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| Boilerpipe Text | 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
âÂ
1975
23 June 2016
Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
Outcome
The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union
(
Brexit
)
Results
Choice
Votes
%
Leave
17,410,742
51.89%
Remain
16,141,241
48.11%
Valid votes
33,551,983
99.92%
Invalid or blank votes
25,359
0.08%
Total votes
33,577,342
100.00%
Registered voters/turnout
46,500,001
72.21%
Results by local voting area
Leave
:
   Â
 50â60%
   Â
 60â70%
   Â
 70â80%
Remain
:
   Â
 50â60%
   Â
 60â70%
   Â
 70â80%
   Â
 90â100%
On the map, the darker shades for a colour indicate a larger margin. The electorate of 46.5 million represents 70.8% of the population.
The
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
, commonly referred to as the
EU referendum
or the
Brexit referendum
, was a referendum that took place on 23 June 2016 in the
United Kingdom
(UK) and
Gibraltar
under the provisions of the
European Union Referendum Act 2015
to ask the electorate whether the country should continue to remain a member of, or leave, the
European Union
(EU). The result was a vote in favour of leaving the EU, triggering calls to begin the process of the country's
withdrawal from the EU
commonly termed "
Brexit
".
Since 1973
, the UK had been a
member state of the EU
and its predecessor organisation the
European Communities
(EC) (principally the
European Economic Community
(EEC), along with other international bodies. The constitutional implications of membership for the UK became a topic of debate domestically particularly regarding sovereignty.
A referendum on continued membership of the European Communities
(EC) to try and settle the issue was held in 1975, with 67% of voters approving continued membership.
[
1
]
Between 1975 and 2016 as
European integration
significantly deepened, subsequent EC/EU treaties and agreements were ratified by the
UK Parliament
but without any public approval. Following the
Conservative Party
's victory at the
2015 general election
as a main manifesto pledge, the legal basis for the EU referendum was established through the
European Union Referendum Act 2015
. Prime Minister
David Cameron
also oversaw
a renegotiation of the terms of EU membership
, intending to implement these changes in the event of a Remain result. The referendum was legally non-binding due to the ancient principle of
parliamentary sovereignty
, although the government promised to implement the result.
[
2
]
Official campaigning
took place between 15 April and 23 June 2016. The official group for remaining in the EU was
Britain Stronger in Europe
while
Vote Leave
was the official group endorsing leaving.
[
3
]
Other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, trade unions, newspapers and prominent individuals were also involved, with both sides having supporters from across the political spectrum. Parties in favour of remaining included
Labour
, the
Liberal Democrats
, the
Scottish National Party
,
Plaid Cymru
and the
Green Party
;
[
4
]
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
while the
UK Independence Party
campaigned in favour of leaving;
[
8
]
and the Conservative Party remained neutral.
[
9
]
In spite of the Conservative and Labour Party's official positions, both parties allowed their Members of Parliament to publicly campaign for either side of the issue.
[
10
]
[
11
]
Campaign issues
included the costs and benefits of membership for the UK's economy,
freedom of movement
and migration. Several
allegations of unlawful campaigning
and
Russian interference
arose during and after the referendum.
The results
recorded 51.9% of the votes cast being in favour of leaving. Most areas of
England
and
Wales
had a majority for Leave, and the majority of voters in
Scotland
,
Northern Ireland
,
Greater London
and Gibraltar chose Remain. Voter preference correlated with age, level of education and socioeconomic factors. The
causes and reasoning
of the Leave result have been the subject of analysis and commentary.
Immediately after the result
, financial markets reacted negatively worldwide, and Cameron announced that he would resign as prime minister and
leader of the Conservative Party
, which he did in July. The referendum prompted
an array of international reactions
.
Jeremy Corbyn
faced
a Labour Party leadership challenge
as a result of the referendum. In 2017, the
UK gave formal notice
of intent to withdraw from the EU, with the withdrawal being formalised in 2020.
The
European Communities
were formed in the 1950s â the
European Coal and Steel Community
(ECSC) in 1952, and the
European Atomic Energy Community
(EAEC or Euratom) and
European Economic Community
(EEC) in 1957.
[
12
]
The EEC, the more ambitious of the three, came to be known as the "Common Market". The UK first applied to join them in 1961, but this was vetoed by France.
[
12
]
A later application was successful, and the UK joined in 1973; two years later, a
national referendum on continuing EC membership
resulted in 67.2% voting "Yes" in favour of continued membership, on a 64.6% national turnout.
[
12
]
However, no further referendums on the issue of the United Kingdom's relationship with Europe were held and successive British governments integrated further into the European project, which gained focus when the
Maastricht Treaty
established the
European Union
(EU) in 1993, which incorporated (and after the
Lisbon Treaty
, succeeded) the European Communities.
[
12
]
[
13
]
Growing pressure for a referendum
[
edit
]
At the May
2012 NATO summit meeting
, UK Prime Minister
David Cameron
,
Foreign Secretary
William Hague
and
Ed Llewellyn
discussed the idea of using a European Union referendum as a concession to the
Eurosceptic
wing of the Conservative Party.
[
14
]
On 20 June 2012, a three-clause
private member's
bill
was introduced into the
House of Commons
by the then Eurosceptic
MP
Douglas Carswell
to end the United Kingdom's EU membership and repeal the European Communities Act 1972, but without containing any commitment to the holding of any referendum. It received a second reading in a half-hour long debate in the chamber on 26 October 2012, but did not progress any further.
[
15
]
Conservative
MP
James Wharton introduced a
Private member's
bill
to the
House of Commons
in 2013 committing the UK to holding a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of 2017 which passed all of its stages in the chamber before it was blocked in the
House of Lords
early in 2014.
During the 2015 general election campaign,
David Cameron
promised to renegotiate the terms of the UK's EU membership and later hold a referendum on the subject if a Conservative majority government was elected.
In January 2013, Cameron delivered the
Bloomberg speech
and promised that, should the Conservatives win a parliamentary majority at the
2015 general election
, the
British government
would negotiate more favourable arrangements for continuing British membership of the EU, before holding a referendum on whether the UK should remain in or leave the EU.
[
16
]
The Conservative Party published a draft EU Referendum Bill in May 2013, and outlined its plans for renegotiation followed by an in-out vote (i.e. a referendum giving options only of leaving and of remaining in under the current terms, or under new terms if these had become available), were the party to be re-elected in 2015.
[
17
]
The draft Bill stated that the referendum had to be held no later than 31 December 2017.
[
18
]
The draft legislation was taken forward as a
Private member's bill
by Conservative MP
James Wharton
which was known as the
European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013
.
[
19
]
The bill's First Reading in the
House of Commons
took place on 19 June 2013.
[
20
]
Cameron was said by a spokesperson to be "very pleased" and would ensure the Bill was given "the full support of the Conservative Party".
[
21
]
Regarding the ability of the bill to bind the UK Government in the
2015â20 Parliament
(which indirectly, as a result of the referendum itself, proved to last only two years) to holding such a referendum, a parliamentary research paper noted that:
The Bill simply provides for a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of December 2017 and does not otherwise specify the timing, other than requiring the Secretary of State to bring forward orders by the end of 2016. [...] If no party obtained a majority at the [next general election due in 2015], there might be some uncertainty about the passage of the orders in the next Parliament.
[
22
]
The bill received its Second Reading on 5 July 2013, passing by 304 votes to none after almost all
Labour
MPs and all
Liberal Democrat
MPs abstained, cleared the Commons in November 2013, and was then introduced to the
House of Lords
in December 2013, where members voted to block the bill.
[
23
]
Conservative MP
Bob Neill
then introduced an Alternative Referendum Bill to the Commons.
[
24
]
[
25
]
After a debate on 17 October 2014, it passed to the
Public Bills Committee
, but because the Commons failed to pass a
money resolution
, the bill was unable to progress further before the
dissolution of parliament
on 27 March 2015.
[
26
]
[
27
]
At the
European Parliament election in 2014
, the
UK Independence Party
(UKIP) secured more votes and more seats than any other party, the first time a party other than the Conservatives or Labour had topped a nationwide poll in 108 years, leaving the Conservatives in third place.
[
28
]
Under
Ed Miliband
's leadership between 2010 and 2015, the Labour Party ruled out an in-out referendum unless and until a further transfer of powers from the UK to the EU were to be proposed.
[
29
]
In their manifesto for the 2015 general election, the Liberal Democrats pledged to hold an in-out referendum only in the event of there being a change in the EU treaties.
[
30
]
The UK Independence Party (UKIP), the
British National Party
(BNP), the
Green Party
,
[
31
]
the
Democratic Unionist Party
[
32
]
and the
Respect Party
[
33
]
all supported the principle of a referendum.
When the Conservative Party won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the
2015 general election
, Cameron reiterated his party's
manifesto
commitment to hold an in-out referendum on UK membership of the EU by the end of 2017, but only after "negotiating a new settlement for Britain in the EU".
[
34
]
Renegotiation before the referendum
[
edit
]
In early 2014,
David Cameron
outlined the changes he aimed to bring about in the EU and in the UK's relationship with it.
[
35
]
These were: additional immigration controls, especially for citizens of new EU member states; tougher immigration rules for present EU citizens; new powers for national parliaments collectively to veto proposed EU laws; new free-trade agreements and a reduction in bureaucracy for businesses; a lessening of the influence of the
European Court of Human Rights
on British police and courts; more power for individual member states, and less for the central EU; and abandonment of the EU notion of "ever closer union".
[
35
]
He intended to bring these about during a series of negotiations with other EU leaders and then, if re-elected, to announce a referendum.
[
35
]
In November that year, Cameron gave an update on the negotiations and further details of his aims.
[
36
]
The key demands made of the EU were: on economic governance, to recognise officially that
Eurozone
laws would not necessarily apply to non-Eurozone EU members and the latter would not have to bail out troubled Eurozone economies; on competitiveness, to expand the single market and to set a target for the reduction of bureaucracy for businesses; on sovereignty, for the UK to be legally exempted from "ever closer union" and for national parliaments to be able collectively to veto proposed EU laws; and, on immigration, for EU citizens going to the UK for work to be unable to claim social housing or in-work benefits until they had worked there for four years, and for them to be unable to send
child benefit
payments overseas.
[
36
]
[
37
]
The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016.
[
38
]
The renegotiated terms were in addition to the United Kingdom's existing
opt-outs in the European Union
and the
UK rebate
. The significance of the changes to the EU-UK agreement was contested and speculated upon, with none of the changes considered fundamental, but some considered important to many British people.
[
38
]
Some limits to in-work benefits for EU immigrants were agreed, but these would apply on a sliding scale for four years and would be for new immigrants only; before they could be applied, a country would have to get permission from the
European Council
.
[
38
]
Child benefit payments could still be made overseas, but these would be linked to the cost of living in the other country.
[
39
]
On sovereignty, the UK was reassured that it would not be required to participate in "ever closer union"; these reassurances were "in line with existing EU law".
[
38
]
Cameron's demand to allow national parliaments to veto proposed EU laws was modified to allow national parliaments collectively to object to proposed EU laws, in which case the European Council would reconsider the proposal before itself deciding what to do.
[
38
]
On economic governance, anti-discrimination regulations for non-Eurozone members would be reinforced, but they would be unable to veto any legislation.
[
40
]
The final two areas covered were proposals to "exclude from the scope of free movement rights, third country nationals who had no prior lawful residence in a Member State before marrying a Union citizen"
[
41
]
and to make it easier for member states to deport EU nationals for public policy or public security reasons.
[
42
]
The extent to which the various parts of the agreement would be legally binding is complex; no part of the agreement itself changed EU law, but some parts could be enforceable in international law.
[
43
]
The EU had reportedly offered
David Cameron
a so-called "emergency brake", which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years.
[
44
]
That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU. Cameron claimed that "he could have avoided Brexit had European leaders let him control migration", according to the
Financial Times
.
[
45
]
[
46
]
However,
Angela Merkel
said that the offer had not been made by the EU. Merkel stated in the
German Parliament
: "If you wish to have free access to the single market then you have to accept the fundamental European rights as well as obligations that come from it. This is as true for Great Britain as for anybody else."
[
47
]
The planned referendum was included in the
Queen's Speech
on 27 May 2015.
[
48
]
It was suggested at the time that Cameron was planning to hold the referendum in October 2016,
[
49
]
but the European Union Referendum Act 2015, which authorised it, went before the House of Commons the following day, just three weeks after the election.
[
50
]
On the bill's second reading on 9 June, members of the House of Commons voted by 544 to 53 in favour, endorsing the principle of holding a referendum, with only the
Scottish National Party
voting against.
[
51
]
In contrast to the Labour Party's position prior to the 2015 general election under Miliband, acting Labour leader
Harriet Harman
committed her party to supporting plans for an EU referendum by 2017, a position maintained by elected leader
Jeremy Corbyn
.
[
52
]
To enable the referendum to take place, the European Union Referendum Act
[
53
]
was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It extended to include and take legislative effect in
Gibraltar
,
[
54
]
[
55
]
and received royal assent on 17 December 2015. The Act was, in turn, confirmed, enacted and implemented in Gibraltar by the
European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)
,
[
56
]
which was passed by the
Gibraltar Parliament
and entered into law upon receiving the assent of the
Governor of Gibraltar
on 28 January 2016.
The European Union Referendum Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK's continued membership of the European Union (EU) before the end of 2017. It did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum. Instead, it was designed to gauge the electorate's opinion on EU membership. The referendums held in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1997 and 1998 are examples of this type, where opinion was tested before legislation was introduced.
The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented
, unlike, for example, the
Republic of Ireland
, where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in
its constitution
. In contrast, the legislation that provided for the referendum held on AV in May 2011 would have implemented the new system of voting without further legislation, provided that the boundary changes also provided for in the
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
were also implemented. In the event, there was a substantial majority against any change. The 1975 referendum was held after the re-negotiated terms of the UK's EC membership had been agreed by all EC Member States, and the terms set out in a command paper and agreed by both Houses.
[
57
]
Following the 2016 referendum, the High Court confirmed that the result was not legally binding, owing to the constitutional principles of parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy, and the legislation authorising the referendum did not contain clear words to the contrary.
[
58
]
Referendum question
[
edit
]
Sample referendum ballot paper
Research by the Electoral Commission confirmed that its recommended question "was clear and straightforward for voters, and was the most neutral wording from the range of options ... considered and tested", citing responses to its consultation by a diverse range of consultees.
[
59
]
The proposed question was accepted by the government in September 2015, shortly before the bill's third reading.
[
60
]
The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum under the
Act
was:
Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
with the responses to the question (to be marked with a single (X)):
Remain a member of the European Union
Leave the European Union
and in
Welsh
:
A ddylai'r Deyrnas Unedig aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd neu adael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd?
with the responses (to be marked with a single (X)):
Aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd
Gadael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd
Prior to being officially announced, it was widely speculated that a June date for the referendum was a serious possibility. The First Ministers of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales co-signed a letter to Cameron on 3 February 2016 asking him not to hold the referendum in June, as devolved elections were scheduled to take place the previous month on 5 May. These elections had been postponed for a year to avoid a clash with the 2015 general election, after Westminster had implemented the
Fixed-term Parliament Act
. Cameron refused this request, saying people were able to make up their own minds in multiple elections spaced at least six weeks from each other.
[
61
]
[
62
]
On 20 February 2016, Cameron announced that the UK Government would formally recommend to the British people that the UK should remain a member of a reformed European Union and that the referendum would be held on 23 June, marking the official launch of the campaign. He also announced that Parliament would enact secondary legislation on 22 February relating to the European Union Referendum Act 2015. With the official launch, ministers of the UK Government were then free to campaign on either side of the argument in a rare exception to
Cabinet collective responsibility
.
[
63
]
Eligibility to vote
[
edit
]
The right to vote in the referendum in the United Kingdom is defined by the legislation as limited to residents of the United Kingdom who were either also
Commonwealth citizens
under
Section 37
of the
British Nationality Act 1981
(which include
British citizens
and other British nationals
), or those who were also
citizens of the Republic of Ireland
, or both. Members of the
House of Lords
, who could not vote in general elections, were able to vote in the referendum. The electorate of 46,500,001 represented 70.8% of the population of 65,678,000 (
UK
and
Gibraltar
).
[
64
]
Other than the residents of Gibraltar, British Overseas Territories Citizens residing in the British Overseas Territories were unable to vote in the referendum.
[
65
]
[
66
]
Residents of the United Kingdom who were citizens of other EU countries were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens (or were also citizens) of the Republic of Ireland, of
Malta
, or of the Republic of
Cyprus
.
[
67
]
The
Representation of the People Acts 1983
(1983 c. 2)
and
1985
(1985 c. 50)
, as amended, also permit certain British citizens (but not other British nationals) to vote while resident outside of the United Kingdom, provided they had been living abroad for no more than 15 years.
[
68
]
A legal challenge to this time limit, brought by British citizens living in Italy and Belgium on the grounds that it interfered with the
EU right of free movement
, was dismissed by the
High Court
and on appeal by the
Supreme Court
.
[
69
]
Voting on the day of the referendum was from 0700 to 2200
BST
(
WEST
) (0700 to 2200
CEST
in Gibraltar) in some 41,000 polling stations staffed by over 100,000
poll workers
. Each polling station was specified to have no more than 2,500 registered voters.
[
citation needed
]
Under the provisions of the
Representation of the People Act 2000
, postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote (2 June 2016).
The minimum age for voters in the referendum was set to 18 years, in line with the Representation of the People Act, as amended. A House of Lords amendment proposing to lower the minimum age to 16 years was rejected.
[
70
]
The deadline to register to vote was initially midnight on 7 June 2016; however, this was extended by 48 hours owing to technical problems with the official registration website on 7 June, caused by unusually high web traffic. Some supporters of the Leave campaign, including the Conservative MP
Sir Gerald Howarth
, criticised the government's decision to extend the deadline, alleging it gave Remain an advantage because many late registrants were young people who were considered to be more likely to vote for Remain.
[
71
]
According to provisional figures from the Electoral Commission, almost 46.5Â million people were eligible to vote.
[
72
]
Registration problems
[
edit
]
Nottingham City Council
emailed a
Vote Leave
supporter to say that the council was unable to check whether the nationality that people stated on their voting registration form was true, and hence that they simply had to assume that the information that was submitted was, indeed, correct.
[
73
]
3,462 EU nationals were wrongly sent postal voting cards, due to an IT issue experienced by Xpress, an electoral software supplier to a number of councils. Xpress was initially unable to confirm the exact number of those affected. The matter was resolved by the issuance of a software patch which rendered the wrongly recorded electors ineligible to vote on 23 June.
[
73
]
Residents of the
Crown Dependencies
(which are not part of the United Kingdom), namely the
Isle of Man
and the Bailiwicks of
Jersey
and
Guernsey
, even if they were British citizens, were excluded from the referendum unless they were also previous residents of the United Kingdom (that is England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland).
[
74
]
Some residents of the Isle of Man protested that they, as full British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 and living within the
British Islands
, should also have been given the opportunity to vote in the referendum, as the Isle and the Bailiwicks, although not included as if they were part of the United Kingdom for the purpose of European Union (and
European Economic Area
(EEA)) membership (as is the case with Gibraltar), would also have been significantly affected by the outcome and impact of the referendum.
[
74
]
Britain Stronger in Europe
campaigners, London, June 2016
Referendum posters for both the Leave and Remain campaigns in
Pimlico
, London
Remain campaign "I'm in" sticker
In October 2015,
Britain Stronger in Europe
, a cross-party group campaigning for Britain to remain a member of the EU, was formed.
[
75
]
There were two rival groups promoting British withdrawal from the EU that sought to become the official Leave campaign:
Leave.EU
(which was endorsed by most of
UKIP
, including
Nigel Farage
), and
Vote Leave
(endorsed by Conservative Party Eurosceptics). In January 2016,
Nigel Farage
and the Leave.EU campaign became part of the
Grassroots Out
movement, which was borne out of infighting between Vote Leave and Leave.EU campaigners.
[
76
]
[
77
]
In April, the
Electoral Commission
announced that Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave were to be designated as the official remain and leave campaigns respectively.
[
78
]
This gave them the right to spend up to ÂŁ7,000,000, a free mailshot, TV broadcasts and ÂŁ600,000 in public funds. The UK Government's official position was to support the Remain campaign. Nevertheless, Cameron announced that Conservative Ministers and MPs were free to campaign in favour of remaining in the EU or leaving it, according to their conscience. This decision came after mounting pressure for a
free vote
for ministers.
[
79
]
In an exception to the usual rule of
cabinet collective responsibility
, Cameron allowed cabinet ministers to campaign publicly for EU withdrawal.
[
80
]
A Government-backed campaign was launched in April.
[
81
]
On 16 June, all official national campaigning was suspended until 19 June following the
murder of Jo Cox
.
[
82
]
After internal polls suggested that 85% of the UK population wanted more information about the referendum from the government,
a leaflet
was sent to every household in the UK.
[
83
]
It contained details about why the government believed the UK should remain in the EU. This leaflet was criticised by those wanting to leave as giving the remain side an unfair advantage; it was also described as being inaccurate and a waste of taxpayers' money (it cost ÂŁ9.3m in total).
[
84
]
During the campaign,
Nigel Farage
suggested that there would be public demand for a second referendum should the result be a remain win closer than 52â48%, because the leaflet meant that the remain side had been permitted to spend more money than the leave side.
[
85
]
In the week beginning on 16 May, the
Electoral Commission
sent a voting guide regarding the referendum to every household within the UK and Gibraltar to raise awareness of the upcoming referendum. The eight-page guide contained details on how to vote, as well as a sample of the actual ballot paper, and a whole page each was given to the campaign groups Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave to present their case.
[
86
]
[
87
]
The Vote Leave campaign argued that if the UK left the EU, national
sovereignty
would be protected, immigration controls could be imposed, and the UK would be able to sign trade deals with the rest of the world. The UK would also be able to stop membership payments to the EU every week.
[
88
]
[
note 1
]
The Britain Stronger in Europe campaign argued that leaving the European Union would damage the UK economy, and that the status of the UK as a world influence was hinged upon its membership.
[
91
]
Responses to the referendum campaign
[
edit
]
In the run up to the referendum, of the 650 MPs elected to the
2015-17 UK Parliament
a total of 479 MPs publicly declared their intention to vote in favour of remaining in the European Union compared with just 158 MPs who declared their intention to vote in favour of leaving the European Union.
Â
 Leave
Â
 Remain
The tables list political parties with representation in the
House of Commons
or the
House of Lords
, the
European Parliament
, the
Scottish Parliament
, the
Northern Ireland Assembly
, the
Welsh Parliament
, or the
Gibraltar Parliament
at the time of the referendum.
Position
Political parties
Ref.
Remain
Green Party of England and Wales
[
92
]
Labour Party
[
93
]
[
94
]
Liberal Democrats
[
95
]
Plaid Cymru
â The Party of Wales
[
96
]
Scottish Greens
[
97
]
Scottish National Party
(SNP)
[
98
]
[
99
]
Leave
UK Independence Party
(UKIP)
[
100
]
Neutral
Conservative Party
[
101
]
Position
Political parties
Ref.
Remain
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
[
102
]
[
103
]
Green Party Northern Ireland
[
104
]
Sinn FĂŠin
[
105
]
Social Democratic and Labour Party
(SDLP)
[
106
]
Ulster Unionist Party
(UUP)
[
107
]
Leave
Democratic Unionist Party
(DUP)
[
108
]
[
109
]
People Before Profit
(PBP)
[
110
]
Traditional Unionist Voice
(TUV)
[
111
]
Position
Political parties
Ref.
Remain
Gibraltar Social Democrats
[
112
]
Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party
[
113
]
Liberal Party of Gibraltar
[
113
]
Among minor parties, the
Socialist Labour Party
, the
Communist Party of Britain
,
Britain First
,
[
114
]
the
British National Party
(BNP),
[
115
]
ĂirĂgĂ
[Ireland],
[
116
]
the
Respect Party
,
[
117
]
the
Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition
(TUSC),
[
118
]
the
Social Democratic Party
,
[
119
]
the
Liberal Party
,
[
120
]
Independence from Europe
,
[
121
]
and the
Workers' Party
[Ireland]
[
122
]
supported leaving the EU.
The
Scottish Socialist Party
(SSP),
Left Unity
and
Mebyon Kernow
[Cornwall] supported remaining in the EU.
[
123
]
[
124
]
[
125
]
The
Socialist Party of Great Britain
supported neither leave nor remain and the
Women's Equality Party
had no official position on the issue.
[
126
]
[
127
]
[
128
]
[
129
]
The
Socialist Equality Party
called for an "active
boycott
" of the referendum.
[
130
]
The
Cabinet of the United Kingdom
is a body responsible for making decisions on policy and organising
governmental departments
; it is chaired by the Prime Minister and contains most of the government's ministerial heads.
[
131
]
Following the announcement of the referendum in February, 23 of the 30 Cabinet ministers (including attendees) supported the UK staying in the EU.
[
132
]
Iain Duncan Smith
, in favour of leaving, resigned on 19 March and was replaced by
Stephen Crabb
who was in favour of remaining.
[
132
]
[
133
]
Crabb was already a cabinet member, as the
Secretary of State for Wales
, and his replacement,
Alun Cairns
, was in favour of remaining, bringing the total number of pro-remain Cabinet members to 25.
Various UK multinationals have stated that they would not like the UK to leave the EU because of the uncertainty it would cause, such as
Shell
,
[
134
]
BT
[
135
]
and
Vodafone
,
[
136
]
with some assessing the
pros and cons
of Britain exiting.
[
137
]
The banking sector was one of the most vocal advocating to stay in the EU, with the
British Bankers' Association
saying: "Businesses don't like that kind of uncertainty".
[
138
]
RBS
warned of potential damage to the economy.
[
139
]
Furthermore,
HSBC
and foreign-based banks
JP Morgan
and
Deutsche Bank
claim a Brexit might result in the banks' changing domicile.
[
140
]
[
141
]
According to
Goldman Sachs
and the
City of London
's policy chief, all such factors could impact on the City of London's present status as a European and global market leader in financial services.
[
142
]
In February 2016, leaders of 36 of the
FTSE 100
companies, including Shell,
BAE Systems
, BT and
Rio Tinto
, officially supported staying in the EU.
[
143
]
Moreover, 60% of the
Institute of Directors
and the
EEF
memberships supported staying.
[
144
]
Many UK-based businesses, including
Sainsbury's
, remained steadfastly neutral, concerned that taking sides in the divisive issue could lead to a backlash from customers.
[
145
]
Richard Branson
stated that he was "very fearful" of the consequences of a UK exit from the EU.
[
146
]
Alan Sugar
expressed similar concern.
[
147
]
James Dyson
, founder of the
Dyson company
, argued in June 2016 that the introduction of tariffs would be less damaging for British exporters than the appreciation of the pound against the Euro, arguing that, because Britain ran a 100Â billion pound
trade deficit
with the EU, tariffs could represent a significant revenue source for the Treasury.
[
148
]
Pointing out that languages, plugs and laws differ between EU member states, Dyson said that the 28-country bloc was not a
single market
, and argued the fastest growing markets were outside the EU.
[
148
]
Engineering company
Rolls-Royce
wrote to employees to say that it did not want the UK to leave the EU.
[
149
]
Surveys of large UK businesses showed a strong majority favoured the UK remaining in the EU.
[
150
]
Small and medium-sized UK businesses were more evenly split.
[
150
]
Polls of foreign businesses found that around half would be less likely to do business in the UK, while 1% would increase their investment in the UK.
[
151
]
[
152
]
[
153
]
Two large car manufacturers,
Ford
and
BMW
, warned in 2013 against Brexit, suggesting it would be "devastating" for the economy.
[
154
]
Conversely, in 2015, some other manufacturing executives told Reuters that they would not shut their plants if the UK left the EU, although future investment might be put at risk.
[
155
]
The CEO of
Vauxhall
stated that a Brexit would not materially affect its business.
[
156
]
Foreign-based
Toyota
CEO
Akio Toyoda
confirmed that, whether or not Britain left the EU, Toyota would carry on manufacturing cars in Britain as they had done before.
[
157
]
Exchange rates and stock markets
[
edit
]
In the week following conclusion of the
UK's renegotiation
(and especially after
Boris Johnson
announced that he would support the UK leaving), the pound fell to a seven-year low against the dollar and economists at
HSBC
warned that it could drop even more.
[
158
]
At the same time, Daragh Maher, head of HSBC, suggested that if Sterling dropped in value so would the Euro. European banking analysts also cited Brexit concerns as the reason for the Euro's decline.
[
159
]
Immediately after a poll in June 2016 showed that the Leave campaign was 10 points ahead, the pound dropped by a further one per cent.
[
160
]
In the same month, it was announced that the value of goods exported from the UK in April had shown a month-on-month increase of 11.2%, "the biggest rise since records started in 1998".
[
161
]
[
162
]
Uncertainty over the referendum result, together with several other factorsâUS interest rates rising, low commodity prices, low Eurozone growth and concerns over emerging markets such as Chinaâcontributed to a high level of stock market volatility in January and February 2016.
[
citation needed
]
On 14 June, polls showing that a Brexit was more likely led to the FTSE 100 falling by 2%, losing ÂŁ98Â billion in value.
[
163
]
[
164
]
After further polls suggested a move back towards Remain, the pound and the FTSE recovered.
[
165
]
On the day of the referendum, sterling hit a 2016 high of $1.5018 for ÂŁ1 and the FTSE 100 also climbed to a 2016 high, as a new poll suggested a win for the Remain campaign.
[
166
]
Initial results suggested a vote for 'Remain' and the value of the pound held its value. However, when the result for
Sunderland
was announced, it indicated an unexpected swing to 'Leave'. Subsequent results appeared to confirm this swing and sterling fell in value to $1.3777, its lowest level since 1985. On the following Monday when the markets opened, ÂŁ1 sterling fell to a new low of $1.32.
[
167
]
Muhammad Ali Nasir and Jamie Morgan two British economists differentiated and reflected on the weakness of the Sterling due to the weak external position of the UK's economy and the further role played by the uncertainty surrounding Brexit
[
168
]
They reported that during the week of the referendum, up to the declaration of the result, exchange rate depreciation deviated from the long-run trend by approximately 3.5 per cent, but the actual immediate effect on the exchange rate was an 8 per cent depreciation. Furthermore, that over the period from the announcement of the referendum, the exchange rate fluctuated markedly around its trend and one can also identify a larger effect based on the "wrong-footing" of markets at the point when the outcome was announced.
[
168
]
When the
London Stock Exchange
opened on the morning of 24 June, the FTSE 100 fell from 6338.10 to 5806.13 in the first ten minutes of trading. It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes, before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day's trading. When the markets reopened the following Monday, the FTSE 100 showed a steady decline losing over 2% by mid-afternoon.
[
169
]
Upon opening later on the Friday after the referendum, the US
Dow Jones Industrial Average
dropped nearly 450 points or about 2½% in less than half an hour. The
Associated Press
called the sudden worldwide stock market decline a
stock market crash
.
[
170
]
Investors in worldwide stock markets lost more than the equivalent of
US$
2Â trillion on 24 June 2016, making it the worst single-day
loss in history, in absolute terms
.
[
171
]
The market losses amounted to US$3Â trillion by 27 June.
[
172
]
Sterling
fell to a 31-year low against the US dollar.
[
173
]
The UK's and the EU's sovereign debt
credit ratings
were also lowered to AA by
Standard & Poor's
.
[
174
]
[
175
]
By mid-afternoon on 27 June 2016, sterling was at a 31-year low, having fallen 11% in two trading days, and the FTSE 100 had surrendered ÂŁ85Â billion;
[
176
]
however, by 29 June it had recovered all its losses since the markets closed on polling day and the value of the pound had begun to rise.
[
177
]
[
178
]
The referendum was generally well-accepted by the European far right.
[
179
]
Marine Le Pen
, the leader of the French
Front national
, described the possibility of a Brexit as "like the
fall of the Berlin Wall
" and commented that "Brexit would be marvellous â extraordinary â for all European peoples who long for freedom".
[
180
]
A poll in France in April 2016 showed that 59% of the French people were in favour of Britain remaining in the EU.
[
181
]
Dutch politician
Geert Wilders
, leader of the
Party for Freedom
, said that the
Netherlands
should follow Britain's example: "Like in the 1940s, once again Britain could help liberate Europe from another totalitarian monster, this time called 'Brussels'. Again, we could be saved by the British."
