🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 152 (from laksa195)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa152.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system","crawl_time":1775561150,"first_indexed_time":1554509314,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,wikipedia!en,\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system s443","src_root_hash":"17790707453426894952","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"996 working hour system - Wikipedia","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nThis article\nis missing information\nabout background on other (especially non-tech) overwork cultures in China; legitimized \"special work hour\" system in Shenzhen.\nPlease expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the\ntalk page\n.\n(\nJuly 2021\n)\n996 working hour system\nChinese\n996工作制\nTranscriptions\nStandard Mandarin\nHanyu Pinyin\njiǔjiǔliù gōngzuò zhì\nDeaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by\nWorld Health Organization\nand\nInternational Labour Organization\nin 2016\nThe\n996 working hour system\n(\nChinese\n:\n996工作制\n) is a work schedule that derives its name from its requirement that workers clock in from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week, resulting in employees working 12 hours per day and 72 hours per week.\n[\n1\n]\n[\n2\n]\n[\n3\n]\n[\n4\n]\n[\n5\n]\n[\n6\n]\nIt is practiced illegally by some companies in\nChina\n. A number of\nMainland Chinese\ninternet and tech companies have adopted this system as their official or de facto work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of the\nLabour Law of the People's Republic of China\nand have called it \"\nmodern slavery\n\".\n[\n7\n]\n[\n8\n]\nDifference in working hours (orange) during waking hours between a typical\n9 to 5\nand the 996 schedule\nIn March 2019, an \"anti-996\" protest was launched via\nGitHub\n.\n[\n9\n]\n[\n10\n]\n[\n11\n]\nSince then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China.\n[\n12\n]\n[\n13\n]\n[\n14\n]\nIn 2025, the practice has begun to show up among tech companies in the US.\n[\n15\n]\n[\n16\n]\n[\n17\n]\nThe culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese\nIT\ncompanies,\n[\n18\n]\nwhere the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.\n[\n19\n]\nCompanies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to incentivize overtime work.\n[\n20\n]\nThis system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like\nBeijing\n,\nShanghai\n, and\nGuangzhou\nsuffer from work-related\nfatigue\n,\nmusculoskeletal pain\n,\nsleep disorders\n[\n21\n]\nor\neating disorders\n,\noccupational stress\n, and\nwork–family imbalance\n.\n[\n22\n]\nAccording to China's state-owned\nPeople's Daily\n, a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers reported health problems.\n[\n23\n]\n[\n24\n]\nNumerous\noverwork deaths\nand\nsuicides\nhave occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China.\n[\n25\n]\n[\n26\n]\nIn 2020, a study published in\nIEEE Software\ndone by Chinese researchers found that \"Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones\".\n[\n27\n]\nAnother study likened 996 culture to \"\nmodern slavery\n\", formed through the combination of \"unrestricted global capitalism and a\nConfucian\nculture of hierarchy and obedience\".\n[\n7\n]\nIn September 2016, the\nclassified advertising\nwebsite\n58.com\n [\nzh\n]\nofficially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system,\n[\n28\n]\nattracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be encouraged, not  a compulsory practice.\n[\n29\n]\n[\n30\n]\nA\nCNBC\narticle in May 2021 reported that workers at\nTikTok\n's parent company\nByteDance\nwere unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it.\n[\n31\n]\nIn November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated shorter working hours.\n[\n32\n]\nNevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on\nMaimai\n [\nzh\n]\n, a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies.\n[\n33\n]\nAfter 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese:\n何刚\n) of\nJD.com\nwas leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system \"on a flexible basis\".\n[\n34\n]\nOn 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule, while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the\npublic relations\ndepartment of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory.\n[\n35\n]\nRichard Liu\n, the founder of the company, said that the reason for his company's layoffs is because there were too many \"slackers\" and they were not his \"brothers\".\n[\n36\n]\nHe said JD did not force its staff to work the \"996\" or even a \"995\" overtime schedule,\n\"But every person must have the desire to push oneself to the limit!\".\nIn early January 2021, the e-commerce platform\nPinduoduo\nwas accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the\nkaroshi\ndeath of a 22-year-old worker.\n[\n37\n]\n[\n38\n]\nLater, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on\nZhihu\n, saying \"Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives\".\n[\n39\n]\nJust a few days after the early January incident, another employee committed suicide by jumping.\n[\n40\n]\n[\n41\n]\nOn 10 January, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance.\n[\n42\n]\n[\n43\n]\nIn January 2019, an employee of\nYouzan\nstated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule.\n[\n44\n]\nBai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, \"it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later\".\n[\n20\n]\nSome media outlets criticized this schedule.\n[\n45\n]\nLater that month, the Labour Supervision Group of\nXihu District, Hangzhou\nannounced that the company was under investigation.\n[\n46\n]\nAt least 40 companies, including\nHuawei\nand\nAlibaba Group\n, have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative.\n[\n47\n]\n[\n48\n]\nAccording to two separate reports from the\nWired\nmagazine and\nMarketplace\npodcast in 2025, a growing number of U.S. AI startups are also implementing the 996 schedule.\n[\n49\n]\n[\n50\n]\n996.ICU GitHub campaign\n[\nedit\n]\nLogo of Anti-996\nGitHub\nproject\nOn 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on\nGitHub\nstates that the name \"996.icu\" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system would risk poor health and a possible stay in an\nintensive care unit\n. The movement's slogan is \"developers' lives matter\".\n[\n51\n]\n[\n52\n]\n[\n53\n]\n[\n54\n]\n[\n55\n]\n[\n56\n]\n[\n57\n]\nTwo days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub.\n[\n58\n]\nThe repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the \"issue\" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on\nZhihu\n,\nSina Weibo\n, and\nWeChat\n.\n[\n1\n]\n[\n59\n]\nThe original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the\nAnti 996 Licence\n [\nzh\n]\nwas created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source\n[\na\n]\ncode licensed under it.\n[\n60\n]\n[\n61\n]\nOn 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that\nTencent\n's\nQQ browser\n,\nWeChat\n,\nAlibaba\n's\nUC Browser\n,\nQihoo 360\n's 360 Browser, and many other browsers developed by companies in mainland China blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as \"an illegal and fraudulent site\".\n[\n62\n]\n[\n30\n]\nOn 18 April 2019, employees at\nMicrosoft\nand GitHub created a GitHub repository named \"support.996.ICU\" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship.\n[\n63\n]\n[\n64\n]\n[\n65\n]\n[\n66\n]\n[\n67\n]\n[\n68\n]\nJack Ma\nstated that workers should consider 996 \"a huge blessing\" as there is no way to \"achieve the success [one] want[s] without paying extra effort and time\",\n[\n69\n]\n[\n70\n]\n[\n71\n]\n[\n72\n]\n[\n73\n]\n[\n30\n]\n[\n74\n]\n[\nexcessive citations\n]\nwhile\nRichard Liu\n, founder of JD.com, said that \"\nSlackers\nare not my brothers!\"\n[\n30\n]\n[\n36\n]\nJason Calacanis\n, an entrepreneur and\nangel investor\n, describes 996 as \"the same exact work ethic that built America\".\n[\n75\n]\nSeveral Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping of the\nXinhua News Agency\nsaid that the system \"violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit\".\n[\n76\n]\nThe\nPeople's Daily\nwrote that \"advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system\",\n[\n77\n]\n[\n78\n]\n[\n79\n]\nwhile an editorial in the\nChina News Service\nsaid that it is \"unnecessary to exchange life for money\".\n[\n80\n]\nBeijing Daily\ncriticized\nJack Ma\nand\nRichard Liu\nfor \"boasting\" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is \"aimed at disguising reduction of salary or lay-off\",\n[\n81\n]\nwhile Wang Xinya, a writer for\nBanyuetan\n, stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it \"poisonous chicken soup\" (\nChinese\n:\n毒鸡汤\n). Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests.\n[\n82\n]\nPython\ncreator\nGuido van Rossum\ndescribed the 996 work schedule as \"inhumane\" in a tweet commenting on an\nSCMP\narticle about 996.\n[\n83\n]\n[\n60\n]\n[\n84\n]\n[\n85\n]\nIn 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that \"there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)\".\n[\n86\n]\nWithout such initiatives, the\ndual circulation\npolicy is doomed to fail, they argued.\nSome European entrepreneurs argued that 996 is contrary to European values, that it leads to a brain drain, and that the bigger problem for startups is financing.\n[\n87\n]\nThe 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the\nSupreme People's Court\non 27 August 2021.\n[\n88\n]\nHowever, some scholars cast doubt whether this ruling will be enforced.\n[\n89\n]\n[\n90\n]\nThe\n007 work schedule\nis a midnight to midnight, seven days a week schedule using a rotational workforce which may be practiced illegally by some companies in China, especially in the high-tech sector. The term 007 could mean several things depending on the source. It may mean the employee is expected to live in the office 24\/7 to finish their work, or it could be used to refer to a work-from-home position that requires 24\/7 availability, especially during the times of\nCOVID-19\n. Sometimes it is used sarcastically by workers as the \"true\" schedule required by employers.\n[\n49\n]\n[\n50\n]\n[\n91\n]\n[\n92\n]\n[\n93\n]\n[\n94\n]\n[\n95\n]\nOccurrence in US tech companies\n[\nedit\n]\nIn 2025, amidst the\nAI boom\n, reports have emerged of startup tech companies in San Francisco \/ Silicon Valley requiring \"9-9-6\" work schedules, with the goal of building things quickly in a competitive market.\n[\n15\n]\n[\n16\n]\n[\n17\n]\nCalifornia Labor Code §515.5 exempts employers from providing many software engineers with overtime pay.\n[\n96\n]\nBuddha-like mindset\nBlack company (Japan)\n –  also known as ブラック企業\/ブラック会社,\nburakku kigyō\/burakku gaisha\nCrunch (video games)\n –  Compulsory overtime during the development of a game\nEight-hour day\nForty-Hour Week Convention, 1935\n –  An\nInternational Labour Organization\nconvention\nKarōshi\nLochner v. New York\n,\nLochner era\n –  A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning maximum working hours\nOverwork\nSimple living\nTang ping\nTime poverty\nWage theft\nWorking time\nWorkweek length\n^\nSuch a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as the\nOpen Source Definition\n, as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use.\n^\na\nb\nXue Yujie (28 March 2019). David Paulk (ed.).\n\"Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub\"\n.\nSixth Tone\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nDenise Hruby (8 May 2018).\n\"Young Chinese are sick of working long hours\"\n.\nBBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 2 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n2 April\n2019\n.\n^\nZhao, Ang (3 June 2018).\n不接受\"996\"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障\n[Not accepting \"996\" means you cannot accept hardship? Media: Legal rights should be protected].\nXinhuanet\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nWorkers' Daily\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n30 March\n2019\n.\n^\nSarah Dai; Li Tao (29 January 2019).\n\"China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown\"\n.\nSouth China Morning Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nLi Yuan (22 February 2017).\n\"China's Grueling Formula for Success: 9-9-6\"\n.\nThe Wall Street Journal\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nZheping Huang (20 March 2019).\n\"No sleep, no sex, no life: tech workers in China's Silicon Valley face burnout before they reach 30\"\n.\nSouth China Morning Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n5 April\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nWang, Jenny Jing (2020).\n\"How managers use culture and controls to impose a '996' work regime in China that constitutes modern slavery\"\n.\nAccounting & Finance\n.\n60\n(4):\n4331–\n4359.\ndoi\n:\n10.1111\/acfi.12682\n.\nISSN\n \n1467-629X\n.\nS2CID\n \n225463581\n.\n^\nLu, Ying-Ying (13 April 2019).\n\"Ep. 42: To 996, or Not to 996, That Is the Question\"\n.\nPandaily\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n29 April\n2019\n.\n^\nYuan Yang (3 April 2019).\n\"China tech worker protest against long working hours goes viral\"\n.\nFinancial Times\n. Retrieved\n5 April\n2019\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\nBill Ide (4 April 2019).\n\"China Tech Workers Protest Long Work Hours in Online Campaign\"\n.\nVOA News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n5 April\n2019\n.\n^\nLin Qiqing; Raymond Zhong (29 April 2019).\n\"\n'996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 May 2019\n. Retrieved\n3 May\n2019\n.\n^\nHamer, Lars (5 December 2022).\n\"China's Gen-Z Is Entering the Workforce. Employers Are Terrified\"\n.\nSixth Tone\n. Retrieved\n3 February\n2023\n.\n^\nYang, Stephanie (30 January 2023).\n\"Burned out by COVID, Chinese professionals take up nomadic life: 'I wasted so much time'\n\"\n.\nLos Angeles Times\n. Retrieved\n3 February\n2023\n.\n^\nYip, Waiyee (1 September 2021).\n\"China steps in to regulate brutal '996' work culture\"\n.\nBBC News\n. Retrieved\n3 February\n2023\n.\n^\na\nb\nRascoe, Ayesha (26 October 2025).\n\"Why the '996' schedule is capturing the interest of Silicon Valley leadership\"\n.\nNPR\n.\n^\na\nb\nKelley, Lora (28 September 2025).\n\"Would You Work '996'? The Hustle Culture Trend Is Taking Hold in Silicon Valley\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\n^\na\nb\nKnibbs, Kate.\n\"Silicon Valley AI Startups Are Embracing China's Controversial '996' Work Schedule\"\n.\nWired\n– via www.wired.com.\n^\nWang, Pinzhi (30 March 2018).\n50.7%受访者称所在企业有\"加班文化\"\n[50.7% of respondents said their companies have an \"overtime culture\"].\nXinhuanet\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nChina Youth Daily\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nJustin Bergman (26 August 2016).\n\"Inside the high-pressure world of China's start-up workers\"\n.\nBBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nLiu, Jia, ed. (31 January 2019).\n默认996工作制背后：被撕掉的焦虑遮羞布\n[Behind the default 996 work system: tearing off the veil of anxiety].\n第一财经\n[\nYicai\n] (in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nLiang, Lu-Hai (21 January 2021).\n\"The psychology behind 'revenge bedtime procrastination'\n\"\n.\nBBC\n. Retrieved\n19 May\n2022\n.\n^\nTsui, Audrey H. H. (27 June 2008).\n\"Asian wellness in decline: a cost of rising prosperity\"\n.\nInternational Journal of Workplace Health Management\n.\n1\n(2):\n123–\n135.\ndoi\n:\n10.1108\/17538350810893919\n.\nISSN\n \n1753-8351\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2022\n.\n^\nMonet, Charmika (26 March 2014).\n\"Working to Death in China\"\n.\nThe Diplomat\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2022\n.\n^\n英报：过劳死提醒中国人\"懒散些\"\n[British newspaper: overwork death reminds Chinese people to \"be lazy\"].\nPeople's Daily\n.\nXinhua News Agency\n. 6 March 2014. Archived from\nthe original\non 26 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2022\n.\n信息技术(IT)从业人员似乎尤其脆弱：近日一项覆盖35万IT从业者的调查显示，98.8%的受访者表示自己有健康问题。\n[Information technology (IT) workers appear to be particularly vulnerable: a recent survey covering 350,000 IT workers showed that 98.8% of respondents said they had health problems.]\n^\n\"Death from Overwork in China\"\n.\nChina Labour Bulletin\n. 11 August 2006. Archived from\nthe original\non 27 March 2023\n. Retrieved\n19 May\n2022\n.\n^\nTan, J. S. (2022).\n\"Tech Workers Lie Flat\"\n.\nDissent\n. Retrieved\n19 May\n2022\n.\n^\nZhang, Jiayun; Chen, Yang; Gong, Qingyuan; Wang, Xin; Ding, Aaron Yi; Xiao, Yu; Hui, Pan (March 2021). \"Understanding the Working Time of Developers in IT Companies in China and the United States\".\nIEEE Software\n.\n38\n(2):\n96–\n106.\nBibcode\n:\n2021ISoft..38b..96Z\n.\ndoi\n:\n10.1109\/MS.2020.2988022\n.\nISSN\n \n0740-7459\n.\nS2CID\n \n218777201\n.\n^\n\"Leak from 58.com: Chinese tech companies' overtime culture\"\n.\ne27\n. 5 September 2016.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 28 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n28 April\n2019\n.\n^\nZhao, Lei; Wang, Yu (3 September 2016).\n58同城员工吐槽\"996工作制\"\n[58.com employees complain about \"996 work system\"].\nPhoenix New Media\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nThe Beijing News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n30 March\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nc\nd\n\"Office workers in China organise a rare online labour movement\"\n.\nThe Economist\n. 17 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n29 April\n2019\n.\n{{\ncite news\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\nShead, Sam (6 May 2021).\n\"Why some tech workers are turning down jobs at TikTok\"\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2022\n.\n^\nHuang, Zheping (31 October 2021).\n\"TikTok Owner ByteDance Mandates Shorter Working Hours\"\n.\nBloomberg News\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2022\n.\n^\n\"Death of 28-year-old ByteDance employee fuels ongoing controversy on overwork in Chinese tech companies\"\n.\nKrASIA\n. 23 February 2022\n. Retrieved\n24 February\n2022\n.\n^\nSong, Tao (2 September 2016).\n不学好！曝京东云高管\"以身作则\"实行996工作制\n[Not learning well! JD's executives exposed as \"leading as example\" by implementing the 996 work system].\nqudong.com\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n30 March\n2019\n.\n^\nXu, Qian'ang (12 March 2019).\n京东回应\"955工作制\"：不强制，但要全情投入\n[JD's responses to \"955 working hour system\": not mandatory, but employees need to be fully engaged at work].\nGuancha.cn\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n30 March\n2019\n.\n^\na\nb\nJosh Horwitz; Brenda Goh (13 April 2019).\n\"China's JD.com boss criticizes 'slackers' as company makes cuts\"\n.\nReuters\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 29 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n29 April\n2019\n.\n^\nYujie Xue (4 January 2021).\n\"Death of 22-year-old Pinduoduo employee renews controversy over China's 996 overwork culture, sparking an investigation\"\n.\nSouth China Morning Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 5 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n5 January\n2021\n.\n^\n\"Death of Chinese tech worker fuels anger over brutal hours\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n. 5 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n11 January\n2021\n.\n{{\ncite news\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n知乎回应拼多多账号截图：身份真实无误相关回答实为自行删\n[Zhihu's responses to Pinduoduo screenshots: No doubts of authenticity, answer was actually self-deleted].\nSina News\n(in Simplified Chinese). 4 January 2021.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 4 January 2021.\n^\n\"2 employee deaths and a viral video renew debate of China's '996' overwork culture\"\n.\nFortune\n. 11 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n11 January\n2021\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n\"New employee death at Chinese tech giant Pinduoduo prompts calls for boycott\"\n.\nThe Washington Post\n. 11 January 2021\n. Retrieved\n11 January\n2021\n.\n{{\ncite news\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n网传拼多多员工因在网上发布同事被抬上救护车的照片，被管理层逼迫主动辞职、赶出公司？事件真实性如何？\n[It was reported that a Pinduoduo employee was forced to resign and kicked out of the company by the management for posting photos of a colleague being carried in an ambulance online? What is the authenticity of the incident?].\nZhihu\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 25 June 2021.\n^\n拼多多员工因发帖被逼主动辞职\n[Pinduoduo employees forced to resign due to posting].\nSina News\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 11 January 2021.\n^\n三言财经 (28 January 2019).\n有赞年会宣布996制度、鼓励员工离婚，为什么越来越多企业炫耀\"扭曲\"价值观？\n.\n36氪\n(in Simplified Chinese)\n. Retrieved\n30 March\n2019\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n张瑜 (29 January 2019). 尹淑琼 (ed.).\n强推\"996\"工作制 有赞做错了什么？\n.\n南报网\n(in Simplified Chinese)\n. Retrieved\n30 March\n2019\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n尹莉娜 (31 January 2019).\n杭州劳动监察部门回应有赞\"996\"工作制：已介入调查\n.\n搜狐\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nWen, Jing (5 April 2019).\n互联网公司加班问题加剧 40家陷\"996\"工作制风波\n[The problem of overtime work in Internet companies has intensified, and 40 companies are caught in the \"996\" work system troubles].\nChina Central Television\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nBeijing Youth Daily\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 9 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n9 April\n2019\n.\n^\nLin, Qiqing; Zhong, Raymond (29 April 2019).\n\"\n'996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nISSN\n \n0362-4331\n. Retrieved\n8 June\n2021\n.\n^\na\nb\nKnibbs, Kate (23 July 2025).\n\"Silicon Valley AI Startups Are Embracing China's Controversial '996' Work Schedule\"\n.\nWired\n.\n^\na\nb\nPak, Jennifer (14 August 2025).\n\"Work weeks are getting more intense for AI startups\"\n.\nMarketplace\n(Podcast).\nMinnesota Public Radio\n.\n^\n\"996.ICU\/README.md\"\n.\nGitHub\n. 30 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nYingzhi Yang (29 March 2019).\n\"\n'Developers' lives matter' – Chinese software engineers use Github to protest against the country's 996 work schedule\"\n.\nSouth China Morning Post\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\n\"China's tech workers protest brutal work culture with communist jingles\"\n.\nInkstone\n. 29 March 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\n局长 (Pseudonym) (29 March 2019).\nNo sleep, no sex, no life，程序员这次忍不了了\n.\n开源中国\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nXinmei Shen (28 March 2019).\n\"Follow China's '996' work hours and you'll end up in an ICU, says Chinese developer\"\n.\nAbacus\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\n\"GitHub Protest Over Chinese Tech Companies' '996' Culture Goes Viral\"\n.\nRADII\n. 28 March 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nLiao, Shannon (2 April 2019).\n\"Chinese developers use GitHub to protest long work hours\"\n.\nThe Verge\n. Retrieved\n9 April\n2019\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\n橙皮书 (28 March 2019).\n用代码抗议996加班：集结在github上的程序员，正在进行一场社会实验\n.\n36氪\n(in Simplified Chinese)\n. Retrieved\n30 March\n2019\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\nAlfred数据室 (29 March 2019).\n数据解读｜都是哪些程序员在GitHub上反对996？\n.\n澎湃新闻\n(in Simplified Chinese)\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n{{\ncite web\n}}\n:  CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (\nlink\n)\n^\na\nb\n唐云路; 罗骢 (4 April 2019).\n996 惹怒程序员之后，他们的抗议引发了全球关注\n.\nQdaily\n(in Simplified Chinese). Archived from\nthe original\non 5 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n5 April\n2019\n.\n^\n火爆的996.ICU项目正在酝酿开源许可证 禁止996公司使用\n.\ncnBeta.COM\n(in Simplified Chinese). 蓝点网. 29 March 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 31 March 2019\n. Retrieved\n31 March\n2019\n.\n^\nXinmei Shen (3 April 2019).\n\"Chinese browsers block protest against China's 996 overtime work culture\"\n.\nAbacus\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 4 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n3 April\n2019\n.\n^\nShannon Liao (22 April 2019).\n\"Microsoft workers pressure company to stand by embattled Chinese GitHub repo\"\n.\nThe Verge\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2019\n.\n^\nDavid Reid (23 April 2019).\n\"Microsoft employees add support to Chinese tech workers protesting 'grueling' overtime culture\"\n.\nCNBC\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Microsoft workers join China's debate over grueling workweek\"\n.\nABC News\n. Associated Press. 22 April 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2019\n.\n^\nRosalie Chan (23 April 2019).\n\"A group of Microsoft and GitHub employees have come out in support of Chinese tech workers protesting the infamous '996' work hours\"\n.\nBusiness Insider\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2019\n.\n^\nSarah Emerson (23 April 2019).\n\"Microsoft Employees Support Chinese Developers Fighting for Fair Labor Practices\"\n.\nMotherboard\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2019\n.\n^\nCaroline O'Donovan (22 April 2019).\n\"A Post About China's '996' Workweek Went Viral On GitHub. Now Microsoft Employees Want To Protect It From Censorship\"\n.\nBuzzFeed News\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 23 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n23 April\n2019\n.\n^\nSerenitie Wang; Daniel Shane (16 April 2019).\n\"Jack Ma endorses China's controversial 12 hours a day, 6 days a week work culture\"\n.\nCNN\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\n\"Jack Ma defends the 'blessing' of a 12-hour working day\"\n.\nBBC News\n. 15 April 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\nLulu Yilun Chen; Bloomberg (15 April 2019).\n\"Alibaba's Jack Ma Again Endorses China's '996' Overtime Culture as Testament to Professional Passion\"\n.\nFortune\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\nNicole Lyn Pesce (15 April 2019).\n\"Alibaba's Jack Ma calls the '996' – China's 72-hour workweek – a 'huge blessing'\n\"\n.\nMarketWatch\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\nLily Kuo (15 April 2019).\n\"Working 9 to 9: Chinese tech workers push back against long hours\"\n.\nThe Guardian\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 17 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n17 April\n2019\n.\n^\nBryce Covert (21 April 2019).\n\"The Richest Man in China Is Wrong. 12-Hour Days Are No 'Blessing'\n\"\n.\nThe New York Times\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 3 May 2019\n. Retrieved\n3 May\n2019\n.\n^\n@Jason (15 April 2019).\n\"#Founders: We're up against #JackMa...\"\n(\nTweet\n) – via\nTwitter\n.\n^\n辛识平 (15 April 2019).\n辛识平：奋斗应提倡，996当退场\n.\n新华网\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\n【#你好，明天#】\n.\n人民微博--人民日报\n(in Simplified Chinese). 14 April 2019. Archived from\nthe original\non 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\n人民日报微评：崇尚奋斗 绝不等于强制\"996\"\n.\n新浪财经\n. 14 April 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\n人民日报发声：崇尚奋斗，不等于强制996\n.\n搜狐\n. 中国财经报. 14 April 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\n逃离996：我宁可不婚不育不买房，也不要拼命\n.\n人民网\n(in Simplified Chinese). 中国新闻网. 16 April 2019. Archived from\nthe original\non 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\n董禹含 (15 April 2019).\n马云强东争相鼓吹\"996\"背后是变相降薪或裁员\n.\n人民网\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nBeijing Daily\n. Archived from\nthe original\non 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\n王新亚 (15 April 2019). 孔德明 (ed.).\n半月谈评论：996与奋斗无关，与利益有关\n.\n半月谈\n(in Simplified Chinese).\nArchived\nfrom the original on 16 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n16 April\n2019\n.\n^\nQu, Tracy (9 April 2019).\n\"How GitHub became a bulletin board for Chinese tech worker complaints\"\n.\nQuartz\n. Retrieved\n29 May\n2022\n.\n^\n\"Alibaba's Founder Jack Ma Says 996 Work Schedule Is a Blessing for Employees\"\n.\nPingWest\n. 12 April 2019.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2019\n.\n^\nRita Liao (12 April 2019).\n\"China's startup ecosystem is hitting back at demanding working hours\"\n.\nTechCrunch\n.\nArchived\nfrom the original on 18 April 2019\n. Retrieved\n18 April\n2019\n.\n^\nJaved, Saad Ahmed; Bo, Yu; Tao, Liangyan; Dong, Wenjie (7 June 2021).\n\"The 'Dual Circulation' development model of China: Background and insights\"\n.\nRajagiri Management Journal\n.\n17\n:\n2–\n20.\ndoi\n:\n10.1108\/RAMJ-03-2021-0016\n.\nISSN\n \n0972-9968\n.\n^\nBhaimiya, Sawdah (8 June 2025).\n\"China's grueling '996' work culture is being debated by European startups — 7 founders and VCs on why they are resisting\"\n.\nCNBC\n. Retrieved\n30 September\n2025\n.\n^\n\"China Spells Out How Excessive 996 Work Culture is Illegal\"\n.\nBloomberg\n. 27 August 2021.\n^\nMeng, Siyuan (15 November 2021).\n\"China's burned-out tech workers are fighting back against long hours\"\n.\nMIT Technology Review\n. Retrieved\n21 June\n2022\n.\nBut even though authorities and state media seem to be taking a tougher stand, it is unclear when or if the rules that make 996 illegal will be fully enforced.\n^\nLiu, Hong Yu (24 January 2022).\n\"The role of the state in influencing work conditions in China's internet industry: Policy, evidence, and implications for industrial relations\"\n.\nJournal of Industrial Relations\n.\n65\n: 12.\ndoi\n:\n10.1177\/00221856211068488\n.\nISSN\n \n0022-1856\n.\nThe contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers.\n^\n\"From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in China\"\n. Retrieved\n1 September\n2025\n.\n^\n\"Are Gen Z disrupting Chinese work culture?\"\n. 16 August 2023.\n^\n\"China's youth are rebelling against long hours\"\n.\nThe Economist\n.\n^\n\"This is 996 culture, a grueling 72-hour work week popular in China that's been criticized for ruining work-life balance\"\n.\nBusiness Insider\n.\n^\n\"From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in Chin\"\n. 2022.\n^\n\"California Labor Code, Section 515.5\"\n.\nCalifornia Legislative Information\n. Retrieved\n5 April\n2026\n.\n996.icu\n996ICU\non\nGitHub\nThe Extreme 996 Work Culture in China\non\nYouTube\nfrom VICE Asia","attrs_markdown":"[Jump to content](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#bodyContent)\n\nMain menu\n\nMain menu\n\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\nNavigation\n\n- [Main page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page \"Visit the main page [z]\")\n- [Contents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contents \"Guides to browsing Wikipedia\")\n- [Current events](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events \"Articles related to current events\")\n- [Random article](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Random \"Visit a randomly selected article [x]\")\n- [About Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:About \"Learn about Wikipedia and how it works\")\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Contact_us \"How to contact Wikipedia\")\n\nContribute\n\n- [Help](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Contents \"Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Learn to edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Introduction \"Learn how to edit Wikipedia\")\n- [Community portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Community_portal \"The hub for editors\")\n- [Recent changes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:RecentChanges \"A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]\")\n- [Upload file](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard \"Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia\")\n- [Special pages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:SpecialPages \"A list of all special pages [q]\")\n\n[![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/icons\/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/static\/images\/mobile\/copyright\/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Main_Page)\n\n[Search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:Search \"Search Wikipedia [f]\")\n\nAppearance\n\n- [Donate](https:\/\/donate.wikimedia.org\/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en)\n- [Create account](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=996+working+hour+system \"You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory\")\n- [Log in](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=996+working+hour+system \"You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]\")\n\n## Contents\nmove to sidebar\n\nhide\n\n- [(Top)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system)\n- [1 Background](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Background)\n- [2 Companies involved](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Companies_involved)\n  Toggle Companies involved subsection\n  - [2\\.1 58\\.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#58.com)\n  - [2\\.2 ByteDance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#ByteDance)\n  - [2\\.3 JD.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#JD.com)\n  - [2\\.4 Pinduoduo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Pinduoduo)\n  - [2\\.5 Youzan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Youzan)\n  - [2\\.6 Others](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Others)\n- [3 Online protests](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Online_protests)\n  Toggle Online protests subsection\n  - [3\\.1 996\\.ICU GitHub campaign](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#996.ICU_GitHub_campaign)\n- [4 Reactions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Reactions)\n  Toggle Reactions subsection\n  - [4\\.1 Support](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Support)\n  - [4\\.2 Criticism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Criticism)\n  - [4\\.3 Legal issues](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Legal_issues)\n- [5 007 work schedule](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#007_work_schedule)\n- [6 Occurrence in US tech companies](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Occurrence_in_US_tech_companies)\n- [7 See also](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#See_also)\n- [8 Explanatory notes](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#Explanatory_notes)\n- [9 References](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#References)\n- [10 External links](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#External_links)\n\nToggle the table of contents\n\n# 996 working hour system\n32 languages\n\n- [العربية](https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_996 \"نظام ساعات العمل 996 – Arabic\")\n- [བོད་ཡིག](https:\/\/bo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%BC%A9%E0%BC%A9%E0%BC%A6%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B \"༩༩༦ལས་ཀའི་ལམ་ལུགས་ – Tibetan\")\n- [Català](https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sistema_de_996_hores_de_treball \"Sistema de 996 hores de treball – Catalan\")\n- [閩東語 \/ Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https:\/\/cdo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_g%C4%95%CC%A4ng-c%C3%A1uk-ci%C3%A9 \"996 gĕ̤ng-cáuk-cié – Mindong\")\n- [Čeština](https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syst%C3%A9m_996 \"Systém 996 – Czech\")\n- [Deutsch](https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_\\(Arbeitswoche\\) \"996 (Arbeitswoche) – German\")\n- [Ελληνικά](https:\/\/el.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%89%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_996 \"Σύστημα ωρών εργασίας 996 – Greek\")\n- [Esperanto](https:\/\/eo.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_laborhora_sistemo \"996 laborhora sistemo – Esperanto\")\n- [Español](https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sistema_laboral_996 \"Sistema laboral 996 – Spanish\")\n- [Suomi](https:\/\/fi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_\\(ty%C3%B6kulttuuri\\) \"996 (työkulttuuri) – Finnish\")\n- [Français](https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_\\(rythme_de_travail\\) \"996 (rythme de travail) – French\")\n- [עברית](https:\/\/he.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_996 \"לוח משמרות 996 – Hebrew\")\n- [Magyar](https:\/\/hu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_munkaid%C5%91-rendszer \"996 munkaidő-rendszer – Hungarian\")\n- [Հայերեն](https:\/\/hy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3 \"996 աշխատանքային ժամ համակարգ – Armenian\")\n- [Bahasa Indonesia](https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sistem_waktu_kerja_996 \"Sistem waktu kerja 996 – Indonesian\")\n- [日本語](https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 \"996工作制 – Japanese\")\n- [한국어](https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4%EC%A0%9C \"996 근무제 – Korean\")\n- [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https:\/\/mni.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%B9%EA%AF%B9%EA%AF%B6_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C \"ꯄꯨꯡ ꯹꯹꯶ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯁꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ – Manipuri\")\n- [Nederlands](https:\/\/nl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_\\(werkcultuur\\) \"996 (werkcultuur) – Dutch\")\n- [Português](https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sistema_de_horas_de_trabalho_996 \"Sistema de horas de trabalho 996 – Portuguese\")\n- [Română](https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Programul_de_lucru_996 \"Programul de lucru 996 – Romanian\")\n- [Српски \/ srpski](https:\/\/sr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0 \"996 систем рада – Serbian\")\n- [தமிழ்](https:\/\/ta.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88,_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE \"996 வேலை நேர முறை, சீனா – Tamil\")\n- [ไทย](https:\/\/th.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_996 \"ระบบเวลาทำงาน 996 – Thai\")\n- [Türkçe](https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_saati_sistemi \"996 çalışma saati sistemi – Turkish\")\n- [Українська](https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA_996 \"Робочий графік 996 – Ukrainian\")\n- [Tiếng Việt](https:\/\/vi.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_gi%E1%BB%9D_l%C3%A0m_996 \"Chế độ giờ làm 996 – Vietnamese\")\n- [吴语](https:\/\/wuu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 \"996工作制 – Wu\")\n- [Vahcuengh](https:\/\/za.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_gunghcoz_cidu \"996 gunghcoz cidu – Zhuang\")\n- [文言](https:\/\/zh-classical.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AD%E5%88%B6 \"九九六制 – Literary Chinese\")\n- [粵語](https:\/\/zh-yue.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 \"996工作制 – Cantonese\")\n- [中文](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 \"996工作制 – Chinese\")\n\n[Edit links](https:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/wiki\/Special:EntityPage\/Q62568684#sitelinks-wikipedia \"Edit interlanguage links\")\n\n- 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information** about background on other (especially non-tech) overwork cultures in China; legitimized \"special work hour\" system in Shenzhen. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [talk page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:996_working_hour_system \"Talk:996 working hour system\"). *(July 2021)* |\n\n| 996 working hour system |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\") | 996工作制 |\n| Transcriptions |   |\n| [Standard Mandarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Chinese \"Standard Chinese\") |   |\n| [Hanyu Pinyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanyu_Pinyin \"Hanyu Pinyin\") | jiǔjiǔliù gōngzuò zhì |\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f2\/Deaths_from_Karoshi.png\/500px-Deaths_from_Karoshi.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deaths_from_Karoshi.png)\n\nDeaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") and [International Labour Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Labour_Organization \"International Labour Organization\") in 2016\n\nThe **996 working hour system** ([Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"): 996工作制) is a work schedule that derives its name from its requirement that workers clock in from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week, resulting in employees working 12 hours per day and 72 hours per week.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_996-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_why-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-scmp_whatis996-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-wsj996-5)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-6) It is practiced illegally by some companies in [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\"). A number of [Mainland Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\") internet and tech companies have adopted this system as their official or de facto work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of the [Labour Law of the People's Republic of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Labour Law of the People's Republic of China\") and have called it \"[modern slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_in_the_21st_century \"Slavery in the 21st century\")\".[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-8)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c6\/996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png\/250px-996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png)\n\nDifference in working hours (orange) during waking hours between a typical [9 to 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/9_to_5 \"9 to 5\") and the 996 schedule\n\nIn March 2019, an \"anti-996\" protest was launched via [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-voa_chinese_protest_996-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_996_is_hustle_culture-11) Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-14)\n\nIn 2025, the practice has begun to show up among tech companies in the US.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17)\n\n## Background\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=1 \"Edit section: Background\")\\]\n\nSee also: [Labor relations in China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labor_relations_in_China \"Labor relations in China\")\n\nThe culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese [IT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_technology \"Information technology\") companies,[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_0-18) where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_bbc-19) Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to incentivize overtime work.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20)\n\nThis system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like [Beijing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [Shanghai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai \"Shanghai\"), and [Guangzhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") suffer from work-related [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), [musculoskeletal pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musculoskeletal_pain \"Musculoskeletal pain\"), [sleep disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_disorder \"Sleep disorder\")[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-21) or [eating disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eating_disorders \"Eating disorders\"), [occupational stress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_stress \"Occupational stress\"), and [work–family imbalance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict \"Work–family conflict\").[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-Tsui-22) According to China's state-owned *[People's Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Daily \"People's Daily\")*, a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers reported health problems.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-23)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-24) Numerous [overwork deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karoshi#China \"Karoshi\") and [suicides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide_in_China \"Suicide in China\") have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-26)\n\nIn 2020, a study published in *[IEEE Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEEE_Software \"IEEE Software\")* done by Chinese researchers found that \"Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones\".[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-27) Another study likened 996 culture to \"[modern slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_in_the_21st_century \"Slavery in the 21st century\")\", formed through the combination of \"unrestricted global capitalism and a [Confucian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucianism \"Confucianism\") culture of hierarchy and obedience\".[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7)\n\n## Companies involved\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=2 \"Edit section: Companies involved\")\\]\n\n### 58\\.com\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=3 \"Edit section: 58.com\")\\]\n\nIn September 2016, the [classified advertising](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classified_advertising \"Classified advertising\") website [58\\.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=58.com&action=edit&redlink=1 \"58.com (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/58%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%8E \"zh:58同城\")\\] officially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system,[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-28) attracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be encouraged, not a compulsory practice.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-58_1-29)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)\n\n### ByteDance\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=4 \"Edit section: ByteDance\")\\]\n\nA *CNBC* article in May 2021 reported that workers at [TikTok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TikTok \"TikTok\")'s parent company [ByteDance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ByteDance \"ByteDance\") were unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-31) In November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated shorter working hours.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-32) Nevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on [Maimai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Maimai_\\(website\\)&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Maimai (website) (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%84%89%E8%84%89 \"zh:脉脉\")\\], a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-33)\n\n### JD.com\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=5 \"Edit section: JD.com\")\\]\n\nAfter 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese: 何刚) of [JD.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JD.com \"JD.com\") was leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system \"on a flexible basis\".[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_1-34)\n\nOn 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule, while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the [public relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_relations \"Public relations\") department of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_2-35)\n\n[Richard Liu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Liu \"Richard Liu\"), the founder of the company, said that the reason for his company's layoffs is because there were too many \"slackers\" and they were not his \"brothers\".[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) He said JD did not force its staff to work the \"996\" or even a \"995\" overtime schedule, \"But every person must have the desire to push oneself to the limit!\".\n\n### Pinduoduo\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=6 \"Edit section: Pinduoduo\")\\]\n\nIn early January 2021, the e-commerce platform [Pinduoduo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinduoduo \"Pinduoduo\") was accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the [karoshi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karoshi \"Karoshi\") death of a 22-year-old worker.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-38) Later, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on [Zhihu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhihu \"Zhihu\"), saying \"Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives\".[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-39)\n\nJust a few days after the early January incident, another employee committed suicide by jumping.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-41) On 10 January, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-43)\n\n### Youzan\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=7 \"Edit section: Youzan\")\\]\n\nIn January 2019, an employee of [Youzan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Youzan&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Youzan (page does not exist)\") stated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_3-44) Bai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, \"it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later\".[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20) Some media outlets criticized this schedule.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_1-45) Later that month, the Labour Supervision Group of [Xihu District, Hangzhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xihu_District,_Hangzhou \"Xihu District, Hangzhou\") announced that the company was under investigation.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_4-46)\n\n### Others\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=8 \"Edit section: Others\")\\]\n\nAt least 40 companies, including [Huawei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huawei \"Huawei\") and [Alibaba Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alibaba_Group \"Alibaba Group\"), have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cctv_40companies_996-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-48)\n\nAccording to two separate reports from the *[Wired](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wired_\\(magazine\\) \"Wired (magazine)\")* magazine and *[Marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marketplace_\\(radio_program\\) \"Marketplace (radio program)\")* podcast in 2025, a growing number of U.S. AI startups are also implementing the 996 schedule.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50)\n\n## Online protests\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=9 \"Edit section: Online protests\")\\]\n\n### 996\\.ICU GitHub campaign\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: 996.ICU GitHub campaign\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/3\/33\/996.ICU.logo.svg\/250px-996.ICU.logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:996.ICU.logo.svg)\n\nLogo of Anti-996 [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\") project\n\nOn 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\") states that the name \"996.icu\" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system would risk poor health and a possible stay in an [intensive care unit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intensive_care_unit \"Intensive care unit\"). The movement's slogan is \"developers' lives matter\".[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_info-51)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_3-52)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_6-53)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_7-54)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_8-55)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_9-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-57)\n\nTwo days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_1-58) The repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the \"issue\" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on [Zhihu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhihu \"Zhihu\"), [Sina Weibo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sina_Weibo \"Sina Weibo\"), and [WeChat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WeChat \"WeChat\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_5-59)\n\nThe original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the [Anti 996 Licence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anti_996_Licence&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Anti 996 Licence (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%8D996%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81 \"zh:反996许可证\")\\] was created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-60) code licensed under it.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_2-62)\n\nOn 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that [Tencent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tencent \"Tencent\")'s [QQ browser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QQ_browser \"QQ browser\"), [WeChat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WeChat \"WeChat\"), [Alibaba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alibaba_Group \"Alibaba Group\")'s [UC Browser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UC_Browser \"UC Browser\"), [Qihoo 360](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qihoo_360 \"Qihoo 360\")'s 360 Browser, and many other browsers developed by companies in mainland China blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as \"an illegal and fraudulent site\".[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-63)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)\n\nOn 18 April 2019, employees at [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") and GitHub created a GitHub repository named \"support.996.ICU\" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-verge_ms_workers_support-64)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnbc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-65)[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-abc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-66)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bi_ms_anti996-67)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-motherboard_ms_anti996-68)[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bfn_ms_anti996-69)\n\n## Reactions\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=11 \"Edit section: Reactions\")\\]\n\n### Support\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=12 \"Edit section: Support\")\\]\n\n[Jack Ma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Ma \"Jack Ma\") stated that workers should consider 996 \"a huge blessing\" as there is no way to \"achieve the success \\[one\\] want\\[s\\] without paying extra effort and time\",[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnn_jack_ma_endorses_996-70)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_jack_ma_defends_996-71)[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-fortune_jack_ma_endorses_996-72)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-marketwatch_jack_me_calls_996_blessing-73)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-guardian_996-74)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_jackma_wrong-75)\\[*[excessive citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\] while [Richard Liu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Liu \"Richard Liu\"), founder of JD.com, said that \"[Slackers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slackers \"Slackers\") are not my brothers!\"[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) [Jason Calacanis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jason_Calacanis \"Jason Calacanis\"), an entrepreneur and [angel investor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angel_investor \"Angel investor\"), describes 996 as \"the same exact work ethic that built America\".[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-76)\n\n### Criticism\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=13 \"Edit section: Criticism\")\\]\n\nSeveral Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping of the [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\") said that the system \"violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit\".[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-xinshiping_996-77) The *[People's Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Daily \"People's Daily\")* wrote that \"advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system\",[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-78)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sina_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-79)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sohu_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-80) while an editorial in the [China News Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_News_Service \"China News Service\") said that it is \"unnecessary to exchange life for money\".[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-zhongxin_rather_no_marriage_than_liferisk-81)\n\n*[Beijing Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing_Daily \"Beijing Daily\")* criticized [Jack Ma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Ma \"Jack Ma\") and [Richard Liu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Liu \"Richard Liu\") for \"boasting\" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is \"aimed at disguising reduction of salary or lay-off\",[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-beijingribao_disguised_layoff-82) while Wang Xinya, a writer for *[Banyuetan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banyuetan \"Banyuetan\")*, stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it \"poisonous chicken soup\" ([Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"): 毒鸡汤). Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-banyuetan_996_is_not_hardworking_but_benefits-83)\n\n[Python](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Python_\\(programming_language\\) \"Python (programming language)\") creator [Guido van Rossum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guido_van_Rossum \"Guido van Rossum\") described the 996 work schedule as \"inhumane\" in a tweet commenting on an [SCMP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCMP \"SCMP\") article about 996.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-84)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-pingwest_alibaba_996-85)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-techcrunch_china_996-86) In 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that \"there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)\".[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:0-87) Without such initiatives, the [dual circulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dual_circulation \"Dual circulation\") policy is doomed to fail, they argued.\n\nSome European entrepreneurs argued that 996 is contrary to European values, that it leads to a brain drain, and that the bigger problem for startups is financing.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-88)\n\n### Legal issues\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=14 \"Edit section: Legal issues\")\\]\n\nThe 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court \"Supreme People's Court\") on 27 August 2021.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-89) However, some scholars cast doubt whether this ruling will be enforced.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-90)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-91)\n\n## 007 work schedule\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=15 \"Edit section: 007 work schedule\")\\]\n\nThe **007 work schedule** is a midnight to midnight, seven days a week schedule using a rotational workforce which may be practiced illegally by some companies in China, especially in the high-tech sector. The term 007 could mean several things depending on the source. It may mean the employee is expected to live in the office 24\/7 to finish their work, or it could be used to refer to a work-from-home position that requires 24\/7 availability, especially during the times of [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"). Sometimes it is used sarcastically by workers as the \"true\" schedule required by employers.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-92)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-93)[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-94)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-95)[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-96)\n\n## Occurrence in US tech companies\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Occurrence in US tech companies\")\\]\n\nIn 2025, amidst the [AI boom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AI_boom \"AI boom\"), reports have emerged of startup tech companies in San Francisco \/ Silicon Valley requiring \"9-9-6\" work schedules, with the goal of building things quickly in a competitive market.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17) California Labor Code §515.5 exempts employers from providing many software engineers with overtime pay.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-97)\n\n## See also\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=17 \"Edit section: See also\")\\]\n\n- ![flag](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg\/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png)[China portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:China \"Portal:China\")\n- ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Industry5.svg\/40px-Industry5.svg.png)[Company portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Company \"Portal:Company\")\n- [![icon](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/d\/d5\/Syndicalism.svg\/40px-Syndicalism.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Syndicalism.svg)[Organized labor portal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Organized_labor \"Portal:Organized labor\")\n\n- [Buddha-like mindset](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddha-like_mindset \"Buddha-like mindset\")\n- [Black company (Japan)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_company_\\(Japan\\) \"Black company (Japan)\") – also known as ブラック企業\/ブラック会社, *burakku kigyō\/burakku gaisha*\n- [Crunch (video games)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crunch_\\(video_games\\) \"Crunch (video games)\") – Compulsory overtime during the development of a game\n- [Eight-hour day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eight-hour_day \"Eight-hour day\")\n- [Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forty-Hour_Week_Convention,_1935 \"Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935\") – An [International Labour Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Labour_Organization \"International Labour Organization\") convention\n- [Karōshi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kar%C5%8Dshi \"Karōshi\")\n- *[Lochner v. New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lochner_v._New_York \"Lochner v. New York\")*, [Lochner era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lochner_era \"Lochner era\") – A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning maximum working hours\n- [Overwork](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overwork \"Overwork\")\n- [Simple living](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simple_living \"Simple living\")\n- [Tang ping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_ping \"Tang ping\")\n- [Time poverty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_poverty \"Time poverty\")\n- [Wage theft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_theft \"Wage theft\")\n- [Working time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Working_time \"Working time\")\n- [Workweek length](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workweek_and_weekend#Length \"Workweek and weekend\")\n\n## Explanatory notes\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=18 \"Edit section: Explanatory notes\")\\]\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-60)** Such a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as the [Open Source Definition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Source_Definition \"Open Source Definition\"), as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use.\n\n## References\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=19 \"Edit section: References\")\\]\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-1)\n   Xue Yujie (28 March 2019). David Paulk (ed.). [\"Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub\"](https:\/\/www.sixthtone.com\/news\/1003771\/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github). *Sixth Tone*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331180416\/https:\/\/www.sixthtone.com\/news\/1003771\/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-bbc_996_2-0)**\n   Denise Hruby (8 May 2018). [\"Young Chinese are sick of working long hours\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/capital\/story\/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime). *BBC*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190402155418\/http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/capital\/story\/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-996_why_3-0)**\n   Zhao, Ang (3 June 2018).\n   \n   [不接受\"996\"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331172051\/http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/fortune\/2018-06\/03\/c_1122929624.htm)\n   \n   \\[Not accepting \"996\" means you cannot accept hardship? Media: Legal rights should be protected\\]. *Xinhuanet* (in Simplified Chinese). [Workers' Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workers%27_Daily \"Workers' Daily\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/fortune\/2018-06\/03\/c_1122929624.htm) on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-scmp_whatis996_4-0)**\n   Sarah Dai; Li Tao (29 January 2019). [\"China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/start-ups\/article\/2183950\/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact). *South China Morning Post*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331205709\/https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/start-ups\/article\/2183950\/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-wsj996_5-0)**\n   Li Yuan (22 February 2017). [\"China's Grueling Formula for Success: 9-9-6\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775). *The Wall Street Journal*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331205726\/https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-6)**\n   Zheping Huang (20 March 2019). [\"No sleep, no sex, no life: tech workers in China's Silicon Valley face burnout before they reach 30\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/apps-social\/article\/3002533\/no-sleep-no-sex-no-life-tech-workers-chinas-silicon-valley-face). *South China Morning Post*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190405044201\/https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/apps-social\/article\/3002533\/no-sleep-no-sex-no-life-tech-workers-chinas-silicon-valley-face) from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-:1_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-:1_7-1)\n   Wang, Jenny Jing (2020). 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Retrieved 3 May 2019.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-12)**\n    Hamer, Lars (5 December 2022). [\"China's Gen-Z Is Entering the Workforce. Employers Are Terrified\"](https:\/\/www.sixthtone.com\/news\/1011815\/chinas-gen-z-is-entering-the-workforce.-employers-are-terrified.). *[Sixth Tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sixth_Tone \"Sixth Tone\")*. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-13)**\n    Yang, Stephanie (30 January 2023). [\"Burned out by COVID, Chinese professionals take up nomadic life: 'I wasted so much time'\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world-nation\/story\/2023-01-30\/china-economic-slowdown-population-decline-burned-out-covid-young-nomads). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-14)**\n    Yip, Waiyee (1 September 2021). [\"China steps in to regulate brutal '996' work culture\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-china-58381538). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto_15-1)\n    Rascoe, Ayesha (26 October 2025). [\"Why the '996' schedule is capturing the interest of Silicon Valley leadership\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2025\/10\/26\/nx-s1-5567995\/why-the-996-schedule-is-capturing-the-interest-of-silicon-valley-leadership). *NPR*.\n16. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto2_16-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto2_16-1)\n    Kelley, Lora (28 September 2025). [\"Would You Work '996'? The Hustle Culture Trend Is Taking Hold in Silicon Valley\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/09\/28\/business\/996-hustle-culture-tech.html). *The New York Times*.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto1_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto1_17-1)\n    Knibbs, Kate. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210625141638\/https:\/\/www.zhihu.com\/question\/438581129\/answer\/1670519587) from the original on 25 June 2021.\n43. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-43)**\n    [拼多多员工因发帖被逼主动辞职](https:\/\/finance.sina.com.cn\/zt_d\/pddyg\/)\n    \n    \\[Pinduoduo employees forced to resign due to posting\\]. *[Sina News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sina_News \"Sina News\")* (in Simplified Chinese). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210111150909\/https:\/\/finance.sina.com.cn\/zt_d\/pddyg\/) from the original on 11 January 2021.\n44. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-yz_3_44-0)**\n    三言财经 (28 January 2019).\n    \n    [有赞年会宣布996制度、鼓励员工离婚，为什么越来越多企业炫耀\"扭曲\"价值观？](https:\/\/36kr.com\/p\/5174571)\n    \n    . *36氪* (in Simplified Chinese). 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Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n54. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-icu_7_54-0)**\n    局长 (Pseudonym) (29 March 2019).\n    \n    [No sleep, no sex, no life，程序员这次忍不了了](https:\/\/www.oschina.net\/news\/105515\/developers-lives-matter)\n    \n    . *开源中国* (in Simplified Chinese). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331182921\/https:\/\/www.oschina.net\/news\/105515\/developers-lives-matter) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n55. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-icu_8_55-0)**\n    Xinmei Shen (28 March 2019). [\"Follow China's '996' work hours and you'll end up in an ICU, says Chinese developer\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331183121\/https:\/\/www.abacusnews.com\/digital-life\/follow-chinas-996-work-hours-and-youll-end-icu-says-chinese-developer\/article\/3003702). *Abacus*. 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Now Microsoft Employees Want To Protect It From Censorship\"](https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/carolineodonovan\/microsoft-petition-996-icu-workweek-china). *BuzzFeed News*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190423140031\/https:\/\/www.buzzfeednews.com\/article\/carolineodonovan\/microsoft-petition-996-icu-workweek-china) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.\n69. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-cnn_jack_ma_endorses_996_70-0)**\n    Serenitie Wang; Daniel Shane (16 April 2019). [\"Jack Ma endorses China's controversial 12 hours a day, 6 days a week work culture\"](https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2019\/04\/15\/business\/jack-ma-996-china\/index.html). *CNN*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416151640\/https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2019\/04\/15\/business\/jack-ma-996-china\/index.html) from the original on 16 April 2019. 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[\"\\#Founders: We're up against \\#JackMa...\"](https:\/\/twitter.com\/Jason\/status\/1117871180990439425) ([Tweet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tweet_\\(social_media\\) \"Tweet (social media)\")) – via [Twitter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitter \"Twitter\").\n76. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-xinshiping_996_77-0)**\n    辛识平 (15 April 2019).\n    \n    [辛识平：奋斗应提倡，996当退场](http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/politics\/2019-04\/15\/c_1124370790.htm)\n    \n    . *新华网* (in Simplified Chinese). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416153657\/http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/politics\/2019-04\/15\/c_1124370790.htm) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n77. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996_78-0)**\n    [【\\#你好，明天\\#】](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416163547\/http:\/\/t.people.com.cn\/527612\/185832169)\n    \n    . *人民微博--人民日报* (in Simplified Chinese). 14 April 2019. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/t.people.com.cn\/527612\/185832169) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n78. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sina_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996_79-0)**\n    [人民日报微评：崇尚奋斗 绝不等于强制\"996\"](https:\/\/finance.sina.com.cn\/china\/gncj\/2019-04-14\/doc-ihvhiewr5835380.shtml)\n    \n    . *新浪财经*. 14 April 2019. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416164329\/https:\/\/finance.sina.com.cn\/china\/gncj\/2019-04-14\/doc-ihvhiewr5835380.shtml) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n79. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sohu_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996_80-0)**\n    [人民日报发声：崇尚奋斗，不等于强制996](http:\/\/www.sohu.com\/a\/307927700_481640)\n    \n    . *搜狐*. 中国财经报. 14 April 2019. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416164640\/http:\/\/www.sohu.com\/a\/307927700_481640) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n80. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-zhongxin_rather_no_marriage_than_liferisk_81-0)**\n    [逃离996：我宁可不婚不育不买房，也不要拼命](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416083001\/http:\/\/sc.people.com.cn\/n2\/2019\/0416\/c345459-32846731.html)\n    \n    . *人民网* (in Simplified Chinese). 中国新闻网. 16 April 2019. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/sc.people.com.cn\/n2\/2019\/0416\/c345459-32846731.html) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n81. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-beijingribao_disguised_layoff_82-0)**\n    董禹含 (15 April 2019).\n    \n    [马云强东争相鼓吹\"996\"背后是变相降薪或裁员](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416082939\/http:\/\/bj.people.com.cn\/n2\/2019\/0415\/c82840-32841638.html)\n    \n    . *人民网* (in Simplified Chinese). [Beijing Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing_Daily \"Beijing Daily\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/bj.people.com.cn\/n2\/2019\/0415\/c82840-32841638.html) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n82. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-banyuetan_996_is_not_hardworking_but_benefits_83-0)**\n    王新亚 (15 April 2019). 孔德明 (ed.).\n    \n    [半月谈评论：996与奋斗无关，与利益有关](http:\/\/www.banyuetan.org\/dyp\/detail\/20190415\/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html)\n    \n    . *半月谈* (in Simplified Chinese). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416182410\/http:\/\/www.banyuetan.org\/dyp\/detail\/20190415\/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n83. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-84)**\n    Qu, Tracy (9 April 2019). [\"How GitHub became a bulletin board for Chinese tech worker complaints\"](https:\/\/qz.com\/1589309\/996-icu-github-hosts-chinese-tech-worker-complaints\/). *[Quartz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartz_\\(publication\\) \"Quartz (publication)\")*. Retrieved 29 May 2022.\n84. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-pingwest_alibaba_996_85-0)**\n    [\"Alibaba's Founder Jack Ma Says 996 Work Schedule Is a Blessing for Employees\"](https:\/\/en.pingwest.com\/w\/1238). *PingWest*. 12 April 2019. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190418161645\/https:\/\/en.pingwest.com\/w\/1238) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.\n85. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-techcrunch_china_996_86-0)**\n    Rita Liao (12 April 2019). [\"China's startup ecosystem is hitting back at demanding working hours\"](https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2019\/04\/12\/china-996\/). *[TechCrunch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TechCrunch \"TechCrunch\")*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190418161638\/https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2019\/04\/12\/china-996\/) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019.\n86. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-:0_87-0)**\n    Javed, Saad Ahmed; Bo, Yu; Tao, Liangyan; Dong, Wenjie (7 June 2021). [\"The 'Dual Circulation' development model of China: Background and insights\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2FRAMJ-03-2021-0016). *Rajagiri Management Journal*. **17**: 2–20\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1108\/RAMJ-03-2021-0016](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2FRAMJ-03-2021-0016). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0972-9968](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0972-9968).\n87. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-88)**\n    Bhaimiya, Sawdah (8 June 2025). [\"China's grueling '996' work culture is being debated by European startups — 7 founders and VCs on why they are resisting\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/06\/08\/europe-startups-resists-pressure-to-adopt-chinas-996-work-culture.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved 30 September 2025.\n88. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-89)**\n    [\"China Spells Out How Excessive 996 Work Culture is Illegal\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-08-27\/china-s-top-court-says-excessive-996-work-culture-is-illegal). *Bloomberg*. 27 August 2021.\n89. