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_$%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C$ "امیزون (کمپنی) – Urdu") - [Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча](https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$shirkat$ "Amazon (shirkat) – Uzbek") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$c%C3%B4ng_ty$ "Amazon (công ty) – Vietnamese") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E9%80%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 "亚马逊公司 – Wu") - [მარგალური](https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Mingrelian") - [ייִדיש](https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F_$%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A2$ "אמאזאן (פירמע) – Yiddish") - [閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$kong-si$ "Amazon (kong-si) – Minnan") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 "亞馬遜公司 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8 "亞馬遜公司 – Chinese") - [IsiZulu](https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com – Zulu") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3884#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - [Article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$ "View the content page [c]") - [Talk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Amazon_$company$ "Discuss improvements to the content page [t]") English - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit "This page is protected. You can view its source [e]") - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=history "Past revisions of this page [h]") Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions - [Read](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$) - [View source](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit) - [View history](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=history) General - [What links here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Amazon_$company$ "List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]") - [Related changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Amazon_$company$ "Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard "Upload files [u]") - [Permanent link](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&oldid=1345024237 "Permanent link to this revision of this page") - [Page information](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=info "More information about this page") - [Cite this page](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Amazon_%28company%29&id=1345024237&wpFormIdentifier=titleform "Information on how to cite this page") - [Get shortened URL](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAmazon_%28company%29) Print/export - [Download as PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Amazon_%28company%29&action=show-download-screen "Download this page as a PDF file") - [Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikimedia Commons](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amazon.com) - [Wikinews](https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Amazon.com) - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3884 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide [![Page semi-protected](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi "This article is semi-protected.") From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia American multinational technology conglomerate \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amazon_2024.svg/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_2024.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg/250px-Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out,_June_2015.jpg)[Doppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_$building$ "Doppler (building)"), home to Amazon's corporate headquarters \| \| \| [Trade name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name "Trade name") \| Amazon \| \| Formerly \| Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995) \| \| Company type \| [Public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") \| \| [Traded as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") \| [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): [AMZN](https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn) [Nasdaq-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq-100 "Nasdaq-100") component [DJIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJIA "DJIA") component [S\&P 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_100 "S&P 100") component [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500") component \| \| [ISIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number "International Securities Identification Number") \| [US0231351067](https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US0231351067) \| \| Industry \| [Conglomerate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_$company$ "Conglomerate (company)") \| \| Founded \| July 5, 1994; 31 years ago (1994-07-05), in [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"), U.S. \| \| Founder \| [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") \| \| Headquarters \| [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), Washington, and [Arlington County, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia "Arlington County, Virginia"), U.S. \| \| Area served \| Worldwide \| \| Key people \| [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") ([executive chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_$officer$ "Chair (officer)")) [Andy Jassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jassy "Andy Jassy") ([president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_$corporate_title$ "President (corporate title)") and [CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer")) \| \| Products \| [Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo "Amazon Echo") [Fire Tablet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") [Fire TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV "Amazon Fire TV") [Fire OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_OS "Fire OS") [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") \| \| Services \| Amazon.com [Amazon Alexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa "Amazon Alexa") [Amazon Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Luna "Amazon Luna") [Amazon Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music") [Amazon Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pay "Amazon Pay") [Amazon Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime") [Amazon Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video") [Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios") [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [MGM+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%2B "MGM+") [One Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Medical "One Medical") [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") \| \| Revenue \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$716.9 billion (2025) \| \| [Operating income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes "Earnings before interest and taxes") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$79.98 billion (2025) \| \| [Net income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income "Net income") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$77.67 billion (2025) \| \| [Total assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset "Asset") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$818.0 billion (2025) \| \| [Total equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_$finance$ "Equity (finance)") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$411.1 billion (2025) \| \| Owner \| Jeff Bezos (8.92%) \| \| Number of employees \| 1,576,000 (2025) \| \| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") \| List [AbeBooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbeBooks "AbeBooks") [Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") [Amazon Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Air "Amazon Air") [Amazon Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Books "Amazon Books") [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") [Amazon Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Games "Amazon Games") [Amazon Lab126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lab126 "Amazon Lab126") [Amazon Leo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Leo "Amazon Leo") [Amazon Logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Logistics "Amazon Logistics") [Amazon Pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pharmacy "Amazon Pharmacy") [Amazon Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Publishing "Amazon Publishing") [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") [Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios") [AWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") [Blink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_Home "Blink Home") [Body Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Labs "Body Labs") Brilliance Audio [Eero LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_$wireless_networking_brand$ "Eero (wireless networking brand)") [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb "IMDb") [PillPack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PillPack "PillPack") [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") [Twitch Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Interactive "Twitch Interactive") [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") [Woot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woot "Woot") [Zappos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappos "Zappos") [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_$company$ "Zoox (company)") \| \| Website \| [amazon.com](https://www.amazon.com/) \| \| Footnotes / references [\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10K-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-4) \| \| Amazon.com, Inc.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10K-1) ([doing business as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as "Doing business as") Amazon)[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-5) is an American multinational technology company engaged in [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce"), [cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing"), [online advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising"), [digital streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_streaming "Digital streaming"), and [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-6) Founded in 1994 by [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") in [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-7) the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as "The Everything Store".[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-8) Amazon has been described as a [Big Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech "Big Tech") company.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-9) It is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping [retailer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailer "Retailer") and [marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace "Marketplace"), best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells [books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books "Books"), [electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics "Electronics"), [pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy "Pharmacy"), [car parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_parts "Car parts"), [video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games "Video games"), [dining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining "Dining"), [jewelry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry "Jewelry"), [food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food "Food"), [music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music "Music"), and [sports equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment "Sports equipment").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10) The company has multiple subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") (AWS), providing cloud computing; [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_$company$ "Zoox (company)"), a [self-driving car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") division; [Kuiper Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Systems "Kuiper Systems"), a satellite Internet provider; and [Amazon Lab126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lab126 "Amazon Lab126"), a computer hardware [R\&D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26D "R&D") provider. Other subsidiaries include [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)"), [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)"), [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb "IMDb"), and [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market"). Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US\$13\.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a [physical retailer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_retailer "Physical retailer").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-wf-11) Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its [Amazon Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video"), [MGM+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%2B "MGM+"), [Amazon Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music"), Twitch, [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") and [Wondery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wondery "Wondery")[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-12) units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, [Amazon Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Publishing "Amazon Publishing"), produces and distributes film and television content through [Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios"), including the [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute [audiobooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook "Audiobook"), respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") e-readers, [Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo "Amazon Echo") devices, [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") tablets, and [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV "Amazon Fire TV") TVs. Amazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-13)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-14)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-15)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-16) As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit), it is the world's largest [online retailer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_retailer "Online retailer") and [marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_marketplace "Online marketplace"), [smart speaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_speaker "Smart speaker") provider, cloud computing service through AWS,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-17) [live-streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-streaming "Live-streaming") service through Twitch, and [Internet company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Internet_companies "List of largest Internet companies") as measured by revenue and market share.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-18) In 2021, it surpassed [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, [Amazon Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime"), which has 200 million subscribers worldwide.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-19)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-20) It is the [second-largest private employer in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_United_States%E2%80%93based_employers_globally "List of largest United States–based employers globally")[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-21) and the [second-largest company in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue "List of largest companies by revenue") and [in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue "List of largest companies in the United States by revenue") by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-22) As of October 2024, Amazon is the [12th-most visited website in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites "List of most-visited websites") and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto5-24) [Amazon has been criticized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon "Criticism of Amazon") for its business practices, including [surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance "Surveillance") partnerships, poor worker conditions, [anti-union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_busting "Union busting") efforts, [environmental harm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation "Environmental degradation"), [anti-competitive behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices "Anti-competitive practices"), [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship "Censorship") controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers. ## History Main article: [History of Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Amazon "History of Amazon") ### 1994–2009 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg/250px-Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue,_Washington_-_exterior.jpg) Jeff Bezos's home in [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"), where the company was founded in 1994 On July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as "Cadabra" by [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos"), after he relocated from [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"), near [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") and the [University of Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"), as well as its smaller population for [sales tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax "Sales tax") purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in [Roseburg, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon "Roseburg, Oregon"). Other options Bezos considered included [Portland, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), and [Boulder, Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado "Boulder, Colorado").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25) A few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-26) On July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-27) Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-28) In May 1997, Amazon went [public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999b-30) In 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999b-30) In 2002, the company launched [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build [web applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application "Web application") on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-31)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-32) In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-33) AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with [Simple Storage Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_S3 "Amazon S3") (S3) in 2006,[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-34) and [Elastic Compute Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud "Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud") (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-35) In 2006, Amazon launched the Fulfillment by Amazon program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36) ### 2010–present Amazon purchased the [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") supermarket chain in 2017.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-37) It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US\$178 billion [net sales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_$accounting$#Gross_sales_and_net_sales "Sales (accounting)") in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-38) Amazon saw large growth during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), hiring more than 100,000 staff in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") and [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-39) Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to "run normal shifts" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto-40)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-FTMarch19-41) In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-BBCMarch31-42) while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-TheVergeMarch31-43) On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS [Andy Jassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jassy "Andy Jassy") replacing him as CEO.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-45) In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-46) On November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") to sell approximately 50 million [shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_$finance$ "Share (finance)") of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about \$2 billion.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-47) On February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average").[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-48) On December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the [International Brotherhood of Teamsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters "International Brotherhood of Teamsters") labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-49)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-50) On October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-51) As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-52) In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce [bureaucracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy "Bureaucracy"), and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-53)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-55) In January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested \$475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-56) In January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to \$50 billion.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-57) Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-58) In January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-59) In February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest \$12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-60) According to an analysis by [Bridgewater Associates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_Associates "Bridgewater Associates"), Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about \$650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-61) In March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-62) ## Products and services Main article: [List of Amazon products and services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amazon_products_and_services "List of Amazon products and services") ### Amazon.com \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amazon_2024.svg/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_2024.svg)Logo since November 2024 \| \| \| Screenshot [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg) Homepage \| \| \| Type of site \| [E-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") \| \| Available in \| Arabic Chinese Dutch English French German Hindi Italian Japanese Polish Portuguese Spanish Swedish Turkish \| \| Owner \| Amazon \| \| URL \| [amazon.com](http://amazon.com/) (original US site) \| \| Commercial \| Yes \| \| Registration \| Optional \| \| Launched \| 1995; 31 years ago (1995) \| \| Current status \| Active \| \| Written in \| [C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") and [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_$programming_language$ "Java (programming language)") \| \| [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-63) \| \| Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media ([books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book "Book"), movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, [consumer electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics "Consumer electronics"), [beauty products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics "Cosmetics"), gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [jewelry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery "Jewellery"), watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [sporting goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment "Sports equipment"), tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm [supplies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemical "Agrochemical")[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-64) and [consulting services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy "Agronomy").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-Rai-65) Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-66) Visits to amazon.com grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-67) to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto5-24) In February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, "Rufus" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-68) "Rufus" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-69) Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) The company's [localized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization "Internationalization and localization") storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [top-level domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain "Top-level domain") and [country code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code "Country code"): [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg/500px-Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg) Amazon Marketplaces worldwide Top-Level Domain Served by neighboring Domain \| Country \| share \| \|---\|---\| \| United States \| 69\.3% \| \| Germany \| 6\.5% \| \| United Kingdom \| 5\.8% \| \| Japan \| 4\.8% \| \| Other \| 13\.6% \| \| Region \| Country \| [Domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name "Domain name") \| Since \| Languages \| Notes \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Africa \| Egypt \| amazon[.eg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eg ".eg") \| September 2021 \| Arabic, English \| Formerly known as [Souq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq.com "Souq.com") Egypt \| \| South Africa \| amazon.co[.za](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.za ".za") \| May 2024 \| English \| \| \| \| Americas \| Brazil \| amazon.com[.br](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.br ".br") \| December 2012 \| Portuguese \| \| \| Canada \| amazon[.ca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca ".ca") \| June 2002 \| English, French \| \| \| \| Mexico \| amazon.com[.mx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mx ".mx") \| August 2013 \| Spanish \| \| \| \| United States \| amazon[.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.com ".com") \| July 1995 \| English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional) \| International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the [Kindle Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Store "Kindle Store") on Amazon US.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-buy-ebooks-on-amazon-us-72) \| \| \| Asia \| China \| amazon[.cn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn ".cn") \| September 2004 \| Chinese (Simplified) \| Formerly known as [Joyo.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyo.com "Joyo.com") CHN \| \| India \| amazon[.in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.in ".in") \| June 2013 \| English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi \| \| \| \| Japan \| amazon.co[.jp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp ".jp") \| November 2000 \| Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified) \| \| \| \| Saudi Arabia \| amazon[.sa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sa ".sa") \| June 2020 \| Arabic, English \| Formerly known as [Souq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq.com "Souq.com") KSA \| \| \| Singapore \| amazon[.sg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sg ".sg") \| July 2017 \| English \| \| \| \| Turkey \| amazon.com[.tr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tr ".tr") \| September 2018 \| Turkish \| \| \| \| United Arab Emirates \| amazon[.ae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ae ".ae") \| May 2019 \| Arabic, English \| Formerly known as [Souq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq.com "Souq.com") UAE \| \| \| Europe \| Belgium \| amazon.com[.be](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.be ".be") \| October 2022 \| Dutch, French, English \| \| \| France \| amazon[.fr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr ".fr") \| August 2000 \| French, English \| \| \| \| Germany \| amazon[.de](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de ".de") \| October 1998 \| German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish \| Also serves Austria,[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-73) Denmark[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-74) and Switzerland[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-75) \| \| \| Ireland \| amazon[.ie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie ".ie") \| March 2025 \| English \| \| \| \| Italy \| amazon[.it](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it ".it") \| November 2010 \| Italian, English \| \| \| \| Netherlands \| amazon[.nl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl ".nl") \| November 2014 \| Dutch, English \| Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-76) \| \| \| Poland \| amazon[.pl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pl ".pl") \| March 2021 \| Polish \| \| \| \| Spain \| amazon[.es](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.es ".es") \| September 2011 \| Spanish, Portuguese, English \| Also serves Portugal[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-77) \| \| \| Sweden \| amazon[.se](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se ".se") \| October 2020 \| Swedish, English \| \| \| \| United Kingdom \| amazon.co[.uk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk ".uk") \| October 1998 \| English \| \| \| \| Oceania \| Australia \| amazon.com[.au](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au ".au") \| November 2017 \| English \| Also serves New Zealand[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-78) \| #### Merchant partnerships In 2000, US toy retailer [Toys "R" Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us "Toys \"R\" Us") entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at \$50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded \$51 million in damages.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-79)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-80)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-81) In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_$retailer$ "Borders (retailer)"), under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-82) Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-83) On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [DC Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics") for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including [Superman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman "Superman"), [Batman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman "Batman"), [Green Lantern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern "Green Lantern"), [Sandman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandman_$comics$ "Sandman (comics)"), and [Watchmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen "Watchmen"). The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like [Barnes & Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble "Barnes & Noble") to remove these titles from their shelves.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-84) In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [United States Postal Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [Greater Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles "Greater Los Angeles") and [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area "New York metropolitan area") because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas "Dallas"), [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), [New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") and [Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") by 2014.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-85) In June 2017, [Nike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. "Nike, Inc.") agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-CNBC-87) This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-CNBC-87)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-88) Companies including [IKEA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA "IKEA") and [Birkenstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenstock "Birkenstock") also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-89) In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US\$104.44 million ([₹](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee "Indian rupee")759 [crore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore "Crore")) in financial year 2017–2018.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-90) As of October 11, 2017[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit), [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") sold a range of [Booths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booths "Booths") branded products for home delivery in selected areas.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-91) In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-92)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-93) On November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup [Anthropic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic "Anthropic"), following its initial \$4 billion investment.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-94) On 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-95) #### Private-label products Main article: [List of Amazon brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amazon_brands "List of Amazon brands") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg/250px-Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg) Amazon Basics USB cable Amazon sells many products under its [own brand names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label "Private label"), including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-96) Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-97) #### Third-party sellers Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-98) Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-99) #### Affiliate program Publishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-100) In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after [Google Ads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads "Google Ads").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-101) It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-102) Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") (AWS) [XML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML "XML") service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-103) #### Product reviews See also: [Criticism of Amazon § Amazon reviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon#Amazon_reviews "Criticism of Amazon") Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [rating scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_scale "Rating scale") from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "...the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-104) When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose".[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-105) There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") companies on behalf of their clients[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-106) and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works. #### Amazon sales rank The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-107) While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-107) Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-108) For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [point of sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale "Point of sale") data via the [BookScan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookScan "BookScan") service to verified authors.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-109) While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-110) though Amazon states: > Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources — Amazon.com Help[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-111) ### Physical stores [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg/250px-Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_$52626225962$.jpg) [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") store in [Sevenoaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks "Sevenoaks"), [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical [Amazon Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Books "Amazon Books") store in [University Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Village,_Seattle "University Village, Seattle") in [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"). The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:1-112) Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-113) media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:1-112) All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the "Amazon 4-Star" brand.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-114) In July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in [Palmer Township](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Township,_Pennsylvania "Palmer Township, Pennsylvania") in the [Lehigh Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley "Lehigh Valley") region of eastern [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"). As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-115)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-116) In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-117) In 2020, [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") opened several physical stores in the US and the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-118) In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-119) ### Hardware and services [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg/250px-Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg) [Amazon Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") tablet Amazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant [Alexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa "Amazon Alexa"), [Amazon Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music"), and [Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video") for music and videos respectively, the [Amazon Appstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore "Amazon Appstore") for Android apps, the [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") line of [electronic paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper "Electronic paper") e-readers, [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") and [Fire HD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_HD "Fire HD") color [LCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display "Liquid-crystal display") tablets. [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") provides audiobooks for purchase and listening. In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of [Astro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Astro "Amazon Astro"), its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-120) In January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. [Amazon Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime") members to pay a \$5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as [Medicare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_$United_States$ "Medicare (United States)") and [Medicaid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid "Medicaid") will not be able to sign up for RXPass.