[
182
]
Polish President
Andrzej Duda
lent his support for the UK remaining within the EU.
[
183
]
Moldovan Prime Minister
Pavel Filip
asked all citizens of Moldova living in the UK to speak to their British friends and convince them to vote for the UK to remain in the EU.
[
184
]
Spanish foreign minister
JosĂŠ GarcĂa-Margallo
said Spain would demand control of
Gibraltar
the "very next day" after a British withdrawal from the EU.
[
185
]
Margallo also threatened to close the border with Gibraltar if Britain left the EU.
[
186
]
Swedish foreign minister
Margot WallstrĂśm
said on 11 June 2016 that if Britain left the EU, other countries would have referendums on whether to leave the EU, and that if Britain stayed in the EU, other countries would negotiate, ask and demand to have special treatment.
[
187
]
Czech prime minister
Bohuslav Sobotka
suggested in February 2016 that the Czech Republic would start discussions on leaving the EU if the UK voted for an EU exit.
[
188
]
Non-European responses
[
edit
]
International Monetary Fund
[
edit
]
Christine Lagarde
, the managing director of the
International Monetary Fund
, warned in February 2016 that the uncertainty over the outcome of the referendum would be bad "in and of itself" for the British economy.
[
189
]
In response, Leave campaigner
Priti Patel
said a previous warning from the IMF regarding the
coalition government's
deficit plan for the UK was proven incorrect and that the IMF "were wrong then and are wrong now".
[
190
]
In October 2015,
United States Trade Representative
Michael Froman
declared that the United States was not keen on pursuing a separate
free-trade agreement
(FTA) with Britain if it were to leave the EU, thus, according to
The Guardian
newspaper, undermining a key economic argument of proponents of those who say Britain would prosper on its own and be able to secure bilateral FTAs with trading partners.
[
191
]
Also in October 2015, the
United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
Matthew Barzun
said that UK participation in NATO and the EU made each group "better and stronger" and that, while the decision to remain or leave is a choice for the British people, it was in the US interest that it remain.
[
192
]
In April 2016, eight former
US Secretaries of the Treasury
, who had served both
Democratic
and
Republican
presidents, urged Britain to remain in the EU.
[
193
]
In July 2015, President
Barack Obama
confirmed the long-standing US preference for the UK to remain in the EU. Obama said: "Having the UK in the EU gives us much greater confidence about the strength of the transatlantic union, and is part of the cornerstone of the institutions built following
World War II
that has made the world safer and more prosperous. We want to make sure that the United Kingdom continues to have that influence."
[
194
]
Some Conservative MPs accused U.S. President
Barack Obama
of interfering in the Brexit vote,
[
195
]
[
196
]
with
Boris Johnson
calling the intervention a "piece of outrageous and exorbitant hypocrisy"
[
197
]
and UKIP leader
Nigel Farage
accusing him of "monstrous interference", saying "You wouldn't expect the British Prime Minister to intervene in your presidential election, you wouldn't expect the Prime Minister to endorse one candidate or another."
[
198
]
Obama's intervention was criticised by Republican Senator
Ted Cruz
as "a slap in the face of British self-determination as the president, typically, elevated an international organisation over the rights of a sovereign people", and stated that "Britain will be at the front of the line for a free trade deal with America", were Brexit to occur.
[
199
]
[
200
]
More than 100 MPs from the Conservatives, Labour, UKIP and the
DUP
wrote a letter to the U.S. ambassador in London asking President Obama not to intervene in the Brexit vote as it had "long been the established practice not to interfere in the domestic political affairs of our allies and we hope that this will continue to be the case."
[
201
]
[
202
]
Two years later, one of Obama's former aides recounted that the public intervention was made following a request by Cameron.
[
203
]
Prior to the vote, Republican presidential candidate
Donald Trump
anticipated that Britain would leave based on its concerns over migration,
[
204
]
while Democratic presidential candidate
Hillary Clinton
hoped that Britain would remain in the EU to strengthen transatlantic co-operation.
[
205
]
In October 2015, Chinese President
Xi Jinping
declared his support for Britain remaining in the EU, saying "China hopes to see a prosperous Europe and a united EU, and hopes Britain, as an important member of the EU, can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China-EU ties". Chinese diplomats have stated "off the record" that the People's Republic sees the EU as a counterbalance to American economic power, and that an EU without Britain would mean a stronger United States.
[
citation needed
]
In February 2016, the finance ministers from the
G20
major economies warned for the UK to leave the EU would lead to "a shock" in the global economy.
[
206
]
[
207
]
In May 2016, the Australian Prime Minister
Malcolm Turnbull
said that Australia would prefer the UK to remain in the EU, but that it was a matter for the British people, and "whatever judgement they make, the relations between Britain and Australia will be very, very close".
[
208
]
Indonesian president
Joko Widodo
stated during a European trip that he was not in favour of Brexit.
[
209
]
Sri Lankan Prime Minister
Ranil Wickremesinghe
issued a statement of reasons why he was "very concerned" at the possibility of Brexit.
[
210
]
Russian President
Vladimir Putin
said: "I want to say it is none of our business, it is the business of the people of the UK."
[
211
]
Maria Zakharova
, the official Russian foreign ministry spokesperson, said: "Russia has nothing to do with Brexit. We are not involved in this process in any way. We don't have any interest in it."
[
212
]
In November 2015, the Governor of the
Bank of England
Mark Carney
said that the Bank of England would do what was necessary to help the UK economy if the British people voted to leave the EU.
[
213
]
In March 2016, Carney told MPs that an EU exit was the "biggest domestic risk" to the UK economy, but that remaining a member also carried risks, related to the
European Monetary Union
, of which the UK is not a member.
[
214
]
In May 2016, Carney said that a "technical recession" was one of the possible risks of the UK leaving the EU.
[
215
]
However, Iain Duncan Smith said Carney's comment should be taken with "a pinch of salt", saying "all forecasts in the end are wrong".
[
216
]
In December 2015, the Bank of England published a report about the impact of immigration on wages. The report concluded that immigration put downward pressure on workers' wages, particularly low-skilled workers: a 10 per cent point rise in the proportion of migrants working in low-skilled services drove down the average wages of low-skilled workers by about 2 per cent.
[
217
]
The 10 percentage point rise cited in the paper is larger than the entire rise observed since the 2004â06 period in the semi/unskilled services sector, which is about 7 percentage points.
[
218
]
In March 2016, Nobel prize-winning economist
Joseph Stiglitz
argued that he might reconsider his support for the UK remaining in the EU if the proposed
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
(TTIP) were to be agreed to.
[
219
]
Stiglitz warned that under the
investor-state dispute settlement
provision in current drafts of the TTIP, governments risked being sued for loss of profits resulting from new regulations, including health and safety regulations to limit the use of
asbestos
or tobacco.
[
219
]
The German economist
Clemens Fuest
wrote that there was a liberal, free-trade bloc in the EU comprising the UK, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Slovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, controlling 32% of the votes in the European Council and standing in opposition to the
dirigiste
, protectionist policies favoured by France and its allies.
[
220
]
Germany with its 'social market' economy stands midway between the French
dirigiste
economic model and the British free-market economic model. From the German viewpoint, the existence of the liberal bloc allows Germany to play-off free-market Britain against
dirigiste
France, and that if Britain were to leave, the liberal bloc would be severely weakened, thereby allowing the French to take the EU into a much more
dirigiste
direction that would be unattractive from the standpoint of Berlin.
[
220
]
A study by Oxford Economics for the
Law Society of England and Wales
has suggested that Brexit would have a particularly large negative impact on the UK financial services industry and the law firms that support it, which could cost the law sector as much as ÂŁ1.7bn per annum by 2030.
[
221
]
The Law Society's own report into the possible effects of Brexit notes that leaving the EU would be likely to reduce the role played by the UK as a centre for resolving disputes between foreign firms, whereas a potential loss of "
passporting
" rights would require financial services firms to transfer departments responsible for regulatory oversight overseas.
[
222
]
World Pensions Forum
director M. Nicolas J. Firzli has argued that the Brexit debate should be viewed within the broader context of
economic analysis of EU law and regulation
in relation to
English common law
, arguing: "Every year, the British Parliament is forced to pass tens of new statutes reflecting the latest EU directives coming from Brussels â a highly undemocratic process known as '
transposition
'... Slowly but surely, these new laws dictated by EU commissars are conquering English common law, imposing upon UK businesses and citizens an ever-growing collection of fastidious regulations in every field".
[
223
]
Thiemo Fetzer
, professor of economics from
University of Warwick
, analyzed the welfare reforms in the UK since 2000 and suggests that numerous austerity-induced welfare reforms from 2010 onwards have stopped contributing to mitigate income differences through transfer payments. This could be a key activating factor of anti-EU preferences that lie behind the development of economic grievances and the lack of support in a Remain victory.
[
224
]
Michael Jacobs, the current director of the Commission on Economic Justice at the Institute for Public Policy Research and Mariana Mazzucato, a professor in University College London in Economics of Innovation and Public Value have found that the Brexit campaign had the tendency to blame external forces for domestic economic problems and have argued that the problems within the economy wasn't due to 'unstoppable forces of globalisation' but rather the result of active political and business decisions. Instead, they claim that orthodox economic theory has guided poor economic policy such as investment and that has been the cause of problems within the British economy.
[
225
]
Institute for Fiscal Studies
[
edit
]
In May 2016, the
Institute for Fiscal Studies
said that an EU exit could mean two more years of austerity cuts as the government would have to make up for an estimated loss of ÂŁ20Â billion to ÂŁ40Â billion of tax revenue. The head of the IFS, Paul Johnson, said that the UK "could perfectly reasonably decide that we are willing to pay a bit of a price for leaving the EU and regaining some sovereignty and control over immigration and so on. That there would be some price though, I think is now almost beyond doubt."
[
226
]
A poll of lawyers conducted by a legal recruiter in late May 2016 suggested 57% of lawyers wanted to remain in the EU.
[
227
]
During a Treasury Committee shortly following the vote, economic experts generally agreed that the leave vote would be detrimental to the UK economy.
[
228
]
Michael Dougan
, Professor of European Law and
Jean Monnet Chair
in EU Law at the
University of Liverpool
and a constitutional lawyer, described the Leave campaign as "one of the most dishonest political campaigns this country [the UK] has ever seen", for using arguments based on constitutional law that he said were readily demonstrable as false.
[
229
]
Simon Stevens, head of NHS England, warned in May 2016 that a recession following a Brexit would be "very dangerous" for the National Health Service, saying that "when the British economy sneezes, the NHS catches a cold."
[
230
]
Three-quarters of a sample of NHS leaders agreed that leaving the EU would have a negative effect on the NHS as a whole. In particular, eight out of 10 respondents felt that leaving the EU would have a negative impact on trusts' ability to recruit health and social care staff.
[
231
]
In April 2016, a group of nearly 200 health professionals and researchers warned that the NHS would be in jeopardy if Britain left the European Union.
[
232
]
The leave campaign reacted by saying more money would be available to be spent on the NHS if the UK left the EU.
British health charities
[
edit
]
Guidelines by the
Charity Commission for England and Wales
that forbid political activity for registered charities have limited UK health organizations' commentary on EU poll, according to anonymous sources consulted by the Lancet.
[
233
]
According to
Simon Wessely
, head of psychological medicine at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London â neither a special revision of the guidelines from 7 March 2016, nor Cameron's encouragement have made health organisations, willing to speak out.
[
233
]
The
Genetic Alliance UK
the
Royal College of Midwives
the
Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry
and the Chief Executive of the
National Health Service
had all stated pro-remain positions by early June 2016.
[
233
]
A June 2016 survey of British fishermen found that 92% intended to vote to leave the EU.
[
234
]
The EU's
Common Fisheries Policy
was mentioned as a central reason for their near-unanimity.
[
234
]
More than three-quarters believed that they would be able to land more fish, and 93% stated that leaving the EU would benefit the fishing industry.
[
235
]
In May 2016, more than 300 historians wrote in a joint letter to
The Guardian
that Britain could play a bigger role in the world as part of the EU. They said: "As historians of Britain and of Europe, we believe that Britain has had in the past, and will have in the future, an irreplaceable role to play in Europe."
[
236
]
On the other hand, many historians argued in favour of leaving, seeing it as a return to self-sovereignty.
[
237
]
[
238
]
Exit plan competition
[
edit
]
Following
David Cameron
's announcement of an EU referendum, in July 2013 the
Institute of Economic Affairs
(IEA) announced the "Brexit Prize", a competition to find the best plan for a UK exit from the European Union, and declared that a departure was a "real possibility" following the 2015 general election.
[
239
]
Iain Mansfield, a
Cambridge graduate
and
UKTI diplomat
, submitted the winning thesis:
A Blueprint for Britain: Openness not Isolation
.
[
240
]
Mansfield's submission focused on addressing both trade and regulatory issues with
EU member states
as well as other
global trading partners
.
[
241
]
[
242
]
Opinion polling on the referendum
Opinion polls from 2010 onwards suggested the British public were relatively evenly divided on the question, with opposition to EU membership peaking in November 2012 at 56% compared with 30% who prefer to remain in,
[
243
]
while in June 2015 those in favour of Britain remaining in the EU reached 43% versus those opposed 36%.
[
244
]
The largest ever poll (of 20,000 people, in March 2014) showed the public evenly split on the issue, with 41% in favour of withdrawal, 41% in favour of membership, and 18% undecided.
[
245
]
However, when asked how they would vote if Britain renegotiated the terms of its membership of the EU, and the UK Government stated that British interests had been satisfactorily protected, more than 50% indicated that they would vote for Britain to stay in.
[
246
]
Analysis of polling suggested that young voters tended to support remaining in the EU, whereas those older tend to support leaving, but there was no gender split in attitudes.
[
247
]
[
248
]
In February 2016 YouGov also found that euroscepticism correlated with people of lower income and that "higher social grades are more clearly in favour of remaining in the EU", but noted that euroscepticism also had strongholds in "the more wealthy, Tory shires".
[
249
]
Scotland, Wales and many English urban areas with large student populations were more pro-EU.
[
249
]
Big business was broadly behind remaining in the EU, though the situation among smaller companies was less clear-cut.
[
250
]
In polls of economists, lawyers, and scientists, clear majorities saw the UK's membership of the EU as beneficial.
[
251
]
[
252
]
[
253
]
[
254
]
[
255
]
On the day of the referendum, the bookmaker
Ladbrokes
offered odds of 6/1 against the UK leaving the EU.
[
256
]
Meanwhile, spread betting firm
Spreadex
offered a Leave Vote Share spread of 45â46, a Remain Vote Share spread of 53.5-54.5, and a Remain Binary Index spread of 80â84.7, where victory for Remain would makeup to 100 and a defeat 0.
[
257
]
On the day YouGov poll
[
edit
]
Remain
Leave
Undecided
Lead
Sample
Conducted by
52%
48%
N/A
4%
4,772
YouGov
Shortly after the polls closed at 10Â pm on 23 June, the British polling company
YouGov
released a poll conducted among almost 5,000 people on the day; it suggested a narrow lead for "Remain", which polled 52% with Leave polling 48%. It was later criticised for overestimating the margin of the "Remain" vote,
[
258
]
when it became clear a few hours later that the UK had voted 51.9% to 48.1% in favour of leaving the European Union.
The number of jobs lost or gained by a withdrawal was a dominant issue; the BBC's outline of issues warned that a precise figure was difficult to find. The Leave campaign argued that a reduction in red tape associated with EU regulations would create more jobs and that small to medium-sized companies who trade domestically would be the biggest beneficiaries. Those arguing to remain in the EU, claimed that millions of jobs would be lost. The EU's importance as a trading partner and the outcome of its trade status if it left was a disputed issue. Whereas those wanting to stay cited that most of the UK's trade was made with the EU, those arguing to leave say that its trade was not as important as it used to be. Scenarios of the economic outlook for the country if it left the EU were generally negative. The United Kingdom also paid more into the EU budget than it received.
[
259
]
Boris Johnson
played a key role in the
Vote Leave
campaign.
Citizens of EU countries, including the United Kingdom, have the right to travel, live and work within other EU countries, as
free movement
is one of the four founding principles of the EU.
[
260
]
Campaigners for remaining said that EU immigration had positive impacts on the UK's economy, citing that the country's growth forecasts were partly based upon continued high levels of net immigration.
[
259
]
The
Office for Budget Responsibility
also claimed that taxes from immigrants boost public funding.
[
259
]
A recent
[
when?
]
academic paper suggests that migration from Eastern Europe put pressure on wage growth at the lower end of the wage distribution, while at the same time increasing pressures on public services and housing.
[
261
]
The Leave campaign believed reduced immigration would ease pressure in public services such as schools and hospitals, as well as giving British workers more jobs and higher wages.
[
259
]
According to official
Office for National Statistics
data, net migration in 2015 was 333,000, which was the second highest level on record, far above
David Cameron
's target of tens of thousands.
[
262
]
[
263
]
Net migration from the EU was 184,000.
[
263
]
The figures also showed that 77,000 EU migrants who came to Britain were looking for work.
[
262
]
[
263
]
After the announcement had been made as to the outcome of the referendum, Rowena Mason, political correspondent for
The Guardian
offered the following assessment: "Polling suggests discontent with the scale of migration to the UK has been the biggest factor pushing Britons to vote out, with the contest turning into a referendum on whether people are happy to accept free movement in return for free trade."
[
264
]
A columnist for
The Times
,
Philip Collins
, went a step further in his analysis: "This was a referendum about immigration disguised as a referendum about the European Union."
[
265
]
The Conservative MEP (
Member of the European Parliament
) representing South East England,
Daniel Hannan
, predicted on the
BBC
programme
Newsnight
that the level of immigration would remain high after Brexit.
[
266
]
"Frankly, if people watching think that they have voted and there is now going to be zero immigration from the EU, they are going to be disappointed. ... you will look in vain for anything that the Leave campaign said at any point that ever suggested there would ever be any kind of border closure or drawing up of the drawbridge."
[
267
]
The EU had offered
David Cameron
a so-called "emergency brake" which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years."
[
268
]
That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU.
[
269
]
The possibility that the UK's smaller constituent countries could vote to remain within the EU but find themselves withdrawn from the EU led to discussion about the risk to the unity of the United Kingdom.
[
270
]
Scotland's First Minister,
Nicola Sturgeon
, made it clear that she believed that a second independence referendum would "almost certainly" be demanded by Scots if the UK voted to leave the EU but Scotland did not.
[
271
]
The
First Minister of Wales
,
Carwyn Jones
, said: "If Wales votes to remain in [the EU] but the UK votes to leave, there will be a... constitutional crisis. The UK cannot possibly continue in its present form if England votes to leave and everyone else votes to stay".
[
272
]
There was concern that the
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
(TTIP), a proposed trade agreement between the United States and the EU, would be a threat to the public services of EU member states.
[
273
]
[
274
]
[
275
]
[
276
]
Jeremy Corbyn
, on the Remain side, said that he pledged to veto TTIP in Government.
[
277
]
John Mills
, on the Leave side, said that the UK could not veto TTIP because trade pacts were decided by
Qualified Majority Voting
in the
European Council
.
[
278
]
There was debate over the extent to which the European Union membership aided security and defence in comparison to the UK's membership of
NATO
and the United Nations.
[
279
]
Security concerns over the union's free movement policy were raised too, because people with EU passports were unlikely to receive detailed checks at border control.
[
280
]
Debates, question and answer sessions, and interviews
[
edit
]
A debate was held by
The Guardian
on 15 March 2016, featuring the leader of UKIP
Nigel Farage
, Conservative MP
Andrea Leadsom
, the leader of Labour's "yes" campaign
Alan Johnson
and former leader of the Liberal Democrats
Nick Clegg
.
[
281
]
Earlier in the campaign, on 11 January, a debate took place between
Nigel Farage
and
Carwyn Jones
, who was at the time the First Minister of Wales and leader of the
Welsh Labour Party
.
[
282
]
[
283
]
Reluctance to have Conservative Party members argue against one another has seen some debates split, with Leave and Remain candidates interviewed separately.
[
284
]
The Spectator
held a debate hosted by
Andrew Neil
on 26 April, which featured
Nick Clegg
,
Liz Kendall
and
Chuka Umunna
arguing for a remain vote, and
Nigel Farage
,
Daniel Hannan
and Labour MP
Kate Hoey
arguing for a leave vote.
[
285
]
The
Daily Express
held a debate on 3 June, featuring
Nigel Farage
,
Kate Hoey
and Conservative MP
Jacob Rees-Mogg
debating Labour MPs
Siobhain McDonagh
and
Chuka Umunna
and businessman
Richard Reed
, co-founder of
Innocent drinks
.
[
286
]
Andrew Neil
presented four interviews ahead of the referendum. The interviewees were
Hilary Benn
,
George Osborne
,
Nigel Farage
and
Iain Duncan Smith
on 6, 8, 10 and 17 May, respectively on
BBC One
.
[
287
]
The scheduled debates and question sessions included a number of question and answer sessions with various campaigners.
[
288
]
[
289
]
and a debate on ITV held on 9 June that included
Angela Eagle
,
Amber Rudd
and
Nicola Sturgeon
for remain,
Boris Johnson
,
Andrea Leadsom
, and
Gisela Stuart
for leave.
[
290
]
EU Referendum: The Great Debate
was held at
Wembley Arena
on 21 June and hosted by
David Dimbleby
,
Mishal Husain
and
Emily Maitlis
in front of an audience of 6,000.
[
291
]
The audience was split evenly between both sides.
Sadiq Khan
,
Ruth Davidson
and
Frances O'Grady
appeared for Remain. Leave was represented by the same trio as the ITV debate on 9 June (Johnson, Leadsom and Stuart).
[
292
]
Europe: The Final Debate with
Jeremy Paxman
was held the following day on
Channel 4
.
[
293
]
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum debates in Great Britain
Date
Broadcaster
Host
Format
Venue
Territory
Viewing figures
(million)
 PÂ
Present
 NIÂ
Not invited
 AÂ
Absent
 NÂ
No debate
Leave
Remain
26 April
The Spectator
Andrew Neil
Debate
London Palladium
UK
TBA
Nigel Farage
Daniel Hannan
Kate Hoey
Nick Clegg
Liz Kendall
Chuka Umunna
3 June
Daily Express
Greg Heffer
Debate
Thames Street, London
UK
TBA
Nigel Farage
Kate Hoey
Jacob Rees-Mogg
Siobhain McDonagh
Chuka Umunna
Richard Reed
15 June
BBC
(
Question Time
)
David Dimbleby
Individual
Nottingham
UK
TBA
Michael Gove
NI
19 June
BBC
(
Question Time
)
David Dimbleby
Individual
Milton Keynes
UK
TBA
NI
David Cameron
21 June
BBC
David Dimbleby
Mishal Husain
Emily Maitlis
Debate
SSE Arena
UK
TBA
Boris Johnson
Andrea Leadsom
Gisela Stuart
Sadiq Khan
Ruth Davidson
Frances O'Grady
Voting, voting areas, and counts
[
edit
]
Sign outside a polling station in London on the morning of the referendum
Voting took place from 0700 BST (WEST) until 2200 BST (same hours CEST in Gibraltar) in 41,000 polling stations across 382 voting areas, with each polling station limited to a maximum of 2,500 voters.
[
294
]
The referendum was held across all four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as in Gibraltar, as a single majority vote. The 382 voting areas were grouped into twelve regional counts and there was separate declarations for each of the regional counts.
In England, as happened in the
2011 AV referendum
, the 326
districts
were used as the local voting areas and the returns of these then fed into nine
English regional
counts. In Scotland the local voting areas were the
32 local councils
which then fed their results into the Scottish national count, and in Wales the
22 local councils
were their local voting areas before the results were then fed into the Welsh national count. Northern Ireland, as was the case in the AV referendum, was a single voting and national count area although local totals by Westminster parliamentary constituency areas were announced.
Gibraltar was a single voting area, but as Gibraltar was to be treated and included as if it were a part of South West England, its results was included together with the South West England regional count.
[
294
]
The following table shows the breakdown of the voting areas and regional counts that were used for the referendum.
[
294
]
Country
Counts and voting areas
United Kingdom
(together with
Gibraltar
, treated as if it were a [full] part of the United Kingdom)
Referendum declaration;
12 regional counts;
382 voting areas (381 in the UK, 1 in Gibraltar)
Constituent countries
Counts and voting areas
England
(together with
Gibraltar
, treated as if it were a part of South West England)
9 regional counts;
327 voting areas (326 in the UK, 1 in Gibraltar)
Northern Ireland
National count and single voting area;
18 parliamentary constituency totals
Scotland
National count;
32 voting areas
Wales
National count;
22 voting areas
On 16 June 2016, a pro-EU Labour MP,
Jo Cox
,
was shot and killed
in
Birstall
, West Yorkshire the week before the referendum by a man calling out "death to traitors, freedom for Britain", and a man who intervened was injured.
[
295
]
The two rival official campaigns agreed to suspend their activities as a mark of respect to Cox.
[
82
]
After the referendum, evidence emerged that
Leave.EU
had continued to put out advertising the day after Jo Cox's murder.
[
296
]
[
297
]
David Cameron
cancelled a planned rally in
Gibraltar
supporting British EU membership.
[
298
]
Campaigning resumed on 19 June.
[
299
]
[
300
]
Polling officials in the
Yorkshire and Humber region
also halted counting of the referendum ballots on the evening of 23 June to observe a minute of silence.
[
301
]
The
Conservative Party
,
Liberal Democrats
,
UK Independence Party
and the
Green Party
all announced that they would not contest the ensuing
by-election
in Cox's
constituency
as a mark of respect.
[
302
]
On polling day itself two polling stations in
Kingston upon Thames
were flooded by rain and had to be relocated.
[
303
]
In advance of polling day, concern had been expressed that the courtesy pencils provided in polling booths could allow votes to be later altered. Although this was widely dismissed as a conspiracy theory (see:
Voting pencil conspiracy theory
), some Leave campaigners advocated that voters should instead use pens to mark their ballot papers. On polling day in
Winchester
an emergency call was made to police about "threatening behaviour" outside the polling station. After questioning a woman who had been offering to lend her pen to voters, the police decided that no offence was being committed.
[
304
]
Of the 382 voting areas in the
United Kingdom
and
Gibraltar
a total of 270 returned majority votes in favour of "Leave" whereas 129 returned majority votes in favour of "Remain" in the referendum including all 32 areas in Scotland.
Â
 Leave
Â
 Remain
The final result was announced on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07:20
BST
by then-
Electoral Commission
Chairwoman
Jenny Watson
at
Manchester Town Hall
after all 382 voting areas and the twelve UK regions had declared their totals. With a national turnout of 72% across the United Kingdom and
Gibraltar
(representing 33,577,342 people), at least 16,788,672 votes were required to win a majority. The electorate voted to "Leave the European Union", with a majority of 1,269,501 votes (3.8%) over those who voted "Remain a member of the European Union".
[
305
]
The national turnout of 72% was the highest ever for a UK-wide referendum, and the highest for any national vote since the
1992 general election
.
[
306
]
[
307
]
[
308
]
[
309
]
Roughly 38% of the UK population voted to leave the EU and roughly 35% voted to remain.
[
310
]
It was described by
Theresa May
as the "largest democratic exercise in our country's history".
[
311
]
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Choice
Votes
%
Leave the European Union
17,410,742
51.89
Remain a member of the European Union
16,141,241
48.11
Valid votes
33,551,983
99.92
Invalid or blank votes
25,359
0.08
Total votes
33,577,342
100.00
Registered voters/turnout
46,500,001
72.21
Source: Electoral Commission
[
312
]
National referendum results (excluding invalid votes)
Leave
17,410,742 (51.9%)
Remain
16,141,241 (48.1%)
â˛
50%
Results by region and constituent countries
[
edit
]
Referendum results by United Kingdom regions
Region
Electorate
Voter turnout,
of eligible
Votes
Proportion of votes
Invalid votes
Remain
Leave
Remain
Leave
Â
East Midlands
3,384,299
74.2%
1,033,036
1,475,479
41.18%
58.82%
1,981
Â
East of England
4,398,796
75.7%
1,448,616
1,880,367
43.52%
56.48%
2,329
Â
Greater London
5,424,768
69.7%
2,263,519
1,513,232
59.93%
40.07%
4,453
Â
North East England
1,934,341
69.3%
562,595
778,103
41.96%
58.04%
689
Â
North West England
5,241,568
70.0%
1,699,020
1,966,925
46.35%
53.65%
2,682
Â
Northern Ireland
1,260,955
62.7%
440,707
349,442
55.78%
44.22%
374
Â
Scotland
3,987,112
67.2%
1,661,191
1,018,322
62.00%
38.00%
1,666
Â
South East England
6,465,404
76.8%
2,391,718
2,567,965
48.22%
51.78%
3,427
Â
South West England
(inc
Gibraltar
)
4,138,134
76.7%
1,503,019
1,669,711
47.37%
52.63%
2,179
Â
Wales
2,270,272
71.7%
772,347
854,572
47.47%
52.53%
1,135
Â
West Midlands
4,116,572
72.0%
1,207,175
1,755,687
40.74%
59.26%
2,507
Â
Yorkshire and the Humber
3,877,780
70.7%
1,158,298
1,580,937
42.29%
57.71%
1,937
Overall Total
Â
United Kingdom
46,500,001
72.2%
16,141,241
17,410,742
48.11%
51.89%
25,359
Referendum results by United Kingdom constituent countries & Gibraltar
Country
Electorate
Voter turnout,
of eligible
Votes
Proportion of votes
Invalid votes
Remain
Leave
Remain
Leave
Â
England
38,981,662
73.0%
13,247,674
15,187,583
46.59%
53.41%
22,157
Â
Gibraltar
24,119
83.7%
19,322
823
95.91%
4.08%
27
Â
Northern Ireland
1,260,955
62.7%
440,707
349,442
55.78%
44.22%
384
Â
Scotland
3,987,112
67.2%
1,661,191
1,018,322
62.00%
38.00%
1,666
Â
Wales
2,270,272
71.7%
772,347
854,572
47.47%
52.53%
1,135
Overall Total
Â
United Kingdom
46,500,001
72.2%
16,141,241
17,410,742
48.11%
51.89%
25,359
Voter demographics and trends
[
edit
]
Voting figures from local referendum counts and ward-level data (using local demographic information collected in the 2011 census) suggests that Leave votes were strongly correlated with lower
qualifications
and higher age.
[
313
]
[
314
]
[
315
]
[
316
]
The data were obtained from about one in nine wards in England and Wales, with very little information from Scotland and none from Northern Ireland.
[
313
]
A YouGov survey reported similar findings; these are summarised in the charts below.
[
317
]
[
318
]
Researchers based at the
University of Warwick
found that areas with "deprivation in terms of education, income and employment were more likely to vote Leave". The Leave vote tended to be greater in areas which had lower incomes and high unemployment, a strong tradition of manufacturing employment, and in which the population had fewer qualifications.
[
319
]
It also tended to be greater where there was a large flow of Eastern European migrants (mainly low-skilled workers) into areas with a large share of native low-skilled workers.
[
319
]
Those in lower
social grades
(especially the 'working class') were more likely to vote Leave, while those in higher social grades (especially the '
upper middle class
') were more likely to vote Remain.
[
320
]
Polls by Ipsos MORI, YouGov and Lord Ashcroft all assert that 70â75% of under 25s voted 'remain'.
[
321
]
Additionally according to YouGov, only 54% of 25- to 49-year-olds voted 'remain', whilst 60% of 50- to 64-year-olds and 64% of over-65s voted 'leave', meaning that the support for 'remain' was not as strong outside the youngest demographic.
[
322
]
Also, YouGov found that around 87% of under-25s in 2018 would now vote to stay in the EU.
[
323
]
Opinion polling by
Lord Ashcroft Polls
found that Leave voters believed leaving the EU was "more likely to bring about a better immigration system, improved border controls, a fairer welfare system, better quality of life, and the ability to control our own laws", while Remain voters believed EU membership "would be better for the economy, international investment, and the UK's influence in the world".
[
324
]
Immigration is thought to be a particular worry for older people that voted Leave, who consider it a potential threat to national identity and culture.
[
325
]
The polling found that the main reasons people had voted Leave were "the principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK", and that leaving "offered the best chance for the UK to regain control over immigration and its own borders". The main reason people voted Remain was that "the risks of voting to leave the EU looked too great when it came to things like the economy, jobs and prices".
