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| Boilerpipe Text | 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
Locations of fires, marked in orange, which were detected by
MODIS
from August 15 to 22, 2019
Date(s)
JanuaryâOctober 2019
Location
Brazil
,
Bolivia
,
Peru
,
Paraguay
,
Colombia
Statistics
Total fires
>40,000
[
1
]
Burned area
906,000 hectares (2,240,000 acres; 9,060Â km
2
; 3,500 sq mi)
[
2
]
Land use
Agricultural development
Impacts
Deaths
2
[
3
]
Damage
>$900 billion (2019
USD
)
[
4
]
[
5
]
Ignition
Cause
Slash-and-burn
approach to deforest land for agriculture and effects of
climate change
and
global warming
due to unusually longer dry season and above average temperatures worldwide throughout 2019
Map
Amazon rainforest ecoregions
as delineated by the
WWF
in white and the
Amazon drainage basin
in blue.
The
2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
season saw a year-to-year surge in fires occurring in the
Amazon rainforest
and
Amazon biome
within
Brazil
,
Bolivia
,
Paraguay
, and
Peru
during that year's Amazonian tropical
dry season
.
[
6
]
Fires normally occur around the dry season as
slash-and-burn
methods are used to clear the forest to make way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and mining, leading to
deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
. Such activity is generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental protection can be lax. The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about the fate of the Amazon rainforest, which is the world's largest terrestrial
carbon dioxide sink
and plays a significant role in
mitigating global warming
.
The increasing rates were first reported by Brazil's
National Institute for Space Research
(
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais
, INPE) in June and July 2019 through satellite monitoring systems, but international attention was drawn to the situation by August 2019 when
NASA
corroborated INPE's findings,
[
7
]
and smoke from the fires, visible from satellite imagery, darkened the city of
SĂŁo Paulo
despite being thousands of kilometers from the Amazon. As of August 29, 2019
, INPE reported more than 80,000 fires across all of Brazil, a 77% year-to-year increase for the same tracking period, with more than 40,000 in the
Brazil's Legal Amazon
(
AmazĂŽnia Legal
or BLA), which contains 60% of the Amazon. Similar year-to-year increases in fires were subsequently reported in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with the 2019 fire counts within each nation of over 19,000, 11,000 and 6,700, respectively, as of August 29, 2019
.
[
1
]
It is estimated that over 906Â thousand hectares (2.24
Ă
10
6
acres; 9,060Â km
2
; 3,500Â mi
2
) of forest within the Amazon biome has been lost to fires in 2019.
[
2
]
In addition to the impact on global climate, the fires created environmental concerns from the excess
carbon dioxide
(CO
2
) and
carbon monoxide
(CO) within the fires' emissions, potential impacts on the
biodiversity
of the Amazon, and threats to indigenous tribes that live within the forest. Ecologists estimated that the
dieback
from the Amazon rainforest due to the fires could cost Brazil US$957 billion to US$3.5 trillion over a 30-year period.
[
4
]
The increased rate of fires in Brazil has raised the most concerns as international leaders, particularly French president
Emmanuel Macron
, and
environmental non-government organizations
(ENGOs) attributed these to Brazilian president
Jair Bolsonaro
's pro-business policies that had weakened environmental protections and have encouraged deforestation of the Amazon after he took office in January 2019. Bolsonaro initially remained ambivalent and rejected international calls to take action, asserting that the criticism was sensationalist. Following increased pressure at the
45th G7 summit
and a threat to reject the pending
European UnionâMercosur free trade agreement
, Bolsonaro dispatched over 44,000 Brazilian troops and allocated funds to fight the fires, and later signed a decree to prevent such fires for a sixty-day period.
Other Amazonian countries have been affected by the wildfires in higher or lesser degree. The number of hectares of Bolivian rainforest affected by the wildfires were roughly equal to those of Brazil, being the area of Bolivia only about one-eighth of Brazil's. Bolivian president
Evo Morales
was similarly blamed for past policies that encouraged deforestation, Morales has also taken proactive measures to fight the fires and seek aid from other countries. At the G7 summit, Macron negotiated with the other nations to allocate
US$22 million
for emergency aid to the Amazonian countries affected by the fires.
Amazon forest and deforestation
[
edit
]
There are 670 million ha (1.7 billion acres; 6.7 million km
2
; 2.6 million mi
2
) of Amazon rainforest.
[
8
]
Human-driven
deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
has been a major concern for decades as the rainforest's impact on the global climate has been measured.
[
9
]
[
10
]
From a global climate perspective, the Amazon has been the world's largest
carbon dioxide sink
, and estimated to capture up to 25% of global
carbon dioxide
generation into plants and other
biomass
.
[
11
]
Without this sink,
atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentrations would increase and contribute towards higher global temperatures, thus making the viability of the Amazon a global concern.
[
12
]
Further, when the forest is lost through fire, additional carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere, and could potentially contribute significantly to the total carbon dioxide content.
[
13
]
The flora also generates significant quantities of water vapor through
transpiration
which travel large distances to other parts of South America via
atmospheric rivers
and contribute to the precipitation in these areas.
[
14
]
[
15
]
Due to ongoing
global climate change
, environmental scientists have raised concerns that the Amazon could reach a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly die out, the land becoming more
savanna
than forest, under certain climate change conditions which are exacerbated by
anthropogenic
activities.
[
16
]
[
17
]
Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon is used to clear land for agriculture, livestock, and mining, and for its lumber.
[
18
]
Most forest is typically cleared using
slash-and-burn
processes; huge amounts of biomass are removed by first pulling down the trees in the Amazon using bulldozers and giant tractors during the wet season (November through June), followed by torching the tree trunks several months later in the dry season (July through October).
[
19
]
[
20
]
[
21
]
Fires are most common in July through August.
[
20
]
In some cases, workers performing the burn are unskilled, and may inadvertently allow these fires to spread. While most countries in the Amazon do have laws and environmental enforcement against deforestation, these are not well enforced, and much of the slash-and-burn activity is done illegally.
[
18
]
[
22
]
[
23
]
Deforestation leads to a large number of observed fires across the Amazon during the dry season, usually tracked by satellite data. While it is possible for naturally occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those
in California
or
in Australia
.
[
24
]
Even with
global warming
, spontaneous fires in the Amazon cannot come from warm weather alone, but warm weather is capable of exacerbating the fires once started as there will be drier biomass available for the fire to spread.
[
25
]
[
26
]
Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally.
[
24
]
Man-made fires in the Amazon also tend to elevate their smoke into the higher atmosphere due to the more intense burn of the dry biomass, compared with naturally occurring wildfires.
[
27
]
Further evidence of the fires being caused by human activity is due to their clustering near roads and existing agricultural areas rather than remote parts of the forest.
[
13
]
On November 18, 2019, Brazilian authorities announced the official deforestation figures, based on the PRODES satellite monitoring system for the 2019 forest yearâfrom August 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019. The rate of deforestation was the "worst in more than a decade" with 970,000 hectares (2,400,000 acres) lost.
[
28
]
In August 2020 Brazil's
National Institute for Space Research
reported that
satellite data shows
that the number of
fires in the Amazon
increased by 28% to ~6,800 fires in July compared to the ~5,300 wildfires in July 2019. This indicated
a, potentially worsened, repeat
of 2019's accelerated destruction of one of the world's largest protectable
buffers against global warming
in 2020.
[
29
]
[
30
]
[
31
]
Broad types of fire in the Amazon
[
edit
]
Amazon fires can be separated into three broad categories.
[
32
]
First, deforestation-related fires are those used to prepare the area for agriculture after a primary forest being felled and the vegetation left to dry. Second, there are those agricultural burns, when fires are used to clear existing pastureland and/or by smallholders and traditional people in rotational agriculture. Finally, the previous fire types can escape beyond intended limits and invade standing forests. When a forest burns for the first time, fire intensity is usually low and flames are mostly restricted to the understory while repeated fire events have higher intensity. Forest fires are a threat to the Amazonian biodiversity
[
33
]
and jeopardize the ability of forest trees to mitigate climate change by storing carbon. When studying Amazonian fires, it is important to consider the marked spatial differences in precipitation patterns across the Amazon Basin, which does not have a single dry season.
[
34
]
Past deforestation and fires in Brazil
[
edit
]
Location of AmazĂŽnia Legal (red) within Brazil
States within AmazĂŽnia Legal.
Brazil's role in deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a significant issue during the 1930s, as 60% of the Amazon is contained within Brazil, designated as the Brazil's Legal Amazon (
AmazĂŽnia Legal
, BLA).
[
22
]
[
35
]
Since the 1970s, Brazil has consumed approximately 12 percent of the forest, representing roughly 77.7 million ha (192 million acres)âan area larger than that of the US state of
Texas
.
[
36
]
Most of the deforestation has been for natural resources for the logging industry and land clearing for agricultural and mining use.
[
37
]
[
38
]
Forest removal to make way for
cattle ranching
was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the mid-1960s on. The Amazon region has become the largest cattle ranching territory in the world.
[
39
]
According to the
World Bank
, some 80% of deforested land is used for cattle ranching.
[
39
]
Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock
pasture
.
[
40
]
[
41
]
According to the
Center for International Forestry Research
(CIFOR), "between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europe's processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent" and by 2003 "for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production, 80 percent of which was in the Amazon[,] was largely export driven."
[
42
]
The Brazilian states of ParĂĄ, Mato Grosso, and RondĂŽnia, located along the southern border of the Amazon rainforest, are in what is called the "deforestation arc".
[
43
]
Deforestation within Brazil is partially driven by growing demand for beef and soy exports, particularly to China and Hong Kong.
[
19
]
In the first seven months of 2019, soy exports to China rose by 18% due to trading tensions between the United States and China.
[
44
]
Brazil is one of the largest exporters of beef, accounting for more than 20% of global trade of the commodity. Brazil exported over 1.6 million tonnes of beef in 2018, the highest volume in recorded history.
[
39
]
Brazil's cattle herd has increased by 56% over the last two decades. Ranchers wait until the dry season to slash-and-burn to give time for the cattle to graze.
[
45
]
[
46
]
Soybean production has increased from 75.32 million metric tons in 2010/11 to 118.8 million metric tons in 2018/19.
[
47
]
The Amazon accounts for 14 million of the 284 million acres of soy plantations in Brazil.
[
48
]
While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. Wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation.
[
23
]
In recent years, "land-grabbers" (
grileiros
) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon".
[
36
]
Number of fires
Year
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Number of fires
Number of fires in Brazil's AmazĂŽnia Legal ...
Number of fires in Brazil's
AmazĂŽnia Legal
between January 1 and August 26 by year, reported by INPE
[
49
]
Past data from INPE has shown the number of fires with the BLA from January to August in any year to be routinely higher than 60,000 fires from 2002 to 2007 and as high as 90,000 in 2003.
[
50
]
Fire counts have generally been higher in years of drought (2007 and 2010), which are often coupled with
El Niño
events.
[
27
]
Within international attention on the protection of the Amazon around the early 2000s, Brazil took a more proactive approach to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. In 2004, the Brazilian government had established the Federal Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAM), with the goal to reduce the rate of deforestation through land use regulation,
environmental monitoring
, and sustainable activities, promoted through partnerships at the federal and private level, and legal penalties for violations.
[
51
]
Brazil also invested in more effective measures to fight fires, including fire-fighting airplanes in 2012. By 2014,
USAID
was teaching the indigenous people how to fight fires.
[
52
]
As a result of enforcement of PPCDAM, the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon dropped 83.5% of their 2004 rates by 2012.
[
53
]
However, in 2014, Brazil fell into an
economic crisis
, and as part of that recovery, pushed heavily on its exports of beef and
soy
to help bolster its economy, which caused a reversal in the falling deforestation rates.
[
25
]
The Brazilian government has been defunding scientific research since the economic crisis.
[
54
]
To support PPCDAM, the INPE began developing systems to monitor the Amazon rainforest. One early effort was the Amazon Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Project (PRODES), which is a highly detailed satellite imagery-based approach to calculate wildfires and deforestation losses on an annual basis.
[
55
]
In 2015, INPE launched five complementary projects as part of the Terra Brasilis project to monitor deforestation closer to real-time. Among these include the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system, allowing them to capture incidents of wildfires in 15-day cycles.
[
51
]
The daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website, and later corroborated with the annual and more accurate PRODES data.
[
56
]
[
57
]
[
58
]
[
59
]
By December 2017, INPE had completed a modernization process and had expanded its system to analyze and share data on forest fires.
[
60
]
It launched its new TerraMA2Q platformâsoftware which adapts fire-monitoring data software including the "occurrence of irregular fires".
[
60
]
Although the INPE was able to provide regional fire data since 1998, the modernization increased access. Agencies that monitor and fight fires include the Brazilian Federal Environment and Renewable Resources Agency (IBAMA), as well as state authorities.
[
60
]
The INPE receives its images daily from 10 foreign satellites, including the Terra and Aqua satellitesâpart of the NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS).
[
60
]
Combined, these systems are able to capture the number of fires on a daily basis, but this number does not directly measure the area of forest lost to these fires; instead, this is done with fortnightly imaging data to compare the current state of the forest with reference data to estimate acreage lost.
[
61
]
Jair Bolsonaro was elected as
President of Brazil
in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, after which he and his ministries changed governmental policies to weaken protection of the rainforest and make it favorable for farmers to continue practices of slash-and-burn clearing,
[
22
]
thus accelerating the deforestation from previous years.
[
6
]
Land-grabbers had used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated
ApurinĂŁ people
in Amazonas where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.
[
36
]
Upon entering office, Bolsonaro cut
US$23 million
from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts.
[
24
]
[
62
]
Bolsonaro and his ministers had also segmented the environmental agency, placing part of its control under the agricultural ministry, which is led by the country's farming lobby, weakened protections on natural reserves and territories belonging to indigenous people, and encouraged businesses to file counter-land claims against regions managed by sustainable forestry practices.
[
63
]
2019 Brazil dry season fires
[
edit
]
Agricultural fires in southern
ParĂĄ
, Brazil in August 2019.
INPE alerted the Brazilian government to larger-than-normal growth in the number of fires through June to August 2019. The first four months of the year were wetter-than-average, discouraging slash-and-burn efforts. However, with the start of the dry season in May 2019, the number of wildfires jumped greatly.
[
64
]
Additionally, NOAA reported that, regionally, the temperatures in the JanuaryâJuly 2019 period were the second warmest year-to-date on record.
[
65
]
INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrences in June 2019.
[
59
]
[
66
]
There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than 1,345 square kilometres (519Â mi
2
; 134,500Â ha; 332,000 acres) of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of
Greater London
by the end of the month.
[
63
]
The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires according to INPE. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency.
[
67
]
The state of Acre entered into an environmental alert on August 16.
[
68
]
In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of ParĂĄ placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a
queimada
or "Day of Fire" on August 10, 2019, organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government.
[
69
]
[
70
]
Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires in the region.
[
69
]
[
71
]
INPE reported on August 20 that it had detected 39,194 fires in the Amazon rainforest since January.
[
69
]
This represented a 77 percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018.
[
69
]
However, the NASA-funded NGO Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) shows 2018 as an unusually low fire year compared to historic data from 2004 to 2005 which are years showing nearly double the number of counted fires.
[
72
]
INPE had reported that at least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil,
[
73
]
which represents an 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018.
[
74
]
NASA originally reported in mid-August that
MODIS
satellites reported average numbers of fires in the region compared with data from the past 15 years; the numbers were above average for the year in the states of Amazonas and RondĂŽnia, but below average for Mato Grosso and ParĂĄ.
[
75
]
[
76
]
[
77
]
NASA later clarified that the data set they had evaluated previous was through August 16, 2019. By August 26, 2019, NASA included more recent MODIS imagery to confirm that the number of fires were higher than in previous years.
[
78
]
INPE
satellite imagery of a 110Â km ĂÂ 110Â km (70Â mi ĂÂ 70Â mi) area along the
Purus River
between
Canutama
and
LĂĄbrea
in the state of Amazonas, taken on August 16, 2019, showing several plumes of smoke from wildfires, including areas that have been deforested
Number of wildfires detected by INPE from January 1 to August 26 in Brazil
[
49
]
Highlighted rows are states within the BLA
Year
State
2013
Diff%
2014
Diff%
2015
Diff%
2016
Diff%
2017
Diff%
2018
Diff%
2019
Acre
782
47%
1,150
43%
1,649
72%
2,846
â57%
1,204
3%
1,246
134%
2,918
Alagoas
128
â9%
116
69%
197
â60%
78
5%
82
â19%
66
10%
73
Amazonas
1,809
117%
3,927
13%
4,457
22%
5,475
4%
5,730
â38%
3,508
117%
7,625
AmapĂĄ
28
75%
49
4%
51
â13%
44
â43%
25
88%
47
â48%
24
Bahia
2,226
â26%
1,631
12%
1,836
42%
2,614
â37%
1,634
â21%
1,280
86%
2,383
CearĂĄ
281
12%
316
14%
361
36%
493
â57%
209
84%
385
â15%
327
Federal District
60
130%
138
â57%
59
179%
165
â31%
113
â63%
41
65%
68
EspĂrito Santo
186
â35%
120
119%
263
40%
370
â76%
87
2%
89
157%
229
GoiĂĄs
1,406
56%
2,202
â24%
1,658
53%
2,540
â22%
1,963
â28%
1,398
27%
1,786
MaranhĂŁo
4,427
89%
8,375
â1%
8,229
â13%
7,135
â29%
5,000
â4%
4,760
17%
5,596
Minas Gerais
2,067
48%
3,067
â44%
1,710
83%
3,134
â30%
2,179
â24%
1,647
77%
2,919
Mato Grosso do Sul
1,421
â28%
1,017
112%
2,165
14%
2,486
3%
2,583
â54%
1,171
285%
4,510
Mato Grosso
8,396
40%
11,811
â21%
9,278
56%
14,496
â31%
9,872
â19%
7,915
95%
15,476
ParĂĄ
3,810
145%
9,347
â6%
8,776
0%
8,704
25%
10,919
â62%
4,068
164%
10,747
ParaĂba
72
75%
126
â35%
81
â4%
77
â48%
40
100%
80
1%
81
Pernambuco
174
â2%
170
43%
244
â58%
102
22%
125
â18%
102
29%
132
PiauĂ
1,666
122%
3,708
â23%
2,840
â2%
2,765
â36%
1,749
104%
3,569
â21%
2,818
ParanĂĄ
1,361
â9%
1,227
0%
1,234
52%
1,877
â9%
1,698
â9%
1,531
18%
1,810
Rio de Janeiro
192
133%
448
â21%
354
7%
379
â33%
251
â42%
144
175%
396
Rio Grande do Norte
71
â7%
66
28%
85
â32%
57
21%
69
44%
100
â32%
68
RondĂŽnia
817
266%
2,990
31%
3,934
10%
4,349
â16%
3,624
â37%
2,270
183%
6,441
Roraima
951
85%
1,759
â14%
1,499
136%
3,541
â82%
622
218%
1,982
132%
4,608
Rio Grande do Sul
890
69%
1,505
â40%
901
188%
2,601
â37%
1,619
â35%
1,039
95%
2,029
Santa Catarina
969
â32%
652
0%
646
147%
1,600
â29%
1,133
â22%
883
25%
1,107
Sergipe
155
â56%
68
122%
151
â53%
71
â4%
68
11%
76
â18%
62
SĂŁo Paulo
1,385
81%
2,515
â54%
1,148
100%
2,302
â29%
1,613
37%
2,212
â26%
1,616
Tocantins
4,436
38%
6,132
â16%
5,130
55%
7,962
â31%
5,461
â25%
4,047
59%
6,436
Total
40,166
60%
64,632
â8%
58,936
32%
78,263
â23%
59,672
â23%
45,656
80%
82,285
By August 29, 80,000 fires had broken out in Brazil which represents a 77% rise on the same period in 2018, according to BBC.
[
79
]
INPE reported that in the period from January 1 to August 29, across South America, and not exclusive to the Amazon rainforest, there were 84,957 fires in Brazil, 26,573 in Venezuela, 19,265 in Bolivia, 14,363 in Colombia, 14,969 in Argentina, 10,810 in Paraguay, 6,534 in Peru, 2,935 in Chile, 898 in Guyana, 407 in Uruguay, 328 in Ecuador, 162 in Suriname, and 11 in French Guiana.
[
80
]
First media reports
[
edit
]
Smoke arriving at the Southeast region of Brazil on 19 August 2019 (
CBERS-4
)
While INPE's data had been reported in international sources earlier, news of the wildfires were not a major news story until around August 20, 2019. On that day, the smoke plume from the fires in RondĂŽnia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken at around 2 p.m. over
SĂŁo Paulo
âwhich is almost 2,800 kilometres (1,700 miles) away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast.
[
6
]
[
81
]
[
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]
NASA and US
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) also published satellite imagery from the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) on NASA's
Terra satellite
in alignment with INPE's own, that showed smoke plumes from the wildfires were visible from space.
[
75
]
[
20
]
INPE and NASA data, along with photographs of the ongoing fires and impacts, caught international attention and became a rising topic on social media, with several world leaders, celebrities, and athletes expressing their concerns.
[
83
]
According to
Vox
, of all the concurrent wildfires elsewhere in the world, the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil were the most "alarming".
[
82
]
Responses of the Brazilian government
[
edit
]
Official pronouncement of Brazilian president
Jair Bolsonaro
.
In the months prior to August 2019, Bolsonaro mocked international and environmental groups that felt his pro-business actions enabled deforestation.
[
84
]
[
24
]
At one point in August 2019, Bolsonaro jokingly calling himself "Captain Chainsaw" while asserting that INPE's data was inaccurate.
[
64
]
After INPE announced an 88% increase of wildfires in July 2019, Bolsonaro claimed "the numbers were fake" and fired
Ricardo Magnus OsĂłrio GalvĂŁo
, the INPE director.
[
22
]
[
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]
[
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]
[
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]
Bolsonaro claimed GalvĂŁo was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign".
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[
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]
[
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]
[
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]
Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental NGOs, although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation.
[
88
]
NGOs such as
WWF Brasil
,
Greenpeace
, and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection countered Bolsonaro's claims.
[
91
]
Bolsonaro, on August 22, argued that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?".