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-121) ### Subsidiaries See also: [List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Amazon "List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon") Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services"), [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)"), [Diapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapers.com "Diapers.com"), [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads"), [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb "IMDb"), Kiva Systems (now [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics")), [One Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Medical "One Medical"), [Shopbop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopbop "Shopbop"), Teachstreet, [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)"), [Zappos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappos "Zappos"), and [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_$company$ "Zoox (company)").[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-122) Bezos separately owns [The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") (through Nash Holdings, LLC), [Blue Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin "Blue Origin"), [Bezos Expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezos_Expeditions "Bezos Expeditions"), [Altos Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_Labs "Altos Labs"), and other companies. #### Amazon Live \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Amazon_Live_logo.png/250px-Amazon_Live_logo.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Live_logo.png) \| \| \| Type of site \| [Online video platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_video_platform "Online video platform") \| \| Headquarters \| 98109, WA [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), Washington, United States \| \| Owner \| [Amazon Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Inc. "Amazon Inc.") \| \| Industry \| [E-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") Live streaming \| \| [Parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company") \| [Amazon Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Inc. "Amazon Inc.") \| \| Launched \| 2019; 7 years ago (2019) \| Amazon Live is an American video [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123) Users (mainly celebrities or [Internet influencers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influencer "Influencer")) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123) In 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and [application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app"). In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into [Amazon Freevee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freevee "Amazon Freevee") and [Amazon Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-124) #### Amazon Web Services [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg/250px-AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston,_Texas_$46600198075$.jpg) [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services"), [HOU-14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston") Main article: [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides [on-demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service "Software as a service") [cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing") [platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform "Computing platform") and [APIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API "API") to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing [web services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service "Web service") provide [distributed computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing "Distributed computing") processing capacity and software tools via AWS [server farms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_farm "Server farm"). As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors [Microsoft Azure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure "Microsoft Azure") and [Google Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform") have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to [Synergy Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy_Group "Synergy Group").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-125) #### Audible Main article: [Audible (service)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [audiobooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook "Audiobook"), [radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_program "Radio program") and [television programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show "Television show"), and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about \$300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-126) #### Goodreads Main article: [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") is a "[social cataloging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cataloging_application "Social cataloging application")" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:0-127) #### Ring Main article: [Ring (company)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") Ring is a [home automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation "Home automation") company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") powered [smart doorbells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_doorbell "Smart doorbell"), but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US\$1 billion in 2018.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-128) #### Twitch Main article: [Twitch (service)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg/250px-E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E3_%E2%80%93_2014_$23113432796$.jpg) [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") at the [Electronic Entertainment Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3 "E3") [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") is a [live streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming "Live streaming") platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for \$970 million.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-129) The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports "Esports") competitions on the service, leading [GameSpot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot "GameSpot") senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the [ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") of esports".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-130) As of 2015[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit), the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-131) #### Whole Foods Market [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG/250px-Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG) [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") store in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan") [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") is an American [supermarket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket "Supermarket") [chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_store "Chain store") exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-132) Amazon acquired Whole Foods for \$13.7 billion in August 2017.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-134)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-wf-11) Since acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of [Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations. #### Other Other Amazon subsidiaries include: - [A9.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A9.com "A9.com"), a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-135) - [Amazon Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Academy "Amazon Academy"), formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021 - Amazon Maritime, Inc. holds a [Federal Maritime Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Maritime_Commission "Federal Maritime Commission") license to operate as a [non-vessel-owning common carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_forwarder "Freight forwarder") (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-136) - [Amazon Pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pharmacy "Amazon Pharmacy") is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-137) - [Annapurna Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_Labs "Annapurna Labs"), an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US\$350–370M acquired by [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") in January 2015 .[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-reut_Amaz-138)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-extr_Amaz-139)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-140) - Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services, which applied for a [freight forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_forwarder "Freight forwarder") license with the [US Maritime Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Maritime_Commission "Federal Maritime Commission"). Amazon is also building out its logistics in [trucking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States "Trucking industry in the United States") and [air freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cargo "Air cargo") to potentially compete with [UPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service") and [FedEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx "FedEx").[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-142) - Brilliance Audio, an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [Grand Haven, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Haven,_Michigan "Grand Haven, Michigan").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-gigaom-145) At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-gigaom-145) It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-blake-146) The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-blake-146) It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-blake-146) - [ComiXology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComiXology "ComiXology"), a [cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing")\-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit). It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-147) - [CreateSpace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CreateSpace "CreateSpace"), which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-148)[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-149) - [eero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_$wireless_networking_brand$ "Eero (wireless networking brand)"), an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-150) Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US\$97 million.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-151) Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-152) - Health Navigator is a startup developing [APIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface "Application programming interface") for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [PillPack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PillPack "PillPack") for under \$1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-153) - Junglee, a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-154) Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-155) as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-156) - [Kuiper Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Systems "Kuiper Systems"), a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [broadband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband "Broadband") [satellite internet constellation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation "Satellite internet constellation") with an announced 3,236 [Low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit") [satellites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite "Satellite") to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-cnbc20190404-157)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-sn20190404-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-ars20190708-159) - [Lab126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lab126 "Amazon Lab126"), developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle"), became a subsidiary in 2004.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-160) - Shelfari, a former [social cataloging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cataloging_application "Social cataloging application") website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [tag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_$metadata$ "Tag (metadata)") and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:0-127) Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") and closing down Shelfari.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-161)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-162) - [Souq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq_$company$ "Souq (company)"), the former largest [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") platform in the [Arab world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world "Arab world"). The company launched in 2005 in [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") and served multiple areas across the Middle East.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-163) On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for \$580 million.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-164) The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-165) - [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox "Zoox"), Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-166) Amazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four [small nuclear reactors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_modular_reactor "Small modular reactor") at the [Xe-100 reactor site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Xe-100_reactor_site "Washington Xe-100 reactor site") in Eastern [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_$state$ "Washington (state)"), and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta "Alberta").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-167) ## Operations See also: [List of Amazon locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amazon_locations "List of Amazon locations") ### Logistics [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg/250px-Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Logistics,_Borgstedt_$APC_0067$.jpg) Amazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg/250px-Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_$44155424640$.jpg) Amazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include: - [Amazon Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Air "Amazon Air"), a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service. - Amazon Flex, a [smartphone app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app") that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours [Prime Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Now "Prime Now"), same or next day [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-168) - [Amazon Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freight "Amazon Freight"), a [freight brokerage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_brokerage "Freight brokerage") and logistics service[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-169) - Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-170) - [Amazon Prime Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Air "Amazon Prime Air") is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities. Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "Amazon Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-171) [Rakuten Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakuten_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rakuten Intelligence (page does not exist)") estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the [United States Postal Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [UPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-172) In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States")).[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-173) ### Supply chain Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and [New Castle, Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware "New Castle, Delaware"). Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-174)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-175) Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics").[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-176) In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36) - [![Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG/500px-Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_$02$.JPG "Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France") Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [Lauwin-Planque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauwin-Planque "Lauwin-Planque"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") - [![Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG/330px-Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_$San_Fernando_de_Henares$.JPG "Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain") Amazon.es fulfillment center in [San Fernando de Henares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Henares "San Fernando de Henares"), [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") - [![Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg/330px-Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg "Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK") Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [Glenrothes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenrothes "Glenrothes"), [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") - [![Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg "Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany") Amazon.de fulfillment center in [Graben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben,_Bavaria "Graben, Bavaria"), [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") - [![Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg/250px-AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmazonIchikawaFC_$78316917$.jpg "Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan") Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [Ichikawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichikawa,_Chiba "Ichikawa, Chiba"), [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") - [![Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg/330px-Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_$36490655883$.jpg "Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics") Amazon.co fulfillment center in [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), Maryland, [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") featuring [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") ## Corporate affairs ### Board of directors [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_$cropped$.jpg) Amazon founder [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") in 2019 As of August 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit), Amazon's board of directors were:[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-177) - [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos"), executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc. - [Andy Jassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jassy "Andy Jassy"), president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc. - [Keith B. Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_B._Alexander "Keith B. Alexander"), CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former [NSA director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Security_Agency "Director of the National Security Agency") - Edith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") - [Jamie Gorelick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick "Jamie Gorelick"), partner, [Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Cutler_Pickering_Hale_and_Dorr "Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr") - [Daniel Huttenlocher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Huttenlocher "Daniel Huttenlocher"), [dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_$education$ "Dean (education)") of the [MIT Schwarzman College of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing "MIT Schwarzman College of Computing"). - [Andrew Ng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ng "Andrew Ng"), co-founder, [Coursera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera "Coursera") - [Indra Nooyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Nooyi "Indra Nooyi"), former CEO, [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") - [Jon Rubinstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein "Jon Rubinstein"), former chairman and CEO, [Palm, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc. "Palm, Inc.") - [Brad D. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_D._Smith "Brad D. Smith"), president, [Marshall University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_University "Marshall University") - [Patty Stonesifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Stonesifer "Patty Stonesifer"), president and CEO, [Martha's Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Table "Martha's Table") - [Wendell Weeks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Weeks "Wendell Weeks"), chairman, president and CEO, [Corning Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_Inc. "Corning Inc.") ### Ownership The 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:2-71) \| Shareholder name \| Percentage \| \|---\|---\| \| [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") \| 9\.04% \| \| [The Vanguard Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group "The Vanguard Group") \| 7\.96% \| \| [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") \| 4\.93% \| \| [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation "State Street Corporation") \| 3\.5% \| \| [Fidelity Investments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments "Fidelity Investments") \| 3\.22% \| \| [Geode Capital Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode_Capital_Management "Geode Capital Management") \| 2\.03% \| \| [JP Morgan Investment Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") \| 1\.81% \| \| [Eaton Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Vance "Eaton Vance") \| 1\.5% \| \| [T. Rowe Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rowe_Price "T. Rowe Price") \| 1\.48% \| \| BlackRock Life Ltd. \| 1\.45% \| \| Others \| 63\.04% \| ### Finances \| Business \| share \| \|---\|---\| \| Online Stores \| 40\.3% \| \| Third-party Seller Services \| 24\.4% \| \| Amazon Web Services \| 15\.8% \| \| Advertising \| 8\.2% \| \| Subscription Services \| 7\.0% \| \| Physical Stores \| 3\.5% \| \| Other \| 0\.9% \| Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-178) As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_$company$&action=edit), Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the [Fortune 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500 "Fortune 500") rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-179) In [Forbes Global 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000 "Forbes Global 2000") 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-180) For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US\$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US\$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Amazon's market capitalization went over US\$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-4Q_2020-181) \| Year \| Revenue[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-182) \| Net income \| Total Assets \| Employees \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| in million US\$ \| \| \| \| \| \| 1995[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto3-183) \| 0\.5 \| −0.3 \| 1\.1 \| \| \| 1996[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto3-183) \| 16 \| −6 \| 8 \| \| \| 1997[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto3-183) \| 148 \| −28 \| 149 \| 614 \| \| 1998[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 610 \| −124 \| 648 \| 2,100 \| \| 1999[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 1,639 \| −720 \| 2,466 \| 7,600 \| \| 2000[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 2,761 \| −1,411 \| 2,135 \| 9,000 \| \| 2001[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 3,122 \| −567 \| 1,638 \| 7,800 \| \| 2002[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 3,932 \| −149 \| 1,990 \| 7,500 \| \| 2003[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 5,263 \| 35 \| 2,162 \| 7,800 \| \| 2004[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 6,921 \| 588 \| 3,248 \| 9,000 \| \| 2005[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 8,490 \| 359 \| 3,696 \| 12,000 \| \| 2006[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 10,711 \| 190 \| 4,363 \| 13,900 \| \| 2007[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 14,835 \| 476 \| 6,485 \| 17,000 \| \| 2008[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-186) \| 19,166 \| 645 \| 8,314 \| 20,700 \| \| 2009[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-187) \| 24,509 \| 902 \| 13,813 \| 24,300 \| \| 2010[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-188) \| 34,204 \| 1,152 \| 18,797 \| 33,700 \| \| 2011[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-189) \| 48,077 \| 631 \| 25,278 \| 56,200 \| \| 2012[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-190) \| 61,093 \| −39 \| 32,555 \| 88,400 \| \| 2013[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-191) \| 74,452 \| 274 \| 40,159 \| 117,300 \| \| 2014[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-192) \| 88,988 \| −241 \| 54,505 \| 154,100 \| \| \| in billion US\$ \| \| \| \| \| 2015[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-193) \| 107\.0 \| 0\.59 \| 64\.7 \| 230,800 \| \| 2016[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-194) \| 135\.9 \| 2\.3 \| 83\.4 \| 341,400 \| \| 2017[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-195) \| 177\.8 \| 3\.0 \| 131\.3 \| 566,000 \| \| 2018[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-196) \| 232\.8 \| 10\.0 \| 162\.6 \| 647,500 \| \| 2019[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-197) \| 280\.5 \| 11\.5 \| 225\.2 \| 798,000 \| \| 2020[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-198) \| 386\.0 \| 21\.3 \| 321\.1 \| 1,298,000 \| \| 2021[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) \| 469\.8 \| 33\.3 \| 420\.5 \| 1,608,000 \| \| 2022[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) \| 513\.9 \| −2.7 \| 462\.6 \| 1,541,000 \| \| 2023[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2023-10K-200) \| 574\.7 \| 30\.4 \| 527\.8 \| 1,525,000 \| \| 2024[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10K-1) \| 637\.9 \| 59\.2 \| 624\.8 \| 1,556,000 \| \| 2025[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-201) \| 716\.9 \| 77\.7 \| 818\.0 \| 1,576,000 \| ### Corporate culture During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of [Warren Buffett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett "Warren Buffett").[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:7-202) These annual letters gave an "invaluable window" into the famously "secretive" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:7-202)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-203) A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, "customer obsession") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-204) One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for "all teams" to "expose their data and functionality" through service interfaces "designed from the ground up to be externalizable". This process, commonly known as a [service-oriented architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture "Service-oriented architecture") (SOA), resulted in mandatory [dogfooding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_your_own_dog_food "Eating your own dog food") of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Amazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-205)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-206)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-207) to encourage employee initiative and experimentation. ### Lobbying Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [data protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy "Information privacy") and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), the [Federal Communications Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") and the [Federal Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve "Federal Reserve"). Amazon.com spent roughly \$3.5 million, \$5 million and \$9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-208) In 2019, it spent \$16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-209) Amazon.com was a corporate member of the [American Legislative Exchange Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council "American Legislative Exchange Council") (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-210) In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [Federal Aviation Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin_Gump_Strauss_Hauer_%26_Feld "Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld") lobbying firm in June.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-211) Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-212) In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-213) During the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated \$1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-214) In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the [White House Easter Egg Roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_rolling#United_States "Egg rolling"), after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-215)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-216) In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the [White House State Ballroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_State_Ballroom "White House State Ballroom").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-217) Amazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-218)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-219) Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-220) A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-221)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-222) ## Criticism Main article: [Criticism of Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon "Criticism of Amazon") [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg/250px-Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg) A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle Amazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-223) forming cloud computing partnerships with the [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency");[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-vanity-fair-224) leading customers away from bookshops;[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-225) adversely impacting the environment;[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-Cavaillez-226) placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-227)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-228) actively opposing unionization efforts;[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-229) remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [1-Click](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Click "1-Click") technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [price discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination "Price discrimination");[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:6-230)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-baum-231) and reclassifying [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ "LGBTQ") books as adult content.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-232)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-233) Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [WikiLeaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks "WikiLeaks") website, works containing [libel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation "Defamation"), anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating [dog fighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_fighting "Dog fighting"), [cockfighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockfighting "Cockfighting"), or [pedophile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia "Pedophilia") activities. An article published by [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_$magazine$ "Time (magazine)") in the wake of social media website [Parler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler "Parler")'s termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-234) In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-235) Companies like [Groupon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupon "Groupon"), [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering \$10 off from their products.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-236)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-237) The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [Brad Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Stone_$journalist$ "Brad Stone (journalist)"), "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) In July 2014, the [Federal Trade Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission "Federal Trade Commission") launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-238) In 2019, Amazon banned selling [skin-lightening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_whitening "Skin whitening") products after pushback from [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota") health and [environmental activists.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement "Environmental movement")[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-239) In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general [Letitia James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_James "Letitia James") was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-240) After the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the [Biden Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden"), to "reduce the visibility" of books critical of the [COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine"),[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-241)[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-242) which was revealed after Rep. [Jim Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jordan "Jim Jordan") (acting on behalf of the [House Judiciary Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary "United States House Committee on the Judiciary")) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-243) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg/250px-Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg) An Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C. Amazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically [double parking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_parking "Double parking"), blocking [bike lanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike_lane "Bike lane"), and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to [traffic congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion "Traffic congestion") and endangering other road users.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-244)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-245)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-246)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-247) Jane Friedman[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-janefriedman/books-248) discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads"). Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)."[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-janefriedman/rather-my-books-pirated-249)[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-arstechnica/2023/08/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-vice/v7b774-251)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-washingtonpost/amazon-goodreads-252) In 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto4-253) It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the [Electronic Frontier Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation "Electronic Frontier Foundation") for this change.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto4-253) In February 2025, [Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK "Sky UK") accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via "jailbroken" Fire Sticks.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-254) [Project Nimbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nimbus "Project Nimbus") is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel "Israel") and [its military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-255)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-256) The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of [Palestinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians "Palestinians") human rights in the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict").[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-257) In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-258)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-259) On July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco")\-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern [smartwatches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch "Smartwatch"), equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-260) In January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a "Project Dawn" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-261) ## See also - [Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award "Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award") – Literary award - [Amazon Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pay "Amazon Pay") – Online purchase processing system - [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number "Amazon Standard Identification Number") ( ASIN ) – Alphanumeric unique identifier - [Amazon Storywriter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Storywriter "Amazon Storywriter") – Cloud-based screenwriting app by Amazon - [Camelcamelcamel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelcamelcamel "Camelcamelcamel") – A website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com - [History of Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Amazon "History of Amazon") - [Internal carbon pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tax#Internal_price_on_carbon "Carbon tax") - [List of book distributors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_book_distributors "List of book distributors") - [Statistically improbable phrases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistically_improbable_phrase "Statistically improbable phrase") – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books [Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals "Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"): - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/20px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg) [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Internet "Portal:Internet") - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/20px-Industry5.svg.png) [Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies "Portal:Companies") - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/20px-Noun-technology.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg) [Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology "Portal:Technology") ## References 1. 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["Locals Decry 'Total Madness' of Delivery Truck Parking; Proposed City Council Bill May Help"](https://www.westsiderag.com/2019/01/28/locals-decry-total-madness-of-delivery-truck-parking-proposed-city-council-bill-may-help). West Side Rag. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241213125201/https://www.westsiderag.com/2019/01/28/locals-decry-total-madness-of-delivery-truck-parking-proposed-city-council-bill-may-help) from the original on December 13, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024. 246. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-247) Caldwell, Christopher (August 17, 2023). ["Something Has Changed on City Streets, and Amazon Is to Blame"](https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/opinion/amazon-delivery-trucks-urban-planning.html). [The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times "The New York Times"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241213191616/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/opinion/amazon-delivery-trucks-urban-planning.html) from the original on December 13, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024. 247. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-janefriedman/books_248-0) ["Books by Jane Friedman"](https://janefriedman.com/books/). Jane Friedman.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230810113239/https://janefriedman.com/books/) from the original on August 10, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 248. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-janefriedman/rather-my-books-pirated_249-0) Friedman, Jane (August 7, 2023). ["I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)"](https://janefriedman.com/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated/). Jane Friedman. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230809003245/https://janefriedman.com/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated/) from the original on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 249. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-arstechnica/2023/08/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon_250-0) Edwards, Benj (August 8, 2023). ["Author discovers AI-generated counterfeit books written in her name on Amazon"](https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/08/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon/). Ars Technica. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230808231428/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/08/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon/) from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 250. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-vice/v7b774_251-0) Roscoe, Jules (June 28, 2023). ["AI-Generated Books of Nonsense Are All Over Amazon's Bestseller Lists"](https://www.vice.com/en/article/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists/). Vice. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230808123916/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7b774/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists) from the original on August 8, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 251. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-washingtonpost/amazon-goodreads_252-0) O'Donovan, Caroline (July 2, 2023). ["Goodreads was the future of book reviews. Then Amazon bought it"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/01/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert/). Washington Post. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/01/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert/) from the original on August 28, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023. 252. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-auto4_253-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-auto4_253-1) ["Ring will no longer allow police to request users' doorbell camera footage"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240127172246/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage). [NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR"). Associated Press. January 27, 2024. Archived from [the original](https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage) on January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024. 253. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-254)* Dalleres, Frank (February 26, 2025). ["Sky accuses Amazon of failing to prevent piracy on Fire Sticks"](https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/). City AM. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154039/https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/) from the original on February 26, 2025. Retrieved February 27, 2025. 254. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-255) Kwet, Michael. ["How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid"](https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid). Al Jazeera. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250716212913/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid) from the original on July 16, 2025. Retrieved July 17, 2025. 255. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-256) Grant, Nico (August 30, 2022). ["Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html). The New York Times. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240531195403/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html) from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2025. 256. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-257) ["We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus"](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract). The Guardian. October 12, 2021. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230518020549/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract) from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2025. 257. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-258) Palmer, Annie (September 11, 2025). ["Amazon suspends engineer who protested company's work with Israeli government"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html). CNBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251014034800/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html) from the original on October 14, 2025. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 258. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-259) Hays, Kali. ["Amazon fires engineer after internal message critical of company's work with Israeli government"](https://of-interest.beehiiv.com/p/amazon-fires-engineer-after-internal-message-critical-of-company-s-work-with-israeli-government). Of Interest. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 259. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-260) Nguyen, Nicole (July 23, 2025). ["Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say"](https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934). WSJ. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250724222242/https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934) from the original on July 24, 2025. Retrieved July 25, 2025. 260. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-261) Palmer, Annie (January 28, 2026). ["Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees"](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html). CNBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260201214259/https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html) from the original on February 1, 2026. Retrieved February 13, 2026. ## Further reading - Brandt, Richard L. (2011). [One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Click:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Rise_of_Amazon.com "One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com"). New York: Portfolio Penguin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59184-375-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-375-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-375-7") . - [Daisey, Mike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Daisey "Mike Daisey") (2002). [21 Dog Years](https://archive.org/details/21dogyearsdoingt00dais). Free Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7432-2580-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2580-5 "Special:BookSources/0-7432-2580-5") . - Friedman, Mara (2004). [Amazon.com for Dummies](https://archive.org/details/amazoncomfordumm00frie). Wiley Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7645-5840-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-5840-4 "Special:BookSources/0-7645-5840-4") . - Marcus, James (2004). [Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut](https://archive.org/details/amazonia00marc). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56584-870-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-870-5 "Special:BookSources/1-56584-870-5") . - Spector, Robert (2000). [Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World](https://archive.org/details/amazoncomgetbigf00spec). HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-06-662041-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-662041-4 "Special:BookSources/0-06-662041-4") . - [Stone, Brad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Stone_$journalist$ "Brad Stone (journalist)") (2013). [The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everything_Store:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Age_of_Amazon "The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon"). New York: Little Brown and Co. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-316-21926-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-21926-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-316-21926-6") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [856249407](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856249407). ## External links [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Amazon.com](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amazon.com "commons:Category:Amazon.com"). - [Official website](https://www.amazon.com/) [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884#P856 "Edit this at Wikidata") - [Amazon](https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary?id=D000023883) on [OpenSecrets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSecrets "OpenSecrets"), a website that tracks and publishes data on campaign finance and lobbying [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884#P4691 "Edit this at Wikidata") - [Amazon (company) companies](https://opencorporates.com/corporate_groupings/Amazon) grouped at [OpenCorporates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenCorporates "OpenCorporates") - Business data for Amazon.com, Inc.: - [Google](https://www.google.com/finance/quote/AMZN:NASDAQ) - [SEC filings](https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=1018724) - [Yahoo\!](https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AMZN) \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amazon "Template:Amazon") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Amazon "Template talk:Amazon") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon "Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon")[Amazon]() \| \| \|---\|---\| \| People \| \| \| \| \| \| Current \| [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") (Founder and Executive Chairman) [Andy Jassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jassy "Andy Jassy") (President and CEO) [Werner Vogels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Vogels "Werner Vogels") (CTO) \| \| Former \| [Rick Dalzell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Dalzell "Rick Dalzell") [Paul Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Davis_$programmer$ "Paul Davis (programmer)") [Tony Hsieh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hsieh "Tony Hsieh") [Christopher North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_North_$businessman$ "Christopher North (businessman)") [Ram Shriram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Shriram "Ram Shriram") [Tom Szkutak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Szkutak "Tom Szkutak") [Brian Valentine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Valentine "Brian Valentine") \| \| Facilities \| [List of Amazon locations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amazon_locations "List of Amazon locations") [Doppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_$building$ "Doppler (building)") [Day 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_1_$building$ "Day 1 (building)") [HQ2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_HQ2 "Amazon HQ2") [Principal Place](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Place "Principal Place") [Spheres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Spheres "Amazon Spheres") [Bellevue 600](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue_600 "Bellevue 600") \| \| Products and services \| \| \| \| \| \| Subsidiaries \| [AbeBooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbeBooks "AbeBooks") [Amazon Game Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Game_Studios "Amazon Game Studios") [Amazon Lab126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lab126 "Amazon Lab126") [Amazon Pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pharmacy "Amazon Pharmacy") [PillPack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PillPack "PillPack") [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") [Amazon University Esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_University_Esports "Amazon University Esports") [Annapurna Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_Labs "Annapurna Labs") [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") [Blink Home](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_Home "Blink Home") [Body Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Labs "Body Labs") [BookFinder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookFinder.com "BookFinder.com") [Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmazonFresh "AmazonFresh") [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") [Goodreads Choice Awards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads_Choice_Awards "Goodreads Choice Awards") [Graphiq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphiq "Graphiq") [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb "IMDb") [Box Office Mojo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo "Box Office Mojo") [IMDbPro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb#IMDbPro "IMDb") [Kuiper Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Systems "Kuiper Systems") [One Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1Life_Healthcare "1Life Healthcare") [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") [Neighbors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbors_$app$ "Neighbors (app)") [Shopbop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopbop "Shopbop") [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") [IGDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGDB "IGDB") [Woot.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woot "Woot") [Zappos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappos "Zappos") [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox "Zoox") \| \| Cloud computing \| [Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [AMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Machine_Image "Amazon Machine Image") [Amazon Aurora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Aurora "Amazon Aurora") [Beanstalk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWS_Elastic_Beanstalk "AWS Elastic Beanstalk") [CloudFront](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_CloudFront "Amazon CloudFront") [DynamoDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_DynamoDB "Amazon DynamoDB") [EBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Block_Store "Amazon Elastic Block Store") [EC2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud "Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud") [EFS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_File_System "Amazon Elastic File System") [ElastiCache](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_ElastiCache "Amazon ElastiCache") [EMR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_MapReduce "Amazon Elastic MapReduce") [Glacier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Glacier "Amazon Glacier") [Glue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWS_Glue "AWS Glue") [Lambda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWS_Lambda "AWS Lambda") [Lightsail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lightsail "Amazon Lightsail") [MTurk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk "Amazon Mechanical Turk") [Neptune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Neptune "Amazon Neptune") [Product Advertising API](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Product_Advertising_API "Amazon Product Advertising API") [RDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Relational_Database_Service "Amazon Relational Database Service") [Redshift](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Redshift "Amazon Redshift") [Rekognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Rekognition "Amazon Rekognition") [Route 53](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Route_53 "Amazon Route 53") [S3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_S3 "Amazon S3") [SageMaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_SageMaker "Amazon SageMaker") [SES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [SNS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Simple_Notification_Service "Amazon Simple Notification Service") [SimpleDB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_SimpleDB "Amazon SimpleDB") [SQS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Simple_Queue_Service "Amazon Simple Queue Service") [VPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Virtual_Private_Cloud "Amazon Virtual Private Cloud") \| \| Services \| [Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#Website) [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_China "Amazon China") [Alexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa "Amazon Alexa") [Appstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore "Amazon Appstore") [Digital Game Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Digital_Game_Store "Amazon Digital Game Store") [Fire OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_OS "Fire OS") [Kindle Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Store "Kindle Store") [Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Luna "Amazon Luna") [Payments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pay "Amazon Pay") [Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime") [Amazon miniTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_miniTV "Amazon miniTV") [MX Player](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MX_Player "MX Player") [Key](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Key "Amazon Key") [Prime Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Music "Amazon Prime Music") [Prime Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Now "Prime Now") [Prime Pantry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Pantry "Amazon Prime Pantry") [Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video") [Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_on_Amazon_Prime_Video "Sports on Amazon Prime Video") [Marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Marketplace "Amazon Marketplace") [Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music") ([Wondery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wondery "Wondery")) [Silk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Silk "Amazon Silk") [Wireless](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#AmazonWireless) \| \| Devices \| [Astro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Astro "Amazon Astro") [Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo "Amazon Echo") [Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo_Show "Amazon Echo Show") [Echo Buds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo_Buds "Amazon Echo Buds") [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") [Fire HD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_HD "Fire HD") [Fire HDX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_HDX "Fire HDX") [Fire TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV "Amazon Fire TV") [Stick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV#Fire_TV_Stick "Amazon Fire TV") [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") \| \| Technology \| [1-Click](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Click "1-Click") [Amazon One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_One "Amazon One") [Dynamo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_$storage_system$ "Dynamo (storage system)") [Obidos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obidos_$software$ "Obidos (software)") [Lumberyard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lumberyard "Amazon Lumberyard") \| \| Media \| [Amazon Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Games "Amazon Games") [Amazon Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Publishing "Amazon Publishing") [Breakthrough Novel Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award "Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award") [Best Books of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%27s_Best_Books_of_the_Year "Amazon's Best Books of the Year") [Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios") [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") [United Artists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists "United Artists") [Orion Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures "Orion Pictures") [American International Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Pictures "American International Pictures") [MGM+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%2B "MGM+") [Kindle Direct Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing "Kindle Direct Publishing") [YES Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YES_Network "YES Network") (15%) \| \| Retail \| [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") [Amazon Go](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Go "Amazon Go") [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") \| \| Logistics \| [Amazon Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freight "Amazon Freight") [Amazon Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Air "Amazon Air") [Amazon Prime Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Air "Amazon Prime Air") \| \| Former \| [43 Things](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43_Things "43 Things") [A9.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A9.com "A9.com") [Askville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askville "Askville") [Alexa Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet "Alexa Internet") [Amapedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amapedia "Amapedia") [Amazon Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Books "Amazon Books") [Amazon Clinic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Clinic "Amazon Clinic") [Amie Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amie_Street "Amie Street") ([Songza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songza "Songza")) [Book Depository](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_Depository "Book Depository") [CDNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDNow "CDNow") [ComiXology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComiXology "ComiXology") [Dash buttons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Dash "Amazon Dash") [Dash wand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Dash#Barcode_scanner "Amazon Dash") [Diapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapers.com "Diapers.com") [Digital Photography Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Photography_Review "Digital Photography Review") [Double Helix Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Helix_Games "Double Helix Games") [Drive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Drive "Amazon Drive") [Endless.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless.com "Endless.com") [Fire Phone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Phone "Fire Phone") [Freevee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freevee "Amazon Freevee") [Lexcycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexcycle "Lexcycle") [Liquavista](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquavista "Liquavista") [LivingSocial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LivingSocial "LivingSocial") [LoveFilm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoveFilm "LoveFilm") [MGM Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Holdings "MGM Holdings") [Mobipocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipocket "Mobipocket") [PlanetAll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlanetAll "PlanetAll") [Reflexive Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflexive_Entertainment "Reflexive Entertainment") [Sellaband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellaband "Sellaband") [Shelfari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelfari "Shelfari") [Souq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq_$company$ "Souq (company)") [TenMarks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TenMarks_Education,_Inc. "TenMarks Education, Inc.") [Treasure Truck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Truck "Treasure Truck") [Withoutabox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withoutabox "Withoutabox") \| \| Litigation \| [Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc. "Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.") [Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com,_Inc._v._Barnesandnoble.com,_Inc. "Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc.") [Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com_Inc_v_Canada_$Commissioner_of_Patents$ "Amazon.com Inc v Canada (Commissioner of Patents)") [FTC v. Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTC_v._Amazon "FTC v. Amazon") \| \| Other \| [Amazon Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Light "Amazon Light") [ASIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number "Amazon Standard Identification Number") [Community Banana Stand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Banana_Stand "Community Banana Stand") [Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon "Criticism of Amazon") ([tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_tax "Amazon tax")) [Fishbowl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fishbowl "Amazon Fishbowl") [History of Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Amazon "History of Amazon") [LibraryThing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibraryThing "LibraryThing") [List of Amazon brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amazon_brands "List of Amazon brands") [List of Amazon products and services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amazon_products_and_services "List of Amazon products and services") [List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Amazon "List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon") [Locker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Locker "Amazon Locker") [MacKenzie Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKenzie_Scott "MacKenzie Scott") [Statistically improbable phrase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistically_improbable_phrase "Statistically improbable phrase") [Vine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Vine "Amazon Vine") [Worker organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_worker_organization "Amazon worker organization") [List of fatalities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amazon_fatalities "List of Amazon fatalities") [Edwardsville Amazon warehouse collapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville_Amazon_warehouse_collapse "Edwardsville Amazon warehouse collapse") \| \| Unions \| [Congress of Essential Workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Essential_Workers "Congress of Essential Workers") [Amazon Labor Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Labor_Union "Amazon Labor Union") [Amazon worker organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_worker_organization "Amazon worker organization") [2024 strike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Teamsters_Amazon_Strike "2024 Teamsters Amazon Strike") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Amazon_$company$ "Category:Amazon (company)") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jeff_Bezos "Template:Jeff Bezos") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jeff_Bezos "Template talk:Jeff Bezos") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jeff_Bezos "Special:EditPage/Template:Jeff Bezos")[Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| Organizations \| [Amazon]() [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [Alexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa "Amazon Alexa") [Amazon Appstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore "Amazon Appstore") [Amazon Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Luna "Amazon Luna") [Amazon Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music") [Amazon Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pay "Amazon Pay") [Amazon Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime") [Amazon Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video") [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") [Blue Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin "Blue Origin") [Bezos Expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezos_Expeditions "Bezos Expeditions") [Bezos Family Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezos_Family_Foundation "Bezos Family Foundation") [Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post#Jeff_Bezos_era_$2013%E2%80%93present$ "The Washington Post") \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jeff_Bezos_2016_crop.jpg/60px-Jeff_Bezos_2016_crop.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeff_Bezos_2016_crop.jpg) \| \| [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Jeff_Bezos "Family of Jeff Bezos") \| [Ted Jorgensen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Jorgensen "Ted Jorgensen") [Miguel Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Bezos "Miguel Bezos") [Jackie Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Bezos "Jackie Bezos") [Mark Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bezos "Mark Bezos") [MacKenzie Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKenzie_Scott "MacKenzie Scott") [Lauren Sánchez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_S%C3%A1nchez "Lauren Sánchez") \| \| \| Related \| [Koru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koru_$yacht$ "Koru (yacht)") [Billionaire space race](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billionaire_space_race "Billionaire space race") [The Everything Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everything_Store "The Everything Store") [The Space Barons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Space_Barons "The Space Barons") [Phone hacking incident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos_phone_hacking_incident "Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident") \| \| \| Links to related articles \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nasdaq-100 "Template:Nasdaq-100") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nasdaq-100 "Template talk:Nasdaq-100") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nasdaq-100 "Special:EditPage/Template:Nasdaq-100")Companies of the [Nasdaq-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq-100 "Nasdaq-100") index \| \| \| [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [ADP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_$company$ "ADP (company)") [AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") [Alnylam Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnylam_Pharmaceuticals "Alnylam Pharmaceuticals") [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") [Amazon]() [AEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power "American Electric Power") [Amgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen "Amgen") [Analog Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices "Analog Devices") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Applied Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Materials "Applied Materials") [AppLovin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppLovin "AppLovin") [Arm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_Holdings "Arm Holdings") [ASML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASML_Holding "ASML Holding") [Atlassian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlassian "Atlassian") [Autodesk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") [Axon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_Enterprise "Axon Enterprise") [Baker Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Hughes "Baker Hughes") [Booking Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking_Holdings "Booking Holdings") [Broadcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom "Broadcom") [Cadence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems "Cadence Design Systems") [Charter Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications "Charter Communications") [Cintas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintas "Cintas") [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") [Coca-Cola Europacific Partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola_Europacific_Partners "Coca-Cola Europacific Partners") [Cognizant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizant "Cognizant") [Comcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast "Comcast") [Constellation Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Energy "Constellation Energy") [Copart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copart "Copart") [CoStar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoStar_Group "CoStar Group") [Costco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco "Costco") [CrowdStrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrowdStrike "CrowdStrike") [CSX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Corporation "CSX Corporation") [Datadog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datadog "Datadog") [Dexcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexcom "Dexcom") [Diamondback Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_Energy "Diamondback Energy") [DoorDash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoorDash "DoorDash") [Electronic Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts") [Exelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon "Exelon") [Fastenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastenal "Fastenal") [Ferrovial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrovial "Ferrovial") [Fortinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortinet "Fortinet") [GE HealthCare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_HealthCare "GE HealthCare") [Gilead](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences "Gilead Sciences") [Honeywell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell "Honeywell") [Idexx Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idexx_Laboratories "Idexx Laboratories") [Insmed](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insmed&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insmed (page does not exist)") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") [Intuitive Surgical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical "Intuitive Surgical") [Keurig Dr Pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurig_Dr_Pepper "Keurig Dr Pepper") [KLA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLA_Corporation "KLA Corporation") [Kraft Heinz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Heinz "Kraft Heinz") [Lam Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Research "Lam Research") [Linde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde_plc "Linde plc") [Marriott International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International "Marriott International") [Marvell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvell_Technology "Marvell Technology") [Mercado Libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercado_Libre "Mercado Libre") [Meta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") [Microchip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology "Microchip Technology") [Micron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology "Micron Technology") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [MicroStrategy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroStrategy "MicroStrategy") [Mondelez International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondelez_International "Mondelez International") [Monolithic Power Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_Power_Systems "Monolithic Power Systems") [Monster Beverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Beverage "Monster Beverage") [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix,_Inc. "Netflix, Inc.") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [NXP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors "NXP Semiconductors") [O'Reilly Auto Parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts "O'Reilly Auto Parts") [Old Dominion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line "Old Dominion Freight Line") [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") [Palantir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir "Palantir") [Palo Alto Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks "Palo Alto Networks") [Paychex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paychex "Paychex") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [PDD Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo "Pinduoduo") [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm") [Regeneron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals "Regeneron Pharmaceuticals") [Roper Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper_Technologies "Roper Technologies") [Ross Stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Stores "Ross Stores") [Seagate Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate_Technology "Seagate Technology") [Shopify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopify "Shopify") [Starbucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks") [Synopsys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsys "Synopsys") [Take-Two Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive "Take-Two Interactive") [T-Mobile US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US "T-Mobile US") [Tesla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments") [Thomson Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Reuters "Thomson Reuters") [Verisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisk_Analytics "Verisk Analytics") [Vertex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals "Vertex Pharmaceuticals") [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery "Warner Bros. Discovery") [Western Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital "Western Digital") [Workday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workday,_Inc. "Workday, Inc.") [Xcel Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy "Xcel Energy") [Zscaler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zscaler "Zscaler") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies "Template:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies "Template talk:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:Dow Jones Industrial Average companies")Components of the [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average") \| \| \| [3M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M "3M") [Amazon]() [American Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express "American Express") [Amgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen "Amgen") [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Boeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing "Boeing") [Caterpillar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") [Chevron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") [Coca-Cola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company "The Coca-Cola Company") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company") [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") [Home Depot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Depot "Home Depot") [Honeywell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell "Honeywell") [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM") [Johnson & Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson "Johnson & Johnson") [JPMorgan Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") [McDonald's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") [Merck](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co. "Merck & Co.") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Nike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. "Nike, Inc.") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [Procter & Gamble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble") [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce "Salesforce") [Sherwin-Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin-Williams "Sherwin-Williams") [Travelers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies "The Travelers Companies") [UnitedHealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group "UnitedHealth Group") [Verizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon "Verizon") [Visa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc. "Visa Inc.") [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:S%26P_500_companies "Template:S&P 500 companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:S%26P_500_companies "Template talk:S&P 500 companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S%26P_500_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:S&P 500 companies")[S\&P 500 companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_S%26P_500_companies "List of S&P 500 companies") \| \| \| Energy \| [APA Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_Corporation "APA Corporation") [Baker Hughes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Hughes "Baker Hughes") [Chevron Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_Corporation "Chevron Corporation") [ConocoPhillips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ConocoPhillips "ConocoPhillips") [Coterra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coterra "Coterra") [Devon Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Energy "Devon Energy") [Diamondback Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamondback_Energy "Diamondback Energy") [EOG Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOG_Resources "EOG Resources") [EQT Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EQT_Corporation "EQT Corporation") [Expand Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expand_Energy "Expand Energy") [ExxonMobil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil "ExxonMobil") [Halliburton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton "Halliburton") [Kinder Morgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinder_Morgan "Kinder Morgan") [Marathon Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum "Marathon Petroleum") [Occidental Petroleum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum "Occidental Petroleum") [Oneok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneok "Oneok") [Phillips 66](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_66 "Phillips 66") [SLB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLB "SLB") [Targa Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targa_Resources "Targa Resources") [Texas Pacific Land Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Pacific_Land_Corporation "Texas Pacific Land Corporation") [Valero Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valero_Energy "Valero Energy") [Williams Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Companies "Williams Companies") \| \| Materials \| [Air Products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Products "Air Products") [Albemarle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albemarle_Corporation "Albemarle Corporation") [Amcor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amcor "Amcor") [Avery Dennison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Dennison "Avery Dennison") [Ball Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_Corporation "Ball Corporation") [CF Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Industries "CF Industries") [Corteva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corteva "Corteva") [CRH plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRH_plc "CRH plc") [Dow Chemical Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company "Dow Chemical Company") [DuPont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont "DuPont") [Ecolab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecolab "Ecolab") [Freeport-McMoRan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan "Freeport-McMoRan") [International Flavors & Fragrances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Flavors_%26_Fragrances "International Flavors & Fragrances") [International Paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paper "International Paper") [Linde plc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linde_plc "Linde plc") [LyondellBasell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LyondellBasell "LyondellBasell") [Martin Marietta Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Marietta_Materials "Martin Marietta Materials") [Newmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmont "Newmont") [Nucor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucor "Nucor") [Packaging Corporation of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaging_Corporation_of_America "Packaging Corporation of America") [PPG Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPG_Industries "PPG Industries") [Sherwin-Williams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwin-Williams "Sherwin-Williams") [Smurfit Westrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smurfit_Westrock "Smurfit Westrock") [Steel Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Dynamics "Steel Dynamics") [Vulcan Materials Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Materials_Company "Vulcan Materials Company") \| \| Industrials \| [3M](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M "3M") [A. O. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._O._Smith "A. O. Smith") [Allegion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegion "Allegion") [Ametek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ametek "Ametek") [Automatic Data Processing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_$company$ "ADP (company)") [Axon Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon_Enterprise "Axon Enterprise") [Boeing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing "Boeing") [Broadridge Financial Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadridge_Financial_Solutions "Broadridge Financial Solutions") [Builders FirstSource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builders_FirstSource "Builders FirstSource") [C.H. Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.H._Robinson "C.H. Robinson") [Carrier Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Global "Carrier Global") [Caterpillar Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_Inc. "Caterpillar Inc.") [Cintas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintas "Cintas") [Comfort Systems USA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_Systems_USA "Comfort Systems USA") [Copart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copart "Copart") [CSX Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Corporation "CSX Corporation") [Cummins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins "Cummins") [Deere & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deere "John Deere") [Delta Air Lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines "Delta Air Lines") [Dover Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Corporation "Dover Corporation") [Eaton Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Corporation "Eaton Corporation") [Emcor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emcor "Emcor") [Emerson Electric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Electric "Emerson Electric") [Equifax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equifax "Equifax") [Expeditors International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditors_International "Expeditors International") [Fastenal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastenal "Fastenal") [FedEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx "FedEx") [Fortive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortive "Fortive") [GE Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Aerospace "GE Aerospace") [GE Vernova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_Vernova "GE Vernova") [Generac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generac "Generac") [General Dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics "General Dynamics") [Honeywell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell "Honeywell") [Howmet Aerospace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howmet_Aerospace "Howmet Aerospace") [Hubbell Incorporated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbell_Incorporated "Hubbell Incorporated") [Huntington Ingalls Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Ingalls_Industries "Huntington Ingalls Industries") [IDEX Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEX_Corporation "IDEX Corporation") [Illinois Tool Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Tool_Works "Illinois Tool Works") [Ingersoll Rand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Rand "Ingersoll Rand") [J. B. Hunt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Hunt "J. B. Hunt") [Jacobs Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_Solutions "Jacobs Solutions") [Johnson Controls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Controls "Johnson Controls") [L3Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3Harris "L3Harris") [Leidos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidos "Leidos") [Lennox International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox_International "Lennox International") [Lockheed Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin "Lockheed Martin") [Masco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masco "Masco") [Nordson Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordson_Corporation "Nordson Corporation") [Norfolk Southern Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway "Norfolk Southern Railway") [Northrop Grumman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman "Northrop Grumman") [Old Dominion Freight Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_Freight_Line "Old Dominion Freight Line") [Otis Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Worldwide "Otis Worldwide") [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") [Parker Hannifin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parker_Hannifin "Parker Hannifin") [Paychex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paychex "Paychex") [Pentair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentair "Pentair") [Quanta Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Services "Quanta Services") [RTX Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTX_Corporation "RTX Corporation") [Republic Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Services "Republic Services") [Rockwell Automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Automation "Rockwell Automation") [Rollins, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollins,_Inc. "Rollins, Inc.") [Snap-on](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap-on "Snap-on") [Southwest Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Airlines "Southwest Airlines") [Stanley Black & Decker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Black_%26_Decker "Stanley Black & Decker") [Textron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textron "Textron") [Trane Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trane_Technologies "Trane Technologies") [TransDigm Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TransDigm_Group "TransDigm Group") [Uber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber "Uber") [Union Pacific Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Corporation "Union Pacific Corporation") [United Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines "United Airlines") [United Parcel Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service") [United Rentals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Rentals "United Rentals") [Veralto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veralto "Veralto") [Verisk Analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisk_Analytics "Verisk Analytics") [Vertiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertiv "Vertiv") [W. W. Grainger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Grainger "W. W. Grainger") [Wabtec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabtec "Wabtec") [Waste Management, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_Management,_Inc. "Waste Management, Inc.") [Xylem Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylem_Inc. "Xylem Inc.") \| \| Consumer discretionary \| [Airbnb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbnb "Airbnb") [Amazon]() [Aptiv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aptiv "Aptiv") [AutoZone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AutoZone "AutoZone") [Best Buy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy "Best Buy") [Booking Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking_Holdings "Booking Holdings") [Carnival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Corporation_%26_plc "Carnival Corporation & plc") [Carvana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvana "Carvana") [Chipotle Mexican Grill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipotle_Mexican_Grill "Chipotle Mexican Grill") [Darden Restaurants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darden_Restaurants "Darden Restaurants") [Deckers Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deckers_Brands "Deckers Brands") [Domino's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s "Domino's") [DoorDash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoorDash "DoorDash") [D. R. Horton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._R._Horton "D. R. Horton") [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") [Expedia Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia_Group "Expedia Group") [Ford Motor Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") [Garmin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin "Garmin") [General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors "General Motors") [Genuine Parts Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genuine_Parts_Company "Genuine Parts Company") [Hasbro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro "Hasbro") [Hilton Worldwide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Worldwide "Hilton Worldwide") [Home Depot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Depot "Home Depot") [Las Vegas Sands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sands "Las Vegas Sands") [Lennar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennar "Lennar") [Lowe's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%27s "Lowe's") [Lululemon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon "Lululemon") [Marriott International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International "Marriott International") [McDonald's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s "McDonald's") [MGM Resorts International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International "MGM Resorts International") [Nike, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. "Nike, Inc.") [Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Line_Holdings "Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings") [NVR, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVR,_Inc. "NVR, Inc.") [O'Reilly Auto Parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Reilly_Auto_Parts "O'Reilly Auto Parts") [Pool Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_Corporation "Pool Corporation") [PulteGroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulteGroup "PulteGroup") [Ralph Lauren Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lauren_Corporation "Ralph Lauren Corporation") [Ross Stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Stores "Ross Stores") [Royal Caribbean Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Caribbean_Group "Royal Caribbean Group") [Starbucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks") [Tapestry, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapestry,_Inc. "Tapestry, Inc.") [Tesla, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc. "Tesla, Inc.") [TJX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TJX "TJX") [Tractor Supply Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_Supply_Company "Tractor Supply Company") [Ulta Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulta_Beauty "Ulta Beauty") [Williams-Sonoma, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams-Sonoma,_Inc. "Williams-Sonoma, Inc.") [Wynn Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynn_Resorts "Wynn Resorts") [Yum! Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum!_Brands "Yum! Brands") \| \| Consumer staples \| [Altria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altria "Altria") [Archer Daniels Midland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Daniels_Midland "Archer Daniels Midland") [Brown-Forman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-Forman "Brown-Forman") [Bunge Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunge_Global "Bunge Global") [Campbell's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell%27s "Campbell's") [Church & Dwight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_%26_Dwight "Church & Dwight") [Clorox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorox "Clorox") [The Coca-Cola Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company "The Coca-Cola Company") [Colgate-Palmolive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate-Palmolive "Colgate-Palmolive") [Conagra Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conagra_Brands "Conagra Brands") [Constellation Brands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Brands "Constellation Brands") [Costco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco "Costco") [Dollar General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General "Dollar General") [Dollar Tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_Tree "Dollar Tree") [The Estée Lauder Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies "The Estée Lauder Companies") [General Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mills "General Mills") [The Hershey Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hershey_Company "The Hershey Company") [Hormel Foods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormel_Foods "Hormel Foods") [Kenvue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenvue "Kenvue") [Keurig Dr Pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keurig_Dr_Pepper "Keurig Dr Pepper") [Kimberly-Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly-Clark "Kimberly-Clark") [Kraft Heinz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraft_Heinz "Kraft Heinz") [Kroger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroger "Kroger") [McCormick & Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCormick_%26_Company "McCormick & Company") [Molson Coors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molson_Coors "Molson Coors") [Mondelez International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondelez_International "Mondelez International") [Monster Beverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Beverage "Monster Beverage") [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") [Philip Morris International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Morris_International "Philip Morris International") [Procter & Gamble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble "Procter & Gamble") [The J.M. Smucker Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J.M._Smucker_Company "The J.M. Smucker Company") [Sysco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysco "Sysco") [Target Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation "Target Corporation") [Tyson Foods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson_Foods "Tyson Foods") [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") \| \| Health Care \| [Abbott Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories "Abbott Laboratories") [AbbVie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbbVie "AbbVie") [Agilent Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agilent_Technologies "Agilent Technologies") [Align Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Align_Technology "Align Technology") [Amgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgen "Amgen") [Baxter International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxter_International "Baxter International") [Becton Dickinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BD_$company$ "BD (company)") [Bio-Techne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-Techne "Bio-Techne") [Biogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogen "Biogen") [Boston Scientific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Scientific "Boston Scientific") [Bristol Myers Squibb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Myers_Squibb "Bristol Myers Squibb") [Cardinal Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Health "Cardinal Health") [Cencora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencora "Cencora") [Centene Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centene_Corporation "Centene Corporation") [Charles River Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Laboratories "Charles River Laboratories") [The Cigna Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cigna_Group "The Cigna Group") [Cooper Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cooper_Companies "The Cooper Companies") [CVS Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVS_Health "CVS Health") [Danaher Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaher_Corporation "Danaher Corporation") [DaVita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaVita "DaVita") [Dexcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexcom "Dexcom") [Edwards Lifesciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Lifesciences "Edwards Lifesciences") [Elevance Health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevance_Health "Elevance Health") [GE HealthCare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE_HealthCare "GE HealthCare") [Gilead Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilead_Sciences "Gilead Sciences") [HCA Healthcare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCA_Healthcare "HCA Healthcare") [Henry Schein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Schein "Henry Schein") [Hologic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hologic "Hologic") [Humana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humana "Humana") [Idexx Laboratories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idexx_Laboratories "Idexx Laboratories") [Incyte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incyte "Incyte") [Insulet Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulet_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1 "Insulet Corporation (page does not exist)") [Intuitive Surgical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical "Intuitive Surgical") [IQVIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQVIA "IQVIA") [Johnson & Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_%26_Johnson "Johnson & Johnson") [Labcorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labcorp "Labcorp") [Eli Lilly and Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company "Eli Lilly and Company") [McKesson Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKesson_Corporation "McKesson Corporation") [Medtronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medtronic "Medtronic") [Merck & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co. "Merck & Co.") [Mettler Toledo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mettler_Toledo "Mettler Toledo") [Moderna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna "Moderna") [Pfizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer "Pfizer") [Quest Diagnostics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Diagnostics "Quest Diagnostics") [Regeneron Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneron_Pharmaceuticals "Regeneron Pharmaceuticals") [ResMed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResMed "ResMed") [Revvity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revvity "Revvity") [Solventum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventum "Solventum") [Steris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steris "Steris") [Stryker Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker_Corporation "Stryker Corporation") [Thermo Fisher Scientific](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific "Thermo Fisher Scientific") [UnitedHealth Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnitedHealth_Group "UnitedHealth Group") [Universal Health Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Health_Services "Universal Health Services") [Vertex Pharmaceuticals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_Pharmaceuticals "Vertex Pharmaceuticals") [Viatris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viatris "Viatris") [Waters Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waters_Corporation "Waters Corporation") [West Pharmaceutical Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pharmaceutical_Services "West Pharmaceutical Services") [Zimmer Biomet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmer_Biomet "Zimmer Biomet") [Zoetis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis "Zoetis") \| \| Financials \| [Aflac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aflac "Aflac") [Allstate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allstate "Allstate") [American Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express "American Express") [American International Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Group "American International Group") [Ameriprise Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriprise_Financial "Ameriprise Financial") [Aon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aon_$company$ "Aon (company)") [Apollo Global Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Global_Management "Apollo Global Management") [Arch Capital Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Capital_Group "Arch Capital Group") [Ares Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares_Management "Ares Management") [Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_J._Gallagher_%26_Co. "Arthur J. Gallagher & Co.") [Assurant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assurant "Assurant") [Bank of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_America "Bank of America") [Berkshire Hathaway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway "Berkshire Hathaway") [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") [Blackstone Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Inc. "Blackstone Inc.") [Block, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block,_Inc. "Block, Inc.") [BNY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNY "BNY") [Brown & Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_%26_Brown "Brown & Brown") [Capital One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_One "Capital One") [Cboe Global Markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cboe_Global_Markets "Cboe Global Markets") [Charles Schwab Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Corporation "Charles Schwab Corporation") [Chubb Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubb_Limited "Chubb Limited") [Cincinnati Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Financial "Cincinnati Financial") [Citigroup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citigroup "Citigroup") [Citizens Financial Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_Financial_Group "Citizens Financial Group") [CME Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CME_Group "CME Group") [Coinbase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinbase "Coinbase") [Corpay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpay "Corpay") [Erie Indemnity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_Insurance_Group "Erie Insurance Group") [Everest Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest_Group "Everest Group") [FactSet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FactSet "FactSet") [FIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_$company$ "FIS (company)") [Fifth Third Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Third_Bank "Fifth Third Bank") [Fiserv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_$company$ "FIS (company)") [Franklin Resources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Templeton "Franklin Templeton") [Global Payments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Payments "Global Payments") [Globe Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Life "Globe Life") [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") [The Hartford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hartford "The Hartford") [Huntington Bancshares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Bancshares "Huntington Bancshares") [Interactive Brokers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Brokers "Interactive Brokers") [Intercontinental Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange "Intercontinental Exchange") [Invesco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invesco "Invesco") [Jack Henry & Associates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Henry_%26_Associates "Jack Henry & Associates") [JPMorgan Chase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") [KeyBank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KeyBank "KeyBank") [KKR & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKR_%26_Co. "KKR & Co.") [Loews Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loews_Corporation "Loews Corporation") [M\&T Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%26T_Bank "M&T Bank") [Marsh McLennan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_McLennan "Marsh McLennan") [Mastercard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastercard "Mastercard") [MetLife](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetLife "MetLife") [Moody's Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody%27s_Corporation "Moody's Corporation") [Morgan Stanley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley "Morgan Stanley") [MSCI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSCI "MSCI") [Nasdaq, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq,_Inc. "Nasdaq, Inc.") [Northern Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Trust "Northern Trust") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [PNC Financial Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNC_Financial_Services "PNC Financial Services") [Principal Financial Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Financial_Group "Principal Financial Group") [Progressive Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Corporation "Progressive Corporation") [Prudential Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Financial "Prudential Financial") [Raymond James Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_James_Financial "Raymond James Financial") [Regions Financial Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation "Regions Financial Corporation") [Robinhood Markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinhood_Markets "Robinhood Markets") [S\&P Global](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global "S&P Global") [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation "State Street Corporation") [Synchrony Financial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrony_Financial "Synchrony Financial") [T. Rowe Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rowe_Price "T. Rowe Price") [The Travelers Companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Travelers_Companies "The Travelers Companies") [Truist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truist "Truist") [U.S. Bancorp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Bancorp "U.S. Bancorp") [Visa Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc. "Visa Inc.") [W. R. Berkley Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._R._Berkley_Corporation "W. R. Berkley Corporation") [Wells Fargo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Fargo "Wells Fargo") [Willis Towers Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Towers_Watson "Willis Towers Watson") \| \| Information technology \| [Accenture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accenture "Accenture") [Adobe Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [Akamai Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") [AMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD "AMD") [Amphenol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphenol "Amphenol") [Analog Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_Devices "Analog Devices") [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Applied Materials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Materials "Applied Materials") [AppLovin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppLovin "AppLovin") [Arista Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arista_Networks "Arista Networks") [Autodesk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk "Autodesk") [Broadcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom "Broadcom") [Cadence Design Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems "Cadence Design Systems") [CDW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDW "CDW") [Ciena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciena "Ciena") [Cisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco "Cisco") [Cognizant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognizant "Cognizant") [Coherent Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherent_Corp. "Coherent Corp.") [Corning Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_Inc. "Corning Inc.") [CrowdStrike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrowdStrike "CrowdStrike") [Datadog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datadog "Datadog") [Dell Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_Technologies "Dell Technologies") [EPAM Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPAM_Systems "EPAM Systems") [F5, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F5,_Inc. "F5, Inc.") [FICO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FICO "FICO") [First Solar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar "First Solar") [Fortinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortinet "Fortinet") [Gartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner "Gartner") [Gen Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_Digital "Gen Digital") [GoDaddy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoDaddy "GoDaddy") [Hewlett Packard Enterprise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise "Hewlett Packard Enterprise") [HP Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc.") [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM "IBM") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Intuit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuit "Intuit") [Jabil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabil "Jabil") [Keysight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keysight "Keysight") [KLA Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLA_Corporation "KLA Corporation") [Lam Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Research "Lam Research") [Lumentum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumentum "Lumentum") [Microchip Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microchip_Technology "Microchip Technology") [Micron Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micron_Technology "Micron Technology") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Monolithic Power Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_Power_Systems "Monolithic Power Systems") [Motorola Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Solutions "Motorola Solutions") [NetApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetApp "NetApp") [Nvidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia "Nvidia") [NXP Semiconductors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXP_Semiconductors "NXP Semiconductors") [onsemi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onsemi "Onsemi") [Oracle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation") [Palantir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palantir "Palantir") [Palo Alto Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks "Palo Alto Networks") [PTC Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTC_Inc. "PTC Inc.") [Qualcomm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm "Qualcomm") [Qnity Electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qnity_Electronics "Qnity Electronics") [Roper Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roper_Technologies "Roper Technologies") [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce "Salesforce") [Sandisk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandisk "Sandisk") [Seagate Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate_Technology "Seagate Technology") [ServiceNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ServiceNow "ServiceNow") [Skyworks Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyworks_Solutions "Skyworks Solutions") [Supermicro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermicro "Supermicro") [Synopsys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synopsys "Synopsys") [TE Connectivity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TE_Connectivity "TE Connectivity") [Teledyne Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledyne_Technologies "Teledyne Technologies") [Teradyne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teradyne "Teradyne") [Texas Instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments "Texas Instruments") [Trimble Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimble_Inc. "Trimble Inc.") [Tyler Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Technologies "Tyler Technologies") [Verisign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verisign "Verisign") [Western Digital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital "Western Digital") [Workday, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workday,_Inc. "Workday, Inc.") [Zebra Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_Technologies "Zebra Technologies") \| \| Communication services \| [Alphabet Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") [AT\&T](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T "AT&T") [Charter Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Communications "Charter Communications") [Comcast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast "Comcast") [EchoStar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EchoStar "EchoStar") [Electronic Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts "Electronic Arts") [Fox Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Corporation "Fox Corporation") [Live Nation Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment "Live Nation Entertainment") [Meta Platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix "Netflix") [News Corp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp "News Corp") [Omnicom Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnicom_Group "Omnicom Group") [Paramount Skydance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Skydance "Paramount Skydance") [T-Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US "T-Mobile US") [Take-Two Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-Two_Interactive "Take-Two Interactive") [TKO Group Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TKO_Group_Holdings "TKO Group Holdings") [The Trade Desk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trade_Desk "The Trade Desk") [Verizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon "Verizon") [The Walt Disney Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company "The Walt Disney Company") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery "Warner Bros. Discovery") \| \| Real estate \| [Alexandria Real Estate Equities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_Real_Estate_Equities "Alexandria Real Estate Equities") [American Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tower "American Tower") [AvalonBay Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AvalonBay_Communities "AvalonBay Communities") [BXP, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BXP,_Inc. "BXP, Inc.") [Camden Property Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Property_Trust "Camden Property Trust") [CBRE Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBRE_Group "CBRE Group") [CoStar Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoStar_Group "CoStar Group") [Crown Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Castle "Crown Castle") [Digital Realty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Realty "Digital Realty") [Equinix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinix "Equinix") [Equity Residential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_Residential "Equity Residential") [Essex Property Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_Property_Trust "Essex Property Trust") [Extra Space Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Space_Storage "Extra Space Storage") [Federal Realty Investment Trust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Realty_Investment_Trust "Federal Realty Investment Trust") [Healthpeak Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthpeak_Properties "Healthpeak Properties") [Host Hotels & Resorts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Hotels_%26_Resorts "Host Hotels & Resorts") [Invitation Homes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_Homes "Invitation Homes") [Iron Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Mountain_$company$ "Iron Mountain (company)") [Kimco Realty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimco_Realty "Kimco Realty") [Mid-America Apartment Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-America_Apartment_Communities "Mid-America Apartment Communities") [Prologis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologis "Prologis") [Public Storage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Storage "Public Storage") [Realty Income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realty_Income "Realty Income") [Regency Centers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_Centers "Regency Centers") [SBA Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBA_Communications "SBA Communications") [Simon Property Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Property_Group "Simon Property Group") [UDR, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDR,_Inc. "UDR, Inc.") [Ventas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventas_$company$ "Ventas (company)") [Vici Properties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vici_Properties "Vici Properties") [Welltower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welltower "Welltower") [Weyerhaeuser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyerhaeuser "Weyerhaeuser") \| \| Utilities \| [AES Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_Corporation "AES Corporation") [Alliant Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliant_Energy "Alliant Energy") [Ameren](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameren "Ameren") [American Electric Power](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power "American Electric Power") [American Water Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Water_Works "American Water Works") [Atmos Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmos_Energy "Atmos Energy") [CenterPoint Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenterPoint_Energy "CenterPoint Energy") [CMS Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMS_Energy "CMS Energy") [Consolidated Edison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Edison "Consolidated Edison") [Constellation Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation_Energy "Constellation Energy") [Dominion Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Energy "Dominion Energy") [DTE Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTE_Energy "DTE Energy") [Duke Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Energy "Duke Energy") [Edison International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_International "Edison International") [Entergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entergy "Entergy") [Evergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergy "Evergy") [Eversource Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eversource_Energy "Eversource Energy") [Exelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exelon "Exelon") [FirstEnergy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FirstEnergy "FirstEnergy") [NextEra Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NextEra_Energy "NextEra Energy") [NiSource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NiSource "NiSource") [NRG Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRG_Energy "NRG Energy") [Pacific Gas and Electric Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Gas_and_Electric_Company "Pacific Gas and Electric Company") [Pinnacle West Capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle_West_Capital "Pinnacle West Capital") [PPL Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPL_Corporation "PPL Corporation") [Public Service Enterprise Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Service_Enterprise_Group "Public Service Enterprise Group") [Sempra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempra "Sempra") [Southern Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Company "Southern Company") [Vistra Corp.