[
324
]
One analysis suggests that in contrast to the general correlation between age and likelihood of having voted to leave the EU, those who experienced the majority of their formative period (between the ages of 15 and 25) during the
Second World War
are more likely to oppose Brexit than the rest of the over-65 age group,
[
failed verification
]
for they are more likely to associate the EU with bringing peace.
[
326
]
EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey
[
317
]
[
318
]
EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales
[
313
]
[
failed verification
]
Ipsos MORI demographic polling breakdown
[
edit
]
On 5 September 2016, the polling company
Ipsos MORI
estimated the following percentage breakdown of votes in the referendum by different demographic group, as well as the percentage of turnout among registered voters in most of those demographic groups:
[
327
]
Overall
2015 general election vote
Labour
Lib Dem
Conservative
UKIP
Did not vote (but not too young)
Remain
48%
67%
69%
37%
1%
42%
Leave
52%
33%
31%
63%
99%
58%
Turnout
72%
77%
81%
85%
89%
45%
Age group
18â24
25â34
35â44
45â54
55â64
65â74
75+
Remain
75%
60%
55%
44%
39%
34%
37%
Leave
25%
40%
45%
56%
61%
66%
63%
Turnout
60%
66%
71%
73%
79%
82%
73%
Gender
Men by age group
Women by age group
Men
Women
18â34
35â54
55+
18â34
35â54
55+
Remain
45%
51%
64%
44%
35%
67%
55%
39%
Leave
55%
49%
36%
56%
65%
33%
45%
61%
Turnout
74%
71%
64%
74%
80%
64%
70%
76%
Social grade
Men by
social grade
Women by
social grade
AB
C1
C2
DE
AB
C1
C2
DE
AB
C1
C2
DE
Remain
59%
52%
38%
36%
54%
51%
35%
36%
65%
54%
41%
37%
Leave
41%
48%
62%
64%
46%
49%
65%
64%
35%
46%
59%
63%
Turnout
79%
75%
70%
65%
81%
75%
70%
67%
76%
74%
70%
63%
18â34 year olds by
social grade
35â54 year olds by
social grade
55+ year olds by
social grade
AB
C1
C2
DE
AB
C1
C2
DE
AB
C1
C2
DE
Remain
71%
71%
54%
56%
61%
53%
35%
36%
48%
37%
32%
30%
Leave
29%
29%
46%
44%
39%
47%
65%
64%
52%
63%
68%
70%
Turnout
71%
67%
58%
54%
Educational level
Degree or higher
Qualifications below degree
No qualifications
Remain
68%
44%
30%
Leave
32%
56%
70%
Turnout
78%
71%
71%
Work sector
Housing tenure
Public sector
Private sector
Fully owned
Mortgage
Social renter
Private renter
Remain
56%
52%
42%
54%
37%
56%
Leave
44%
48%
58%
46%
63%
44%
Turnout
79%
75%
61%
65%
Ethnic group
White
All non-white
Black
South Asian
Chinese
Mixed race
Other
Remain
46%
69%
73%
67%
70%
67%
65%
Leave
54%
31%
27%
33%
30%
33%
35%
Turnout
74%
57%
Work status
Full-time
Part-time
Student
Unemployed
(and claiming UC or JSA)
Not working
(looking after home)
Retired
Other
Remain
53%
53%
80%
40%
36%
36%
39%
Leave
47%
47%
20%
60%
64%
64%
61%
Region
Remain
Leave
Turnout
All (UK)
48%
52%
72%
East of England
44%
56%
76%
East Midlands
41%
59%
74%
Greater London
60%
40%
70%
North East of England
42%
58%
69%
Northern Ireland
56%
44%
63%
North West of England
46%
54%
70%
Scotland
62%
38%
67%
South East of England
48%
52%
77%
South West of England
47%
53%
77%
Wales
47%
53%
72%
West Midlands
41%
59%
72%
Yorkshire & Humberside
42%
58%
71%
Reactions to the result
[
edit
]
Pro-Brexit campaigners outside Parliament in London in November 2016
Immediate reaction to the vote
[
edit
]
Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens
[
edit
]
The referendum was criticised for not granting people younger than 18 years of age a vote. Unlike in the
2014 Scottish independence referendum
, the vote was not extended to 16- and 17-year-old citizens. Critics argued that these people would live with the consequences of the referendum for longer than those who were able to vote. Some supporters for the inclusion of these young citizens considered this exclusion a violation of democratic principles and a major shortcoming of the referendum.
[
328
]
[
329
]
Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries
[
edit
]
The foreign ministry of Ireland stated on 24 June 2016 that the number of applications from the UK for Irish passports had increased significantly.
[
330
]
[
331
]
Enquiries about passports also increased: the
Irish Embassy in London
reported 4,000 a day immediately after the vote to leave, in comparison with the normal 200 a day.
[
332
]
Other EU nations also had increases in requests for passports from British citizens, including France and Belgium.
[
332
]
Abuse and hate crime allegations
[
edit
]
There were more than a hundred reports of racist abuse and hate crime in the immediate aftermath of the referendum, with many citing the plan to leave the European Union.
[
333
]
It was claimed that there had been a 57% increase in hate crime following the referendum vote. However, the
National Police Chiefs' Council
Lead for Hate Crime, Assistant Chief Constable Mark Hamilton, said: "This should not be read as a national increase in hate crime of 57% but an increase in reporting through one mechanism".
[
334
]
Others
[
who?
]
claimed that the numbers did not necessarily reflect "any objective spread in modern Britain", but that the apparent spike in hate crime was the result of the subjective definition of the crime and that the police being incentivised "to find hatred". In the UK, crimes are recorded as hate crimes based on the perception of the victim. Assistant Chief Constable Maurice Mason of the Essex police explained that "If the person feels it's a hate crime it'll get recorded as a hate crime", saying that his county's "50% increase in reported hate crimes" post referendum were "low level matters, some members of the public complaining about
Nigel Farage
or whatever ... that'll get recorded as a hate crime".
[
335
]
On 24 June 2016, a Polish school in
Cambridgeshire
was vandalised with a sign reading "Leave the EU. No more Polish vermin".
[
336
]
Following the referendum result, similar signs were distributed outside homes and schools in
Huntingdon
, with some left on the cars of Polish residents collecting their children from school.
[
337
]
On 26 June, the London office of the
Polish Social and Cultural Association
was vandalised with graffiti that was initially characterised as a racist hate crime. However it later emerged that the graffiti, which said, 'F*** you OMP' may have been directed at OMP, a eurosceptic Polish think tank that had issued a statement congratulating Britain on its Brexit vote.
[
338
]
[
339
]
This incident was also unsuccessfully investigated by the police.
[
336
]
[
339
]
In Wales, a Muslim woman was told to leave after the referendum, even though she had been born and raised in the United Kingdom.
[
340
]
Other reports of racism occurred as perceived foreigners were targeted in supermarkets, on buses and on street corners, and told to leave the country immediately.
[
341
]
All such incidents were widely condemned by politicians and religious leaders.
[
342
]
By September 2016, it was reported, according to the LGBT anti-violence charity Galop, that attacks on LGBT people in the United Kingdom had risen by 147% in the three months after the referendum.
[
343
]
However some gay commentators dismissed the claim of a link between Brexit and an increase in attacks on members of the LGBTQ community.
[
344
]
The killing of a Polish national Arkadiusz Jozwik in Harlow, Essex in August 2016
[
345
]
was widely, but falsely,
[
346
]
speculated to be linked to the Leave result.
[
347
]
A BBC
Newsnight
report by
John Sweeney
showed an interview with someone who knew the victim who then claimed that Leading Brexit campaigner
Nigel Farage
had "blood on his hands".
[
348
]
It was mentioned in the European Parliament by the
EU Commissioner
Jean-Claude Juncker
who said: "We Europeans can never accept Polish workers being harassed, beaten up or even murdered on the streets of Harlow."
[
347
]
A teenager was subsequently convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to three and a half years in a young offender institution but the trial did not conclude that the altercation resulting in Jozwik's death was a hate crime.
[
346
]
Nigel Farage
criticised the "sensationalist" reporting of the issue and complained to the BBC about broadcasting the "blood on his hands" remark.
[
349
]
[
350
]
Petition for a new referendum
[
edit
]
A pro-EU demonstration in
Manchester
in October 2017
Within hours of the result's announcement, a petition, entitled "EU Referendum Rules triggering a 2nd EU Referendum" and calling for a second referendum to be held in the event that a result was secured with less than 60% of the vote and on a turnout of less than 75%, attracted tens of thousands of new signatures. The petition had actually been initiated by someone favouring an exit from the EU, one William Oliver Healey of the
English Democrats
on 24 May 2016, when the Remain faction had been leading in the polls, and had received 22 signatures prior to the referendum result being declared.
[
351
]
[
352
]
[
353
]
On 26 June, Healey made it clear on his Facebook page that the petition had actually been started to favour an exit from the EU and that he was a strong supporter of the Vote Leave and Grassroots Out campaigns. Healey also claimed that the petition had been "hijacked by the remain campaign".
[
354
]
English Democrats chairman
Robin Tilbrook
suggested those who had signed the petition were experiencing "sour grapes" about the result of the referendum.
[
355
]
It attracted more than four million signatures, meaning it was considered for debate in Parliament;
[
356
]
[
357
]
this debate took place on 5 September 2016.
[
358
]
On 27 June 2016,
David Cameron
's spokesperson stated that holding another vote on Britain's membership of the European Union was "not remotely on the cards".
[
359
]
Home Secretary
Theresa May
made the following comment when announcing her candidacy to replace Cameron as Conservative leader (and hence as Prime Minister) on 30 June: "The campaign was fought ... and the public gave their verdict. There must be no attempts to remain inside the EU ... and no second referendum. ... Brexit means Brexit."
[
360
]
The petition was rejected by the government on 9 July. Its response said that the referendum vote "must be respected" and that the government "must now prepare for the process to exit the EU".
[
361
]
Prime Minister
David Cameron
announced his resignation following the outcome of the referendum.
Theresa May
succeeded
David Cameron
as Prime Minister following the vote.
On 24 June, the Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister
David Cameron
announced that he would resign by October because the Leave campaign had been successful in the referendum. The leadership election was scheduled for 9 September. The new leader would be in place before the autumn conference set to begin on 2 October.
[
362
]
Unexpectedly,
Boris Johnson
, who had been a leading figure for Vote Leave, declined to be nominated shortly before the deadline for nominations. On 13 July, almost three weeks after the vote,
Theresa May
succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister.
The Labour Party leader
Jeremy Corbyn
faced growing criticism from his party, which had supported remaining within the EU, for poor campaigning.
[
363
]
On 26 June 2016, Corbyn sacked
Hilary Benn
(the shadow foreign secretary) for apparently leading a coup against him. This led to a string of Labour MPs quickly resigning their roles in the party.
[
364
]
[
365
]
A no confidence motion was held on 28 June; Corbyn lost the motion with more than 80% (172) of MPs voting against him.
[
366
]
Corbyn responded with a statement that the motion had no "constitutional legitimacy" and that he intended to continue as the party's leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election
[
367
]
but after
Angela Eagle
and
Owen Smith
launched leadership challenges to Corbyn, the
2016 Labour Party leadership election
was triggered. Corbyn won the contest, with a larger share of the vote than in 2015.
UK Independence Party
[
edit
]
On 4 July 2016
Nigel Farage
stood down as the leader of UKIP, stating that his "political ambition has been achieved" following the result of the referendum.
[
368
]
Following the resignation of the
party leader
Diane James
, Farage became an interim leader on 5 October 2016.
[
369
]
He was succeeded by
Paul Nuttall
on
28 November 2016
.
Scottish independence
[
edit
]
Scottish First Minister
Nicola Sturgeon
said on 24 June 2016 that it was "clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union" and that Scotland had "spoken decisively" with a "strong, unequivocal" vote to remain in the European Union.
[
370
]
On the same day, the
Scottish Government
announced that officials would plan for a "highly likely"
second referendum
on
independence from the United Kingdom
and start preparing legislation to that effect.
[
371
]
Former First Minister
Alex Salmond
said that the vote was a "significant and material change" in Scotland's position within the United Kingdom, and that he was certain his party would implement its manifesto on holding a second referendum.
[
372
]
Sturgeon said she will communicate to all EU member states that "Scotland has voted to stay in the EU and I intend to discuss all options for doing so."
[
373
]
New political movement
[
edit
]
In reaction to the lack of a unified pro-EU voice following the referendum, the
Liberal Democrats
and others discussed the launch of a new centre-left political movement.
[
374
]
This was officially launched on 24 July 2016 as
More United
.
[
375
]
On the morning of 24 June, the pound sterling fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since 1985.
[
376
]
The drop over the day was 8% â the biggest one-day fall in the pound since the introduction of floating exchange rates following the collapse of the
Bretton Woods system
in 1971.
[
377
]
The
FTSE 100
initially fell 8%, then recovered to be 3% down by the close of trading on 24 June.
[
378
]
The FTSE 100 index fully recovered by 29 June and subsequently rose above its pre-referendum levels.
[
379
]
The referendum result also had an immediate impact on some other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping over 8% against the United States dollar.
[
380
]
[
381
]
Other countries affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%,
[
382
]
Nigeria
[
381
]
and Kenya.
[
381
]
On 28 June 2016, former governor of Bank of England
Mervyn King
said that current governor
Mark Carney
would help to guide Britain through the next few months, adding that the BOE would undoubtedly lower the temperature of the post-referendum uncertainty, and that British citizens should keep calm, wait and see.
[
383
]
On 5 January 2017,
Andy Haldane
, chief economist and the executive director of monetary analysis and statistics at the
Bank of England
, admitted that the bank's forecasts (predicting an economic downturn should the referendum favour Brexit) had proved inaccurate given the subsequent strong market performance.
[
384
]
He stated that the bank's models "were rather narrow and fragile [and] ill-equipped to making sense of behaviours that were deeply irrational" and said that his "profession is to some degree in crisis" due to this and the unforeseen
2007â2008 crisis
.
[
384
]
[
385
]
Electoral Reform Society
[
edit
]
In August 2016, the
Electoral Reform Society
published a highly critical report on the referendum and called for a review of how future events are run. Contrasting it very unfavourably with the 'well-informed grassroots' campaign for
Scottish independence
,
Katie Ghose
described it as "dire" with "glaring democratic deficiencies" which left voters bewildered. Ghose noted a generally negative response to establishment figures with 29% of voters saying
David Cameron
made them more likely to vote leave whereas only 14% said he made them want to vote remain. Looking ahead, the society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for
Office of Communications (Ofcom)
to define the role that broadcasters were expected to play.
[
386
]
Television coverage
[
edit
]
The
BBC
,
ITV
and
Sky News
all provided live coverage of the counts and the reaction to the result. The BBC's coverage, presented by
David Dimbleby
,
Laura Kuenssberg
and
John Curtice
, was simulcast domestically on
BBC One
and the
BBC News Channel
, and internationally on
BBC World News
. ITV's coverage was presented by
Tom Bradby
,
Robert Peston
and
Allegra Stratton
.
The BBC called the referendum result for Leave with its projected forecast at 04:40
BST
on 24 June.
David Dimbleby
announced it with the words:
Well, at twenty minutes to five, we can now say the decision taken in 1975 by this country to join the Common Market has been reversed by this referendum to leave the EU. We are absolutely clear now that there is no way that the Remain side can win. It looks as if the gap is going to be something like 52 to 48, so a four-point lead for leaving the EU, and that is the result of this referendum, which has been preceded by weeks and months of argument and dispute and all the rest of it. The British people have spoken and the answer is: we're out!
(The remark about 1975 was technically incorrect; the UK had joined the Common Market in 1973 and the 1975 referendum was on whether to remain in it.)
Television coverage
Timeslot
Programme
Presenters
Broadcaster
22:00â06:00
EU Referendum Live
Tom Bradby
,
Robert Peston
&
Allegra Stratton
ITV
06:00â09:30
Good Morning Britain
Piers Morgan
,
Susanna Reid
&
Charlotte Hawkins
09:30â14:00
ITV News
Alastair Stewart
18:00â19:00
ITV News
Mark Austin
,
Robert Peston
&
Mary Nightingale
22:00â22:45
ITV News
Tom Bradby
,
Robert Peston
&
Allegra Stratton
21:55â09:00
EU Referendum â The Result
David Dimbleby
,
Laura Kuenssberg
&
John Curtice
BBC
09:00â13:00
EU Referendum â The Reaction
Sophie Raworth
,
Victoria Derbyshire
&
Norman Smith
13:00â13:45
BBC News at One
Sophie Raworth
13:45â14:00
Regional news
Various
Investigations into campaigns
[
edit
]
A protest following the
Cambridge Analytica
allegations, 29 March 2018
On 9 May 2016, Leave.EU was fined ÂŁ50,000 by the UK
Information Commissioner's Office
'for failing to follow the rules about sending marketing messages': they sent people text messages without having first gained their permission to do so.
[
387
]
[
388
]
In February 2017, the
Electoral Commission
announced that it was investigating the spending of Stronger in and Vote Leave, along with smaller parties, as they had not submitted all the necessary invoices, receipts, or details to back up their accounts.
[
389
]
In April 2017, the Commission specified that 'there were reasonable grounds to suspect that potential offences under the law may have occurred' in relation to Leave.EU.
[
390
]
[
391
]
On 4 March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office also reported that it was 'conducting a wide assessment of the data-protection risks arising from the use of data
analytics
, including for political purposes' in relation to the Brexit campaign. It was specified that among the organisations to be investigated was
Cambridge Analytica
and its relationship with the Leave.EU campaign.
[
392
]
[
391
]
ICO report: Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns
In May 2017,
The Irish Times
reported that ÂŁ425,622 donated by the Constitutional Research Council to the
Democratic Unionist Party
for spending during the referendum may have originated in
Saudi Arabia
.
[
393
]
In November 2017, the Electoral Commission said that it was investigating allegations that
Arron Banks
, an insurance businessman and the largest single financial supporter of Brexit, violated campaign spending laws.
[
394
]
The commission's investigation focuses on both Banks and Better for the Country Limited, a company of which Banks is a director and majority shareholder.
[
395
]
The company donated ÂŁ2.4Â million to groups supporting British withdrawal from the EU.
[
394
]
The investigation began after the Commission found "initial grounds to suspect breaches of electoral law".
[
396
]
The Commission specifically seeks to determine "whether or not Mr Banks was the true source of loans reported by a referendum campaigner in his name" and "whether or not Better for the Country Limited was the true source of donations made to referendum campaigners in its name, or if it was acting as an agent".
[
394
]
In December 2017, the Electoral Commission announced several fines related to breaches of campaign finance rules during the referendum campaign.
[
397
]
The Liberal Democrats were fined ÂŁ18,000 and Open Britain (formerly Britain Stronger in Europe) paid ÂŁ1,250 in fines.
[
397
]
The maximum possible fine was ÂŁ20,000.
[
397
]
In March 2018, Deutsche Welle reported that Canadian whistleblower
Christopher Wylie
"told UK lawmakers during a committee hearing...that a firm linked to
Cambridge Analytica
helped the official
Vote Leave
campaign [the official pro-Brexit group headed by
Boris Johnson
and Michael Gove] circumvent campaign financing laws during the Brexit referendum".
[
398
]
In May 2018, the Electoral Commission fined
Leave.EU
ÂŁ70,000 for unlawfully overspending by a minimum of ÂŁ77,380 â exceeding the statutory spending limit by more than 10%, inaccurately reporting three loans it had received from
Aaron Banks
totalling ÂŁ6Â million including "a lack of transparency and incorrect reporting around who provided the loans, the dates the loans were entered into, the repayment date and the interest rate", and failing to provide the required invoices for "97 payments of over ÂŁ200, totalling ÂŁ80,224". The Electoral Commission's director of political finance and regulation and legal counsel said that the "level of fine we have imposed has been constrained by the cap on the commission's fines".
[
399
]
[
400
]
In the same month, the Electoral Commission issued a ÂŁ2,000 fine to the pro-EU campaign group Best for Our Future Limited; it also fined
Unison
ÂŁ1,500 for inaccurately reporting a donation to Best for Our Future and failing to pay an invoice; and it fined
GMB
ÂŁ500 for inaccurately reporting a donation to Best for Our Future.
[
401
]
In July 2018, the Electoral Commission fined Vote Leave ÂŁ61,000 for not declaring ÂŁ675,000 incurred under a common plan with
BeLeave
, unlawfully overspending by ÂŁ449,079, inaccurately reporting 43 items of spending totalling ÂŁ236,501, failing to provide the required invoices for "8 payments of over ÂŁ200, totalling ÂŁ12,850", and failing to comply with an investigation notice issued by the commission. Darren Grimes representing BeLeave was fined ÂŁ20,000, the maximum permitted individual fine, for exceeding its spending limit as an unregistered campaigner by more than ÂŁ660,000 and delivering an inaccurate and incomplete spending return.
Veterans for Britain
was also fined ÂŁ250 for inaccurately reporting a donation it received from Vote Leave.
[
402
]
The Electoral Commission referred the matter to the police. On 14 September 2018, following a
High Court of Justice
case, the court found that Vote Leave had received incorrect advice from the UK
Electoral Commission
, but confirmed that the overspending had been illegal. Vote Leave subsequently said they would not have paid it without the advice.
[
403
]
[
404
]
In February 2019, the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee's 18-month investigation into disinformation and fake news published its final report,
[
405
]
calling for an inquiry to establish, in relation to the referendum, "what actually happened with regard to foreign influence, disinformation, funding, voter manipulation, and the sharing of data, so that appropriate changes to the law can be made and lessons can be learnt for future elections and referenda".
[
406
]
Speculation about Russian interference
[
edit
]
In the run-up to the Brexit referendum, Russian President
Vladimir Putin
refrained from taking a public position on Brexit,
[
407
]
but Prime Minister
David Cameron
suggested that "Putin might be happy" with Britain leaving the
EU
,
[
408
]
while the Remain campaign accused the
Kremlin
of secretly backing a "Leave" vote in the referendum.
[
409
]
Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson
Maria Zakharova
denied these allegations, saying that "Russia is blamed for everything. Not only in the UK but all over the world. (...) But Russia has nothing to do with Brexit at all. We're not involved in this process."
[
407
]
Steve Rosenberg
, the Moscow correspondent for BBC News, suggested on 26 June 2016 that the Russian government stood to gain from Brexit in several ways: (1) enabling Russian state media "to contrast post-referendum upheaval and uncertainty abroad with a picture of 'stability' back home and images of a 'strong'
President Putin
at the helm" in a way that bolstered the ruling
United Russia
party; (2) to place the value of the
British pound
under pressure and thereby exact retaliation for
sanctions against Russia
imposed after its
occupation of Crimea
; (3) to "make the European Union more friendly towards Russia" in the absence of British membership; and (4) to force the resignation of Cameron, who had been critical of Russian actions.
[
409
]
After the referendum result Putin said that Brexit brought "positives and negatives".
[
409
]
In December 2016, MP
Ben Bradshaw
speculated in Parliament that Russia may have interfered in the referendum.
[
410
]
In February 2017, he called on the
GCHQ
intelligence service to reveal the information it had on Russian interference.
[
411
]
In April 2017, the
House of Commons
Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee
(PACAC) issued a report suggesting that there were technical indications that a June 2016 crash of the voter-registration website was caused by a
distributed denial-of-service attack
using
botnets
.
[
412
]
The
Cabinet Office
, in response, stated that it did not believe that "malign intervention" had caused the crash, and instead attributed the crash "to a spike in users just before the registration deadline".
[
412
]
In October 2017, MP
Damian Collins
, chairman of the House of Commons
Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee
, sent a letter to Facebook CEO
Mark Zuckerberg
requesting documents relating to possible Russian government manipulation of Facebook during the Brexit referendum and the
general election
the following year.
[
413
]
In October 2017, a study by researchers at
City, University of London
was published in the journal
Social Science Computer Review
. The article identified 13,493 Twitter accounts that posted a total of about 65,000 messages in the last four weeks of the Brexit referendum campaign, the vast majority campaigning for a "Leave" vote; they were deleted shortly after the referendum.
[
414
]
[
415
]
A further 26,538 Twitter accounts suddenly changed their username.
[
415
]
The research findings "raised questions about the possibility that a coordinated 'bot army' was deployed, and also about the possibility that Twitter itself may have detected and removed them without disclosing the manipulation".
[
414
]
In November 2017, the
Electoral Commission
told
The Times
that it had launched an inquiry to "examine the growing role of social media in election campaigns amid concerns from the intelligence and security agencies that Russia is trying to destabilise the democratic process in Britain".
[
416
]
The commission was in contact with Facebook and Twitter as part of the inquiry.
[
416
]
According to
Facebook
, Russian-based operatives spent 97 cents to place three adverts on the social network in the run-up to the referendum, which were viewed 200 times.
[
417
]
On 10 June 2018,
The Guardian
reported that investigators from
The Observer
had seen evidence that Leave.EU funder Arron Banks had met Russian officials "multiple times" from 2015 to 2017 and had discussed "a multibillion dollar opportunity to buy Russian goldmines".
[
418
]
In July 2020, the
Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament
published
a report on Russian interference in British politics
, which concluded that the government "had not seen or sought evidence of successful interference in UK democratic processes" and criticised the government for failing to conduct an assessment of Russian attempts to interfere in the Brexit referendum.
[
419
]
Three months later,
Information Commissioner
Elizabeth Denham
, who had decided to look into potential unlawful marketing involving repurposing of data during the referendum, produced her final report. She concluded that she had found no evidence of Russian involvement in the referendum.
[
420
]
[
421
]
1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum
2024 Moldovan European Union membership constitutional referendum
Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union
Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum
European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019
Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit
Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar
European Union Bill 2004â2005
Law of the European Union
European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019
("CooperâLetwin Act")
Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016â2020)
Potential re-accession of the United Kingdom to the European Union
Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement
Referendums in the United Kingdom
Referendums related to the European Union
Treaty of Accession 1972
^
The figure widely circulated by the Vote Leave campaign that the UK sends the EU ÂŁ350m a week was declared a "misuse of official statistics" by the UK Statistics authority.
[
89
]
This figure did not take into account the UK's budget rebate. Taking the rebate into account, the UK sent the EU ÂŁ252m a week in 2016. Later, a
private prosecution was launched against Boris Johnson for misconduct in public office
; the case was thrown out.