[
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]
Historically, Brazil has been guarded about international intervention into the BLA, as the country sees the forest as a critical part of
Brazil's economy
.
[
93
]
Bolsonaro and his government have continued to speak out against any international oversight of the situation. Bolsonaro considered French President
Emmanuel Macron
's comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem.
[
94
]
Of Macron and German Chancellor
Angela Merkel
, Bolsonaro stated: "They still haven't realized that Brazil is under new direction. That there's now a president who is loyal to [the] Brazilian people, who says the Amazon is ours, who says bad Brazilians can't release lying numbers and campaign against Brazil."
[
64
]
Bolsonaro's foreign minister
Ernesto AraĂșjo
has also condemned the international criticism of Bolsonaro's reaction to the wildfires, calling it "savage and unfair" treatment towards Bolsonaro and Brazil.
[
95
]
AraĂșjo stated that: "President Bolsonaro's government is rebuilding Brazil", and that foreign nations were using the "environmental crisis" as a weapon to stop this rebuilding.
[
95
]
General Eduardo Villas BĂŽas, former commander of the Brazilian Army, considered the criticism of world leaders, like Macron and Canadian Prime Minister
Justin Trudeau
, to be directly challenging "Brazilian sovereignty", and may need to be met with military response.
[
96
]
'National Force sends 30 firefighters to act against Amazon fires' - video published by the Bolsonaro government on August 25, 2019
With increased pressure from the international community, Bolsonaro appeared more willing to take proactive steps against the fires, saying by August 23, 2019, that his government would take a "zero tolerance" approach to environmental crimes.
[
97
]
He engaged the Brazilian military to help fight the wildfires on August 24, which Joint Staff member Lt. Brig. Raul Botelho stated was to create a "positive perception" of the government's efforts.
[
98
]
[
99
]
Among military support included 43,000 troops as well as four firefighting aircraft, and an allocated
US$15.7 million
for fire-fighting operations.
[
100
]
[
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]
Initial efforts were principally located in the state of
RondĂŽnia
, but the Defense Ministry stated they plan to offer support for all seven states affected by the fires.
[
102
]
On August 28, Bolsonaro signed a decree banning the setting of fires in Brazil for a period of 60 days, making exceptions for those fires made purposely to maintain environmental forest health, to combat wildfires, and by the indigenous people of Brazil. However, as most fires are set illegally, it is unclear what impact this decree could have.
[
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]
Rodrigo Maia
, president of the
Chamber of Deputies
, announced that he would form a parliatary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government.
[
103
]
After a report from
Globo Rural
reveal that a
WhatsApp
group of 70 people was involved with the
Day of Fire
,
[
104
]
Jair Bolsonaro
determined the opening of investigations by
Federal Police
.
[
105
]
In a webcast issued November 28, 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro blamed actor and environmentalist
Leonardo DiCaprio
for the rainforest wildfires, alleging NGOs set the fires in return for donations. DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission condemn Bolsonaro's accusations.
[
106
]
Brazil banned clearing land by setting fire to it on 29 August 2019.
[
107
]
More measures taken by the Brazilian government of
Jair Bolsonaro
to stop the fires include:
Accepting 4 planes from Chile to battle the fires.
Accepting 12 million dollars of aid from the United Kingdom government
Softening his position about aid from the G7.
Appealing for an international conference to preserve the Amazon with participation of all countries that have some part of the Amazon rainforest in their territory
[
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]
[
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]
Protests against Brazilian government policies
[
edit
]
'Crowd march in defense of the Amazon and against the environmental policies of Bolsonaro' - video news report from Abya Yala TV in Bolivia.
In regards to the displacement of the indigenous people,
Amnesty International
has highlighted the change in protection of lands belonging to the indigenous people, and have called on other nations to pressure Brazil to restore these rights, as they are also essential to protecting the rainforest.
[
110
]
Ivaneide Bandeira Cardoso, founder of Kanindé, a
Porto Velho
-based advocacy group for indigenous communities, said Bolsonaro is directly responsible for the escalation of forest fires throughout the Amazon this year. Cardoso said the wildfires are a "tragedy that affects all of humanity" since the Amazon plays an important role in the global ecosystem as a carbon sink to reduce the effects of climate change.
[
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]
Thousands of Brazilian citizens held protests in several major cities from August 24, 2019, onward to challenge the government's reaction to the wildfires.
[
112
]
[
113
]
Protesters around the world also held events at Brazilian embassies, including in London, Paris, Mexico City, and Geneva.
[
114
]
Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil
[
edit
]
In addition to environmental harm, the slash-and-burn actions leading to the wildfires have threatened the approximately 306,000
indigenous people in Brazil
who reside near or within the rainforest.
[
36
]
[
115
]
Bolsonaro had spoken out against the need to respect the demarcation of lands for indigenous people established in the 1988
Constitution of Brazil
.
[
97
]
According to a CBC report on Brazil's wildfires, representatives of the indigenous people have stated that farmers, loggers, and miners, emboldened by the Brazilian government's policies, have forced these people out of their lands, sometimes through violent means, and equated their methods with
genocide
.
[
110
]
Additionally, some indigenous groups that have traditionally used fire management practices for agricultural livelihoods are being criminalized. Some of these tribes have vowed to fight back against those engaged in deforestation to protect their lands.
[
116
]
Kerexu Yxapyry, a leader from Santa Catarina's Kerexu tribe, describes this conflict as, "We know our struggle will be arduous. Maybe many of our leaders will be killed, but we are organized. And we are going to defend our rights."
[
117
]
For more on the impacts of displacement on populations,
International responses
[
edit
]
Video news report from
Todo Noticias
based in Argentina, showing burned forest
International leaders and environmental NGOs have condemned President Bolsonaro for the extent of the wildfires within the Brazilian portion of the Amazon.
Several international governments and environmental groups raised concerns at Bolsonaro's stance on the rainforest and the lack of attempts by his government to slow the wildfires. Among the most vocal was Macron, given the proximity of French Guiana to Brazil.
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]
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]
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]
Macron called the Amazon wildfires an "international crisis", while claiming the rainforest produces "20% of the world's oxygen"âa statement disputed by academics.
[
a
]
[
b
]
He said, "Our house is burning. Literally."
[
125
]
Discussion about the fires came into the final negotiations of the
EUâMercosur Free Trade Agreement
between the EU and
Mercosur
, a
trade bloc
of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay.
[
126
]
With the wildfires on-going, both Macron and Irish Prime Minister
Leo Varadkar
have stated they will refuse to ratify the trade deal unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment.
[
119
]
However, they have both been accused of using the fires as a pretext to scuttle an agreement that they already opposed on
protectionist
grounds.
[
127
]
Finance minister of Finland
Mika LintilÀ
suggested the idea of an EU ban on Brazilian beef imports until the country takes steps to stop the deforestation.
[
45
]
[
128
]
The Secretary-General of the
Rainforest Foundation Norway
(RFN), Ăyvind Eggen, said that neither the "official deforestation figures" published by Brazilian authorities on November 18, 2019, nor the number of wildfires in Amazon in 2019, were normal.
[
28
]
According to the RFN,"We are approaching a potential tipping point, where large parts of the forest will be so damaged that [the rainforest] collapses."
[
28
]
Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative
[
edit
]
On September 10, 2019, the
US House Foreign Affairs Committee
held a hearing in Washington, DC entitled "Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative".
[
129
]
[
130
]
In her testimony presented to the hearing,
Peterson Institute for International Economics
(PIIE) economist, Monica de Bolle likened the rainforest to a "carbon bomb", as the fires lit for deforestation "may release as much as 200 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere a year, which would spur climate change at a much faster rate, not to mention associated changes in rainfall patterns that may result from deforestation."
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]
:â2â
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]
GOESEast
imagery of the southern edge of the Amazon Rainforest, plumes of smoke from agricultural fires burning in Bolivia and Brazil on Aug. 4, 2019
In Bolivia,
chaqueo
is an annual seasonal agricultural practice and commonly relies on the controlled use of fire. It was first authorized in 2001 during the government of Hugo Banzer Suarez.
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]
Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders.
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]
The Bolivian Amazon covers 19.402Â million hectares (47.94Â million acres) which comprise 37.7 percent of Bolivia's forests and 17.7 percent of Bolivia's land mass.
[
135
]
Bolivia's forests cover a total of 51.407Â million hectares (127.03Â million acres), including the
Chiquitano dry forests
which is part of the
Amazon biome
and a transition zone between the Amazon rainforest and the drier forests of the southern Chaco region.
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]
By September 14, 2019, Boliviaâwhich is one-eighth the size of Brazilâlost nearly 6Â million acres (2.4Â million hectares) of "forest and savanna".
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]
The fires destroyed about the same area of rainforest than in Brazil.
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]
Santa Cruz Department
[
edit
]
By August 16, Bolivia's
Santa Cruz
had declared a departmental emergency because of the forest fires.
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138
]
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]
From August 18 to August 23, approximately 800Â thousand hectares (2.0Â million acres) of the
Chiquitano dry forests
were destroyed, more than what was lost over a typical two-year period.
[
140
]
By August 24, the fires had already affected 1,011Â thousand hectares (2.50Â million acres) of forestland in the
Santa Cruz
and were burning near
Santa Cruz, Bolivia
.
[
141
]
By August 26, wildfires had reached over 728Â thousand hectares (1.80Â million acres) of Bolivia's
savanna
and tropical forests, according to the Bolivian Information Agency (BIA).
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142
]
Over a period of five days, from August 18 to August 22, 450Â thousand hectares (1.1Â million acres) of forest near
Roboré
were burned.
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]
On August 25, 4,000 state employees and volunteers were fighting the fires.
[
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]
By August 25, the Chiquitano regions has seen 650Â thousand hectares (1.6Â million acres) of tropical forest burned within both the Amazon and the dry forests, mostly within the
Santa Cruz
province; like the Brazil fires, such fires occur during the dry season, but the number of fires in 2019 were larger than in previous years. Throughout August, wildfires have been spreading across four states.
[
141
]
[By August 26, fires in the
Dionisio Foianini Triangle
âthe Brazil-Bolivia-Paraguay triangle had reached savannah and tropical forest "near Bolivia's border with Paraguay and Brazil".
[
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]
The Bolivian government intervened after it was clear that the fires had surpassed local and regional response capabilities. In the week of August 18, Morales dispatched soldiers and three helicopters to fight fires in an area about the size of Oregon.
[
141
]
On August 22, Morales contracted the Colorado-based
Boeing 747 Supertanker
(also known as Global SuperTanker) to conduct firefighting missions over the Bolivian Amazon.
[
141
]
The 747 Supertanker is the largest firefighting aircraft in the world, which can hold approximately 19,000 gallons of water per trip.
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]
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]
Morales has stated that the governments of many countries including Spain, Chile, PerĂș, France, the EU, among others have reached out to him to provide help for fighting the fires.
The government had been trying to determine the cause of the fires, with the
Bolivian land management authority
attributing 87% of the fires present in areas without authorization.
[
141
]
Multiple NGOs assert that deforestation rates in Bolivia increased 200 percent after the government quadrupled available land for deforestation to small farmers in 2015.
[
141
]
[
147
]
Political opponents of Morales alleged that the
Supreme Decree 3973
Archived
August 25, 2019, at the
Wayback Machine
, a mandate to further beef production in the Amazon region, is a major cause of the Bolivian fires.
[
141
]
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]
However, this Supreme Decree only extends the authorized but regulated use of fire already legal in Santa Cruz to the Beni Department, where forest fire issues are not a significant issue.
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]
By September 9, total forests that had been affected by fires in Bolivia was estimated as 1,700Â thousand hectares (4.2Â million acres), more than double from estimates two weeks prior, but far less extended than the forest fires that occurred in 2004 and 2010. While some local government officials and opposition leaders have pled with Morales to update the situation from national emergengy to national disaster, but minister of communication Manuel Canelas said that Bolivia "is not overwhelmed" by fires to make this declaration, and that national emergency is sufficient to receive any type of foreign cooperation.
[
150
]
Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal
[
edit
]
Burn scars in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay captured by
GOES-16
on August 22, 2019
By August 22, fire emergencies in Paraguay's
Alto Paraguay
district and the
UNESCO
protected
Pantanal
region were issued by its federal government. Paraguay President
Mario Abdo BenĂtez
was in close contact with Bolivia's Morales to coordinate response efforts.
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151
]
By August 17, as wind direction changed, flames from fires in Bolivia began to enter northern Paraguay's Three Giants natural reserve in the Paraguayan Pantanal natural region. By August 24, when the situation had stabilized,
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]
Paraguay had lost 39,000 hectares (96,000 acres) in the Pantanal. An
Universidad Nacional de AsunciĂłn
representative lamented the disaster failed to attract as much media attention as the fires in the Amazon rainforest.
[
153
]
While most of the Pantanal regionsâ140,000 and 195,000 square kilometres (54,000 and 75,000 sq mi)âis within Brazil's borders in the state of
Mato Grosso do Sul
, the natural region also extends into
Mato Grosso
and portions of
Bolivia
. It sprawls over an area estimated at between 140,000 and 195,000 square kilometres (54,000 and 75,000 sq mi).
[
154
]
[
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]
Within the
Pantanal
natural region, which is located between Brazil and Bolivia, is the "world's largest tropical wetland area". According one of the engineers charged with monitoring satellite data showing the "evolution of the fires", the Pantanal is a "complex, fragile, and high-risk ecosystem because it's being transformed from a wetland to a productive system".
[
156
]
The Pantana is bounded by the
Humid Chaco
to the south, the
Arid Chaco
dry forests to the southwest,
Cerrado
savannas lie to the north, east and southeast, and the
Chiquitano dry forests
, to the west and northwest,
[
154
]
where thousands of hectares burned in Bolivia.
A national parks researcher said that outsiders only know the Amazon, which is a "shame because the Pantanal is a very important ecological place".
[
155
]
The
ParanĂĄ River
, which flows through Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, is the "second largest river system in South America".
[
157
]
Peru had nearly twice the growth in the number of fires in 2019 than Brazil, with most believed to be illegally set by ranchers, miners, and
coca
growers.
[
18
]
Much of the fires are in the
Madre de Dios
which borders Brazil and Bolivia, though the fires there are not a result of those started in the other countries, according to the regional authority. However, they are still concerned about the impact of downwind emissions, particularly carbon monoxide, on residents of Madre de Dios.
[
158
]
There were 128 forest fires reported in Peru in August 2019.
[
159
]
Environmental impacts of the fires
[
edit
]
Images created by the
Atmospheric Infrared Sounder
which depict carbon monoxide caused by fires in the Amazon region of Brazil from Aug. 8-22, 2019.
[
160
]
Locations of active wildfires (marked in orange) in the Amazon as of 22 August 2019
By August 22, NASA's AIRS published maps of increased carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide resulting from Brazil's wildfires.
[
161
]
[
160
]
On the same day, the
European Union
's
Copernicus Climate Change Service
reported a "discernible spike" in emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide generated by the fires.
[
162
]
Areas downwind of the fires have become covered with smoke, which can potentially last upwards of months at a time if the fires are left to burn out. Hospitals in cities like
Porto Velho
had reported over three times the average number of cases of patients affected by smoke over the same year-to-year period in August 2019 than in other previous years. Besides hindering breathing, the smoke can exacerbates patients with
asthma
or
bronchitis
and have potential
cancer
risk, generally affecting the youth and elderly the most.
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163
]
According to the
World Wildlife Fund
, the
jaguar
, for example, is already "near threatened" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical.
[
164
]
Scientists at the
Natural History Museum
in London described how while some forests have adapted to fire as "important part of a forest ecosystem's natural cycle", the Amazon rainforestâwhich is "made up of lowland, wetland forests"âis "not well-equipped to deal with fire". Other Amazon basin ecosystems, like the Cerrado region, with its "large savannah, and lots of plants there have thick, corky, fire-resistant stems", is "fire-adapted".
[
165
]
Mazeika Sullivan, associate professor at
Ohio State University
's School of Environment and Natural Resources, explained that the fires could have a massive toll on wildlife in the short term as many animals in the Amazon are not adapted for extraordinary fires.
Sloths
,
lizards
,
anteaters
, and
frogs
may unfortunately perish in larger numbers than others due to their small size and lack of mobility.
Endemic species
, like
Milton's titi
and
Mura's saddleback tamarin
, are believed to be beset by the fires. Aquatic species could also be affected due to the fires changing the water chemistry into a state unsuitable for life. Long-term effects could be more catastrophic. Parts of the Amazon rainforest's dense
canopy
were destroyed by the fires, therefore, exposing the lower levels of the
ecosystem
, which then alters the
energy flow
of the food chain.
[
43
]
The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the
giant otter
.
[
164
]
International actions
[
edit
]
The EU response to the Amazon rainforest wildfires
On August 22, the Bishops Conference for Latin America called the fires a "tragedy" and urged the UN, the international community, and governments of Amazonian countries, to "take serious measures to save the world's lungs".
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92
]
Colombian President
Ivan Duque
stated he wanted to lead a conservation pact with the other nations that share the Amazon rainforest with plans to present this to the
UN General Assembly
. Duque said, "We must understand the protection of our Mother Earth and our Amazon is a duty, a moral duty."
[
102
]
United Nations
Secretary General
AntĂłnio Guterres
stated on August 23, that: "In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot afford more damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity."
[
95
]
G7 Summit and emergency aid
[
edit
]
Attention to the wildfires increased in the week prior to the
G7
summit discussions
on August 24â26 in
Biarritz
, France, led by President Macron. Macron stated his intent to open discussions related to the wildfires in the Brazilian part of the Amazon and Bolsonaro's response to them.
[
118
]
[
166
]
[
167
]
Merkel has also backed Macron's statements and planned to make the issue a part of the G7 discussions; via a spokesperson, Merkel stated: "The extent of the fires in the Amazon area is shocking and threatening, not only for Brazil and the other affected countries, but also for the whole world."
[
95
]
Macron further stated that possible international statute to protect the rainforest may be needed "if a sovereign state took concrete actions that clearly went against the interest of the planet".
[
168
]
Bolsonaro expressed concern to United States president
Donald Trump
, that with Brazil not part of the G7, the country would be unrepresented in any such debate.
[
169
]
Trump offered to take the position of the Brazilian government to the meeting and said that the US government did not agree to discuss the issue without Brazil's presence.
[
170
]
[
171
]
Trump himself was absent from the environmental portion of the summit held on August 26, 2019, that discussed the fires and climate change, though members of his advisory team were in attendance.
[
172
]
During the summit, Macron and Chilean president
Sebastiån Piñera
negotiated with the other nations to authorize
US$22 million
in emergency funding to Amazonian countries to help fight the fires.
[
102
]
[
173
]
The Trump administration did not approve of the measure as the funding set certain requirements on its use.
[
169
]
When the final negotiations were completed, Bolsonaro stated that he would refuse those funds for Brazil, claiming that Macron's interests were about protecting France's agricultural business in French Guiana from Brazil's competition. Bolsonaro also criticised Macron by comparing the Amazon fires to the
Notre-Dame de Paris fire
earlier in 2019, suggesting Macron should take care of their internal fires before reaching out internationally.
[
174
]
The governors of the states of Brazil most affected by the fires pressured Bolsonaro to accept the aid given.
[
175
]
Bolsonaro later clarified that he would accept foreign aid for the fires, but only if Brazil has the authority to determine how it is used.
[
2
]
Amazon country summit
[
edit
]
Brazil's Bolsonaro stated on August 28, 2019, that the countries sharing the Amazon rainforest, excluding Venezuela, will hold a summit in Colombia on September 6, 2019, to discuss the ongoing Amazon fire situation.
[
176
]
Representatives from seven countries attended: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname. The countries signed a pact to coordinate monitoring of the Amazon forest and disaster response, and a better information network to coordinate their responses. The pact will also seek cooperative efforts to reduce the need for illegal deforestation in their countries.
[
177
]
'Bolivia and Paraguay agree to work together to mitigate fire in the Amazon' - video news report from Abya Yala TV in
Bolivia
.
The media coverage had also broadly overshadowed the Amazon fires in
Bolivia
,
Peru
, and
Paraguay
by the fires and international impact of those in the BLA.
[
13
]
The Amazon wildfires also occurred shortly after major wildfires reported in Greenland and
Siberia
after a globally hotter-than-average June and July, drawing away coverage of these natural disasters.
[
82
]
Some of these photographs shared on social media were from past fire events in the Amazon or from fires elsewhere.
[
178
]
[
179
]
Agence France-Presse
and
El Comercio
published guides to help people "fact-check" on misleading photos.
[
180
]
[
181
]
Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires
[
edit
]
American actor
Leonardo DiCaprio
said his environmental organization Earth Alliance is donating $5 million to local groups and indigenous communities to help protect the Amazon.
[
182
]
In a webcast on November 28, 2019, President
Jair Bolsonaro
said DiCaprio's donations encourage NGOs to set the fires in return for donations, a charge DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission vehemently denied.
[
106
]
Instagram
has been a platform for many celebrities who have spoken out about the wildfires such as
Cara Delevingne
, who posted a picture of the wildfires with the caption "#PrayForAmazonia".
[
183
]
Other celebrities who made public contributions include actresses
Vanessa Hudgens
and
Lana Condor
, and Japanese musician
Yoshiki
.
[
184
]
[
185
]
On August 26, 2019, Europe's richest man,
Bernard Arnault
, declared that his
LVMH
group will donate $11 million to aid in the fight against the Amazon rainforest wildfires.
[
186
]
American restaurateur
Eddie Huang
said he is going
vegan
as a result of the 2019 Amazon fires.
[
187
]
Khloé Kardashian
urged her 98 million Instagram followers to adopt a
plant-based diet
for the same reason.
[
188
]
Leonardo DiCaprio
told his Instagram followers to "eliminate or reduce consumption of beef" as "cattle ranching is one of the primary drivers of deforestation."
[
189
]
2021 single "
Amazonia
" by French metal band
Gojira
and its music video are a response the fires.
[
190
]
2019 Alberta wildfires
2019 California wildfires
2019 Siberia wildfires
2019 United Kingdom wildfires
2019 Washington wildfires
2019 wildfire season
2019 Southeast Asian haze
2019â20 Australian bushfire season
2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires
2024 Brazil wildfires
2025 South American wildfires
Deforestation in Brazil
^
BBC
(2019): "Many claim on social media that the Amazon produces about 20% of the world's oxygen. [...] But academics say this is a very common misconception, and that the figure is less than 10%."