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistra_Corp. "Vistra Corp.") [WEC Energy Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEC_Energy_Group "WEC Energy Group") [Xcel Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcel_Energy "Xcel Energy") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Seattle_Corporations "Template:Seattle Corporations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Seattle_Corporations "Template talk:Seattle Corporations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seattle_Corporations "Special:EditPage/Template:Seattle Corporations")[Seattle-based corporations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Seattle "List of companies based in Seattle") (within the [Seattle metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area "Seattle metropolitan area")) \| \| \| [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle") and [SeaTac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeaTac,_Washington "SeaTac, Washington")\-based [Fortune 1000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_1000 "Fortune 1000") corporations \| [Alaska Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Airlines "Alaska Airlines") (\#360) [Amazon.com]() (\#2) [Expedia Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia_Group "Expedia Group") (\#263) [Expeditors International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditors_International "Expeditors International") (\#389) [Nordstrom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstrom "Nordstrom") (\#205) [Starbucks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbucks "Starbucks") (\#114) [Weyerhaeuser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyerhaeuser "Weyerhaeuser") (\#457) \| \| [Puget Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_region "Puget Sound region")\-based [Fortune 1000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_1000 "Fortune 1000") corporations \| Companies listed above, plus: [Costco Wholesale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco "Costco") (\#14) [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") (\#21) [Paccar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar "Paccar") (\#118) [Puget Sound Energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Energy "Puget Sound Energy") (\#710) \| \| Major [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle")\- and [Puget Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_region "Puget Sound region")\-based non-public or externally owned corporations \| [Big Fish Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Fish_Games "Big Fish Games") [Bluesky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluesky "Bluesky") [Darigold](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darigold "Darigold") [Eddie Bauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bauer "Eddie Bauer") [Jones Soda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_Soda "Jones Soda") [Nash Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") [Nintendo of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo "Nintendo") [QFC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QFC "QFC") [REI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REI "REI") [Safeco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeco "Safeco") [T-Mobile US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US "T-Mobile US") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ebooks "Template:Ebooks") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ebooks "Template talk:Ebooks") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ebooks "Special:EditPage/Template:Ebooks")[Ebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook "Ebook") \| \| \| [Formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_e-book_formats "Comparison of e-book formats") \| [ePub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPUB "EPUB") [FictionBook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FictionBook "FictionBook") [CBR/CBZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_book_archive "Comic book archive") [Kindle File Format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_File_Format "Kindle File Format") [Mobipocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobipocket "Mobipocket") [PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF "PDF") [Plain text](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_file "Text file") [IBA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks_Author "IBooks Author") \| \| Reading \| \| \| \| \| \| [Devices](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-reader "E-reader") \| [Amazon Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") [Barnes & Noble Nook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook "Barnes & Noble Nook") [Bookeen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookeen "Bookeen") [Elonex ebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elonex_ebook "Elonex ebook") [enTourage eDGe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnTourage_eDGe "EnTourage eDGe") [Hanlin eReader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanlin_eReader "Hanlin eReader") [iPad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad "IPad") [iRiver Story](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRiver_Story "IRiver Story") [Kobo eReader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo_eReader "Kobo eReader") [Onyx Boox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_Boox "Onyx Boox") [Plastic Logic Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Logic "Plastic Logic") [PocketBook eReader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PocketBook_International "PocketBook International") [Rocket eBook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_eBook "Rocket eBook") [SoftBook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBook "SoftBook") [Smartphones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone "Smartphone") [Tablets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer "Tablet computer") \| \| Software \| [Adobe Acrobat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat "Adobe Acrobat") [Adobe Digital Editions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions "Adobe Digital Editions") [Aldiko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldiko "Aldiko") [Apple Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books "Apple Books") (iBooks) [Aquafadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas "Rakuten Aquafadas") [Blio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blio "Blio") [Bluefire Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefire_Reader "Bluefire Reader") [Calibre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibre_$software$ "Calibre (software)") [FBReader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBReader "FBReader") [Foliate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foliate_$software$ "Foliate (software)") [Google Play Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play_Books "Google Play Books") [Kindle app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_app "Kindle app") [Kitabu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu "Kitabu") [Kobo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo_Inc. "Kobo Inc.") [Lector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_$software$ "Lector (software)") [Lektz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektz "Lektz") [Lucifox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifox "Lucifox") [Microsoft Reader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Reader "Microsoft Reader") [MuPDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MuPDF "MuPDF") [Okular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okular "Okular") [OverDrive Media Console](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console "OverDrive Media Console") [Snapplify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapplify "Snapplify") [STDU Viewer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STDU_Viewer "STDU Viewer") [Sumatra PDF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra_PDF "Sumatra PDF") \| \| Editing \| [ABBYY FineReader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader "ABBYY FineReader") [AbiWord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbiWord "AbiWord") [Adobe InDesign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_InDesign "Adobe InDesign") [Adobe RoboHelp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp "Adobe RoboHelp") [Aquafadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas "Rakuten Aquafadas") [Atlantis Word Processor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor "Atlantis Word Processor") [Booktype](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booktype "Booktype") [Calibre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibre_$software$ "Calibre (software)") [Calligra Author](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligra "Calligra") [Collabora Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collabora_Online "Collabora Online") [eXeLearning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXeLearning "EXeLearning") [HelpNDoc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HelpNDoc "HelpNDoc") [iBooks Author](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks_Author "IBooks Author") [iStudio Publisher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IStudio_Publisher "IStudio Publisher") [LaTeX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX "LaTeX") [LibreOffice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice "LibreOffice") [MadCap Flare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MadCap_Software "MadCap Software") [Oxygen XML Editor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor "Oxygen XML Editor") [PagePlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PagePlus "PagePlus") [Pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pages_$word_processor$ "Pages (word processor)") [QuarkXPress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuarkXPress "QuarkXPress") [Scrivener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrivener_$software$ "Scrivener (software)") [Sigil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigil_$application$ "Sigil (application)") [Writer2epub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer2epub "Writer2epub") \| \| [Vendors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers "Category:Ebook suppliers") \| \| \| \| \| \| Commercial \| [Apple Books Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books "Apple Books") [Amazon Kindle Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Store "Kindle Store") [Baen Free Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baen_Free_Library "Baen Free Library") [Barnes & Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble "Barnes & Noble") [Booktrack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booktrack "Booktrack") [BookWalker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookWalker "BookWalker") [Feedbooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedbooks "Feedbooks") [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") [Google Play](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Play "Google Play") [Google Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books "Google Books") [Jarir.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore "Jarir Bookstore") [Kobo Bookstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobo_Inc. "Kobo Inc.") [Rokomari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokomari.com "Rokomari.com") [Sony Reader Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Reader "Sony Reader") [Smashwords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smashwords "Smashwords") \| \| Noncommercial \| [Aozora Bunko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aozora_Bunko "Aozora Bunko") [Faded Page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faded_Page "Faded Page") [HathiTrust](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HathiTrust "HathiTrust") [Internet Archive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive "Internet Archive") [Project Gutenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg "Project Gutenberg") [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia "Project Gutenberg Australia") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada "Project Gutenberg Canada") [Standard Ebooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Ebooks "Standard Ebooks") [Wikisource](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource "Wikisource") \| \| Related \| [Academic journal publishing reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform "Academic journal publishing reform") [Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book "Book") [Braille e-book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille_e-book "Braille e-book") [Comparison of ebook readers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers "Comparison of e-readers") [Comparison of iOS ebook reader software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software "Comparison of iOS e-reader software") [Comparison of Android ebook reader software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software "Comparison of Android e-reader software") [E-book lending](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-book_lending "E-book lending") [Electronic publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing "Electronic publishing") [iBooks Author Conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBooks_Author_Conference "IBooks Author Conference") [International Digital Publishing Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum "International Digital Publishing Forum") [Kindle single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_single "Kindle single") [OPDS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System "Open Publication Distribution System") [Reflowable document](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflowable_document "Reflowable document") [Self-publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-publishing "Self-publishing") [Semantic publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_publishing "Semantic publishing") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amazon_MGM_Studios "Template:Amazon MGM Studios") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Amazon_MGM_Studios "Template talk:Amazon MGM Studios") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon_MGM_Studios "Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon MGM Studios")[Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios") \| \| \| A subsidiary of [Amazon]() Predecessors [Metro Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Pictures "Metro Pictures") [Goldwyn Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldwyn_Pictures "Goldwyn Pictures") [Louis B. Mayer Productions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer_Pictures "Louis B. Mayer Pictures") [MGM Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Holdings "MGM Holdings") \| \| \| Key personnel \| Founders [Marcus Loew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Loew "Marcus Loew") [Louis B. Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer "Louis B. Mayer") Chairwoman and CEO Jennifer Salke \| \| Motion Picture Group \| [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") [United Artists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists "United Artists") [Orion Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pictures "Orion Pictures") [Orion Classics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Classics "Orion Classics") [American International Pictures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_International_Pictures "American International Pictures") \| \| TV & Digital Group \| \| \| \| \| \| MGM channels \| [MGM+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%2B "MGM+") [Joint ventures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture "Joint venture") [Telecine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Telecine "Rede Telecine") (13%) Operator [Charge\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge!_$TV_network$ "Charge! (TV network)") [Comet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_$TV_network$ "Comet (TV network)") \| \| Miscellaneous \| [MGM Home Entertainment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Home_Entertainment "MGM Home Entertainment") [MGM Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Music "MGM Music") [Leo the Lion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_the_Lion_$MGM$ "Leo the Lion (MGM)") (studio mascot) \| \| Former/defunct units \| [G2 Films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Samuel_Goldwyn_Company "The Samuel Goldwyn Company") [MGM HD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_HD "MGM HD") [MGM Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Interactive "MGM Interactive") [MGM Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Networks "MGM Networks") [MGM Records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Records "MGM Records") [United Artists Releasing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists_Releasing "United Artists Releasing") [MGM/UA Premiere Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM/UA_Premiere_Network "MGM/UA Premiere Network") [MGM Animation/Visual Arts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Animation/Visual_Arts "MGM Animation/Visual Arts") [The Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Works_$TV_network$ "The Works (TV network)") [MGM Animation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_Animation "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation") [MGM Camera 65](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Panavision_70 "Ultra Panavision 70") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Music_industry "Template:Music industry") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry "Template talk:Music industry") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry "Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry")[Music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_industry "Music industry") \| \| \| Major companies and organizations \| \| \| \| \| \| Representatives \| [AMPROFON](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas "Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas") [ARIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association "Australian Recording Industry Association") [BVMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie "Bundesverband Musikindustrie") [BPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry "British Phonographic Industry") [Music Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada "Music Canada") [FIMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana "Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana") [IFPI (worldwide)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry "International Federation of the Phonographic Industry") [PMB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil "Pro-Música Brasil") [PROMUSICAE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a "Productores de Música de España") [RIAA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification "RIAA certification") [SNEP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNEP "SNEP") \| \| Publishers \| [BMG Rights Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management "BMG Rights Management") [Sony Music Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing "Sony Music Publishing") [Universal Music Publishing Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group "Universal Music Publishing Group") [Warner Chappell Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music "Warner Chappell Music") [Disney Music Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing "Disney Music Publishing") [Concord Music Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_$entertainment_company$#Concord_Music_Publishing "Concord (entertainment company)") [Allied Artists Music Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group "Allied Artists Music Group") [Believe Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Believe_Music "Believe Music") [Reservoir Media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_Media "Reservoir Media") Nickel Shoe Music [TVT Music Enterprises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVT_Records "TVT Records") Century Media [Shapiro, Bernstein & Co.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapiro,_Bernstein_%26_Co. "Shapiro, Bernstein & Co.") [Secretly Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretly_Group "Secretly Group") [Empire Distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Distribution "Empire Distribution") [Create Music Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create_Music_Group "Create Music Group") \| \| Record labels \| \| \| \| \| \| [Major](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels "Record label") \| [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music "Sony Music") [Universal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group "Universal Music Group") [Disney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Records "Walt Disney Records") [Warner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group "Warner Music Group") [AAMG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group "Allied Artists Music Group") \| \| [Independent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label "Independent record label") \| [Concord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord_$entertainment_company$ "Concord (entertainment company)") [BMG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management "BMG Rights Management") [Reservoir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_Media "Reservoir Media") [Secretly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretly_Group "Secretly Group") [Big Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records#Imprints "Big Machine Records") [PIAS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAS_Group "PIAS Group") [Beggars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beggars_Group "Beggars Group") [Sub Pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop "Sub Pop") [Domino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company "Domino Recording Company") [Glassnote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassnote_Records "Glassnote Records") [Ninja Tune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Tune "Ninja Tune") [Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_Distribution "Empire Distribution") [ECR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECR_Music_Group "ECR Music Group") [Create](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create_Music_Group "Create Music Group") [Independent UK record labels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels "List of independent UK record labels") [Notable independent record labels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label#Notable_labels "Independent record label") \| \| Retailers \| [Amazon]() [Digital music stores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_music_store "Digital music store") ([iTunes Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store "ITunes Store")) [Fnac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fnac "Fnac") [HMV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMV "HMV") [Kaspien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspien "Kaspien") [Virgin Megastores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Megastores "Virgin Megastores") \| \| Live music \| [CTS Eventim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTS_Eventim "CTS Eventim") [Live Nation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment "Live Nation Entertainment") [LiveStyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveStyle "LiveStyle") [Ticketmaster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticketmaster "Ticketmaster") \| \| [Major genres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles "List of music genres and styles") \| [Blues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues "Blues") [Country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music "Country music") [Easy listening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening "Easy listening") [Electronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music "Electronic music") [Experimental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_music "Experimental music") [Folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music "Folk music") [Gospel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music "Gospel music") [Hip-hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop "Hip-hop") [Jazz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz "Jazz") [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music "Latin music") [Metal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_music "Metal music") [New Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-age_music "New-age music") [Pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music "Pop music") [Reggae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae "Reggae") [Rhythm and blues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues "Rhythm and blues") [Rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music "Rock music") [World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music "World music") \| \| Sectors and roles \| \| \| \| \| \| Production \| [Arrangement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement "Arrangement") [Songwriter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter "Songwriter") [Composer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer "Composer") [Lyricist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyricist "Lyricist") [Conductor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conducting "Conducting") [Disc jockey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey "Disc jockey") [Hip-hop producer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_production "Hip-hop production") [Horn section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_section "Horn section") [Record producer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer "Record producer") [Rhythm section](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_section "Rhythm section") [Orchestrator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestration "Orchestration") [Session musician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician "Session musician") [Backup singer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backing_vocalist "Backing vocalist") [Ghost singer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_singer "Ghost singer") [Vocal coach](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_coach "Vocal coach") [Ghostwriter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter "Ghostwriter") [Sound engineer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer "Audio engineer") \| \| [Release formats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_format "Recording format") \| [Single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_$music$ "Single (music)") ([Extended play (EP)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play "Extended play"), [12" single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-inch_single "Twelve-inch single"), [Cassette single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_single "Cassette single"), [CD single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single "CD single"), [Maxi single](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_single "Maxi single")) [Album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album "Album") [Double album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_album "Double album"), [Mixtape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtape "Mixtape"), [Surprise album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_album "Surprise album") [Music video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video "Music video") [Visual album](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_album "Visual album") [Promotional recording](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_recording "Promotional recording") [Phonograph record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record "Phonograph record") [Eight-track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-track_cartridge "8-track cartridge") [Compact cassette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette "Compact Cassette") [CD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc "Compact disc") [DVD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD "DVD") [Airplay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay "Airplay") [Music download](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download "Music download") [Music streaming service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_streaming_service "Music streaming service") \| \| Live shows \| [Concert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert "Concert") [Concert tour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour "Concert tour") [Concert residency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_residency "Concert residency") [Music festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_festival "Music festival") [Music competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_competition "Music competition") \| \| [Charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart "Record chart") \| [ARIA Charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts "ARIA Charts") [Billboard Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100 "Billboard Hot 100") [Billboard Argentina Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100 "Argentina Hot 100") [Billboard Brasil Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100 "Brasil Hot 100") [Canadian Hot 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100 "Canadian Hot 100") [Circle Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Chart "Circle Chart") [G-Music chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-Music "G-Music") [Irish Singles Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart "Irish Singles Chart") [Italian singles chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana "Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana") [GfK Entertainment charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts "GfK Entertainment charts") [Entertainment Monitoring Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa "Entertainment Monitoring Africa") [Oricon charts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon "Oricon") [New Zealand singles chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart "Official New Zealand Music Chart") [Rolling Stone Top 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts "Rolling Stone charts") [Sino Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino_Chart "Sino Chart") [TME Physical Album Sales Chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TME_Physical_Album_Sales_Chart "TME Physical Album Sales Chart") [SNEP singles chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNEP "SNEP") [Sverigetopplistan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan "Sverigetopplistan") [UK singles chart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_singles_chart "UK singles chart") \| \| Publications \| [Billboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_$magazine$ "Billboard (magazine)") [HitQuarters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HitQuarters "HitQuarters") [Hot Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Press "Hot Press") [Kerrang\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang! "Kerrang!") [Mojo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_$magazine$ "Mojo (magazine)") [Musica e dischi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_e_dischi "Musica e dischi") [NME](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME "NME") [Q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_$magazine$ "Q (magazine)") [Rolling Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone "Rolling Stone") [Smash Hits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits "Smash Hits") [Top of the Pops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_$magazine$ "Top of the Pops (magazine)") \| \| [Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_television "Music television") \| \| \| \| \| \| Channels \| [Channel V](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_V "Channel V") [CMT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_$American_TV_channel$ "CMT (American TV channel)") [Fuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_$TV_channel$ "Fuse (TV channel)") [Mnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_$TV_channel$ "Mnet (TV channel)") [MTV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV "MTV") [MTV2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV2 "MTV2") [Tr3s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Tres "MTV Tres") [MuchMusic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_$TV_channel$ "Much (TV channel)") [The Music Factory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_Factory "The Music Factory") [Viva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIVA_Media "VIVA Media") [VH1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1 "VH1") [The Country Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Network "The Country Network") \| \| Series \| [Idol franchise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_$franchise$ "Idol (franchise)") [Popstars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popstars "Popstars") [Star Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Academy "Star Academy") [The Four](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_$franchise$ "The Four (franchise)") [The Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_$franchise$ "The Voice (franchise)") [The X Factor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor "The X Factor") [Rising Star](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star_$franchise$ "Rising Star (franchise)") \| \| Achievements \| [Music award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_award "Music award") [Best-selling music artists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists "List of best-selling music artists") [Girl Groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_girl_groups "List of best-selling girl groups") In: [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil "List of best-selling music artists in Brazil") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland "List of best-selling music artists in Finland") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany "List of highest-certified music artists in Germany") [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan "List of best-selling music