[
90
]
^
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## Contents
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- [(Top)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum)
- [1 Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background)
Toggle Background subsection
- [1\.1 Growing pressure for a referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Growing_pressure_for_a_referendum)
- [1\.2 Renegotiation before the referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Renegotiation_before_the_referendum)
- [2 Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Legislation)
- [3 Referendum question](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Referendum_question)
- [4 Administration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Administration)
Toggle Administration subsection
- [4\.1 Date](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Date)
- [4\.2 Eligibility to vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Eligibility_to_vote)
- [4\.3 Registration problems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Registration_problems)
- [4\.4 Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Crown_Dependencies)
- [5 Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Campaign)
- [6 Responses to the referendum campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Responses_to_the_referendum_campaign)
Toggle Responses to the referendum campaign subsection
- [6\.1 Party policies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Party_policies)
- [6\.1.1 Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Great_Britain)
- [6\.1.2 Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Northern_Ireland)
- [6\.1.3 Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Gibraltar)
- [6\.1.4 Minor parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Minor_parties)
- [6\.2 Cabinet ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Cabinet_ministers)
- [6\.3 Business](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Business)
- [6\.4 Exchange rates and stock markets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Exchange_rates_and_stock_markets)
- [6\.5 European responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#European_responses)
- [6\.6 Non-European responses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Non-European_responses)
- [6\.6.1 International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#International_Monetary_Fund)
- [6\.6.2 United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#United_States)
- [6\.6.3 Other states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Other_states)
- [6\.7 Economists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Economists)
- [6\.7.1 Institute for Fiscal Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies)
- [6\.8 Lawyers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Lawyers)
- [6\.9 NHS officials](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#NHS_officials)
- [6\.10 British health charities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#British_health_charities)
- [6\.11 Fishing industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Fishing_industry)
- [6\.12 Historians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Historians)
- [6\.13 Exit plan competition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Exit_plan_competition)
- [7 Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Opinion_polling)
Toggle Opinion polling subsection
- [7\.1 On the day YouGov poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#On_the_day_YouGov_poll)
- [8 Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Issues)
- [9 Debates, question and answer sessions, and interviews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Debates,_question_and_answer_sessions,_and_interviews)
- [10 Voting, voting areas, and counts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Voting,_voting_areas,_and_counts)
- [11 Disturbances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Disturbances)
- [12 Result](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Result)
Toggle Result subsection
- [12\.1 Results by region and constituent countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Results_by_region_and_constituent_countries)
- [12\.2 Voter demographics and trends](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Voter_demographics_and_trends)
- [12\.3 Ipsos MORI demographic polling breakdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Ipsos_MORI_demographic_polling_breakdown)
- [13 Reactions to the result](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Reactions_to_the_result)
Toggle Reactions to the result subsection
- [13\.1 Immediate reaction to the vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Immediate_reaction_to_the_vote)
- [13\.1.1 Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Youth_protests_and_non-inclusion_of_underage_citizens)
- [13\.1.2 Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Increase_of_applications_for_passports_of_other_EU_countries)
- [13\.1.3 Abuse and hate crime allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Abuse_and_hate_crime_allegations)
- [13\.1.4 Petition for a new referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Petition_for_a_new_referendum)
- [13\.2 Political](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Political)
- [13\.2.1 Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Conservative_Party)
- [13\.2.2 Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Labour_Party)
- [13\.2.3 UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#UK_Independence_Party)
- [13\.2.4 Scottish independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Scottish_independence)
- [13\.2.5 New political movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#New_political_movement)
- [13\.3 Economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Economy)
- [13\.4 Electoral Reform Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Electoral_Reform_Society)
- [13\.5 Television coverage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Television_coverage)
- [14 Investigations into campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Investigations_into_campaigns)
Toggle Investigations into campaigns subsection
- [14\.1 Campaign spending](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Campaign_spending)
- [14\.2 Speculation about Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Speculation_about_Russian_interference)
- [15 See also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#See_also)
- [16 Notes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Notes)
- [17 References](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#References)
- [18 Further reading](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Further_reading)
- [19 External links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#External_links)
Toggle the table of contents
# 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
65 languages
- [اŮؚعبŮŘŠ](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A_2016 "استŮتاإ بŮاإ اŮŮ
Ů
ŮŮŘŠ اŮŮ
ŘŞŘŘŻŘŠ ŘśŮ
٠اŮاتŘاد اŮŘŁŮŘąŮب٠2016 â Arabic")
- [ĐоНаŃŃŃкаŃ](https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5 "Đ ŃŃĐľŃŃндŃĐź Đ°Đą ŃНонŃŃво ĐŃĐťŃкайŃŃŃĐ°Đ˝ŃŃ Ń ĐŃŃапоКŃĐşŃĐź ŃĐ°ŃСо â Belarusian")
- [ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤ŕ¤ŞŕĽŕ¤°ŕĽ](https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80,_2016 "यŕĽŕ¤¨ŕ¤žŕ¤ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤Ą ŕ¤ŕ¤żŕ¤ŕ¤ŕ¤Ąŕ¤Ž यŕĽŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤Şŕ¤żŕ¤Żŕ¤¨ यŕĽŕ¤¨ŕ¤żŕ¤Żŕ¤¨ सऌसŕĽŕ¤Żŕ¤¤ŕ¤ž रञयजŕĽŕ¤Žŕ¤žŕ¤°ŕĽ, 2016 â Bhojpuri")
- [Bosanski](https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_%C4%8Dlanstvu_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva_u_Evropskoj_uniji "Referendum o Älanstvu Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva u Evropskoj uniji â Bosnian")
- [CatalĂ ](https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A8ndum_sobre_la_perman%C3%A8ncia_del_Regne_Unit_dins_la_Uni%C3%B3_Europea_de_2016 "Referèndum sobre la permanència del Regne Unit dins la UniĂł Europea de 2016 â Catalan")
- [ÚŠŮعدŰ](https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88_%D9%84%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_\(%D9%A2%D9%A0%D9%A1%D9%A6\) "ÚŻŘ´ŘŞŮžŘąŘłŰ ŘŚŰŮداŮ
ŰŘŞŰŰ Ř´Ř§ŮŘ´ŰŮŰ ŰŰڊگعتŮŮ ŮŰ ŰŰÚŠŰŘŞŰŰ ŘŚŰŮŘąŮŮٞا (٢٠٥ٌ) â Central Kurdish")
- [ÄeĹĄtina](https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_%C4%8Dlenstv%C3%AD_Spojen%C3%A9ho_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD_v_Evropsk%C3%A9_unii_2016 "Referendum o ÄlenstvĂ SpojenĂŠho krĂĄlovstvĂ v EvropskĂŠ unii 2016 â Czech")
- [Cymraeg](https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refferendwm_y_Deyrnas_Unedig_ar_aelodaeth_o%27r_Undeb_Ewropeaidd,_2016 "Refferendwm y Deyrnas Unedig ar aelodaeth o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd, 2016 â Welsh")
- [Dansk](https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeafstemningen_om_Storbritanniens_EU-medlemskab_2016 "Folkeafstemningen om Storbritanniens EU-medlemskab 2016 â Danish")
- [Deutsch](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-Mitgliedschaftsreferendum_im_Vereinigten_K%C3%B6nigreich_2016 "EU-Mitgliedschaftsreferendum im Vereinigten KĂśnigreich 2016 â German")
- [ÎΝΝΡνΚκΏ](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%88%CE%AE%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_\(2016\) "ÎĎÎľĎÎąÎ˝ÎšÎşĎ Î´ÎˇÎźÎżĎÎŽĎΚĎΟι (2016) â Greek")
- [EmiliĂ n e rumagnòl](https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit â Emiliano-Romagnolo")
- [Esperanto](https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britelira_referendumo_de_2016 "Britelira referendumo de 2016 â Esperanto")
- [EspaĂąol](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refer%C3%A9ndum_sobre_la_pertenencia_del_Reino_Unido_a_la_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea "ReferĂŠndum sobre la pertenencia del Reino Unido a la UniĂłn Europea â Spanish")
- [Eesti](https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016._aasta_Suurbritannia_Euroopa_Liidu_liikmesuse_referendum "2016. aasta Suurbritannia Euroopa Liidu liikmesuse referendum â Estonian")
- [Euskara](https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erresuma_Batua_Europar_Batasunean_egoteari_buruzko_galdeketa "Erresuma Batua Europar Batasunean egoteari buruzko galdeketa â Basque")
- [ŮاعسŰ](https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_\(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B6\) "ŮŮ
ŮâŮžŘąŘłŰ ŘšŘśŮŰŘŞ بعŰتاŮŰا ŘŻŘą اتŘادŰ٠اعŮٞا (۲۰۹ۜ) â Persian")
- [Suomi](https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneen_kuningaskunnan_EU-kansan%C3%A4%C3%A4nestys "Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan EU-kansanäänestys â Finnish")
- [Føroyskt](https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3lkaatkv%C3%B8%C3%B0an_um_ES-limaskap_St%C3%B3rabretlands_2016 "FĂłlkaatkvøðan um ES-limaskap StĂłrabretlands 2016 â Faroese")
- [Français](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum_sur_l%27appartenance_du_Royaume-Uni_%C3%A0_l%27Union_europ%C3%A9enne "RĂŠfĂŠrendum sur l'appartenance du Royaume-Uni Ă l'Union europĂŠenne â French")
- [Gaeilge](https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reifreann_ar_sheasamh_na_R%C3%ADochta_Aontaithe_i_leith_na_hEorpa,_2016 "Reifreann ar sheasamh na RĂochta Aontaithe i leith na hEorpa, 2016 â Irish")
- [GĂ idhlig](https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reifreann_mu_bhallrachd_Bhreatainn_san_Aonadh_E%C3%B2rpach_2016 "Reifreann mu bhallrachd Bhreatainn san Aonadh Eòrpach 2016 â Scottish Gaelic")
- [Galego](https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo_sobre_a_permanencia_do_Reino_Unido_na_Uni%C3%B3n_Europea "Referendo sobre a permanencia do Reino Unido na UniĂłn Europea â Galician")
- [ע×ר×ת](https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99_\(2016\) "×׊×× ××˘× ×˘× ××ר×ת ×××××× ××××××ת ×××××× ×××ר××¤× (2016) â Hebrew")
- [चिनŕĽŕ¤ŚŕĽ](https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9 "यŕĽŕ¤¨ŕ¤žŕ¤ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤Ą ŕ¤ŕ¤żŕ¤ŕ¤ŕ¤Ąŕ¤Ž ऎŕĽŕ¤ यŕĽŕ¤°ŕĽŕ¤ŞŕĽŕ¤Ż सŕ¤ŕ¤ पर ŕ¤ŕ¤¨ŕ¤Žŕ¤¤ सŕ¤ŕ¤ŕĽŕ¤°ŕ¤š â Hindi")
- [Hrvatski](https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_%C4%8Dlanstvu_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva_u_Europskoj_uniji "Referendum o Älanstvu Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva u Europskoj uniji â Croatian")
- [Magyar](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016-os_n%C3%A9pszavaz%C3%A1s_az_Egyes%C3%BClt_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g_EU-tags%C3%A1g%C3%A1r%C3%B3l "2016-os nĂŠpszavazĂĄs az EgyesĂźlt KirĂĄlysĂĄg EU-tagsĂĄgĂĄrĂłl â Hungarian")
- [ŐŐĄŐľŐĽÖŐĽŐś](https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%9D_%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%B8%D5%BE_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BE%D5%A5 "ŐŐĽŐŽ Ô˛ÖŐŤŐżŐĄŐśŐŤŐĄŐľŐŤŐ ÔľŐžÖŐ¸ŐşŐĄŐŻŐĄŐś Ő´ŐŤŐ¸ÖŐŠŐľŐ¸ÖŐśŐ¸ÖŐ´ ŐĄŐśŐ¤ŐĄŐ´ŐĄŐŻÖŐ¸ÖŐŠŐľŐĄŐś Ő°ŐĄÖÖŐ¸Őž Ő°ŐĄŐśÖŐĄÖŐžŐĽ â Armenian")
- [Bahasa Indonesia](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_keanggotaan_Britania_Raya_di_Uni_Eropa_2016 "Referendum keanggotaan Britania Raya di Uni Eropa 2016 â Indonesian")
- [Ăslenska](https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0aratkv%C3%A6%C3%B0agrei%C3%B0slan_um_a%C3%B0ild_Bretlands_a%C3%B0_ESB_2016 "ĂjóðaratkvĂŚĂ°agreiĂ°slan um aĂ°ild Bretlands aĂ° ESB 2016 â Icelandic")
- [Italiano](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_sulla_permanenza_del_Regno_Unito_nell%27Unione_europea "Referendum sulla permanenza del Regno Unito nell'Unione europea â Italian")
- [ćĽćŹčŞ](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E9%9B%A2%E8%84%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%9D%9E%E3%82%92%E5%95%8F%E3%81%86%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8 "ă¤ăŽăŞăšăŽćŹ§ĺˇéŁĺé˘čąćŻéăĺăĺ˝ć°ć缨 â Japanese")
- [Jawa](https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9fer%C3%A8ndum_ngenani_Britania_ol%C3%A8h%C3%A9_dadi_anggota_Uni_%C3%89ropah_\(2016\) "RĂŠferèndum ngenani Britania olèhĂŠ dadi anggota Uni Ăropah (2016) â Javanese")
- [íęľě´](https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%EB%85%84_%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9_%ED%9A%8C%EC%9B%90%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%ED%88%AC%ED%91%9C "2016ë
ěęľ ě ë˝ ě°íŠ íěęľ ęľëŻźíŹí â Korean")
- [Latina](https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannorum_suffragium_de_tenenda_Unionis_Europaeae_societate "Britannorum suffragium de tenenda Unionis Europaeae societate â Latin")
- [Lombard](https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_in_su_la_permanenza_del_Regn_Unii_in_de_l%27Union_Europea "Referendum in su la permanenza del Regn Unii in de l'Union Europea â Lombard")
- [LietuviĹł](https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumas_d%C4%97l_Jungtin%C4%97s_Karalyst%C4%97s_naryst%C4%97s_Europos_S%C4%85jungoje "Referendumas dÄl JungtinÄs KaralystÄs narystÄs Europos SÄ
jungoje â Lithuanian")
- [LatvieĹĄu](https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_par_Apvienot%C4%81s_Karalistes_dal%C4%ABbu_Eiropas_Savien%C4%ABb%C4%81 "Referendums par ApvienotÄs Karalistes dalÄŤbu Eiropas SavienÄŤbÄ â Latvian")
- [Bahasa Melayu](https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pungutan_suara_keahlian_United_Kingdom_di_Kesatuan_Eropah_2016 "Pungutan suara keahlian United Kingdom di Kesatuan Eropah 2016 â Malay")
- [Nederlands](https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_in_het_Verenigd_Koninkrijk_over_het_lidmaatschap_van_de_Europese_Unie "Referendum in het Verenigd Koninkrijk over het lidmaatschap van de Europese Unie â Dutch")
- [Norsk bokmĂĽl](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkeavstemningen_om_Storbritannias_EU-medlemskap_2016 "Folkeavstemningen om Storbritannias EU-medlemskap 2016 â Norwegian BokmĂĽl")
- [Polski](https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_w_Wielkiej_Brytanii_w_2016_roku "Referendum w Wielkiej Brytanii w 2016 roku â Polish")
- [ŮžŮ؏ابŰ](https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_2016 "بعءاŮŮŰ ŘąŰŮŘąŮÚŮ
Ř¨ŘąŘ§ŘŚŰ ŰŮŘąŮžŰ ŰŮŮŰŮ ŘąÚŠŮŰŘŞ 2016 â Western Punjabi")
- [PortuguĂŞs](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendo_sobre_a_perman%C3%AAncia_do_Reino_Unido_na_Uni%C3%A3o_Europeia_em_2016 "Referendo sobre a permanĂŞncia do Reino Unido na UniĂŁo Europeia em 2016 â Portuguese")
- [RomânÄ](https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumul_asupra_men%C8%9Binerii_Regatului_Unit_%C3%AEn_Uniunea_European%C4%83 "Referendumul asupra menČinerii Regatului Unit ĂŽn Uniunea EuropeanÄ â Romanian")
- [Đ ŃŃŃкиК](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5 "Đ ĐľŃĐľŃондŃĐź Đž ŃНонŃŃво ĐоНикОйŃиŃании в ĐвŃОпоКŃкОП ŃĐžŃСо â Russian")
- [Scots](https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Kinrick_European_Union_membership_referendum,_2016 "Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016 â Scots")
- [Srpskohrvatski / ŃŃĐżŃкОŃ
ŃваŃŃки](https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_Ujedinjenog_Kraljevstva_o_%C4%8Dlanstvu_u_Evropskoj_uniji "Referendum Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva o Älanstvu u Evropskoj uniji â Serbo-Croatian")
- [ŕˇŕˇŕśŕˇŕś˝](https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA,_2016 "ŕśşŕˇŕśťŕˇŕś´ŕˇŕśşŕˇŕśąŕˇ ŕˇŕśŕśŕś¸ŕśşŕˇŕˇŕˇ ŕˇŕˇŕś¸ŕˇŕś˘ŕˇŕśŕśŕˇŕˇŕśş ŕś´ŕˇŕˇ
ŕˇŕśśŕśł ŕśŕśŕˇŕˇŕśŕˇ ŕśťŕˇŕś˘ŕś°ŕˇŕśąŕˇŕśş ŕśŕˇŕś˝ ජනමචŕˇŕˇŕś ŕˇŕśťŕśŤŕśş, 2016 â Sinhala")
- [Simple English](https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum â Simple English")
- [SlovenĹĄÄina](https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_o_%C4%8Dlanstvu_Zdru%C5%BEenega_kraljestva_v_Evropski_uniji "Referendum o Älanstvu ZdruĹženega kraljestva v Evropski uniji â Slovenian")
- [ĐĄŃĐżŃки / srpski](https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83_%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8 "Đ ĐľŃĐľŃондŃĐź Đž ŃНанŃŃĐ˛Ń ĐŁŃодиŃонОг ĐŃĐ°ŃовŃŃва Ń ĐвŃОпŃĐşĐžŃ ŃниŃи â Serbian")
- [Svenska](https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkomr%C3%B6stningen_om_EU-medlemskap_i_Storbritannien_2016 "FolkomrĂśstningen om EU-medlemskap i Storbritannien 2016 â Swedish")
- [ĹlĹŻnski](https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referynd%C5%AFm_we_Wjelgij_Bryta%C5%84iji_we_2016_roku "ReferyndĹŻm we Wjelgij BrytaĹiji we 2016 roku â Silesian")
- [ŕšŕ¸ŕ¸˘](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2559 "ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Łŕ¸Ľŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Łŕ¸°ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸Ąŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸§ŕšŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕšŕ¸§ŕ¸˘ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ąŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸´ŕ¸ŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸ าŕ¸ŕ¸˘ŕ¸¸ŕšŕ¸Łŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸Şŕ¸Ťŕ¸Łŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸˛ŕ¸ŕ¸ąŕ¸ŕ¸Ł ŕ¸.ศ. 2559 â Thai")
- [Tagalog](https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_sa_pagkakasapi_ng_United_Kingdom_sa_Unyong_Europeo "Referendum sa pagkakasapi ng United Kingdom sa Unyong Europeo â Tagalog")
- [TĂźrkçe](https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k%27%C4%B1n_Avrupa_Birli%C4%9Fi_%C3%BCyeli%C4%9Fi_referandumu "2016 BirleĹik KrallÄąk'Äąn Avrupa BirliÄi ĂźyeliÄi referandumu â Turkish")
- [ТаŃĐ°ŃŃĐ° / tatarça](https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6yekbritani%C3%A4ne%C3%B1_Awrupa_Berlegend%C3%A4_qalu-qalmaw_referendum%C4%B1 "BĂśyekbritaniäneĂą Awrupa Berlegendä qalu-qalmaw referendumÄą â Tatar")
- [ĐŁĐşŃĐ°ŃĐ˝ŃŃка](https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B2_%D0%84%D0%A1 "Đ ĐľŃĐľŃондŃĐź ŃОдО ŃНонŃŃва ĐĐľĐťĐ¸ĐşĐžŃ ĐŃиŃĐ°Đ˝ŃŃ Đ˛ ĐĐĄ â Ukrainian")
- [اعدŮ](https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%8C_2016%D8%A1 "Ů
Ů
ŮÚŠŘŞ Ů
ŘŞŘŘŻŰ ŘąŰŮŘąŮÚŮ
Ř¨ŘąŘ§ŘŚŰ ŰŮعٞŰŮ ŰŮŮŰŮ ŘąÚŠŮŰŘŞŘ 2016ŘĄ â Urdu")
- [Tiáşżng Viáťt](https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_c%E1%BA%A7u_d%C3%A2n_%C3%BD_v%E1%BB%81_t%C6%B0_c%C3%A1ch_th%C3%A0nh_vi%C3%AAn_EU_c%E1%BB%A7a_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Anh_v%C3%A0_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ireland,_2016 "TrĆ°ng cầu dân Ă˝ váť tĆ° cĂĄch thĂ nh viĂŞn EU cᝧa VĆ°ĆĄng quáťc LiĂŞn hiáťp Anh vĂ Bắc Ireland, 2016 â Vietnamese")
- [ĺ´čŻ](https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E8%84%B1%E6%AC%A7%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95 "2016ĺš´čąĺ˝čąćŹ§ĺ
Źć â Wu")
- [éŠĺčŞ / Bân-lâm-gĂ](https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_n%C3%AE_Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_%C3%94ng-kok_thoat-l%C3%AE_Au-chiu_Li%C3%A2n-b%C3%AAng_kong-b%C3%AEn_t%C3%A2u-phi%C3%B2 "2016 nĂŽ Liân-haĚp Ăng-kok thoat-lĂŽ Au-chiu Liân-bĂŞng kong-bĂŽn tâu-phiò â Minnan")
- [精čŞ](https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%84%AB%E9%9B%A2%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95 "čąĺčŤé˘ćçĺ
Źć â Cantonese")
- [ä¸ć](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8E%BB%E7%95%99%E6%AD%90%E7%9B%9F%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95 "čąĺĺťçćçĺ
Źć â Chinese")
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English
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| | | |
|---|---|---|
|  | | |
| â [1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") **23 June 2016** | | |
| Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union? | | |
| Outcome | [The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") ([Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit")) | |
| Results | | |
| Choice | Votes | % |
| **Leave** | **17,410,742** | **51\.89%** |
| **Remain** | 16,141,241 | 48\.11% |
| Valid votes | 33,551,983 | 99\.92% |
| Invalid or blank votes | 25,359 | 0\.08% |
| **Total votes** | **33,577,342** | **100\.00%** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 46,500,001 | 72\.21% |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU_membership_referendum_2016_map.svg)Results by local voting area **Leave**: 50â60% 60â70% 70â80% **Remain**: 50â60% 60â70% 70â80% 90â100% | | |
| On the map, the darker shades for a colour indicate a larger margin. The electorate of 46.5 million represents 70.8% of the population. | | |
| [National and regional referendums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom "Referendums in the United Kingdom") held within the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and its [constituent countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom "Countries of the United Kingdom") | | |
|---|---|---|
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_\(2024,_lesser_arms\).svg) | | |
| | | |
| [Northern Ireland border poll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Northern_Ireland_border_poll "1973 Northern Ireland border poll") | | 1973 |
| [**EC membership referendum**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") | | **1975** |
| [Scottish devolution referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Scottish_devolution_referendum "1979 Scottish devolution referendum") | | 1979 |
| [Welsh devolution referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Welsh_devolution_referendum "1979 Welsh devolution referendum") | | 1979 |
| [Scottish devolution referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Scottish_devolution_referendum "1997 Scottish devolution referendum") | | 1997 |
| [Welsh devolution referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Welsh_devolution_referendum "1997 Welsh devolution referendum") | | 1997 |
| [Greater London Authority referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum "1998 Greater London Authority referendum") | | 1998 |
| [NI Good Friday Agreement referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Good_Friday_Agreement_referendum "1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum") | | 1998 |
| [NE England devolution referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_North_East_England_devolution_referendum "2004 North East England devolution referendum") | | 2004 |
| [Welsh devolution referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum "2011 Welsh devolution referendum") | | 2011 |
| [**Alternative Vote referendum**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum "2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum") | | **2011** |
| [Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum "2014 Scottish independence referendum") | | 2014 |
| [**EU membership referendum**]() | | **2016** |
| **\* UK-wide referendums in bold** | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK_Referendums "Template:UK Referendums") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK_Referendums "Template talk:UK Referendums") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_Referendums "Special:EditPage/Template:UK Referendums") | | |
| | |
|---|---|
| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit "Category:Brexit") on | |
| [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") | |
|  | |
| [Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") of the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") [Glossary of terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms "Glossary of Brexit terms") | |
| [Background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Background) [European Communities Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") [1975 EC membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate") [Bruges speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_speech "Bruges speech") [No. No. No.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._No._No._\(Margaret_Thatcher\) "No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)") [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") ([Rebels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels "Maastricht Rebels")) [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") [Treaty of Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") ([Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Amendment\)_Act_2008 "European Union (Amendment) Act 2008")) [European Union Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") [UK opinion polling on EU membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union") Campaigns for a referendum [People's Pledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Pledge "People's Pledge") [Labour for a Referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_for_a_Referendum "Labour for a Referendum") [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") *[In or Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out "The European Union: In or Out")* [2013â14 EU (Referendum) Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14") (unsuccessful) [2014 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") 2014 UK Parliament by-elections [Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election "2014 Clacton by-election") [Heywood and Middleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election "2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election") [Rochester and Strood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election "2014 Rochester and Strood by-election") [2015 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [2015â16 EU membership renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") | |
| [2016 referendum]() [EU Referendum Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)")) [EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\)_Regulations_2016 "European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016") [EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_\(Conduct\)_Regulations_2016 "The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016") [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [UK Government pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") **[Campaigns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")** **Leave campaigns** **[Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave")** (official) [Business for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_for_Britain "Business for Britain") [Conservatives for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatives_for_Britain "Conservatives for Britain") [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave") [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") [Bpoplive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bpoplive "Bpoplive") [The Freedom Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Association "The Freedom Association") [Better Off Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Off_Out "Better Off Out") [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") [Labour Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Leave "Labour Leave") [Get Britain Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Britain_Out "Get Britain Out") [Bruges Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Group_\(United_Kingdom\) "Bruges Group (United Kingdom)") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain "Campaign for an Independent Britain") *[Brexit: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie "Brexit: The Movie")* **Remain campaigns** **[Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe")** (official) [Labour In for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain "Labour In for Britain") [European Movement UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement_UK "European Movement UK") [Britain in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_in_Europe "Britain in Europe") [British Influence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Influence "British Influence") [Business for New Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_for_New_Europe "Business for New Europe") [Nucleus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleus_\(advocacy_group\) "Nucleus (advocacy group)") [Project Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fear "Project Fear") **Outcome** [Results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Causes for result](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit") [International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Immediate aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [2016 Conservative Party election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") [2016 Labour Party election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") [2016 UKIP election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "JulyâSeptember 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") [Department for Exiting the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "Department for Exiting the European Union") [Department for International Trade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade "Department for International Trade") [Allegations of unlawful campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") [Alleged Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") | |
| [Notice of withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Article 50 process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") [*Miller* case (Article 50)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") [EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") [2017 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") | |
| [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") Negotiation positions [EU negotiation mandate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_negotiating_directives_for_Brexit "European Union negotiating directives for Brexit") [Chequers agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_agreement "Chequers agreement") Timeline: [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 "Brexit negotiations in 2017"), [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 "Brexit negotiations in 2018"), [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019") [2019 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2019 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | |
| [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") [Brexit divorce bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill "Brexit divorce bill") [Fish for finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_for_finance "Fish for finance") [Irish backstop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_backstop "Irish backstop") [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") [Northern Ireland Protocol Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill "Northern Ireland Protocol Bill") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") | |
| [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 "Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018") [CooperâLetwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") [2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs "2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs") [Public Vote Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\(Public_Vote\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 "European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017â19") (not passed) [Terms of Withdrawal Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\(Referendum\)_Bills "Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills") (not passed) [Scottish EU Continuity Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill") (blocked) [Withdrawal Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)")) [Scottish EU Continuity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2021 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021") [Internal Market Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 "United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020") [EU (Future Relationship) Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_\(Revocation_and_Reform\)_Act_2023 "Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023") | |
| [Impact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit "Impact of Brexit") [Impact on the Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") [Good Friday Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement "Good Friday Agreement") [Impact on the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union "Impact of Brexit on the European Union") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit") [Effects on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar") [Scientific cooperation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology") [Effects on popular culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture "Brexit in popular culture") [Retained EU law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_law_\(UK_Law\) "Retained EU law (UK Law)") [2021 Jersey dispute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Jersey_dispute "2021 Jersey dispute") | |
| [EUâUK relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") [Relations pre- and post-Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations "United KingdomâEuropean Union relations") [EUâUK trade negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [EUâUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EUâUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") (TCA) [Partnership Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Partnership_Council "EUâUK Partnership Council") [Partnership Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Parliamentary_Partnership_Assembly "EUâUK Parliamentary Partnership Assembly") **Relations with EU member states** [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "AustriaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "BelgiumâUnited Kingdom relations") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "BulgariaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "CroatiaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "CyprusâUnited Kingdom relations") [Akrotiri and Dhekelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia "Akrotiri and Dhekelia") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "Czech RepublicâUnited Kingdom relations") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "DenmarkâUnited Kingdom relations") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "EstoniaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "FinlandâUnited Kingdom relations") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "FranceâUnited Kingdom relations") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "GermanyâUnited Kingdom relations") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "GreeceâUnited Kingdom relations") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "HungaryâUnited Kingdom relations") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "IrelandâUnited Kingdom relations") [IrelandâUK border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border "Republic of IrelandâUnited Kingdom border") [BritishâIrish Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council "BritishâIrish Council") [North/South Ministerial Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council "North/South Ministerial Council") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "ItalyâUnited Kingdom relations") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "LatviaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "LithuaniaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "LuxembourgâUnited Kingdom relations") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "MaltaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "NetherlandsâUnited Kingdom relations") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "PolandâUnited Kingdom relations") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "PortugalâUnited Kingdom relations") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "RomaniaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "SlovakiaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "SloveniaâUnited Kingdom relations") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "SpainâUnited Kingdom relations") [Status of Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Gibraltar "Status of Gibraltar") [GibraltarâSpain border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border "GibraltarâSpain border") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations "SwedenâUnited Kingdom relations") [Conjectured EEA membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membership_of_United_Kingdom_in_the_European_Economic_Area "Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area") | |
| [Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit "Opposition to Brexit") [Post-referendum opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_\(2016%E2%80%93present\) "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016âpresent)") New initiatives [Change Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Britain "Change Britain") [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United") [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") *[The New European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_European "The New European")* [Unite to Remain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite_to_Remain "Unite to Remain") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [Revoke Article 50 petition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition "Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition") *[Postcards from the 48%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25 "Postcards from the 48%")* [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") **Calls for a [second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement")** **[People's Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Vote "People's Vote")** [Britain for Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_for_Europe "Britain for Europe") [European Movement UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement_UK "European Movement UK") [For our Future's Sake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_our_Future%27s_Sake "For our Future's Sake") [Healthier IN the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthier_IN_the_EU "Healthier IN the EU") [InFacts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InFacts "InFacts") [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") [Our Future Our Choice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Future_Our_Choice "Our Future Our Choice") [Scientists for EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientists_for_EU "Scientists for EU") Other organisations [Best for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_for_Britain "Best for Britain") [Bollocks to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit "Bollocks to Brexit") [Change UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_UK "Change UK") [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\)#Opposing_Brexit_\(2015%E2%80%93present\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") [Right to Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_Vote "Right to Vote") | |
| | |
| [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") | Jan 2013 |
| [Referendum Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14") blocked | Jan 2014 |
| [European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") | May 2014 |
| [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") | May 2015 |
| Renegotiation begins | Jun 2015 |
| [Referendum Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") passed | Dec 2015 |
| [Renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") concluded | Feb 2016 |
| [Referendum]() held | Jun 2016 |
| [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") resigns as [PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") | Jul 2016 |
| [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") [becomes PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") | Jul 2016 |
| [Article 50 judgement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") | Jan 2017 |
| [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") presented | Feb 2017 |
| [Notification Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") passed | Mar 2017 |
| [Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") invoked | Mar 2017 |
| [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") presented | Mar 2017 |
| [2017 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") | Jun 2017 |
| [Brexit negotiations begin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") | Jun 2017 |
| [Withdrawal Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") passed | Jun 2018 |
| [Chequers plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_agreement "Chequers agreement") presented | Jul 2018 |
| [Withdrawal agreement plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan "Brexit withdrawal agreement plan") presented | July 2018 |
| [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") released | Nov 2018 |
| [Scottish Continuity Bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill_2018 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018") blocked | Dec 2018 |
| [Meaningful votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") | JanâMar 2019 |
| [Brexit delayed until 12 April](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit#Vote_on_extending_Article_50_\(14_March_2019\) "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") | Mar 2019 |
| [CooperâLetwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") passed | Apr 2019 |
| [Brexit delayed until 31 October](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019#Motion_under_the_Act "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") | Apr 2019 |
| [European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") | May 2019 |
| Theresa May resigns as [PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") | Jul 2019 |
| [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") [becomes PM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2019 Conservative Party leadership election") | Jul 2019 |
| [Prorogation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy "2019 British prorogation controversy") and [annulment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland") | AugâSep 2019 |
| [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") passed | Sep 2019 |
| Withdrawal agreement [revised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement#Revisions_in_2019 "Brexit withdrawal agreement") | Oct 2019 |
| [Brexit delayed until 31 January](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019#Outcome "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") | Oct 2019 |
| [2019 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | Dec 2019 |
| [Agreement Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") passed | Jan 2020 |
| UK leaves the European Union | Jan 2020 |
| Implementation period begins | Jan 2020 |
| [UKâEU trade deal agreed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EUâUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") | Dec 2020 |
| [Future Relationship Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") passed | Dec 2020 |
| [Scottish Continuity Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2021 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2021") passed | Dec 2020 |
| Implementation period ends | Dec 2020 |
| New EUâUK relationship begins | Jan 2021 |
| UKâEU trade deal ratified | Apr 2021 |
| [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") released | Feb 2023 |
| Windsor framework adopted | Mar 2023 |
|  [EU portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union "Portal:European Union")  [UK portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom "Portal:United Kingdom") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brexit_sidebar "Template:Brexit sidebar") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_sidebar "Template talk:Brexit sidebar") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_sidebar "Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit sidebar") | |
The **2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum**, commonly referred to as the **EU referendum** or the **Brexit referendum**, was a referendum that took place on 23 June 2016 in the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") (UK) and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") under the provisions of the [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") to ask the electorate whether the country should continue to remain a member of, or leave, the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU). The result was a vote in favour of leaving the EU, triggering calls to begin the process of the country's [withdrawal from the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_EU "Withdrawal from the EU") commonly termed "[Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit")".
[Since 1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities"), the UK had been a [member state of the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_EU "Member state of the EU") and its predecessor organisation the [European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") (EC) (principally the [European Economic Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community") (EEC), along with other international bodies. The constitutional implications of membership for the UK became a topic of debate domestically particularly regarding sovereignty. [A referendum on continued membership of the European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") (EC) to try and settle the issue was held in 1975, with 67% of voters approving continued membership.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-1) Between 1975 and 2016 as [European integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration "European integration") significantly deepened, subsequent EC/EU treaties and agreements were ratified by the [UK Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Parliament "UK Parliament") but without any public approval. Following the [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")'s victory at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") as a main manifesto pledge, the legal basis for the EU referendum was established through the [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015"). Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") also oversaw [a renegotiation of the terms of EU membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership"), intending to implement these changes in the event of a Remain result. The referendum was legally non-binding due to the ancient principle of [parliamentary sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom "Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom"), although the government promised to implement the result.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-2)
[Official campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") took place between 15 April and 23 June 2016. The official group for remaining in the EU was [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") while [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") was the official group endorsing leaving.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-3) Other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, trade unions, newspapers and prominent individuals were also involved, with both sides having supporters from across the political spectrum. Parties in favour of remaining included [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)"), the [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)"), the [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party"), [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") and the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales");[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-7) while the [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") campaigned in favour of leaving;[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-8) and the Conservative Party remained neutral.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-9) In spite of the Conservative and Labour Party's official positions, both parties allowed their Members of Parliament to publicly campaign for either side of the issue.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-11) [Campaign issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") included the costs and benefits of membership for the UK's economy, [freedom of movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union "Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union") and migration. Several [allegations of unlawful campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") and [Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") arose during and after the referendum.
[The results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") recorded 51.9% of the votes cast being in favour of leaving. Most areas of [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England") and [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales") had a majority for Leave, and the majority of voters in [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"), [Greater London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London "Greater London") and Gibraltar chose Remain. Voter preference correlated with age, level of education and socioeconomic factors. The [causes and reasoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit") of the Leave result have been the subject of analysis and commentary. [Immediately after the result](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum"), financial markets reacted negatively worldwide, and Cameron announced that he would resign as prime minister and [leader of the Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"), which he did in July. The referendum prompted [an array of international reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum"). [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn") faced [a Labour Party leadership challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") as a result of the referendum. In 2017, the [UK gave formal notice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") of intent to withdraw from the EU, with the withdrawal being formalised in 2020.