[
123
]
^
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External videos
Meet the Ranchers Who Claim the Brazilian Amazon is Theirs to Burn
on
YouTube
Media related to
2019 wildfires in Brazil
at Wikimedia Commons
"Updates on wildfires"
.
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Current worldwide map of airborne particulates about one micrometer in diameter, including smoke |
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires)
- [1 Amazon forest and deforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Amazon_forest_and_deforestation)
- [2 Broad types of fire in the Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Broad_types_of_fire_in_the_Amazon)
- [3 Fires in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Fires_in_Brazil)
Toggle Fires in Brazil subsection
- [3\.1 Past deforestation and fires in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Past_deforestation_and_fires_in_Brazil)
- [3\.2 2019 Brazil dry season fires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#2019_Brazil_dry_season_fires)
- [3\.3 First media reports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#First_media_reports)
- [3\.4 Responses of the Brazilian government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Responses_of_the_Brazilian_government)
- [3\.5 Protests against Brazilian government policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Protests_against_Brazilian_government_policies)
- [3\.6 Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Impact_on_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Brazil)
- [3\.7 International responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#International_responses)
- [3\.8 Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Preserving_the_Amazon:_A_Shared_Moral_Imperative)
- [4 Fires in Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Fires_in_Bolivia)
Toggle Fires in Bolivia subsection
- [4\.1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Background)
- [4\.2 Santa Cruz Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Santa_Cruz_Department)
- [5 Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Fires_in_Paraguay's_Pantanal)
- [6 Fires in Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Fires_in_Peru)
- [7 Environmental impacts of the fires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Environmental_impacts_of_the_fires)
Toggle Environmental impacts of the fires subsection
- [7\.1 Emissions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Emissions)
- [7\.2 Biodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Biodiversity)
- [8 International actions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#International_actions)
Toggle International actions subsection
- [8\.1 G7 Summit and emergency aid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#G7_Summit_and_emergency_aid)
- [8\.2 Amazon country summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Amazon_country_summit)
- [9 2019 wildfires in the media](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#2019_wildfires_in_the_media)
- [10 Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Celebrity_responses_to_Amazon_wildfires)
- [11 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#See_also)
- [12 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#Notes)
- [13 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#References)
- [14 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#External_links)
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# 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
34 languages
- [ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ©](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84_2019 "ŰŰ±Ű§ŰŠÙ ŰșۧۚۧŰȘ ۧÙۚ۱ۧŰČÙÙ 2019 â Arabic")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendis_forestals_a_la_selva_amaz%C3%B2nica_\(2019\) "Incendis forestals a la selva amazĂČnica (2019) â Catalan")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skovbrandene_i_Amazonas_2019 "Skovbrandene i Amazonas 2019 â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldbr%C3%A4nde_im_Amazonas-Regenwald_2019 "WaldbrĂ€nde im Amazonas-Regenwald 2019 â German")
- [ÎλληΜÎčÎșÎŹ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_\(2019\) "Î Ï
ÏÎșαγÎčÎÏ ÏÏÎż ÏÏÎżÏÎčÎșÏ ÎŽÎŹÏÎżÏ ÏÎżÏ
ÎÎŒÎ±Î¶ÎżÎœÎŻÎżÏ
(2019) â Greek")
- [Español](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendios_de_la_selva_amaz%C3%B3nica_de_2019 "Incendios de la selva amazĂłnica de 2019 â Spanish")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019ko_Amazonia_basoko_suteak "2019ko Amazonia basoko suteak â Basque")
- [Ùۧ۱۳Û](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B9 "ŰąŰȘŰŽâŰłÙŰČÛâÙŰ§Û ŰŹÙÚŻÙ ŰšŰ§Ű±Ű§ÙÛ ŰąÙ
ۧŰČÙÙ ÛČÛ°Û±Ûč â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonin_mets%C3%A4palot_2019 "Amazonin metsĂ€palot 2019 â Finnish")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feux_de_for%C3%AAt_de_2019_en_Amazonie "Feux de forĂȘt de 2019 en Amazonie â French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falscaithe_i_bhforaois_bh%C3%A1ist%C3%AD_na_hAmas%C3%B3ine,_2019 "Falscaithe i bhforaois bhĂĄistĂ na hAmasĂłine, 2019 â Irish")
- [Avañe'áșœ](https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindor%C3%A1ma_ka%27aguyku%C3%A9ra_jek%C3%A1i_2019-pe "PindorĂĄma ka'aguykuĂ©ra jekĂĄi 2019-pe â Guarani")
- [Hausa](https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Wutar_daji_ta_Amazon "2019 Wutar daji ta Amazon â Hausa")
- [ŚąŚŚšŚŚȘ](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1_\(2019\) "ŚŚ©ŚšŚ€ŚŚȘ ŚŚŚŚŚŚ ŚŚĄ (2019) â Hebrew")
- [ŐŐĄŐ”Ő„ÖŐ„Ő¶](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8_2019_%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6 "ÔČÖŐĄŐŠŐ«ŐŹŐ«ŐĄŐ”Ő« ŐĄŐŽŐĄŐŠŐžŐ¶Ő”ŐĄŐ¶ ŐĄŐ¶ŐżŐĄŐŒŐ¶Ő„ÖŐ« Ő°ÖŐ€Ő„Ő°Ő¶Ő„ÖŐš 2019 Ő©ŐŸŐĄŐŻŐĄŐ¶Ő«Ő¶ â Armenian")
- [Interlingua](https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focos_salvage_amazonian_de_2019 "Focos salvage amazonian de 2019 â Interlingua")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebakaran_hutan_Brasil_2019 "Kebakaran hutan Brasil 2019 â Indonesian")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendi_in_Amazzonia_del_2019 "Incendi in Amazzonia del 2019 â Italian")
- [æ„æŹèȘ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%AF%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BD "2019ćčŽăąăăŸăłç±ćžŻéšæç«çœ â Japanese")
- [íê”ìŽ](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%EB%85%84_%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%A1%B4_%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%BC_%EC%82%B0%EB%B6%88 "2019ë
ìë§ìĄŽ ì°ëŠŒ ì°ë¶ â Korean")
- [ááŒááșááŹááŹááŹ](https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%82%E1%81%80%E1%81%81%E1%81%89_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%87%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF "áááá áĄáá±ááŻááșáááŻážáá
áșáá±áŹ áá±áŹááźážáá±áŹááșááŸáŻ â Burmese")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurbranden_in_het_Amazonegebied "Natuurbranden in het Amazonegebied â Dutch")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BCary_las%C3%B3w_w_Amazonii_\(2019\) "PoĆŒary lasĂłw w Amazonii (2019) â Polish")
- [PortuguĂȘs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc%C3%AAndios_florestais_na_Amaz%C3%B4nia_em_2019 "IncĂȘndios florestais na AmazĂŽnia em 2019 â Portuguese")
- [Đ ŃŃŃĐșĐžĐč](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_\(2019\) "ĐĐ”ŃĐœŃĐ” ĐżĐŸĐ¶Đ°ŃŃ ĐČ ĐĐŒĐ°Đ·ĐŸĐœĐžĐž (2019) â Russian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires "2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires â Scots")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Brazil_wildfires "2019 Brazil wildfires â Simple English")
- [Sakizaya](https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_a_kanatal_matuduh_ku_kilakilangan "Amazon a kanatal matuduh ku kilakilangan â Sakizaya")
- [àź€àźźàźżàźŽàŻ](https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80 "2019 àź
àźźàŻàźàźŸàź©àŻ àźàźŸàźàŻàźàŻàź€àŻàź€àŻ â Tamil")
- [à°€à±à°Čà±à°à±](https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81 "2019 à°
à°źà±à°à°Ÿà°šà± à°
à°Ąà°”à±à°Čà±à°Čà± à°à°Ÿà°°à±à°à°żà°à±à°à± â Telugu")
- [àčàžàžą](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2562 "àčàžàžàčàžČàžàčàžČàžàžàčàžàžĄàž°àžàžàž àž.àžš. 2562 â Thai")
- [TĂŒrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_orman_yang%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1 "2019 Amazon orman yangınları â Turkish")
- [Tiáșżng Viá»t](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1y_r%E1%BB%ABng_nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Bi_Amazon_2019 "ChĂĄy rừng nhiá»t Äá»i Amazon 2019 â Vietnamese")
- [äžæ](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%99%E9%9B%A8%E6%9E%97%E9%87%8E%E7%81%AB "2019ćčŽäșé©Źćéšæéç« â Chinese")
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wildfires in Brazil
See also: [2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazil_rainforest_wildfires "2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires")
| 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_fire_satellite_image.png)Locations of fires, marked in orange, which were detected by [MODIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODIS "MODIS") from August 15 to 22, 2019 | |
| Date(s) | JanuaryâOctober 2019 |
| Location | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"), [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru"), [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay"), [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") |
| Statistics | |
| Total fires | \>40,000[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-stats1-1) |
| Burned area | 906,000 hectares (2,240,000 acres; 9,060 km2; 3,500 sq mi)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbs_bolsonaro_aid-2) |
| Land use | Agricultural development |
| Impacts | |
| Deaths | 2[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-3) |
| Damage | \>\$900 billion (2019 [USD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar"))[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-trillions_of_dollars-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cost-5) |
| Ignition | |
| Cause | [Slash-and-burn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn "Slash-and-burn") approach to deforest land for agriculture and effects of [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") and [global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming") due to unusually longer dry season and above average temperatures worldwide throughout 2019 |
| Map | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg "Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF in white and the Amazon drainage basin in blue.") [Amazon rainforest ecoregions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_biome "Amazon biome") as delineated by the [WWF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature") in white and the [Amazon drainage basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin "Amazon basin") in blue. | |
| |
|---|
| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Amazon_rainforest "Category:Amazon rainforest") on the |
| [Amazon rainforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest "Amazon rainforest") |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg) |
| Geography [Amazon basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin "Amazon basin") [Amazon River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_River "Amazon River") [Brazilian Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal "AmazĂŽnia Legal") [Colombian Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_natural_region "Amazon natural region") [Ecuadorian Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriente_\(Ecuador\) "Oriente (Ecuador)") [Guianan Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Amazonian_Park "Guiana Amazonian Park") [Peruvian Amazonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Amazonia "Peruvian Amazonia") [Venezuelan Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_\(Venezuelan_state\) "Amazonas (Venezuelan state)") |
| Ecology [Amazon biome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_biome "Amazon biome") [Flying river](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_river "Flying river") [Forest islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_islands "Forest islands") |
| Regions [Campina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campina_\(biome\) "Campina (biome)") [Campinarana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campinarana "Campinarana") [Chiquitano dry forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests "Chiquitano dry forests") [JapurĂĄâSolimĂ”esâNegro moist forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japur%C3%A1%E2%80%93Solim%C3%B5es%E2%80%93Negro_moist_forests "JapurĂĄâSolimĂ”esâNegro moist forests") [NegroâBranco moist forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro%E2%80%93Branco_moist_forests "NegroâBranco moist forests") [IgapĂł](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igap%C3%B3 "IgapĂł") [VĂĄrzea forest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest "VĂĄrzea forest") [Yungas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yungas "Yungas") |
| Biodiversity [Birds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birds_of_the_Amazon "Birds of the Amazon") [Butterflies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_the_Amazon_River_basin_and_the_Andes "List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes") [Fauna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Fauna of the Amazon rainforest") [Plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_of_the_Amazon_rainforest_of_Brazil "List of plants of the Amazon rainforest of Brazil") |
| Threats [Deforestation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest") [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil "Deforestation in Brazil") [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Colombia "Deforestation in Colombia") [Amazon rubber cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rubber_cycle "Amazon rubber cycle") [Selective logging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_logging_in_the_Amazon_rainforest "Selective logging in the Amazon rainforest") |
| Related [Amazon Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Watch "Amazon Watch") [Deforestation and climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change "Deforestation and climate change") [Environmental history of Latin America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_history_of_Latin_America "Environmental history of Latin America") |
|  [Ecology portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology "Portal:Ecology") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg) [Environment portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amazon_rainforest "Template:Amazon rainforest") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Amazon_rainforest "Template talk:Amazon rainforest") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon_rainforest "Special:EditPage/Template:Amazon rainforest") |
The **2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires** season saw a year-to-year surge in fires occurring in the [Amazon rainforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest "Amazon rainforest") and [Amazon biome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_biome "Amazon biome") within [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"), [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay"), and [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru") during that year's Amazonian tropical [dry season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season "Dry season").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190821-6) Fires normally occur around the dry season as [slash-and-burn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn "Slash-and-burn") methods are used to clear the forest to make way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and mining, leading to [deforestation of the Amazon rainforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest"). Such activity is generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental protection can be lax. The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about the fate of the Amazon rainforest, which is the world's largest terrestrial [carbon dioxide sink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sink "Carbon sink") and plays a significant role in [mitigating global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation "Climate change mitigation").
The increasing rates were first reported by Brazil's [National Institute for Space Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research "National Institute for Space Research") (*Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais*, INPE) in June and July 2019 through satellite monitoring systems, but international attention was drawn to the situation by August 2019 when [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") corroborated INPE's findings,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-7) and smoke from the fires, visible from satellite imagery, darkened the city of [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo") despite being thousands of kilometers from the Amazon. As of August 29, 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit), INPE reported more than 80,000 fires across all of Brazil, a 77% year-to-year increase for the same tracking period, with more than 40,000 in the [Brazil's Legal Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal "AmazĂŽnia Legal") (*AmazĂŽnia Legal* or BLA), which contains 60% of the Amazon. Similar year-to-year increases in fires were subsequently reported in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with the 2019 fire counts within each nation of over 19,000, 11,000 and 6,700, respectively, as of August 29, 2019[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit).[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-stats1-1) It is estimated that over 906 thousand hectares (2.24Ă10~~^~~6 acres; 9,060 km2; 3,500 mi2) of forest within the Amazon biome has been lost to fires in 2019.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbs_bolsonaro_aid-2) In addition to the impact on global climate, the fires created environmental concerns from the excess [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") (CO2) and [carbon monoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide "Carbon monoxide") (CO) within the fires' emissions, potential impacts on the [biodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") of the Amazon, and threats to indigenous tribes that live within the forest. Ecologists estimated that the [dieback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_dieback "Forest dieback") from the Amazon rainforest due to the fires could cost Brazil US\$957 billion to US\$3.5 trillion over a 30-year period.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-trillions_of_dollars-4)
The increased rate of fires in Brazil has raised the most concerns as international leaders, particularly French president [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron"), and [environmental non-government organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENGO "ENGO") (ENGOs) attributed these to Brazilian president [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro")'s pro-business policies that had weakened environmental protections and have encouraged deforestation of the Amazon after he took office in January 2019. Bolsonaro initially remained ambivalent and rejected international calls to take action, asserting that the criticism was sensationalist. Following increased pressure at the [45th G7 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit "45th G7 summit") and a threat to reject the pending [European UnionâMercosur free trade agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_free_trade_agreement "European UnionâMercosur free trade agreement"), Bolsonaro dispatched over 44,000 Brazilian troops and allocated funds to fight the fires, and later signed a decree to prevent such fires for a sixty-day period.
Other Amazonian countries have been affected by the wildfires in higher or lesser degree. The number of hectares of Bolivian rainforest affected by the wildfires were roughly equal to those of Brazil, being the area of Bolivia only about one-eighth of Brazil's. Bolivian president [Evo Morales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo_Morales "Evo Morales") was similarly blamed for past policies that encouraged deforestation, Morales has also taken proactive measures to fight the fires and seek aid from other countries. At the G7 summit, Macron negotiated with the other nations to allocate US\$22 million for emergency aid to the Amazonian countries affected by the fires.
## Amazon forest and deforestation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Amazon forest and deforestation")\]
There are 670 million ha (1.7 billion acres; 6.7 million km2; 2.6 million mi2) of Amazon rainforest.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-globalnews_damore_20190821-8) Human-driven [deforestation of the Amazon rainforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest") has been a major concern for decades as the rainforest's impact on the global climate has been measured.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Melillo-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Tian-10) From a global climate perspective, the Amazon has been the world's largest [carbon dioxide sink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sink "Carbon dioxide sink"), and estimated to capture up to 25% of global [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") generation into plants and other [biomass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_\(ecology\) "Biomass (ecology)").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nature_Brienen_201503-11) Without this sink, [atmospheric carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_dioxide "Atmospheric carbon dioxide") concentrations would increase and contribute towards higher global temperatures, thus making the viability of the Amazon a global concern.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-12) Further, when the forest is lost through fire, additional carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere, and could potentially contribute significantly to the total carbon dioxide content.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-wapost_about_fires-13) The flora also generates significant quantities of water vapor through [transpiration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration "Transpiration") which travel large distances to other parts of South America via [atmospheric rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_river "Atmospheric river") and contribute to the precipitation in these areas.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-15) Due to ongoing [global climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_climate_change "Global climate change"), environmental scientists have raised concerns that the Amazon could reach a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly die out, the land becoming more [savanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna "Savanna") than forest, under certain climate change conditions which are exacerbated by [anthropogenic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment "Human impact on the environment") activities.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-17)
Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon is used to clear land for agriculture, livestock, and mining, and for its lumber.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190830-18) Most forest is typically cleared using [slash-and-burn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn "Slash-and-burn") processes; huge amounts of biomass are removed by first pulling down the trees in the Amazon using bulldozers and giant tractors during the wet season (November through June), followed by torching the tree trunks several months later in the dry season (July through October).[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-latimes_Rosen_20190826-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-MODIS_20190824-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190828-21) Fires are most common in July through August.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-MODIS_20190824-20) In some cases, workers performing the burn are unskilled, and may inadvertently allow these fires to spread. While most countries in the Amazon do have laws and environmental enforcement against deforestation, these are not well enforced, and much of the slash-and-burn activity is done illegally.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190830-18)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-euronews_Paraguassu_20190820-23)
Deforestation leads to a large number of observed fires across the Amazon during the dry season, usually tracked by satellite data. While it is possible for naturally occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those [in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires "List of California wildfires") or [in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia "Bushfires in Australia").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24) Even with [global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming"), spontaneous fires in the Amazon cannot come from warm weather alone, but warm weather is capable of exacerbating the fires once started as there will be drier biomass available for the fire to spread.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_cause-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-26) Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24) Man-made fires in the Amazon also tend to elevate their smoke into the higher atmosphere due to the more intense burn of the dry biomass, compared with naturally occurring wildfires.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-natgeo_20190829-27) Further evidence of the fires being caused by human activity is due to their clustering near roads and existing agricultural areas rather than remote parts of the forest.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-wapost_about_fires-13)
On November 18, 2019, Brazilian authorities announced the official deforestation figures, based on the PRODES satellite monitoring system for the 2019 forest yearâfrom August 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019. The rate of deforestation was the "worst in more than a decade" with 970,000 hectares (2,400,000 acres) lost.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-regnskog_Gaarder_20191118-28)
In August 2020 Brazil's [National Institute for Space Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research "National Institute for Space Research") reported that [satellite data shows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite#Environmental_monitoring "Earth observation satellite") that the number of [fires in the Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest") increased by 28% to ~6,800 fires in July compared to the ~5,300 wildfires in July 2019. This indicated [a, potentially worsened, repeat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazil_rainforest_wildfires "2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires") of 2019's accelerated destruction of one of the world's largest protectable [buffers against global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_climate_change "Mitigation of climate change") in 2020.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-31)
## Broad types of fire in the Amazon
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Broad types of fire in the Amazon")\]
Amazon fires can be separated into three broad categories.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-32) First, deforestation-related fires are those used to prepare the area for agriculture after a primary forest being felled and the vegetation left to dry. Second, there are those agricultural burns, when fires are used to clear existing pastureland and/or by smallholders and traditional people in rotational agriculture. Finally, the previous fire types can escape beyond intended limits and invade standing forests. When a forest burns for the first time, fire intensity is usually low and flames are mostly restricted to the understory while repeated fire events have higher intensity. Forest fires are a threat to the Amazonian biodiversity [\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-33) and jeopardize the ability of forest trees to mitigate climate change by storing carbon. When studying Amazonian fires, it is important to consider the marked spatial differences in precipitation patterns across the Amazon Basin, which does not have a single dry season.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-34)
## Fires in Brazil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Fires in Brazil")\]
### Past deforestation and fires in Brazil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Past deforestation and fires in Brazil")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazil_Geoecon_Amazonia.svg)
Location of AmazĂŽnia Legal (red) within Brazil
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazonia_legal.png)
States within AmazĂŽnia Legal.
Main article: [Deforestation in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil "Deforestation in Brazil")
Brazil's role in deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a significant issue during the 1930s, as 60% of the Amazon is contained within Brazil, designated as the Brazil's Legal Amazon (*AmazĂŽnia Legal*, BLA).[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_20141126-35) Since the 1970s, Brazil has consumed approximately 12 percent of the forest, representing roughly 77.7 million ha (192 million acres)âan area larger than that of the US state of [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36) Most of the deforestation has been for natural resources for the logging industry and land clearing for agricultural and mining use.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-38) Forest removal to make way for [cattle ranching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_ranching "Cattle ranching") was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the mid-1960s on. The Amazon region has become the largest cattle ranching territory in the world.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Liotta-39) According to the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank"), some 80% of deforested land is used for cattle ranching.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Liotta-39) Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock [pasture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch "Ranch").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-41) According to the [Center for International Forestry Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_International_Forestry_Research "Center for International Forestry Research") (CIFOR), "between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europe's processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent" and by 2003 "for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production, 80 percent of which was in the Amazon\[,\] was largely export driven."[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-42) The Brazilian states of ParĂĄ, Mato Grosso, and RondĂŽnia, located along the southern border of the Amazon rainforest, are in what is called the "deforestation arc".[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Daly-43)
Deforestation within Brazil is partially driven by growing demand for beef and soy exports, particularly to China and Hong Kong.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-latimes_Rosen_20190826-19) In the first seven months of 2019, soy exports to China rose by 18% due to trading tensions between the United States and China.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-44) Brazil is one of the largest exporters of beef, accounting for more than 20% of global trade of the commodity. Brazil exported over 1.6 million tonnes of beef in 2018, the highest volume in recorded history.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Liotta-39) Brazil's cattle herd has increased by 56% over the last two decades. Ranchers wait until the dry season to slash-and-burn to give time for the cattle to graze.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_meat-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-46) Soybean production has increased from 75.32 million metric tons in 2010/11 to 118.8 million metric tons in 2018/19.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-47) The Amazon accounts for 14 million of the 284 million acres of soy plantations in Brazil.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-48) While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. Wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-euronews_Paraguassu_20190820-23) In recent years, "land-grabbers" (*grileiros*) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36)
Number of fires
Year
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Number of fires
Number of fires in Brazil's AmazĂŽnia Legal ...