artists in Japan") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom "List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom") (Females) [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States "List of highest-certified music artists in the United States") Genre: [Gospel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_gospel_music_artists "List of best-selling gospel music artists") [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists "List of best-selling Latin music artists") Nationality: [Belgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists "List of best-selling Belgian music artists") [Brazilian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide "List of best-selling music artists in Brazil") [British](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists "List of biggest-selling British music artists") [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists "List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists") [Swedish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists "List of best-selling Swedish music artists") [Best-selling albums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums "List of best-selling albums") [by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country "List of best-selling albums by country") [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_albums "List of best-selling Latin albums") [Best-selling singles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles "List of best-selling singles") [by country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country "List of best-selling singles by country") [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_singles "List of best-selling Latin singles") [Highest-paid musicians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians "Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians") [Highest-grossing live music artists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists "List of highest-grossing live music artists") [Highest-grossing concert tours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours "List of highest-grossing concert tours") [by women](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women "List of highest-grossing concert tours by women") [Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists "List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists") [Highest-grossing concert residencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_series_at_a_single_venue "List of highest-grossing concert series at a single venue") [Highest-grossing benefit concerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_benefit_concerts "List of highest-grossing benefit concerts") [Most-attended concert tours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours "List of most-attended concert tours") [Most-attended concert residencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_series_at_a_single_venue "List of most-attended concert series at a single venue") [Most-attended concerts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts "List of most-attended concerts") [Global Recording Artist of the Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year "Global Recording Artist of the Year") [Wealthiest musical artists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth "List of music artists by net worth") \| \| Other \| [Album era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album_era "Album era") [Album-equivalent unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit "Album-equivalent unit") [A-side and B-side](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side "A-side and B-side") [Backmasking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backmasking "Backmasking") [Bootleg recording](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording "Bootleg recording") [Christian music industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_music_industry "Christian music industry") [Environmental impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry "Environmental impact of the music industry") [Global Release Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Release_Day "Global Release Day") [Hidden track](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_track "Hidden track") [Japanese edition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_edition "Japanese edition") [Largest music deals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals "List of largest music deals") [Largest recorded music markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets "List of largest recorded music markets") [Most expensive albums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums "List of most expensive albums") [Most valuable records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records "List of most valuable records") [Music certification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_certification "Music recording certification") [Parental Advisory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_Advisory "Parental Advisory") [Record sales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_sales "Record sales") [White label](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_label_record "White label record") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/20px-45_record.png) [Record production portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Record_production "Portal:Record production") ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_industry "Category:Music industry") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies "Template:Major mobile device companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Major_mobile_device_companies "Template talk:Major mobile device companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_mobile_device_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:Major mobile device companies")Major [mobile device](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device "Mobile device") companies \| \| \| Companies with an annual revenue of over US\$3 billion \| \| \| [Acer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_Inc. "Acer Inc.") [Advan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advan_$brand$ "Advan (brand)") [Alba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_$brand$ "Alba (brand)") [Amazon]() [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Asus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asus "Asus") [BlackBerry Limited](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Limited "BlackBerry Limited") [BLU Products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLU_Products "BLU Products") [Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_$brand$ "Bush (brand)") [Dell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell "Dell") [Alienware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alienware "Alienware") [Foxconn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn "Foxconn") [Sharp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation "Sharp Corporation") [Dynabook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynabook_Inc. "Dynabook Inc.") [Fujitsu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu "Fujitsu") [Gionee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gionee "Gionee") [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") ([Fitbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitbit "Fitbit")) [Haier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haier "Haier") [Hisense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisense "Hisense") [HMD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMD_Global "HMD Global") [Nokia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia "Nokia") [Honor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_$company$ "Honor (company)") [HP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP_Inc. "HP Inc.") [HTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC "HTC") [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei "Huawei") [Intel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel "Intel") [Kyocera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera "Kyocera") [Lenovo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo "Lenovo") [Motorola Mobility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility "Motorola Mobility") [LG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Electronics "LG Electronics") [Meizu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meizu "Meizu") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Lumia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Lumia "Microsoft Lumia") [Nubia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia_Technology "Nubia Technology") [Onyx Boox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyx_Boox "Onyx Boox") [Oppo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppo "Oppo") [OnePlus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnePlus "OnePlus") [Realme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realme "Realme") [Panasonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic "Panasonic") [Pegatron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegatron "Pegatron") [Samsung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics "Samsung Electronics") [Sony](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony "Sony") [TCL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCL_Technology "TCL Technology") [Alcatel Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatel_Mobile "Alcatel Mobile") [BlackBerry Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry_Mobile "BlackBerry Mobile") [Palm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc. "Palm, Inc.") [RCA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Corporation "RCA Corporation") [Toshiba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba "Toshiba") [Transsion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsion "Transsion") [Infinix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinix_Mobile "Infinix Mobile") [Itel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itel_Mobile "Itel Mobile") [Tecno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecno_Mobile "Tecno Mobile") [Tinno Mobile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinno_Mobile "Tinno Mobile") [Wiko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiko "Wiko") [True](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Corporation "True Corporation") [Vaio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaio "Vaio") [VinSmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinSmart "VinSmart") [Vivo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo_$technology_company$ "Vivo (technology company)") [iQOO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQOO "IQOO") [Xiaomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi "Xiaomi") [POCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POCO_$company$ "POCO (company)") [Redmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmi "Redmi") [ZTE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTE "ZTE") Zoostorm \| \| \| See also [Largest IT companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue "List of largest technology companies by revenue") [Category:Mobile technology companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_technology_companies "Category:Mobile technology companies") [Category:Mobile phone manufacturers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers "Category:Mobile phone manufacturers") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Major_Internet_companies "Template:Major Internet companies") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Major_Internet_companies "Template talk:Major Internet companies") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_Internet_companies "Special:EditPage/Template:Major Internet companies")Major [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet "Internet") companies \| \| \| Companies with an annual revenue of over US\$4 billion \| \| \| [Internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Internet_companies "List of largest Internet companies") \| [Adobe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Inc. "Adobe Inc.") [Alibaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group") [Alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc. "Alphabet Inc.") [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google "Google") [Amazon]() [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Baidu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu "Baidu") [IAC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAC_$company$ "IAC (company)") [Kakao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao "Kakao") [Meituan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meituan "Meituan") [Meta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_Platforms "Meta Platforms") [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook") [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") [Naver](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Corporation "Naver Corporation") [NetEase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetEase "NetEase") [Tencent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent "Tencent") [Yandex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yandex "Yandex") \| \| Cloud computing \| [Akamai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") [Alibaba Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Cloud "Alibaba Cloud") [AWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [Apple iCloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICloud "ICloud") [Google](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform") [IBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Cloud "IBM Cloud") [Microsoft Azure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure "Microsoft Azure") [Oracle Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation "Oracle Corporation") [Salesforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesforce "Salesforce") [SAP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP "SAP") [ServiceNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ServiceNow "ServiceNow") \| \| E-commerce \| [Amazon.com]() [Apple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") [Booking Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booking_Holdings "Booking Holdings") [Coupang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupang "Coupang") [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") [Expedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedia "Expedia") [Flipkart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipkart "Flipkart") [Groupon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupon "Groupon") [JD.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD.com "JD.com") [Lazada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazada_Group "Lazada Group") [Mercado Libre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercado_Libre "Mercado Libre") [PDD Holdings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo "Pinduoduo") [Rakuten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakuten "Rakuten") [Shopee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopee "Shopee") [Shopify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopify "Shopify") [Suning.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suning.com "Suning.com") [Trip.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip.com "Trip.com") [Uber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber "Uber") [Wayfair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayfair "Wayfair") [Zalando](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalando "Zalando") \| \| Media \| [Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. "Bloomberg L.P.") [BuzzFeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed "BuzzFeed") [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance") [Disney Streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Streaming "Disney Streaming") [Kuaishou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaishou "Kuaishou") [Netflix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix,_Inc. "Netflix, Inc.") [Paramount Streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Streaming "Paramount Streaming") [Spotify](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotify "Spotify") [Warner Bros. Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery "Warner Bros. Discovery") \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dot-com_Bubble "Template:Dot-com Bubble") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dot-com_Bubble "Template talk:Dot-com Bubble") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dot-com_Bubble "Special:EditPage/Template:Dot-com Bubble")[Dot-com bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble") \| \| \| People \| [Daniel Aegerter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Aegerter "Daniel Aegerter") [Marc Andreessen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen "Marc Andreessen") [Bob Bernard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Bernard "Bob Bernard") [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") [Henry Blodget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Blodget "Henry Blodget") [James H. Clark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Clark "James H. Clark") [Cynthia Cooper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_$accountant$ "Cynthia Cooper (accountant)") [Bob Davis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Davis_$businessman$ "Bob Davis (businessman)") [Bernard Ebbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Ebbers "Bernard Ebbers") [David Filo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Filo "David Filo") [Charlie Gasparino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Gasparino "Charlie Gasparino") [Richard Grasso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grasso "Richard Grasso") [Alan Greenspan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Greenspan "Alan Greenspan") [Jack Grubman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Grubman "Jack Grubman") [Josh Harris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Harris_$entrepreneur$ "Josh Harris (entrepreneur)") [Jeff Hawkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins "Jeff Hawkins") [Howard Jonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Jonas "Howard Jonas") [Gerry Kearby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Kearby "Gerry Kearby") [Timothy Koogle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Koogle "Timothy Koogle") [Kenneth Lay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Lay "Kenneth Lay") [Arthur Levitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Levitt "Arthur Levitt") [Mary Meeker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Meeker "Mary Meeker") [PayPal Mafia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal_Mafia "PayPal Mafia") [Kevin O'Leary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary "Kevin O'Leary") [Jason Olim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Olim "Jason Olim") [Stephan Paternot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Paternot "Stephan Paternot") [Jim Rutt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Rutt "Jim Rutt") [Michael J. Saylor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Saylor "Michael J. Saylor") [Jeffrey Skilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Skilling "Jeffrey Skilling") [Eliot Spitzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer "Eliot Spitzer") [Scott D. Sullivan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_D._Sullivan "Scott D. Sullivan") [Kaleil Isaza Tuzman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleil_Isaza_Tuzman "Kaleil Isaza Tuzman") [Julie Wainwright](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Wainwright "Julie Wainwright") [Jerry Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Yang "Jerry Yang") \| \| Companies \| [3Com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3Com "3Com") [360networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360networks "360networks") [AboveNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AboveNet "AboveNet") [Actua Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actua_Corporation "Actua Corporation") [Airspan Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspan_Networks "Airspan Networks") [Akamai Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akamai_Technologies "Akamai Technologies") [Alteon WebSystems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alteon_WebSystems "Alteon WebSystems") [Amazon]() [America Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL "AOL") [Arthur Andersen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Andersen "Arthur Andersen") [Ask Jeeves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ask.com "Ask.com") [Blue Coat Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Coat_Systems "Blue Coat Systems") [Boo.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo.com "Boo.com") [Books-A-Million](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books-A-Million "Books-A-Million") [Broadband Sports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Sports "Broadband Sports") [Broadcast.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast.com "Broadcast.com") [CDNow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDNow "CDNow") [Chemdex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemdex "Chemdex") [CMGI Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Connect "Steel Connect") [Cobalt Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_Networks "Cobalt Networks") [Commerce One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_One "Commerce One") [Covad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covad "Covad") [Cyberian Outpost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberian_Outpost "Cyberian Outpost") [CyberRebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyberRebate "CyberRebate") [Digex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digex "Digex") [Digital Convergence Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CueCat "CueCat") [Digital Insight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Insight "Digital Insight") [Divine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine,_Inc. "Divine, Inc.") [DoubleClick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick "DoubleClick") [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") [eGain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGain "EGain") [Egghead Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egghead_Software "Egghead Software") [Enron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron "Enron") [Epidemic Marketing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic_Marketing "Epidemic Marketing") [Excite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excite_$web_portal$ "Excite (web portal)") [Flooz.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooz.com "Flooz.com") [Freei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freei "Freei") [Gadzoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadzoox "Gadzoox") [GeoCities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoCities "GeoCities") [Global Crossing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Crossing "Global Crossing") [govWorks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GovWorks "GovWorks") [Handspring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handspring,_Inc. "Handspring, Inc.") [Healtheon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healtheon "Healtheon") [HomeGrocer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeGrocer "HomeGrocer") [HotBot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HotBot "HotBot") [Infoseek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infoseek "Infoseek") [InfoSpace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoSpace "InfoSpace") [Inktomi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inktomi "Inktomi") [Interactive Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Intelligence "Interactive Intelligence") [Internet America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_America "Internet America") [iVillage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVillage "IVillage") [iWon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IWon "IWon") [Kozmo.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmo.com "Kozmo.com") [lastminute.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastminute.com "Lastminute.com") [The Learning Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Company "The Learning Company") [Liquid Audio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Audio "Liquid Audio") [LookSmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LookSmart "LookSmart") [Lycos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycos "Lycos") [Angelfire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelfire "Angelfire") [Tripod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_$web_hosting$ "Tripod (web hosting)") [MarchFirst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarchFirst "MarchFirst") [Merrill Lynch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_$company$ "Merrill (company)") [MicroStrategy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroStrategy "MicroStrategy") [Net2Phone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net2Phone "Net2Phone") [NetBank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBank "NetBank") [Netscape](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape "Netscape") [Network Solutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Solutions "Network Solutions") [NorthPoint Communications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorthPoint_Communications "NorthPoint Communications") [OmniSky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniSky "OmniSky") [Palm, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc. "Palm, Inc.") [PayPal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PayPal "PayPal") [Pets.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pets.com "Pets.com") [PFSweb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFSweb "PFSweb") [Pixelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixelon "Pixelon") [PLX Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PLX_Technology "PLX Technology") [Prodigy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy_$online_service$ "Prodigy (online service)") [Pseudo.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo.com "Pseudo.com") [Radvision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radvision "Radvision") [Razorfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razorfish_$company$ "Razorfish (company)") [Redback Networks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redback_Networks "Redback Networks") [Register.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register.com "Register.com") [Ritmoteca.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmoteca.com "Ritmoteca.com") [Savvis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savvis "Savvis") [Scout Electromedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_Electromedia "Scout Electromedia") [modo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_$wireless_device$ "Modo (wireless device)") [Terra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_$company$ "Terra (company)") [theGlobe.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGlobe.com "TheGlobe.com") [Think Tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Tools "Think Tools") [TIBCO Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIBCO_Software "TIBCO Software") [Tradex Technologies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradex_Technologies "Tradex Technologies") [Transmeta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmeta "Transmeta") [uBid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBid "UBid") [United Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Online "United Online") [USinternetworking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USinternetworking "USinternetworking") [UUNET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUNET "UUNET") [VA Linux Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeknet "Geeknet") [Verio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verio "Verio") [VerticalNet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VerticalNet "VerticalNet") [Vignette Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignette_Corporation "Vignette Corporation") [WebChat Broadcasting System](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebChat_Broadcasting_System "WebChat Broadcasting System") [Websense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcepoint "Forcepoint") [Webvan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webvan "Webvan") [WorldCom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCI_Inc. "MCI Inc.") [World Online](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Online "World Online") [Yahoo\!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo! "Yahoo!") \| \| History \| [Enron scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron_scandal "Enron scandal") [Irrational exuberance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_exuberance "Irrational exuberance") [Sarbanes–Oxley Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act "Sarbanes–Oxley Act") [Telecoms crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecoms_crash "Telecoms crash") [Trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_of_Kenneth_Lay_and_Jeffrey_Skilling "Trial of Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling") [WorldCom scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCom_scandal "WorldCom scandal") \| \| Publications \| [Blood on the Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_on_the_Street "Blood on the Street") [Conspiracy of Fools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_of_Fools "Conspiracy of Fools") [The Industry Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industry_Standard "The Industry Standard") [The PayPal Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_PayPal_Wars "The PayPal Wars") \| \| Broadcast media \| [e-Dreams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Dreams "E-Dreams") [Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enron:_The_Smartest_Guys_in_the_Room "Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room") [Startup.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup.com "Startup.com") [Valley of the Boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Boom "Valley of the Boom") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png) [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dot-com_bubble "Category:Dot-com bubble") \| \| \| [Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control "Help:Authority control") [![Edit this at Wikidata](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png)](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884#identifiers "Edit this at Wikidata") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| International \| [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000103167795) [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/173278077) [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/10177530-1) [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/752301) \| \| National \| [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99285360) [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13752028p) [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13752028p) [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00817133) [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa2011619766&CON_LNG=ENG) [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX270019) [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/6020732) [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000249411&P_CON_LNG=ENG) [Croatia](http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000333739&local_base=nsk10) [Sweden](https://libris.kb.se/6nfxh4t64jzrf7ds) [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810639205205606) [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007526334905171) [Catalonia](https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517925706706) \| \| Academics \| [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15674722?l=en) \| \| Other \| [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/079268455) [MusicBrainz label](https://musicbrainz.org/label/11076740-0966-4c19-ac63-98e3d580be4c) [ELMCIP](https://elmcip.net/node/17765) [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/1d59d727-5396-4884-ad7d-0f1a9490559b) \| ![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1) Retrieved from "<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amazon_(company)&oldid=1345024237>" [Categories](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category "Help:Category"): - 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Readable Markdown	\| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amazon_2024.svg/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_2024.svg) \| \| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg/250px-Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out%2C_June_2015.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Tower_I_topped_out,_June_2015.jpg)[Doppler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_$building$ "Doppler (building)"), home to Amazon's corporate headquarters \| \| \| [Trade name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name "Trade name") \| Amazon \| \| Formerly \| Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995) \| \| Company type \| [Public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company") \| \| [Traded as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol "Ticker symbol") \| [Nasdaq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq "Nasdaq"): [AMZN](https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn) [Nasdaq-100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasdaq-100 "Nasdaq-100") component [DJIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJIA "DJIA") component [S\&P 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_100 "S&P 100") component [S\&P 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500 "S&P 500") component \| \| [ISIN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number "International Securities Identification Number") \| [US0231351067](https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US0231351067) \| \| Industry \| [Conglomerate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_$company$ "Conglomerate (company)") \| \| Founded \| July 5, 1994; 31 years ago, in [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"), U.S. \| \| Founder \| [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") \| \| Headquarters \| [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), Washington, and [Arlington County, Virginia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia "Arlington County, Virginia"), U.S. \| \| Area served \| Worldwide \| \| Key people \| [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") ([executive chairman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_$officer$ "Chair (officer)")) [Andy Jassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jassy "Andy Jassy") ([president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_$corporate_title$ "President (corporate title)") and [CEO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer "Chief executive officer")) \| \| Products \| [Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo "Amazon Echo") [Fire Tablet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") [Fire TV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV "Amazon Fire TV") [Fire OS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_OS "Fire OS") [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") \| \| Services \| Amazon.com [Amazon Alexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa "Amazon Alexa") [Amazon Luna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Luna "Amazon Luna") [Amazon Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music") [Amazon Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pay "Amazon Pay") [Amazon Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime") [Amazon Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video") [Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios") [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [MGM+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%2B "MGM+") [One Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Medical "One Medical") [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") \| \| Revenue \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$716.9 billion (2025) \| \| [Operating income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes "Earnings before interest and taxes") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$79.98 billion (2025) \| \| [Net income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_income "Net income") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$77.67 billion (2025) \| \| [Total assets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset "Asset") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$818.0 billion (2025) \| \| [Total equity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_$finance$ "Equity (finance)") \| ![Increase](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png) US\$411.1 billion (2025) \| \| Owner \| Jeff Bezos (8.92%) \| \| Number of employees \| 1,576,000 (2025) \| \| [Subsidiaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary "Subsidiary") \| List [AbeBooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AbeBooks "AbeBooks") [Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com "Amazon.com") [Amazon Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Air "Amazon Air") [Amazon Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Books "Amazon Books") [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") [Amazon Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Games "Amazon Games") [Amazon Lab126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lab126 "Amazon Lab126") [Amazon Leo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Leo "Amazon Leo") [Amazon Logistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Logistics "Amazon Logistics") [Amazon Pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pharmacy "Amazon Pharmacy") [Amazon Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Publishing "Amazon Publishing") [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") [Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios") [AWS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") [Blink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_Home "Blink Home") [Body Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Labs "Body Labs") Brilliance Audio [Eero LLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_$wireless_networking_brand$ "Eero (wireless networking brand)") [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb "IMDb") [PillPack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PillPack "PillPack") [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") [Twitch Interactive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_Interactive "Twitch Interactive") [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") [Woot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woot "Woot") [Zappos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappos "Zappos") [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_$company$ "Zoox (company)") \| \| Website \| [amazon.com](https://www.amazon.com/) \| \| Footnotes / references [\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10K-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-4) \| \| Amazon.com, Inc.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10K-1) ([doing business as](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as "Doing business as") Amazon)[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-5) is an American multinational technology company engaged in [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce"), [cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing"), [online advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising "Online advertising"), [digital streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_streaming "Digital streaming"), and [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence").[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-6) Founded in 1994 by [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") in [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"),[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-7) the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as "The Everything Store".