## Background
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=1 "Edit section: Background")\]
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_\(HM_Government\)_\(St_Edwards_Crown\).svg) [2016 United Kingdom EU membership referendum]() (23 June) |
|---|
| Legislation |
| [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") |
| Referendum question |
| â*Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?*â |
| Referendum choices |
| â*Remain a member of the European Union*â â*Leave the European Union*â |
| [HM Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Government of the United Kingdom") |
| [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") [Ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry "Second Cameron ministry") [Premiership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_David_Cameron "Premiership of David Cameron") [Pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") |
| Background |
| [European Union Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011") [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14") [2014 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2015 UK general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [2015â16 renegotiation of EU membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") |
| Campaign |
| [Campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Project Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fear "Project Fear") [Britain Stronger In Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_In_Europe "Britain Stronger In Europe") (Remain) [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") (Leave) |
| Outcome |
| [Results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Aftermath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit") [Opposition to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit "Opposition to Brexit") [2016 Conservative leadership election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") [2016 Labour leadership election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") [Invocation of Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2016_United_Kingdom_EU_referendum_series "Template:2016 United Kingdom EU referendum series") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:2016_United_Kingdom_EU_referendum_series&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:2016 United Kingdom EU referendum series (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2016_United_Kingdom_EU_referendum_series "Special:EditPage/Template:2016 United Kingdom EU referendum series") |
Further information: [Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities"), [European Communities Act 1972 (UK)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)"), and [European Union Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011")
The [European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") were formed in the 1950s â the [European Coal and Steel Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community "European Coal and Steel Community") (ECSC) in 1952, and the [European Atomic Energy Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community "European Atomic Energy Community") (EAEC or Euratom) and [European Economic Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community") (EEC) in 1957.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12) The EEC, the more ambitious of the three, came to be known as the "Common Market". The UK first applied to join them in 1961, but this was vetoed by France.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12) A later application was successful, and the UK joined in 1973; two years later, a [national referendum on continuing EC membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") resulted in 67.2% voting "Yes" in favour of continued membership, on a 64.6% national turnout.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12) However, no further referendums on the issue of the United Kingdom's relationship with Europe were held and successive British governments integrated further into the European project, which gained focus when the [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") established the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) in 1993, which incorporated (and after the [Lisbon Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty "Lisbon Treaty"), succeeded) the European Communities.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-13)
### Growing pressure for a referendum
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Growing pressure for a referendum")\]
See also: [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech"), [2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"), and [2015 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election")
At the May [2012 NATO summit meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chicago_NATO_summit "2012 Chicago NATO summit"), UK Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron"), [Foreign Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_\(United_Kingdom\) "Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)") [William Hague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hague "William Hague") and [Ed Llewellyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Llewellyn,_Baron_Llewellyn_of_Steep "Edward Llewellyn, Baron Llewellyn of Steep") discussed the idea of using a European Union referendum as a concession to the [Eurosceptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosceptic "Eurosceptic") wing of the Conservative Party.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-14) On 20 June 2012, a three-clause [private member's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill "Private member's bill") [bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(Repeal\)_Bills "European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills") was introduced into the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") by the then Eurosceptic [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_\(United_Kingdom\) "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") [Douglas Carswell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Carswell "Douglas Carswell") to end the United Kingdom's EU membership and repeal the European Communities Act 1972, but without containing any commitment to the holding of any referendum. It received a second reading in a half-hour long debate in the chamber on 26 October 2012, but did not progress any further.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC-15)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Wharton_2016.jpg)
Conservative [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_\(United_Kingdom\) "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") James Wharton introduced a [Private member's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill "Private member's bill") [bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14") to the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") in 2013 committing the UK to holding a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of 2017 which passed all of its stages in the chamber before it was blocked in the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") early in 2014.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_official.jpg)
During the 2015 general election campaign, [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") promised to renegotiate the terms of the UK's EU membership and later hold a referendum on the subject if a Conservative majority government was elected.
In January 2013, Cameron delivered the [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") and promised that, should the Conservatives win a parliamentary majority at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election"), the [British government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government "British government") would negotiate more favourable arrangements for continuing British membership of the EU, before holding a referendum on whether the UK should remain in or leave the EU.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-16) The Conservative Party published a draft EU Referendum Bill in May 2013, and outlined its plans for renegotiation followed by an in-out vote (i.e. a referendum giving options only of leaving and of remaining in under the current terms, or under new terms if these had become available), were the party to be re-elected in 2015.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-17) The draft Bill stated that the referendum had to be held no later than 31 December 2017.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-18)
The draft legislation was taken forward as a [Private member's bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill "Private member's bill") by Conservative MP [James Wharton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wharton,_Baron_Wharton_of_Yarm "James Wharton, Baron Wharton of Yarm") which was known as the [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-19) The bill's First Reading in the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") took place on 19 June 2013.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-20) Cameron was said by a spokesperson to be "very pleased" and would ensure the Bill was given "the full support of the Conservative Party".[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-21)
Regarding the ability of the bill to bind the UK Government in the [2015â20 Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") (which indirectly, as a result of the referendum itself, proved to last only two years) to holding such a referendum, a parliamentary research paper noted that:
> The Bill simply provides for a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of December 2017 and does not otherwise specify the timing, other than requiring the Secretary of State to bring forward orders by the end of 2016. \[...\] If no party obtained a majority at the \[next general election due in 2015\], there might be some uncertainty about the passage of the orders in the next Parliament.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-22)
The bill received its Second Reading on 5 July 2013, passing by 304 votes to none after almost all [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") MPs and all [Liberal Democrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") MPs abstained, cleared the Commons in November 2013, and was then introduced to the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") in December 2013, where members voted to block the bill.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-23)
Conservative MP [Bob Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Neill "Bob Neill") then introduced an Alternative Referendum Bill to the Commons.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-25) After a debate on 17 October 2014, it passed to the [Public Bills Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bill_committee "Public bill committee"), but because the Commons failed to pass a [money resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_resolution&action=edit&redlink=1 "Money resolution (page does not exist)"), the bill was unable to progress further before the [dissolution of parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament "Dissolution of parliament") on 27 March 2015.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-27)
At the [European Parliament election in 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"), the [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") (UKIP) secured more votes and more seats than any other party, the first time a party other than the Conservatives or Labour had topped a nationwide poll in 108 years, leaving the Conservatives in third place.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-28)
Under [Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband "Ed Miliband")'s leadership between 2010 and 2015, the Labour Party ruled out an in-out referendum unless and until a further transfer of powers from the UK to the EU were to be proposed.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-29) In their manifesto for the 2015 general election, the Liberal Democrats pledged to hold an in-out referendum only in the event of there being a change in the EU treaties.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-30) The UK Independence Party (UKIP), the [British National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party "British National Party") (BNP), the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales"),[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-31) the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party")[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-32) and the [Respect Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_Party "Respect Party")[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-33) all supported the principle of a referendum.
When the Conservative Party won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election"), Cameron reiterated his party's [manifesto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto "Manifesto") commitment to hold an in-out referendum on UK membership of the EU by the end of 2017, but only after "negotiating a new settlement for Britain in the EU".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-34)
### Renegotiation before the referendum
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Renegotiation before the referendum")\]
Main articles: [2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") and [Law of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union "Law of the European Union")
In early 2014, [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") outlined the changes he aimed to bring about in the EU and in the UK's relationship with it.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-DT14-35) These were: additional immigration controls, especially for citizens of new EU member states; tougher immigration rules for present EU citizens; new powers for national parliaments collectively to veto proposed EU laws; new free-trade agreements and a reduction in bureaucracy for businesses; a lessening of the influence of the [European Court of Human Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights "European Court of Human Rights") on British police and courts; more power for individual member states, and less for the central EU; and abandonment of the EU notion of "ever closer union".[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-DT14-35) He intended to bring these about during a series of negotiations with other EU leaders and then, if re-elected, to announce a referendum.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-DT14-35)
In November that year, Cameron gave an update on the negotiations and further details of his aims.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC2015-36) The key demands made of the EU were: on economic governance, to recognise officially that [Eurozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone") laws would not necessarily apply to non-Eurozone EU members and the latter would not have to bail out troubled Eurozone economies; on competitiveness, to expand the single market and to set a target for the reduction of bureaucracy for businesses; on sovereignty, for the UK to be legally exempted from "ever closer union" and for national parliaments to be able collectively to veto proposed EU laws; and, on immigration, for EU citizens going to the UK for work to be unable to claim social housing or in-work benefits until they had worked there for four years, and for them to be unable to send [child benefit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_benefit "Child benefit") payments overseas.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC2015-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-37)
The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) The renegotiated terms were in addition to the United Kingdom's existing [opt-outs in the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") and the [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate"). The significance of the changes to the EU-UK agreement was contested and speculated upon, with none of the changes considered fundamental, but some considered important to many British people.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) Some limits to in-work benefits for EU immigrants were agreed, but these would apply on a sliding scale for four years and would be for new immigrants only; before they could be applied, a country would have to get permission from the [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) Child benefit payments could still be made overseas, but these would be linked to the cost of living in the other country.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF2-39) On sovereignty, the UK was reassured that it would not be required to participate in "ever closer union"; these reassurances were "in line with existing EU law".[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) Cameron's demand to allow national parliaments to veto proposed EU laws was modified to allow national parliaments collectively to object to proposed EU laws, in which case the European Council would reconsider the proposal before itself deciding what to do.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) On economic governance, anti-discrimination regulations for non-Eurozone members would be reinforced, but they would be unable to veto any legislation.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF3-40) The final two areas covered were proposals to "exclude from the scope of free movement rights, third country nationals who had no prior lawful residence in a Member State before marrying a Union citizen"[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF5-41) and to make it easier for member states to deport EU nationals for public policy or public security reasons.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF6-42) The extent to which the various parts of the agreement would be legally binding is complex; no part of the agreement itself changed EU law, but some parts could be enforceable in international law.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF4-43)
The EU had reportedly offered [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") a so-called "emergency brake", which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-44) That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU. Cameron claimed that "he could have avoided Brexit had European leaders let him control migration", according to the *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-46) However, [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") said that the offer had not been made by the EU. Merkel stated in the [German Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Parliament "German Parliament"): "If you wish to have free access to the single market then you have to accept the fundamental European rights as well as obligations that come from it. This is as true for Great Britain as for anybody else."[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-47)
## Legislation
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=4 "Edit section: Legislation")\]
See also: [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015")
The planned referendum was included in the [Queen's Speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament "State Opening of Parliament") on 27 May 2015.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-48) It was suggested at the time that Cameron was planning to hold the referendum in October 2016,[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-49) but the European Union Referendum Act 2015, which authorised it, went before the House of Commons the following day, just three weeks after the election.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-50) On the bill's second reading on 9 June, members of the House of Commons voted by 544 to 53 in favour, endorsing the principle of holding a referendum, with only the [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") voting against.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-51) In contrast to the Labour Party's position prior to the 2015 general election under Miliband, acting Labour leader [Harriet Harman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Harman "Harriet Harman") committed her party to supporting plans for an EU referendum by 2017, a position maintained by elected leader [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-52)
To enable the referendum to take place, the European Union Referendum Act[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-53) was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It extended to include and take legislative effect in [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"),[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-55) and received royal assent on 17 December 2015. The Act was, in turn, confirmed, enacted and implemented in Gibraltar by the [European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)"),[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-56) which was passed by the [Gibraltar Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament "Gibraltar Parliament") and entered into law upon receiving the assent of the [Governor of Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar "Governor of Gibraltar") on 28 January 2016.
The European Union Referendum Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK's continued membership of the European Union (EU) before the end of 2017. It did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum. Instead, it was designed to gauge the electorate's opinion on EU membership. The referendums held in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1997 and 1998 are examples of this type, where opinion was tested before legislation was introduced. [The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom#Status_of_referendums "Referendums in the United Kingdom"), unlike, for example, the [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"), where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in [its constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland "Constitution of Ireland"). In contrast, the legislation that provided for the referendum held on AV in May 2011 would have implemented the new system of voting without further legislation, provided that the boundary changes also provided for in the [Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011 "Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011") were also implemented. In the event, there was a substantial majority against any change. The 1975 referendum was held after the re-negotiated terms of the UK's EC membership had been agreed by all EC Member States, and the terms set out in a command paper and agreed by both Houses.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-57) Following the 2016 referendum, the High Court confirmed that the result was not legally binding, owing to the constitutional principles of parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy, and the legislation authorising the referendum did not contain clear words to the contrary.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-58)
## Referendum question
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Referendum question")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_EU_Referendum_Ballot_Paper.svg)
Sample referendum ballot paper
Research by the Electoral Commission confirmed that its recommended question "was clear and straightforward for voters, and was the most neutral wording from the range of options ... considered and tested", citing responses to its consultation by a diverse range of consultees.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-59) The proposed question was accepted by the government in September 2015, shortly before the bill's third reading.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-guardianquestion-60) The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum under the [Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") was:
> **Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?**
with the responses to the question (to be marked with a single (X)):
> **Remain a member of the European Union**
> **Leave the European Union**
and in [Welsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language"):
> **A ddylai'r Deyrnas Unedig aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd neu adael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd?**
with the responses (to be marked with a single (X)):
> **Aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd**
> **Gadael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd**
## Administration
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=6 "Edit section: Administration")\]
### Date
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=7 "Edit section: Date")\]
Prior to being officially announced, it was widely speculated that a June date for the referendum was a serious possibility. The First Ministers of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales co-signed a letter to Cameron on 3 February 2016 asking him not to hold the referendum in June, as devolved elections were scheduled to take place the previous month on 5 May. These elections had been postponed for a year to avoid a clash with the 2015 general election, after Westminster had implemented the [Fixed-term Parliament Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011 "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011"). Cameron refused this request, saying people were able to make up their own minds in multiple elections spaced at least six weeks from each other.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-61) [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-62)
On 20 February 2016, Cameron announced that the UK Government would formally recommend to the British people that the UK should remain a member of a reformed European Union and that the referendum would be held on 23 June, marking the official launch of the campaign. He also announced that Parliament would enact secondary legislation on 22 February relating to the European Union Referendum Act 2015. With the official launch, ministers of the UK Government were then free to campaign on either side of the argument in a rare exception to [Cabinet collective responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility "Cabinet collective responsibility").[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-63)
### Eligibility to vote
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Eligibility to vote")\]
The right to vote in the referendum in the United Kingdom is defined by the legislation as limited to residents of the United Kingdom who were either also [Commonwealth citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations") under [Section 37](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/section/37) of the [British Nationality Act 1981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981 "British Nationality Act 1981") (which include [British citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981 "British Nationality Act 1981") [and other British nationals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nationality "British nationality")), or those who were also [citizens of the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationality_law "Irish nationality law"), or both. Members of the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords"), who could not vote in general elections, were able to vote in the referendum. The electorate of 46,500,001 represented 70.8% of the population of 65,678,000 ([UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom#Vital_statistics_\(1900%E2%80%932021\) "Demographics of the United Kingdom") and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar#Population_overview "Demographics of Gibraltar")).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-64) Other than the residents of Gibraltar, British Overseas Territories Citizens residing in the British Overseas Territories were unable to vote in the referendum.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-66)
Residents of the United Kingdom who were citizens of other EU countries were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens (or were also citizens) of the Republic of Ireland, of [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta "Malta"), or of the Republic of [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus").[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-67)
The [Representation of the People Acts 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983 "Representation of the People Act 1983") *(1983 c. 2)* and [1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1985 "Representation of the People Act 1985") *(1985 c. 50)*, as amended, also permit certain British citizens (but not other British nationals) to vote while resident outside of the United Kingdom, provided they had been living abroad for no more than 15 years.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-68) A legal challenge to this time limit, brought by British citizens living in Italy and Belgium on the grounds that it interfered with the [EU right of free movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement "Freedom of movement"), was dismissed by the [High Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") and on appeal by the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom").[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-69)
Voting on the day of the referendum was from 0700 to 2200 [BST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time "British Summer Time") ([WEST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time "Western European Summer Time")) (0700 to 2200 [CEST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time "Central European Summer Time") in Gibraltar) in some 41,000 polling stations staffed by over 100,000 [poll workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_workers "Poll workers"). Each polling station was specified to have no more than 2,500 registered voters.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Under the provisions of the [Representation of the People Act 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_2000 "Representation of the People Act 2000"), postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote (2 June 2016).
The minimum age for voters in the referendum was set to 18 years, in line with the Representation of the People Act, as amended. A House of Lords amendment proposing to lower the minimum age to 16 years was rejected.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-70)
The deadline to register to vote was initially midnight on 7 June 2016; however, this was extended by 48 hours owing to technical problems with the official registration website on 7 June, caused by unusually high web traffic. Some supporters of the Leave campaign, including the Conservative MP [Sir Gerald Howarth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gerald_Howarth "Sir Gerald Howarth"), criticised the government's decision to extend the deadline, alleging it gave Remain an advantage because many late registrants were young people who were considered to be more likely to vote for Remain.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-71) According to provisional figures from the Electoral Commission, almost 46.5 million people were eligible to vote.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC46m-72)
### Registration problems
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Registration problems")\]
[Nottingham City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council "Nottingham City Council") emailed a [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") supporter to say that the council was unable to check whether the nationality that people stated on their voting registration form was true, and hence that they simply had to assume that the information that was submitted was, indeed, correct.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ReferenceB-73)
3,462 EU nationals were wrongly sent postal voting cards, due to an IT issue experienced by Xpress, an electoral software supplier to a number of councils. Xpress was initially unable to confirm the exact number of those affected. The matter was resolved by the issuance of a software patch which rendered the wrongly recorded electors ineligible to vote on 23 June.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ReferenceB-73)
### Crown Dependencies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=10 "Edit section: Crown Dependencies")\]
Residents of the [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Dependencies "Crown Dependencies") (which are not part of the United Kingdom), namely the [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man") and the Bailiwicks of [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey "Jersey") and [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey "Guernsey"), even if they were British citizens, were excluded from the referendum unless they were also previous residents of the United Kingdom (that is England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland).[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News-74)
Some residents of the Isle of Man protested that they, as full British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 and living within the [British Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Islands "British Islands"), should also have been given the opportunity to vote in the referendum, as the Isle and the Bailiwicks, although not included as if they were part of the United Kingdom for the purpose of European Union (and [European Economic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area "European Economic Area") (EEA)) membership (as is the case with Gibraltar), would also have been significantly affected by the outcome and impact of the referendum.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News-74)
## Campaign
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=11 "Edit section: Campaign")\]
Main article: [Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")
See also: [Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain_Stronger_in_Europe_campaigners,_Southgate,_London,_11_June_2016_01.jpg)
[Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") campaigners, London, June 2016
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vote_Leave_and_Vote_Remain_posters_in_Pimlico,_June_2016.jpg)
Referendum posters for both the Leave and Remain campaigns in [Pimlico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico "Pimlico"), London
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Union_-_Brexit_referendum_%22I%27m_in%22_sticker_on_a_green_Harrington_jacket.png)
Remain campaign "I'm in" sticker
In October 2015, [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe"), a cross-party group campaigning for Britain to remain a member of the EU, was formed.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-75) There were two rival groups promoting British withdrawal from the EU that sought to become the official Leave campaign: [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") (which was endorsed by most of [UKIP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP "UKIP"), including [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage")), and [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") (endorsed by Conservative Party Eurosceptics). In January 2016, [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") and the Leave.EU campaign became part of the [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") movement, which was borne out of infighting between Vote Leave and Leave.EU campaigners.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-77) In April, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") announced that Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave were to be designated as the official remain and leave campaigns respectively.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-78) This gave them the right to spend up to ÂŁ7,000,000, a free mailshot, TV broadcasts and ÂŁ600,000 in public funds. The UK Government's official position was to support the Remain campaign. Nevertheless, Cameron announced that Conservative Ministers and MPs were free to campaign in favour of remaining in the EU or leaving it, according to their conscience. This decision came after mounting pressure for a [free vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_vote "Free vote") for ministers.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-79) In an exception to the usual rule of [cabinet collective responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility "Cabinet collective responsibility"), Cameron allowed cabinet ministers to campaign publicly for EU withdrawal.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-80) A Government-backed campaign was launched in April.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-81) On 16 June, all official national campaigning was suspended until 19 June following the [murder of Jo Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jo_Cox "Murder of Jo Cox").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-jocox-82)
After internal polls suggested that 85% of the UK population wanted more information about the referendum from the government, [a leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") was sent to every household in the UK.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-83) It contained details about why the government believed the UK should remain in the EU. This leaflet was criticised by those wanting to leave as giving the remain side an unfair advantage; it was also described as being inaccurate and a waste of taxpayers' money (it cost ÂŁ9.3m in total).[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-84) During the campaign, [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") suggested that there would be public demand for a second referendum should the result be a remain win closer than 52â48%, because the leaflet meant that the remain side had been permitted to spend more money than the leave side.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-85)
In the week beginning on 16 May, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") sent a voting guide regarding the referendum to every household within the UK and Gibraltar to raise awareness of the upcoming referendum. The eight-page guide contained details on how to vote, as well as a sample of the actual ballot paper, and a whole page each was given to the campaign groups Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave to present their case.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-86)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-87)
The Vote Leave campaign argued that if the UK left the EU, national [sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty "Sovereignty") would be protected, immigration controls could be imposed, and the UK would be able to sign trade deals with the rest of the world. The UK would also be able to stop membership payments to the EU every week.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-88)[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-91) The Britain Stronger in Europe campaign argued that leaving the European Union would damage the UK economy, and that the status of the UK as a world influence was hinged upon its membership.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-92)
## Responses to the referendum campaign
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Responses to the referendum campaign")\]
### Party policies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=13 "Edit section: Party policies")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_MPs_EU_referendum_voting_intention_2016.svg)
In the run up to the referendum, of the 650 MPs elected to the [2015-17 UK Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") a total of 479 MPs publicly declared their intention to vote in favour of remaining in the European Union compared with just 158 MPs who declared their intention to vote in favour of leaving the European Union.
Leave
Remain
The tables list political parties with representation in the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") or the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords"), the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament"), the [Scottish Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament "Scottish Parliament"), the [Northern Ireland Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly"), the [Welsh Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Parliament "Welsh Parliament"), or the [Gibraltar Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament "Gibraltar Parliament") at the time of the referendum.
#### Great Britain
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=14 "Edit section: Great Britain")\]
| Position | Political parties | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remain | | [Green Party of England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales") | [\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-93) |
| | [Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") | [\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-94)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-95) | |
| | [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") | [\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-96) | |
| | [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") â The Party of Wales | [\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-97) | |
| | [Scottish Greens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Greens "Scottish Greens") | [\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-98) | |
| | [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") (SNP) | [\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-99)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-100) | |
| Leave | | [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") (UKIP) | [\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-101) |
| Neutral | | [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)") | [\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Tory_position_Sep_2015-102) |
#### Northern Ireland
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=15 "Edit section: Northern Ireland")\]
| Position | Political parties | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remain | | [Alliance Party of Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland "Alliance Party of Northern Ireland") | [\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-103)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-104) |
| | [Green Party Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland "Green Party Northern Ireland") | [\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-105) | |
| | [Sinn FĂŠin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn FĂŠin") | [\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-106) | |
| | [Social Democratic and Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party "Social Democratic and Labour Party") (SDLP) | [\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-107) | |
| | [Ulster Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") (UUP) | [\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-108) | |
| Leave | | [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") (DUP) | [\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-110) |
| | [People Before Profit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Before_Profit "People Before Profit") (PBP) | [\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-111) | |
| | [Traditional Unionist Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice "Traditional Unionist Voice") (TUV) | [\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-112) | |
#### Gibraltar
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=16 "Edit section: Gibraltar")\]
| Position | Political parties | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remain | | [Gibraltar Social Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Social_Democrats "Gibraltar Social Democrats") | [\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-113) |
| | [Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Socialist_Labour_Party "Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party") | [\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle-114) | |
| | [Liberal Party of Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Gibraltar "Liberal Party of Gibraltar") | [\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle-114) | |
#### Minor parties
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=17 "Edit section: Minor parties")\]
Among minor parties, the [Socialist Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Socialist Labour Party (UK)"), the [Communist Party of Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain "Communist Party of Britain"), [Britain First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_First "Britain First"),[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-115) the [British National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party "British National Party") (BNP),[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-116) [ĂirĂgĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD "ĂirĂgĂ") \[Ireland\],[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-117) the [Respect Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_Party "Respect Party"),[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-118) the [Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition "Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition") (TUSC),[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-119) the [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_\(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present\) "Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990âpresent)"),[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-120) the [Liberal Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_\(UK,_1989\) "Liberal Party (UK, 1989)"),[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-121) [Independence from Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_from_Europe "Independence from Europe"),[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-122) and the [Workers' Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_\(Ireland\) "Workers' Party (Ireland)") \[Ireland\][\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-123) supported leaving the EU.
The [Scottish Socialist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party "Scottish Socialist Party") (SSP), [Left Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Unity_\(UK\) "Left Unity (UK)") and [Mebyon Kernow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow "Mebyon Kernow") \[Cornwall\] supported remaining in the EU.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-125)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-126)
The [Socialist Party of Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain "Socialist Party of Great Britain") supported neither leave nor remain and the [Women's Equality Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party "Women's Equality Party") had no official position on the issue.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-127)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-128)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-WE_EU-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-HuffP_EU-130) The [Socialist Equality Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_\(UK\) "Socialist Equality Party (UK)") called for an "active [boycott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_boycott "Election boycott")" of the referendum.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-131)
### Cabinet ministers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=18 "Edit section: Cabinet ministers")\]
For the positions of backbench MPs and other politicians, see [Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum").
The [Cabinet of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom "Cabinet of the United Kingdom") is a body responsible for making decisions on policy and organising [governmental departments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom"); it is chaired by the Prime Minister and contains most of the government's ministerial heads.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-132) Following the announcement of the referendum in February, 23 of the 30 Cabinet ministers (including attendees) supported the UK staying in the EU.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News_Tory_MPs_2016-133) [Iain Duncan Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith "Iain Duncan Smith"), in favour of leaving, resigned on 19 March and was replaced by [Stephen Crabb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crabb "Stephen Crabb") who was in favour of remaining.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News_Tory_MPs_2016-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-134) Crabb was already a cabinet member, as the [Secretary of State for Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales "Secretary of State for Wales"), and his replacement, [Alun Cairns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Cairns "Alun Cairns"), was in favour of remaining, bringing the total number of pro-remain Cabinet members to 25.