View [source data](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:Number_of_fires_in_Brazil%27s_Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal_between_January_1_and_August_26_by_year,_reported_by_INPE.tab "c:Data:Number of fires in Brazil's AmazĂŽnia Legal between January 1 and August 26 by year, reported by INPE.tab").
Number of fires in Brazil's [AmazĂŽnia Legal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal "AmazĂŽnia Legal") between January 1 and August 26 by year, reported by INPE[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-inpe_fire_data-49)
Past data from INPE has shown the number of fires with the BLA from January to August in any year to be routinely higher than 60,000 fires from 2002 to 2007 and as high as 90,000 in 2003.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-50) Fire counts have generally been higher in years of drought (2007 and 2010), which are often coupled with [El Niño](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o "El Niño") events.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-natgeo_20190829-27)
Within international attention on the protection of the Amazon around the early 2000s, Brazil took a more proactive approach to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. In 2004, the Brazilian government had established the Federal Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAM), with the goal to reduce the rate of deforestation through land use regulation, [environmental monitoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoring "Environmental monitoring"), and sustainable activities, promoted through partnerships at the federal and private level, and legal penalties for violations.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-ieee_deter-51) Brazil also invested in more effective measures to fight fires, including fire-fighting airplanes in 2012. By 2014, [USAID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID "USAID") was teaching the indigenous people how to fight fires.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-52) As a result of enforcement of PPCDAM, the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon dropped 83.5% of their 2004 rates by 2012.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-53) However, in 2014, Brazil fell into an [economic crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis "2014 Brazilian economic crisis"), and as part of that recovery, pushed heavily on its exports of beef and [soy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy "Soy") to help bolster its economy, which caused a reversal in the falling deforestation rates.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_cause-25) The Brazilian government has been defunding scientific research since the economic crisis.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-54)
To support PPCDAM, the INPE began developing systems to monitor the Amazon rainforest. One early effort was the Amazon Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Project (PRODES), which is a highly detailed satellite imagery-based approach to calculate wildfires and deforestation losses on an annual basis.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-55) In 2015, INPE launched five complementary projects as part of the Terra Brasilis project to monitor deforestation closer to real-time. Among these include the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system, allowing them to capture incidents of wildfires in 15-day cycles.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-ieee_deter-51) The daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website, and later corroborated with the annual and more accurate PRODES data.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190802-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-INPE_Plone-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-globo_20190703-59)
By December 2017, INPE had completed a modernization process and had expanded its system to analyze and share data on forest fires.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) It launched its new TerraMA2Q platformâsoftware which adapts fire-monitoring data software including the "occurrence of irregular fires".[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) Although the INPE was able to provide regional fire data since 1998, the modernization increased access. Agencies that monitor and fight fires include the Brazilian Federal Environment and Renewable Resources Agency (IBAMA), as well as state authorities.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) The INPE receives its images daily from 10 foreign satellites, including the Terra and Aqua satellitesâpart of the NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS).[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) Combined, these systems are able to capture the number of fires on a daily basis, but this number does not directly measure the area of forest lost to these fires; instead, this is done with fortnightly imaging data to compare the current state of the forest with reference data to estimate acreage lost.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-61)
Jair Bolsonaro was elected as [President of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Brazil "President of Brazil") in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, after which he and his ministries changed governmental policies to weaken protection of the rainforest and make it favorable for farmers to continue practices of slash-and-burn clearing,[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22) thus accelerating the deforestation from previous years.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190821-6) Land-grabbers had used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated [ApurinĂŁ people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3 "ApurinĂŁ") in Amazonas where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36) Upon entering office, Bolsonaro cut US\$23 million from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-62) Bolsonaro and his ministers had also segmented the environmental agency, placing part of its control under the agricultural ministry, which is led by the country's farming lobby, weakened protections on natural reserves and territories belonging to indigenous people, and encouraged businesses to file counter-land claims against regions managed by sustainable forestry practices.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190725-63)
### 2019 Brazil dry season fires
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: 2019 Brazil dry season fires")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queimadas_e_suas_cicatrizes_no_Sul_do_Par%C3%A1,_em_Altamira_Agricultural_fires_at_southern_Par%C3%A1,_Brazil_\(48594171041\).jpg)
Agricultural fires in southern [ParĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1 "ParĂĄ"), Brazil in August 2019.
INPE alerted the Brazilian government to larger-than-normal growth in the number of fires through June to August 2019. The first four months of the year were wetter-than-average, discouraging slash-and-burn efforts. However, with the start of the dry season in May 2019, the number of wildfires jumped greatly.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190806-64) Additionally, NOAA reported that, regionally, the temperatures in the JanuaryâJuly 2019 period were the second warmest year-to-date on record.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NOAA_20190815-65) INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrences in June 2019.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-globo_20190703-59)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190815-66) There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than 1,345 square kilometres (519 mi2; 134,500 ha; 332,000 acres) of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of [Greater London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London "Greater London") by the end of the month.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190725-63)
The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires according to INPE. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Euronews_Cereceda_20190816-67) The state of Acre entered into an environmental alert on August 16.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-68) In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of ParĂĄ placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a *queimada* or "Day of Fire" on August 10, 2019, organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-70) Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires in the region.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-71)
INPE reported on August 20 that it had detected 39,194 fires in the Amazon rainforest since January.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69) This represented a 77 percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69) However, the NASA-funded NGO Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) shows 2018 as an unusually low fire year compared to historic data from 2004 to 2005 which are years showing nearly double the number of counted fires.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-72) INPE had reported that at least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil,[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-auto-73) which represents an 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-74) NASA originally reported in mid-August that [MODIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODIS "MODIS") satellites reported average numbers of fires in the region compared with data from the past 15 years; the numbers were above average for the year in the states of Amazonas and RondĂŽnia, but below average for Mato Grosso and ParĂĄ.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NASA_20190816-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NG_Gibbens_20190821-77) NASA later clarified that the data set they had evaluated previous was through August 16, 2019. By August 26, 2019, NASA included more recent MODIS imagery to confirm that the number of fires were higher than in previous years.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-78)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_amazon_wildfires_purus_river_20190816.jpeg)
[INPE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research "National Institute for Space Research") satellite imagery of a 110 km Ă 110 km (70 mi Ă 70 mi) area along the [Purus River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_River "Purus River") between [Canutama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canutama "Canutama") and [LĂĄbrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1brea "LĂĄbrea") in the state of Amazonas, taken on August 16, 2019, showing several plumes of smoke from wildfires, including areas that have been deforested
| | Number of wildfires detected by INPE from January 1 to August 26 in Brazil[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-inpe_fire_data-49) Highlighted rows are states within the BLA | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YearState | 2013 | Diff% | 2014 | Diff% | 2015 | Diff% | 2016 | Diff% | 2017 | Diff% | 2018 | Diff% | 2019 |
| [Acre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_\(state\) "Acre (state)") | 782 | 47% | 1,150 | 43% | 1,649 | 72% | 2,846 | â57% | 1,204 | 3% | 1,246 | 134% | 2,918 |
| [Alagoas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas "Alagoas") | 128 | â9% | 116 | 69% | 197 | â60% | 78 | 5% | 82 | â19% | 66 | 10% | 73 |
| [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_\(Brazilian_state\) "Amazonas (Brazilian state)") | 1,809 | 117% | 3,927 | 13% | 4,457 | 22% | 5,475 | 4% | 5,730 | â38% | 3,508 | 117% | 7,625 |
| [AmapĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1 "AmapĂĄ") | 28 | 75% | 49 | 4% | 51 | â13% | 44 | â43% | 25 | 88% | 47 | â48% | 24 |
| [Bahia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia "Bahia") | 2,226 | â26% | 1,631 | 12% | 1,836 | 42% | 2,614 | â37% | 1,634 | â21% | 1,280 | 86% | 2,383 |
| [CearĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1 "CearĂĄ") | 281 | 12% | 316 | 14% | 361 | 36% | 493 | â57% | 209 | 84% | 385 | â15% | 327 |
| [Federal District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_District_\(Brazil\) "Federal District (Brazil)") | 60 | 130% | 138 | â57% | 59 | 179% | 165 | â31% | 113 | â63% | 41 | 65% | 68 |
| [EspĂrito Santo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo "EspĂrito Santo") | 186 | â35% | 120 | 119% | 263 | 40% | 370 | â76% | 87 | 2% | 89 | 157% | 229 |
| [GoiĂĄs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s "GoiĂĄs") | 1,406 | 56% | 2,202 | â24% | 1,658 | 53% | 2,540 | â22% | 1,963 | â28% | 1,398 | 27% | 1,786 |
| [MaranhĂŁo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o "MaranhĂŁo") | 4,427 | 89% | 8,375 | â1% | 8,229 | â13% | 7,135 | â29% | 5,000 | â4% | 4,760 | 17% | 5,596 |
| [Minas Gerais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais "Minas Gerais") | 2,067 | 48% | 3,067 | â44% | 1,710 | 83% | 3,134 | â30% | 2,179 | â24% | 1,647 | 77% | 2,919 |
| [Mato Grosso do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul "Mato Grosso do Sul") | 1,421 | â28% | 1,017 | 112% | 2,165 | 14% | 2,486 | 3% | 2,583 | â54% | 1,171 | 285% | 4,510 |
| [Mato Grosso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso "Mato Grosso") | 8,396 | 40% | 11,811 | â21% | 9,278 | 56% | 14,496 | â31% | 9,872 | â19% | 7,915 | 95% | 15,476 |
| [ParĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1 "ParĂĄ") | 3,810 | 145% | 9,347 | â6% | 8,776 | 0% | 8,704 | 25% | 10,919 | â62% | 4,068 | 164% | 10,747 |
| [ParaĂba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADba "ParaĂba") | 72 | 75% | 126 | â35% | 81 | â4% | 77 | â48% | 40 | 100% | 80 | 1% | 81 |
| [Pernambuco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco "Pernambuco") | 174 | â2% | 170 | 43% | 244 | â58% | 102 | 22% | 125 | â18% | 102 | 29% | 132 |
| [PiauĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piau%C3%AD "PiauĂ") | 1,666 | 122% | 3,708 | â23% | 2,840 | â2% | 2,765 | â36% | 1,749 | 104% | 3,569 | â21% | 2,818 |
| [ParanĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_\(state\) "ParanĂĄ (state)") | 1,361 | â9% | 1,227 | 0% | 1,234 | 52% | 1,877 | â9% | 1,698 | â9% | 1,531 | 18% | 1,810 |
| [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro") | 192 | 133% | 448 | â21% | 354 | 7% | 379 | â33% | 251 | â42% | 144 | 175% | 396 |
| [Rio Grande do Norte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte "Rio Grande do Norte") | 71 | â7% | 66 | 28% | 85 | â32% | 57 | 21% | 69 | 44% | 100 | â32% | 68 |
| [RondĂŽnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia "RondĂŽnia") | 817 | 266% | 2,990 | 31% | 3,934 | 10% | 4,349 | â16% | 3,624 | â37% | 2,270 | 183% | 6,441 |
| [Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima "Roraima") | 951 | 85% | 1,759 | â14% | 1,499 | 136% | 3,541 | â82% | 622 | 218% | 1,982 | 132% | 4,608 |
| [Rio Grande do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul "Rio Grande do Sul") | 890 | 69% | 1,505 | â40% | 901 | 188% | 2,601 | â37% | 1,619 | â35% | 1,039 | 95% | 2,029 |
| [Santa Catarina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_\(state\) "Santa Catarina (state)") | 969 | â32% | 652 | 0% | 646 | 147% | 1,600 | â29% | 1,133 | â22% | 883 | 25% | 1,107 |
| [Sergipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergipe "Sergipe") | 155 | â56% | 68 | 122% | 151 | â53% | 71 | â4% | 68 | 11% | 76 | â18% | 62 |
| [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo") | 1,385 | 81% | 2,515 | â54% | 1,148 | 100% | 2,302 | â29% | 1,613 | 37% | 2,212 | â26% | 1,616 |
| [Tocantins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocantins "Tocantins") | 4,436 | 38% | 6,132 | â16% | 5,130 | 55% | 7,962 | â31% | 5,461 | â25% | 4,047 | 59% | 6,436 |
| Total | 40,166 | 60% | 64,632 | â8% | 58,936 | 32% | 78,263 | â23% | 59,672 | â23% | 45,656 | 80% | 82,285 |
By August 29, 80,000 fires had broken out in Brazil which represents a 77% rise on the same period in 2018, according to BBC.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190829-79) INPE reported that in the period from January 1 to August 29, across South America, and not exclusive to the Amazon rainforest, there were 84,957 fires in Brazil, 26,573 in Venezuela, 19,265 in Bolivia, 14,363 in Colombia, 14,969 in Argentina, 10,810 in Paraguay, 6,534 in Peru, 2,935 in Chile, 898 in Guyana, 407 in Uruguay, 328 in Ecuador, 162 in Suriname, and 11 in French Guiana.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-auto2-80)
### First media reports
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: First media reports")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smoke_in_Brazil_2.png)
Smoke arriving at the Southeast region of Brazil on 19 August 2019 ([CBERS-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBERS-4 "CBERS-4"))
While INPE's data had been reported in international sources earlier, news of the wildfires were not a major news story until around August 20, 2019. On that day, the smoke plume from the fires in RondĂŽnia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken at around 2 p.m. over [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo")âwhich is almost 2,800 kilometres (1,700 miles) away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190821-6)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CBS_20190820-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-VOX_Irfan_20190820-82) NASA and US [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") (NOAA) also published satellite imagery from the [Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer "Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer") (MODIS) on NASA's [Terra satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_\(satellite\) "Terra (satellite)") in alignment with INPE's own, that showed smoke plumes from the wildfires were visible from space.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NASA_20190816-75)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-MODIS_20190824-20) INPE and NASA data, along with photographs of the ongoing fires and impacts, caught international attention and became a rising topic on social media, with several world leaders, celebrities, and athletes expressing their concerns.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-83)
According to *[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)")*, of all the concurrent wildfires elsewhere in the world, the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil were the most "alarming".[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-VOX_Irfan_20190820-82)
### Responses of the Brazilian government
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Responses of the Brazilian government")\]
Official pronouncement of Brazilian president [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro").
In the months prior to August 2019, Bolsonaro mocked international and environmental groups that felt his pro-business actions enabled deforestation.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-84)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24) At one point in August 2019, Bolsonaro jokingly calling himself "Captain Chainsaw" while asserting that INPE's data was inaccurate.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190806-64) After INPE announced an 88% increase of wildfires in July 2019, Bolsonaro claimed "the numbers were fake" and fired [Ricardo Magnus OsĂłrio GalvĂŁo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Galv%C3%A3o "Ricardo GalvĂŁo"), the INPE director.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190802-56)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-86) Bolsonaro claimed GalvĂŁo was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign".[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-87)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Guardian-88)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-90) Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental NGOs, although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Guardian-88) NGOs such as [WWF Brasil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature"), [Greenpeace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace"), and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection countered Bolsonaro's claims.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-ENGO-Bolsonaro-claims-91)
Bolsonaro, on August 22, argued that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?".[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-telegraph_20190822-92)
Historically, Brazil has been guarded about international intervention into the BLA, as the country sees the forest as a critical part of [Brazil's economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil "Economy of Brazil").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-93) Bolsonaro and his government have continued to speak out against any international oversight of the situation. Bolsonaro considered French President [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron")'s comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-94) Of Macron and German Chancellor [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel"), Bolsonaro stated: "They still haven't realized that Brazil is under new direction. That there's now a president who is loyal to \[the\] Brazilian people, who says the Amazon is ours, who says bad Brazilians can't release lying numbers and campaign against Brazil."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190806-64)
Bolsonaro's foreign minister [Ernesto AraĂșjo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Ara%C3%BAjo "Ernesto AraĂșjo") has also condemned the international criticism of Bolsonaro's reaction to the wildfires, calling it "savage and unfair" treatment towards Bolsonaro and Brazil.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95) AraĂșjo stated that: "President Bolsonaro's government is rebuilding Brazil", and that foreign nations were using the "environmental crisis" as a weapon to stop this rebuilding.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95) General Eduardo Villas BĂŽas, former commander of the Brazilian Army, considered the criticism of world leaders, like Macron and Canadian Prime Minister [Justin Trudeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau "Justin Trudeau"), to be directly challenging "Brazilian sovereignty", and may need to be met with military response.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-96)
'National Force sends 30 firefighters to act against Amazon fires' - video published by the Bolsonaro government on August 25, 2019
With increased pressure from the international community, Bolsonaro appeared more willing to take proactive steps against the fires, saying by August 23, 2019, that his government would take a "zero tolerance" approach to environmental crimes.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_bolsonaro_envstance-97) He engaged the Brazilian military to help fight the wildfires on August 24, which Joint Staff member Lt. Brig. Raul Botelho stated was to create a "positive perception" of the government's efforts.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-99) Among military support included 43,000 troops as well as four firefighting aircraft, and an allocated US\$15.7 million for fire-fighting operations.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-100)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-101) Initial efforts were principally located in the state of [RondĂŽnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia "RondĂŽnia"), but the Defense Ministry stated they plan to offer support for all seven states affected by the fires.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190825-102) On August 28, Bolsonaro signed a decree banning the setting of fires in Brazil for a period of 60 days, making exceptions for those fires made purposely to maintain environmental forest health, to combat wildfires, and by the indigenous people of Brazil. However, as most fires are set illegally, it is unclear what impact this decree could have.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190829-79)
[Rodrigo Maia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Maia "Rodrigo Maia"), president of the [Chamber of Deputies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_\(Brazil\) "Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)"), announced that he would form a parliatary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-103)
After a report from [Globo Rural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo_Rural "Globo Rural") reveal that a [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp") group of 70 people was involved with the *Day of Fire*,[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-104) [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") determined the opening of investigations by [Federal Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil "Federal Police of Brazil").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-105)
In a webcast issued November 28, 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro blamed actor and environmentalist [Leonardo DiCaprio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio") for the rainforest wildfires, alleging NGOs set the fires in return for donations. DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission condemn Bolsonaro's accusations.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-dicaprio-106)
Brazil banned clearing land by setting fire to it on 29 August 2019.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-107)
More measures taken by the Brazilian government of [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") to stop the fires include:
- Accepting 4 planes from Chile to battle the fires.
- Accepting 12 million dollars of aid from the United Kingdom government
- Softening his position about aid from the G7.
- Appealing for an international conference to preserve the Amazon with participation of all countries that have some part of the Amazon rainforest in their territory[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-109)
### Protests against Brazilian government policies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Protests against Brazilian government policies")\]
'Crowd march in defense of the Amazon and against the environmental policies of Bolsonaro' - video news report from Abya Yala TV in Bolivia.
In regards to the displacement of the indigenous people, [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") has highlighted the change in protection of lands belonging to the indigenous people, and have called on other nations to pressure Brazil to restore these rights, as they are also essential to protecting the rainforest.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbc_20190824-110) Ivaneide Bandeira Cardoso, founder of Kanindé, a [Porto Velho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Velho "Porto Velho")\-based advocacy group for indigenous communities, said Bolsonaro is directly responsible for the escalation of forest fires throughout the Amazon this year. Cardoso said the wildfires are a "tragedy that affects all of humanity" since the Amazon plays an important role in the global ecosystem as a carbon sink to reduce the effects of climate change.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-111)
Thousands of Brazilian citizens held protests in several major cities from August 24, 2019, onward to challenge the government's reaction to the wildfires.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-113) Protesters around the world also held events at Brazilian embassies, including in London, Paris, Mexico City, and Geneva.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-114)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_pela_Amaz%C3%B4nia,_Porto_Alegre,_24ago2019.jpg "Protest in Porto Alegre on August 24, 2019")
Protest in [Porto Alegre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre "Porto Alegre") on August 24, 2019
### Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil")\]
In addition to environmental harm, the slash-and-burn actions leading to the wildfires have threatened the approximately 306,000 [indigenous people in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil "Indigenous peoples in Brazil") who reside near or within the rainforest.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-115) Bolsonaro had spoken out against the need to respect the demarcation of lands for indigenous people established in the 1988 [Constitution of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil "Constitution of Brazil").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_bolsonaro_envstance-97) According to a CBC report on Brazil's wildfires, representatives of the indigenous people have stated that farmers, loggers, and miners, emboldened by the Brazilian government's policies, have forced these people out of their lands, sometimes through violent means, and equated their methods with [genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide "Genocide").[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbc_20190824-110) Additionally, some indigenous groups that have traditionally used fire management practices for agricultural livelihoods are being criminalized. Some of these tribes have vowed to fight back against those engaged in deforestation to protect their lands.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-116) Kerexu Yxapyry, a leader from Santa Catarina's Kerexu tribe, describes this conflict as, "We know our struggle will be arduous. Maybe many of our leaders will be killed, but we are organized. And we are going to defend our rights."[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-117)
*For more on the impacts of displacement on populations,*
See also: [Forced displacement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_displacement "Forced displacement")
### International responses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: International responses")\]
Video news report from [Todo Noticias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todo_Noticias "Todo Noticias") based in Argentina, showing burned forest
International leaders and environmental NGOs have condemned President Bolsonaro for the extent of the wildfires within the Brazilian portion of the Amazon.