[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-8) Amazon has been described as a [Big Tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech "Big Tech") company.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-9) It is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping [retailer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retailer "Retailer") and [marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace "Marketplace"), best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells [books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books "Books"), [electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics "Electronics"), [pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy "Pharmacy"), [car parts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_parts "Car parts"), [video games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games "Video games"), [dining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining "Dining"), [jewelry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewelry "Jewelry"), [food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food "Food"), [music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music "Music"), and [sports equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment "Sports equipment").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10) The company has multiple subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") (AWS), providing cloud computing; [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_$company$ "Zoox (company)"), a [self-driving car](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car "Self-driving car") division; [Kuiper Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Systems "Kuiper Systems"), a satellite Internet provider; and [Amazon Lab126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lab126 "Amazon Lab126"), a computer hardware [R\&D](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26D "R&D") provider. Other subsidiaries include [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)"), [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)"), [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb "IMDb"), and [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market"). Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US\$13\.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a [physical retailer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_retailer "Physical retailer").[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-wf-11) Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its [Amazon Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video"), [MGM+](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM%2B "MGM+"), [Amazon Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music"), Twitch, [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") and [Wondery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wondery "Wondery")[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-12) units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, [Amazon Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Publishing "Amazon Publishing"), produces and distributes film and television content through [Amazon MGM Studios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_MGM_Studios "Amazon MGM Studios"), including the [Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer") studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute [audiobooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook "Audiobook"), respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") e-readers, [Echo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Echo "Amazon Echo") devices, [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") tablets, and [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire_TV "Amazon Fire TV") TVs. Amazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-13)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-14)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-15)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-16) As of 2023, it is the world's largest [online retailer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_retailer "Online retailer") and [marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_marketplace "Online marketplace"), [smart speaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_speaker "Smart speaker") provider, cloud computing service through AWS,[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-17) [live-streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-streaming "Live-streaming") service through Twitch, and [Internet company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Internet_companies "List of largest Internet companies") as measured by revenue and market share.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-18) In 2021, it surpassed [Walmart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart "Walmart") as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, [Amazon Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime"), which has 200 million subscribers worldwide.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-19)[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-20) It is the [second-largest private employer in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_United_States%E2%80%93based_employers_globally "List of largest United States–based employers globally")[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-21) and the [second-largest company in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue "List of largest companies by revenue") and [in the U.S.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_the_United_States_by_revenue "List of largest companies in the United States by revenue") by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-22) As of October 2024, Amazon is the [12th-most visited website in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_websites "List of most-visited websites") and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-23)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto5-24) [Amazon has been criticized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Amazon "Criticism of Amazon") for its business practices, including [surveillance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance "Surveillance") partnerships, poor worker conditions, [anti-union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_busting "Union busting") efforts, [environmental harm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation "Environmental degradation"), [anti-competitive behavior](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices "Anti-competitive practices"), [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship "Censorship") controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers. History 1994–2009 [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg/250px-Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue%2C_Washington_-_exterior.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon%27s_founding_site_in_Bellevue,_Washington_-_exterior.jpg) Jeff Bezos's home in [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"), where the company was founded in 1994 On July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as "Cadabra" by [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos"), after he relocated from [New York City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City "New York City") to [Bellevue, Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington "Bellevue, Washington"), near [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") and the [University of Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington "University of Washington"), as well as its smaller population for [sales tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_tax "Sales tax") purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in [Roseburg, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon "Roseburg, Oregon"). Other options Bezos considered included [Portland, Oregon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon "Portland, Oregon"), and [Boulder, Colorado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado "Boulder, Colorado").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25) A few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-26) On July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-SeattleTimes-25-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-27) Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-28) In May 1997, Amazon went [public](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_company "Public company").[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999b-30) In 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999a-29)[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-anders1999b-30) In 2002, the company launched [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build [web applications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application "Web application") on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-31)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-32) In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-33) AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with [Simple Storage Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_S3 "Amazon S3") (S3) in 2006,[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-34) and [Elastic Compute Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud "Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud") (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-35) In 2006, Amazon launched the Fulfillment by Amazon program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36) 2010–present Amazon purchased the [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") supermarket chain in 2017.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-37) It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US\$178 billion [net sales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales_$accounting$#Gross_sales_and_net_sales "Sales (accounting)") in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-38) Amazon saw large growth during the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), hiring more than 100,000 staff in the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") and [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada "Canada").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-39) Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to "run normal shifts" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto-40)[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-FTMarch19-41) In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-BBCMarch31-42) while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-TheVergeMarch31-43) On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS [Andy Jassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jassy "Andy Jassy") replacing him as CEO.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-44)[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-45) In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-46) On November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") to sell approximately 50 million [shares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Share_$finance$ "Share (finance)") of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about \$2 billion.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-47) On February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average").[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-48) On December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the [International Brotherhood of Teamsters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Teamsters "International Brotherhood of Teamsters") labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-49)[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-50) On October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-51) As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-52) In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce [bureaucracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureaucracy "Bureaucracy"), and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of [artificial intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence") technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-53)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-54)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-55) In January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested \$475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-56) In January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to \$50 billion.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-57) Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-58) In January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to [AI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence "Artificial intelligence").[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-59) In February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest \$12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-60) According to an analysis by [Bridgewater Associates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgewater_Associates "Bridgewater Associates"), Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about \$650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-61) In March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-62) Products and services Amazon.com \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amazon_2024.svg/250px-Amazon_2024.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_2024.svg)Logo since November 2024 \| \| \| Screenshot [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon.com_screenshot.jpeg) Homepage \| \| \| Type of site \| [E-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") \| \| Available in \| Arabic Chinese Dutch English French German Hindi Italian Japanese Polish Portuguese Spanish Swedish Turkish \| \| Owner \| Amazon \| \| URL \| [amazon.com](http://amazon.com/) (original US site) \| \| Commercial \| Yes \| \| Registration \| Optional \| \| Launched \| 1995; 31 years ago \| \| Current status \| Active \| \| Written in \| [C++](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B "C++") and [Java](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_$programming_language$ "Java (programming language)") \| \| [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-63) \| \| Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media ([books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book "Book"), movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, [consumer electronics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics "Consumer electronics"), [beauty products](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics "Cosmetics"), gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [jewelry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery "Jewellery"), watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [sporting goods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_equipment "Sports equipment"), tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm [supplies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrochemical "Agrochemical")[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-64) and [consulting services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agronomy "Agronomy").[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-Rai-65) Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-66) Visits to amazon.com grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-67) to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto5-24) In February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, "Rufus" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-68) "Rufus" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-69) Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) The company's [localized](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization "Internationalization and localization") storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [top-level domain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain "Top-level domain") and [country code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code "Country code"): [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg/500px-Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide.svg) Amazon Marketplaces worldwide Top-Level Domain Served by neighboring Domain \| Country \| share \| \|---\|---\| \| United States \| 69\.3% \| \| Germany \| 6\.5% \| \| United Kingdom \| 5\.8% \| \| Japan \| 4\.8% \| \| Other \| 13\.6% \| \| Region \| Country \| [Domain name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name "Domain name") \| Since \| Languages \| Notes \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| Africa \| Egypt \| amazon[.eg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eg ".eg") \| September 2021 \| Arabic, English \| Formerly known as [Souq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq.com "Souq.com") Egypt \| \| South Africa \| amazon.co[.za](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.za ".za") \| May 2024 \| English \| \| \| \| Americas \| Brazil \| amazon.com[.br](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.br ".br") \| December 2012 \| Portuguese \| \| \| Canada \| amazon[.ca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ca ".ca") \| June 2002 \| English, French \| \| \| \| Mexico \| amazon.com[.mx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mx ".mx") \| August 2013 \| Spanish \| \| \| \| United States \| amazon[.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.com ".com") \| July 1995 \| English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional) \| International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the [Kindle Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindle_Store "Kindle Store") on Amazon US.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-buy-ebooks-on-amazon-us-72) \| \| \| Asia \| China \| amazon[.cn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.cn ".cn") \| September 2004 \| Chinese (Simplified) \| Formerly known as [Joyo.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyo.com "Joyo.com") CHN \| \| India \| amazon[.in](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.in ".in") \| June 2013 \| English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi \| \| \| \| Japan \| amazon.co[.jp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.jp ".jp") \| November 2000 \| Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified) \| \| \| \| Saudi Arabia \| amazon[.sa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sa ".sa") \| June 2020 \| Arabic, English \| Formerly known as [Souq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq.com "Souq.com") KSA \| \| \| Singapore \| amazon[.sg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sg ".sg") \| July 2017 \| English \| \| \| \| Turkey \| amazon.com[.tr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.tr ".tr") \| September 2018 \| Turkish \| \| \| \| United Arab Emirates \| amazon[.ae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ae ".ae") \| May 2019 \| Arabic, English \| Formerly known as [Souq.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq.com "Souq.com") UAE \| \| \| Europe \| Belgium \| amazon.com[.be](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.be ".be") \| October 2022 \| Dutch, French, English \| \| \| France \| amazon[.fr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.fr ".fr") \| August 2000 \| French, English \| \| \| \| Germany \| amazon[.de](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de ".de") \| October 1998 \| German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish \| Also serves Austria,[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-73) Denmark[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-74) and Switzerland[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-75) \| \| \| Ireland \| amazon[.ie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ie ".ie") \| March 2025 \| English \| \| \| \| Italy \| amazon[.it](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.it ".it") \| November 2010 \| Italian, English \| \| \| \| Netherlands \| amazon[.nl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.nl ".nl") \| November 2014 \| Dutch, English \| Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-76) \| \| \| Poland \| amazon[.pl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.pl ".pl") \| March 2021 \| Polish \| \| \| \| Spain \| amazon[.es](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.es ".es") \| September 2011 \| Spanish, Portuguese, English \| Also serves Portugal[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-77) \| \| \| Sweden \| amazon[.se](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.se ".se") \| October 2020 \| Swedish, English \| \| \| \| United Kingdom \| amazon.co[.uk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.uk ".uk") \| October 1998 \| English \| \| \| \| Oceania \| Australia \| amazon.com[.au](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.au ".au") \| November 2017 \| English \| Also serves New Zealand[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-78) \| Merchant partnerships In 2000, US toy retailer [Toys "R" Us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toys_%22R%22_Us "Toys \"R\" Us") entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at \$50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded \$51 million in damages.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-79)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-80)[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-81) In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_$retailer$ "Borders (retailer)"), under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-82) Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-83) On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [DC Comics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics "DC Comics") for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including [Superman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman "Superman"), [Batman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman "Batman"), [Green Lantern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Lantern "Green Lantern"), [Sandman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandman_$comics$ "Sandman (comics)"), and [Watchmen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen "Watchmen"). The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like [Barnes & Noble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble "Barnes & Noble") to remove these titles from their shelves.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-84) In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [United States Postal Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [Greater Los Angeles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles "Greater Los Angeles") and [New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area "New York metropolitan area") because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [Dallas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas "Dallas"), [Houston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston"), [New Orleans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans "New Orleans") and [Phoenix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona "Phoenix, Arizona") by 2014.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-85) In June 2017, [Nike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. "Nike, Inc.") agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-86)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-CNBC-87) This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-CNBC-87)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-88) Companies including [IKEA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA "IKEA") and [Birkenstock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenstock "Birkenstock") also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-89) In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US\$104.44 million ([₹](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee "Indian rupee")759 [crore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crore "Crore")) in financial year 2017–2018.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-90) As of October 11, 2017, [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") sold a range of [Booths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booths "Booths") branded products for home delivery in selected areas.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-91) In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [Apple Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. "Apple Inc.") to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-92)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-93) On November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup [Anthropic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic "Anthropic"), following its initial \$4 billion investment.[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-94) On 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-95) Private-label products [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg/250px-Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Basics_USB_cable.jpg) Amazon Basics USB cable Amazon sells many products under its [own brand names](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_label "Private label"), including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-96) Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-97) Third-party sellers Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-98) Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-99) Affiliate program Publishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-100) In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after [Google Ads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads "Google Ads").[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-101) It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-102) Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") (AWS) [XML](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML "XML") service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-103) Product reviews Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [rating scale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_scale "Rating scale") from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "...the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-104) When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose".[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-105) There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") companies on behalf of their clients[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-106) and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works. Amazon sales rank The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-107) While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-107) Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-108) For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [point of sale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale "Point of sale") data via the [BookScan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BookScan "BookScan") service to verified authors.[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-109) While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-110) though Amazon states: > Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources — Amazon.com Help[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-111) Physical stores [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg/250px-Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_%2852626225962%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Fresh_Shop_Sevenoaks_$52626225962$.jpg) [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") store in [Sevenoaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks "Sevenoaks"), [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical [Amazon Books](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Books "Amazon Books") store in [University Village](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Village,_Seattle "University Village, Seattle") in [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"). The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:1-112) Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-113) media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:1-112) All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the "Amazon 4-Star" brand.[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-114) In July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in [Palmer Township](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Township,_Pennsylvania "Palmer Township, Pennsylvania") in the [Lehigh Valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley "Lehigh Valley") region of eastern [Pennsylvania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania "Pennsylvania"). As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-115)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-116) In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco"), as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-117) In 2020, [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") opened several physical stores in the US and the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom").[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-118) In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-119) Hardware and services [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg/250px-Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kindle_Fire_tablet_HD_8_Plus_-_2.jpg) [Amazon Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") tablet Amazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant [Alexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Alexa "Amazon Alexa"), [Amazon Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Music "Amazon Music"), and [Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video") for music and videos respectively, the [Amazon Appstore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Appstore "Amazon Appstore") for Android apps, the [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle") line of [electronic paper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper "Electronic paper") e-readers, [Fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fire "Amazon Fire") and [Fire HD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_HD "Fire HD") color [LCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display "Liquid-crystal display") tablets. [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)") provides audiobooks for purchase and listening. In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of [Astro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Astro "Amazon Astro"), its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-120) In January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. [Amazon Prime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime "Amazon Prime") members to pay a \$5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as [Medicare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicare_$United_States$ "Medicare (United States)") and [Medicaid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid "Medicaid") will not be able to sign up for RXPass.[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-121) Subsidiaries Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services"), [Audible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audible_$service$ "Audible (service)"), [Diapers.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapers.com "Diapers.com"), [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads"), [IMDb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb "IMDb"), Kiva Systems (now [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics")), [One Medical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Medical "One Medical"), [Shopbop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopbop "Shopbop"), Teachstreet, [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)"), [Zappos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zappos "Zappos"), and [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox_$company$ "Zoox (company)").[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-122) Bezos separately owns [The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post "The Washington Post") (through Nash Holdings, LLC), [Blue Origin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin "Blue Origin"), [Bezos Expeditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezos_Expeditions "Bezos Expeditions"), [Altos Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altos_Labs "Altos Labs"), and other companies. Amazon Live \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Amazon_Live_logo.png/250px-Amazon_Live_logo.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Live_logo.png) \| \| \| Type of site \| [Online video platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_video_platform "Online video platform") \| \| Headquarters \| 98109, WA [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle "Seattle"), Washington, United States \| \| Owner \| [Amazon Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Inc. "Amazon Inc.") \| \| Industry \| [E-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") Live streaming \| \| [Parent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company "Holding company") \| [Amazon Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Inc. "Amazon Inc.") \| \| Launched \| 2019; 7 years ago \| Amazon Live is an American video [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123) Users (mainly celebrities or [Internet influencers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influencer "Influencer")) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-AmazonLive-123) In 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and [application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app"). In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into [Amazon Freevee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freevee "Amazon Freevee") and [Amazon Prime Video](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video "Amazon Prime Video").[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-124) Amazon Web Services [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg/250px-AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston%2C_Texas_%2846600198075%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AWS_-_Amazon_Web_Services_Office_in_Houston,_Texas_$46600198075$.jpg) [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services"), [HOU-14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston "Houston") Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides [on-demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service "Software as a service") [cloud computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing") [platforms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform "Computing platform") and [APIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API "API") to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing [web services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service "Web service") provide [distributed computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing "Distributed computing") processing capacity and software tools via AWS [server farms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_farm "Server farm"). As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors [Microsoft Azure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Azure "Microsoft Azure") and [Google Cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform "Google Cloud Platform") have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to [Synergy Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synergy_Group "Synergy Group").[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-125) Audible Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [audiobooks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook "Audiobook"), [radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_program "Radio program") and [television programs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show "Television show"), and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about \$300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-126) Goodreads [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") is a "[social cataloging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cataloging_application "Social cataloging application")" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:0-127) Ring Ring is a [home automation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation "Home automation") company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") powered [smart doorbells](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_doorbell "Smart doorbell"), but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US\$1 billion in 2018.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-128) Twitch [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg/250px-E3_%E2%80%93_2014_%2823113432796%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E3_%E2%80%93_2014_$23113432796$.jpg) [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") at the [Electronic Entertainment Expo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E3 "E3") [Twitch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_$service$ "Twitch (service)") is a [live streaming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_streaming "Live streaming") platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for \$970 million.[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-129) The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [esports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports "Esports") competitions on the service, leading [GameSpot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot "GameSpot") senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the [ESPN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN "ESPN") of esports".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-130) As of 2015, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-131) Whole Foods Market [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG/250px-Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whole_Foods_Market_Cranbrook_Village_Ann_Arbor_Michigan.JPG) [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") store in [Ann Arbor, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan "Ann Arbor, Michigan") [Whole Foods Market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market "Whole Foods Market") is an American [supermarket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket "Supermarket") [chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_store "Chain store") exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-132) Amazon acquired Whole Foods for \$13.7 billion in August 2017.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-134)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-wf-11) Since acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of [Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations. Other Other Amazon subsidiaries include: - [A9.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A9.com "A9.com"), a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-135) - [Amazon Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Academy "Amazon Academy"), formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021 - Amazon Maritime, Inc. holds a [Federal Maritime Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Maritime_Commission "Federal Maritime Commission") license to operate as a [non-vessel-owning common carrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_forwarder "Freight forwarder") (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-136) - [Amazon Pharmacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pharmacy "Amazon Pharmacy") is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-137) - [Annapurna Labs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annapurna_Labs "Annapurna Labs"), an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US\$350–370M acquired by [Amazon Web Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services "Amazon Web Services") in January 2015 .