### Business
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=19 "Edit section: Business")\]
See also: [Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum § Business leaders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#Business_leaders "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")
Various UK multinationals have stated that they would not like the UK to leave the EU because of the uncertainty it would cause, such as [Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell "Royal Dutch Shell"),[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-135) [BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group "BT Group")[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-136) and [Vodafone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone "Vodafone"),[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-137) with some assessing the [pros and cons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making "Decision-making") of Britain exiting.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-138) The banking sector was one of the most vocal advocating to stay in the EU, with the [British Bankers' Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association "British Bankers' Association") saying: "Businesses don't like that kind of uncertainty".[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-139) [RBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Bank_of_Scotland_Group "The Royal Bank of Scotland Group") warned of potential damage to the economy.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-140) Furthermore, [HSBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC "HSBC") and foreign-based banks [JP Morgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") and [Deutsche Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank "Deutsche Bank") claim a Brexit might result in the banks' changing domicile.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-142) According to [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") and the [City of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London "City of London")'s policy chief, all such factors could impact on the City of London's present status as a European and global market leader in financial services.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-143) In February 2016, leaders of 36 of the [FTSE 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100 "FTSE 100") companies, including Shell, [BAE Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems "BAE Systems"), BT and [Rio Tinto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group "Rio Tinto Group"), officially supported staying in the EU.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-144) Moreover, 60% of the [Institute of Directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Directors "Institute of Directors") and the [EEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEF_\(manufacturers%27_association\) "EEF (manufacturers' association)") memberships supported staying.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-cameronoutlinesbusinesscase-145)
Many UK-based businesses, including [Sainsbury's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s "Sainsbury's"), remained steadfastly neutral, concerned that taking sides in the divisive issue could lead to a backlash from customers.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-146)
[Richard Branson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson "Richard Branson") stated that he was "very fearful" of the consequences of a UK exit from the EU.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-147) [Alan Sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sugar "Alan Sugar") expressed similar concern.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-148)
[James Dyson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dyson "James Dyson"), founder of the [Dyson company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_\(company\) "Dyson (company)"), argued in June 2016 that the introduction of tariffs would be less damaging for British exporters than the appreciation of the pound against the Euro, arguing that, because Britain ran a 100 billion pound [trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficit "Trade deficit") with the EU, tariffs could represent a significant revenue source for the Treasury.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-AP10June2016telegr-149) Pointing out that languages, plugs and laws differ between EU member states, Dyson said that the 28-country bloc was not a [single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_market "Single market"), and argued the fastest growing markets were outside the EU.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-AP10June2016telegr-149) Engineering company [Rolls-Royce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings "Rolls-Royce Holdings") wrote to employees to say that it did not want the UK to leave the EU.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-150)
Surveys of large UK businesses showed a strong majority favoured the UK remaining in the EU.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-surveys-151) Small and medium-sized UK businesses were more evenly split.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-surveys-151) Polls of foreign businesses found that around half would be less likely to do business in the UK, while 1% would increase their investment in the UK.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-152)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-153)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-154) Two large car manufacturers, [Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") and [BMW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW "BMW"), warned in 2013 against Brexit, suggesting it would be "devastating" for the economy.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-155) Conversely, in 2015, some other manufacturing executives told Reuters that they would not shut their plants if the UK left the EU, although future investment might be put at risk.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-156) The CEO of [Vauxhall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors "Vauxhall Motors") stated that a Brexit would not materially affect its business.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-157) Foreign-based [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") CEO [Akio Toyoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akio_Toyoda "Akio Toyoda") confirmed that, whether or not Britain left the EU, Toyota would carry on manufacturing cars in Britain as they had done before.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-158)
### Exchange rates and stock markets
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Exchange rates and stock markets")\]
In the week following conclusion of the [UK's renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") (and especially after [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") announced that he would support the UK leaving), the pound fell to a seven-year low against the dollar and economists at [HSBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC "HSBC") warned that it could drop even more.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-159) At the same time, Daragh Maher, head of HSBC, suggested that if Sterling dropped in value so would the Euro. European banking analysts also cited Brexit concerns as the reason for the Euro's decline.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-160) Immediately after a poll in June 2016 showed that the Leave campaign was 10 points ahead, the pound dropped by a further one per cent.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-161) In the same month, it was announced that the value of goods exported from the UK in April had shown a month-on-month increase of 11.2%, "the biggest rise since records started in 1998".[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-162)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-163)
Uncertainty over the referendum result, together with several other factorsâUS interest rates rising, low commodity prices, low Eurozone growth and concerns over emerging markets such as Chinaâcontributed to a high level of stock market volatility in January and February 2016.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] On 14 June, polls showing that a Brexit was more likely led to the FTSE 100 falling by 2%, losing ÂŁ98 billion in value.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-165) After further polls suggested a move back towards Remain, the pound and the FTSE recovered.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-166)
On the day of the referendum, sterling hit a 2016 high of \$1.5018 for ÂŁ1 and the FTSE 100 also climbed to a 2016 high, as a new poll suggested a win for the Remain campaign.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-167) Initial results suggested a vote for 'Remain' and the value of the pound held its value. However, when the result for [Sunderland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sunderland "City of Sunderland") was announced, it indicated an unexpected swing to 'Leave'. Subsequent results appeared to confirm this swing and sterling fell in value to \$1.3777, its lowest level since 1985. On the following Monday when the markets opened, ÂŁ1 sterling fell to a new low of \$1.32.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-168)
Muhammad Ali Nasir and Jamie Morgan two British economists differentiated and reflected on the weakness of the Sterling due to the weak external position of the UK's economy and the further role played by the uncertainty surrounding Brexit[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-:0-169) They reported that during the week of the referendum, up to the declaration of the result, exchange rate depreciation deviated from the long-run trend by approximately 3.5 per cent, but the actual immediate effect on the exchange rate was an 8 per cent depreciation. Furthermore, that over the period from the announcement of the referendum, the exchange rate fluctuated markedly around its trend and one can also identify a larger effect based on the "wrong-footing" of markets at the point when the outcome was announced.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-:0-169)
When the [London Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange "London Stock Exchange") opened on the morning of 24 June, the FTSE 100 fell from 6338.10 to 5806.13 in the first ten minutes of trading. It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes, before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day's trading. When the markets reopened the following Monday, the FTSE 100 showed a steady decline losing over 2% by mid-afternoon.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-170) Upon opening later on the Friday after the referendum, the US [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average") dropped nearly 450 points or about 2½% in less than half an hour. The [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") called the sudden worldwide stock market decline a [stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_crash "Stock market crash").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-APStockMarketCrash-171) Investors in worldwide stock markets lost more than the equivalent of [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$ "US$")2 trillion on 24 June 2016, making it the worst single-day [loss in history, in absolute terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets "List of stock market crashes and bear markets").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CNBC2tnUSDLoss-172) The market losses amounted to US\$3 trillion by 27 June.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CNBC3tnTotalUSDLoss-173) [Sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling") fell to a 31-year low against the US dollar.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-174) The UK's and the EU's sovereign debt [credit ratings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating "Credit rating") were also lowered to AA by [Standard & Poor's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s "Standard & Poor's").[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-175)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-176)
By mid-afternoon on 27 June 2016, sterling was at a 31-year low, having fallen 11% in two trading days, and the FTSE 100 had surrendered ÂŁ85 billion;[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-177) however, by 29 June it had recovered all its losses since the markets closed on polling day and the value of the pound had begun to rise.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-178)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-179)
### European responses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=21 "Edit section: European responses")\]
The referendum was generally well-accepted by the European far right.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-180) [Marine Le Pen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen "Marine Le Pen"), the leader of the French [*Front national*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_\(France\) "National Front (France)"), described the possibility of a Brexit as "like the [fall of the Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall "Fall of the Berlin Wall")" and commented that "Brexit would be marvellous â extraordinary â for all European peoples who long for freedom".[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Verhofstadt-181) A poll in France in April 2016 showed that 59% of the French people were in favour of Britain remaining in the EU.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Ball-182) Dutch politician [Geert Wilders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Wilders "Geert Wilders"), leader of the [Party for Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Freedom "Party for Freedom"), said that the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") should follow Britain's example: "Like in the 1940s, once again Britain could help liberate Europe from another totalitarian monster, this time called 'Brussels'. Again, we could be saved by the British."[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-183)
Polish President [Andrzej Duda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda "Andrzej Duda") lent his support for the UK remaining within the EU.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-184) Moldovan Prime Minister [Pavel Filip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Filip "Pavel Filip") asked all citizens of Moldova living in the UK to speak to their British friends and convince them to vote for the UK to remain in the EU.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-185) Spanish foreign minister [JosĂŠ GarcĂa-Margallo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa-Margallo "JosĂŠ GarcĂa-Margallo") said Spain would demand control of [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") the "very next day" after a British withdrawal from the EU.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-186) Margallo also threatened to close the border with Gibraltar if Britain left the EU.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-187)
Swedish foreign minister [Margot WallstrĂśm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Wallstr%C3%B6m "Margot WallstrĂśm") said on 11 June 2016 that if Britain left the EU, other countries would have referendums on whether to leave the EU, and that if Britain stayed in the EU, other countries would negotiate, ask and demand to have special treatment.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-188) Czech prime minister [Bohuslav Sobotka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Sobotka "Bohuslav Sobotka") suggested in February 2016 that the Czech Republic would start discussions on leaving the EU if the UK voted for an EU exit.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-189)
### Non-European responses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Non-European responses")\]
#### International Monetary Fund
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: International Monetary Fund")\]
[Christine Lagarde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lagarde "Christine Lagarde"), the managing director of the [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund"), warned in February 2016 that the uncertainty over the outcome of the referendum would be bad "in and of itself" for the British economy.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-guardianbrexitreferendumcouldestabilise-190) In response, Leave campaigner [Priti Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priti_Patel "Priti Patel") said a previous warning from the IMF regarding the [coalition government's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition "CameronâClegg coalition") deficit plan for the UK was proven incorrect and that the IMF "were wrong then and are wrong now".[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-191)
#### United States
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=24 "Edit section: United States")\]
In October 2015, [United States Trade Representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Trade_Representative "United States Trade Representative") [Michael Froman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Froman "Michael Froman") declared that the United States was not keen on pursuing a separate [free-trade agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_area "Free-trade area") (FTA) with Britain if it were to leave the EU, thus, according to *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* newspaper, undermining a key economic argument of proponents of those who say Britain would prosper on its own and be able to secure bilateral FTAs with trading partners.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-192) Also in October 2015, the [United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom "United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom") [Matthew Barzun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Barzun "Matthew Barzun") said that UK participation in NATO and the EU made each group "better and stronger" and that, while the decision to remain or leave is a choice for the British people, it was in the US interest that it remain.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-193) In April 2016, eight former [US Secretaries of the Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Secretary of the Treasury"), who had served both [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") presidents, urged Britain to remain in the EU.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-194)
In July 2015, President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") confirmed the long-standing US preference for the UK to remain in the EU. Obama said: "Having the UK in the EU gives us much greater confidence about the strength of the transatlantic union, and is part of the cornerstone of the institutions built following [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") that has made the world safer and more prosperous. We want to make sure that the United Kingdom continues to have that influence."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-195) Some Conservative MPs accused U.S. President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") of interfering in the Brexit vote,[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-196)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-197) with [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") calling the intervention a "piece of outrageous and exorbitant hypocrisy"[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-198) and UKIP leader [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") accusing him of "monstrous interference", saying "You wouldn't expect the British Prime Minister to intervene in your presidential election, you wouldn't expect the Prime Minister to endorse one candidate or another."[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-foxnewsbrexit-199) Obama's intervention was criticised by Republican Senator [Ted Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz "Ted Cruz") as "a slap in the face of British self-determination as the president, typically, elevated an international organisation over the rights of a sovereign people", and stated that "Britain will be at the front of the line for a free trade deal with America", were Brexit to occur.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-200)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-201) More than 100 MPs from the Conservatives, Labour, UKIP and the [DUP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") wrote a letter to the U.S. ambassador in London asking President Obama not to intervene in the Brexit vote as it had "long been the established practice not to interfere in the domestic political affairs of our allies and we hope that this will continue to be the case."[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-202)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-203) Two years later, one of Obama's former aides recounted that the public intervention was made following a request by Cameron.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-204)
Prior to the vote, Republican presidential candidate [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") anticipated that Britain would leave based on its concerns over migration,[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-205) while Democratic presidential candidate [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") hoped that Britain would remain in the EU to strengthen transatlantic co-operation.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-206)
#### Other states
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=25 "Edit section: Other states")\]
In October 2015, Chinese President [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") declared his support for Britain remaining in the EU, saying "China hopes to see a prosperous Europe and a united EU, and hopes Britain, as an important member of the EU, can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China-EU ties". Chinese diplomats have stated "off the record" that the People's Republic sees the EU as a counterbalance to American economic power, and that an EU without Britain would mean a stronger United States.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
In February 2016, the finance ministers from the [G20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20 "G20") major economies warned for the UK to leave the EU would lead to "a shock" in the global economy.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-globaleconomywillsuffer-207)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-bbcnewsukeuexitwouldbeglobal-208)
In May 2016, the Australian Prime Minister [Malcolm Turnbull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull "Malcolm Turnbull") said that Australia would prefer the UK to remain in the EU, but that it was a matter for the British people, and "whatever judgement they make, the relations between Britain and Australia will be very, very close".[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-209)
Indonesian president [Joko Widodo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo "Joko Widodo") stated during a European trip that he was not in favour of Brexit.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-210)
Sri Lankan Prime Minister [Ranil Wickremesinghe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe "Ranil Wickremesinghe") issued a statement of reasons why he was "very concerned" at the possibility of Brexit.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-211)
Russian President [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") said: "I want to say it is none of our business, it is the business of the people of the UK."[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-212) [Maria Zakharova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Zakharova "Maria Zakharova"), the official Russian foreign ministry spokesperson, said: "Russia has nothing to do with Brexit. We are not involved in this process in any way. We don't have any interest in it."[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-213)
### Economists
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=26 "Edit section: Economists")\]
In November 2015, the Governor of the [Bank of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England "Bank of England") [Mark Carney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney "Mark Carney") said that the Bank of England would do what was necessary to help the UK economy if the British people voted to leave the EU.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-214) In March 2016, Carney told MPs that an EU exit was the "biggest domestic risk" to the UK economy, but that remaining a member also carried risks, related to the [European Monetary Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_Union "European Monetary Union"), of which the UK is not a member.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-215) In May 2016, Carney said that a "technical recession" was one of the possible risks of the UK leaving the EU.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-216) However, Iain Duncan Smith said Carney's comment should be taken with "a pinch of salt", saying "all forecasts in the end are wrong".[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-217)
In December 2015, the Bank of England published a report about the impact of immigration on wages. The report concluded that immigration put downward pressure on workers' wages, particularly low-skilled workers: a 10 per cent point rise in the proportion of migrants working in low-skilled services drove down the average wages of low-skilled workers by about 2 per cent.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BoEDec2015WPM-218) The 10 percentage point rise cited in the paper is larger than the entire rise observed since the 2004â06 period in the semi/unskilled services sector, which is about 7 percentage points.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-219)
In March 2016, Nobel prize-winning economist [Joseph Stiglitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz "Joseph Stiglitz") argued that he might reconsider his support for the UK remaining in the EU if the proposed [Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership") (TTIP) were to be agreed to.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-indep02032016HS-220) Stiglitz warned that under the [investor-state dispute settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement "Investor-state dispute settlement") provision in current drafts of the TTIP, governments risked being sued for loss of profits resulting from new regulations, including health and safety regulations to limit the use of [asbestos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos "Asbestos") or tobacco.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-indep02032016HS-220)
The German economist [Clemens Fuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Fuest "Clemens Fuest") wrote that there was a liberal, free-trade bloc in the EU comprising the UK, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Slovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, controlling 32% of the votes in the European Council and standing in opposition to the *[dirigiste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigiste "Dirigiste")*, protectionist policies favoured by France and its allies.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Fuest-221) Germany with its 'social market' economy stands midway between the French *dirigiste* economic model and the British free-market economic model. From the German viewpoint, the existence of the liberal bloc allows Germany to play-off free-market Britain against *dirigiste* France, and that if Britain were to leave, the liberal bloc would be severely weakened, thereby allowing the French to take the EU into a much more *dirigiste* direction that would be unattractive from the standpoint of Berlin.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Fuest-221)
A study by Oxford Economics for the [Law Society of England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales "Law Society of England and Wales") has suggested that Brexit would have a particularly large negative impact on the UK financial services industry and the law firms that support it, which could cost the law sector as much as ÂŁ1.7bn per annum by 2030.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-222) The Law Society's own report into the possible effects of Brexit notes that leaving the EU would be likely to reduce the role played by the UK as a centre for resolving disputes between foreign firms, whereas a potential loss of "[passporting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passporting&action=edit&redlink=1 "Passporting (page does not exist)")" rights would require financial services firms to transfer departments responsible for regulatory oversight overseas.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-223)
[World Pensions Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum "World Pensions & Investments Forum") director M. Nicolas J. Firzli has argued that the Brexit debate should be viewed within the broader context of [economic analysis of EU law and regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics "Law and economics") in relation to [English common law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law "English law"), arguing: "Every year, the British Parliament is forced to pass tens of new statutes reflecting the latest EU directives coming from Brussels â a highly undemocratic process known as '[transposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_\(law\) "Transposition (law)")'... Slowly but surely, these new laws dictated by EU commissars are conquering English common law, imposing upon UK businesses and citizens an ever-growing collection of fastidious regulations in every field".[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-224)
[Thiemo Fetzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiemo_Fetzer "Thiemo Fetzer"), professor of economics from [University of Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick "University of Warwick"), analyzed the welfare reforms in the UK since 2000 and suggests that numerous austerity-induced welfare reforms from 2010 onwards have stopped contributing to mitigate income differences through transfer payments. This could be a key activating factor of anti-EU preferences that lie behind the development of economic grievances and the lack of support in a Remain victory.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-225)
Michael Jacobs, the current director of the Commission on Economic Justice at the Institute for Public Policy Research and Mariana Mazzucato, a professor in University College London in Economics of Innovation and Public Value have found that the Brexit campaign had the tendency to blame external forces for domestic economic problems and have argued that the problems within the economy wasn't due to 'unstoppable forces of globalisation' but rather the result of active political and business decisions. Instead, they claim that orthodox economic theory has guided poor economic policy such as investment and that has been the cause of problems within the British economy.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-226)
#### Institute for Fiscal Studies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Institute for Fiscal Studies")\]
In May 2016, the [Institute for Fiscal Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies "Institute for Fiscal Studies") said that an EU exit could mean two more years of austerity cuts as the government would have to make up for an estimated loss of ÂŁ20 billion to ÂŁ40 billion of tax revenue. The head of the IFS, Paul Johnson, said that the UK "could perfectly reasonably decide that we are willing to pay a bit of a price for leaving the EU and regaining some sovereignty and control over immigration and so on. That there would be some price though, I think is now almost beyond doubt."[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-227)
### Lawyers
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=28 "Edit section: Lawyers")\]
A poll of lawyers conducted by a legal recruiter in late May 2016 suggested 57% of lawyers wanted to remain in the EU.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-228)
During a Treasury Committee shortly following the vote, economic experts generally agreed that the leave vote would be detrimental to the UK economy.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-229)
[Michael Dougan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dougan "Michael Dougan"), Professor of European Law and [Jean Monnet Chair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet_Chair "Jean Monnet Chair") in EU Law at the [University of Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool "University of Liverpool") and a constitutional lawyer, described the Leave campaign as "one of the most dishonest political campaigns this country \[the UK\] has ever seen", for using arguments based on constitutional law that he said were readily demonstrable as false.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Dougan2-230)
### NHS officials
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=29 "Edit section: NHS officials")\]
Simon Stevens, head of NHS England, warned in May 2016 that a recession following a Brexit would be "very dangerous" for the National Health Service, saying that "when the British economy sneezes, the NHS catches a cold."[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-231) Three-quarters of a sample of NHS leaders agreed that leaving the EU would have a negative effect on the NHS as a whole. In particular, eight out of 10 respondents felt that leaving the EU would have a negative impact on trusts' ability to recruit health and social care staff.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-232) In April 2016, a group of nearly 200 health professionals and researchers warned that the NHS would be in jeopardy if Britain left the European Union.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-233) The leave campaign reacted by saying more money would be available to be spent on the NHS if the UK left the EU.
### British health charities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: British health charities")\]
Guidelines by the [Charity Commission for England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales "Charity Commission for England and Wales") that forbid political activity for registered charities have limited UK health organizations' commentary on EU poll, according to anonymous sources consulted by the Lancet.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-lance-234) According to [Simon Wessely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wessely "Simon Wessely"), head of psychological medicine at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London â neither a special revision of the guidelines from 7 March 2016, nor Cameron's encouragement have made health organisations, willing to speak out.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-lance-234) The [Genetic Alliance UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Alliance_UK "Genetic Alliance UK") the [Royal College of Midwives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Midwives "Royal College of Midwives") the [Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_British_Pharmaceutical_Industry "Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry") and the Chief Executive of the [National Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service") had all stated pro-remain positions by early June 2016.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-lance-234)
### Fishing industry
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=31 "Edit section: Fishing industry")\]
A June 2016 survey of British fishermen found that 92% intended to vote to leave the EU.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fish-235) The EU's [Common Fisheries Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy "Common Fisheries Policy") was mentioned as a central reason for their near-unanimity.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fish-235) More than three-quarters believed that they would be able to land more fish, and 93% stated that leaving the EU would benefit the fishing industry.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-236)
### Historians
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=32 "Edit section: Historians")\]
In May 2016, more than 300 historians wrote in a joint letter to *The Guardian* that Britain could play a bigger role in the world as part of the EU. They said: "As historians of Britain and of Europe, we believe that Britain has had in the past, and will have in the future, an irreplaceable role to play in Europe."[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-237) On the other hand, many historians argued in favour of leaving, seeing it as a return to self-sovereignty.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-238)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-239)
### Exit plan competition
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Exit plan competition")\]
Following [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron")'s announcement of an EU referendum, in July 2013 the [Institute of Economic Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs "Institute of Economic Affairs") (IEA) announced the "Brexit Prize", a competition to find the best plan for a UK exit from the European Union, and declared that a departure was a "real possibility" following the 2015 general election.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-bbcexitcomp-240) Iain Mansfield, a [Cambridge graduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge") and [UKTI diplomat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment "UK Trade & Investment"), submitted the winning thesis: *A Blueprint for Britain: Openness not Isolation*.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-brexitprize-241) Mansfield's submission focused on addressing both trade and regulatory issues with [EU member states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_member_states "EU member states") as well as other [global trading partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment "UK Trade & Investment").[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ft20140408-242)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ch20140421-243)
## Opinion polling
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=34 "Edit section: Opinion polling")\]
Main article: [Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_EU_referendum_polling.svg)
Opinion polling on the referendum
Opinion polls from 2010 onwards suggested the British public were relatively evenly divided on the question, with opposition to EU membership peaking in November 2012 at 56% compared with 30% who prefer to remain in,[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-244) while in June 2015 those in favour of Britain remaining in the EU reached 43% versus those opposed 36%.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-245) The largest ever poll (of 20,000 people, in March 2014) showed the public evenly split on the issue, with 41% in favour of withdrawal, 41% in favour of membership, and 18% undecided.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-246) However, when asked how they would vote if Britain renegotiated the terms of its membership of the EU, and the UK Government stated that British interests had been satisfactorily protected, more than 50% indicated that they would vote for Britain to stay in.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-247)
Analysis of polling suggested that young voters tended to support remaining in the EU, whereas those older tend to support leaving, but there was no gender split in attitudes.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-248)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-249) In February 2016 YouGov also found that euroscepticism correlated with people of lower income and that "higher social grades are more clearly in favour of remaining in the EU", but noted that euroscepticism also had strongholds in "the more wealthy, Tory shires".[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov28feb-250) Scotland, Wales and many English urban areas with large student populations were more pro-EU.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov28feb-250) Big business was broadly behind remaining in the EU, though the situation among smaller companies was less clear-cut.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-251) In polls of economists, lawyers, and scientists, clear majorities saw the UK's membership of the EU as beneficial.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-nature30mar16-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-IPSOSeconomists-254)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Obseconomists-255)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-256) On the day of the referendum, the bookmaker [Ladbrokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbrokes "Ladbrokes") offered odds of 6/1 against the UK leaving the EU.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-dickinson20161230-257) Meanwhile, spread betting firm [Spreadex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadex "Spreadex") offered a Leave Vote Share spread of 45â46, a Remain Vote Share spread of 53.5-54.5, and a Remain Binary Index spread of 80â84.7, where victory for Remain would makeup to 100 and a defeat 0.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-258)
### On the day YouGov poll
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: On the day YouGov poll")\]
| Remain | Leave | Undecided | Lead | Sample | Conducted by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **52%** | 48% | N/A | 4% | 4,772 | [YouGov](https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/640yx5m0rx/On_the_Day_FINAL_poll_forwebsite.pdf) |
Shortly after the polls closed at 10 pm on 23 June, the British polling company [YouGov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouGov "YouGov") released a poll conducted among almost 5,000 people on the day; it suggested a narrow lead for "Remain", which polled 52% with Leave polling 48%. It was later criticised for overestimating the margin of the "Remain" vote,[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-259) when it became clear a few hours later that the UK had voted 51.9% to 48.1% in favour of leaving the European Union.
## Issues
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=36 "Edit section: Issues")\]
Main article: [Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")
The number of jobs lost or gained by a withdrawal was a dominant issue; the BBC's outline of issues warned that a precise figure was difficult to find. The Leave campaign argued that a reduction in red tape associated with EU regulations would create more jobs and that small to medium-sized companies who trade domestically would be the biggest beneficiaries. Those arguing to remain in the EU, claimed that millions of jobs would be lost. The EU's importance as a trading partner and the outcome of its trade status if it left was a disputed issue. Whereas those wanting to stay cited that most of the UK's trade was made with the EU, those arguing to leave say that its trade was not as important as it used to be. Scenarios of the economic outlook for the country if it left the EU were generally negative. The United Kingdom also paid more into the EU budget than it received.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg)
[Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") played a key role in the [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") campaign.
Citizens of EU countries, including the United Kingdom, have the right to travel, live and work within other EU countries, as [free movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union "Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union") is one of the four founding principles of the EU.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-261) Campaigners for remaining said that EU immigration had positive impacts on the UK's economy, citing that the country's growth forecasts were partly based upon continued high levels of net immigration.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260) The [Office for Budget Responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility "Office for Budget Responsibility") also claimed that taxes from immigrants boost public funding.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260) A recent\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\] academic paper suggests that migration from Eastern Europe put pressure on wage growth at the lower end of the wage distribution, while at the same time increasing pressures on public services and housing.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-262) The Leave campaign believed reduced immigration would ease pressure in public services such as schools and hospitals, as well as giving British workers more jobs and higher wages.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260) According to official [Office for National Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics "Office for National Statistics") data, net migration in 2015 was 333,000, which was the second highest level on record, far above [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron")'s target of tens of thousands.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-TDT26May2016LH-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ONS26052016STAT-264) Net migration from the EU was 184,000.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ONS26052016STAT-264) The figures also showed that 77,000 EU migrants who came to Britain were looking for work.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-TDT26May2016LH-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ONS26052016STAT-264)
After the announcement had been made as to the outcome of the referendum, Rowena Mason, political correspondent for *The Guardian* offered the following assessment: "Polling suggests discontent with the scale of migration to the UK has been the biggest factor pushing Britons to vote out, with the contest turning into a referendum on whether people are happy to accept free movement in return for free trade."[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-265) A columnist for *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*, [Philip Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Collins_\(journalist\) "Philip Collins (journalist)"), went a step further in his analysis: "This was a referendum about immigration disguised as a referendum about the European Union."[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-266)
The Conservative MEP ([Member of the European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament "Member of the European Parliament")) representing South East England, [Daniel Hannan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hannan "Daniel Hannan"), predicted on the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") programme *[Newsnight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight "Newsnight")* that the level of immigration would remain high after Brexit.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-267) "Frankly, if people watching think that they have voted and there is now going to be zero immigration from the EU, they are going to be disappointed. ... you will look in vain for anything that the Leave campaign said at any point that ever suggested there would ever be any kind of border closure or drawing up of the drawbridge."[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-268)
The EU had offered [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") a so-called "emergency brake" which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years."[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-269) That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-270)
The possibility that the UK's smaller constituent countries could vote to remain within the EU but find themselves withdrawn from the EU led to discussion about the risk to the unity of the United Kingdom.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-271) Scotland's First Minister, [Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon"), made it clear that she believed that a second independence referendum would "almost certainly" be demanded by Scots if the UK voted to leave the EU but Scotland did not.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-272) The [First Minister of Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales "First Minister of Wales"), [Carwyn Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carwyn_Jones "Carwyn Jones"), said: "If Wales votes to remain in \[the EU\] but the UK votes to leave, there will be a... constitutional crisis. The UK cannot possibly continue in its present form if England votes to leave and everyone else votes to stay".[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-273)
There was concern that the [Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership") (TTIP), a proposed trade agreement between the United States and the EU, would be a threat to the public services of EU member states.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-274)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-275)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-276)[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-277) [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn"), on the Remain side, said that he pledged to veto TTIP in Government.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-278) [John Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills_\(businessman\) "John Mills (businessman)"), on the Leave side, said that the UK could not veto TTIP because trade pacts were decided by [Qualified Majority Voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_Majority_Voting "Qualified Majority Voting") in the [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council").[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-279)
There was debate over the extent to which the European Union membership aided security and defence in comparison to the UK's membership of [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") and the United Nations.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-280) Security concerns over the union's free movement policy were raised too, because people with EU passports were unlikely to receive detailed checks at border control.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-281)
## Debates, question and answer sessions, and interviews
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Debates, question and answer sessions, and interviews")\]
A debate was held by *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* on 15 March 2016, featuring the leader of UKIP [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage"), Conservative MP [Andrea Leadsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom "Andrea Leadsom"), the leader of Labour's "yes" campaign [Alan Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Johnson "Alan Johnson") and former leader of the Liberal Democrats [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg").[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-282)
Earlier in the campaign, on 11 January, a debate took place between [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") and [Carwyn Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carwyn_Jones "Carwyn Jones"), who was at the time the First Minister of Wales and leader of the [Welsh Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Labour_Party "Welsh Labour Party").[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-284) Reluctance to have Conservative Party members argue against one another has seen some debates split, with Leave and Remain candidates interviewed separately.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-285)
*[The Spectator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator "The Spectator")* held a debate hosted by [Andrew Neil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Neil "Andrew Neil") on 26 April, which featured [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg"), [Liz Kendall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Kendall "Liz Kendall") and [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") arguing for a remain vote, and [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage"), [Daniel Hannan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hannan "Daniel Hannan") and Labour MP [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") arguing for a leave vote.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-286) The *[Daily Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express "Daily Express")* held a debate on 3 June, featuring [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage"), [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") and Conservative MP [Jacob Rees-Mogg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg "Jacob Rees-Mogg") debating Labour MPs [Siobhain McDonagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhain_McDonagh "Siobhain McDonagh") and [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") and businessman [Richard Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Reed "Richard Reed"), co-founder of [Innocent drinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_drinks "Innocent drinks").[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-287) [Andrew Neil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Neil "Andrew Neil") presented four interviews ahead of the referendum. The interviewees were [Hilary Benn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Benn "Hilary Benn"), [George Osborne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osborne "George Osborne"), [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") and [Iain Duncan Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith "Iain Duncan Smith") on 6, 8, 10 and 17 May, respectively on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One").[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-288)
The scheduled debates and question sessions included a number of question and answer sessions with various campaigners.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-289)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Cam&Far-290) and a debate on ITV held on 9 June that included [Angela Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Eagle "Angela Eagle"), [Amber Rudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Rudd "Amber Rudd") and [Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon") for remain, [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"), [Andrea Leadsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom "Andrea Leadsom"), and [Gisela Stuart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Stuart "Gisela Stuart") for leave.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-STV_Debate-291)
*EU Referendum: The Great Debate* was held at [Wembley Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena "Wembley Arena") on 21 June and hosted by [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby"), [Mishal Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishal_Husain "Mishal Husain") and [Emily Maitlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Maitlis "Emily Maitlis") in front of an audience of 6,000.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-292) The audience was split evenly between both sides. [Sadiq Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Khan "Sadiq Khan"), [Ruth Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Davidson "Ruth Davidson") and [Frances O'Grady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_O%27Grady "Frances O'Grady") appeared for Remain. Leave was represented by the same trio as the ITV debate on 9 June (Johnson, Leadsom and Stuart).[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-293) *Europe: The Final Debate with [Jeremy Paxman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman "Jeremy Paxman")* was held the following day on [Channel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4").[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-294)
| 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum debates in Great Britain | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Broadcaster | Host | Format | Venue | Territory | Viewing figures (million) | P Present NI Not invited A Absent N No debate | |
| Leave | Remain | | | | | | | |
| 26 April | [The Spectator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator "The Spectator") | [Andrew Neil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Neil "Andrew Neil") | Debate | [London Palladium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Palladium "London Palladium") | UK | TBA | [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") [Daniel Hannan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hannan "Daniel Hannan") [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") | [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg") [Liz Kendall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Kendall "Liz Kendall") [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") |
| 3 June | [Daily Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express "Daily Express") | [Greg Heffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Heffer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Greg Heffer (page does not exist)") | Debate | [Thames Street, London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Street,_London "Thames Street, London") | UK | TBA | [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") [Jacob Rees-Mogg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg "Jacob Rees-Mogg") | [Siobhain McDonagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhain_McDonagh "Siobhain McDonagh") [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") [Richard Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Reed "Richard Reed") |
| 15 June | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") ([Question Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time "Question Time")) | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") | Individual | [Nottingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham") | UK | TBA | [Michael Gove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gove "Michael Gove") | **NI** |
| 19 June | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") ([Question Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time "Question Time")) | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") | Individual | [Milton Keynes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes "Milton Keynes") | UK | TBA | **NI** | [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") |
| 21 June | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") [Mishal Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishal_Husain "Mishal Husain") [Emily Maitlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Maitlis "Emily Maitlis") | Debate | [SSE Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena "Wembley Arena") | UK | TBA | [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") [Andrea Leadsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom "Andrea Leadsom") [Gisela Stuart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Stuart "Gisela Stuart") | [Sadiq Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Khan "Sadiq Khan") [Ruth Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Davidson "Ruth Davidson") [Frances O'Grady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_O%27Grady "Frances O'Grady") |
## Voting, voting areas, and counts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Voting, voting areas, and counts")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brexit_\(27240041144\).jpg)
Sign outside a polling station in London on the morning of the referendum
Voting took place from 0700 BST (WEST) until 2200 BST (same hours CEST in Gibraltar) in 41,000 polling stations across 382 voting areas, with each polling station limited to a maximum of 2,500 voters.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-section11-295) The referendum was held across all four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as in Gibraltar, as a single majority vote. The 382 voting areas were grouped into twelve regional counts and there was separate declarations for each of the regional counts.
In England, as happened in the [2011 AV referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum "2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"), the 326 [districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_England "Districts of England") were used as the local voting areas and the returns of these then fed into nine [English regional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_England "Regions of England") counts. In Scotland the local voting areas were the [32 local councils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland "Local government in Scotland") which then fed their results into the Scottish national count, and in Wales the [22 local councils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales "Local government in Wales") were their local voting areas before the results were then fed into the Welsh national count. Northern Ireland, as was the case in the AV referendum, was a single voting and national count area although local totals by Westminster parliamentary constituency areas were announced.
Gibraltar was a single voting area, but as Gibraltar was to be treated and included as if it were a part of South West England, its results was included together with the South West England regional count.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-section11-295)
The following table shows the breakdown of the voting areas and regional counts that were used for the referendum.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-section11-295)
| Country | Counts and voting areas |
|---|---|
| **United Kingdom** (together with **Gibraltar**, treated as if it were a \[full\] part of the United Kingdom) | Referendum declaration; 12 regional counts; 382 voting areas (381 in the UK, 1 in Gibraltar) |
| Constituent countries | Counts and voting areas |
|---|---|
| **England** (together with **Gibraltar**, treated as if it were a part of South West England) | 9 regional counts; 327 voting areas (326 in the UK, 1 in Gibraltar) |
| **Northern Ireland** | National count and single voting area; 18 parliamentary constituency totals |
| **Scotland** | National count; 32 voting areas |
| **Wales** | National count; 22 voting areas |
## Disturbances
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=39 "Edit section: Disturbances")\]
On 16 June 2016, a pro-EU Labour MP, [Jo Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Cox "Jo Cox"), [was shot and killed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jo_Cox "Murder of Jo Cox") in [Birstall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birstall,_West_Yorkshire "Birstall, West Yorkshire"), West Yorkshire the week before the referendum by a man calling out "death to traitors, freedom for Britain", and a man who intervened was injured.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-296) The two rival official campaigns agreed to suspend their activities as a mark of respect to Cox.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-jocox-82) After the referendum, evidence emerged that [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") had continued to put out advertising the day after Jo Cox's murder.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-297)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-298) [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") cancelled a planned rally in [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") supporting British EU membership.[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-299) Campaigning resumed on 19 June.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-300)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-301) Polling officials in the [Yorkshire and Humber region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_region "Yorkshire and Humber region") also halted counting of the referendum ballots on the evening of 23 June to observe a minute of silence.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-302) The [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)"), [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)"), [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") and the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales") all announced that they would not contest the ensuing [by-election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Batley_and_Spen_by-election "2016 Batley and Spen by-election") in Cox's [constituency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_and_Spen_\(UK_Parliament_constituency\) "Batley and Spen (UK Parliament constituency)") as a mark of respect.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-303)
On polling day itself two polling stations in [Kingston upon Thames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames "Kingston upon Thames") were flooded by rain and had to be relocated.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-304) In advance of polling day, concern had been expressed that the courtesy pencils provided in polling booths could allow votes to be later altered. Although this was widely dismissed as a conspiracy theory (see: [Voting pencil conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory "Voting pencil conspiracy theory")), some Leave campaigners advocated that voters should instead use pens to mark their ballot papers. On polling day in [Winchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester "Winchester") an emergency call was made to police about "threatening behaviour" outside the polling station. After questioning a woman who had been offering to lend her pen to voters, the police decided that no offence was being committed.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-305)
## Result
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=40 "Edit section: Result")\]
Main article: [Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU_referendum_2016_area_results_2-tone.svg)
Of the 382 voting areas in the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") a total of 270 returned majority votes in favour of "Leave" whereas 129 returned majority votes in favour of "Remain" in the referendum including all 32 areas in Scotland.