Several international governments and environmental groups raised concerns at Bolsonaro's stance on the rainforest and the lack of attempts by his government to slow the wildfires. Among the most vocal was Macron, given the proximity of French Guiana to Brazil.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190822-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bbc-mercosur-France-Ireland-119)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-121)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-122) Macron called the Amazon wildfires an "international crisis", while claiming the rainforest produces "20% of the world's oxygen"âa statement disputed by academics.[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-124)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-126) He said, "Our house is burning. Literally."[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_20190125-127)
Discussion about the fires came into the final negotiations of the [EUâMercosur Free Trade Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_free_trade_agreement "European UnionâMercosur free trade agreement") between the EU and [Mercosur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur "Mercosur"), a [trade bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_bloc "Trade bloc") of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-128) With the wildfires on-going, both Macron and Irish Prime Minister [Leo Varadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Varadkar "Leo Varadkar") have stated they will refuse to ratify the trade deal unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bbc-mercosur-France-Ireland-119) However, they have both been accused of using the fires as a pretext to scuttle an agreement that they already opposed on [protectionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism") grounds.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-129)
Finance minister of Finland [Mika LintilÀ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Lintil%C3%A4 "Mika LintilÀ") suggested the idea of an EU ban on Brazilian beef imports until the country takes steps to stop the deforestation.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_meat-45)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-130)
The Secretary-General of the [Rainforest Foundation Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest_Foundation_Norway "Rainforest Foundation Norway") (RFN), Ăyvind Eggen, said that neither the "official deforestation figures" published by Brazilian authorities on November 18, 2019, nor the number of wildfires in Amazon in 2019, were normal.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-regnskog_Gaarder_20191118-28) According to the RFN,"We are approaching a potential tipping point, where large parts of the forest will be so damaged that \[the rainforest\] collapses."[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-regnskog_Gaarder_20191118-28)
### Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative")\]
On September 10, 2019, the [US House Foreign Affairs Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs "United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs") held a hearing in Washington, DC entitled "Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-foreignaffairs_20190910-131)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-USHFAC_20190910-132) In her testimony presented to the hearing, [Peterson Institute for International Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics "Peterson Institute for International Economics") (PIIE) economist, Monica de Bolle likened the rainforest to a "carbon bomb", as the fires lit for deforestation "may release as much as 200 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere a year, which would spur climate change at a much faster rate, not to mention associated changes in rainfall patterns that may result from deforestation."[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-PIIE_deBolle_201910-133): 2 [\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20191023-134)
## Fires in Bolivia
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Fires in Bolivia")\]
[GOESEast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOESEast "GOESEast") imagery of the southern edge of the Amazon Rainforest, plumes of smoke from agricultural fires burning in Bolivia and Brazil on Aug. 4, 2019
### Background
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Background")\]
In Bolivia, *chaqueo* is an annual seasonal agricultural practice and commonly relies on the controlled use of fire. It was first authorized in 2001 during the government of Hugo Banzer Suarez.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-135)
Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Segamazonia_Coca-Castro_201301-136) The Bolivian Amazon covers 19.402 million hectares (47.94 million acres) which comprise 37.7 percent of Bolivia's forests and 17.7 percent of Bolivia's land mass.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-forestecology_Morales-Hidalgo_20150907-137) Bolivia's forests cover a total of 51.407 million hectares (127.03 million acres), including the [Chiquitano dry forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests "Chiquitano dry forests") which is part of the [Amazon biome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_biome "Amazon biome") and a transition zone between the Amazon rainforest and the drier forests of the southern Chaco region.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-WWW-138)
By September 14, 2019, Boliviaâwhich is one-eighth the size of Brazilâlost nearly 6 million acres (2.4 million hectares) of "forest and savanna".[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NPR_Otis_20190918-139) The fires destroyed about the same area of rainforest than in Brazil.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NPR_Otis_20190918-139)
### Santa Cruz Department
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Santa Cruz Department")\]
By August 16, Bolivia's [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_\(Bolivia\) "Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)") had declared a departmental emergency because of the forest fires.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reliefweb_20190829-140)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CNET_20190828-141) From August 18 to August 23, approximately 800 thousand hectares (2.0 million acres) of the [Chiquitano dry forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests "Chiquitano dry forests") were destroyed, more than what was lost over a typical two-year period.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theconversation_Wordley_20190823-142) By August 24, the fires had already affected 1,011 thousand hectares (2.50 million acres) of forestland in the [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_\(Bolivia\) "Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)") and were burning near [Santa Cruz, Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Bolivia "Santa Cruz, Bolivia").[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) By August 26, wildfires had reached over 728 thousand hectares (1.80 million acres) of Bolivia's [savanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna "Savanna") and tropical forests, according to the Bolivian Information Agency (BIA).[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CNN_John_20190826-144) Over a period of five days, from August 18 to August 22, 450 thousand hectares (1.1 million acres) of forest near [Roboré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robor%C3%A9 "Roboré") were burned.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-mongabay_Mendez_20190822-145)
On August 25, 4,000 state employees and volunteers were fighting the fires.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CNN_John_20190826-144) By August 25, the Chiquitano regions has seen 650 thousand hectares (1.6 million acres) of tropical forest burned within both the Amazon and the dry forests, mostly within the [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra "Santa Cruz de la Sierra") province; like the Brazil fires, such fires occur during the dry season, but the number of fires in 2019 were larger than in previous years. Throughout August, wildfires have been spreading across four states.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) \[By August 26, fires in the [Dionisio Foianini Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_Foianini_Triangle "Dionisio Foianini Triangle")âthe Brazil-Bolivia-Paraguay triangle had reached savannah and tropical forest "near Bolivia's border with Paraguay and Brazil".[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CBC_20190826-146)
The Bolivian government intervened after it was clear that the fires had surpassed local and regional response capabilities. In the week of August 18, Morales dispatched soldiers and three helicopters to fight fires in an area about the size of Oregon.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) On August 22, Morales contracted the Colorado-based [Boeing 747 Supertanker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/747_Supertanker "747 Supertanker") (also known as Global SuperTanker) to conduct firefighting missions over the Bolivian Amazon.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) The 747 Supertanker is the largest firefighting aircraft in the world, which can hold approximately 19,000 gallons of water per trip.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CBS_AP_20190826-147)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-148) Morales has stated that the governments of many countries including Spain, Chile, PerĂș, France, the EU, among others have reached out to him to provide help for fighting the fires.
The government had been trying to determine the cause of the fires, with the [Bolivian land management authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_and_Land_Authority "Forest and Land Authority") attributing 87% of the fires present in areas without authorization.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) Multiple NGOs assert that deforestation rates in Bolivia increased 200 percent after the government quadrupled available land for deforestation to small farmers in 2015.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-149)
Political opponents of Morales alleged that the [Supreme Decree 3973](http://gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/buscar/3973) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190825220841/http://gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/buscar/3973) August 25, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), a mandate to further beef production in the Amazon region, is a major cause of the Bolivian fires.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143)[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-150) However, this Supreme Decree only extends the authorized but regulated use of fire already legal in Santa Cruz to the Beni Department, where forest fire issues are not a significant issue.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_Ramos_20190823-151)
By September 9, total forests that had been affected by fires in Bolivia was estimated as 1,700 thousand hectares (4.2 million acres), more than double from estimates two weeks prior, but far less extended than the forest fires that occurred in 2004 and 2010. While some local government officials and opposition leaders have pled with Morales to update the situation from national emergengy to national disaster, but minister of communication Manuel Canelas said that Bolivia "is not overwhelmed" by fires to make this declaration, and that national emergency is sufficient to receive any type of foreign cooperation.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-152)
## Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal")\]
Burn scars in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay captured by [GOES-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOES-16 "GOES-16") on August 22, 2019
By August 22, fire emergencies in Paraguay's [Alto Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Paraguay_Department "Alto Paraguay Department") district and the [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") protected [Pantanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal "Pantanal") region were issued by its federal government. Paraguay President [Mario Abdo BenĂtez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Abdo_Ben%C3%ADtez "Mario Abdo BenĂtez") was in close contact with Bolivia's Morales to coordinate response efforts.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-153) By August 17, as wind direction changed, flames from fires in Bolivia began to enter northern Paraguay's Three Giants natural reserve in the Paraguayan Pantanal natural region. By August 24, when the situation had stabilized,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theindependent_20190824-154) Paraguay had lost 39,000 hectares (96,000 acres) in the Pantanal. An [Universidad Nacional de AsunciĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Asunci%C3%B3n "Universidad Nacional de AsunciĂłn") representative lamented the disaster failed to attract as much media attention as the fires in the Amazon rainforest.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-155)
While most of the Pantanal regionsâ140,000 and 195,000 square kilometres (54,000 and 75,000 sq mi)âis within Brazil's borders in the state of [Mato Grosso do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul "Mato Grosso do Sul"), the natural region also extends into [Mato Grosso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso "Mato Grosso") and portions of [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"). It sprawls over an area estimated at between 140,000 and 195,000 square kilometres (54,000 and 75,000 sq mi).[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Mongabay-156)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Nature_conservancy-157) Within the [Pantanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal "Pantanal") natural region, which is located between Brazil and Bolivia, is the "world's largest tropical wetland area". According one of the engineers charged with monitoring satellite data showing the "evolution of the fires", the Pantanal is a "complex, fragile, and high-risk ecosystem because it's being transformed from a wetland to a productive system".[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-euronews_20190827-158) The Pantana is bounded by the [Humid Chaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_Chaco "Humid Chaco") to the south, the [Arid Chaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid_Chaco "Arid Chaco") dry forests to the southwest, [Cerrado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado "Cerrado") savannas lie to the north, east and southeast, and the [Chiquitano dry forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests "Chiquitano dry forests"), to the west and northwest,[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Mongabay-156) where thousands of hectares burned in Bolivia.
A national parks researcher said that outsiders only know the Amazon, which is a "shame because the Pantanal is a very important ecological place".[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Nature_conservancy-157) The [ParanĂĄ River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River "ParanĂĄ River"), which flows through Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, is the "second largest river system in South America".[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Nature_conservancy_ParaguayParan%C3%A1-159)
## Fires in Peru
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Fires in Peru")\]
Peru had nearly twice the growth in the number of fires in 2019 than Brazil, with most believed to be illegally set by ranchers, miners, and [coca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca "Coca") growers.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190830-18) Much of the fires are in the [Madre de Dios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Madre_de_Dios "Department of Madre de Dios") which borders Brazil and Bolivia, though the fires there are not a result of those started in the other countries, according to the regional authority. However, they are still concerned about the impact of downwind emissions, particularly carbon monoxide, on residents of Madre de Dios.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Peru_20190823-160) There were 128 forest fires reported in Peru in August 2019.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-peru_fires-161)
## Environmental impacts of the fires
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Environmental impacts of the fires")\]
### Emissions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Emissions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_monoxide_from_Amazon_fires.gif)
Images created by the [Atmospheric Infrared Sounder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_Infrared_Sounder "Atmospheric Infrared Sounder") which depict carbon monoxide caused by fires in the Amazon region of Brazil from Aug. 8-22, 2019.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nasa_co-162)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_fire_satellite_image.png)
Locations of active wildfires (marked in orange) in the Amazon as of 22 August 2019
By August 22, NASA's AIRS published maps of increased carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide resulting from Brazil's wildfires.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-163)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nasa_co-162) On the same day, the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s [Copernicus Climate Change Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus_Climate_Change_Service "Copernicus Climate Change Service") reported a "discernible spike" in emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide generated by the fires.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Smithsonian_Solly_20190822-164)
Areas downwind of the fires have become covered with smoke, which can potentially last upwards of months at a time if the fires are left to burn out. Hospitals in cities like [Porto Velho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Velho "Porto Velho") had reported over three times the average number of cases of patients affected by smoke over the same year-to-year period in August 2019 than in other previous years. Besides hindering breathing, the smoke can exacerbates patients with [asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma") or [bronchitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis "Bronchitis") and have potential [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") risk, generally affecting the youth and elderly the most.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-165)
### Biodiversity
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Biodiversity")\]
Further information: [Extinction risk from global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_global_warming "Extinction risk from global warming")
According to the [World Wildlife Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund "World Wildlife Fund"), the [jaguar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar "Jaguar"), for example, is already "near threatened" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_amazon-166)
Scientists at the [Natural History Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London "Natural History Museum, London") in London described how while some forests have adapted to fire as "important part of a forest ecosystem's natural cycle", the Amazon rainforestâwhich is "made up of lowland, wetland forests"âis "not well-equipped to deal with fire". Other Amazon basin ecosystems, like the Cerrado region, with its "large savannah, and lots of plants there have thick, corky, fire-resistant stems", is "fire-adapted".[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-167)
Mazeika Sullivan, associate professor at [Ohio State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University")'s School of Environment and Natural Resources, explained that the fires could have a massive toll on wildlife in the short term as many animals in the Amazon are not adapted for extraordinary fires. [Sloths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth "Sloth"), [lizards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard "Lizard"), [anteaters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteater "Anteater"), and [frogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog "Frog") may unfortunately perish in larger numbers than others due to their small size and lack of mobility. [Endemic species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism "Endemism"), like [Milton's titi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%27s_titi "Milton's titi") and [Mura's saddleback tamarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura%27s_saddleback_tamarin "Mura's saddleback tamarin"), are believed to be beset by the fires. Aquatic species could also be affected due to the fires changing the water chemistry into a state unsuitable for life. Long-term effects could be more catastrophic. Parts of the Amazon rainforest's dense [canopy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_\(biology\) "Canopy (biology)") were destroyed by the fires, therefore, exposing the lower levels of the [ecosystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem "Ecosystem"), which then alters the [energy flow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_\(ecology\) "Energy flow (ecology)") of the food chain.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Daly-43) The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the [giant otter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_otter "Giant otter").[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_amazon-166)
## International actions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: International actions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_River_Fires_from_July_to_October_2019_\(cropped\).jpg)
The EU response to the Amazon rainforest wildfires
On August 22, the Bishops Conference for Latin America called the fires a "tragedy" and urged the UN, the international community, and governments of Amazonian countries, to "take serious measures to save the world's lungs".[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-telegraph_20190822-92) Colombian President [Ivan Duque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Duque "Ivan Duque") stated he wanted to lead a conservation pact with the other nations that share the Amazon rainforest with plans to present this to the [UN General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly"). Duque said, "We must understand the protection of our Mother Earth and our Amazon is a duty, a moral duty."[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190825-102)
[United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") Secretary General [AntĂłnio Guterres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "AntĂłnio Guterres") stated on August 23, that: "In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot afford more damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity."[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95)
### G7 Summit and emergency aid
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: G7 Summit and emergency aid")\]
Attention to the wildfires increased in the week prior to the [G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven "Group of Seven") [summit discussions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit "45th G7 summit") on August 24â26 in [Biarritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz "Biarritz"), France, led by President Macron. Macron stated his intent to open discussions related to the wildfires in the Brazilian part of the Amazon and Bolsonaro's response to them.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190822-118)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-168)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-169) Merkel has also backed Macron's statements and planned to make the issue a part of the G7 discussions; via a spokesperson, Merkel stated: "The extent of the fires in the Amazon area is shocking and threatening, not only for Brazil and the other affected countries, but also for the whole world."[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95) Macron further stated that possible international statute to protect the rainforest may be needed "if a sovereign state took concrete actions that clearly went against the interest of the planet".[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-170) Bolsonaro expressed concern to United States president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"), that with Brazil not part of the G7, the country would be unrepresented in any such debate.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-waspost_20190831-171) Trump offered to take the position of the Brazilian government to the meeting and said that the US government did not agree to discuss the issue without Brazil's presence.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-172)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-173) Trump himself was absent from the environmental portion of the summit held on August 26, 2019, that discussed the fires and climate change, though members of his advisory team were in attendance.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-174)
During the summit, Macron and Chilean president [Sebastiån Piñera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era "Sebastiån Piñera") negotiated with the other nations to authorize US\$22 million in emergency funding to Amazonian countries to help fight the fires.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190825-102)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-175) The Trump administration did not approve of the measure as the funding set certain requirements on its use.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-waspost_20190831-171) When the final negotiations were completed, Bolsonaro stated that he would refuse those funds for Brazil, claiming that Macron's interests were about protecting France's agricultural business in French Guiana from Brazil's competition. Bolsonaro also criticised Macron by comparing the Amazon fires to the [Notre-Dame de Paris fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire "Notre-Dame de Paris fire") earlier in 2019, suggesting Macron should take care of their internal fires before reaching out internationally.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-176) The governors of the states of Brazil most affected by the fires pressured Bolsonaro to accept the aid given.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-177) Bolsonaro later clarified that he would accept foreign aid for the fires, but only if Brazil has the authority to determine how it is used.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbs_bolsonaro_aid-2)
### Amazon country summit
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Amazon country summit")\]
Brazil's Bolsonaro stated on August 28, 2019, that the countries sharing the Amazon rainforest, excluding Venezuela, will hold a summit in Colombia on September 6, 2019, to discuss the ongoing Amazon fire situation.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190828-178) Representatives from seven countries attended: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname. The countries signed a pact to coordinate monitoring of the Amazon forest and disaster response, and a better information network to coordinate their responses. The pact will also seek cooperative efforts to reduce the need for illegal deforestation in their countries.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-179)
## 2019 wildfires in the media
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: 2019 wildfires in the media")\]
'Bolivia and Paraguay agree to work together to mitigate fire in the Amazon' - video news report from Abya Yala TV in [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia").
The media coverage had also broadly overshadowed the Amazon fires in [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"), [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru"), and [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay") by the fires and international impact of those in the BLA.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-wapost_about_fires-13) The Amazon wildfires also occurred shortly after major wildfires reported in Greenland and [Siberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Siberia_wildfires "2019 Siberia wildfires") after a globally hotter-than-average June and July, drawing away coverage of these natural disasters.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-VOX_Irfan_20190820-82)
Some of these photographs shared on social media were from past fire events in the Amazon or from fires elsewhere.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYTMacronDeadPhotographer-180)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-181) [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse") and *[El Comercio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_\(Peru\) "El Comercio (Peru)")* published guides to help people "fact-check" on misleading photos.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-182)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-183)
## Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires")\]
American actor [Leonardo DiCaprio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio") said his environmental organization Earth Alliance is donating \$5 million to local groups and indigenous communities to help protect the Amazon.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-184) In a webcast on November 28, 2019, President [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") said DiCaprio's donations encourage NGOs to set the fires in return for donations, a charge DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission vehemently denied.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-dicaprio-106)
[Instagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") has been a platform for many celebrities who have spoken out about the wildfires such as [Cara Delevingne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Delevingne "Cara Delevingne"), who posted a picture of the wildfires with the caption "\#PrayForAmazonia".[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-185)
Other celebrities who made public contributions include actresses [Vanessa Hudgens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Hudgens "Vanessa Hudgens") and [Lana Condor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Condor "Lana Condor"), and Japanese musician [Yoshiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiki_\(musician\) "Yoshiki (musician)").[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-186)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-187)
On August 26, 2019, Europe's richest man, [Bernard Arnault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Arnault "Bernard Arnault"), declared that his [LVMH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH "LVMH") group will donate \$11 million to aid in the fight against the Amazon rainforest wildfires.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-188)
American restaurateur [Eddie Huang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Huang "Eddie Huang") said he is going [vegan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism "Veganism") as a result of the 2019 Amazon fires.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-189) [Khloé Kardashian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlo%C3%A9_Kardashian "Khloé Kardashian") urged her 98 million Instagram followers to adopt a [plant-based diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based_diet "Plant-based diet") for the same reason.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-190) [Leonardo DiCaprio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio") told his Instagram followers to "eliminate or reduce consumption of beef" as "cattle ranching is one of the primary drivers of deforestation."[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-191)
2021 single "[Amazonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonia_\(song\) "Amazonia (song)")" by French metal band [Gojira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojira_\(band\) "Gojira (band)") and its music video are a response the fires.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-192)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [Brazil portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Brazil "Portal:Brazil")
- [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg)[Environment portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment "Portal:Environment")
- [2019 Alberta wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Alberta_wildfires "2019 Alberta wildfires")
- [2019 California wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_California_wildfires "2019 California wildfires")
- [2019 Siberia wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Siberia_wildfires "2019 Siberia wildfires")
- [2019 United Kingdom wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_wildfires "2019 United Kingdom wildfires")
- [2019 Washington wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Washington_wildfires "2019 Washington wildfires")
- [2019 wildfire season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_wildfire_season "2019 wildfire season")
- [2019 Southeast Asian haze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze "2019 Southeast Asian haze")
- [2019â20 Australian bushfire season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season "2019â20 Australian bushfire season")
- [2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazil_rainforest_wildfires "2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires")
- [2024 Brazil wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Brazil_wildfires "2024 Brazil wildfires")
- [2025 South American wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_South_American_wildfires "2025 South American wildfires")
- [Deforestation in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil "Deforestation in Brazil")
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-124)** *BBC* (2019): "Many claim on social media that the Amazon produces about 20% of the world's oxygen. \[...\] But academics say this is a very common misconception, and that the figure is less than 10%."[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-123)
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-126)** *Scientific American* (2019): "The oft-repeated claim that the Amazon rainforest produces 20% of our planet's oxygen is based on a misunderstanding. In fact nearly all of Earth's breathable oxygen originated in the oceans, and there is enough of it to last for millions of years. There are many reasons to be appalled by this year's Amazon fires, but depleting Earth's oxygen supply is not one of them."[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-125)
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: References")\]
1. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-stats1_1-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-stats1_1-1)
["Situação atual - Programa Queimadas - INPE"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220620131720/https://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal-static/situacao-atual/). *queimadas.dgi.inpe.br*. Archived from [the original](http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal-static/situacao-atual/) on June 20, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
2. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-cbs_bolsonaro_aid_2-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-cbs_bolsonaro_aid_2-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-cbs_bolsonaro_aid_2-2)
["Brazil's Bolsonaro says he will accept aid to fight Amazon fires"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-wildfires-brazil-spurns-20-million-aid-offer-from-g-7-nations-today-2019-08-27/). *[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News")*. August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-3)**
Moreira, Rinaldo; Valley, Jamari (August 15, 2019). ["Casal morre abraçado ao tentar fugir de queimada em RO"](https://g1.globo.com/ro/ariquemes-e-vale-do-jamari/noticia/2019/08/15/casal-morre-abracado-ao-tentar-fugir-de-queimada-em-ro.ghtml) \[Couple die hugged while trying to escape burnt out RO\]. *[G1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_\(website\) "G1 (website)")* (in Portuguese). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190815174641/https://g1.globo.com/ro/ariquemes-e-vale-do-jamari/noticia/2019/08/15/casal-morre-abracado-ao-tentar-fugir-de-queimada-em-ro.ghtml) from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
4. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-trillions_of_dollars_4-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-trillions_of_dollars_4-1)
Prabhjote Gill (January 6, 2020). ["Amazon wildfires will cost Brazil trillions of dollarsâ damage from Australia's bushfires maybe 5 times greater"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201022012906/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/amazon-wildfires-will-cost-brazil-trillions-of-dollars-damage-from-australias-bushfires-maybe-5-times-greater/articleshow/73120609.cms). Business Insider. Archived from [the original](https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/amazon-wildfires-will-cost-brazil-trillions-of-dollars-damage-from-australias-bushfires-maybe-5-times-greater/articleshow/73120609.cms) on October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-cost_5-0)**
Rachel Tesler (August 26, 2019). ["The cost of the Amazon wildfires"](https://finance.yahoo.com/news/cost-amazon-wildfires-132214622.html). Yahoo Finance. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
6. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-BBC_20190821_6-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-BBC_20190821_6-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-BBC_20190821_6-2)
["'Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
7. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-7)**
["Uptick in Amazon Fire Activity in 2019"](https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145498/uptick-in-amazon-fire-activity-in-2019). *www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov*. August 23, 2019. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
8. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-globalnews_damore_20190821_8-0)**
D'Amore, Rachael (August 21, 2019). ["Amazon rainforest fires: What caused them and why activists are blaming Brazil's president"](https://globalnews.ca/news/5794191/amazon-rainforest-fire-explained/). *Global News*. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
9. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-Melillo_9-0)**
Melillo, J.M.; McGuire, A.D.; Kicklighter, D.W.; Moore III, B.; Vörösmarty, C.J.; Schloss, A.L. (May 20, 1993). "Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production". *Nature*. **363** (6426): 234â240\. [Bibcode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_\(identifier\) "Bibcode (identifier)"):[1993Natur.363..234M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993Natur.363..234M). [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1038/363234a0](https://doi.org/10.1038%2F363234a0). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [4370074](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4370074).
10. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-Tian_10-0)**
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Dawkins, David. ["Bernard Arnault's LVMH Donates \$11 Million To Fight Amazon Wildfires"](https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/08/27/bernard-arnaults-lvmh-donates-11-million-to-fight-amazon-wildfires/). *Forbes*. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
187. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-189)**
Yam, Kimberly (August 23, 2019). ["Eddie Huang Declares He's Going Vegan Because Of Amazon Rainforest Fires"](https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eddie-huang-announces-hes-going-vegan-because-of-amazon-fires_n_5d602ad1e4b02cc97c8d435a). *[The Huffington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post "The Huffington Post")*. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
188. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-190)**
Gilliver, Liam (August 22, 2019). ["Khloe Kardashian Encourages 97.6 Million Followers To Go Plant-Based As Amazon Burns"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190830171928/https://www.plantbasednews.org/news/khloe-kardashian-encourages-plant-based). *Plant Based News*. Archived from [the original](https://www.plantbasednews.org/news/khloe-kardashian-encourages-plant-based) on August 30, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
189. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-191)**
Chiorando, Maria (August 23, 2019). ["Leonardo DiCaprio Says Ditch Beef To Stop Amazon Deforestation"](https://www.plantbasednews.org/news/leonardo-dicaprio-ditch-beef-stop-amazon-deforestation). *Plant Based News*. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
190. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-192)**
Grow, Kory (March 26, 2021). ["Gojira Rage Against Deforestation in New 'Amazonia' Video"](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/gojira-amazonia-1147594/). *Rolling Stone*. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: External links")\]
| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Meet the Ranchers Who Claim the Brazilian Amazon is Theirs to Burn](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcJUSMiKQyY) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)") |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [2019 wildfires in Brazil](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2019_wildfires_in_Brazil "commons:Category:2019 wildfires in Brazil") at Wikimedia Commons
- ["Updates on wildfires"](http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal). *INPE*. Portal do Programa Queimadas do INPE. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- [Current worldwide map of airborne particulates about one micrometer in diameter, including smoke](https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/particulates/surface/level/overlay=pm1/winkel3)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2019_wildfires "Template:2019 wildfires") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2019_wildfires "Template talk:2019 wildfires") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2019_wildfires "Special:EditPage/Template:2019 wildfires")[2019 wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_wildfire_season "2019 wildfire season") | |
|---|---|
| Africa | [Canary Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canary_Islands_wildfires "2019 Canary Islands wildfires") |
| Asia | [India](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bandipur_forest_fires "2019 Bandipur forest fires") [Siberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Siberia_wildfires "2019 Siberia wildfires") [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goseong_Fire_of_2019 "Goseong Fire of 2019") [Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Vietnam_forest_fires "2019 Vietnam forest fires") |
| Europe | [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_wildfires "2019 United Kingdom wildfires") |
| North America | Canada [Alberta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Alberta_wildfires "2019 Alberta wildfires") United States [California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_California_wildfires "2019 California wildfires") [Washington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Washington_wildfires "2019 Washington wildfires") |
| South America | [Amazon rainforest]() |
| Oceania | [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season "2019â20 Australian bushfire season") [New Zealand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Nelson_fires "2019 Nelson fires") |
| Haze crisis resulted from wildfires | [Southeast Asian haze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze "2019 Southeast Asian haze") |
| [â 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfires_in_2018 "Wildfires in 2018") [2020 â¶](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfires_in_2020 "Wildfires in 2020") | |
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2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
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| Readable Markdown | | 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires | |
|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_fire_satellite_image.png)Locations of fires, marked in orange, which were detected by [MODIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODIS "MODIS") from August 15 to 22, 2019 | |
| Date(s) | JanuaryâOctober 2019 |
| Location | [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"), [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru"), [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay"), [Colombia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia "Colombia") |
| Statistics | |
| Total fires | \>40,000[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-stats1-1) |
| Burned area | 906,000 hectares (2,240,000 acres; 9,060 km2; 3,500 sq mi)[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbs_bolsonaro_aid-2) |
| Land use | Agricultural development |
| Impacts | |
| Deaths | 2[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-3) |
| Damage | \>\$900 billion (2019 [USD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar "United States dollar"))[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-trillions_of_dollars-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cost-5) |
| Ignition | |
| Cause | [Slash-and-burn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn "Slash-and-burn") approach to deforest land for agriculture and effects of [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change "Climate change") and [global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming") due to unusually longer dry season and above average temperatures worldwide throughout 2019 |
| Map | |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_biome_outline_map.svg "Amazon rainforest ecoregions as delineated by the WWF in white and the Amazon drainage basin in blue.") [Amazon rainforest ecoregions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_biome "Amazon biome") as delineated by the [WWF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature") in white and the [Amazon drainage basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_basin "Amazon basin") in blue. | |
The **2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires** season saw a year-to-year surge in fires occurring in the [Amazon rainforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_rainforest "Amazon rainforest") and [Amazon biome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_biome "Amazon biome") within [Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil "Brazil"), [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"), [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay"), and [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru") during that year's Amazonian tropical [dry season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_season "Dry season").[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190821-6) Fires normally occur around the dry season as [slash-and-burn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn "Slash-and-burn") methods are used to clear the forest to make way for agriculture, livestock, logging, and mining, leading to [deforestation of the Amazon rainforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest"). Such activity is generally illegal within these nations, but enforcement of environmental protection can be lax. The increased rates of fire counts in 2019 led to international concern about the fate of the Amazon rainforest, which is the world's largest terrestrial [carbon dioxide sink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sink "Carbon sink") and plays a significant role in [mitigating global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation "Climate change mitigation").
The increasing rates were first reported by Brazil's [National Institute for Space Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research "National Institute for Space Research") (*Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais*, INPE) in June and July 2019 through satellite monitoring systems, but international attention was drawn to the situation by August 2019 when [NASA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA "NASA") corroborated INPE's findings,[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-7) and smoke from the fires, visible from satellite imagery, darkened the city of [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo") despite being thousands of kilometers from the Amazon. As of August 29, 2019, INPE reported more than 80,000 fires across all of Brazil, a 77% year-to-year increase for the same tracking period, with more than 40,000 in the [Brazil's Legal Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal "AmazĂŽnia Legal") (*AmazĂŽnia Legal* or BLA), which contains 60% of the Amazon. Similar year-to-year increases in fires were subsequently reported in Bolivia, Paraguay and Peru, with the 2019 fire counts within each nation of over 19,000, 11,000 and 6,700, respectively, as of August 29, 2019.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-stats1-1) It is estimated that over 906 thousand hectares (2.24Ă106 acres; 9,060 km2; 3,500 mi2) of forest within the Amazon biome has been lost to fires in 2019.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbs_bolsonaro_aid-2) In addition to the impact on global climate, the fires created environmental concerns from the excess [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") (CO2) and [carbon monoxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide "Carbon monoxide") (CO) within the fires' emissions, potential impacts on the [biodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity "Biodiversity") of the Amazon, and threats to indigenous tribes that live within the forest. Ecologists estimated that the [dieback](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_dieback "Forest dieback") from the Amazon rainforest due to the fires could cost Brazil US\$957 billion to US\$3.5 trillion over a 30-year period.[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-trillions_of_dollars-4)
The increased rate of fires in Brazil has raised the most concerns as international leaders, particularly French president [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron"), and [environmental non-government organizations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENGO "ENGO") (ENGOs) attributed these to Brazilian president [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro")'s pro-business policies that had weakened environmental protections and have encouraged deforestation of the Amazon after he took office in January 2019. Bolsonaro initially remained ambivalent and rejected international calls to take action, asserting that the criticism was sensationalist. Following increased pressure at the [45th G7 summit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit "45th G7 summit") and a threat to reject the pending [European UnionâMercosur free trade agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_free_trade_agreement "European UnionâMercosur free trade agreement"), Bolsonaro dispatched over 44,000 Brazilian troops and allocated funds to fight the fires, and later signed a decree to prevent such fires for a sixty-day period.
Other Amazonian countries have been affected by the wildfires in higher or lesser degree. The number of hectares of Bolivian rainforest affected by the wildfires were roughly equal to those of Brazil, being the area of Bolivia only about one-eighth of Brazil's. Bolivian president [Evo Morales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo_Morales "Evo Morales") was similarly blamed for past policies that encouraged deforestation, Morales has also taken proactive measures to fight the fires and seek aid from other countries. At the G7 summit, Macron negotiated with the other nations to allocate US\$22 million for emergency aid to the Amazonian countries affected by the fires.
## Amazon forest and deforestation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Amazon forest and deforestation")\]
There are 670 million ha (1.7 billion acres; 6.7 million km2; 2.6 million mi2) of Amazon rainforest.[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-globalnews_damore_20190821-8) Human-driven [deforestation of the Amazon rainforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest") has been a major concern for decades as the rainforest's impact on the global climate has been measured.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Melillo-9)[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Tian-10) From a global climate perspective, the Amazon has been the world's largest [carbon dioxide sink](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sink "Carbon dioxide sink"), and estimated to capture up to 25% of global [carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide "Carbon dioxide") generation into plants and other [biomass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_\(ecology\) "Biomass (ecology)").[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nature_Brienen_201503-11) Without this sink, [atmospheric carbon dioxide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_dioxide "Atmospheric carbon dioxide") concentrations would increase and contribute towards higher global temperatures, thus making the viability of the Amazon a global concern.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-12) Further, when the forest is lost through fire, additional carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere, and could potentially contribute significantly to the total carbon dioxide content.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-wapost_about_fires-13) The flora also generates significant quantities of water vapor through [transpiration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration "Transpiration") which travel large distances to other parts of South America via [atmospheric rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_river "Atmospheric river") and contribute to the precipitation in these areas.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-14)[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-15) Due to ongoing [global climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_climate_change "Global climate change"), environmental scientists have raised concerns that the Amazon could reach a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly die out, the land becoming more [savanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna "Savanna") than forest, under certain climate change conditions which are exacerbated by [anthropogenic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment "Human impact on the environment") activities.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-16)[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-17)
Human-driven deforestation of the Amazon is used to clear land for agriculture, livestock, and mining, and for its lumber.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190830-18) Most forest is typically cleared using [slash-and-burn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash-and-burn "Slash-and-burn") processes; huge amounts of biomass are removed by first pulling down the trees in the Amazon using bulldozers and giant tractors during the wet season (November through June), followed by torching the tree trunks several months later in the dry season (July through October).[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-latimes_Rosen_20190826-19)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-MODIS_20190824-20)[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190828-21) Fires are most common in July through August.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-MODIS_20190824-20) In some cases, workers performing the burn are unskilled, and may inadvertently allow these fires to spread. While most countries in the Amazon do have laws and environmental enforcement against deforestation, these are not well enforced, and much of the slash-and-burn activity is done illegally.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190830-18)[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22)[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-euronews_Paraguassu_20190820-23)
Deforestation leads to a large number of observed fires across the Amazon during the dry season, usually tracked by satellite data. While it is possible for naturally occurring wildfires to occur in the Amazon, the chances are far less likely to occur, compared to those [in California](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_California_wildfires "List of California wildfires") or [in Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushfires_in_Australia "Bushfires in Australia").[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24) Even with [global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming "Global warming"), spontaneous fires in the Amazon cannot come from warm weather alone, but warm weather is capable of exacerbating the fires once started as there will be drier biomass available for the fire to spread.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_cause-25)[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-26) Alberto Setzer of INPE estimated that 99% of the wildfires in the Amazon basin are a result of human actions, either on purpose or accidentally.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24) Man-made fires in the Amazon also tend to elevate their smoke into the higher atmosphere due to the more intense burn of the dry biomass, compared with naturally occurring wildfires.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-natgeo_20190829-27) Further evidence of the fires being caused by human activity is due to their clustering near roads and existing agricultural areas rather than remote parts of the forest.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-wapost_about_fires-13)
On November 18, 2019, Brazilian authorities announced the official deforestation figures, based on the PRODES satellite monitoring system for the 2019 forest yearâfrom August 1, 2018, to July 31, 2019. The rate of deforestation was the "worst in more than a decade" with 970,000 hectares (2,400,000 acres) lost.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-regnskog_Gaarder_20191118-28)
In August 2020 Brazil's [National Institute for Space Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research "National Institute for Space Research") reported that [satellite data shows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite#Environmental_monitoring "Earth observation satellite") that the number of [fires in the Amazon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_of_the_Amazon_rainforest "Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest") increased by 28% to ~6,800 fires in July compared to the ~5,300 wildfires in July 2019. This indicated [a, potentially worsened, repeat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazil_rainforest_wildfires "2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires") of 2019's accelerated destruction of one of the world's largest protectable [buffers against global warming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_climate_change "Mitigation of climate change") in 2020.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-29)[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-30)[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-31)
## Broad types of fire in the Amazon
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Broad types of fire in the Amazon")\]
Amazon fires can be separated into three broad categories.[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-32) First, deforestation-related fires are those used to prepare the area for agriculture after a primary forest being felled and the vegetation left to dry. Second, there are those agricultural burns, when fires are used to clear existing pastureland and/or by smallholders and traditional people in rotational agriculture. Finally, the previous fire types can escape beyond intended limits and invade standing forests. When a forest burns for the first time, fire intensity is usually low and flames are mostly restricted to the understory while repeated fire events have higher intensity. Forest fires are a threat to the Amazonian biodiversity [\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-33) and jeopardize the ability of forest trees to mitigate climate change by storing carbon. When studying Amazonian fires, it is important to consider the marked spatial differences in precipitation patterns across the Amazon Basin, which does not have a single dry season.[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-34)
### Past deforestation and fires in Brazil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Past deforestation and fires in Brazil")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazil_Geoecon_Amazonia.svg)
Location of AmazĂŽnia Legal (red) within Brazil
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazonia_legal.png)
States within AmazĂŽnia Legal.
Brazil's role in deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has been a significant issue during the 1930s, as 60% of the Amazon is contained within Brazil, designated as the Brazil's Legal Amazon (*AmazĂŽnia Legal*, BLA).[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22)[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_20141126-35) Since the 1970s, Brazil has consumed approximately 12 percent of the forest, representing roughly 77.7 million ha (192 million acres)âan area larger than that of the US state of [Texas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas "Texas").[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36) Most of the deforestation has been for natural resources for the logging industry and land clearing for agricultural and mining use.[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-37)[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-38) Forest removal to make way for [cattle ranching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_ranching "Cattle ranching") was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the mid-1960s on. The Amazon region has become the largest cattle ranching territory in the world.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Liotta-39) According to the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank "World Bank"), some 80% of deforested land is used for cattle ranching.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Liotta-39) Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, is used for livestock [pasture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch "Ranch").[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-40)[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-41) According to the [Center for International Forestry Research](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_International_Forestry_Research "Center for International Forestry Research") (CIFOR), "between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europe's processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent" and by 2003 "for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production, 80 percent of which was in the Amazon\[,\] was largely export driven."[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-42) The Brazilian states of ParĂĄ, Mato Grosso, and RondĂŽnia, located along the southern border of the Amazon rainforest, are in what is called the "deforestation arc".[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Daly-43)
Deforestation within Brazil is partially driven by growing demand for beef and soy exports, particularly to China and Hong Kong.[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-latimes_Rosen_20190826-19) In the first seven months of 2019, soy exports to China rose by 18% due to trading tensions between the United States and China.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-44) Brazil is one of the largest exporters of beef, accounting for more than 20% of global trade of the commodity. Brazil exported over 1.6 million tonnes of beef in 2018, the highest volume in recorded history.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Liotta-39) Brazil's cattle herd has increased by 56% over the last two decades. Ranchers wait until the dry season to slash-and-burn to give time for the cattle to graze.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_meat-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-46) Soybean production has increased from 75.32 million metric tons in 2010/11 to 118.8 million metric tons in 2018/19.[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-47) The Amazon accounts for 14 million of the 284 million acres of soy plantations in Brazil.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-48) While slash-and-burn can be controlled, unskilled farmers may end up causing wildfires. Wildfires have increased as the agricultural sector has pushed into the Amazon basin and spurred deforestation.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-euronews_Paraguassu_20190820-23) In recent years, "land-grabbers" (*grileiros*) have been illegally cutting deep into the forest in "Brazil's indigenous territories and other protected forests throughout the Amazon".[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36)
Number of fires Year 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 Number of fires Number of fires in Brazil's AmazĂŽnia Legal ...
Number of fires in Brazil's [AmazĂŽnia Legal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal "AmazĂŽnia Legal") between January 1 and August 26 by year, reported by INPE[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-inpe_fire_data-49)
Past data from INPE has shown the number of fires with the BLA from January to August in any year to be routinely higher than 60,000 fires from 2002 to 2007 and as high as 90,000 in 2003.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-50) Fire counts have generally been higher in years of drought (2007 and 2010), which are often coupled with [El Niño](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o "El Niño") events.[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-natgeo_20190829-27)
Within international attention on the protection of the Amazon around the early 2000s, Brazil took a more proactive approach to deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. In 2004, the Brazilian government had established the Federal Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Deforestation in the Amazon (PPCDAM), with the goal to reduce the rate of deforestation through land use regulation, [environmental monitoring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoring "Environmental monitoring"), and sustainable activities, promoted through partnerships at the federal and private level, and legal penalties for violations.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-ieee_deter-51) Brazil also invested in more effective measures to fight fires, including fire-fighting airplanes in 2012. By 2014, [USAID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID "USAID") was teaching the indigenous people how to fight fires.[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-52) As a result of enforcement of PPCDAM, the rate of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon dropped 83.5% of their 2004 rates by 2012.[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-53) However, in 2014, Brazil fell into an [economic crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Brazilian_economic_crisis "2014 Brazilian economic crisis"), and as part of that recovery, pushed heavily on its exports of beef and [soy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy "Soy") to help bolster its economy, which caused a reversal in the falling deforestation rates.[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_cause-25) The Brazilian government has been defunding scientific research since the economic crisis.[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-54)
To support PPCDAM, the INPE began developing systems to monitor the Amazon rainforest. One early effort was the Amazon Deforestation Satellite Monitoring Project (PRODES), which is a highly detailed satellite imagery-based approach to calculate wildfires and deforestation losses on an annual basis.[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-55) In 2015, INPE launched five complementary projects as part of the Terra Brasilis project to monitor deforestation closer to real-time. Among these include the Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER) satellite alert system, allowing them to capture incidents of wildfires in 15-day cycles.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-ieee_deter-51) The daily data is published on the regularly updated Brazilian Environmental Institute government website, and later corroborated with the annual and more accurate PRODES data.[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190802-56)[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-57)[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-INPE_Plone-58)[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-globo_20190703-59)
By December 2017, INPE had completed a modernization process and had expanded its system to analyze and share data on forest fires.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) It launched its new TerraMA2Q platformâsoftware which adapts fire-monitoring data software including the "occurrence of irregular fires".[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) Although the INPE was able to provide regional fire data since 1998, the modernization increased access. Agencies that monitor and fight fires include the Brazilian Federal Environment and Renewable Resources Agency (IBAMA), as well as state authorities.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) The INPE receives its images daily from 10 foreign satellites, including the Terra and Aqua satellitesâpart of the NASA's Earth Observation System (EOS).[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-revistapesquisa_201804-60) Combined, these systems are able to capture the number of fires on a daily basis, but this number does not directly measure the area of forest lost to these fires; instead, this is done with fortnightly imaging data to compare the current state of the forest with reference data to estimate acreage lost.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-61)
Jair Bolsonaro was elected as [President of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Brazil "President of Brazil") in October 2018 and took office in January 2019, after which he and his ministries changed governmental policies to weaken protection of the rainforest and make it favorable for farmers to continue practices of slash-and-burn clearing,[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22) thus accelerating the deforestation from previous years.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190821-6) Land-grabbers had used Bolsonaro's election to extend their activities into cutting in the land of the previously isolated [ApurinĂŁ people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apurin%C3%A3 "ApurinĂŁ") in Amazonas where the "world's largest standing tracts of unbroken rainforest" are found.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36) Upon entering office, Bolsonaro cut US\$23 million from Brazil's environmental enforcement agency, making it difficult for the agency to regulate deforestation efforts.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24)[\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-62) Bolsonaro and his ministers had also segmented the environmental agency, placing part of its control under the agricultural ministry, which is led by the country's farming lobby, weakened protections on natural reserves and territories belonging to indigenous people, and encouraged businesses to file counter-land claims against regions managed by sustainable forestry practices.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190725-63)
### 2019 Brazil dry season fires
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: 2019 Brazil dry season fires")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queimadas_e_suas_cicatrizes_no_Sul_do_Par%C3%A1,_em_Altamira_Agricultural_fires_at_southern_Par%C3%A1,_Brazil_\(48594171041\).jpg)
Agricultural fires in southern [ParĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1 "ParĂĄ"), Brazil in August 2019.