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-90)**\n    Meng, Siyuan (15 November 2021). [\"China's burned-out tech workers are fighting back against long hours\"](https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2021\/11\/15\/1039650\/china-tech-workers-996-fight-back\/). *[MIT Technology Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIT_Technology_Review \"MIT Technology Review\")*. Retrieved 21 June 2022. \"But even though authorities and state media seem to be taking a tougher stand, it is unclear when or if the rules that make 996 illegal will be fully enforced.\"\n90. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-91)**\n    Liu, Hong Yu (24 January 2022). [\"The role of the state in influencing work conditions in China's internet industry: Policy, evidence, and implications for industrial relations\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). *[Journal of Industrial Relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Journal_of_Industrial_Relations \"Journal of Industrial Relations\")*. **65**: 12. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1177\/00221856211068488](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0022-1856](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-1856). \"The contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers.\"\n91. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-92)**\n    [\"From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in China\"](https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/358144826). Retrieved 1 September 2025.\n92. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-93)**\n    [\"Are Gen Z disrupting Chinese work culture?\"](https:\/\/daxueconsulting.com\/chinese-work-culture\/). 16 August 2023.\n93. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-94)**\n    [\"China's youth are rebelling against long hours\"](https:\/\/www.economist.com\/business\/2024\/05\/16\/chinas-youth-are-rebelling-against-long-hours). *The Economist*.\n94. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-95)**\n    [\"This is 996 culture, a grueling 72-hour work week popular in China that's been criticized for ruining work-life balance\"](https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/996-work-culture-schedule-popular-in-china-explained-2021-7). *[Business Insider](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")*.\n95. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-96)**\n    [\"From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in Chin\"](https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/PPR\/PPR454223). 2022.\n96. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-97)**\n    [\"California Labor Code, Section 515.5\"](https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=515.5.&lawCode=LAB). *California Legislative Information*. Retrieved 5 April 2026.\n\n## External links\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=20 \"Edit section: External links\")\\]\n\n- [996\\.icu](https:\/\/996.icu\/#\/en_US)\n- [996ICU](https:\/\/github.com\/996icu\/996.ICU) on [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\")\n- [The Extreme 996 Work Culture in China](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=l8wWoQ3_F00) on [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_video_\\(identifier\\) \"YouTube video (identifier)\") from VICE Asia\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Employment \"Template:Employment\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Employment \"Template talk:Employment\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Employment \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Employment\")[Employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employment \"Employment\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Classifications | [Academic tenure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Academic_tenure \"Academic tenure\") [Casual](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casual_employment_\\(contract\\) \"Casual employment (contract)\") [Contingent work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Contingent_work \"Contingent work\") [Full-time job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Full-time_job \"Full-time job\") [Gig worker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gig_worker \"Gig worker\") [Job sharing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_sharing \"Job sharing\") [Part-time job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Part-time_job \"Part-time job\") [Self-employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-employment \"Self-employment\") [Side job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Side_job \"Side job\") [Skilled worker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skilled_worker \"Skilled worker\") [Journeyman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Journeyman \"Journeyman\") [Technician](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technician \"Technician\") [Tradesperson](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tradesperson \"Tradesperson\") [Independent contractor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independent_contractor \"Independent contractor\") [Labour hire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_hire \"Labour hire\") [Temporary work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temporary_work \"Temporary work\") [Laborer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laborer \"Laborer\") [Wage labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_labour \"Wage labour\") |\n| [Hiring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recruitment \"Recruitment\") | [Application](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Application_for_employment \"Application for employment\") [Background check](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Background_check \"Background check\") [Business networking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_networking \"Business networking\") [Cover letter](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cover_letter \"Cover letter\") [Curriculum vitae](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curriculum_vitae \"Curriculum vitae\") [Drug testing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drug_test \"Drug test\") [Employment contract](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employment_contract \"Employment contract\") [Employment counsellor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employment_counsellor \"Employment counsellor\") [Executive search](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Executive_search \"Executive search\") [list](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_executive_search_firms \"List of executive search firms\") [Induction programme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Induction_programme \"Induction programme\") [Job fair](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_fair \"Job fair\") [Job fraud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_fraud \"Job fraud\") [Job hunting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_hunting \"Job hunting\") [Job interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_interview \"Job interview\") [Letter of recommendation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letter_of_recommendation \"Letter of recommendation\") [Onboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Onboarding \"Onboarding\") [Overqualification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overqualification \"Overqualification\") [Person–environment fit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit \"Person–environment fit\") [Personality–job fit theory](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory \"Personality–job fit theory\") [Personality hire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personality_hire \"Personality hire\") [Probation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Probation_\\(workplace\\) \"Probation (workplace)\") [Realistic job preview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Realistic_job_preview \"Realistic job preview\") [Recruitment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recruitment \"Recruitment\") [Résumé](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9 \"Résumé\") [Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates \"Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates\") [Underemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Underemployment \"Underemployment\") [Work-at-home scheme](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work-at-home_scheme \"Work-at-home scheme\") |\n| Roles | [Cooperative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cooperative \"Cooperative\") [Employee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employee \"Employee\") [Employer](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employer \"Employer\") [Internship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internship \"Internship\") [Job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_\\(role\\) \"Job (role)\") [Labour hire](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_hire \"Labour hire\") [Permanent employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permanent_employment \"Permanent employment\") [Supervisor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supervisor \"Supervisor\") [Volunteering](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volunteering \"Volunteering\") |\n| [Working class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_class \"Social class\") | [Blue-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue-collar_worker \"Blue-collar worker\") [Green-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Green-collar_worker \"Green-collar worker\") [Grey-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grey-collar \"Grey-collar\") [Pink-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pink-collar_worker \"Pink-collar worker\") [Precariat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Precariat \"Precariat\") [White-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White-collar_worker \"White-collar worker\") [Red-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color \"Designation of workers by collar color\") [New-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New-collar_worker \"New-collar worker\") [No-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color \"Designation of workers by collar color\") [Orange-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color \"Designation of workers by collar color\") [Scarlet-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color \"Designation of workers by collar color\") [Black-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color \"Designation of workers by collar color\") [Gold-collar](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color \"Designation of workers by collar color\") |\n| [Career](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Career \"Career\") and [training](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Training \"Training\") | [Apprenticeship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apprenticeship \"Apprenticeship\") [Artisan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artisan \"Artisan\") [Master craftsman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Master_craftsman \"Master craftsman\") [Avocation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avocation \"Avocation\") [Career assessment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Career_assessment \"Career assessment\") [Career counseling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Career_counseling \"Career counseling\") [Career development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Career_development \"Career development\") [Coaching](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coaching \"Coaching\") [Creative class](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Creative_class \"Creative class\") [Education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Education \"Education\") [Continuing education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Continuing_education \"Continuing education\") [E-learning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/E-learning \"E-learning\") [Employability](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employability \"Employability\") [Further education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Further_education \"Further education\") [Graduate school](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graduate_school \"Graduate school\") [Induction training](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Induction_training \"Induction training\") [Knowledge worker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knowledge_worker \"Knowledge worker\") [Licensure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Licensure \"Licensure\") [Lifelong learning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lifelong_learning \"Lifelong learning\") [Overspecialization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overspecialization \"Overspecialization\") [Practice-based professional learning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Practice-based_professional_learning \"Practice-based professional learning\") [Professional association](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_association \"Professional association\") [Professional certification](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_certification \"Professional certification\") [Professional development](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_development \"Professional development\") [Professional school](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_school \"Professional school\") [Reflective practice](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reflective_practice \"Reflective practice\") [Retraining](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retraining \"Retraining\") [Vocational education](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocational_education \"Vocational education\") [Vocational school](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocational_school \"Vocational school\") [Vocational university](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocational_university \"Vocational university\") [Mentorship](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mentorship \"Mentorship\") [Occupational Outlook Handbook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook \"Occupational Outlook Handbook\") [Practice firm](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Practice_firm \"Practice firm\") [Profession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Profession \"Profession\") [Operator](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operator_\\(profession\\) \"Operator (profession)\") [Professional](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional \"Professional\") [Tradesman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tradesman \"Tradesman\") [Vocation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocation \"Vocation\") |\n| Attendance | [Break](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Break_\\(work\\) \"Break (work)\") [Break room](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Break_room \"Break room\") [Career break](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Career_break \"Career break\") [Compassionate leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compassionate_leave \"Compassionate leave\") [Bereavement leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bereavement_leave \"Bereavement leave\") [Furlough](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Furlough \"Furlough\") [Gap year](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gap_year \"Gap year\") [Leave of absence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leave_of_absence \"Leave of absence\") [Long service leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_service_leave \"Long service leave\") [No call, no show](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No_call,_no_show \"No call, no show\") [Sabbatical](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sabbatical \"Sabbatical\") [Sick leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sick_leave \"Sick leave\") [Stress leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stress_leave \"Stress leave\") [Time clock](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_clock \"Time clock\") |\n| [Schedules](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schedule_\\(workplace\\) \"Schedule (workplace)\") | [35-hour workweek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/35-hour_workweek \"35-hour workweek\") [Four-day week](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Four-day_week \"Four-day week\") [Eight-hour day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eight-hour_day \"Eight-hour day\") [996 working hour system]() [Flextime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flextime \"Flextime\") [On-call](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/On-call \"On-call\") [Overtime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtime \"Overtime\") [Remote work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remote_work \"Remote work\") [Six-hour day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Six-hour_day \"Six-hour day\") [Shift work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shift_work \"Shift work\") [Working time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Working_time \"Working time\") [Workweek and weekend](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workweek_and_weekend \"Workweek and weekend\") |\n| [Wages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage \"Wage\") and [salaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salary \"Salary\") | [Frisch elasticity of labor supply](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frisch_elasticity_of_labor_supply \"Frisch elasticity of labor supply\") [Global labor arbitrage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_labor_arbitrage \"Global labor arbitrage\") [Labour economics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_economics \"Labour economics\") [Labor share](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labor_share \"Labor share\") [Labour supply](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_supply \"Labour supply\") [Living wage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Living_wage \"Living wage\") [Maximum wage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maximum_wage \"Maximum wage\") [Median income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Median_income \"Median income\") [Minimum wage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minimum_wage \"Minimum wage\") [Canada](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minimum_wage_in_Canada \"Minimum wage in Canada\") [Hong Kong](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance \"Minimum Wage Ordinance\") [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage \"List of European countries by minimum wage\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States \"Minimum wage in the United States\") [National average salary](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_average_salary \"National average salary\") [World](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_average_wage \"List of countries by average wage\") [Europe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage \"List of European countries by average wage\") [Pay bands](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pay_bands \"Pay bands\") [Price elasticity of demand](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Price_elasticity_of_demand \"Price elasticity of demand\") [Progressive wage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progressive_wage \"Progressive wage\") [Singapore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Progressive_wage \"Progressive wage\") [Overtime rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overtime_rate \"Overtime rate\") [Paid time off](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paid_time_off \"Paid time off\") [Performance-related pay](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Performance-related_pay \"Performance-related pay\") [Remuneration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Remuneration \"Remuneration\") [Salary cap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salary_cap \"Salary cap\") |\n| [Benefits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employee_benefits \"Employee benefits\") | [Annual leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annual_leave \"Annual leave\") [Casual Friday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Casual_Friday \"Casual Friday\") [Child care](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Child_care \"Child care\") [Disability insurance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disability_insurance \"Disability insurance\") [Health insurance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Health_insurance \"Health insurance\") [Life insurance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Life_insurance \"Life insurance\") [Marriage leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marriage_leave \"Marriage leave\") [Parental leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parental_leave \"Parental leave\") [Pension](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pension \"Pension\") [By country](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pension_systems_by_country \"Pension systems by country\") [Perk-cession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Perk-cession \"Perk-cession\") [Sick leave](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sick_leave \"Sick leave\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sick_leave_in_the_United_States \"Sick leave in the United States\") [Take-home vehicle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Take-home_vehicle \"Take-home vehicle\") [Well-being washing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Well-being_washing \"Well-being washing\") |\n| Taxes | [Payroll tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Payroll_tax \"Payroll tax\") [Tax bracket](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tax_bracket \"Tax bracket\") [Income tax](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Income_tax \"Income tax\") [Negative](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Negative_income_tax \"Negative income tax\") [Disposable income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disposable_income \"Disposable income\") [Salary packaging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salary_packaging \"Salary packaging\") [Unreported employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unreported_employment \"Unreported employment\") |\n| [Safety and health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_safety_and_health \"Occupational safety and health\") | [Crunch](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crunch_\\(video_games\\) \"Crunch (video games)\") [Epilepsy and employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epilepsy_and_employment \"Epilepsy and employment\") [Human factors and ergonomics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_factors_and_ergonomics \"Human factors and ergonomics\") [Karoshi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karoshi \"Karoshi\") [List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents \"List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents\") [Occupational burnout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_burnout \"Occupational burnout\") [Occupational disease](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_disease \"Occupational disease\") [Occupational exposure limit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_exposure_limit \"Occupational exposure limit\") [Occupational health psychology](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_health_psychology \"Occupational health psychology\") [Occupational injury](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_injury \"Occupational injury\") [Occupational noise](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_noise \"Occupational noise\") [Occupational stress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_stress \"Occupational stress\") [Personal protective equipment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Personal_protective_equipment \"Personal protective equipment\") [Repetitive strain injury](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repetitive_strain_injury \"Repetitive strain injury\") [Right to sit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_sit \"Right to sit\") [United States](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States \"Right to sit in the United States\") [Sick building syndrome](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sick_building_syndrome \"Sick building syndrome\") [Work accident](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_accident \"Work accident\") [Occupational fatality](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_fatality \"Occupational fatality\") [Workers' compensation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workers%27_compensation \"Workers' compensation\") [Workers' right to access the toilet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet \"Workers' right to access the toilet\") [Workplace health promotion](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_health_promotion \"Workplace health promotion\") [Workplace phobia](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_phobia \"Workplace phobia\") [Workplace wellness](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_wellness \"Workplace wellness\") |\n| [Equal opportunity](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equal_opportunity \"Equal opportunity\") | [Affirmative action](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Affirmative_action \"Affirmative action\") [Discrimination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employment_discrimination \"Employment discrimination\") [Equal pay for equal work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equal_pay_for_equal_work \"Equal pay for equal work\") [Gender pay gap](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gender_pay_gap \"Gender pay gap\") [Glass ceiling](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glass_ceiling \"Glass ceiling\") |\n| Infractions | [Corporate collapses and scandals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals \"List of corporate collapses and scandals\") [Accounting scandals](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accounting_scandals \"Accounting scandals\") [Control fraud](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Control_fraud \"Control fraud\") [Corporate behaviour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporate_behaviour \"Corporate behaviour\") [Corporate crime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporate_crime \"Corporate crime\") [Exploitation of labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exploitation_of_labour \"Exploitation of labour\") [Dress code](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dress_code \"Dress code\") [Employee handbook](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employee_handbook \"Employee handbook\") [Employee monitoring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employee_monitoring \"Employee monitoring\") [Evaluation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evaluation_\\(workplace\\) \"Evaluation (workplace)\") [Labour law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_law \"Labour law\") [Sexual harassment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sexual_harassment \"Sexual harassment\") [Sleeping while on duty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleeping_while_on_duty \"Sleeping while on duty\") [Wage theft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_theft \"Wage theft\") [Whistleblower](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whistleblower \"Whistleblower\") [Workplace bullying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_bullying \"Workplace bullying\") [Workplace harassment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_harassment \"Workplace harassment\") [Workplace incivility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workplace_incivility \"Workplace incivility\") |\n| Willingness | [Boreout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boreout \"Boreout\") [Careerism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Careerism \"Careerism\") [Civil conscription](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_conscription \"Civil conscription\") [Conscription](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conscription \"Conscription\") [Critique of work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critique_of_work \"Critique of work\") [Dead-end job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dead-end_job \"Dead-end job\") [Employment rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employment_rate \"Employment rate\") [List](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_sovereign_states_by_employment_rate \"List of sovereign states by employment rate\") [Job satisfaction](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_satisfaction \"Job satisfaction\") [McJob](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McJob \"McJob\") [Organizational commitment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organizational_commitment \"Organizational commitment\") [Refusal of work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refusal_of_work \"Refusal of work\") [Slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery \"Slavery\") [Bonded labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Debt_bondage \"Debt bondage\") [Human trafficking](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_trafficking \"Human trafficking\") [Labour camp](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labor_camp \"Labor camp\") [Penal labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penal_labour \"Penal labour\") [Peonage](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peon \"Peon\") [Truck wages](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Truck_wages \"Truck wages\") [Unfree labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unfree_labour \"Unfree labour\") [Wage slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_slavery \"Wage slavery\") [Stay interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stay_interview \"Stay interview\") [Workforce](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workforce \"Workforce\") [Work ethic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_ethic \"Work ethic\") [Work–life interface](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work%E2%80%93life_interface \"Work–life interface\") [Downshifting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Downshifting_\\(lifestyle\\) \"Downshifting (lifestyle)\") [Slow living](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slow_living \"Slow living\") [Workaholic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workaholic \"Workaholic\") |\n| [Termination](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Termination_of_employment \"Termination of employment\") | [At-will employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/At-will_employment \"At-will employment\") [Dismissal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dismissal_\\(employment\\) \"Dismissal (employment)\") [Banishment room](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banishment_room \"Banishment room\") [Constructive dismissal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constructive_dismissal \"Constructive dismissal\") [Wrongful dismissal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wrongful_dismissal \"Wrongful dismissal\") [Employee offboarding](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employee_offboarding \"Employee offboarding\") [Employee turnover](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employee_turnover \"Employee turnover\") [Exit interview](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exit_interview \"Exit interview\") [Labour market flexibility](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_market_flexibility \"Labour market flexibility\") [Layoff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Layoff \"Layoff\") [Notice period](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Notice_period \"Notice period\") [Pink slip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pink_slip_\\(employment\\) \"Pink slip (employment)\") [Resignation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resignation \"Resignation\") [Letter of resignation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letter_of_resignation \"Letter of resignation\") [Restructuring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Restructuring \"Restructuring\") [Retirement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retirement \"Retirement\") [Mandatory retirement](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mandatory_retirement \"Mandatory retirement\") [Retirement planning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retirement_planning \"Retirement planning\") [Retirement spend-down](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retirement_spend-down \"Retirement spend-down\") [Severance package](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Severance_package \"Severance package\") [Golden handshake](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden_handshake \"Golden handshake\") [Golden parachute](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Golden_parachute \"Golden parachute\") |\n| [Unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unemployment \"Unemployment\") | [Barriers to entry](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barriers_to_entry \"Barriers to entry\") [Discouraged worker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discouraged_worker \"Discouraged worker\") [Economic depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Economic_depression \"Economic depression\") [Great Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Depression \"Great Depression\") [Long Depression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_Depression \"Long Depression\") [Frictional unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frictional_unemployment \"Frictional unemployment\") [Full employment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Full_employment \"Full employment\") [Graduate unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graduate_unemployment \"Graduate unemployment\") [Involuntary unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Involuntary_unemployment \"Involuntary unemployment\") [Jobless recovery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jobless_recovery \"Jobless recovery\") [NEET](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NEET \"NEET\") [Phillips curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phillips_curve \"Phillips curve\") [Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recession \"Recession\") [Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Recession \"Great Recession\") [Job losses caused by the Great Recession](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession \"Job losses caused by the Great Recession\") [Lists of recessions](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lists_of_recessions \"Lists of recessions\") [Recession-proof job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Recession-proof_job \"Recession-proof job\") [Reserve army of labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reserve_army_of_labour \"Reserve army of labour\") [Structural unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Structural_unemployment \"Structural unemployment\") [Technological unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technological_unemployment \"Technological unemployment\") [Types of unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Types_of_unemployment \"Types of unemployment\") [Unemployment benefits](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unemployment_benefits \"Unemployment benefits\") [Unemployment Convention, 1919](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unemployment_Convention,_1919 \"Unemployment Convention, 1919\") [Unemployment extension](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unemployment_extension \"Unemployment extension\") [List of countries by unemployment rate](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate \"List of countries by unemployment rate\") [Wage curve](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_curve \"Wage curve\") [Youth unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Youth_unemployment \"Youth unemployment\") |\n| Public programs | [Workfare](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workfare \"Workfare\") [Unemployment insurance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unemployment_insurance \"Unemployment insurance\") [Make-work job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Make-work_job \"Make-work job\") [Job creation program](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_creation_program \"Job creation program\") [Job creation index](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_creation_index \"Job creation index\") [Job guarantee](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_guarantee \"Job guarantee\") [Employer of last resort](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employer_of_last_resort \"Employer of last resort\") [Guaranteed minimum income](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guaranteed_minimum_income \"Guaranteed minimum income\") [Right to work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_work \"Right to work\") *Historical:* *U.S.A.:* [Civil Works Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Works_Administration \"Civil Works Administration\") [Works Progress Administration](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Works_Progress_Administration \"Works Progress Administration\") [Comprehensive Employment and Training Act](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act \"Comprehensive Employment and Training Act\") |\n| See also | [Bullshit job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bullshit_job \"Bullshit job\") [Busy work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Busy_work \"Busy work\") [Credentialism and educational inflation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation \"Credentialism and educational inflation\") [Emotional labor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emotional_labor \"Emotional labor\") [Evil corporation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evil_corporation \"Evil corporation\") [Going postal](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Going_postal \"Going postal\") [Kiss up kick down](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kiss_up_kick_down \"Kiss up kick down\") [Labor rights](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labor_rights \"Labor rights\") [Make-work job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Make-work_job \"Make-work job\") [Narcissism in the workplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narcissism_in_the_workplace \"Narcissism in the workplace\") [Post-work society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-work_society \"Post-work society\") [Presenteeism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presenteeism \"Presenteeism\") [Psychopathy in the workplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace \"Psychopathy in the workplace\") [Sunday scaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunday_scaries \"Sunday scaries\") [Slow movement (culture)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slow_movement_\\(culture\\) \"Slow movement (culture)\") [Toxic leader](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxic_leader \"Toxic leader\") [Toxic workplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxic_workplace \"Toxic workplace\") [Wage compression](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_compression \"Wage compression\") [Working poor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Working_poor \"Working poor\") [Workhouse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workhouse \"Workhouse\") |\n| ![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/83\/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg\/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png) See also templates [Aspects of corporations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Aspects_of_corporations \"Template:Aspects of corporations\") [Aspects of jobs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Aspects_of_jobs \"Template:Aspects of jobs\") [Aspects of occupations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Aspects_of_occupations \"Template:Aspects of occupations\") [Aspects of organizations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Aspects_of_organizations \"Template:Aspects of organizations\") [Aspects of workplaces](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces \"Template:Aspects of workplaces\") [Corporate titles](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Corporate_titles \"Template:Corporate titles\") [Critique of work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Critique_of_work \"Template:Critique of work\") [Organized labor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Organized_labor \"Template:Organized labor\") |   |\n\n| [v](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template:Critique_of_work \"Template:Critique of work\") [t](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Template_talk:Critique_of_work \"Template talk:Critique of work\") [e](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:EditPage\/Template:Critique_of_work \"Special:EditPage\/Template:Critique of work\")[Critique of work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critique_of_work \"Critique of work\") |   |\n|---|---|\n| Historical persons | [Abbie Hoffman](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbie_Hoffman \"Abbie Hoffman\") [Edward Bellamy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Bellamy \"Edward Bellamy\") [Alfredo M. Bonanno](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alfredo_M._Bonanno \"Alfredo M. Bonanno\") [André Gorz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz \"André Gorz\") [Bob Black](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bob_Black_\\(anarchist\\) \"Bob Black (anarchist)\") [Günther Anders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%BCnther_Anders \"Günther Anders\") [Guy Debord](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guy_Debord \"Guy Debord\") [Heinrich Böll](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll \"Heinrich Böll\") [Ivan Illich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ivan_Illich \"Ivan Illich\") [Mikhail Bakunin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikhail_Bakunin \"Mikhail Bakunin\") [Paul Lafargue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_Lafargue \"Paul Lafargue\") [Walter Benjamin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walter_Benjamin \"Walter Benjamin\") [Antonio Negri](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antonio_Negri \"Antonio Negri\") [Bertrand Russell](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bertrand_Russell \"Bertrand Russell\") [Friedrich Nietzsche](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrich_Nietzsche \"Friedrich Nietzsche\") [Henry David Thoreau](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_David_Thoreau \"Henry David Thoreau\") [Herbert Marcuse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_Marcuse \"Herbert Marcuse\") [Jerry Rubin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerry_Rubin \"Jerry Rubin\") [Josef Pieper](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josef_Pieper \"Josef Pieper\") [Karl Marx](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_Marx \"Karl Marx\") [Max Stirner](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Stirner \"Max Stirner\") [Max Weber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Weber \"Max Weber\") [Pierre-Joseph Proudhon](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon \"Pierre-Joseph Proudhon\") [Raoul Vaneigem](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raoul_Vaneigem \"Raoul Vaneigem\") [Renzo Novatore](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renzo_Novatore \"Renzo Novatore\") [Zo d'Axa](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zo_d%27Axa \"Zo d'Axa\") |\n| Contemporary persons | [Franco Berardi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franco_Berardi \"Franco Berardi\") [L. Susan Brown](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L._Susan_Brown \"L. Susan Brown\") [Madeleine Bunting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madeleine_Bunting \"Madeleine Bunting\") [David Graeber](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Graeber \"David Graeber\") [Michael Hardt](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_Hardt \"Michael Hardt\") [Maurizio Lazzarato](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maurizio_Lazzarato \"Maurizio Lazzarato\") [Claus Peter Ortlieb](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb \"Claus Peter Ortlieb\") [Roland Paulsen](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roland_Paulsen \"Roland Paulsen\") [Jeremy Rifkin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeremy_Rifkin \"Jeremy Rifkin\") [Penelope Rosemont](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penelope_Rosemont \"Penelope Rosemont\") [Mark Slouka](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mark_Slouka \"Mark Slouka\") [Nick Srnicek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nick_Srnicek \"Nick Srnicek\") [Claire Wolfe](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claire_Wolfe \"Claire Wolfe\") [John Zerzan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Zerzan \"John Zerzan\") |\n| Terminology and related topics | [996 working hour system]() [Absenteeism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Absenteeism \"Absenteeism\") [Abusive supervision](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abusive_supervision \"Abusive supervision\") [Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aktion_Arbeitsscheu_Reich \"Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich\") [All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/All_work_and_no_play_makes_Jack_a_dull_boy \"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy\") [Autonomism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Autonomism \"Autonomism\") [Bare minimum Monday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bare_minimum_Monday \"Bare minimum Monday\") [Bullshit job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bullshit_job \"Bullshit job\") [Career catfishing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Career_catfishing \"Career catfishing\") [Coffee badging](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coffee_badging \"Coffee badging\") [Corporatocracy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corporatocracy \"Corporatocracy\") [Cycle of poverty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cycle_of_poverty \"Cycle of poverty\") *[Dolce far niente](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dolce_far_niente \"Dolce far niente\")* [Effects of overtime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Effects_of_overtime \"Effects of overtime\") [Eight-hour day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eight-hour_day \"Eight-hour day\") [Employee ghosting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Employee_ghosting \"Employee ghosting\") [Extermination through labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extermination_through_labour \"Extermination through labour\") [Career cushioning](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Career_cushioning \"Career cushioning\") [Careerism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Careerism \"Careerism\") [Flextime](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flextime \"Flextime\") [Forced labour](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forced_labour \"Forced labour\") [Four-day workweek](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Four-day_workweek \"Four-day workweek\") [Funemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Funemployment \"Funemployment\") [Ghost job](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghost_job \"Ghost job\") [Uberisation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uberisation \"Uberisation\") \/ [Gig worker](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gig_worker \"Gig worker\") [Glass cliff](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glass_cliff \"Glass cliff\") [Happiness economics](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Happiness_economics \"Happiness economics\") [Honeymoon-hangover effect](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Honeymoon-hangover_effect \"Honeymoon-hangover effect\") [Hush trip](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hush_trip \"Hush trip\") [Infinite workday](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Infinite_workday \"Infinite workday\") [Job crafting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_crafting \"Job crafting\") [Job cuffing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_cuffing \"Job cuffing\") [Jobless employed](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jobless_employed \"Jobless employed\") [Karoshi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karoshi \"Karoshi\") [Loud quitting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loud_quitting \"Loud quitting\") *[Neijuan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neijuan \"Neijuan\")* [Occupational burnout](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_burnout \"Occupational burnout\") [Occupational safety and health](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_safety_and_health \"Occupational safety and health\") [Occupational stress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_stress \"Occupational stress\") [Orange S.A. suicides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orange_S.A._suicides \"Orange S.A. suicides\") [Overwork](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overwork \"Overwork\") [Performance punishment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Performance_punishment \"Performance punishment\") [Post-work society](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Post-work_society \"Post-work society\") [Precariat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Precariat \"Precariat\") [Presenteeism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presenteeism \"Presenteeism\") [Digital presenteeism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_presenteeism \"Digital presenteeism\") [Productivity theater](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Productivity_theater \"Productivity theater\") [Professional abuse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Professional_abuse \"Professional abuse\") [Protestant work ethic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protestant_work_ethic \"Protestant work ethic\") [Psychological safety](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_safety \"Psychological safety\") [Quick quitting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quick_quitting \"Quick quitting\") [Quiet hiring](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quiet_hiring \"Quiet hiring\") [Quiet quitting](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quiet_quitting \"Quiet quitting\") [Rage applying](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rage_applying \"Rage applying\") [Refusal of work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Refusal_of_work \"Refusal of work\") [Resenteeism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Resenteeism \"Resenteeism\") [Right to rest and leisure](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_to_rest_and_leisure \"Right to rest and leisure\") [Sampo generation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sampo_generation \"Sampo generation\") [Sunday scaries](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sunday_scaries \"Sunday scaries\") [Six-hour day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Six-hour_day \"Six-hour day\") *[Tang ping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_ping \"Tang ping\")* [Technological unemployment](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Technological_unemployment \"Technological unemployment\") [Toxic workplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Toxic_workplace \"Toxic workplace\") [Narcissism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narcissism_in_the_workplace \"Narcissism in the workplace\") [Psychopathy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace \"Psychopathy in the workplace\") [Wage slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_slavery \"Wage slavery\") [Well-being washing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Well-being_washing \"Well-being washing\") [Work ethic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work_ethic \"Work ethic\") [Workaholic](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workaholic \"Workaholic\") [Working poor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Working_poor \"Working poor\") [Work–life balance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work%E2%80%93life_balance \"Work–life balance\") |\n| Theater, movies, music and art | *[À Nous la Liberté](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%80_Nous_la_Libert%C3%A9 \"À Nous la Liberté\")* *[Office Space](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Office_Space \"Office Space\")* [Swedish Public Freedom Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swedish_Public_Freedom_Service \"Swedish Public Freedom Service\") \"[Take This Job and Shove It](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Take_This_Job_and_Shove_It \"Take This Job and Shove It\")\" *[The Future of Work and Death](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death \"The Future of Work and Death\")* [The Main Thing Is Work\\!](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Main_Thing_Is_Work! \"The Main Thing Is Work!\") *[The Working Class Goes to Heaven](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Working_Class_Goes_to_Heaven \"The Working Class Goes to Heaven\")* *[Yama—Attack to Attack](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yama%E2%80%94Attack_to_Attack \"Yama—Attack to Attack\")* |\n| [Literature](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Literature_critical_of_work_and_the_work_ethic \"Category:Literature critical of work and the work ethic\") | *[Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral \"Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral\")* *[Bartleby, the Scrivener](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bartleby,_the_Scrivener \"Bartleby, the Scrivener\")* *[Bonjour paresse](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonjour_paresse \"Bonjour paresse\")* *[Bullshit Jobs](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bullshit_Jobs \"Bullshit Jobs\")* *[The Conquest of Bread](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Conquest_of_Bread \"The Conquest of Bread\")* *[Critique of Economic Reason](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critique_of_Economic_Reason \"Critique of Economic Reason\")* *[Fight Club](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fight_Club_\\(novel\\) \"Fight Club (novel)\")* *[Future Primitive and Other Essays](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays \"Future Primitive and Other Essays\")* *[In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays \"In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays\")* *[Inventing the Future](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work \"Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work\")* *[Manifesto Against Work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manifesto_Against_Work \"Manifesto Against Work\")* *[New Escapologist](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Escapologist \"New Escapologist\")* *[On the Poverty of Student Life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/On_the_Poverty_of_Student_Life \"On the Poverty of Student Life\")* *[The Society of the Spectacle](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle \"The Society of the Spectacle\")* *[Steal This Book](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steal_This_Book \"Steal This Book\")* *[The Abolition of Work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Abolition_of_Work \"The Abolition of Work\")* *[The End of Work](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_End_of_Work \"The End of Work\")* *[The Human Use of Human Beings](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings \"The Human Use of Human Beings\")* *[The Idler](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Idler_\\(1993\\) \"The Idler (1993)\")* *[The Revolution of Everyday Life](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life \"The Revolution of Everyday Life\")* *[The Right to Be Lazy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy \"The Right to Be Lazy\")* *[The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Soul_at_Work:_From_Alienation_to_Autonomy \"The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy\")* |\n| Communities | [R\/antiwork](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R\/antiwork \"R\/antiwork\") [CrimethInc.](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CrimethInc. \"CrimethInc.\") [Situationist International](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Situationist_International \"Situationist International\") |\n| See also | [Criticism of capitalism](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_capitalism \"Criticism of capitalism\") [Critique of political economy](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Critique_of_political_economy \"Critique of political economy\") [Job strain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Job_strain \"Job strain\") |\n\n![](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1)\n\nRetrieved from \"<https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&oldid=1347229217>\"\n\n[Categories](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Help:Category \"Help:Category\"):\n\n- [Chinese labour law](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Chinese_labour_law \"Category:Chinese labour law\")\n- [Economy of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Economy_of_China \"Category:Economy of China\")\n- [Ethically disputed working 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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [talk page](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk:996_working_hour_system \"Talk:996 working hour system\"). *(July 2021)* |\n\n| 996 working hour system |   |\n|---|---|\n| [Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\") | 996工作制 |\n| Transcriptions |   |\n| [Standard Mandarin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Standard_Chinese \"Standard Chinese\") |   |\n| [Hanyu Pinyin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanyu_Pinyin \"Hanyu Pinyin\") | jiǔjiǔliù gōngzuò zhì |\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f2\/Deaths_from_Karoshi.png\/500px-Deaths_from_Karoshi.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Deaths_from_Karoshi.png)\n\nDeaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by [World Health Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_Health_Organization \"World Health Organization\") and [International Labour Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Labour_Organization \"International Labour Organization\") in 2016\n\nThe **996 working hour system** ([Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"): 996工作制) is a work schedule that derives its name from its requirement that workers clock in from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week, resulting in employees working 12 hours per day and 72 hours per week.[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\\[2\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_996-2)[\\[3\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_why-3)[\\[4\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-scmp_whatis996-4)[\\[5\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-wsj996-5)[\\[6\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-6) It is practiced illegally by some companies in [China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China \"China\"). A number of [Mainland Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mainland_China \"Mainland China\") internet and tech companies have adopted this system as their official or de facto work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of the [Labour Law of the People's Republic of China](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China \"Labour Law of the People's Republic of China\") and have called it \"[modern slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_in_the_21st_century \"Slavery in the 21st century\")\".[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7)[\\[8\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-8)\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/c\/c6\/996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png\/250px-996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png)\n\nDifference in working hours (orange) during waking hours between a typical [9 to 5](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/9_to_5 \"9 to 5\") and the 996 schedule\n\nIn March 2019, an \"anti-996\" protest was launched via [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\").[\\[9\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-9)[\\[10\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-voa_chinese_protest_996-10)[\\[11\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_996_is_hustle_culture-11) Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China.[\\[12\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-12)[\\[13\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-13)[\\[14\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-14)\n\nIn 2025, the practice has begun to show up among tech companies in the US.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17)\n\nThe culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese [IT](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Information_technology \"Information technology\") companies,[\\[18\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_0-18) where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.[\\[19\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_bbc-19) Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to incentivize overtime work.[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20)\n\nThis system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like [Beijing](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing \"Beijing\"), [Shanghai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shanghai \"Shanghai\"), and [Guangzhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guangzhou \"Guangzhou\") suffer from work-related [fatigue](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatigue \"Fatigue\"), [musculoskeletal pain](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Musculoskeletal_pain \"Musculoskeletal pain\"), [sleep disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sleep_disorder \"Sleep disorder\")[\\[21\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-21) or [eating disorders](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eating_disorders \"Eating disorders\"), [occupational stress](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occupational_stress \"Occupational stress\"), and [work–family imbalance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict \"Work–family conflict\").[\\[22\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-Tsui-22) According to China's state-owned *[People's Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Daily \"People's Daily\")*, a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers reported health problems.[\\[23\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-23)[\\[24\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-24) Numerous [overwork deaths](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karoshi#China \"Karoshi\") and [suicides](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suicide_in_China \"Suicide in China\") have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China.[\\[25\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-25)[\\[26\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-26)\n\nIn 2020, a study published in *[IEEE Software](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/IEEE_Software \"IEEE Software\")* done by Chinese researchers found that \"Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones\".[\\[27\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-27) Another study likened 996 culture to \"[modern slavery](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_in_the_21st_century \"Slavery in the 21st century\")\", formed through the combination of \"unrestricted global capitalism and a [Confucian](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confucianism \"Confucianism\") culture of hierarchy and obedience\".[\\[7\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7)\n\nIn September 2016, the [classified advertising](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classified_advertising \"Classified advertising\") website [58\\.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=58.com&action=edit&redlink=1 \"58.com (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/58%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%8E \"zh:58同城\")\\] officially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system,[\\[28\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-28) attracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be encouraged, not a compulsory practice.[\\[29\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-58_1-29)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)\n\nA *CNBC* article in May 2021 reported that workers at [TikTok](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TikTok \"TikTok\")'s parent company [ByteDance](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ByteDance \"ByteDance\") were unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it.[\\[31\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-31) In November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated shorter working hours.[\\[32\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-32) Nevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on [Maimai](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Maimai_\\(website\\)&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Maimai (website) (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%84%89%E8%84%89 \"zh:脉脉\")\\], a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies.[\\[33\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-33)\n\nAfter 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese: 何刚) of [JD.com](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/JD.com \"JD.com\") was leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system \"on a flexible basis\".[\\[34\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_1-34)\n\nOn 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule, while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the [public relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_relations \"Public relations\") department of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory.[\\[35\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_2-35)\n\n[Richard Liu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Liu \"Richard Liu\"), the founder of the company, said that the reason for his company's layoffs is because there were too many \"slackers\" and they were not his \"brothers\".[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) He said JD did not force its staff to work the \"996\" or even a \"995\" overtime schedule, \"But every person must have the desire to push oneself to the limit!\".\n\nIn early January 2021, the e-commerce platform [Pinduoduo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pinduoduo \"Pinduoduo\") was accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the [karoshi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karoshi \"Karoshi\") death of a 22-year-old worker.[\\[37\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-37)[\\[38\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-38) Later, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on [Zhihu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhihu \"Zhihu\"), saying \"Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives\".[\\[39\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-39)\n\nJust a few days after the early January incident, another employee committed suicide by jumping.[\\[40\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-40)[\\[41\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-41) On 10 January, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance.[\\[42\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-42)[\\[43\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-43)\n\nIn January 2019, an employee of [Youzan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Youzan&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Youzan (page does not exist)\") stated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule.[\\[44\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_3-44) Bai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, \"it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later\".[\\[20\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20) Some media outlets criticized this schedule.[\\[45\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_1-45) Later that month, the Labour Supervision Group of [Xihu District, Hangzhou](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xihu_District,_Hangzhou \"Xihu District, Hangzhou\") announced that the company was under investigation.[\\[46\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_4-46)\n\nAt least 40 companies, including [Huawei](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huawei \"Huawei\") and [Alibaba Group](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alibaba_Group \"Alibaba Group\"), have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative.[\\[47\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cctv_40companies_996-47)[\\[48\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-48)\n\nAccording to two separate reports from the *[Wired](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wired_\\(magazine\\) \"Wired (magazine)\")* magazine and *[Marketplace](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marketplace_\\(radio_program\\) \"Marketplace (radio program)\")* podcast in 2025, a growing number of U.S. AI startups are also implementing the 996 schedule.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50)\n\n### 996\\.ICU GitHub campaign\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=10 \"Edit section: 996.ICU GitHub campaign\")\\]\n\n[![](https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/thumb\/3\/33\/996.ICU.logo.svg\/250px-996.ICU.logo.svg.png)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:996.ICU.logo.svg)\n\nLogo of Anti-996 [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\") project\n\nOn 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\") states that the name \"996.icu\" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system would risk poor health and a possible stay in an [intensive care unit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intensive_care_unit \"Intensive care unit\"). The movement's slogan is \"developers' lives matter\".[\\[51\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_info-51)[\\[52\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_3-52)[\\[53\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_6-53)[\\[54\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_7-54)[\\[55\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_8-55)[\\[56\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_9-56)[\\[57\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-57)\n\nTwo days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub.[\\[58\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_1-58) The repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the \"issue\" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on [Zhihu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zhihu \"Zhihu\"), [Sina Weibo](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sina_Weibo \"Sina Weibo\"), and [WeChat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WeChat \"WeChat\").[\\[1\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\\[59\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_5-59)\n\nThe original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the [Anti 996 Licence](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Anti_996_Licence&action=edit&redlink=1 \"Anti 996 Licence (page does not exist)\") \\[[zh](https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E5%8F%8D996%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81 \"zh:反996许可证\")\\] was created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source[\\[a\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-60) code licensed under it.[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\\[61\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_2-62)\n\nOn 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that [Tencent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tencent \"Tencent\")'s [QQ browser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/QQ_browser \"QQ browser\"), [WeChat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WeChat \"WeChat\"), [Alibaba](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alibaba_Group \"Alibaba Group\")'s [UC Browser](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UC_Browser \"UC Browser\"), [Qihoo 360](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qihoo_360 \"Qihoo 360\")'s 360 Browser, and many other browsers developed by companies in mainland China blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as \"an illegal and fraudulent site\".[\\[62\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-63)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)\n\nOn 18 April 2019, employees at [Microsoft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microsoft \"Microsoft\") and GitHub created a GitHub repository named \"support.996.ICU\" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship.[\\[63\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-verge_ms_workers_support-64)[\\[64\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnbc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-65)[\\[65\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-abc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-66)[\\[66\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bi_ms_anti996-67)[\\[67\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-motherboard_ms_anti996-68)[\\[68\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bfn_ms_anti996-69)\n\n[Jack Ma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Ma \"Jack Ma\") stated that workers should consider 996 \"a huge blessing\" as there is no way to \"achieve the success \\[one\\] want\\[s\\] without paying extra effort and time\",[\\[69\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnn_jack_ma_endorses_996-70)[\\[70\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_jack_ma_defends_996-71)[\\[71\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-fortune_jack_ma_endorses_996-72)[\\[72\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-marketwatch_jack_me_calls_996_blessing-73)[\\[73\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-guardian_996-74)[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\\[74\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_jackma_wrong-75)\\[*[excessive citations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations \"Wikipedia:Citing sources\")*\\] while [Richard Liu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Liu \"Richard Liu\"), founder of JD.com, said that \"[Slackers](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slackers \"Slackers\") are not my brothers!\"[\\[30\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\\[36\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) [Jason Calacanis](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jason_Calacanis \"Jason Calacanis\"), an entrepreneur and [angel investor](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angel_investor \"Angel investor\"), describes 996 as \"the same exact work ethic that built America\".[\\[75\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-76)\n\nSeveral Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping of the [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\") said that the system \"violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit\".[\\[76\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-xinshiping_996-77) The *[People's Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Daily \"People's Daily\")* wrote that \"advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system\",[\\[77\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-78)[\\[78\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sina_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-79)[\\[79\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sohu_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-80) while an editorial in the [China News Service](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_News_Service \"China News Service\") said that it is \"unnecessary to exchange life for money\".[\\[80\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-zhongxin_rather_no_marriage_than_liferisk-81)\n\n*[Beijing Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beijing_Daily \"Beijing Daily\")* criticized [Jack Ma](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jack_Ma \"Jack Ma\") and [Richard Liu](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Liu \"Richard Liu\") for \"boasting\" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is \"aimed at disguising reduction of salary or lay-off\",[\\[81\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-beijingribao_disguised_layoff-82) while Wang Xinya, a writer for *[Banyuetan](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Banyuetan \"Banyuetan\")*, stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it \"poisonous chicken soup\" ([Chinese](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_language \"Chinese language\"): 毒鸡汤). Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests.[\\[82\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-banyuetan_996_is_not_hardworking_but_benefits-83)\n\n[Python](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Python_\\(programming_language\\) \"Python (programming language)\") creator [Guido van Rossum](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guido_van_Rossum \"Guido van Rossum\") described the 996 work schedule as \"inhumane\" in a tweet commenting on an [SCMP](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SCMP \"SCMP\") article about 996.[\\[83\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-84)[\\[60\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\\[84\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-pingwest_alibaba_996-85)[\\[85\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-techcrunch_china_996-86) In 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that \"there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)\".[\\[86\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:0-87) Without such initiatives, the [dual circulation](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dual_circulation \"Dual circulation\") policy is doomed to fail, they argued.\n\nSome European entrepreneurs argued that 996 is contrary to European values, that it leads to a brain drain, and that the bigger problem for startups is financing.[\\[87\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-88)\n\nThe 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the [Supreme People's Court](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_People%27s_Court \"Supreme People's Court\") on 27 August 2021.[\\[88\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-89) However, some scholars cast doubt whether this ruling will be enforced.[\\[89\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-90)[\\[90\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-91)\n\nThe **007 work schedule** is a midnight to midnight, seven days a week schedule using a rotational workforce which may be practiced illegally by some companies in China, especially in the high-tech sector. The term 007 could mean several things depending on the source. It may mean the employee is expected to live in the office 24\/7 to finish their work, or it could be used to refer to a work-from-home position that requires 24\/7 availability, especially during the times of [COVID-19](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/COVID-19 \"COVID-19\"). Sometimes it is used sarcastically by workers as the \"true\" schedule required by employers.[\\[49\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\\[50\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50)[\\[91\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-92)[\\[92\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-93)[\\[93\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-94)[\\[94\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-95)[\\[95\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-96)\n\n## Occurrence in US tech companies\n\\[[edit](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=16 \"Edit section: Occurrence in US tech companies\")\\]\n\nIn 2025, amidst the [AI boom](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AI_boom \"AI boom\"), reports have emerged of startup tech companies in San Francisco \/ Silicon Valley requiring \"9-9-6\" work schedules, with the goal of building things quickly in a competitive market.[\\[15\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\\[16\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\\[17\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17) California Labor Code §515.5 exempts employers from providing many software engineers with overtime pay.[\\[96\\]](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-97)\n\n- [Buddha-like mindset](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddha-like_mindset \"Buddha-like mindset\")\n- [Black company (Japan)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_company_\\(Japan\\) \"Black company (Japan)\") – also known as ブラック企業\/ブラック会社, *burakku kigyō\/burakku gaisha*\n- [Crunch (video games)](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crunch_\\(video_games\\) \"Crunch (video games)\") – Compulsory overtime during the development of a game\n- [Eight-hour day](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eight-hour_day \"Eight-hour day\")\n- [Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forty-Hour_Week_Convention,_1935 \"Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935\") – An [International Labour Organization](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Labour_Organization \"International Labour Organization\") convention\n- [Karōshi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kar%C5%8Dshi \"Karōshi\")\n- *[Lochner v. New York](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lochner_v._New_York \"Lochner v. New York\")*, [Lochner era](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lochner_era \"Lochner era\") – A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning maximum working hours\n- [Overwork](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Overwork \"Overwork\")\n- [Simple living](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simple_living \"Simple living\")\n- [Tang ping](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tang_ping \"Tang ping\")\n- [Time poverty](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_poverty \"Time poverty\")\n- [Wage theft](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wage_theft \"Wage theft\")\n- [Working time](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Working_time \"Working time\")\n- [Workweek length](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workweek_and_weekend#Length \"Workweek and weekend\")\n\n1. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-60)** Such a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as the [Open Source Definition](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open_Source_Definition \"Open Source Definition\"), as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use.\n\n1. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-1)\n   Xue Yujie (28 March 2019). David Paulk (ed.). [\"Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub\"](https:\/\/www.sixthtone.com\/news\/1003771\/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github). *Sixth Tone*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331180416\/https:\/\/www.sixthtone.com\/news\/1003771\/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n2. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-bbc_996_2-0)**\n   Denise Hruby (8 May 2018). [\"Young Chinese are sick of working long hours\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/capital\/story\/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime). *BBC*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190402155418\/http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/capital\/story\/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.\n3. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-996_why_3-0)**\n   Zhao, Ang (3 June 2018).\n   \n   [不接受\"996\"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331172051\/http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/fortune\/2018-06\/03\/c_1122929624.htm)\n   \n   \\[Not accepting \"996\" means you cannot accept hardship? Media: Legal rights should be protected\\]. *Xinhuanet* (in Simplified Chinese). [Workers' Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Workers%27_Daily \"Workers' Daily\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/fortune\/2018-06\/03\/c_1122929624.htm) on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019.\n4. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-scmp_whatis996_4-0)**\n   Sarah Dai; Li Tao (29 January 2019). [\"China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/start-ups\/article\/2183950\/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact). *South China Morning Post*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331205709\/https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/start-ups\/article\/2183950\/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n5. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-wsj996_5-0)**\n   Li Yuan (22 February 2017). [\"China's Grueling Formula for Success: 9-9-6\"](https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775). *The Wall Street Journal*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331205726\/https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n6. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-6)**\n   Zheping Huang (20 March 2019). [\"No sleep, no sex, no life: tech workers in China's Silicon Valley face burnout before they reach 30\"](https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/apps-social\/article\/3002533\/no-sleep-no-sex-no-life-tech-workers-chinas-silicon-valley-face). *South China Morning Post*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190405044201\/https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/apps-social\/article\/3002533\/no-sleep-no-sex-no-life-tech-workers-chinas-silicon-valley-face) from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.\n7. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-:1_7-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-:1_7-1)\n   Wang, Jenny Jing (2020). [\"How managers use culture and controls to impose a '996' work regime in China that constitutes modern slavery\"](https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/acfi.12682). *Accounting & Finance*. **60** (4): 4331–4359\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1111\/acfi.12682](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Facfi.12682). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1467-629X](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1467-629X). [S2CID](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S2CID_\\(identifier\\) \"S2CID (identifier)\") [225463581](https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:225463581).\n8. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-8)**\n   Lu, Ying-Ying (13 April 2019). [\"Ep. 42: To 996, or Not to 996, That Is the Question\"](https:\/\/pandaily.com\/ep-42-to-996-or-not-to-996-that-is-the-question\/). *Pandaily*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190429012310\/https:\/\/pandaily.com\/ep-42-to-996-or-not-to-996-that-is-the-question\/) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.\n9. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-9)**\n   Yuan Yang (3 April 2019). [\"China tech worker protest against long working hours goes viral\"](https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/72754638-55d1-11e9-91f9-b6515a54c5b1). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 5 April 2019.\n   \n   `{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service \"Category:CS1 maint: deprecated archival service\"))\n10. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-voa_chinese_protest_996_10-0)**\n    Bill Ide (4 April 2019). [\"China Tech Workers Protest Long Work Hours in Online Campaign\"](https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/china-tech-workers-protest-long-work-hours-in-online-campaign\/4861553.html). *VOA News*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190405033656\/https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/china-tech-workers-protest-long-work-hours-in-online-campaign\/4861553.html) from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.\n11. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-nytimes_996_is_hustle_culture_11-0)**\n    Lin Qiqing; Raymond Zhong (29 April 2019). [\"'996' Is China's Version of Hustle Culture. Tech Workers Are Sick of It\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/04\/29\/technology\/china-996-jack-ma.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190503050703\/https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/04\/29\/technology\/china-996-jack-ma.html) from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.\n12. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-12)**\n    Hamer, Lars (5 December 2022). [\"China's Gen-Z Is Entering the Workforce. Employers Are Terrified\"](https:\/\/www.sixthtone.com\/news\/1011815\/chinas-gen-z-is-entering-the-workforce.-employers-are-terrified.). *[Sixth Tone](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sixth_Tone \"Sixth Tone\")*. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n13. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-13)**\n    Yang, Stephanie (30 January 2023). [\"Burned out by COVID, Chinese professionals take up nomadic life: 'I wasted so much time'\"](https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/world-nation\/story\/2023-01-30\/china-economic-slowdown-population-decline-burned-out-covid-young-nomads). *[Los Angeles Times](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")*. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n14. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-14)**\n    Yip, Waiyee (1 September 2021). [\"China steps in to regulate brutal '996' work culture\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-china-58381538). *[BBC News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC_News \"BBC News\")*. Retrieved 3 February 2023.\n15. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto_15-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto_15-1)\n    Rascoe, Ayesha (26 October 2025). [\"Why the '996' schedule is capturing the interest of Silicon Valley leadership\"](https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2025\/10\/26\/nx-s1-5567995\/why-the-996-schedule-is-capturing-the-interest-of-silicon-valley-leadership). *NPR*.\n16. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto2_16-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto2_16-1)\n    Kelley, Lora (28 September 2025). [\"Would You Work '996'? The Hustle Culture Trend Is Taking Hold in Silicon Valley\"](https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/09\/28\/business\/996-hustle-culture-tech.html). *The New York Times*.\n17. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto1_17-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-auto1_17-1)\n    Knibbs, Kate. [\"Silicon Valley AI Startups Are Embracing China's Controversial '996' Work Schedule\"](https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/silicon-valley-china-996-work-schedule\/). *Wired* – via www.wired.com.\n18. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-jb_0_18-0)**\n    Wang, Pinzhi (30 March 2018).\n    \n    [50\\.7%受访者称所在企业有\"加班文化\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331172151\/http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/yuqing\/2018-03\/30\/c_129840094.htm)\n    \n    \\[50.7% of respondents said their companies have an \"overtime culture\"\\]. *[Xinhuanet](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhuanet \"Xinhuanet\")* (in Simplified Chinese). [China Youth Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Youth_Daily \"China Youth Daily\"). Archived from [the original](http:\/\/www.xinhuanet.com\/yuqing\/2018-03\/30\/c_129840094.htm) on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n19. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-jb_bbc_19-0)**\n    Justin Bergman (26 August 2016). [\"Inside the high-pressure world of China's start-up workers\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/capital\/story\/20160825-inside-the-high-pressure-world-of-chinas-overtime-dogs). *BBC*. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331174218\/http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/capital\/story\/20160825-inside-the-high-pressure-world-of-chinas-overtime-dogs) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n20. ^ [***a***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-996_dycj_20-0) [***b***](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-996_dycj_20-1)\n    Liu, Jia, ed. (31 January 2019).\n    \n    [默认996工作制背后：被撕掉的焦虑遮羞布](https:\/\/www.yicai.com\/news\/100111346.html)\n    \n    \\[Behind the default 996 work system: tearing off the veil of anxiety\\]. *第一财经* \\[*Yicai*\\] (in Simplified Chinese). [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190331173237\/https:\/\/www.yicai.com\/news\/100111346.html) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.\n21. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-21)**\n    Liang, Lu-Hai (21 January 2021). [\"The psychology behind 'revenge bedtime procrastination'\"](https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/worklife\/article\/20201123-the-psychology-behind-revenge-bedtime-procrastination). [BBC](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BBC \"BBC\"). Retrieved 19 May 2022.\n22. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-Tsui_22-0)**\n    Tsui, Audrey H. H. (27 June 2008). [\"Asian wellness in decline: a cost of rising prosperity\"](https:\/\/www.emerald.com\/insight\/content\/doi\/10.1108\/17538350810893919\/full\/html). *International Journal of Workplace Health Management*. **1** (2): 123–135\\. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1108\/17538350810893919](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2F17538350810893919). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [1753-8351](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/1753-8351). Retrieved 29 May 2022.\n23. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-23)**\n    Monet, Charmika (26 March 2014). [\"Working to Death in China\"](https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2014\/03\/working-to-death-in-china\/). *[The Diplomat](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Diplomat_\\(magazine\\) \"The Diplomat (magazine)\")*. Retrieved 29 May 2022.\n24. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-24)**\n    [英报：过劳死提醒中国人\"懒散些\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20210126094850\/http:\/\/world.people.com.cn\/n\/2014\/0306\/c157278-24548778.html)\n    \n    \\[British newspaper: overwork death reminds Chinese people to \"be lazy\"\\]. *[People's Daily](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Daily \"People's Daily\")*. [Xinhua News Agency](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinhua_News_Agency \"Xinhua News Agency\"). 6 March 2014. Archived from [the original](http:\/\/world.people.com.cn\/n\/2014\/0306\/c157278-24548778.html) on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2022.\n    \n    信息技术(IT)从业人员似乎尤其脆弱：近日一项覆盖35万IT从业者的调查显示，98.8%的受访者表示自己有健康问题。\n    \n    \\[Information technology (IT) workers appear to be particularly vulnerable: a recent survey covering 350,000 IT workers showed that 98.8% of respondents said they had health problems.\\]\n25. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-25)**\n    [\"Death from Overwork in China\"](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230327205504\/https:\/\/clb.org.hk\/content\/death-overwork-china). *[China Labour Bulletin](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China_Labour_Bulletin \"China Labour Bulletin\")*. 11 August 2006. Archived from [the original](https:\/\/clb.org.hk\/content\/death-overwork-china) on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2022.\n26. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-26)**\n    Tan, J. S. (2022). [\"Tech Workers Lie Flat\"](https:\/\/www.dissentmagazine.org\/article\/tech-workers-lie-flat). *[Dissent](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dissent_\\(American_magazine\\) \"Dissent (American magazine)\")*. Retrieved 19 May 2022.\n27. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-27)**\n    Zhang, Jiayun; Chen, Yang; Gong, Qingyuan; Wang, Xin; Ding, Aaron Yi; Xiao, Yu; Hui, Pan (March 2021). \"Understanding the Working Time of Developers in IT Companies in China and the United States\". *IEEE Software*. **38** (2): 96–106\\. [Bibcode](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bibcode_\\(identifier\\) \"Bibcode (identifier)\"):[2021ISoft..38b..96Z](https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/2021ISoft..38b..96Z). [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1109\/MS.2020.2988022](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109%2FMS.2020.2988022). 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[\"Why some tech workers are turning down jobs at TikTok\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2021\/05\/06\/tiktoks-toxic-culture-reviews-on-glassdoor-impact-hiring.html). Retrieved 23 April 2022.\n32. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-32)**\n    Huang, Zheping (31 October 2021). [\"TikTok Owner ByteDance Mandates Shorter Working Hours\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-11-01\/tiktok-owner-limits-workday-to-nine-hours-in-blow-to-996-culture). *[Bloomberg News](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloomberg_News \"Bloomberg News\")*. Retrieved 23 April 2022.\n33. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-33)**\n    [\"Death of 28-year-old ByteDance employee fuels ongoing controversy on overwork in Chinese tech companies\"](https:\/\/kr-asia.com\/death-of-28-year-old-bytedance-employee-fuels-ongoing-controversy-on-overwork-in-chinese-tech-companies). *KrASIA*. 23 February 2022. 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[Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190416182410\/http:\/\/www.banyuetan.org\/dyp\/detail\/20190415\/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n83. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-84)**\n    Qu, Tracy (9 April 2019). [\"How GitHub became a bulletin board for Chinese tech worker complaints\"](https:\/\/qz.com\/1589309\/996-icu-github-hosts-chinese-tech-worker-complaints\/). *[Quartz](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quartz_\\(publication\\) \"Quartz (publication)\")*. Retrieved 29 May 2022.\n84. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-pingwest_alibaba_996_85-0)**\n    [\"Alibaba's Founder Jack Ma Says 996 Work Schedule Is a Blessing for Employees\"](https:\/\/en.pingwest.com\/w\/1238). *PingWest*. 12 April 2019. [Archived](https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190418161645\/https:\/\/en.pingwest.com\/w\/1238) from the original on 18 April 2019. 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[doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1108\/RAMJ-03-2021-0016](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108%2FRAMJ-03-2021-0016). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0972-9968](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0972-9968).\n87. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-88)**\n    Bhaimiya, Sawdah (8 June 2025). [\"China's grueling '996' work culture is being debated by European startups — 7 founders and VCs on why they are resisting\"](https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/06\/08\/europe-startups-resists-pressure-to-adopt-chinas-996-work-culture.html). *CNBC*. Retrieved 30 September 2025.\n88. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-89)**\n    [\"China Spells Out How Excessive 996 Work Culture is Illegal\"](https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-08-27\/china-s-top-court-says-excessive-996-work-culture-is-illegal). *Bloomberg*. 27 August 2021.\n89. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-90)**\n    Meng, Siyuan (15 November 2021). [\"China's burned-out tech workers are fighting back against long hours\"](https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2021\/11\/15\/1039650\/china-tech-workers-996-fight-back\/). *[MIT Technology Review](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MIT_Technology_Review \"MIT Technology Review\")*. Retrieved 21 June 2022. \"But even though authorities and state media seem to be taking a tougher stand, it is unclear when or if the rules that make 996 illegal will be fully enforced.\"\n90. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-91)**\n    Liu, Hong Yu (24 January 2022). [\"The role of the state in influencing work conditions in China's internet industry: Policy, evidence, and implications for industrial relations\"](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). *[Journal of Industrial Relations](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Journal_of_Industrial_Relations \"Journal of Industrial Relations\")*. **65**: 12. [doi](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doi_\\(identifier\\) \"Doi (identifier)\"):[10\\.1177\/00221856211068488](https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). [ISSN](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISSN_\\(identifier\\) \"ISSN (identifier)\") [0022-1856](https:\/\/search.worldcat.org\/issn\/0022-1856). \"The contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers.\"\n91. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-92)**\n    [\"From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in China\"](https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/358144826). Retrieved 1 September 2025.\n92. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-93)**\n    [\"Are Gen Z disrupting Chinese work culture?\"](https:\/\/daxueconsulting.com\/chinese-work-culture\/). 16 August 2023.\n93. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-94)**\n    [\"China's youth are rebelling against long hours\"](https:\/\/www.economist.com\/business\/2024\/05\/16\/chinas-youth-are-rebelling-against-long-hours). *The Economist*.\n94. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-95)**\n    [\"This is 996 culture, a grueling 72-hour work week popular in China that's been criticized for ruining work-life balance\"](https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/996-work-culture-schedule-popular-in-china-explained-2021-7). *[Business Insider](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Business_Insider \"Business Insider\")*.\n95. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-96)**\n    [\"From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in Chin\"](https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/PPR\/PPR454223). 2022.\n96. **[^](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-97)**\n    [\"California Labor Code, Section 515.5\"](https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=515.5.&lawCode=LAB). *California Legislative Information*. Retrieved 5 April 2026.\n\n- [996\\.icu](https:\/\/996.icu\/#\/en_US)\n- [996ICU](https:\/\/github.com\/996icu\/996.ICU) on [GitHub](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GitHub \"GitHub\")\n- [The Extreme 996 Work Culture in China](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=l8wWoQ3_F00) on [YouTube](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/YouTube_video_\\(identifier\\) \"YouTube video (identifier)\") from VICE Asia","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is missing information about background on other (especially non-tech) overwork cultures in China; legitimized "special work hour" system in Shenzhen. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page . ( July 2021 ) 996 working hour system Chinese 996工作制 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin jiǔjiǔliù gōngzuò zhì Deaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by World Health Organization and International Labour Organization in 2016 The 996 working hour system ( Chinese : 996工作制 ) is a work schedule that derives its name from its requirement that workers clock in from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week, resulting in employees working 12 hours per day and 72 hours per week. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] It is practiced illegally by some companies in China . A number of Mainland Chinese internet and tech companies have adopted this system as their official or de facto work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of the Labour Law of the People's Republic of China and have called it " modern slavery ". [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Difference in working hours (orange) during waking hours between a typical 9 to 5 and the 996 schedule In March 2019, an "anti-996" protest was launched via GitHub . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] In 2025, the practice has begun to show up among tech companies in the US. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese IT companies, [ 18 ] where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction. [ 19 ] Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to incentivize overtime work. [ 20 ] This system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like Beijing , Shanghai , and Guangzhou suffer from work-related fatigue , musculoskeletal pain , sleep disorders [ 21 ] or eating disorders , occupational stress , and work–family imbalance . [ 22 ] According to China's state-owned People's Daily , a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers reported health problems. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Numerous overwork deaths and suicides have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] In 2020, a study published in IEEE Software done by Chinese researchers found that "Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones". [ 27 ] Another study likened 996 culture to " modern slavery ", formed through the combination of "unrestricted global capitalism and a Confucian culture of hierarchy and obedience". [ 7 ] In September 2016, the classified advertising website 58.com [ zh ] officially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system, [ 28 ] attracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be encouraged, not a compulsory practice. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] A CNBC article in May 2021 reported that workers at TikTok 's parent company ByteDance were unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it. [ 31 ] In November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated shorter working hours. [ 32 ] Nevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on Maimai [ zh ] , a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies. [ 33 ] After 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese: 何刚 ) of JD.com was leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system "on a flexible basis". [ 34 ] On 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule, while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the public relations department of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory. [ 35 ] Richard Liu , the founder of the company, said that the reason for his company's layoffs is because there were too many "slackers" and they were not his "brothers". [ 36 ] He said JD did not force its staff to work the "996" or even a "995" overtime schedule, "But every person must have the desire to push oneself to the limit!". In early January 2021, the e-commerce platform Pinduoduo was accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the karoshi death of a 22-year-old worker. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Later, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on Zhihu , saying "Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives". [ 39 ] Just a few days after the early January incident, another employee committed suicide by jumping. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On 10 January, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] In January 2019, an employee of Youzan stated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule. [ 44 ] Bai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, "it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later". [ 20 ] Some media outlets criticized this schedule. [ 45 ] Later that month, the Labour Supervision Group of Xihu District, Hangzhou announced that the company was under investigation. [ 46 ] At least 40 companies, including Huawei and Alibaba Group , have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] According to two separate reports from the Wired magazine and Marketplace podcast in 2025, a growing number of U.S. AI startups are also implementing the 996 schedule. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] 996.ICU GitHub campaign [ edit ] Logo of Anti-996 GitHub project On 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on GitHub states that the name "996.icu" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system would risk poor health and a possible stay in an intensive care unit . The movement's slogan is "developers' lives matter". [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] [ 57 ] Two days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub. [ 58 ] The repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the "issue" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on Zhihu , Sina Weibo , and WeChat . [ 1 ] [ 59 ] The original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the Anti 996 Licence [ zh ] was created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source [ a ] code licensed under it. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] On 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that Tencent 's QQ browser , WeChat , Alibaba 's UC Browser , Qihoo 360 's 360 Browser, and many other browsers developed by companies in mainland China blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as "an illegal and fraudulent site". [ 62 ] [ 30 ] On 18 April 2019, employees at Microsoft and GitHub created a GitHub repository named "support.996.ICU" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Jack Ma stated that workers should consider 996 "a huge blessing" as there is no way to "achieve the success [one] want[s] without paying extra effort and time", [ 69 ] [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] [ 30 ] [ 74 ] [ excessive citations ] while Richard Liu , founder of JD.com, said that " Slackers are not my brothers!" [ 30 ] [ 36 ] Jason Calacanis , an entrepreneur and angel investor , describes 996 as "the same exact work ethic that built America". [ 75 ] Several Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping of the Xinhua News Agency said that the system "violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit". [ 76 ] The People's Daily wrote that "advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system", [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] while an editorial in the China News Service said that it is "unnecessary to exchange life for money". [ 80 ] Beijing Daily criticized Jack Ma and Richard Liu for "boasting" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is "aimed at disguising reduction of salary or lay-off", [ 81 ] while Wang Xinya, a writer for Banyuetan , stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it "poisonous chicken soup" ( Chinese : 毒鸡汤 ). Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests. [ 82 ] Python creator Guido van Rossum described the 996 work schedule as "inhumane" in a tweet commenting on an SCMP article about 996. [ 83 ] [ 60 ] [ 84 ] [ 85 ] In 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that "there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)". [ 86 ] Without such initiatives, the dual circulation policy is doomed to fail, they argued. Some European entrepreneurs argued that 996 is contrary to European values, that it leads to a brain drain, and that the bigger problem for startups is financing. [ 87 ] The 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the Supreme People's Court on 27 August 2021. [ 88 ] However, some scholars cast doubt whether this ruling will be enforced. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The 007 work schedule is a midnight to midnight, seven days a week schedule using a rotational workforce which may be practiced illegally by some companies in China, especially in the high-tech sector. The term 007 could mean several things depending on the source. It may mean the employee is expected to live in the office 24/7 to finish their work, or it could be used to refer to a work-from-home position that requires 24/7 availability, especially during the times of COVID-19 . Sometimes it is used sarcastically by workers as the "true" schedule required by employers. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Occurrence in US tech companies [ edit ] In 2025, amidst the AI boom , reports have emerged of startup tech companies in San Francisco / Silicon Valley requiring "9-9-6" work schedules, with the goal of building things quickly in a competitive market. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] California Labor Code §515.5 exempts employers from providing many software engineers with overtime pay. [ 96 ] Buddha-like mindset Black company (Japan) – also known as ブラック企業/ブラック会社, burakku kigyō/burakku gaisha Crunch (video games) – Compulsory overtime during the development of a game Eight-hour day Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935 – An International Labour Organization convention Karōshi Lochner v. New York , Lochner era – A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning maximum working hours Overwork Simple living Tang ping Time poverty Wage theft Working time Workweek length ^ Such a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as the Open Source Definition , as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use. ^ a b Xue Yujie (28 March 2019). David Paulk (ed.). "Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub" . Sixth Tone . Archived from the original on 31 March 2019 . Retrieved 31 March 2019 . ^ Denise Hruby (8 May 2018). "Young Chinese are sick of working long hours" . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 April 2019 . 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The contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers. ^ "From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in China" . Retrieved 1 September 2025 . ^ "Are Gen Z disrupting Chinese work culture?" . 16 August 2023. ^ "China's youth are rebelling against long hours" . The Economist . ^ "This is 996 culture, a grueling 72-hour work week popular in China that's been criticized for ruining work-life balance" . Business Insider . ^ "From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in Chin" . 2022. ^ "California Labor Code, Section 515.5" . California Legislative Information . Retrieved 5 April 2026 . 996.icu 996ICU on GitHub The Extreme 996 Work Culture in China on YouTube from VICE Asia