[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-reut_Amaz-138)[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-extr_Amaz-139)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-140) - Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services, which applied for a [freight forwarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_forwarder "Freight forwarder") license with the [US Maritime Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Maritime_Commission "Federal Maritime Commission"). Amazon is also building out its logistics in [trucking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States "Trucking industry in the United States") and [air freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cargo "Air cargo") to potentially compete with [UPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service") and [FedEx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FedEx "FedEx").[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-142) - Brilliance Audio, an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [Grand Haven, Michigan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Haven,_Michigan "Grand Haven, Michigan").[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-brilliance-143) The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-144)[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-gigaom-145) At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-gigaom-145) It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-blake-146) The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-blake-146) It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-blake-146) - [ComiXology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComiXology "ComiXology"), a [cloud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing "Cloud computing")\-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-147) - [CreateSpace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CreateSpace "CreateSpace"), which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-148)[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-149) - [eero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_$wireless_networking_brand$ "Eero (wireless networking brand)"), an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking [Wi-Fi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi "Wi-Fi") founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-150) Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US\$97 million.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-151) Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-152) - Health Navigator is a startup developing [APIs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface "Application programming interface") for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [PillPack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PillPack "PillPack") for under \$1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-153) - Junglee, a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-154) Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-155) as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-156) - [Kuiper Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Systems "Kuiper Systems"), a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [broadband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband "Broadband") [satellite internet constellation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_internet_constellation "Satellite internet constellation") with an announced 3,236 [Low Earth orbit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit "Low Earth orbit") [satellites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite "Satellite") to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-cnbc20190404-157)[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-sn20190404-158)[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-ars20190708-159) - [Lab126](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Lab126 "Amazon Lab126"), developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [Kindle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Kindle "Amazon Kindle"), became a subsidiary in 2004.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-160) - Shelfari, a former [social cataloging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cataloging_application "Social cataloging application") website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [tag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_$metadata$ "Tag (metadata)") and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:0-127) Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads") and closing down Shelfari.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-161)[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-162) - [Souq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souq_$company$ "Souq (company)"), the former largest [e-commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce "E-commerce") platform in the [Arab world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world "Arab world"). The company launched in 2005 in [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai "Dubai"), [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates "United Arab Emirates") and served multiple areas across the Middle East.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-163) On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for \$580 million.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-164) The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-165) - [Zoox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoox "Zoox"), Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-166) Amazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four [small nuclear reactors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_modular_reactor "Small modular reactor") at the [Xe-100 reactor site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Xe-100_reactor_site "Washington Xe-100 reactor site") in Eastern [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_$state$ "Washington (state)"), and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta "Alberta").[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-167) Operations Logistics [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg/250px-Amazon_Logistics%2C_Borgstedt_%28APC_0067%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Logistics,_Borgstedt_$APC_0067$.jpg) Amazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg/250px-Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_%2844155424640%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Prime_Delivery_Trucks_$44155424640$.jpg) Amazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in [Florida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida "Florida") Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include: - [Amazon Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Air "Amazon Air"), a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service. - Amazon Flex, a [smartphone app](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app "Mobile app") that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours [Prime Now](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Now "Prime Now"), same or next day [Amazon Fresh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Fresh "Amazon Fresh") groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-168) - [Amazon Freight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Freight "Amazon Freight"), a [freight brokerage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_brokerage "Freight brokerage") and logistics service[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-169) - Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-170) - [Amazon Prime Air](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Air "Amazon Prime Air") is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities. Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "Amazon Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-171) [Rakuten Intelligence](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rakuten_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1 "Rakuten Intelligence (page does not exist)") estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the [United States Postal Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service "United States Postal Service") (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [UPS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Parcel_Service "United Parcel Service").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-172) In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the [COVID-19 pandemic in the United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States "COVID-19 pandemic in the United States")).[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-173) Supply chain Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and [New Castle, Delaware](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware "New Castle, Delaware"). Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-174)[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-175) Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics").[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-176) In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-amazon-fulfill-press-36) - [![Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG/500px-Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_%2802%29.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lauwin-Planque_-_Lauwin-Park_$02$.JPG "Amazon.fr fulfillment center in Lauwin-Planque, France") Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [Lauwin-Planque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauwin-Planque "Lauwin-Planque"), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") - [![Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG/330px-Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_%28San_Fernando_de_Henares%29.JPG)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Espa%C3%B1a_por_dentro_$San_Fernando_de_Henares$.JPG "Amazon.es fulfillment center in San Fernando de Henares, Spain") Amazon.es fulfillment center in [San Fernando de Henares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_de_Henares "San Fernando de Henares"), [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") - [![Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg/330px-Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_warehouse_Glenrothes.jpg "Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in Glenrothes, Scotland, UK") Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [Glenrothes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenrothes "Glenrothes"), [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), [UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") - [![Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon.de_1204_-_panoramio.jpg "Amazon.de fulfillment center in Graben, Germany") Amazon.de fulfillment center in [Graben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben,_Bavaria "Graben, Bavaria"), [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") - [![Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg/250px-AmazonIchikawaFC_%2878316917%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmazonIchikawaFC_$78316917$.jpg "Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in Ichikawa, Japan") Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [Ichikawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichikawa,_Chiba "Ichikawa, Chiba"), [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan "Japan") - [![Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg/330px-Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_%2836490655883%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larry_Hogan_tours_Amazon_warehouse_in_Maryland_$36490655883$.jpg "Amazon.co fulfillment center in Baltimore, Maryland, US featuring Amazon Robotics") Amazon.co fulfillment center in [Baltimore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore "Baltimore"), Maryland, [US](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States "United States") featuring [Amazon Robotics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Robotics "Amazon Robotics") Corporate affairs Board of directors [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_%28cropped%29.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeff_Bezos_Unveils_Blue_Origin_Lunar_Lander_$cropped$.jpg) Amazon founder [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") in 2019 As of August 2025, Amazon's board of directors were:[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-177) - [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos"), executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc. - [Andy Jassy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Jassy "Andy Jassy"), president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc. - [Keith B. Alexander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_B._Alexander "Keith B. Alexander"), CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former [NSA director](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_National_Security_Agency "Director of the National Security Agency") - Edith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") - [Jamie Gorelick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick "Jamie Gorelick"), partner, [Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmer_Cutler_Pickering_Hale_and_Dorr "Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr") - [Daniel Huttenlocher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Huttenlocher "Daniel Huttenlocher"), [dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_$education$ "Dean (education)") of the [MIT Schwarzman College of Computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Schwarzman_College_of_Computing "MIT Schwarzman College of Computing"). - [Andrew Ng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ng "Andrew Ng"), co-founder, [Coursera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coursera "Coursera") - [Indra Nooyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra_Nooyi "Indra Nooyi"), former CEO, [PepsiCo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PepsiCo "PepsiCo") - [Jon Rubinstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein "Jon Rubinstein"), former chairman and CEO, [Palm, Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm,_Inc. "Palm, Inc.") - [Brad D. Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_D._Smith "Brad D. Smith"), president, [Marshall University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_University "Marshall University") - [Patty Stonesifer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Stonesifer "Patty Stonesifer"), president and CEO, [Martha's Table](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%27s_Table "Martha's Table") - [Wendell Weeks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Weeks "Wendell Weeks"), chairman, president and CEO, [Corning Inc.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_Inc. "Corning Inc.") Ownership The 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:2-71) \| Shareholder name \| Percentage \| \|---\|---\| \| [Jeff Bezos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos "Jeff Bezos") \| 9\.04% \| \| [The Vanguard Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group "The Vanguard Group") \| 7\.96% \| \| [BlackRock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackRock "BlackRock") \| 4\.93% \| \| [State Street Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Street_Corporation "State Street Corporation") \| 3\.5% \| \| [Fidelity Investments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelity_Investments "Fidelity Investments") \| 3\.22% \| \| [Geode Capital Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geode_Capital_Management "Geode Capital Management") \| 2\.03% \| \| [JP Morgan Investment Management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") \| 1\.81% \| \| [Eaton Vance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Vance "Eaton Vance") \| 1\.5% \| \| [T. Rowe Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._Rowe_Price "T. Rowe Price") \| 1\.48% \| \| BlackRock Life Ltd. \| 1\.45% \| \| Others \| 63\.04% \| Finances \| Business \| share \| \|---\|---\| \| Online Stores \| 40\.3% \| \| Third-party Seller Services \| 24\.4% \| \| Amazon Web Services \| 15\.8% \| \| Advertising \| 8\.2% \| \| Subscription Services \| 7\.0% \| \| Physical Stores \| 3\.5% \| \| Other \| 0\.9% \| Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-178) As of 2018, Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the [Fortune 500](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500 "Fortune 500") rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-179) In [Forbes Global 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000 "Forbes Global 2000") 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-180) For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US\$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US\$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Amazon's market capitalization went over US\$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-4Q_2020-181) \| Year \| Revenue[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-182) \| Net income \| Total Assets \| Employees \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| in million US\$ \| \| \| \| \| \| 1995[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto3-183) \| 0\.5 \| −0.3 \| 1\.1 \| \| \| 1996[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto3-183) \| 16 \| −6 \| 8 \| \| \| 1997[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto3-183) \| 148 \| −28 \| 149 \| 614 \| \| 1998[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 610 \| −124 \| 648 \| 2,100 \| \| 1999[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 1,639 \| −720 \| 2,466 \| 7,600 \| \| 2000[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 2,761 \| −1,411 \| 2,135 \| 9,000 \| \| 2001[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 3,122 \| −567 \| 1,638 \| 7,800 \| \| 2002[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto2-184) \| 3,932 \| −149 \| 1,990 \| 7,500 \| \| 2003[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 5,263 \| 35 \| 2,162 \| 7,800 \| \| 2004[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 6,921 \| 588 \| 3,248 \| 9,000 \| \| 2005[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 8,490 \| 359 \| 3,696 \| 12,000 \| \| 2006[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 10,711 \| 190 \| 4,363 \| 13,900 \| \| 2007[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto1-185) \| 14,835 \| 476 \| 6,485 \| 17,000 \| \| 2008[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-186) \| 19,166 \| 645 \| 8,314 \| 20,700 \| \| 2009[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-187) \| 24,509 \| 902 \| 13,813 \| 24,300 \| \| 2010[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-188) \| 34,204 \| 1,152 \| 18,797 \| 33,700 \| \| 2011[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-189) \| 48,077 \| 631 \| 25,278 \| 56,200 \| \| 2012[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-190) \| 61,093 \| −39 \| 32,555 \| 88,400 \| \| 2013[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-191) \| 74,452 \| 274 \| 40,159 \| 117,300 \| \| 2014[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-192) \| 88,988 \| −241 \| 54,505 \| 154,100 \| \| \| in billion US\$ \| \| \| \| \| 2015[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-193) \| 107\.0 \| 0\.59 \| 64\.7 \| 230,800 \| \| 2016[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-194) \| 135\.9 \| 2\.3 \| 83\.4 \| 341,400 \| \| 2017[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-195) \| 177\.8 \| 3\.0 \| 131\.3 \| 566,000 \| \| 2018[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-196) \| 232\.8 \| 10\.0 \| 162\.6 \| 647,500 \| \| 2019[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-197) \| 280\.5 \| 11\.5 \| 225\.2 \| 798,000 \| \| 2020[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-198) \| 386\.0 \| 21\.3 \| 321\.1 \| 1,298,000 \| \| 2021[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) \| 469\.8 \| 33\.3 \| 420\.5 \| 1,608,000 \| \| 2022[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2022-10K-199) \| 513\.9 \| −2.7 \| 462\.6 \| 1,541,000 \| \| 2023[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-2023-10K-200) \| 574\.7 \| 30\.4 \| 527\.8 \| 1,525,000 \| \| 2024[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-10K-1) \| 637\.9 \| 59\.2 \| 624\.8 \| 1,556,000 \| \| 2025[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-201) \| 716\.9 \| 77\.7 \| 818\.0 \| 1,576,000 \| Corporate culture During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of [Warren Buffett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett "Warren Buffett").[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:7-202) These annual letters gave an "invaluable window" into the famously "secretive" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:7-202)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-203) A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, "customer obsession") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-204) One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for "all teams" to "expose their data and functionality" through service interfaces "designed from the ground up to be externalizable". This process, commonly known as a [service-oriented architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture "Service-oriented architecture") (SOA), resulted in mandatory [dogfooding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_your_own_dog_food "Eating your own dog food") of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.\[[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")\] Amazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-205)[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-206)[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-207) to encourage employee initiative and experimentation. Lobbying Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [data protection](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_privacy "Information privacy") and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress "United States Congress"), the [Federal Communications Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission "Federal Communications Commission") and the [Federal Reserve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve "Federal Reserve"). Amazon.com spent roughly \$3.5 million, \$5 million and \$9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-208) In 2019, it spent \$16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-209) Amazon.com was a corporate member of the [American Legislative Exchange Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legislative_Exchange_Council "American Legislative Exchange Council") (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-210) In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [Federal Aviation Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration "Federal Aviation Administration") to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin_Gump_Strauss_Hauer_%26_Feld "Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld") lobbying firm in June.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-211) Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-212) In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-213) During the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated \$1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-214) In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the [White House Easter Egg Roll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_rolling#United_States "Egg rolling"), after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-215)[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-216) In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the [White House State Ballroom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_State_Ballroom "White House State Ballroom").[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-217) Amazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-218)[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-219) Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-220) A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-221)[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-222) Criticism [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg/250px-Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anti-Amazon_sticker.jpg) A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle Amazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-223) forming cloud computing partnerships with the [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency "Central Intelligence Agency");[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-vanity-fair-224) leading customers away from bookshops;[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-225) adversely impacting the environment;[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-Cavaillez-226) placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-227)[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-228) actively opposing unionization efforts;[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-229) remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [1-Click](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Click "1-Click") technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [price discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_discrimination "Price discrimination");[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-:6-230)[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-baum-231) and reclassifying [LGBTQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ "LGBTQ") books as adult content.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-232)[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-233) Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [WikiLeaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiLeaks "WikiLeaks") website, works containing [libel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation "Defamation"), anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating [dog fighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_fighting "Dog fighting"), [cockfighting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockfighting "Cockfighting"), or [pedophile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophilia "Pedophilia") activities. An article published by [Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_$magazine$ "Time (magazine)") in the wake of social media website [Parler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parler "Parler")'s termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-234) In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-235) Companies like [Groupon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupon "Groupon"), [eBay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay "EBay") and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering \$10 off from their products.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-236)[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-237) The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [Brad Stone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Stone_$journalist$ "Brad Stone (journalist)"), "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-New_Yorker-70) In July 2014, the [Federal Trade Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission "Federal Trade Commission") launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-238) In 2019, Amazon banned selling [skin-lightening](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_whitening "Skin whitening") products after pushback from [Minnesota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota "Minnesota") health and [environmental activists.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement "Environmental movement")[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-239) In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general [Letitia James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_James "Letitia James") was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-240) After the [COVID-19 pandemic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic "COVID-19 pandemic"), Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the [Biden Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden "Presidency of Joe Biden"), to "reduce the visibility" of books critical of the [COVID-19 vaccine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine "COVID-19 vaccine"),[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-241)[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-242) which was revealed after Rep. [Jim Jordan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jordan "Jim Jordan") (acting on behalf of the [House Judiciary Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary "United States House Committee on the Judiciary")) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-243) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg/250px-Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_Prime_van_blocking_bike_lane_at_CityCenterDC.jpg) An Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C. Amazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically [double parking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_parking "Double parking"), blocking [bike lanes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike_lane "Bike lane"), and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to [traffic congestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion "Traffic congestion") and endangering other road users.[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-244)[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-245)[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-246)[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-247) Jane Friedman[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-janefriedman/books-248) discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and [Goodreads](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads "Goodreads"). Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)."[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-janefriedman/rather-my-books-pirated-249)[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-arstechnica/2023/08/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon-250)[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-vice/v7b774-251)[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-washingtonpost/amazon-goodreads-252) In 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of [Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_$company$ "Ring (company)") (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto4-253) It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the [Electronic Frontier Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation "Electronic Frontier Foundation") for this change.[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-auto4-253) In February 2025, [Sky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_UK "Sky UK") accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via "jailbroken" Fire Sticks.[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-254) [Project Nimbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nimbus "Project Nimbus") is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide [Israel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel "Israel") and [its military](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces "Israel Defense Forces") with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-255)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-256) The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of [Palestinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians "Palestinians") human rights in the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict "Israeli–Palestinian conflict").[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-257) In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-258)[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-259) On July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire [San Francisco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco "San Francisco")\-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern [smartwatches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartwatch "Smartwatch"), equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-260) In January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a "Project Dawn" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_note-261) See also - [Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Breakthrough_Novel_Award "Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award") – Literary award - [Amazon Pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Pay "Amazon Pay") – Online purchase processing system - [Amazon Standard Identification Number](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number "Amazon Standard Identification Number") ( ASIN ) – Alphanumeric unique identifier - [Amazon Storywriter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Storywriter "Amazon Storywriter") – Cloud-based screenwriting app by Amazon - [Camelcamelcamel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelcamelcamel "Camelcamelcamel") – A website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com - [History of Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Amazon "History of Amazon") - [Internal carbon pricing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tax#Internal_price_on_carbon "Carbon tax") - [List of book distributors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_book_distributors "List of book distributors") - [Statistically improbable phrases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistically_improbable_phrase "Statistically improbable phrase") – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books References 1. 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Retrieved August 9, 2023. 252. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-auto4_253-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-auto4_253-1) ["Ring will no longer allow police to request users' doorbell camera footage"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240127172246/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage). [NPR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR "NPR"). Associated Press. January 27, 2024. Archived from [the original](https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage) on January 27, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2024. 253. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-254)* Dalleres, Frank (February 26, 2025). ["Sky accuses Amazon of failing to prevent piracy on Fire Sticks"](https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/). City AM. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154039/https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/) from the original on February 26, 2025. Retrieved February 27, 2025. 254. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-255) Kwet, Michael. ["How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid"](https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid). Al Jazeera. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250716212913/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid) from the original on July 16, 2025. Retrieved July 17, 2025. 255. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-256) Grant, Nico (August 30, 2022). ["Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits"](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html). The New York Times. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240531195403/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html) from the original on May 31, 2024. Retrieved July 17, 2025. 256. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-257) ["We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus"](https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract). The Guardian. October 12, 2021. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_$identifier$ "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230518020549/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract) from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2025. 257. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-258) Palmer, Annie (September 11, 2025). ["Amazon suspends engineer who protested company's work with Israeli government"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html). CNBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251014034800/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html) from the original on October 14, 2025. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 258. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-259) Hays, Kali. ["Amazon fires engineer after internal message critical of company's work with Israeli government"](https://of-interest.beehiiv.com/p/amazon-fires-engineer-after-internal-message-critical-of-company-s-work-with-israeli-government). Of Interest. Retrieved October 17, 2025. 259. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-260) Nguyen, Nicole (July 23, 2025). ["Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say"](https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934). WSJ. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250724222242/https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934) from the original on July 24, 2025. Retrieved July 25, 2025. 260. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_$company$#cite_ref-261) Palmer, Annie (January 28, 2026). ["Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees"](https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html). CNBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260201214259/https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html) from the original on February 1, 2026. Retrieved February 13, 2026. Further reading - Brandt, Richard L. (2011). [One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Click:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Rise_of_Amazon.com "One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com"). New York: Portfolio Penguin. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-1-59184-375-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-375-7 "Special:BookSources/978-1-59184-375-7") . - [Daisey, Mike](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Daisey "Mike Daisey") (2002). [21 Dog Years](https://archive.org/details/21dogyearsdoingt00dais). Free Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7432-2580-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2580-5 "Special:BookSources/0-7432-2580-5") . - Friedman, Mara (2004). [Amazon.com for Dummies](https://archive.org/details/amazoncomfordumm00frie). Wiley Publishing. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-7645-5840-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-5840-4 "Special:BookSources/0-7645-5840-4") . - Marcus, James (2004). [Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut](https://archive.org/details/amazonia00marc). W. W. Norton. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [1-56584-870-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-870-5 "Special:BookSources/1-56584-870-5") . - Spector, Robert (2000). [Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World](https://archive.org/details/amazoncomgetbigf00spec). HarperCollins. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [0-06-662041-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-662041-4 "Special:BookSources/0-06-662041-4") . - [Stone, Brad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Stone_$journalist$ "Brad Stone (journalist)") (2013). [The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Everything_Store:_Jeff_Bezos_and_the_Age_of_Amazon "The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon"). New York: Little Brown and Co. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_$identifier$ "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-316-21926-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-21926-6 "Special:BookSources/978-0-316-21926-6") . [OCLC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_$identifier$ "OCLC (identifier)") [856249407](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/856249407). External links [![Wikimedia Commons logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Amazon.com](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amazon.com "commons:Category:Amazon.com").
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