INPE alerted the Brazilian government to larger-than-normal growth in the number of fires through June to August 2019. The first four months of the year were wetter-than-average, discouraging slash-and-burn efforts. However, with the start of the dry season in May 2019, the number of wildfires jumped greatly.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190806-64) Additionally, NOAA reported that, regionally, the temperatures in the JanuaryâJuly 2019 period were the second warmest year-to-date on record.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NOAA_20190815-65) INPE reported a year-to-year increase of 88% in wildfire occurrences in June 2019.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-globo_20190703-59)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190815-66) There was further increase in the rate of deforestation in July 2019, with the INPE estimating that more than 1,345 square kilometres (519 mi2; 134,500 ha; 332,000 acres) of land had been deforested in the month and would be on track to surpass the area of [Greater London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London "Greater London") by the end of the month.[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190725-63)
The month of August 2019 saw a large growth in the number of observed wildfires according to INPE. By August 11, Amazonas had declared a state of emergency.[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Euronews_Cereceda_20190816-67) The state of Acre entered into an environmental alert on August 16.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-68) In early August, local farmers in the Amazonian state of ParĂĄ placed an ad in the local newspaper calling for a *queimada* or "Day of Fire" on August 10, 2019, organizing large scale slash-and-burn operations knowing that there was little chance of interference from the government.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69)[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-70) Shortly after, there was an increase in the number of wildfires in the region.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69)[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-71)
INPE reported on August 20 that it had detected 39,194 fires in the Amazon rainforest since January.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69) This represented a 77 percent increase in the number of fires from the same time period in 2018.[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Andreoni_20190821-69) However, the NASA-funded NGO Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) shows 2018 as an unusually low fire year compared to historic data from 2004 to 2005 which are years showing nearly double the number of counted fires.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-72) INPE had reported that at least 74,155 fires have been detected in all of Brazil,[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-auto-73) which represents an 84-percent increase from the same period in 2018.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-74) NASA originally reported in mid-August that [MODIS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODIS "MODIS") satellites reported average numbers of fires in the region compared with data from the past 15 years; the numbers were above average for the year in the states of Amazonas and RondĂŽnia, but below average for Mato Grosso and ParĂĄ.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NASA_20190816-75)[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NG_Gibbens_20190821-77) NASA later clarified that the data set they had evaluated previous was through August 16, 2019. By August 26, 2019, NASA included more recent MODIS imagery to confirm that the number of fires were higher than in previous years.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-78)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2019_amazon_wildfires_purus_river_20190816.jpeg)
[INPE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research "National Institute for Space Research") satellite imagery of a 110 km Ă 110 km (70 mi Ă 70 mi) area along the [Purus River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purus_River "Purus River") between [Canutama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canutama "Canutama") and [LĂĄbrea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1brea "LĂĄbrea") in the state of Amazonas, taken on August 16, 2019, showing several plumes of smoke from wildfires, including areas that have been deforested
| | Number of wildfires detected by INPE from January 1 to August 26 in Brazil[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-inpe_fire_data-49) Highlighted rows are states within the BLA | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YearState | 2013 | Diff% | 2014 | Diff% | 2015 | Diff% | 2016 | Diff% | 2017 | Diff% | 2018 | Diff% | 2019 |
| [Acre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre_\(state\) "Acre (state)") | 782 | 47% | 1,150 | 43% | 1,649 | 72% | 2,846 | â57% | 1,204 | 3% | 1,246 | 134% | 2,918 |
| [Alagoas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alagoas "Alagoas") | 128 | â9% | 116 | 69% | 197 | â60% | 78 | 5% | 82 | â19% | 66 | 10% | 73 |
| [Amazonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonas_\(Brazilian_state\) "Amazonas (Brazilian state)") | 1,809 | 117% | 3,927 | 13% | 4,457 | 22% | 5,475 | 4% | 5,730 | â38% | 3,508 | 117% | 7,625 |
| [AmapĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1 "AmapĂĄ") | 28 | 75% | 49 | 4% | 51 | â13% | 44 | â43% | 25 | 88% | 47 | â48% | 24 |
| [Bahia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahia "Bahia") | 2,226 | â26% | 1,631 | 12% | 1,836 | 42% | 2,614 | â37% | 1,634 | â21% | 1,280 | 86% | 2,383 |
| [CearĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cear%C3%A1 "CearĂĄ") | 281 | 12% | 316 | 14% | 361 | 36% | 493 | â57% | 209 | 84% | 385 | â15% | 327 |
| [Federal District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_District_\(Brazil\) "Federal District (Brazil)") | 60 | 130% | 138 | â57% | 59 | 179% | 165 | â31% | 113 | â63% | 41 | 65% | 68 |
| [EspĂrito Santo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo "EspĂrito Santo") | 186 | â35% | 120 | 119% | 263 | 40% | 370 | â76% | 87 | 2% | 89 | 157% | 229 |
| [GoiĂĄs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s "GoiĂĄs") | 1,406 | 56% | 2,202 | â24% | 1,658 | 53% | 2,540 | â22% | 1,963 | â28% | 1,398 | 27% | 1,786 |
| [MaranhĂŁo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o "MaranhĂŁo") | 4,427 | 89% | 8,375 | â1% | 8,229 | â13% | 7,135 | â29% | 5,000 | â4% | 4,760 | 17% | 5,596 |
| [Minas Gerais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais "Minas Gerais") | 2,067 | 48% | 3,067 | â44% | 1,710 | 83% | 3,134 | â30% | 2,179 | â24% | 1,647 | 77% | 2,919 |
| [Mato Grosso do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul "Mato Grosso do Sul") | 1,421 | â28% | 1,017 | 112% | 2,165 | 14% | 2,486 | 3% | 2,583 | â54% | 1,171 | 285% | 4,510 |
| [Mato Grosso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso "Mato Grosso") | 8,396 | 40% | 11,811 | â21% | 9,278 | 56% | 14,496 | â31% | 9,872 | â19% | 7,915 | 95% | 15,476 |
| [ParĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1 "ParĂĄ") | 3,810 | 145% | 9,347 | â6% | 8,776 | 0% | 8,704 | 25% | 10,919 | â62% | 4,068 | 164% | 10,747 |
| [ParaĂba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%C3%ADba "ParaĂba") | 72 | 75% | 126 | â35% | 81 | â4% | 77 | â48% | 40 | 100% | 80 | 1% | 81 |
| [Pernambuco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernambuco "Pernambuco") | 174 | â2% | 170 | 43% | 244 | â58% | 102 | 22% | 125 | â18% | 102 | 29% | 132 |
| [PiauĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piau%C3%AD "PiauĂ") | 1,666 | 122% | 3,708 | â23% | 2,840 | â2% | 2,765 | â36% | 1,749 | 104% | 3,569 | â21% | 2,818 |
| [ParanĂĄ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_\(state\) "ParanĂĄ (state)") | 1,361 | â9% | 1,227 | 0% | 1,234 | 52% | 1,877 | â9% | 1,698 | â9% | 1,531 | 18% | 1,810 |
| [Rio de Janeiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro "Rio de Janeiro") | 192 | 133% | 448 | â21% | 354 | 7% | 379 | â33% | 251 | â42% | 144 | 175% | 396 |
| [Rio Grande do Norte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte "Rio Grande do Norte") | 71 | â7% | 66 | 28% | 85 | â32% | 57 | 21% | 69 | 44% | 100 | â32% | 68 |
| [RondĂŽnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia "RondĂŽnia") | 817 | 266% | 2,990 | 31% | 3,934 | 10% | 4,349 | â16% | 3,624 | â37% | 2,270 | 183% | 6,441 |
| [Roraima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima "Roraima") | 951 | 85% | 1,759 | â14% | 1,499 | 136% | 3,541 | â82% | 622 | 218% | 1,982 | 132% | 4,608 |
| [Rio Grande do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul "Rio Grande do Sul") | 890 | 69% | 1,505 | â40% | 901 | 188% | 2,601 | â37% | 1,619 | â35% | 1,039 | 95% | 2,029 |
| [Santa Catarina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_\(state\) "Santa Catarina (state)") | 969 | â32% | 652 | 0% | 646 | 147% | 1,600 | â29% | 1,133 | â22% | 883 | 25% | 1,107 |
| [Sergipe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergipe "Sergipe") | 155 | â56% | 68 | 122% | 151 | â53% | 71 | â4% | 68 | 11% | 76 | â18% | 62 |
| [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo") | 1,385 | 81% | 2,515 | â54% | 1,148 | 100% | 2,302 | â29% | 1,613 | 37% | 2,212 | â26% | 1,616 |
| [Tocantins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocantins "Tocantins") | 4,436 | 38% | 6,132 | â16% | 5,130 | 55% | 7,962 | â31% | 5,461 | â25% | 4,047 | 59% | 6,436 |
| Total | 40,166 | 60% | 64,632 | â8% | 58,936 | 32% | 78,263 | â23% | 59,672 | â23% | 45,656 | 80% | 82,285 |
By August 29, 80,000 fires had broken out in Brazil which represents a 77% rise on the same period in 2018, according to BBC.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190829-79) INPE reported that in the period from January 1 to August 29, across South America, and not exclusive to the Amazon rainforest, there were 84,957 fires in Brazil, 26,573 in Venezuela, 19,265 in Bolivia, 14,363 in Colombia, 14,969 in Argentina, 10,810 in Paraguay, 6,534 in Peru, 2,935 in Chile, 898 in Guyana, 407 in Uruguay, 328 in Ecuador, 162 in Suriname, and 11 in French Guiana.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-auto2-80)
### First media reports
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: First media reports")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smoke_in_Brazil_2.png)
Smoke arriving at the Southeast region of Brazil on 19 August 2019 ([CBERS-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBERS-4 "CBERS-4"))
While INPE's data had been reported in international sources earlier, news of the wildfires were not a major news story until around August 20, 2019. On that day, the smoke plume from the fires in RondĂŽnia and Amazonas caused the sky to darken at around 2 p.m. over [SĂŁo Paulo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo "SĂŁo Paulo")âwhich is almost 2,800 kilometres (1,700 miles) away from the Amazon basin on the eastern coast.[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190821-6)[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CBS_20190820-81)[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-VOX_Irfan_20190820-82) NASA and US [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration") (NOAA) also published satellite imagery from the [Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate_Resolution_Imaging_Spectroradiometer "Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer") (MODIS) on NASA's [Terra satellite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_\(satellite\) "Terra (satellite)") in alignment with INPE's own, that showed smoke plumes from the wildfires were visible from space.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NASA_20190816-75)[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-MODIS_20190824-20) INPE and NASA data, along with photographs of the ongoing fires and impacts, caught international attention and became a rising topic on social media, with several world leaders, celebrities, and athletes expressing their concerns.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-83)
According to *[Vox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_\(website\) "Vox (website)")*, of all the concurrent wildfires elsewhere in the world, the wildfires in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil were the most "alarming".[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-VOX_Irfan_20190820-82)
### Responses of the Brazilian government
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Responses of the Brazilian government")\]
Official pronouncement of Brazilian president [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro").
In the months prior to August 2019, Bolsonaro mocked international and environmental groups that felt his pro-business actions enabled deforestation.[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-84)[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_20190822-24) At one point in August 2019, Bolsonaro jokingly calling himself "Captain Chainsaw" while asserting that INPE's data was inaccurate.[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190806-64) After INPE announced an 88% increase of wildfires in July 2019, Bolsonaro claimed "the numbers were fake" and fired [Ricardo Magnus OsĂłrio GalvĂŁo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Galv%C3%A3o "Ricardo GalvĂŁo"), the INPE director.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theeconomist_20190822-22)[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190802-56)[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-85)[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-86) Bolsonaro claimed GalvĂŁo was using the data to lead an "anti-Brazil campaign".[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-87)[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Guardian-88)[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-89)[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-90) Bolsonaro had claimed that the fires had been deliberately started by environmental NGOs, although he provided no evidence to back up the accusation.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Guardian-88) NGOs such as [WWF Brasil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature "World Wide Fund for Nature"), [Greenpeace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpeace "Greenpeace"), and the Brazilian Institute for Environmental Protection countered Bolsonaro's claims.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-ENGO-Bolsonaro-claims-91)
Bolsonaro, on August 22, argued that Brazil did not have the resources to fight the fires, as the "Amazon is bigger than Europe, how will you fight criminal fires in such an area?".[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-telegraph_20190822-92)
Historically, Brazil has been guarded about international intervention into the BLA, as the country sees the forest as a critical part of [Brazil's economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil "Economy of Brazil").[\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-93) Bolsonaro and his government have continued to speak out against any international oversight of the situation. Bolsonaro considered French President [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron "Emmanuel Macron")'s comments to have a "sensationalist tone" and accusing him of interfering in what he considers is a local problem.[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-94) Of Macron and German Chancellor [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel"), Bolsonaro stated: "They still haven't realized that Brazil is under new direction. That there's now a president who is loyal to \[the\] Brazilian people, who says the Amazon is ours, who says bad Brazilians can't release lying numbers and campaign against Brazil."[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190806-64)
Bolsonaro's foreign minister [Ernesto AraĂșjo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Ara%C3%BAjo "Ernesto AraĂșjo") has also condemned the international criticism of Bolsonaro's reaction to the wildfires, calling it "savage and unfair" treatment towards Bolsonaro and Brazil.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95) AraĂșjo stated that: "President Bolsonaro's government is rebuilding Brazil", and that foreign nations were using the "environmental crisis" as a weapon to stop this rebuilding.[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95) General Eduardo Villas BĂŽas, former commander of the Brazilian Army, considered the criticism of world leaders, like Macron and Canadian Prime Minister [Justin Trudeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau "Justin Trudeau"), to be directly challenging "Brazilian sovereignty", and may need to be met with military response.[\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-96)
'National Force sends 30 firefighters to act against Amazon fires' - video published by the Bolsonaro government on August 25, 2019
With increased pressure from the international community, Bolsonaro appeared more willing to take proactive steps against the fires, saying by August 23, 2019, that his government would take a "zero tolerance" approach to environmental crimes.[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_bolsonaro_envstance-97) He engaged the Brazilian military to help fight the wildfires on August 24, which Joint Staff member Lt. Brig. Raul Botelho stated was to create a "positive perception" of the government's efforts.[\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-98)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-99) Among military support included 43,000 troops as well as four firefighting aircraft, and an allocated US\$15.7 million for fire-fighting operations.[\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-100)[\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-101) Initial efforts were principally located in the state of [RondĂŽnia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia "RondĂŽnia"), but the Defense Ministry stated they plan to offer support for all seven states affected by the fires.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190825-102) On August 28, Bolsonaro signed a decree banning the setting of fires in Brazil for a period of 60 days, making exceptions for those fires made purposely to maintain environmental forest health, to combat wildfires, and by the indigenous people of Brazil. However, as most fires are set illegally, it is unclear what impact this decree could have.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-BBC_20190829-79)
[Rodrigo Maia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Maia "Rodrigo Maia"), president of the [Chamber of Deputies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_\(Brazil\) "Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)"), announced that he would form a parliatary committee to monitor the problem. In addition, he said that the Chamber will hold a general commission in the following days to assess the situation and propose solutions to the government.[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-103)
After a report from [Globo Rural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo_Rural "Globo Rural") reveal that a [WhatsApp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WhatsApp "WhatsApp") group of 70 people was involved with the *Day of Fire*,[\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-104) [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") determined the opening of investigations by [Federal Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil "Federal Police of Brazil").[\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-105)
In a webcast issued November 28, 2019, President Jair Bolsonaro blamed actor and environmentalist [Leonardo DiCaprio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio") for the rainforest wildfires, alleging NGOs set the fires in return for donations. DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission condemn Bolsonaro's accusations.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-dicaprio-106)
Brazil banned clearing land by setting fire to it on 29 August 2019.[\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-107)
More measures taken by the Brazilian government of [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") to stop the fires include:
- Accepting 4 planes from Chile to battle the fires.
- Accepting 12 million dollars of aid from the United Kingdom government
- Softening his position about aid from the G7.
- Appealing for an international conference to preserve the Amazon with participation of all countries that have some part of the Amazon rainforest in their territory[\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-108)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-109)
### Protests against Brazilian government policies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Protests against Brazilian government policies")\]
'Crowd march in defense of the Amazon and against the environmental policies of Bolsonaro' - video news report from Abya Yala TV in Bolivia.
In regards to the displacement of the indigenous people, [Amnesty International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International "Amnesty International") has highlighted the change in protection of lands belonging to the indigenous people, and have called on other nations to pressure Brazil to restore these rights, as they are also essential to protecting the rainforest.[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbc_20190824-110) Ivaneide Bandeira Cardoso, founder of Kanindé, a [Porto Velho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Velho "Porto Velho")\-based advocacy group for indigenous communities, said Bolsonaro is directly responsible for the escalation of forest fires throughout the Amazon this year. Cardoso said the wildfires are a "tragedy that affects all of humanity" since the Amazon plays an important role in the global ecosystem as a carbon sink to reduce the effects of climate change.[\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-111)
Thousands of Brazilian citizens held protests in several major cities from August 24, 2019, onward to challenge the government's reaction to the wildfires.[\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-112)[\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-113) Protesters around the world also held events at Brazilian embassies, including in London, Paris, Mexico City, and Geneva.[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-114)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_pela_Amaz%C3%B4nia,_Porto_Alegre,_24ago2019.jpg "Protest in Porto Alegre on August 24, 2019")
### Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Impact on the indigenous peoples of Brazil")\]
In addition to environmental harm, the slash-and-burn actions leading to the wildfires have threatened the approximately 306,000 [indigenous people in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil "Indigenous peoples in Brazil") who reside near or within the rainforest.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theintercept_Zaitchik_20190706-36)[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-115) Bolsonaro had spoken out against the need to respect the demarcation of lands for indigenous people established in the 1988 [Constitution of Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil "Constitution of Brazil").[\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nytimes_bolsonaro_envstance-97) According to a CBC report on Brazil's wildfires, representatives of the indigenous people have stated that farmers, loggers, and miners, emboldened by the Brazilian government's policies, have forced these people out of their lands, sometimes through violent means, and equated their methods with [genocide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide "Genocide").[\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbc_20190824-110) Additionally, some indigenous groups that have traditionally used fire management practices for agricultural livelihoods are being criminalized. Some of these tribes have vowed to fight back against those engaged in deforestation to protect their lands.[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-116) Kerexu Yxapyry, a leader from Santa Catarina's Kerexu tribe, describes this conflict as, "We know our struggle will be arduous. Maybe many of our leaders will be killed, but we are organized. And we are going to defend our rights."[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-117)
*For more on the impacts of displacement on populations,*
### International responses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: International responses")\]
Video news report from [Todo Noticias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todo_Noticias "Todo Noticias") based in Argentina, showing burned forest
International leaders and environmental NGOs have condemned President Bolsonaro for the extent of the wildfires within the Brazilian portion of the Amazon.