Markdown	[Jump to content](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#bodyContent) Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation - [Main page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Visit the main page [z]") - [Contents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents "Guides to browsing Wikipedia") - [Current events](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events "Articles related to current events") - [Random article](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random "Visit a randomly selected article [x]") - [About Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About "Learn about Wikipedia and how it works") - [Contact us](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us "How to contact Wikipedia") Contribute - [Help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents "Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia") - [Learn to edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction "Learn how to edit Wikipedia") - [Community portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal "The hub for editors") - [Recent changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges "A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]") - [Upload file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard "Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia") - [Special pages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages "A list of all special pages [q]") [![](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/icons/enwiki-25.svg) ![Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en-25.svg) ![The Free Encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en-25.svg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page) [Search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search "Search Wikipedia [f]") Appearance - [Donate](https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en) - [Create account](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=996+working+hour+system "You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory") - [Log in](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=996+working+hour+system "You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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[o]") ## Contents move to sidebar hide - [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system) - [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Background) - [2 Companies involved](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Companies_involved) Toggle Companies involved subsection - [2\.1 58\.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#58.com) - [2\.2 ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#ByteDance) - [2\.3 JD.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#JD.com) - [2\.4 Pinduoduo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Pinduoduo) - [2\.5 Youzan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Youzan) - [2\.6 Others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Others) - [3 Online protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Online_protests) Toggle Online protests subsection - [3\.1 996\.ICU GitHub campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#996.ICU_GitHub_campaign) - [4 Reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Reactions) Toggle Reactions subsection - [4\.1 Support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Support) - [4\.2 Criticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Criticism) - [4\.3 Legal issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Legal_issues) - [5 007 work schedule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#007_work_schedule) - [6 Occurrence in US tech companies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Occurrence_in_US_tech_companies) - [7 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#See_also) - [8 Explanatory notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#Explanatory_notes) - [9 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#References) - [10 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#External_links) Toggle the table of contents # 996 working hour system 32 languages - [العربية](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_996 "نظام ساعات العمل 996 – Arabic") - [བོད་ཡིག](https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%A9%E0%BC%A9%E0%BC%A6%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B "༩༩༦ལས་ཀའི་ལམ་ལུགས་ – Tibetan") - [Català](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_996_hores_de_treball "Sistema de 996 hores de treball – Catalan") - [閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄](https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_g%C4%95%CC%A4ng-c%C3%A1uk-ci%C3%A9 "996 gĕ̤ng-cáuk-cié – Mindong") - [Čeština](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_996 "Systém 996 – Czech") - [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_\(Arbeitswoche\) "996 (Arbeitswoche) – German") - [Ελληνικά](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%89%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_996 "Σύστημα ωρών εργασίας 996 – Greek") - [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_laborhora_sistemo "996 laborhora sistemo – Esperanto") - [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_laboral_996 "Sistema laboral 996 – Spanish") - [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_\(ty%C3%B6kulttuuri\) "996 (työkulttuuri) – Finnish") - [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_\(rythme_de_travail\) "996 (rythme de travail) – French") - [עברית](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_996 "לוח משמרות 996 – Hebrew") - [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_munkaid%C5%91-rendszer "996 munkaidő-rendszer – Hungarian") - [Հայերեն](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3 "996 աշխատանքային ժամ համակարգ – Armenian") - [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_waktu_kerja_996 "Sistem waktu kerja 996 – Indonesian") - [日本語](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 "996工作制 – Japanese") - [한국어](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_%EA%B7%BC%EB%AC%B4%EC%A0%9C "996 근무제 – Korean") - [ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ](https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A1_%EA%AF%B9%EA%AF%B9%EA%AF%B6_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C "ꯄꯨꯡ ꯹꯹꯶ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯁꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ – Manipuri") - [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_\(werkcultuur\) "996 (werkcultuur) – Dutch") - [Português](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_horas_de_trabalho_996 "Sistema de horas de trabalho 996 – Portuguese") - [Română](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programul_de_lucru_996 "Programul de lucru 996 – Romanian") - [Српски / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0 "996 систем рада – Serbian") - [தமிழ்](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88,_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE "996 வேலை நேர முறை, சீனா – Tamil") - [ไทย](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_996 "ระบบเวลาทำงาน 996 – Thai") - [Türkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fma_saati_sistemi "996 çalışma saati sistemi – Turkish") - [Українська](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA_996 "Робочий графік 996 – Ukrainian") - [Tiếng Việt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_gi%E1%BB%9D_l%C3%A0m_996 "Chế độ giờ làm 996 – Vietnamese") - [吴语](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 "996工作制 – Wu") - [Vahcuengh](https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_gunghcoz_cidu "996 gunghcoz cidu – Zhuang") - [文言](https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AD%E5%88%B6 "九九六制 – Literary Chinese") - [粵語](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 "996工作制 – Cantonese") - [中文](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/996%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%B6 "996工作制 – Chinese") [Edit links](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62568684#sitelinks-wikipedia "Edit interlanguage links") - 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[Printable version](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&printable=yes "Printable version of this page [p]") In other projects - [Wikidata item](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62568684 "Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]") Appearance move to sidebar hide From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Overtime work schedule \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg) \| This article is missing information about background on other (especially non-tech) overwork cultures in China; legitimized "special work hour" system in Shenzhen. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:996_working_hour_system "Talk:996 working hour system"). (July 2021) \| \| 996 working hour system \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language") \| 996工作制 \| \| Transcriptions \| \| \| [Standard Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese "Standard Chinese") \| \| \| [Hanyu Pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin "Hanyu Pinyin") \| jiǔjiǔliù gōngzuò zhì \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Deaths_from_Karoshi.png/500px-Deaths_from_Karoshi.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deaths_from_Karoshi.png) Deaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") and [International Labour Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") in 2016 The 996 working hour system ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"): 996工作制) is a work schedule that derives its name from its requirement that workers clock in from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week, resulting in employees working 12 hours per day and 72 hours per week.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_996-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_why-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-scmp_whatis996-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-wsj996-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-6) It is practiced illegally by some companies in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"). A number of [Mainland Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China") internet and tech companies have adopted this system as their official or de facto work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of the [Labour Law of the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Labour Law of the People's Republic of China") and have called it "[modern slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century "Slavery in the 21st century")".[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-8) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png/250px-996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png) Difference in working hours (orange) during waking hours between a typical [9 to 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_to_5 "9 to 5") and the 996 schedule In March 2019, an "anti-996" protest was launched via [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-voa_chinese_protest_996-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_996_is_hustle_culture-11) Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-14) In 2025, the practice has begun to show up among tech companies in the US.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17) ## Background \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=1 "Edit section: Background")\] See also: [Labor relations in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_relations_in_China "Labor relations in China") The culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese [IT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology") companies,[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_0-18) where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_bbc-19) Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to incentivize overtime work.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20) This system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), and [Guangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") suffer from work-related [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), [musculoskeletal pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_pain "Musculoskeletal pain"), [sleep disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder "Sleep disorder")[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-21) or [eating disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorders "Eating disorders"), [occupational stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress "Occupational stress"), and [work–family imbalance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict "Work–family conflict").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-Tsui-22) According to China's state-owned [People's Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily "People's Daily"), a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers reported health problems.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-24) Numerous [overwork deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoshi#China "Karoshi") and [suicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_China "Suicide in China") have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-26) In 2020, a study published in [IEEE Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Software "IEEE Software") done by Chinese researchers found that "Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones".[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-27) Another study likened 996 culture to "[modern slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century "Slavery in the 21st century")", formed through the combination of "unrestricted global capitalism and a [Confucian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism "Confucianism") culture of hierarchy and obedience".[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7) ## Companies involved \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=2 "Edit section: Companies involved")\] ### 58\.com \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=3 "Edit section: 58.com")\] In September 2016, the [classified advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_advertising "Classified advertising") website [58\.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=58.com&action=edit&redlink=1 "58.com (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/58%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%8E "zh:58同城")\] officially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system,[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-28) attracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be encouraged, not a compulsory practice.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-58_1-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30) ### ByteDance \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=4 "Edit section: ByteDance")\] A CNBC article in May 2021 reported that workers at [TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok "TikTok")'s parent company [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance") were unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-31) In November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated shorter working hours.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-32) Nevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on [Maimai](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maimai_\(website\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maimai (website) (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%89%E8%84%89 "zh:脉脉")\], a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-33) ### JD.com \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=5 "Edit section: JD.com")\] After 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese: 何刚) of [JD.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD.com "JD.com") was leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system "on a flexible basis".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_1-34) On 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule, while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") department of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_2-35) [Richard Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liu "Richard Liu"), the founder of the company, said that the reason for his company's layoffs is because there were too many "slackers" and they were not his "brothers".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) He said JD did not force its staff to work the "996" or even a "995" overtime schedule, "But every person must have the desire to push oneself to the limit!". ### Pinduoduo \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=6 "Edit section: Pinduoduo")\] In early January 2021, the e-commerce platform [Pinduoduo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo "Pinduoduo") was accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the [karoshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoshi "Karoshi") death of a 22-year-old worker.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-38) Later, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on [Zhihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhihu "Zhihu"), saying "Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives".[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-39) Just a few days after the early January incident, another employee committed suicide by jumping.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-41) On 10 January, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-43) ### Youzan \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=7 "Edit section: Youzan")\] In January 2019, an employee of [Youzan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youzan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Youzan (page does not exist)") stated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_3-44) Bai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, "it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20) Some media outlets criticized this schedule.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_1-45) Later that month, the Labour Supervision Group of [Xihu District, Hangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihu_District,_Hangzhou "Xihu District, Hangzhou") announced that the company was under investigation.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_4-46) ### Others \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=8 "Edit section: Others")\] At least 40 companies, including [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei "Huawei") and [Alibaba Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group"), have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cctv_40companies_996-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-48) According to two separate reports from the [Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)") magazine and [Marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace_\(radio_program\) "Marketplace (radio program)") podcast in 2025, a growing number of U.S. AI startups are also implementing the 996 schedule.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50) ## Online protests \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=9 "Edit section: Online protests")\] ### 996\.ICU GitHub campaign \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: 996.ICU GitHub campaign")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/996.ICU.logo.svg/250px-996.ICU.logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:996.ICU.logo.svg) Logo of Anti-996 [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") project On 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") states that the name "996.icu" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system would risk poor health and a possible stay in an [intensive care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit"). The movement's slogan is "developers' lives matter".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_info-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_3-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_6-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_7-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_8-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_9-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-57) Two days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_1-58) The repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the "issue" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on [Zhihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhihu "Zhihu"), [Sina Weibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina_Weibo "Sina Weibo"), and [WeChat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat "WeChat").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_5-59) The original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the [Anti 996 Licence](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti_996_Licence&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anti 996 Licence (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D996%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81 "zh:反996许可证")\] was created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-60) code licensed under it.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_2-62) On 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that [Tencent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent "Tencent")'s [QQ browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QQ_browser "QQ browser"), [WeChat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat "WeChat"), [Alibaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group")'s [UC Browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Browser "UC Browser"), [Qihoo 360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qihoo_360 "Qihoo 360")'s 360 Browser, and many other browsers developed by companies in mainland China blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as "an illegal and fraudulent site".[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-63)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30) On 18 April 2019, employees at [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") and GitHub created a GitHub repository named "support.996.ICU" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-verge_ms_workers_support-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnbc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-abc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-66)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bi_ms_anti996-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-motherboard_ms_anti996-68)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bfn_ms_anti996-69) ## Reactions \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=11 "Edit section: Reactions")\] ### Support \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=12 "Edit section: Support")\] [Jack Ma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ma "Jack Ma") stated that workers should consider 996 "a huge blessing" as there is no way to "achieve the success \[one\] want\[s\] without paying extra effort and time",[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnn_jack_ma_endorses_996-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_jack_ma_defends_996-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-fortune_jack_ma_endorses_996-72)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-marketwatch_jack_me_calls_996_blessing-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-guardian_996-74)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_jackma_wrong-75)\[[excessive citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations "Wikipedia:Citing sources")\] while [Richard Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liu "Richard Liu"), founder of JD.com, said that "[Slackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackers "Slackers") are not my brothers!"[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) [Jason Calacanis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Calacanis "Jason Calacanis"), an entrepreneur and [angel investor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_investor "Angel investor"), describes 996 as "the same exact work ethic that built America".[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-76) ### Criticism \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=13 "Edit section: Criticism")\] Several Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping of the [Xinhua News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency") said that the system "violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit".[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-xinshiping_996-77) The [People's Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily "People's Daily") wrote that "advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system",[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-78)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sina_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-79)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sohu_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-80) while an editorial in the [China News Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_News_Service "China News Service") said that it is "unnecessary to exchange life for money".[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-zhongxin_rather_no_marriage_than_liferisk-81) [Beijing Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Daily "Beijing Daily") criticized [Jack Ma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ma "Jack Ma") and [Richard Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liu "Richard Liu") for "boasting" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is "aimed at disguising reduction of salary or lay-off",[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-beijingribao_disguised_layoff-82) while Wang Xinya, a writer for [Banyuetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyuetan "Banyuetan"), stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it "poisonous chicken soup" ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"): 毒鸡汤). Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-banyuetan_996_is_not_hardworking_but_benefits-83) [Python](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_\(programming_language\) "Python (programming language)") creator [Guido van Rossum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum "Guido van Rossum") described the 996 work schedule as "inhumane" in a tweet commenting on an [SCMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCMP "SCMP") article about 996.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-84)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-pingwest_alibaba_996-85)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-techcrunch_china_996-86) In 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that "there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)".[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:0-87) Without such initiatives, the [dual circulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation "Dual circulation") policy is doomed to fail, they argued. Some European entrepreneurs argued that 996 is contrary to European values, that it leads to a brain drain, and that the bigger problem for startups is financing.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-88) ### Legal issues \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=14 "Edit section: Legal issues")\] The 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court "Supreme People's Court") on 27 August 2021.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-89) However, some scholars cast doubt whether this ruling will be enforced.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-90)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-91) ## 007 work schedule \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=15 "Edit section: 007 work schedule")\] The 007 work schedule is a midnight to midnight, seven days a week schedule using a rotational workforce which may be practiced illegally by some companies in China, especially in the high-tech sector. The term 007 could mean several things depending on the source. It may mean the employee is expected to live in the office 24/7 to finish their work, or it could be used to refer to a work-from-home position that requires 24/7 availability, especially during the times of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"). Sometimes it is used sarcastically by workers as the "true" schedule required by employers.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-92)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-93)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-94)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-95)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-96) ## Occurrence in US tech companies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Occurrence in US tech companies")\] In 2025, amidst the [AI boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom "AI boom"), reports have emerged of startup tech companies in San Francisco / Silicon Valley requiring "9-9-6" work schedules, with the goal of building things quickly in a competitive market.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17) California Labor Code §515.5 exempts employers from providing many software engineers with overtime pay.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-97) ## See also \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=17 "Edit section: See also")\] - ![flag](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png)[China portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:China "Portal:China") - ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/40px-Industry5.svg.png)[Company portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Company "Portal:Company") - [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/40px-Syndicalism.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg)[Organized labor portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_labor "Portal:Organized labor") - [Buddha-like mindset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset "Buddha-like mindset") - [Black company (Japan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_company_\(Japan\) "Black company (Japan)") – also known as ブラック企業/ブラック会社, burakku kigyō/burakku gaisha - [Crunch (video games)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_\(video_games\) "Crunch (video games)") – Compulsory overtime during the development of a game - [Eight-hour day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day "Eight-hour day") - [Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-Hour_Week_Convention,_1935 "Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935") – An [International Labour Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") convention - [Karōshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%8Dshi "Karōshi") - [Lochner v. New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York "Lochner v. New York"), [Lochner era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_era "Lochner era") – A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning maximum working hours - [Overwork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwork "Overwork") - [Simple living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living "Simple living") - [Tang ping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_ping "Tang ping") - [Time poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_poverty "Time poverty") - [Wage theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_theft "Wage theft") - [Working time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_time "Working time") - [Workweek length](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend#Length "Workweek and weekend") ## Explanatory notes \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=18 "Edit section: Explanatory notes")\] 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-60) Such a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as the [Open Source Definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Definition "Open Source Definition"), as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use. ## References \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=19 "Edit section: References")\] 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-1) Xue Yujie (28 March 2019). David Paulk (ed.). ["Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub"](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003771/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github). Sixth Tone. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190331180416/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003771/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-bbc_996_2-0)* Denise Hruby (8 May 2018). ["Young Chinese are sick of working long hours"](https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190402155418/http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-996_why_3-0) Zhao, Ang (3 June 2018). [不接受"996"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障](https://web.archive.org/web/20190331172051/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-06/03/c_1122929624.htm) \[Not accepting "996" means you cannot accept hardship? Media: Legal rights should be protected\]. 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["The Richest Man in China Is Wrong. 12-Hour Days Are No 'Blessing'"](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/21/opinion/jack-ma-996.html). The New York Times. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190503175428/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/21/opinion/jack-ma-996.html) from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019. 75. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-76) @Jason (15 April 2019). ["\#Founders: We're up against \#JackMa..."](https://twitter.com/Jason/status/1117871180990439425) ([Tweet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_\(social_media\) "Tweet (social media)")) – via [Twitter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter "Twitter"). 76. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-xinshiping_996_77-0) 辛识平 (15 April 2019). [辛识平：奋斗应提倡，996当退场](http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-04/15/c_1124370790.htm) . 新华网 (in Simplified Chinese). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416153657/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-04/15/c_1124370790.htm) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 77. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996_78-0) [【\#你好，明天\#】](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416163547/http://t.people.com.cn/527612/185832169) . 人民微博--人民日报 (in Simplified Chinese). 14 April 2019. Archived from [the original](http://t.people.com.cn/527612/185832169) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 78. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sina_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996_79-0) [人民日报微评：崇尚奋斗绝不等于强制"996"](https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/gncj/2019-04-14/doc-ihvhiewr5835380.shtml) . 新浪财经. 14 April 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416164329/https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/gncj/2019-04-14/doc-ihvhiewr5835380.shtml) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 79. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sohu_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996_80-0) [人民日报发声：崇尚奋斗，不等于强制996](http://www.sohu.com/a/307927700_481640) . 搜狐. 中国财经报. 14 April 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416164640/http://www.sohu.com/a/307927700_481640) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 80. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-zhongxin_rather_no_marriage_than_liferisk_81-0) [逃离996：我宁可不婚不育不买房，也不要拼命](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416083001/http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0416/c345459-32846731.html) . 人民网 (in Simplified Chinese). 中国新闻网. 16 April 2019. Archived from [the original](http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0416/c345459-32846731.html) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 81. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-beijingribao_disguised_layoff_82-0) 董禹含 (15 April 2019). [马云强东争相鼓吹"996"背后是变相降薪或裁员](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416082939/http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0415/c82840-32841638.html) . 人民网 (in Simplified Chinese). [Beijing Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Daily "Beijing Daily"). Archived from [the original](http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0415/c82840-32841638.html) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 82. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-banyuetan_996_is_not_hardworking_but_benefits_83-0) 王新亚 (15 April 2019). 孔德明 (ed.). [半月谈评论：996与奋斗无关，与利益有关](http://www.banyuetan.org/dyp/detail/20190415/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html) . 半月谈 (in Simplified Chinese). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190416182410/http://www.banyuetan.org/dyp/detail/20190415/1000200033134991555306789054254821_1.html) from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 83. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-84) Qu, Tracy (9 April 2019). ["How GitHub became a bulletin board for Chinese tech worker complaints"](https://qz.com/1589309/996-icu-github-hosts-chinese-tech-worker-complaints/). [Quartz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz_\(publication\) "Quartz (publication)"). Retrieved 29 May 2022. 84. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-pingwest_alibaba_996_85-0) ["Alibaba's Founder Jack Ma Says 996 Work Schedule Is a Blessing for Employees"](https://en.pingwest.com/w/1238). PingWest. 12 April 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190418161645/https://en.pingwest.com/w/1238) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 85. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-techcrunch_china_996_86-0) Rita Liao (12 April 2019). ["China's startup ecosystem is hitting back at demanding working hours"](https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/12/china-996/). [TechCrunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch "TechCrunch"). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190418161638/https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/12/china-996/) from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2019. 86. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-:0_87-0) Javed, Saad Ahmed; Bo, Yu; Tao, Liangyan; Dong, Wenjie (7 June 2021). ["The 'Dual Circulation' development model of China: Background and insights"](https://doi.org/10.1108%2FRAMJ-03-2021-0016). Rajagiri Management Journal. 17: 2–20\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1108/RAMJ-03-2021-0016](https://doi.org/10.1108%2FRAMJ-03-2021-0016). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0972-9968](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0972-9968). 87. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-88) Bhaimiya, Sawdah (8 June 2025). ["China's grueling '996' work culture is being debated by European startups — 7 founders and VCs on why they are resisting"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/08/europe-startups-resists-pressure-to-adopt-chinas-996-work-culture.html). CNBC. Retrieved 30 September 2025. 88. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-89) ["China Spells Out How Excessive 996 Work Culture is Illegal"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-27/china-s-top-court-says-excessive-996-work-culture-is-illegal). Bloomberg. 27 August 2021. 89. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-90) Meng, Siyuan (15 November 2021). ["China's burned-out tech workers are fighting back against long hours"](https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/11/15/1039650/china-tech-workers-996-fight-back/). [MIT Technology Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review "MIT Technology Review"). Retrieved 21 June 2022. "But even though authorities and state media seem to be taking a tougher stand, it is unclear when or if the rules that make 996 illegal will be fully enforced." 90. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-91) Liu, Hong Yu (24 January 2022). ["The role of the state in influencing work conditions in China's internet industry: Policy, evidence, and implications for industrial relations"](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). [Journal of Industrial Relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Industrial_Relations "Journal of Industrial Relations"). 