Several international governments and environmental groups raised concerns at Bolsonaro's stance on the rainforest and the lack of attempts by his government to slow the wildfires. Among the most vocal was Macron, given the proximity of French Guiana to Brazil.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190822-118)[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bbc-mercosur-France-Ireland-119)[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-120)[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-121)[\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-122) Macron called the Amazon wildfires an "international crisis", while claiming the rainforest produces "20% of the world's oxygen"âa statement disputed by academics.[\[a\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-124)[\[b\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-126) He said, "Our house is burning. Literally."[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_20190125-127)
Discussion about the fires came into the final negotiations of the [EUâMercosur Free Trade Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_free_trade_agreement "European UnionâMercosur free trade agreement") between the EU and [Mercosur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur "Mercosur"), a [trade bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_bloc "Trade bloc") of Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-128) With the wildfires on-going, both Macron and Irish Prime Minister [Leo Varadkar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Varadkar "Leo Varadkar") have stated they will refuse to ratify the trade deal unless Brazil commits to protecting the environment.[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bbc-mercosur-France-Ireland-119) However, they have both been accused of using the fires as a pretext to scuttle an agreement that they already opposed on [protectionist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism "Protectionism") grounds.[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-129)
Finance minister of Finland [Mika LintilÀ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mika_Lintil%C3%A4 "Mika LintilÀ") suggested the idea of an EU ban on Brazilian beef imports until the country takes steps to stop the deforestation.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_meat-45)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-130)
The Secretary-General of the [Rainforest Foundation Norway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest_Foundation_Norway "Rainforest Foundation Norway") (RFN), Ăyvind Eggen, said that neither the "official deforestation figures" published by Brazilian authorities on November 18, 2019, nor the number of wildfires in Amazon in 2019, were normal.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-regnskog_Gaarder_20191118-28) According to the RFN,"We are approaching a potential tipping point, where large parts of the forest will be so damaged that \[the rainforest\] collapses."[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-regnskog_Gaarder_20191118-28)
### Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative")\]
On September 10, 2019, the [US House Foreign Affairs Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs "United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs") held a hearing in Washington, DC entitled "Preserving the Amazon: A Shared Moral Imperative".[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-foreignaffairs_20190910-131)[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-USHFAC_20190910-132) In her testimony presented to the hearing, [Peterson Institute for International Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterson_Institute_for_International_Economics "Peterson Institute for International Economics") (PIIE) economist, Monica de Bolle likened the rainforest to a "carbon bomb", as the fires lit for deforestation "may release as much as 200 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere a year, which would spur climate change at a much faster rate, not to mention associated changes in rainfall patterns that may result from deforestation."[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-PIIE_deBolle_201910-133): 2 [\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20191023-134)
[GOESEast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOESEast "GOESEast") imagery of the southern edge of the Amazon Rainforest, plumes of smoke from agricultural fires burning in Bolivia and Brazil on Aug. 4, 2019
In Bolivia, *chaqueo* is an annual seasonal agricultural practice and commonly relies on the controlled use of fire. It was first authorized in 2001 during the government of Hugo Banzer Suarez.[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-135)
Bolivia has 7.7 percent of the Amazon rainforest within its borders.[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Segamazonia_Coca-Castro_201301-136) The Bolivian Amazon covers 19.402 million hectares (47.94 million acres) which comprise 37.7 percent of Bolivia's forests and 17.7 percent of Bolivia's land mass.[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-forestecology_Morales-Hidalgo_20150907-137) Bolivia's forests cover a total of 51.407 million hectares (127.03 million acres), including the [Chiquitano dry forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests "Chiquitano dry forests") which is part of the [Amazon biome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_biome "Amazon biome") and a transition zone between the Amazon rainforest and the drier forests of the southern Chaco region.[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-WWW-138)
By September 14, 2019, Boliviaâwhich is one-eighth the size of Brazilâlost nearly 6 million acres (2.4 million hectares) of "forest and savanna".[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NPR_Otis_20190918-139) The fires destroyed about the same area of rainforest than in Brazil.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NPR_Otis_20190918-139)
### Santa Cruz Department
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Santa Cruz Department")\]
By August 16, Bolivia's [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_\(Bolivia\) "Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)") had declared a departmental emergency because of the forest fires.[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reliefweb_20190829-140)[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CNET_20190828-141) From August 18 to August 23, approximately 800 thousand hectares (2.0 million acres) of the [Chiquitano dry forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests "Chiquitano dry forests") were destroyed, more than what was lost over a typical two-year period.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theconversation_Wordley_20190823-142) By August 24, the fires had already affected 1,011 thousand hectares (2.50 million acres) of forestland in the [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_\(Bolivia\) "Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)") and were burning near [Santa Cruz, Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Bolivia "Santa Cruz, Bolivia").[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) By August 26, wildfires had reached over 728 thousand hectares (1.80 million acres) of Bolivia's [savanna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna "Savanna") and tropical forests, according to the Bolivian Information Agency (BIA).[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CNN_John_20190826-144) Over a period of five days, from August 18 to August 22, 450 thousand hectares (1.1 million acres) of forest near [Roboré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robor%C3%A9 "Roboré") were burned.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-mongabay_Mendez_20190822-145)
On August 25, 4,000 state employees and volunteers were fighting the fires.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CNN_John_20190826-144) By August 25, the Chiquitano regions has seen 650 thousand hectares (1.6 million acres) of tropical forest burned within both the Amazon and the dry forests, mostly within the [Santa Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra "Santa Cruz de la Sierra") province; like the Brazil fires, such fires occur during the dry season, but the number of fires in 2019 were larger than in previous years. Throughout August, wildfires have been spreading across four states.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) \[By August 26, fires in the [Dionisio Foianini Triangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionisio_Foianini_Triangle "Dionisio Foianini Triangle")âthe Brazil-Bolivia-Paraguay triangle had reached savannah and tropical forest "near Bolivia's border with Paraguay and Brazil".[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CBC_20190826-146)
The Bolivian government intervened after it was clear that the fires had surpassed local and regional response capabilities. In the week of August 18, Morales dispatched soldiers and three helicopters to fight fires in an area about the size of Oregon.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) On August 22, Morales contracted the Colorado-based [Boeing 747 Supertanker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/747_Supertanker "747 Supertanker") (also known as Global SuperTanker) to conduct firefighting missions over the Bolivian Amazon.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) The 747 Supertanker is the largest firefighting aircraft in the world, which can hold approximately 19,000 gallons of water per trip.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-CBS_AP_20190826-147)[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-148) Morales has stated that the governments of many countries including Spain, Chile, PerĂș, France, the EU, among others have reached out to him to provide help for fighting the fires.
The government had been trying to determine the cause of the fires, with the [Bolivian land management authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_and_Land_Authority "Forest and Land Authority") attributing 87% of the fires present in areas without authorization.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143) Multiple NGOs assert that deforestation rates in Bolivia increased 200 percent after the government quadrupled available land for deforestation to small farmers in 2015.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143)[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-149)
Political opponents of Morales alleged that the [Supreme Decree 3973](http://gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/buscar/3973) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190825220841/http://gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/buscar/3973) August 25, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"), a mandate to further beef production in the Amazon region, is a major cause of the Bolivian fires.[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYT_Kurmanaev_20190825-143)[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-150) However, this Supreme Decree only extends the authorized but regulated use of fire already legal in Santa Cruz to the Beni Department, where forest fire issues are not a significant issue.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_Ramos_20190823-151)
By September 9, total forests that had been affected by fires in Bolivia was estimated as 1,700 thousand hectares (4.2 million acres), more than double from estimates two weeks prior, but far less extended than the forest fires that occurred in 2004 and 2010. While some local government officials and opposition leaders have pled with Morales to update the situation from national emergengy to national disaster, but minister of communication Manuel Canelas said that Bolivia "is not overwhelmed" by fires to make this declaration, and that national emergency is sufficient to receive any type of foreign cooperation.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-152)
## Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Fires in Paraguay's Pantanal")\]
Burn scars in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay captured by [GOES-16](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOES-16 "GOES-16") on August 22, 2019
By August 22, fire emergencies in Paraguay's [Alto Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Paraguay_Department "Alto Paraguay Department") district and the [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO "UNESCO") protected [Pantanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal "Pantanal") region were issued by its federal government. Paraguay President [Mario Abdo BenĂtez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Abdo_Ben%C3%ADtez "Mario Abdo BenĂtez") was in close contact with Bolivia's Morales to coordinate response efforts.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-153) By August 17, as wind direction changed, flames from fires in Bolivia began to enter northern Paraguay's Three Giants natural reserve in the Paraguayan Pantanal natural region. By August 24, when the situation had stabilized,[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theindependent_20190824-154) Paraguay had lost 39,000 hectares (96,000 acres) in the Pantanal. An [Universidad Nacional de AsunciĂłn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Asunci%C3%B3n "Universidad Nacional de AsunciĂłn") representative lamented the disaster failed to attract as much media attention as the fires in the Amazon rainforest.[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-155)
While most of the Pantanal regionsâ140,000 and 195,000 square kilometres (54,000 and 75,000 sq mi)âis within Brazil's borders in the state of [Mato Grosso do Sul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul "Mato Grosso do Sul"), the natural region also extends into [Mato Grosso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato_Grosso "Mato Grosso") and portions of [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"). It sprawls over an area estimated at between 140,000 and 195,000 square kilometres (54,000 and 75,000 sq mi).[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Mongabay-156)[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Nature_conservancy-157) Within the [Pantanal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantanal "Pantanal") natural region, which is located between Brazil and Bolivia, is the "world's largest tropical wetland area". According one of the engineers charged with monitoring satellite data showing the "evolution of the fires", the Pantanal is a "complex, fragile, and high-risk ecosystem because it's being transformed from a wetland to a productive system".[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-euronews_20190827-158) The Pantana is bounded by the [Humid Chaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_Chaco "Humid Chaco") to the south, the [Arid Chaco](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid_Chaco "Arid Chaco") dry forests to the southwest, [Cerrado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrado "Cerrado") savannas lie to the north, east and southeast, and the [Chiquitano dry forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquitano_dry_forests "Chiquitano dry forests"), to the west and northwest,[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Mongabay-156) where thousands of hectares burned in Bolivia.
A national parks researcher said that outsiders only know the Amazon, which is a "shame because the Pantanal is a very important ecological place".[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Nature_conservancy-157) The [ParanĂĄ River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River "ParanĂĄ River"), which flows through Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, is the "second largest river system in South America".[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Nature_conservancy_ParaguayParan%C3%A1-159)
Peru had nearly twice the growth in the number of fires in 2019 than Brazil, with most believed to be illegally set by ranchers, miners, and [coca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca "Coca") growers.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190830-18) Much of the fires are in the [Madre de Dios](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Madre_de_Dios "Department of Madre de Dios") which borders Brazil and Bolivia, though the fires there are not a result of those started in the other countries, according to the regional authority. However, they are still concerned about the impact of downwind emissions, particularly carbon monoxide, on residents of Madre de Dios.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Peru_20190823-160) There were 128 forest fires reported in Peru in August 2019.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-peru_fires-161)
## Environmental impacts of the fires
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Environmental impacts of the fires")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_monoxide_from_Amazon_fires.gif)
Images created by the [Atmospheric Infrared Sounder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_Infrared_Sounder "Atmospheric Infrared Sounder") which depict carbon monoxide caused by fires in the Amazon region of Brazil from Aug. 8-22, 2019.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nasa_co-162)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_fire_satellite_image.png)
Locations of active wildfires (marked in orange) in the Amazon as of 22 August 2019
By August 22, NASA's AIRS published maps of increased carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide resulting from Brazil's wildfires.[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-163)[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-nasa_co-162) On the same day, the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union")'s [Copernicus Climate Change Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus_Climate_Change_Service "Copernicus Climate Change Service") reported a "discernible spike" in emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide generated by the fires.[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Smithsonian_Solly_20190822-164)
Areas downwind of the fires have become covered with smoke, which can potentially last upwards of months at a time if the fires are left to burn out. Hospitals in cities like [Porto Velho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Velho "Porto Velho") had reported over three times the average number of cases of patients affected by smoke over the same year-to-year period in August 2019 than in other previous years. Besides hindering breathing, the smoke can exacerbates patients with [asthma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma "Asthma") or [bronchitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis "Bronchitis") and have potential [cancer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer "Cancer") risk, generally affecting the youth and elderly the most.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-165)
According to the [World Wildlife Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund "World Wildlife Fund"), the [jaguar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar "Jaguar"), for example, is already "near threatened" and the loss of food supplies and habitat due to the fires make the situation more critical.[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_amazon-166)
Scientists at the [Natural History Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London "Natural History Museum, London") in London described how while some forests have adapted to fire as "important part of a forest ecosystem's natural cycle", the Amazon rainforestâwhich is "made up of lowland, wetland forests"âis "not well-equipped to deal with fire". Other Amazon basin ecosystems, like the Cerrado region, with its "large savannah, and lots of plants there have thick, corky, fire-resistant stems", is "fire-adapted".[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-167)
Mazeika Sullivan, associate professor at [Ohio State University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University "Ohio State University")'s School of Environment and Natural Resources, explained that the fires could have a massive toll on wildlife in the short term as many animals in the Amazon are not adapted for extraordinary fires. [Sloths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloth "Sloth"), [lizards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard "Lizard"), [anteaters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anteater "Anteater"), and [frogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog "Frog") may unfortunately perish in larger numbers than others due to their small size and lack of mobility. [Endemic species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism "Endemism"), like [Milton's titi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton%27s_titi "Milton's titi") and [Mura's saddleback tamarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mura%27s_saddleback_tamarin "Mura's saddleback tamarin"), are believed to be beset by the fires. Aquatic species could also be affected due to the fires changing the water chemistry into a state unsuitable for life. Long-term effects could be more catastrophic. Parts of the Amazon rainforest's dense [canopy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_\(biology\) "Canopy (biology)") were destroyed by the fires, therefore, exposing the lower levels of the [ecosystem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem "Ecosystem"), which then alters the [energy flow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_\(ecology\) "Energy flow (ecology)") of the food chain.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-Daly-43) The fires affect water chemistry (such as decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water), temperature, and erosion rates, which in turn affects fish and mammals that depend on fish, such as the [giant otter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_otter "Giant otter").[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cnn_amazon-166)
## International actions
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: International actions")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amazon_River_Fires_from_July_to_October_2019_\(cropped\).jpg)
The EU response to the Amazon rainforest wildfires
On August 22, the Bishops Conference for Latin America called the fires a "tragedy" and urged the UN, the international community, and governments of Amazonian countries, to "take serious measures to save the world's lungs".[\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-telegraph_20190822-92) Colombian President [Ivan Duque](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Duque "Ivan Duque") stated he wanted to lead a conservation pact with the other nations that share the Amazon rainforest with plans to present this to the [UN General Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly "United Nations General Assembly"). Duque said, "We must understand the protection of our Mother Earth and our Amazon is a duty, a moral duty."[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190825-102)
[United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations "United Nations") Secretary General [AntĂłnio Guterres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres "AntĂłnio Guterres") stated on August 23, that: "In the midst of the global climate crisis, we cannot afford more damage to a major source of oxygen and biodiversity."[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95)
### G7 Summit and emergency aid
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: G7 Summit and emergency aid")\]
Attention to the wildfires increased in the week prior to the [G7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven "Group of Seven") [summit discussions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_G7_summit "45th G7 summit") on August 24â26 in [Biarritz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz "Biarritz"), France, led by President Macron. Macron stated his intent to open discussions related to the wildfires in the Brazilian part of the Amazon and Bolsonaro's response to them.[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-theguardian_Phillips_20190822-118)[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-168)[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-169) Merkel has also backed Macron's statements and planned to make the issue a part of the G7 discussions; via a spokesperson, Merkel stated: "The extent of the fires in the Amazon area is shocking and threatening, not only for Brazil and the other affected countries, but also for the whole world."[\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-guardian_20190823-95) Macron further stated that possible international statute to protect the rainforest may be needed "if a sovereign state took concrete actions that clearly went against the interest of the planet".[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-170) Bolsonaro expressed concern to United States president [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump"), that with Brazil not part of the G7, the country would be unrepresented in any such debate.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-waspost_20190831-171) Trump offered to take the position of the Brazilian government to the meeting and said that the US government did not agree to discuss the issue without Brazil's presence.[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-172)[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-173) Trump himself was absent from the environmental portion of the summit held on August 26, 2019, that discussed the fires and climate change, though members of his advisory team were in attendance.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-174)
During the summit, Macron and Chilean president [Sebastiån Piñera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era "Sebastiån Piñera") negotiated with the other nations to authorize US\$22 million in emergency funding to Amazonian countries to help fight the fires.[\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-reuters_20190825-102)[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-175) The Trump administration did not approve of the measure as the funding set certain requirements on its use.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-waspost_20190831-171) When the final negotiations were completed, Bolsonaro stated that he would refuse those funds for Brazil, claiming that Macron's interests were about protecting France's agricultural business in French Guiana from Brazil's competition. Bolsonaro also criticised Macron by comparing the Amazon fires to the [Notre-Dame de Paris fire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire "Notre-Dame de Paris fire") earlier in 2019, suggesting Macron should take care of their internal fires before reaching out internationally.[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-176) The governors of the states of Brazil most affected by the fires pressured Bolsonaro to accept the aid given.[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-177) Bolsonaro later clarified that he would accept foreign aid for the fires, but only if Brazil has the authority to determine how it is used.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-cbs_bolsonaro_aid-2)
### Amazon country summit
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Amazon country summit")\]
Brazil's Bolsonaro stated on August 28, 2019, that the countries sharing the Amazon rainforest, excluding Venezuela, will hold a summit in Colombia on September 6, 2019, to discuss the ongoing Amazon fire situation.[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-bloomberg_20190828-178) Representatives from seven countries attended: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana and Suriname. The countries signed a pact to coordinate monitoring of the Amazon forest and disaster response, and a better information network to coordinate their responses. The pact will also seek cooperative efforts to reduce the need for illegal deforestation in their countries.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-179)
'Bolivia and Paraguay agree to work together to mitigate fire in the Amazon' - video news report from Abya Yala TV in [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia").
The media coverage had also broadly overshadowed the Amazon fires in [Bolivia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia "Bolivia"), [Peru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru "Peru"), and [Paraguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay "Paraguay") by the fires and international impact of those in the BLA.[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-wapost_about_fires-13) The Amazon wildfires also occurred shortly after major wildfires reported in Greenland and [Siberia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Siberia_wildfires "2019 Siberia wildfires") after a globally hotter-than-average June and July, drawing away coverage of these natural disasters.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-VOX_Irfan_20190820-82)
Some of these photographs shared on social media were from past fire events in the Amazon or from fires elsewhere.[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-NYTMacronDeadPhotographer-180)[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-181) [Agence France-Presse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_France-Presse "Agence France-Presse") and *[El Comercio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_\(Peru\) "El Comercio (Peru)")* published guides to help people "fact-check" on misleading photos.[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-182)[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-183)
## Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: Celebrity responses to Amazon wildfires")\]
American actor [Leonardo DiCaprio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio") said his environmental organization Earth Alliance is donating \$5 million to local groups and indigenous communities to help protect the Amazon.[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-184) In a webcast on November 28, 2019, President [Jair Bolsonaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro "Jair Bolsonaro") said DiCaprio's donations encourage NGOs to set the fires in return for donations, a charge DiCaprio, Global Wildlife Conservation, and IUCN Species Survival Commission vehemently denied.[\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-dicaprio-106)
[Instagram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram "Instagram") has been a platform for many celebrities who have spoken out about the wildfires such as [Cara Delevingne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cara_Delevingne "Cara Delevingne"), who posted a picture of the wildfires with the caption "\#PrayForAmazonia".[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-185)
Other celebrities who made public contributions include actresses [Vanessa Hudgens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_Hudgens "Vanessa Hudgens") and [Lana Condor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Condor "Lana Condor"), and Japanese musician [Yoshiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiki_\(musician\) "Yoshiki (musician)").[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-186)[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-187)
On August 26, 2019, Europe's richest man, [Bernard Arnault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Arnault "Bernard Arnault"), declared that his [LVMH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH "LVMH") group will donate \$11 million to aid in the fight against the Amazon rainforest wildfires.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-188)
American restaurateur [Eddie Huang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Huang "Eddie Huang") said he is going [vegan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism "Veganism") as a result of the 2019 Amazon fires.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-189) [Khloé Kardashian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlo%C3%A9_Kardashian "Khloé Kardashian") urged her 98 million Instagram followers to adopt a [plant-based diet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant-based_diet "Plant-based diet") for the same reason.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-190) [Leonardo DiCaprio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio "Leonardo DiCaprio") told his Instagram followers to "eliminate or reduce consumption of beef" as "cattle ranching is one of the primary drivers of deforestation."[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-191)
2021 single "[Amazonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonia_\(song\) "Amazonia (song)")" by French metal band [Gojira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojira_\(band\) "Gojira (band)") and its music video are a response the fires.[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-192)
- [2019 Alberta wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Alberta_wildfires "2019 Alberta wildfires")
- [2019 California wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_California_wildfires "2019 California wildfires")
- [2019 Siberia wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Siberia_wildfires "2019 Siberia wildfires")
- [2019 United Kingdom wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_wildfires "2019 United Kingdom wildfires")
- [2019 Washington wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Washington_wildfires "2019 Washington wildfires")
- [2019 wildfire season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_wildfire_season "2019 wildfire season")
- [2019 Southeast Asian haze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Southeast_Asian_haze "2019 Southeast Asian haze")
- [2019â20 Australian bushfire season](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Australian_bushfire_season "2019â20 Australian bushfire season")
- [2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Brazil_rainforest_wildfires "2020 Brazil rainforest wildfires")
- [2024 Brazil wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Brazil_wildfires "2024 Brazil wildfires")
- [2025 South American wildfires](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_South_American_wildfires "2025 South American wildfires")
- [Deforestation in Brazil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil "Deforestation in Brazil")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-124)** *BBC* (2019): "Many claim on social media that the Amazon produces about 20% of the world's oxygen. \[...\] But academics say this is a very common misconception, and that the figure is less than 10%."[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-123)
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_ref-126)** *Scientific American* (2019): "The oft-repeated claim that the Amazon rainforest produces 20% of our planet's oxygen is based on a misunderstanding. In fact nearly all of Earth's breathable oxygen originated in the oceans, and there is enough of it to last for millions of years. There are many reasons to be appalled by this year's Amazon fires, but depleting Earth's oxygen supply is not one of them."[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires#cite_note-125)
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["Situação atual - Programa Queimadas - INPE"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220620131720/https://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal-static/situacao-atual/). *queimadas.dgi.inpe.br*. Archived from [the original](http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal-static/situacao-atual/) on June 20, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
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["Brazil's Bolsonaro says he will accept aid to fight Amazon fires"](https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-wildfires-brazil-spurns-20-million-aid-offer-from-g-7-nations-today-2019-08-27/). *[CBS News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News "CBS News")*. August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
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Moreira, Rinaldo; Valley, Jamari (August 15, 2019). ["Casal morre abraçado ao tentar fugir de queimada em RO"](https://g1.globo.com/ro/ariquemes-e-vale-do-jamari/noticia/2019/08/15/casal-morre-abracado-ao-tentar-fugir-de-queimada-em-ro.ghtml) \[Couple die hugged while trying to escape burnt out RO\]. *[G1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1_\(website\) "G1 (website)")* (in Portuguese). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190815174641/https://g1.globo.com/ro/ariquemes-e-vale-do-jamari/noticia/2019/08/15/casal-morre-abracado-ao-tentar-fugir-de-queimada-em-ro.ghtml) from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
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Prabhjote Gill (January 6, 2020). ["Amazon wildfires will cost Brazil trillions of dollarsâ damage from Australia's bushfires maybe 5 times greater"](https://web.archive.org/web/20201022012906/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/amazon-wildfires-will-cost-brazil-trillions-of-dollars-damage-from-australias-bushfires-maybe-5-times-greater/articleshow/73120609.cms). Business Insider. Archived from [the original](https://www.businessinsider.in/science/environment/news/amazon-wildfires-will-cost-brazil-trillions-of-dollars-damage-from-australias-bushfires-maybe-5-times-greater/articleshow/73120609.cms) on October 22, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
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["'Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-49415973). *[BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News")*. August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
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| External videos |
|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg) [Meet the Ranchers Who Claim the Brazilian Amazon is Theirs to Burn](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcJUSMiKQyY) on [YouTube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_\(identifier\) "YouTube video (identifier)") |
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg) Media related to [2019 wildfires in Brazil](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2019_wildfires_in_Brazil "commons:Category:2019 wildfires in Brazil") at Wikimedia Commons
- ["Updates on wildfires"](http://queimadas.dgi.inpe.br/queimadas/portal). *INPE*. Portal do Programa Queimadas do INPE. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- [Current worldwide map of airborne particulates about one micrometer in diameter, including smoke](https://earth.nullschool.net/#current/particulates/surface/level/overlay=pm1/winkel3) |
| Shard | 152 (laksa) |
| Root Hash | 17790707453426894952 |
| Unparsed URL | org,wikipedia!en,/wiki/2019_Amazon_rainforest_wildfires s443 |