65: 12. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/00221856211068488](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0022-1856](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1856). "The contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers." 91. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-92) ["From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in China"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358144826). Retrieved 1 September 2025. 92. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-93) ["Are Gen Z disrupting Chinese work culture?"](https://daxueconsulting.com/chinese-work-culture/). 16 August 2023. 93. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-94) ["China's youth are rebelling against long hours"](https://www.economist.com/business/2024/05/16/chinas-youth-are-rebelling-against-long-hours). The Economist. 94. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-95) ["This is 996 culture, a grueling 72-hour work week popular in China that's been criticized for ruining work-life balance"](https://www.businessinsider.com/996-work-culture-schedule-popular-in-china-explained-2021-7). [Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider"). 95. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-96) ["From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in Chin"](https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR454223). 2022. 96. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-97) ["California Labor Code, Section 515.5"](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=515.5.&lawCode=LAB). California Legislative Information. Retrieved 5 April 2026. ## External links \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=20 "Edit section: External links")\] - [996\.icu](https://996.icu/#/en_US) - [996ICU](https://github.com/996icu/996.ICU) on [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") - [The Extreme 996 Work Culture in China](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8wWoQ3_F00) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)") from VICE Asia \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Employment "Template:Employment") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Employment "Template talk:Employment") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Employment "Special:EditPage/Template:Employment")[Employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment "Employment") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Classifications \| [Academic tenure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_tenure "Academic tenure") [Casual](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_employment_\(contract\) "Casual employment (contract)") [Contingent work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingent_work "Contingent work") [Full-time job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-time_job "Full-time job") [Gig worker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_worker "Gig worker") [Job sharing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_sharing "Job sharing") [Part-time job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-time_job "Part-time job") [Self-employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-employment "Self-employment") [Side job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_job "Side job") [Skilled worker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skilled_worker "Skilled worker") [Journeyman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman "Journeyman") [Technician](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technician "Technician") [Tradesperson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradesperson "Tradesperson") [Independent contractor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_contractor "Independent contractor") [Labour hire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_hire "Labour hire") [Temporary work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_work "Temporary work") [Laborer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborer "Laborer") [Wage labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_labour "Wage labour") \| \| [Hiring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment "Recruitment") \| [Application](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_for_employment "Application for employment") [Background check](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_check "Background check") [Business networking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_networking "Business networking") [Cover letter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_letter "Cover letter") [Curriculum vitae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae "Curriculum vitae") [Drug testing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_test "Drug test") [Employment contract](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_contract "Employment contract") [Employment counsellor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_counsellor "Employment counsellor") [Executive search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_search "Executive search") [list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_executive_search_firms "List of executive search firms") [Induction programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_programme "Induction programme") [Job fair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_fair "Job fair") [Job fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_fraud "Job fraud") [Job hunting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_hunting "Job hunting") [Job interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_interview "Job interview") [Letter of recommendation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation "Letter of recommendation") [Onboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onboarding "Onboarding") [Overqualification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overqualification "Overqualification") [Person–environment fit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit "Person–environment fit") [Personality–job fit theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory "Personality–job fit theory") [Personality hire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_hire "Personality hire") [Probation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation_\(workplace\) "Probation (workplace)") [Realistic job preview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realistic_job_preview "Realistic job preview") [Recruitment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recruitment "Recruitment") [Résumé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9 "Résumé") [Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates "Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates") [Underemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underemployment "Underemployment") [Work-at-home scheme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme "Work-at-home scheme") \| \| Roles \| [Cooperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative "Cooperative") [Employee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee "Employee") [Employer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employer "Employer") [Internship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internship "Internship") [Job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_\(role\) "Job (role)") [Labour hire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_hire "Labour hire") [Permanent employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_employment "Permanent employment") [Supervisor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor "Supervisor") [Volunteering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volunteering "Volunteering") \| \| [Working class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class "Social class") \| [Blue-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker "Blue-collar worker") [Green-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-collar_worker "Green-collar worker") [Grey-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-collar "Grey-collar") [Pink-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink-collar_worker "Pink-collar worker") [Precariat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precariat "Precariat") [White-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-collar_worker "White-collar worker") [Red-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color "Designation of workers by collar color") [New-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-collar_worker "New-collar worker") [No-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color "Designation of workers by collar color") [Orange-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color "Designation of workers by collar color") [Scarlet-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color "Designation of workers by collar color") [Black-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color "Designation of workers by collar color") [Gold-collar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color "Designation of workers by collar color") \| \| [Career](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career "Career") and [training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training "Training") \| [Apprenticeship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprenticeship "Apprenticeship") [Artisan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan "Artisan") [Master craftsman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman "Master craftsman") [Avocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocation "Avocation") [Career assessment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_assessment "Career assessment") [Career counseling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_counseling "Career counseling") [Career development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_development "Career development") [Coaching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching "Coaching") [Creative class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_class "Creative class") [Education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education "Education") [Continuing education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education "Continuing education") [E-learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-learning "E-learning") [Employability](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employability "Employability") [Further education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education "Further education") [Graduate school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school "Graduate school") [Induction training](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_training "Induction training") [Knowledge worker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_worker "Knowledge worker") [Licensure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensure "Licensure") [Lifelong learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning "Lifelong learning") [Overspecialization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overspecialization "Overspecialization") [Practice-based professional learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice-based_professional_learning "Practice-based professional learning") [Professional association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association "Professional association") [Professional certification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_certification "Professional certification") [Professional development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_development "Professional development") [Professional school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_school "Professional school") [Reflective practice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_practice "Reflective practice") [Retraining](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retraining "Retraining") [Vocational education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education "Vocational education") [Vocational school](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school "Vocational school") [Vocational university](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_university "Vocational university") [Mentorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentorship "Mentorship") [Occupational Outlook Handbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook "Occupational Outlook Handbook") [Practice firm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_firm "Practice firm") [Profession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profession "Profession") [Operator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator_\(profession\) "Operator (profession)") [Professional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional "Professional") [Tradesman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradesman "Tradesman") [Vocation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocation "Vocation") \| \| Attendance \| [Break](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_\(work\) "Break (work)") [Break room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_room "Break room") [Career break](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_break "Career break") [Compassionate leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassionate_leave "Compassionate leave") [Bereavement leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_leave "Bereavement leave") [Furlough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlough "Furlough") [Gap year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_year "Gap year") [Leave of absence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_of_absence "Leave of absence") [Long service leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_service_leave "Long service leave") [No call, no show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_call,_no_show "No call, no show") [Sabbatical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatical "Sabbatical") [Sick leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_leave "Sick leave") [Stress leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_leave "Stress leave") [Time clock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_clock "Time clock") \| \| [Schedules](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_\(workplace\) "Schedule (workplace)") \| [35-hour workweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35-hour_workweek "35-hour workweek") [Four-day week](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-day_week "Four-day week") [Eight-hour day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day "Eight-hour day") [996 working hour system]() [Flextime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextime "Flextime") [On-call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-call "On-call") [Overtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime "Overtime") [Remote work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_work "Remote work") [Six-hour day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-hour_day "Six-hour day") [Shift work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_work "Shift work") [Working time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_time "Working time") [Workweek and weekend](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend "Workweek and weekend") \| \| [Wages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage "Wage") and [salaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary "Salary") \| [Frisch elasticity of labor supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisch_elasticity_of_labor_supply "Frisch elasticity of labor supply") [Global labor arbitrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage "Global labor arbitrage") [Labour economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_economics "Labour economics") [Labor share](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_share "Labor share") [Labour supply](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_supply "Labour supply") [Living wage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage "Living wage") [Maximum wage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_wage "Maximum wage") [Median income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income "Median income") [Minimum wage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage "Minimum wage") [Canada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_Canada "Minimum wage in Canada") [Hong Kong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance "Minimum Wage Ordinance") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage "List of European countries by minimum wage") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States "Minimum wage in the United States") [National average salary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_average_salary "National average salary") [World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage "List of countries by average wage") [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage "List of European countries by average wage") [Pay bands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_bands "Pay bands") [Price elasticity of demand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand "Price elasticity of demand") [Progressive wage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_wage "Progressive wage") [Singapore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_wage "Progressive wage") [Overtime rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_rate "Overtime rate") [Paid time off](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid_time_off "Paid time off") [Performance-related pay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance-related_pay "Performance-related pay") [Remuneration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remuneration "Remuneration") [Salary cap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary_cap "Salary cap") \| \| [Benefits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_benefits "Employee benefits") \| [Annual leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_leave "Annual leave") [Casual Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_Friday "Casual Friday") [Child care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_care "Child care") [Disability insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_insurance "Disability insurance") [Health insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance "Health insurance") [Life insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_insurance "Life insurance") [Marriage leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_leave "Marriage leave") [Parental leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave "Parental leave") [Pension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension "Pension") [By country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_systems_by_country "Pension systems by country") [Perk-cession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perk-cession "Perk-cession") [Sick leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_leave "Sick leave") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_leave_in_the_United_States "Sick leave in the United States") [Take-home vehicle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take-home_vehicle "Take-home vehicle") [Well-being washing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-being_washing "Well-being washing") \| \| Taxes \| [Payroll tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payroll_tax "Payroll tax") [Tax bracket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_bracket "Tax bracket") [Income tax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_tax "Income tax") [Negative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_income_tax "Negative income tax") [Disposable income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_income "Disposable income") [Salary packaging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary_packaging "Salary packaging") [Unreported employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreported_employment "Unreported employment") \| \| [Safety and health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health "Occupational safety and health") \| [Crunch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_\(video_games\) "Crunch (video games)") [Epilepsy and employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment "Epilepsy and employment") [Human factors and ergonomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics "Human factors and ergonomics") [Karoshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoshi "Karoshi") [List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents "List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents") [Occupational burnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout "Occupational burnout") [Occupational disease](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_disease "Occupational disease") [Occupational exposure limit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit "Occupational exposure limit") [Occupational health psychology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology "Occupational health psychology") [Occupational injury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_injury "Occupational injury") [Occupational noise](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_noise "Occupational noise") [Occupational stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress "Occupational stress") [Personal protective equipment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment "Personal protective equipment") [Repetitive strain injury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury "Repetitive strain injury") [Right to sit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_sit "Right to sit") [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States "Right to sit in the United States") [Sick building syndrome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome "Sick building syndrome") [Work accident](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_accident "Work accident") [Occupational fatality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_fatality "Occupational fatality") [Workers' compensation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_compensation "Workers' compensation") [Workers' right to access the toilet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet "Workers' right to access the toilet") [Workplace health promotion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion "Workplace health promotion") [Workplace phobia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_phobia "Workplace phobia") [Workplace wellness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_wellness "Workplace wellness") \| \| [Equal opportunity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_opportunity "Equal opportunity") \| [Affirmative action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action "Affirmative action") [Discrimination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_discrimination "Employment discrimination") [Equal pay for equal work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work "Equal pay for equal work") [Gender pay gap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_pay_gap "Gender pay gap") [Glass ceiling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_ceiling "Glass ceiling") \| \| Infractions \| [Corporate collapses and scandals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals "List of corporate collapses and scandals") [Accounting scandals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_scandals "Accounting scandals") [Control fraud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_fraud "Control fraud") [Corporate behaviour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_behaviour "Corporate behaviour") [Corporate crime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_crime "Corporate crime") [Exploitation of labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour "Exploitation of labour") [Dress code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_code "Dress code") [Employee handbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_handbook "Employee handbook") [Employee monitoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_monitoring "Employee monitoring") [Evaluation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_\(workplace\) "Evaluation (workplace)") [Labour law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_law "Labour law") [Sexual harassment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment "Sexual harassment") [Sleeping while on duty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty "Sleeping while on duty") [Wage theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_theft "Wage theft") [Whistleblower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistleblower "Whistleblower") [Workplace bullying](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_bullying "Workplace bullying") [Workplace harassment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_harassment "Workplace harassment") [Workplace incivility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_incivility "Workplace incivility") \| \| Willingness \| [Boreout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreout "Boreout") [Careerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careerism "Careerism") [Civil conscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_conscription "Civil conscription") [Conscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription "Conscription") [Critique of work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_work "Critique of work") [Dead-end job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead-end_job "Dead-end job") [Employment rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_rate "Employment rate") [List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_employment_rate "List of sovereign states by employment rate") [Job satisfaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_satisfaction "Job satisfaction") [McJob](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McJob "McJob") [Organizational commitment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_commitment "Organizational commitment") [Refusal of work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refusal_of_work "Refusal of work") [Slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery "Slavery") [Bonded labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_bondage "Debt bondage") [Human trafficking](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking "Human trafficking") [Labour camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_camp "Labor camp") [Penal labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labour "Penal labour") [Peonage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peon "Peon") [Truck wages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck_wages "Truck wages") [Unfree labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfree_labour "Unfree labour") [Wage slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_slavery "Wage slavery") [Stay interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay_interview "Stay interview") [Workforce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workforce "Workforce") [Work ethic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_ethic "Work ethic") [Work–life interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface "Work–life interface") [Downshifting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downshifting_\(lifestyle\) "Downshifting (lifestyle)") [Slow living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_living "Slow living") [Workaholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workaholic "Workaholic") \| \| [Termination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termination_of_employment "Termination of employment") \| [At-will employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-will_employment "At-will employment") [Dismissal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_\(employment\) "Dismissal (employment)") [Banishment room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banishment_room "Banishment room") [Constructive dismissal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_dismissal "Constructive dismissal") [Wrongful dismissal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal "Wrongful dismissal") [Employee offboarding](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_offboarding "Employee offboarding") [Employee turnover](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_turnover "Employee turnover") [Exit interview](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_interview "Exit interview") [Labour market flexibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility "Labour market flexibility") [Layoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layoff "Layoff") [Notice period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice_period "Notice period") [Pink slip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_slip_\(employment\) "Pink slip (employment)") [Resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resignation "Resignation") [Letter of resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_resignation "Letter of resignation") [Restructuring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restructuring "Restructuring") [Retirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement "Retirement") [Mandatory retirement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_retirement "Mandatory retirement") [Retirement planning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_planning "Retirement planning") [Retirement spend-down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_spend-down "Retirement spend-down") [Severance package](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severance_package "Severance package") [Golden handshake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_handshake "Golden handshake") [Golden parachute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_parachute "Golden parachute") \| \| [Unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment "Unemployment") \| [Barriers to entry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriers_to_entry "Barriers to entry") [Discouraged worker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discouraged_worker "Discouraged worker") [Economic depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_depression "Economic depression") [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") [Long Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Depression "Long Depression") [Frictional unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frictional_unemployment "Frictional unemployment") [Full employment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_employment "Full employment") [Graduate unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_unemployment "Graduate unemployment") [Involuntary unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment "Involuntary unemployment") [Jobless recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobless_recovery "Jobless recovery") [NEET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEET "NEET") [Phillips curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_curve "Phillips curve") [Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession "Recession") [Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession "Great Recession") [Job losses caused by the Great Recession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession "Job losses caused by the Great Recession") [Lists of recessions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_recessions "Lists of recessions") [Recession-proof job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession-proof_job "Recession-proof job") [Reserve army of labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour "Reserve army of labour") [Structural unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_unemployment "Structural unemployment") [Technological unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_unemployment "Technological unemployment") [Types of unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_unemployment "Types of unemployment") [Unemployment benefits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_benefits "Unemployment benefits") [Unemployment Convention, 1919](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_Convention,_1919 "Unemployment Convention, 1919") [Unemployment extension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_extension "Unemployment extension") [List of countries by unemployment rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate "List of countries by unemployment rate") [Wage curve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_curve "Wage curve") [Youth unemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_unemployment "Youth unemployment") \| \| Public programs \| [Workfare](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workfare "Workfare") [Unemployment insurance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment_insurance "Unemployment insurance") [Make-work job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-work_job "Make-work job") [Job creation program](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_creation_program "Job creation program") [Job creation index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_creation_index "Job creation index") [Job guarantee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_guarantee "Job guarantee") [Employer of last resort](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employer_of_last_resort "Employer of last resort") [Guaranteed minimum income](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income "Guaranteed minimum income") [Right to work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_work "Right to work") Historical: U.S.A.: [Civil Works Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration "Civil Works Administration") [Works Progress Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration "Works Progress Administration") [Comprehensive Employment and Training Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act "Comprehensive Employment and Training Act") \| \| See also \| [Bullshit job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullshit_job "Bullshit job") [Busy work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_work "Busy work") [Credentialism and educational inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation "Credentialism and educational inflation") [Emotional labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_labor "Emotional labor") [Evil corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_corporation "Evil corporation") [Going postal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_postal "Going postal") [Kiss up kick down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down "Kiss up kick down") [Labor rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_rights "Labor rights") [Make-work job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make-work_job "Make-work job") [Narcissism in the workplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace "Narcissism in the workplace") [Post-work society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-work_society "Post-work society") [Presenteeism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenteeism "Presenteeism") [Psychopathy in the workplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace "Psychopathy in the workplace") [Sunday scaries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_scaries "Sunday scaries") [Slow movement (culture)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_movement_\(culture\) "Slow movement (culture)") [Toxic leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_leader "Toxic leader") [Toxic workplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_workplace "Toxic workplace") [Wage compression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_compression "Wage compression") [Working poor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poor "Working poor") [Workhouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workhouse "Workhouse") \| \| ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png) See also templates [Aspects of corporations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations "Template:Aspects of corporations") [Aspects of jobs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs "Template:Aspects of jobs") [Aspects of occupations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations "Template:Aspects of occupations") [Aspects of organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations "Template:Aspects of organizations") [Aspects of workplaces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces "Template:Aspects of workplaces") [Corporate titles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles "Template:Corporate titles") [Critique of work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work "Template:Critique of work") [Organized labor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Organized_labor "Template:Organized labor") \| \| \| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work "Template:Critique of work") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_work "Template talk:Critique of work") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_work "Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of work")[Critique of work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_work "Critique of work") \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Historical persons \| [Abbie Hoffman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman "Abbie Hoffman") [Edward Bellamy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bellamy "Edward Bellamy") [Alfredo M. Bonanno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_M._Bonanno "Alfredo M. Bonanno") [André Gorz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz "André Gorz") [Bob Black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Black_\(anarchist\) "Bob Black (anarchist)") [Günther Anders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders "Günther Anders") [Guy Debord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Debord "Guy Debord") [Heinrich Böll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll "Heinrich Böll") [Ivan Illich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Illich "Ivan Illich") [Mikhail Bakunin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin "Mikhail Bakunin") [Paul Lafargue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lafargue "Paul Lafargue") [Walter Benjamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin "Walter Benjamin") [Antonio Negri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Negri "Antonio Negri") [Bertrand Russell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell "Bertrand Russell") [Friedrich Nietzsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche "Friedrich Nietzsche") [Henry David Thoreau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau "Henry David Thoreau") [Herbert Marcuse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse "Herbert Marcuse") [Jerry Rubin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rubin "Jerry Rubin") [Josef Pieper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Pieper "Josef Pieper") [Karl Marx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx "Karl Marx") [Max Stirner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Stirner "Max Stirner") [Max Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber "Max Weber") [Pierre-Joseph Proudhon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon") [Raoul Vaneigem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem "Raoul Vaneigem") [Renzo Novatore](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Novatore "Renzo Novatore") [Zo d'Axa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo_d%27Axa "Zo d'Axa") \| \| Contemporary persons \| [Franco Berardi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Berardi "Franco Berardi") [L. Susan Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Susan_Brown "L. Susan Brown") [Madeleine Bunting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Bunting "Madeleine Bunting") [David Graeber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graeber "David Graeber") [Michael Hardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hardt "Michael Hardt") [Maurizio Lazzarato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Lazzarato "Maurizio Lazzarato") [Claus Peter Ortlieb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb "Claus Peter Ortlieb") [Roland Paulsen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Paulsen "Roland Paulsen") [Jeremy Rifkin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin "Jeremy Rifkin") [Penelope Rosemont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope_Rosemont "Penelope Rosemont") [Mark Slouka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Slouka "Mark Slouka") [Nick Srnicek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Srnicek "Nick Srnicek") [Claire Wolfe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Wolfe "Claire Wolfe") [John Zerzan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zerzan "John Zerzan") \| \| Terminology and related topics \| [996 working hour system]() [Absenteeism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absenteeism "Absenteeism") [Abusive supervision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusive_supervision "Abusive supervision") [Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktion_Arbeitsscheu_Reich "Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich") [All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_work_and_no_play_makes_Jack_a_dull_boy "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy") [Autonomism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomism "Autonomism") [Bare minimum Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bare_minimum_Monday "Bare minimum Monday") [Bullshit job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullshit_job "Bullshit job") [Career catfishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_catfishing "Career catfishing") [Coffee badging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_badging "Coffee badging") [Corporatocracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatocracy "Corporatocracy") [Cycle of poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty "Cycle of poverty") [Dolce far niente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolce_far_niente "Dolce far niente") [Effects of overtime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_overtime "Effects of overtime") [Eight-hour day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day "Eight-hour day") [Employee ghosting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employee_ghosting "Employee ghosting") [Extermination through labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_through_labour "Extermination through labour") [Career cushioning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Career_cushioning "Career cushioning") [Careerism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careerism "Careerism") [Flextime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextime "Flextime") [Forced labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour "Forced labour") [Four-day workweek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-day_workweek "Four-day workweek") [Funemployment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funemployment "Funemployment") [Ghost job](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_job "Ghost job") [Uberisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uberisation "Uberisation") / [Gig worker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_worker "Gig worker") [Glass cliff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_cliff "Glass cliff") [Happiness economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_economics "Happiness economics") [Honeymoon-hangover effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon-hangover_effect "Honeymoon-hangover effect") [Hush trip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hush_trip "Hush trip") [Infinite workday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_workday "Infinite workday") [Job crafting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_crafting "Job crafting") [Job cuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_cuffing "Job cuffing") [Jobless employed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobless_employed "Jobless employed") [Karoshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoshi "Karoshi") [Loud quitting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loud_quitting "Loud quitting") [Neijuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neijuan "Neijuan") [Occupational burnout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_burnout "Occupational burnout") [Occupational safety and health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health "Occupational safety and health") [Occupational stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress "Occupational stress") [Orange S.A. suicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_S.A._suicides "Orange S.A. suicides") [Overwork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwork "Overwork") [Performance punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_punishment "Performance punishment") [Post-work society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-work_society "Post-work society") [Precariat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precariat "Precariat") [Presenteeism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presenteeism "Presenteeism") [Digital 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Readable Markdown	From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [![icon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg) \| This article is missing information about background on other (especially non-tech) overwork cultures in China; legitimized "special work hour" system in Shenzhen. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the [talk page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:996_working_hour_system "Talk:996 working hour system"). (July 2021) \| \| 996 working hour system \| \| \|---\|---\| \| [Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language") \| 996工作制 \| \| Transcriptions \| \| \| [Standard Mandarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese "Standard Chinese") \| \| \| [Hanyu Pinyin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin "Hanyu Pinyin") \| jiǔjiǔliù gōngzuò zhì \| [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Deaths_from_Karoshi.png/500px-Deaths_from_Karoshi.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deaths_from_Karoshi.png) Deaths due to long working hours per 100,000 people (15+), joint study conducted by [World Health Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization "World Health Organization") and [International Labour Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") in 2016 The 996 working hour system ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"): 996工作制) is a work schedule that derives its name from its requirement that workers clock in from 9:00 am to 9:00 pm, 6 days per week, resulting in employees working 12 hours per day and 72 hours per week.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_996-2)[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_why-3)[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-scmp_whatis996-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-wsj996-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-6) It is practiced illegally by some companies in [China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China "China"). A number of [Mainland Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China "Mainland China") internet and tech companies have adopted this system as their official or de facto work schedule. Critics argue that the 996 working hour system is a violation of the [Labour Law of the People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China "Labour Law of the People's Republic of China") and have called it "[modern slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century "Slavery in the 21st century")".[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7)[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-8) [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png/250px-996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:996_vs_40_Hour_Week.png) Difference in working hours (orange) during waking hours between a typical [9 to 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_to_5 "9 to 5") and the 996 schedule In March 2019, an "anti-996" protest was launched via [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub").[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-voa_chinese_protest_996-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_996_is_hustle_culture-11) Since then, the 996 issue has been met with growing discontent in China.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-13)[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-14) In 2025, the practice has begun to show up among tech companies in the US.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17) The culture of overtime work has a long history in Chinese [IT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology "Information technology") companies,[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_0-18) where the focus is typically on speed and cost reduction.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jb_bbc-19) Companies employ a range of measures, such as reimbursing taxi fares for employees who remain working at the office late into the night, to incentivize overtime work.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20) This system of working for long hours with few breaks has been known to increase the occurrence of mental and physical problems seen in workers. It is estimated that more than three-quarters of urban workers in big cities like [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing "Beijing"), [Shanghai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai "Shanghai"), and [Guangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou "Guangzhou") suffer from work-related [fatigue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue "Fatigue"), [musculoskeletal pain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_pain "Musculoskeletal pain"), [sleep disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disorder "Sleep disorder")[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-21) or [eating disorders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating_disorders "Eating disorders"), [occupational stress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_stress "Occupational stress"), and [work–family imbalance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict "Work–family conflict").[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-Tsui-22) According to China's state-owned [People's Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily "People's Daily"), a 2013 survey showed that 98.8% of Chinese IT industry workers reported health problems.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-23)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-24) Numerous [overwork deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoshi#China "Karoshi") and [suicides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_in_China "Suicide in China") have occurred during past decades due to the 996 system and other overtime work systems in China.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-26) In 2020, a study published in [IEEE Software](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Software "IEEE Software") done by Chinese researchers found that "Chinese businesses are more likely to follow long work hours than American ones".[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-27) Another study likened 996 culture to "[modern slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century "Slavery in the 21st century")", formed through the combination of "unrestricted global capitalism and a [Confucian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism "Confucianism") culture of hierarchy and obedience".[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:1-7) In September 2016, the [classified advertising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_advertising "Classified advertising") website [58\.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=58.com&action=edit&redlink=1 "58.com (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/58%E5%90%8C%E5%9F%8E "zh:58同城")\] officially declared its adoption of the 996 working hour system,[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-28) attracting criticism from employees and social commentators. The company responded that the 996 system would be encouraged, not a compulsory practice.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-58_1-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30) A CNBC article in May 2021 reported that workers at [TikTok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok "TikTok")'s parent company [ByteDance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ByteDance "ByteDance") were unhappy with the 996 work culture there and that people were turning down job opportunities at TikTok because of it.[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-31) In November 2021, ByteDance moved away from 996 and mandated shorter working hours.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-32) Nevertheless, on 23 February 2022, the sudden death was reported of a 28-year-old employee at ByteDance, after he posted a message on [Maimai](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maimai_\(website\)&action=edit&redlink=1 "Maimai (website) (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%89%E8%84%89 "zh:脉脉")\], a career and social networking platform, the night before. ByteDance later issued a statement that was shared in an internal letter with its staff in China, according to which the employee felt dizzy after an hour of exercise at the company gym, before he was taken to the hospital. The incident raised scrutiny of the frequent overtime demands of Chinese tech companies.[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-33) After 58.com's 996 schedule was made known to the public, an internal email from the vice-president Gang He (Chinese: 何刚) of [JD.com](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD.com "JD.com") was leaked online, which contained a demand for the management team of JD.com to implement the 996 working hour system "on a flexible basis".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_1-34) On 15 March 2019, an employee of JD.com alleged that some departments have begun implementing the 995 schedule, while other departments have already finished doing so. Following the report, the [public relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations "Public relations") department of JD.com announced that overtime work was not compulsory.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-jd_2-35) [Richard Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liu "Richard Liu"), the founder of the company, said that the reason for his company's layoffs is because there were too many "slackers" and they were not his "brothers".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) He said JD did not force its staff to work the "996" or even a "995" overtime schedule, "But every person must have the desire to push oneself to the limit!". In early January 2021, the e-commerce platform [Pinduoduo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinduoduo "Pinduoduo") was accused of forcing its employees to do extremely intensive overtimes, which supposedly led to the [karoshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoshi "Karoshi") death of a 22-year-old worker.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-38) Later, the official account of Pinduoduo posted (but deleted shortly afterwards) an answer on [Zhihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhihu "Zhihu"), saying "Those who are at the bottom of the society earn their wages at the risk of losing their lives".[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-39) Just a few days after the early January incident, another employee committed suicide by jumping.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-41) On 10 January, news sources reported that Pinduoduo fired an employee who posted photos showing his colleague being carried into an ambulance.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-42)[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-43) In January 2019, an employee of [Youzan](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youzan&action=edit&redlink=1 "Youzan (page does not exist)") stated on the social platform Maimai that their supervisor had enforced the 996 schedule.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_3-44) Bai Ya, the CEO of Youzan, replied, "it would be a good thing to look back at a few years later".[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-996_dycj-20) Some media outlets criticized this schedule.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_1-45) Later that month, the Labour Supervision Group of [Xihu District, Hangzhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xihu_District,_Hangzhou "Xihu District, Hangzhou") announced that the company was under investigation.[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-yz_4-46) At least 40 companies, including [Huawei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei "Huawei") and [Alibaba Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group"), have implemented the 996 schedule or an even more intensive alternative.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cctv_40companies_996-47)[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-48) According to two separate reports from the [Wired](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_\(magazine\) "Wired (magazine)") magazine and [Marketplace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace_\(radio_program\) "Marketplace (radio program)") podcast in 2025, a growing number of U.S. AI startups are also implementing the 996 schedule.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50) ### 996\.ICU GitHub campaign \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=10 "Edit section: 996.ICU GitHub campaign")\] [![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/996.ICU.logo.svg/250px-996.ICU.logo.svg.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:996.ICU.logo.svg) Logo of Anti-996 [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") project On 26 March 2019, the 996.ICU repository and website were created. The repository on [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") states that the name "996.icu" refers to how developers who work under the 996 system would risk poor health and a possible stay in an [intensive care unit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit "Intensive care unit"). The movement's slogan is "developers' lives matter".[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_info-51)[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_3-52)[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_6-53)[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_7-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_8-55)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_9-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-57) Two days later, on 28 March 2019, the repository had already received 50 thousand stars, and 100 thousand stars on 30 March 2019, which made it the top trending repository on GitHub.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_1-58) The repository reached 120 thousand stars on 31 March 2019, and 200 thousand stars on 9 April 2019, making it the second most starred repository on GitHub. The flurry of activity led to the "issue" page of the repository to be flooded with spam and shut down, which was hotly discussed on [Zhihu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhihu "Zhihu"), [Sina Weibo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sina_Weibo "Sina Weibo"), and [WeChat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat "WeChat").[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sixthtone-996-1)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_5-59) The original aim of the repository was to list the companies that use the 996 working hour system, but it soon developed into a movement; the [Anti 996 Licence](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti_996_Licence&action=edit&redlink=1 "Anti 996 Licence (page does not exist)") \[[zh](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D996%E8%AE%B8%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81 "zh:反996许可证")\] was created to explicitly prohibit companies using the 996 system from using open source[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-60) code licensed under it.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-icu_2-62) On 2 April 2019, it was widely reported that [Tencent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent "Tencent")'s [QQ browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QQ_browser "QQ browser"), [WeChat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeChat "WeChat"), [Alibaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group "Alibaba Group")'s [UC Browser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC_Browser "UC Browser"), [Qihoo 360](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qihoo_360 "Qihoo 360")'s 360 Browser, and many other browsers developed by companies in mainland China blocked the 996.icu repository on GitHub, describing it as "an illegal and fraudulent site".[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-63)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30) On 18 April 2019, employees at [Microsoft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft "Microsoft") and GitHub created a GitHub repository named "support.996.ICU" in support of the 996.ICU campaign, which they believe could be under threat of Chinese government censorship.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-verge_ms_workers_support-64)[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnbc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-65)[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-abc_ms_workers_support_anti996_campaign-66)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bi_ms_anti996-67)[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-motherboard_ms_anti996-68)[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bfn_ms_anti996-69) [Jack Ma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ma "Jack Ma") stated that workers should consider 996 "a huge blessing" as there is no way to "achieve the success \[one\] want\[s\] without paying extra effort and time",[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-cnn_jack_ma_endorses_996-70)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-bbc_jack_ma_defends_996-71)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-fortune_jack_ma_endorses_996-72)[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-marketwatch_jack_me_calls_996_blessing-73)[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-guardian_996-74)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-nytimes_jackma_wrong-75)\[[excessive citations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations "Wikipedia:Citing sources")\] while [Richard Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liu "Richard Liu"), founder of JD.com, said that "[Slackers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackers "Slackers") are not my brothers!"[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-economist_996-30)[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-reuters_richard_liu_slackers-36) [Jason Calacanis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Calacanis "Jason Calacanis"), an entrepreneur and [angel investor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_investor "Angel investor"), describes 996 as "the same exact work ethic that built America".[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-76) Several Chinese media outlets criticized the 996 working system. Xin Shi Ping of the [Xinhua News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency "Xinhua News Agency") said that the system "violates labor law and overtakes health and the future. It does harm to hard-working workers and is a misunderstanding of the hard-working spirit".[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-xinshiping_996-77) The [People's Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Daily "People's Daily") wrote that "advocating 'hard work' does not mean resorting to and enforcing the 996 system",[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-78)[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sina_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-79)[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-sohu_peoples_daily_struggle_is_not_996-80) while an editorial in the [China News Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_News_Service "China News Service") said that it is "unnecessary to exchange life for money".[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-zhongxin_rather_no_marriage_than_liferisk-81) [Beijing Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Daily "Beijing Daily") criticized [Jack Ma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ma "Jack Ma") and [Richard Liu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liu "Richard Liu") for "boasting" the 996 work schedule, claiming that it is "aimed at disguising reduction of salary or lay-off",[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-beijingribao_disguised_layoff-82) while Wang Xinya, a writer for [Banyuetan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyuetan "Banyuetan"), stated that some entrepreneurs disregarded the law and associate 996 with hard work, calling it "poisonous chicken soup" ([Chinese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language "Chinese language"): 毒鸡汤). Wang also stated that the system has nothing to do with employee diligence, but has everything to do with company interests.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-banyuetan_996_is_not_hardworking_but_benefits-83) [Python](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_\(programming_language\) "Python (programming language)") creator [Guido van Rossum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum "Guido van Rossum") described the 996 work schedule as "inhumane" in a tweet commenting on an [SCMP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCMP "SCMP") article about 996.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-84)[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-qdaily20190404-61)[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-pingwest_alibaba_996-85)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-techcrunch_china_996-86) In 2021, Chinese scholars stressed on policy-makers that "there is a need to reform work policies to realize the lowering of working time per worker in China (and also to curb excessive-work cultures like 996)".[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:0-87) Without such initiatives, the [dual circulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_circulation "Dual circulation") policy is doomed to fail, they argued. Some European entrepreneurs argued that 996 is contrary to European values, that it leads to a brain drain, and that the bigger problem for startups is financing.[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-88) The 996 working hour system was deemed illegal by the [Supreme People's Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court "Supreme People's Court") on 27 August 2021.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-89) However, some scholars cast doubt whether this ruling will be enforced.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-90)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-91) The 007 work schedule is a midnight to midnight, seven days a week schedule using a rotational workforce which may be practiced illegally by some companies in China, especially in the high-tech sector. The term 007 could mean several things depending on the source. It may mean the employee is expected to live in the office 24/7 to finish their work, or it could be used to refer to a work-from-home position that requires 24/7 availability, especially during the times of [COVID-19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19 "COVID-19"). Sometimes it is used sarcastically by workers as the "true" schedule required by employers.[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:2-49)[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-:3-50)[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-92)[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-93)[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-94)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-95)[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-96) ## Occurrence in US tech companies \[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=996_working_hour_system&action=edit&section=16 "Edit section: Occurrence in US tech companies")\] In 2025, amidst the [AI boom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_boom "AI boom"), reports have emerged of startup tech companies in San Francisco / Silicon Valley requiring "9-9-6" work schedules, with the goal of building things quickly in a competitive market.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto-15)[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto2-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-auto1-17) California Labor Code §515.5 exempts employers from providing many software engineers with overtime pay.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_note-97) - [Buddha-like mindset](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset "Buddha-like mindset") - [Black company (Japan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_company_\(Japan\) "Black company (Japan)") – also known as ブラック企業/ブラック会社, burakku kigyō/burakku gaisha - [Crunch (video games)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunch_\(video_games\) "Crunch (video games)") – Compulsory overtime during the development of a game - [Eight-hour day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-hour_day "Eight-hour day") - [Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-Hour_Week_Convention,_1935 "Forty-Hour Week Convention, 1935") – An [International Labour Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organization "International Labour Organization") convention - [Karōshi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%8Dshi "Karōshi") - [Lochner v. New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York "Lochner v. New York"), [Lochner era](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochner_era "Lochner era") – A landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning maximum working hours - [Overwork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwork "Overwork") - [Simple living](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living "Simple living") - [Tang ping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_ping "Tang ping") - [Time poverty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_poverty "Time poverty") - [Wage theft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wage_theft "Wage theft") - [Working time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_time "Working time") - [Workweek length](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend#Length "Workweek and weekend") 1. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-60) Such a license would not meet most definitions of open source software, such as the [Open Source Definition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Definition "Open Source Definition"), as the 996 exclusion counts as a limitation on purpose of use. 1. ^ [*a](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-0) [b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-sixthtone-996_1-1) Xue Yujie (28 March 2019). David Paulk (ed.). ["Chinese Developers Protest Overwork on GitHub"](https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003771/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github). Sixth Tone. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190331180416/https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1003771/chinese-developers-protest-overwork-on-github) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019. 2. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-bbc_996_2-0)* Denise Hruby (8 May 2018). ["Young Chinese are sick of working long hours"](https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime). BBC. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190402155418/http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180508-young-chinese-are-sick-of-working-overtime) from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019. 3. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-996_why_3-0) Zhao, Ang (3 June 2018). [不接受"996"是不能吃苦？媒体：合法权益应获保障](https://web.archive.org/web/20190331172051/http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-06/03/c_1122929624.htm) \[Not accepting "996" means you cannot accept hardship? Media: Legal rights should be protected\]. Xinhuanet (in Simplified Chinese). [Workers' Daily](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Daily "Workers' Daily"). Archived from [the original](http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-06/03/c_1122929624.htm) on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019. 4. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-scmp_whatis996_4-0) Sarah Dai; Li Tao (29 January 2019). ["China's work ethic stretches beyond '996' as tech companies feel the impact of slowdown"](https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/2183950/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact). South China Morning Post. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190331205709/https://www.scmp.com/tech/start-ups/article/2183950/chinas-work-ethic-stretches-beyond-996-tech-companies-feel-impact) from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019. 5. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-wsj996_5-0) Li Yuan (22 February 2017). ["China's Grueling Formula for Success: 9-9-6"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/long-days-a-staple-at-chinese-tech-firms-1487787775). The Wall Street Journal. 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["China's grueling '996' work culture is being debated by European startups — 7 founders and VCs on why they are resisting"](https://www.cnbc.com/2025/06/08/europe-startups-resists-pressure-to-adopt-chinas-996-work-culture.html). CNBC. Retrieved 30 September 2025. 88. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-89) ["China Spells Out How Excessive 996 Work Culture is Illegal"](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-27/china-s-top-court-says-excessive-996-work-culture-is-illegal). Bloomberg. 27 August 2021. 89. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-90) Meng, Siyuan (15 November 2021). ["China's burned-out tech workers are fighting back against long hours"](https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/11/15/1039650/china-tech-workers-996-fight-back/). [MIT Technology Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review "MIT Technology Review"). Retrieved 21 June 2022. "But even though authorities and state media seem to be taking a tougher stand, it is unclear when or if the rules that make 996 illegal will be fully enforced." 90. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-91) Liu, Hong Yu (24 January 2022). ["The role of the state in influencing work conditions in China's internet industry: Policy, evidence, and implications for industrial relations"](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). [Journal of Industrial Relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Industrial_Relations "Journal of Industrial Relations"). 65: 12. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1177/00221856211068488](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00221856211068488). [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0022-1856](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1856). "The contradictory rulings by the district courts in these cases, one for the employee and two against, suggest that the legislative framework in China is not in a position that can stand firmly to defend workers against the inhumane and unlawful working hours. Wang and Cooke (2021) found a similar level of arbitrariness in court rulings in labour disputes between Chinese platforms and their workers." 91. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-92) ["From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in China"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358144826). Retrieved 1 September 2025. 92. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-93) ["Are Gen Z disrupting Chinese work culture?"](https://daxueconsulting.com/chinese-work-culture/). 16 August 2023. 93. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-94) ["China's youth are rebelling against long hours"](https://www.economist.com/business/2024/05/16/chinas-youth-are-rebelling-against-long-hours). The Economist. 94. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-95) ["This is 996 culture, a grueling 72-hour work week popular in China that's been criticized for ruining work-life balance"](https://www.businessinsider.com/996-work-culture-schedule-popular-in-china-explained-2021-7). [Business Insider](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider "Business Insider"). 95. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-96) ["From 996 to 007: Challenges of Working from Home During the Epidemic in Chin"](https://europepmc.org/article/PPR/PPR454223). 2022. 96. [^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/996_working_hour_system#cite_ref-97) ["California Labor Code, Section 515.5"](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=515.5.&lawCode=LAB). California Legislative Information. Retrieved 5 April 2026. - [996\.icu](https://996.icu/#/en_US) - [996ICU](https://github.com/996icu/996.ICU) on [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub "GitHub") - [The Extreme 996 Work Culture in China](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8wWoQ3_F00) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)") from VICE Asia
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