Leave
Remain
The final result was announced on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07:20 [BST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time "British Summer Time") by then-[Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") Chairwoman [Jenny Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Watson_\(civil_servant\) "Jenny Watson (civil servant)") at [Manchester Town Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall "Manchester Town Hall") after all 382 voting areas and the twelve UK regions had declared their totals. With a national turnout of 72% across the United Kingdom and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") (representing 33,577,342 people), at least 16,788,672 votes were required to win a majority. The electorate voted to "Leave the European Union", with a majority of 1,269,501 votes (3.8%) over those who voted "Remain a member of the European Union".[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-306) The national turnout of 72% was the highest ever for a UK-wide referendum, and the highest for any national vote since the [1992 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election "1992 United Kingdom general election").[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto-307)[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-308)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-309)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-310) Roughly 38% of the UK population voted to leave the EU and roughly 35% voted to remain.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-311) It was described by [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") as the "largest democratic exercise in our country's history".[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-312)
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| **Leave the European Union** | **17,410,742** | **51\.89** |
| Remain a member of the European Union | 16,141,241 | 48\.11 |
| Valid votes | 33,551,983 | 99\.92 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 25,359 | 0\.08 |
| **Total votes** | **33,577,342** | **100\.00** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 46,500,001 | 72\.21 |
| Source: Electoral Commission[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-313) | | |
| National referendum results (excluding invalid votes) | |
|---|---|
| **Leave 17,410,742 (51.9%)** | Remain 16,141,241 (48.1%) |
| **â˛** 50% | |
### Results by region and constituent countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Results by region and constituent countries")\]
| Referendum results by United Kingdom regions | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Votes | Proportion of votes | Invalid votes | | | |
| Remain | Leave | Remain | Leave | | | | | |
| | [East Midlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands "East Midlands") | 3,384,299 | 74\.2% | 1,033,036 | **1,475,479** | 41\.18% | **58\.82%** | 1,981 |
| | [East of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_England "East of England") | 4,398,796 | 75\.7% | 1,448,616 | **1,880,367** | 43\.52% | **56\.48%** | 2,329 |
| | [Greater London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London "Greater London") | 5,424,768 | 69\.7% | **2,263,519** | 1,513,232 | **59\.93%** | 40\.07% | 4,453 |
| | [North East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England "North East England") | 1,934,341 | 69\.3% | 562,595 | **778,103** | 41\.96% | **58\.04%** | 689 |
| | [North West England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England "North West England") | 5,241,568 | 70\.0% | 1,699,020 | **1,966,925** | 46\.35% | **53\.65%** | 2,682 |
| | [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") | 1,260,955 | 62\.7% | **440,707** | 349,442 | **55\.78%** | 44\.22% | 374 |
| | [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") | 3,987,112 | 67\.2% | **1,661,191** | 1,018,322 | **62\.00%** | 38\.00% | 1,666 |
| | [South East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England "South East England") | 6,465,404 | 76\.8% | 2,391,718 | **2,567,965** | 48\.22% | **51\.78%** | 3,427 |
| | [South West England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England "South West England") (inc [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar")) | 4,138,134 | 76\.7% | 1,503,019 | **1,669,711** | 47\.37% | **52\.63%** | 2,179 |
| | [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales") | 2,270,272 | 71\.7% | 772,347 | **854,572** | 47\.47% | **52\.53%** | 1,135 |
| | [West Midlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_\(region\) "West Midlands (region)") | 4,116,572 | 72\.0% | 1,207,175 | **1,755,687** | 40\.74% | **59\.26%** | 2,507 |
| | [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "Yorkshire and the Humber") | 3,877,780 | 70\.7% | 1,158,298 | **1,580,937** | 42\.29% | **57\.71%** | 1,937 |
| Overall Total | | | | | | | | |
| | [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") | 46,500,001 | 72\.2% | 16,141,241 | **17,410,742** | 48\.11% | **51\.89%** | 25,359 |
| Referendum results by United Kingdom constituent countries & Gibraltar | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Votes | Proportion of votes | Invalid votes | | | |
| Remain | Leave | Remain | Leave | | | | | |
| | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England") | 38,981,662 | 73\.0% | 13,247,674 | **15,187,583** | 46\.59% | **53\.41%** | 22,157 |
| | [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") | 24,119 | 83\.7% | **19,322** | 823 | **95\.91%** | 4\.08% | 27 |
| | [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") | 1,260,955 | 62\.7% | **440,707** | 349,442 | **55\.78%** | 44\.22% | 384 |
| | [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") | 3,987,112 | 67\.2% | **1,661,191** | 1,018,322 | **62\.00%** | 38\.00% | 1,666 |
| | [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales") | 2,270,272 | 71\.7% | 772,347 | **854,572** | 47\.47% | **52\.53%** | 1,135 |
| Overall Total | | | | | | | | |
| | [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") | 46,500,001 | 72\.2% | 16,141,241 | **17,410,742** | 48\.11% | **51\.89%** | 25,359 |
### Voter demographics and trends
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Voter demographics and trends")\]
Further information: [Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit")
Voting figures from local referendum counts and ward-level data (using local demographic information collected in the 2011 census) suggests that Leave votes were strongly correlated with lower [qualifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualification_types_in_the_United_Kingdom "Qualification types in the United Kingdom") and higher age.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_correlation-314)[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-316)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Brexit_stats-317) The data were obtained from about one in nine wards in England and Wales, with very little information from Scotland and none from Northern Ireland.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_correlation-314) A YouGov survey reported similar findings; these are summarised in the charts below.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougovReport-319)
Researchers based at the [University of Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick "University of Warwick") found that areas with "deprivation in terms of education, income and employment were more likely to vote Leave". The Leave vote tended to be greater in areas which had lower incomes and high unemployment, a strong tradition of manufacturing employment, and in which the population had fewer qualifications.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Becker-Fetzer-Novy-320) It also tended to be greater where there was a large flow of Eastern European migrants (mainly low-skilled workers) into areas with a large share of native low-skilled workers.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Becker-Fetzer-Novy-320) Those in lower [social grades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRS_social_grade "NRS social grade") (especially the 'working class') were more likely to vote Leave, while those in higher social grades (especially the '[upper middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class "Upper middle class")') were more likely to vote Remain.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-321)
Polls by Ipsos MORI, YouGov and Lord Ashcroft all assert that 70â75% of under 25s voted 'remain'.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-322) Additionally according to YouGov, only 54% of 25- to 49-year-olds voted 'remain', whilst 60% of 50- to 64-year-olds and 64% of over-65s voted 'leave', meaning that the support for 'remain' was not as strong outside the youngest demographic.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-323) Also, YouGov found that around 87% of under-25s in 2018 would now vote to stay in the EU.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-324) Opinion polling by [Lord Ashcroft Polls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ashcroft#UK_electoral_polling "Michael Ashcroft") found that Leave voters believed leaving the EU was "more likely to bring about a better immigration system, improved border controls, a fairer welfare system, better quality of life, and the ability to control our own laws", while Remain voters believed EU membership "would be better for the economy, international investment, and the UK's influence in the world".[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Ashcroft-325) Immigration is thought to be a particular worry for older people that voted Leave, who consider it a potential threat to national identity and culture.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-326) The polling found that the main reasons people had voted Leave were "the principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK", and that leaving "offered the best chance for the UK to regain control over immigration and its own borders". The main reason people voted Remain was that "the risks of voting to leave the EU looked too great when it came to things like the economy, jobs and prices".[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Ashcroft-325)
One analysis suggests that in contrast to the general correlation between age and likelihood of having voted to leave the EU, those who experienced the majority of their formative period (between the ages of 15 and 25) during the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") are more likely to oppose Brexit than the rest of the over-65 age group,\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] for they are more likely to associate the EU with bringing peace.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-327)
- [![EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey\[317\]\[318\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/EURefVoteByAgeAndEducation2017.jpg/960px-EURefVoteByAgeAndEducation2017.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EURefVoteByAgeAndEducation2017.jpg "EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey[317][318]")
EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougovReport-319)
- [![EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales\[313\]\[failed verification\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Brexit_leave_vote_vs_educational_attainment_by_area.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brexit_leave_vote_vs_educational_attainment_by_area.jpg "EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales[313][failed verification]")
EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_correlation-314)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\]
### Ipsos MORI demographic polling breakdown
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Ipsos MORI demographic polling breakdown")\]
On 5 September 2016, the polling company [Ipsos MORI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos_MORI "Ipsos MORI") estimated the following percentage breakdown of votes in the referendum by different demographic group, as well as the percentage of turnout among registered voters in most of those demographic groups:[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-328)
| | Overall | 2015 general election vote | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | Lib Dem | Conservative | UKIP | Did not vote (but not too young) | | |
| **Remain** | 48% | 67% | 69% | 37% | 1% | 42% |
| **Leave** | 52% | 33% | 31% | 63% | 99% | 58% |
| **Turnout** | 72% | 77% | 81% | 85% | 89% | 45% |
| | Age group | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18â24 | 25â34 | 35â44 | 45â54 | 55â64 | 65â74 | 75+ | |
| **Remain** | 75% | 60% | 55% | 44% | 39% | 34% | 37% |
| **Leave** | 25% | 40% | 45% | 56% | 61% | 66% | 63% |
| **Turnout** | 60% | 66% | 71% | 73% | 79% | 82% | 73% |
| | Gender | Men by age group | Women by age group | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | 18â34 | 35â54 | 55+ | 18â34 | 35â54 | 55+ | |
| **Remain** | 45% | 51% | 64% | 44% | 35% | 67% | 55% | 39% |
| **Leave** | 55% | 49% | 36% | 56% | 65% | 33% | 45% | 61% |
| **Turnout** | 74% | 71% | 64% | 74% | 80% | 64% | 70% | 76% |
| | [Social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | Men by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | Women by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | |
| **Remain** | 59% | 52% | 38% | 36% | 54% | 51% | 35% | 36% | 65% | 54% | 41% | 37% |
| **Leave** | 41% | 48% | 62% | 64% | 46% | 49% | 65% | 64% | 35% | 46% | 59% | 63% |
| **Turnout** | 79% | 75% | 70% | 65% | 81% | 75% | 70% | 67% | 76% | 74% | 70% | 63% |
| | 18â34 year olds by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | 35â54 year olds by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | 55+ year olds by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | |
| **Remain** | 71% | 71% | 54% | 56% | 61% | 53% | 35% | 36% | 48% | 37% | 32% | 30% |
| **Leave** | 29% | 29% | 46% | 44% | 39% | 47% | 65% | 64% | 52% | 63% | 68% | 70% |
| **Turnout** | 71% | 67% | 58% | 54% | | | | | | | | |
| | Educational level | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Degree or higher | Qualifications below degree | No qualifications | |
| **Remain** | 68% | 44% | 30% |
| **Leave** | 32% | 56% | 70% |
| **Turnout** | 78% | 71% | 71% |
| | Work sector | Housing tenure | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public sector | Private sector | Fully owned | Mortgage | Social renter | Private renter | |
| **Remain** | 56% | 52% | 42% | 54% | 37% | 56% |
| **Leave** | 44% | 48% | 58% | 46% | 63% | 44% |
| **Turnout** | | | 79% | 75% | 61% | 65% |
| | Ethnic group | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | All non-white | Black | South Asian | Chinese | Mixed race | Other | |
| **Remain** | 46% | 69% | 73% | 67% | 70% | 67% | 65% |
| **Leave** | 54% | 31% | 27% | 33% | 30% | 33% | 35% |
| **Turnout** | 74% | 57% | | | | | |
| | Work status | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-time | Part-time | Student | Unemployed (and claiming UC or JSA) | Not working (looking after home) | Retired | Other | |
| **Remain** | 53% | 53% | 80% | 40% | 36% | 36% | 39% |
| **Leave** | 47% | 47% | 20% | 60% | 64% | 64% | 61% |
| Region | Remain | Leave | Turnout |
|---|---|---|---|
| All (UK) | 48% | 52% | 72% |
| East of England | 44% | 56% | 76% |
| East Midlands | 41% | 59% | 74% |
| Greater London | 60% | 40% | 70% |
| North East of England | 42% | 58% | 69% |
| Northern Ireland | 56% | 44% | 63% |
| North West of England | 46% | 54% | 70% |
| Scotland | 62% | 38% | 67% |
| South East of England | 48% | 52% | 77% |
| South West of England | 47% | 53% | 77% |
| Wales | 47% | 53% | 72% |
| West Midlands | 41% | 59% | 72% |
| Yorkshire & Humberside | 42% | 58% | 71% |
## Reactions to the result
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Reactions to the result")\]
Further information: [International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")
See also: [Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg)
Pro-Brexit campaigners outside Parliament in London in November 2016
### Immediate reaction to the vote
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: Immediate reaction to the vote")\]
Main article: [Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum")
#### Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens")\]
The referendum was criticised for not granting people younger than 18 years of age a vote. Unlike in the [2014 Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum "2014 Scottish independence referendum"), the vote was not extended to 16- and 17-year-old citizens. Critics argued that these people would live with the consequences of the referendum for longer than those who were able to vote. Some supporters for the inclusion of these young citizens considered this exclusion a violation of democratic principles and a major shortcoming of the referendum.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-329)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-330)
#### Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries")\]
The foreign ministry of Ireland stated on 24 June 2016 that the number of applications from the UK for Irish passports had increased significantly.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-331)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ABC_News_Passports_2016-332) Enquiries about passports also increased: the [Irish Embassy in London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Ireland,_London "Embassy of Ireland, London") reported 4,000 a day immediately after the vote to leave, in comparison with the normal 200 a day.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Halpin_Reuters_2016-333) Other EU nations also had increases in requests for passports from British citizens, including France and Belgium.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Halpin_Reuters_2016-333)
#### Abuse and hate crime allegations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: Abuse and hate crime allegations")\]
There were more than a hundred reports of racist abuse and hate crime in the immediate aftermath of the referendum, with many citing the plan to leave the European Union.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-brexitwaveofracialabuse-334) It was claimed that there had been a 57% increase in hate crime following the referendum vote. However, the [National Police Chiefs' Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Chiefs%27_Council "National Police Chiefs' Council") Lead for Hate Crime, Assistant Chief Constable Mark Hamilton, said: "This should not be read as a national increase in hate crime of 57% but an increase in reporting through one mechanism".[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-335) Others\[*[who?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")*\] claimed that the numbers did not necessarily reflect "any objective spread in modern Britain", but that the apparent spike in hate crime was the result of the subjective definition of the crime and that the police being incentivised "to find hatred". In the UK, crimes are recorded as hate crimes based on the perception of the victim. Assistant Chief Constable Maurice Mason of the Essex police explained that "If the person feels it's a hate crime it'll get recorded as a hate crime", saying that his county's "50% increase in reported hate crimes" post referendum were "low level matters, some members of the public complaining about [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") or whatever ... that'll get recorded as a hate crime".[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-336)
On 24 June 2016, a Polish school in [Cambridgeshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire "Cambridgeshire") was vandalised with a sign reading "Leave the EU. No more Polish vermin".[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistsignsstandard-337) Following the referendum result, similar signs were distributed outside homes and schools in [Huntingdon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon "Huntingdon"), with some left on the cars of Polish residents collecting their children from school.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto4-338) On 26 June, the London office of the [Polish Social and Cultural Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Social_and_Cultural_Association "Polish Social and Cultural Association") was vandalised with graffiti that was initially characterised as a racist hate crime. However it later emerged that the graffiti, which said, 'F\*\*\* you OMP' may have been directed at OMP, a eurosceptic Polish think tank that had issued a statement congratulating Britain on its Brexit vote.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-339)[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistgraffiti-340) This incident was also unsuccessfully investigated by the police.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistsignsstandard-337)[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistgraffiti-340) In Wales, a Muslim woman was told to leave after the referendum, even though she had been born and raised in the United Kingdom.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-welshmuslimtoldto-341) Other reports of racism occurred as perceived foreigners were targeted in supermarkets, on buses and on street corners, and told to leave the country immediately.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-guardianracistincidents-342) All such incidents were widely condemned by politicians and religious leaders.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-343)
By September 2016, it was reported, according to the LGBT anti-violence charity Galop, that attacks on LGBT people in the United Kingdom had risen by 147% in the three months after the referendum.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-homophobicattacksinukrose-344) However some gay commentators dismissed the claim of a link between Brexit and an increase in attacks on members of the LGBTQ community.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-345)
The killing of a Polish national Arkadiusz Jozwik in Harlow, Essex in August 2016[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-346) was widely, but falsely,[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto2-347) speculated to be linked to the Leave result.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-skyjunck-348) A BBC *[Newsnight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight "Newsnight")* report by [John Sweeney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sweeney_\(journalist\) "John Sweeney (journalist)") showed an interview with someone who knew the victim who then claimed that Leading Brexit campaigner [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") had "blood on his hands".[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-349) It was mentioned in the European Parliament by the [EU Commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Commissioner "EU Commissioner") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker "Jean-Claude Juncker") who said: "We Europeans can never accept Polish workers being harassed, beaten up or even murdered on the streets of Harlow."[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-skyjunck-348) A teenager was subsequently convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to three and a half years in a young offender institution but the trial did not conclude that the altercation resulting in Jozwik's death was a hate crime.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto2-347) [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") criticised the "sensationalist" reporting of the issue and complained to the BBC about broadcasting the "blood on his hands" remark.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-350)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-351)
#### Petition for a new referendum
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=49 "Edit section: Petition for a new referendum")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manchester_anti-Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference,_October_1,_2017_IMG_2869.jpg)
A pro-EU demonstration in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") in October 2017
Within hours of the result's announcement, a petition, entitled "EU Referendum Rules triggering a 2nd EU Referendum" and calling for a second referendum to be held in the event that a result was secured with less than 60% of the vote and on a turnout of less than 75%, attracted tens of thousands of new signatures. The petition had actually been initiated by someone favouring an exit from the EU, one William Oliver Healey of the [English Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Democrats "English Democrats") on 24 May 2016, when the Remain faction had been leading in the polls, and had received 22 signatures prior to the referendum result being declared.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-investigation-352)[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Healey-353)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC-Coleman-354) On 26 June, Healey made it clear on his Facebook page that the petition had actually been started to favour an exit from the EU and that he was a strong supporter of the Vote Leave and Grassroots Out campaigns. Healey also claimed that the petition had been "hijacked by the remain campaign".[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-355) English Democrats chairman [Robin Tilbrook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Tilbrook "Robin Tilbrook") suggested those who had signed the petition were experiencing "sour grapes" about the result of the referendum.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto5-356) It attracted more than four million signatures, meaning it was considered for debate in Parliament;[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-357)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-358) this debate took place on 5 September 2016.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-359)
On 27 June 2016, [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron")'s spokesperson stated that holding another vote on Britain's membership of the European Union was "not remotely on the cards".[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-no-360) Home Secretary [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") made the following comment when announcing her candidacy to replace Cameron as Conservative leader (and hence as Prime Minister) on 30 June: "The campaign was fought ... and the public gave their verdict. There must be no attempts to remain inside the EU ... and no second referendum. ... Brexit means Brexit."[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-361) The petition was rejected by the government on 9 July. Its response said that the referendum vote "must be respected" and that the government "must now prepare for the process to exit the EU".[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-362)
### Political
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=50 "Edit section: Political")\]
#### Conservative Party
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=51 "Edit section: Conservative Party")\]
Further information: [2016 Conservative Party leadership election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg)
Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") announced his resignation following the outcome of the referendum.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theresa_May_in_Tallin_crop.jpg)
[Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") succeeded [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") as Prime Minister following the vote.
On 24 June, the Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") announced that he would resign by October because the Leave campaign had been successful in the referendum. The leadership election was scheduled for 9 September. The new leader would be in place before the autumn conference set to begin on 2 October.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-363) Unexpectedly, [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"), who had been a leading figure for Vote Leave, declined to be nominated shortly before the deadline for nominations. On 13 July, almost three weeks after the vote, [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister.
#### Labour Party
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=52 "Edit section: Labour Party")\]
Further information: [2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)")
The Labour Party leader [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn") faced growing criticism from his party, which had supported remaining within the EU, for poor campaigning.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-364) On 26 June 2016, Corbyn sacked [Hilary Benn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Benn "Hilary Benn") (the shadow foreign secretary) for apparently leading a coup against him. This led to a string of Labour MPs quickly resigning their roles in the party.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-365)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-366) A no confidence motion was held on 28 June; Corbyn lost the motion with more than 80% (172) of MPs voting against him.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-367) Corbyn responded with a statement that the motion had no "constitutional legitimacy" and that he intended to continue as the party's leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-368) but after [Angela Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Eagle "Angela Eagle") and [Owen Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Smith "Owen Smith") launched leadership challenges to Corbyn, the [2016 Labour Party leadership election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") was triggered. Corbyn won the contest, with a larger share of the vote than in 2015.
#### UK Independence Party
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=53 "Edit section: UK Independence Party")\]
On 4 July 2016 [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") stood down as the leader of UKIP, stating that his "political ambition has been achieved" following the result of the referendum.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-369) Following the resignation of the [party leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "JulyâSeptember 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") [Diane James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_James "Diane James"), Farage became an interim leader on 5 October 2016.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-370) He was succeeded by [Paul Nuttall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nuttall "Paul Nuttall") on [28 November 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%E2%80%93November_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "OctoberâNovember 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election").
#### Scottish independence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=54 "Edit section: Scottish independence")\]
Main article: [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum")
Scottish First Minister [Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon") said on 24 June 2016 that it was "clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union" and that Scotland had "spoken decisively" with a "strong, unequivocal" vote to remain in the European Union.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-371) On the same day, the [Scottish Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government "Scottish Government") announced that officials would plan for a "highly likely" [second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") on [independence from the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_independence "Scottish independence") and start preparing legislation to that effect.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-nbcnews.com-372) Former First Minister [Alex Salmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Salmond "Alex Salmond") said that the vote was a "significant and material change" in Scotland's position within the United Kingdom, and that he was certain his party would implement its manifesto on holding a second referendum.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-373) Sturgeon said she will communicate to all EU member states that "Scotland has voted to stay in the EU and I intend to discuss all options for doing so."[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-autogenerated1-374)
#### New political movement
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=55 "Edit section: New political movement")\]
In reaction to the lack of a unified pro-EU voice following the referendum, the [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") and others discussed the launch of a new centre-left political movement.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-375) This was officially launched on 24 July 2016 as [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United").[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-376)
### Economy
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=56 "Edit section: Economy")\]
Main article: [Economic effects of Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit")
On the morning of 24 June, the pound sterling fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since 1985.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-377) The drop over the day was 8% â the biggest one-day fall in the pound since the introduction of floating exchange rates following the collapse of the [Bretton Woods system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system "Bretton Woods system") in 1971.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-378)
The [FTSE 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100 "FTSE 100") initially fell 8%, then recovered to be 3% down by the close of trading on 24 June.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-379) The FTSE 100 index fully recovered by 29 June and subsequently rose above its pre-referendum levels.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-380)
The referendum result also had an immediate impact on some other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping over 8% against the United States dollar.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-IOL_Rand-381)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Quarts_Africa_Impact-382) Other countries affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%,[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CanadaImpact-383) Nigeria[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Quarts_Africa_Impact-382) and Kenya.[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Quarts_Africa_Impact-382)
On 28 June 2016, former governor of Bank of England [Mervyn King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury "Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury") said that current governor [Mark Carney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney "Mark Carney") would help to guide Britain through the next few months, adding that the BOE would undoubtedly lower the temperature of the post-referendum uncertainty, and that British citizens should keep calm, wait and see.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-384)
On 5 January 2017, [Andy Haldane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Haldane "Andy Haldane"), chief economist and the executive director of monetary analysis and statistics at the [Bank of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England "Bank of England"), admitted that the bank's forecasts (predicting an economic downturn should the referendum favour Brexit) had proved inaccurate given the subsequent strong market performance.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Haldane-385) He stated that the bank's models "were rather narrow and fragile \[and\] ill-equipped to making sense of behaviours that were deeply irrational" and said that his "profession is to some degree in crisis" due to this and the unforeseen [2007â2008 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis").[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Haldane-385)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-386)
### Electoral Reform Society
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=57 "Edit section: Electoral Reform Society")\]
In August 2016, the [Electoral Reform Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society "Electoral Reform Society") published a highly critical report on the referendum and called for a review of how future events are run. Contrasting it very unfavourably with the 'well-informed grassroots' campaign for [Scottish independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum "2014 Scottish independence referendum"), [Katie Ghose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ghose "Katie Ghose") described it as "dire" with "glaring democratic deficiencies" which left voters bewildered. Ghose noted a generally negative response to establishment figures with 29% of voters saying [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") made them more likely to vote leave whereas only 14% said he made them want to vote remain. Looking ahead, the society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for [Office of Communications (Ofcom)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom "Ofcom") to define the role that broadcasters were expected to play.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-387)
### Television coverage
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=58 "Edit section: Television coverage")\]
The [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"), [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") and [Sky News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") all provided live coverage of the counts and the reaction to the result. The BBC's coverage, presented by [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby"), [Laura Kuenssberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg "Laura Kuenssberg") and [John Curtice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtice "John Curtice"), was simulcast domestically on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One") and the [BBC News Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Channel "BBC News Channel"), and internationally on [BBC World News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_News "BBC World News"). ITV's coverage was presented by [Tom Bradby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradby "Tom Bradby"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") and [Allegra Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Stratton "Allegra Stratton").
The BBC called the referendum result for Leave with its projected forecast at 04:40 [BST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time "British Summer Time") on 24 June. [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") announced it with the words:
> Well, at twenty minutes to five, we can now say the decision taken in 1975 by this country to join the Common Market has been reversed by this referendum to leave the EU. We are absolutely clear now that there is no way that the Remain side can win. It looks as if the gap is going to be something like 52 to 48, so a four-point lead for leaving the EU, and that is the result of this referendum, which has been preceded by weeks and months of argument and dispute and all the rest of it. The British people have spoken and the answer is: we're out\!
(The remark about 1975 was technically incorrect; the UK had joined the Common Market in 1973 and the 1975 referendum was on whether to remain in it.)
| Television coverage | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Timeslot | Programme | Presenters | Broadcaster |
| 22:00â06:00 | EU Referendum Live | [Tom Bradby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradby "Tom Bradby"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") & [Allegra Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Stratton "Allegra Stratton") | [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_\(TV_network\) "ITV (TV network)") |
| 06:00â09:30 | [Good Morning Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_Britain_\(2014_TV_programme\) "Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)") | [Piers Morgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Morgan "Piers Morgan"), [Susanna Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Reid "Susanna Reid") & [Charlotte Hawkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hawkins "Charlotte Hawkins") | |
| 09:30â14:00 | [ITV News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") | [Alastair Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Stewart "Alastair Stewart") | |
| 18:00â19:00 | [ITV News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") | [Mark Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Austin_\(journalist\) "Mark Austin (journalist)"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") & [Mary Nightingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Nightingale "Mary Nightingale") | |
| 22:00â22:45 | [ITV News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") | [Tom Bradby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradby "Tom Bradby"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") & [Allegra Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Stratton "Allegra Stratton") | |
| 21:55â09:00 | EU Referendum â The Result | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby"), [Laura Kuenssberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg "Laura Kuenssberg") & [John Curtice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtice "John Curtice") | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") |
| 09:00â13:00 | EU Referendum â The Reaction | [Sophie Raworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Raworth "Sophie Raworth"), [Victoria Derbyshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Derbyshire "Victoria Derbyshire") & [Norman Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Smith_\(journalist\) "Norman Smith (journalist)") | |
| 13:00â13:45 | [BBC News at One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_at_One "BBC News at One") | [Sophie Raworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Raworth "Sophie Raworth") | |
| 13:45â14:00 | Regional news | Various | |
## Investigations into campaigns
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=59 "Edit section: Investigations into campaigns")\]
### Campaign spending
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=60 "Edit section: Campaign spending")\]
Main article: [Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum")
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_Analytica_protest_Parliament_Square1.jpg)
A protest following the [Cambridge Analytica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica "Cambridge Analytica") allegations, 29 March 2018
On 9 May 2016, Leave.EU was fined ÂŁ50,000 by the UK [Information Commissioner's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office "Information Commissioner's Office") 'for failing to follow the rules about sending marketing messages': they sent people text messages without having first gained their permission to do so.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-388)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-389)
In February 2017, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") announced that it was investigating the spending of Stronger in and Vote Leave, along with smaller parties, as they had not submitted all the necessary invoices, receipts, or details to back up their accounts.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-390) In April 2017, the Commission specified that 'there were reasonable grounds to suspect that potential offences under the law may have occurred' in relation to Leave.EU.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-391)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto1-392)
On 4 March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office also reported that it was 'conducting a wide assessment of the data-protection risks arising from the use of data [analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics "Analytics"), including for political purposes' in relation to the Brexit campaign. It was specified that among the organisations to be investigated was [Cambridge Analytica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica "Cambridge Analytica") and its relationship with the Leave.EU campaign.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-393)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto1-392)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Investigation_into_the_use_of_data_analytics_in_political_campaigns.pdf)
ICO report: Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns
In May 2017, *[The Irish Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times "The Irish Times")* reported that ÂŁ425,622 donated by the Constitutional Research Council to the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") for spending during the referendum may have originated in [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia").[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-394)
In November 2017, the Electoral Commission said that it was investigating allegations that [Arron Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron_Banks "Arron Banks"), an insurance businessman and the largest single financial supporter of Brexit, violated campaign spending laws.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Mance-395) The commission's investigation focuses on both Banks and Better for the Country Limited, a company of which Banks is a director and majority shareholder.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-396) The company donated ÂŁ2.4 million to groups supporting British withdrawal from the EU.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Mance-395) The investigation began after the Commission found "initial grounds to suspect breaches of electoral law".[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ManceCampaign-397) The Commission specifically seeks to determine "whether or not Mr Banks was the true source of loans reported by a referendum campaigner in his name" and "whether or not Better for the Country Limited was the true source of donations made to referendum campaigners in its name, or if it was acting as an agent".[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Mance-395)
In December 2017, the Electoral Commission announced several fines related to breaches of campaign finance rules during the referendum campaign.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fines-398) The Liberal Democrats were fined ÂŁ18,000 and Open Britain (formerly Britain Stronger in Europe) paid ÂŁ1,250 in fines.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fines-398) The maximum possible fine was ÂŁ20,000.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fines-398)
In March 2018, Deutsche Welle reported that Canadian whistleblower [Christopher Wylie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wylie "Christopher Wylie") "told UK lawmakers during a committee hearing...that a firm linked to [Cambridge Analytica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica "Cambridge Analytica") helped the official [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") campaign \[the official pro-Brexit group headed by [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") and Michael Gove\] circumvent campaign financing laws during the Brexit referendum".[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-399)
In May 2018, the Electoral Commission fined [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") ÂŁ70,000 for unlawfully overspending by a minimum of ÂŁ77,380 â exceeding the statutory spending limit by more than 10%, inaccurately reporting three loans it had received from [Aaron Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron_Banks "Arron Banks") totalling ÂŁ6 million including "a lack of transparency and incorrect reporting around who provided the loans, the dates the loans were entered into, the repayment date and the interest rate", and failing to provide the required invoices for "97 payments of over ÂŁ200, totalling ÂŁ80,224". The Electoral Commission's director of political finance and regulation and legal counsel said that the "level of fine we have imposed has been constrained by the cap on the commission's fines".[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-400)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-401) In the same month, the Electoral Commission issued a ÂŁ2,000 fine to the pro-EU campaign group Best for Our Future Limited; it also fined [Unison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unison_\(trade_union\) "Unison (trade union)") ÂŁ1,500 for inaccurately reporting a donation to Best for Our Future and failing to pay an invoice; and it fined [GMB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMB_\(trade_union\) "GMB (trade union)") ÂŁ500 for inaccurately reporting a donation to Best for Our Future.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-402)
In July 2018, the Electoral Commission fined Vote Leave ÂŁ61,000 for not declaring ÂŁ675,000 incurred under a common plan with [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave"), unlawfully overspending by ÂŁ449,079, inaccurately reporting 43 items of spending totalling ÂŁ236,501, failing to provide the required invoices for "8 payments of over ÂŁ200, totalling ÂŁ12,850", and failing to comply with an investigation notice issued by the commission. Darren Grimes representing BeLeave was fined ÂŁ20,000, the maximum permitted individual fine, for exceeding its spending limit as an unregistered campaigner by more than ÂŁ660,000 and delivering an inaccurate and incomplete spending return. [Veterans for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_for_Britain "Veterans for Britain") was also fined ÂŁ250 for inaccurately reporting a donation it received from Vote Leave.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-403) The Electoral Commission referred the matter to the police. On 14 September 2018, following a [High Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") case, the court found that Vote Leave had received incorrect advice from the UK [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission "Electoral Commission"), but confirmed that the overspending had been illegal. Vote Leave subsequently said they would not have paid it without the advice.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-404)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-405)
In February 2019, the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee's 18-month investigation into disinformation and fake news published its final report,[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-406) calling for an inquiry to establish, in relation to the referendum, "what actually happened with regard to foreign influence, disinformation, funding, voter manipulation, and the sharing of data, so that appropriate changes to the law can be made and lessons can be learnt for future elections and referenda".[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-407)
### Speculation about Russian interference
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=61 "Edit section: Speculation about Russian interference")\]
Main article: [Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum")
In the run-up to the Brexit referendum, Russian President [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") refrained from taking a public position on Brexit,[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-blamerussia-408) but Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") suggested that "Putin might be happy" with Britain leaving the [EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU "EU"),[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-409) while the Remain campaign accused the [Kremlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin "Kremlin") of secretly backing a "Leave" vote in the referendum.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Rosenberg-410) Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson [Maria Zakharova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Zakharova "Maria Zakharova") denied these allegations, saying that "Russia is blamed for everything. Not only in the UK but all over the world. (...) But Russia has nothing to do with Brexit at all. We're not involved in this process."[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-blamerussia-408) [Steve Rosenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rosenberg "Steve Rosenberg"), the Moscow correspondent for BBC News, suggested on 26 June 2016 that the Russian government stood to gain from Brexit in several ways: (1) enabling Russian state media "to contrast post-referendum upheaval and uncertainty abroad with a picture of 'stability' back home and images of a 'strong' [President Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Putin "President Putin") at the helm" in a way that bolstered the ruling [United Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Russia "United Russia") party; (2) to place the value of the [British pound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_pound "British pound") under pressure and thereby exact retaliation for [sanctions against Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia "Sanctions against Russia") imposed after its [occupation of Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation "Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"); (3) to "make the European Union more friendly towards Russia" in the absence of British membership; and (4) to force the resignation of Cameron, who had been critical of Russian actions.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Rosenberg-410) After the referendum result Putin said that Brexit brought "positives and negatives".[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Rosenberg-410)
In December 2016, MP [Ben Bradshaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bradshaw "Ben Bradshaw") speculated in Parliament that Russia may have interfered in the referendum.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-411) In February 2017, he called on the [GCHQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ "GCHQ") intelligence service to reveal the information it had on Russian interference.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-412) In April 2017, the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") [Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Administration_and_Constitutional_Affairs_Select_Committee "Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee") (PACAC) issued a report suggesting that there were technical indications that a June 2016 crash of the voter-registration website was caused by a [distributed denial-of-service attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_denial-of-service_attack "Distributed denial-of-service attack") using [botnets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet "Botnet").[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Syal-413) The [Cabinet Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office"), in response, stated that it did not believe that "malign intervention" had caused the crash, and instead attributed the crash "to a spike in users just before the registration deadline".[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Syal-413)
In October 2017, MP [Damian Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Collins "Damian Collins"), chairman of the House of Commons [Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport_Committee "Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee"), sent a letter to Facebook CEO [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") requesting documents relating to possible Russian government manipulation of Facebook during the Brexit referendum and the [general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") the following year.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-414)
In October 2017, a study by researchers at [City, University of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City,_University_of_London "City, University of London") was published in the journal *[Social Science Computer Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Computer_Review "Social Science Computer Review")*. The article identified 13,493 Twitter accounts that posted a total of about 65,000 messages in the last four weeks of the Brexit referendum campaign, the vast majority campaigning for a "Leave" vote; they were deleted shortly after the referendum.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-415)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-City-416) A further 26,538 Twitter accounts suddenly changed their username.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-City-416) The research findings "raised questions about the possibility that a coordinated 'bot army' was deployed, and also about the possibility that Twitter itself may have detected and removed them without disclosing the manipulation".[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-415)
In November 2017, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") told *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* that it had launched an inquiry to "examine the growing role of social media in election campaigns amid concerns from the intelligence and security agencies that Russia is trying to destabilise the democratic process in Britain".[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-WrightFisher-417) The commission was in contact with Facebook and Twitter as part of the inquiry.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-WrightFisher-417)
According to [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), Russian-based operatives spent 97 cents to place three adverts on the social network in the run-up to the referendum, which were viewed 200 times.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-418)
On 10 June 2018, *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* reported that investigators from *[The Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")* had seen evidence that Leave.EU funder Arron Banks had met Russian officials "multiple times" from 2015 to 2017 and had discussed "a multibillion dollar opportunity to buy Russian goldmines".[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CadwalladrJukes-419)
In July 2020, the [Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament "Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament") published [a report on Russian interference in British politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_Russia_report "Intelligence and Security Committee Russia report"), which concluded that the government "had not seen or sought evidence of successful interference in UK democratic processes" and criticised the government for failing to conduct an assessment of Russian attempts to interfere in the Brexit referendum.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-420) Three months later, [Information Commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office "Information Commissioner's Office") [Elizabeth Denham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Denham "Elizabeth Denham"), who had decided to look into potential unlawful marketing involving repurposing of data during the referendum, produced her final report. She concluded that she had found no evidence of Russian involvement in the referendum.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-421)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-422)
## See also
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=62 "Edit section: See also")\]
- [1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Greenlandic_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum")
- [2024 Moldovan European Union membership constitutional referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Moldovan_European_Union_membership_constitutional_referendum "2024 Moldovan European Union membership constitutional referendum")
- [Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union "Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union")
- [Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum")
- [European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019")
- [Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit")
- [Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar")
- [European Union Bill 2004â2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005 "European Union Bill 2004â2005")
- [Law of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union "Law of the European Union")
- [European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018")
- [European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") ("CooperâLetwin Act")
- [Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016â2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_\(2016%E2%80%932020\) "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016â2020)")
- [Potential re-accession of the United Kingdom to the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_re-accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union "Potential re-accession of the United Kingdom to the European Union")
- [Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement")
- [Referendums in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom "Referendums in the United Kingdom")
- [Referendums related to the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union "Referendums related to the European Union")
- [Treaty of Accession 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972")
## Notes
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=63 "Edit section: Notes")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-91)** The figure widely circulated by the Vote Leave campaign that the UK sends the EU ÂŁ350m a week was declared a "misuse of official statistics" by the UK Statistics authority.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-89) This figure did not take into account the UK's budget rebate. Taking the rebate into account, the UK sent the EU ÂŁ252m a week in 2016. Later, a [private prosecution was launched against Boris Johnson for misconduct in public office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_v_Johnson "Ball v Johnson"); the case was thrown out.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-90)
## References
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=64 "Edit section: References")\]
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-1)**
["True stories of the 1975 EEC Referendum"](https://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/politics/true-stories-the-1975-eec-referendum). *OpenLearn*. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
2. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-2)**
["Cameron says no second EU referendum if result is close"](https://www.reuters.com/article/world/cameron-says-no-second-eu-referendum-if-result-is-close-idUSKCN0Y81VI/). Reuters. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2025.
3. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-3)**
["Gisela Stuart to Chair Vote Leave campaign â Vote Leave"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160727232557/http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/gisela_stuart_to_chair_vote_leave_campaign). *Vote Leave*. 27 July 2016. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
4. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-4)**
["Labour fears voters will back Brexit"](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36496288). 10 June 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
5. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-5)**
Carrell, Severin (3 March 2016). ["Scotland to campaign officially to remain in the EU"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/mar/03/pro-eu-vote-would-harm-scottish-independence-ex-snp-deputy-jim-sillars). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 23 December 2019.
6. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-6)**
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368. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-369)**
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381. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Quarts_Africa_Impact_382-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Quarts_Africa_Impact_382-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Quarts_Africa_Impact_382-2)
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383. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-384)**
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384. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Haldane_385-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Haldane_385-1)
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389. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-390)** [Election watchdog probes spending by EU referendum campaign groups](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/24/election-watchdog-probes-spending-eu-referendum-campaign-groups/), *The Daily Telegraph* (24 February 2017).
390. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-391)** [Electoral Commission statement on investigation into Leave.EU](http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/news-releases-referendums/electoral-commission-statement-on-investigation-into-leave.eu), Electoral Commission (21 April 2017).
391. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-auto1_392-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-auto1_392-1) Carole Cadwalladr, '[The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/07/the-great-british-brexit-robbery-hijacked-democracy)', *The Observer* (Sunday 7 May 2017).
392. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-393)** Jamie Doward, Carole Cadwalladr and Alice Gibbs, '[Watchdog to launch inquiry into misuse of data in politics](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/04/cambridge-analytics-data-brexit-trump)', *The Observer* (4 March 2017).
393. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-394)** O'Toole, Fintan (16 May 2017) ["What connects Brexit, the DUP, dark money and a Saudi prince?"](https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/what-connects-brexit-the-dup-dark-money-and-a-saudi-prince-1.3083586). *The Irish Times*.
394. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Mance_395-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Mance_395-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Mance_395-2) Henry Mance, [Brexit-backer Arron Banks to be investigated over campaign spending](https://www.ft.com/content/308043a6-c026-382a-9e4a-5e694a89dd72), *Financial Times* (1 November 2017).
395. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-396)** Holly Watt, [Electoral Commission to investigate Arron Banks' Brexit donations: Watchdog to consider whether leave campaigner broke campaign finance rules in run-up to EU referendum](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/nov/01/electoral-commission-to-investigate-arron-banks-brexit-donations-eu-referendum), *The Guardian* (1 November 2017).
396. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-ManceCampaign_397-0)** Henry Mance, [Arron Banks investigated for Brexit campaign spending](https://www.ft.com/content/8d532c46-beff-11e7-b8a3-38a6e068f464), *Financial Times* (1 November 2017).
397. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-fines_398-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-fines_398-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-fines_398-2) Maidment, Jack (19 December 2017) ["Liberal Democrats fined ÂŁ18,000 for breaching campaign finance rules relating to EU referendum"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/19/liberal-democrats-fined-18000-breaching-campaign-finance-rules/amp/). *The Daily Telegraph*.
398. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-399)** "[What role did Cambridge Analytica play in the Brexit vote?](http://www.dw.com/en/what-role-did-cambridge-analytica-play-in-the-brexit-vote/a-43151460)". Deutsche Welle. 27 March 2018.
399. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-400)**
Weaver, Matthew (11 May 2018). ["Leave.EU fined ÂŁ70k over breaches of electoral law"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/11/leaveeu-fined-70k-breaches-of-electoral-law-eu-referendum). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
400. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-401)** ["Leave.EU fined for multiple breaches of electoral law following investigation"](https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/party-and-election-finance-to-keep/leave.eu-fined-for-multiple-breaches-of-electoral-law-following-investigation). The Electoral Commission. 11 May 2018
401. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-402)** ["Campaigners and political parties fined for breaching political finance rules"](https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/news-releases-donations/campaigners-and-political-parties-fined-for-breaching-political-finance-rules)\[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot "Wikipedia:Link rot")*\]. The Electoral Commission. 15 May 2018
402. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-403)** ["Vote Leave fined and referred to the police for breaking electoral law"](https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/party-and-election-finance-to-keep/vote-leave-fined-and-referred-to-the-police-for-breaking-electoral-law) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190729202449/https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/party-and-election-finance-to-keep/vote-leave-fined-and-referred-to-the-police-for-breaking-electoral-law) 29 July 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine "Wayback Machine"). The Electoral Commission. 17 July 2018
403. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-404)**
Smout, Alistair (14 September 2018). ["UK court rules against electoral watchdog in Brexit spending row"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180914133702/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-voteleave/uk-court-rules-against-electoral-watchdog-in-brexit-spending-row-idUKKCN1LU1HS). *Reuters*. Archived from [the original](https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-voteleave/uk-court-rules-against-electoral-watchdog-in-brexit-spending-row-idUKKCN1LU1HS) on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
404. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-405)**
Coates, Sam (15 September 2018). ["Electoral Commission suffers High Court defeat over Brexit expenses advice"](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/crime/article/electoral-commission-suffers-high-court-defeat-over-brexit-expenses-advice-jhnx7hpf6). *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
405. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-406)**
Pegg, David (18 February 2019). ["Facebook labelled 'digital gangsters' by report on fake news"](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/18/facebook-fake-news-investigation-report-regulation-privacy-law-dcms). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
406. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-407)**
["Theresa May must investigate 'foreign influence and voter manipulation' in Brexit vote, say MPs"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-vote-investigate-law-breaking-influence-manipulation-theresa-may-facebook-a8783746.html). *The Independent*. 18 February 2019. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-vote-investigate-law-breaking-influence-manipulation-theresa-may-facebook-a8783746.html) from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
407. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-blamerussia_408-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-blamerussia_408-1)
["EU referendum: Would Brexit make Putin happy?"](https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36461020). *BBC News*. 7 June 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922081138/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36461020) from the original on 22 September 2023.
408. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-409)**
Chadwick, Vince (17 May 2016). ["David Cameron: Putin and ISIL would be happy with Brexit"](https://www.politico.eu/article/david-cameron-isil-happy-brexit-news-vladmir-putin-isis-islamic-state-eu/). *politico.eu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922080220/https://www.politico.eu/article/david-cameron-isil-happy-brexit-news-vladmir-putin-isis-islamic-state-eu/) from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023. ""Who would be happy if we left?" Cameron asked the audience during a World Economic Forum event in London. "Putin might be happy."
409. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Rosenberg_410-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Rosenberg_410-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Rosenberg_410-2)
Rosenberg, Steve (26 June 2016). ["EU referendum: What does Russia gain from Brexit?"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36629146). BBC News. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922080958/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36629146) from the original on 22 September 2023.
410. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-411)**
Watts, Joe (13 December 2016). ["Highly probable' that Russia interfered in Brexit referendum, Labour MP says"](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/russian-interference-brexit-highly-probable-referendum-hacking-putin-a7472706.html). *The Independent*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922082322/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/russian-interference-brexit-highly-probable-referendum-hacking-putin-a7472706.html) from the original on 22 September 2023.
411. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-412)**
Kanter, Jake; Bienkov, Adam (23 February 2016). ["Labour MPs think the government is hiding info about Russia interfering with Brexit"](https://www.businessinsider.com/labour-mp-ben-bradshaw-suspicious-russian-interference-brexit-2017-2?op=1). Business Insider.
412. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Syal_413-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Syal_413-1)
Syal, Rajeev (12 April 2017). ["Brexit: foreign states may have interfered in vote, report says"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/12/foreign-states-may-have-interfered-in-brexit-vote-report-says). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922082952/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/12/foreign-states-may-have-interfered-in-brexit-vote-report-says) from the original on 22 September 2023.
413. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-414)**
Cox, Joseph (24 October 2017). ["Britain Requests Facebook's Russian Ad Data From Run-Up to Brexit, Election"](https://www.thedailybeast.com/britain-requests-facebooks-russian-ad-data-from-run-up-to-brexit-election). *[The Daily Beast](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast "The Daily Beast")*.
414. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_415-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_415-1)
Kirkpatrick, David D. (3 November 2017). ["Parliament Asks Twitter About Russian Meddling in Brexit Vote"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/03/world/europe/uk-twitter-russia-brexit.html). *The New York Times*.
415. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-City_416-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-City_416-1)
["13,500-strong Twitter bot army disappeared shortly after EU referendum, research reveals"](https://www.citystgeorges.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2017/10/13500-strong-twitter-bot-army-disappeared-shortly-after-eu-referendum-research-reveals). *City*. University of London Northampton Square. 20 October 2017.
416. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-WrightFisher_417-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-WrightFisher_417-1)
Wright, Oliver; Fisher, Lucy; O'Neill, Sean (2 November 2017). ["Watchdog starts inquiry into Russia Brexit links"](https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/money/article/watchdog-starts-inquiry-into-russia-brexit-links-lnf7h86t0). *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*.
417. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-418)**
Holton, Kate; Sandle, Paul (13 December 2017). Addison, Stephen (ed.). ["Facebook says Russian-linked accounts spent just 97 cents on ads over Brexit"](https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-facebook/facebook-says-russian-linked-accounts-spent-just-97-cents-on-ads-over-brexit-idUSKBN1E72AL). *Reuters*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922085445/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-eu-facebook/facebook-says-russian-linked-accounts-spent-just-97-cents-on-ads-over-brexit-idUSKBN1E72AL) from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
418. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-CadwalladrJukes_419-0)**
Cadwalladr, Carole; Jukes, Peter (10 June 2018). ["Arron Banks 'met Russian officials multiple times before Brexit vote'"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/jun/09/arron-banks-russia-brexit-meeting). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
419. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-420)**
Sabbagh, Dan; Harding, Luke; Roth, Andrew (21 July 2020). ["Russia report reveals UK government failed to investigate Kremlin interference"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/21/russia-report-reveals-uk-government-failed-to-address-kremlin-interference-scottish-referendum-brexit). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922084522/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jul/21/russia-report-reveals-uk-government-failed-to-address-kremlin-interference-scottish-referendum-brexit) from the original on 22 September 2023.
420. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-421)**
Glancy, Josh (11 October 2020). ["The Brexit data chancers fooled left and right alike"](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/the-brexit-data-chancers-fooled-left-and-right-alike-lfn60l23h). *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
421. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-422)**
Kaminska, Izabella (8 October 2020). ["ICO's final report into Cambridge Analytica invites regulatory questions"](https://www.ft.com/content/43962679-b1f9-4818-b569-b028a58c8cd2). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
## Further reading
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=65 "Edit section: Further reading")\]
- George, Stephen (January 2000). "Britain: anatomy of a Eurosceptic state". *[Journal of European Integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_European_Integration "Journal of European Integration")*. **22** (1): 15â33\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/07036330008429077](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07036330008429077). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [143485501](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143485501).
- Usherwood, Simon (March 2007). "Proximate factors in the mobilization of anti-EU groups in France and the UK: the European Union as first-order politics". *[Journal of European Integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_European_Integration "Journal of European Integration")*. **29** (1): 3â21\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/07036330601144177](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07036330601144177). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [144805763](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144805763).
- Emerson, Michael (April 2016). ["The Economics of a Brexit"](http://archive.intereconomics.eu/year/2016/2/the-economics-of-a-brexit/). *[Intereconomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intereconomics "Intereconomics")*. **51** (2): 46â47\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s10272-016-0574-2](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10272-016-0574-2). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10419/141414](https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F141414).
- LSE Library (March 2017), "[Collection of campaigning leaflets from the referendum](https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/20)"
- [Brexit and the UN Security Council](https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7597)
## External links
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=66 "Edit section: External links")\]
- [House of Commons Briefings: 2016 European Union Referendum](http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7639/CBP-7639.pdf)
- [Examples of leaflets used during the referendum campaign](https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/20)
- [Electoral Commission guide to the EU Referendum](https://web.archive.org/web/20160522195834/http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/uk-voters)
- [BBC News â EU Referendum](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum)
- [BBC Radio 4 *Why Did People Vote to Leave*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k08xd)
- [BBC Radio 4 *How We Voted Brexit*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07pgw3k)
- [*How Britain Voted*, analysis of poll survey on referendum day, published 17 March 2019](https://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2019/03/lord-ashcroft-how-the-united-kingdom-voted-on-eu-referendum-day-and-why.html)
- [The UN Security Council in a post-Brexit world: France and Germany take the lead](https://theconversation.com/the-un-security-council-in-a-post-brexit-world-france-and-germany-take-the-lead-113078)
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brexit_topics "Template:Brexit topics") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brexit_topics "Template talk:Brexit topics") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit_topics "Special:EditPage/Template:Brexit topics")[2016 UK European Union Membership referendum]() and [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") | |
|---|---|
| [Renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [Referendum results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Invocation of Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") [Northern Ireland protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_protocol "Northern Ireland protocol") [Trade negotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [Trade and Cooperation Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EUâUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") [Timeline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Brexit "Timeline of Brexit") | |
| Referendum question | "[Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015#Referendum_question "European Union Referendum Act 2015")" |
| Referendum legislation | [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)") [European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_\(Date_of_Referendum_etc.\)_Regulations_2016 "European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016") [The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union_Referendum_\(Conduct\)_Regulations_2016 "The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016") |
| Background | |
| | |
| [Treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union "Treaties of the European Union") | [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome "Treaty of Rome") [1972 Accession Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972") [Single European Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act "Single European Act") [Maastricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam "Treaty of Amsterdam") [Nice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice "Treaty of Nice") [European Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe") [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") [UK opt-outs from EU legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") |
| [Legislation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union "Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union") | [European Communities Act 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") Amendments: [1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1986 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986") [1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1993 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_1998 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 1998") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_\(Amendment\)_Act_2002 "European Communities (Amendment) Act 2002") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Amendment\)_Act_2008 "European Union (Amendment) Act 2008") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Act_2011 "European Union Act 2011") [European Economic Area Act 1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area_Act_1993 "European Economic Area Act 1993") |
| Proposed bills | [European Union Bill 2004â05](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005 "European Union Bill 2004â2005") [European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(Repeal\)_Bills "European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills") [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14") |
| Elections | [2014 European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") |
| By-elections | [2014 Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election "2014 Clacton by-election") [2014 Heywood and Middleton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Heywood_and_Middleton_by-election "2014 Heywood and Middleton by-election") [2014 Rochester and Strood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election "2014 Rochester and Strood by-election") |
| Other | [UK accession](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities") [1973 EC enlargement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities "1973 enlargement of the European Communities") [UK membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union "United Kingdom membership of the European Union") [1975 EC membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate") [Bruges speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_speech "Bruges speech") [No. No. No.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._No._No._\(Margaret_Thatcher\) "No. No. No. (Margaret Thatcher)") [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") [EEA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area "European Economic Area") [Maastricht Rebels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Rebels "Maastricht Rebels") *[The European Union: In or Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out "The European Union: In or Out")* [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") [Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") [Balance of Competences Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_Competences_Review "Balance of Competences Review") [2015â16 renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [Euroscepticism in the UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroscepticism_in_the_United_Kingdom "Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom") |
| [Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") | [Issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Endorsements in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [Project Fear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Fear "Project Fear") [Unlawful campaigning allegations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") *[Brexit: The Movie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Movie "Brexit: The Movie")* [Pro-EU leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") [Breaking Point (UKIP poster)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Point_\(UKIP_poster\) "Breaking Point (UKIP poster)") |
| Campaign organisations | |
| | |
| [Remain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_campaign_organisations_supporting_Remain_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "List of campaign organisations supporting Remain in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") | [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") (official campaign) [Labour In for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_In_for_Britain "Labour In for Britain") |
| Leave | [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") (official campaign) [Vote Leave bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave_bus "Vote Leave bus") [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave") [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") [Labour Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Leave "Labour Leave") [Campaign for an Independent Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_an_Independent_Britain "Campaign for an Independent Britain") [The Freedom Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Freedom_Association "The Freedom Association") [Better Off Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Off_Out "Better Off Out") [Get Britain Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Britain_Out "Get Britain Out") [Bruges Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_Group_\(United_Kingdom\) "Bruges Group (United Kingdom)") |
| [Aftermath of referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") | |
| | |
| Political party leadership elections | Conservative [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2016 Conservative Party leadership election") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2019 Conservative Party leadership election") [Scottish, February 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_2020_Scottish_Conservatives_leadership_election "February 2020 Scottish Conservatives leadership election") [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") [UKIP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "JulyâSeptember 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") |
| [Opposition to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Brexit "Opposition to Brexit") | [Proposed second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement") [People's Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Vote "People's Vote") [Petition to revoke Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoke_Article_50_and_remain_in_the_EU_petition "Revoke Article 50 and remain in the EU petition") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [Bollocks to Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollocks_to_Brexit "Bollocks to Brexit") |
| Elections | [2017 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2017 United Kingdom local elections") [2017 general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") [2018 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2018 United Kingdom local elections") [2019 local](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2019 United Kingdom local elections") [2019 European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [Brexit Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Party "Brexit Party") [2019 general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") |
| By-elections | [2016 Witney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Witney_by-election "2016 Witney by-election") [2016 Richmond Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Richmond_Park_by-election "2016 Richmond Park by-election") [2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Sleaford_and_North_Hykeham_by-election "2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham by-election") [2017 Copeland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Copeland_by-election "2017 Copeland by-election") [2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Stoke-on-Trent_Central_by-election "2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election") [2019 Peterborough](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Peterborough_by-election "2019 Peterborough by-election") [2019 Brecon and Radnorshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Brecon_and_Radnorshire_by-election "2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election") |
| Other | [International reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [March to Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_to_Leave "March to Leave") [Brexit Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Alliance "Brexit Alliance") [Blue Collar Conservativism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism "Blue Collar Conservativism") [Brexit Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Party "Brexit Party") [Independent Alliance for Reform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Alliance_for_Reform "Independent Alliance for Reform") |
| Brexit process | [*Miller I* case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union") [Invocation of Article 50](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") [Negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations "Brexit negotiations") [Brexit divorce bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_divorce_bill "Brexit divorce bill") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2017 "Brexit negotiations in 2017") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2018 "Brexit negotiations in 2018") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations_in_2019 "Brexit negotiations in 2019") [Withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") [Parliamentary votes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_votes_on_Brexit "Parliamentary votes on Brexit") [No-deal Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit "No-deal Brexit") [Operation Yellowhammer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellowhammer "Operation Yellowhammer") [Prorogation of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy "2019 British prorogation controversy") [*Miller II / Cherry* case](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_\(Miller\)_v_The_Prime_Minister_and_Cherry_v_Advocate_General_for_Scotland "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland") [Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_negotiation_between_the_UK_and_the_EU "Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU") [Fish for finance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_for_finance "Fish for finance") [EUâUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement "EUâUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement") |
| [Impact of Brexit and potential effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit "Impact of Brexit") | |
| | |
| on Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland | [2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Northern_Ireland_Executive_formation "2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation") [Brexit and the Irish border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_the_Irish_border "Brexit and the Irish border") [Northern Ireland Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol "Northern Ireland Protocol") [proposed changes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol_Bill "Northern Ireland Protocol Bill") [Irish Sea border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea_border "Irish Sea border") [Windsor Framework](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Framework "Windsor Framework") |
| Other | [on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar") [on the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_Brexit_on_the_European_Union "Impact of Brexit on the European Union") [Science and technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_and_arrangements_for_science_and_technology "Brexit and arrangements for science and technology") [Economic effects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit "Economic effects of Brexit") [EUâUK relations after Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union "Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union") |
| Brexit legislation | |
| | |
| White papers | [Brexit plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_plan "Brexit plan") [Repeal Bill plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeal_Bill_plan "Repeal Bill plan") [Chequers plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chequers_plan "Chequers plan") [Brexit withdrawal agreement plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement_plan "Brexit withdrawal agreement plan") |
| Enacted | [Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Notification_of_Withdrawal\)_Act_2017 "European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017") [Withdrawal Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 (Gibraltar)")) [Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Safeguards_Act_2018 "Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018") [CooperâLetwin Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") [Benn Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019") [Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020") ([Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal_Agreement\)_Act_2020_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 (Gibraltar)")) [Internal Market Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Internal_Market_Act_2020 "United Kingdom Internal Market Act 2020") [Future Relationship Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Future_Relationship\)_Act_2020 "European Union (Future Relationship) Act 2020") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Act_2020 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020") [Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_Law_\(Revocation_and_Reform\)_Act_2023 "Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023") |
| Proposed | [Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Withdrawal_from_EU_\(Referendum\)_Bills "Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills") [UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union_\(Legal_Continuity\)_\(Scotland\)_Bill_2018 "UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018") [European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017â19](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Withdrawal_Agreement_\(Public_Vote\)_Bill_2017%E2%80%9319 "European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017â19") |
| Related | [Brexit 50p coin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_50p_coin "Brexit 50p coin") [Change Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_Britain "Change Britain") [Change UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_UK "Change UK") [Chaos with Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_with_Ed_Miliband "Chaos with Ed Miliband") [European Research Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Group "European Research Group") "[Enemies of the People](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemies_of_the_People_\(headline\) "Enemies of the People (headline)")" [Leave Means Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_Means_Leave "Leave Means Leave") [Led By Donkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_By_Donkeys "Led By Donkeys") [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United") [Northern Future Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum "Northern Future Forum") *[The New European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_European "The New European")* [Open Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Britain "Open Britain") [Proposed second Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK") [Rue du Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_du_Brexit "Rue du Brexit") [Terminology (Glossary)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Brexit_terms "Glossary of Brexit terms") [Tufton Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufton_Street "Tufton Street") [United Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Ireland "United Ireland") [Voting pencil conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory "Voting pencil conspiracy theory") [Retained EU law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retained_EU_law_\(UK_Law\) "Retained EU law (UK Law)") [2017 Diane AbbottâDavid Davis controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Diane_Abbott%E2%80%93David_Davis_controversy "2017 Diane AbbottâDavid Davis controversy") |
| [Media depictions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_in_popular_culture "Brexit in popular culture") | *[Remainiacs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainiacs "Remainiacs")* (2017) *[Postcards from the 48%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcards_from_the_48%25 "Postcards from the 48%")* (2018) *[Not Tonight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Tonight_\(video_game\) "Not Tonight (video game)")* (2018) *[Brexit: The Uncivil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War "Brexit: The Uncivil War")* (2019) [@BorderIrish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BorderIrish "BorderIrish") (2018â2020) |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Brexit "Category:Brexit") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nigel_Farage "Template:Nigel Farage") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nigel_Farage&action=edit&redlink=1 "Template talk:Nigel Farage (page does not exist)") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigel_Farage "Special:EditPage/Template:Nigel Farage")[Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") | | |
|---|---|---|
| MP for [Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clacton_\(UK_Parliament_constituency\) "Clacton (UK Parliament constituency)") (2024â) Leader of [Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_UK "Reform UK") (2024âpresent) Leader of [UKIP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP "UKIP") (2010â2016) [MEP for South East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England_\(European_Parliament_constituency\) "South East England (European Parliament constituency)") (1999â2020) | | |
| Elections | Leadership elections [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "2006 UK Independence Party leadership election") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "2010 UK Independence Party leadership election") European elections [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [CleggâFarage debate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Union:_In_or_Out "The European Union: In or Out") [EFFD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy "Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy") 2014 by-elections [Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Clacton_by-election "2014 Clacton by-election") [Rochester & Strood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rochester_and_Strood_by-election "2014 Rochester and Strood by-election") [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [South Thanet polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_in_United_Kingdom_constituencies_\(2010%E2%80%932015\)#South_Thanet "Opinion polling in United Kingdom constituencies (2010â2015)") [UKIP leadership resignation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "JulyâSeptember 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") [2019 European election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2019 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") [2024 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election "2024 United Kingdom general election") [Clacton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clacton_in_the_2024_United_Kingdom_general_election "Clacton in the 2024 United Kingdom general election") [2025 local elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2025 United Kingdom local elections") [Next general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_United_Kingdom_general_election "Next United Kingdom general election") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nigel_Farage_\(cropped\).jpg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Parliament_logo.svg) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crowned_Portcullis.svg) |
| Brexit | [2016 EU referendum]() [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") [*Breaking Point*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_Point_\(UKIP_poster\) "Breaking Point (UKIP poster)") [Results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") [causes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit") | |
| Other | [Political positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage "Political positions of Nigel Farage") [Electoral history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Nigel_Farage "Electoral history of Nigel Farage") *[UKIP: The First 100 Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP:_The_First_100_Days "UKIP: The First 100 Days")* *[Meet the Ukippers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Ukippers "Meet the Ukippers")* [Conservative pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election#Electoral_pacts_and_unilateral_decisions "2019 United Kingdom general election") [Coutts bank scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage_Coutts_bank_scandal "Nigel Farage Coutts bank scandal") [2024 United Kingdom riots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_riots "2024 United Kingdom riots") [Slur controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kyle "Peter Kyle") [Grooming gangs scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grooming_gangs_scandal "Grooming gangs scandal") [Frontbench team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontbench_team_of_Nigel_Farage "Frontbench team of Nigel Farage") [List of Conservative Party defections to Reform UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_defections_to_Reform_UK "List of Conservative Party defections to Reform UK") [UKIP Calypso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP_Calypso "UKIP Calypso") *[The Purple Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purple_Revolution:_The_Year_That_Changed_Everything "The Purple Revolution: The Year That Changed Everything")* *[The Nigel Farage Show](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBC "LBC")* *[Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB_News "GB News")* *[Brexit: The Uncivil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War "Brexit: The Uncivil War")* | |
|  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nigel_Farage "Category:Nigel Farage") | | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:David_Cameron "Template:David Cameron") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:David_Cameron "Template talk:David Cameron") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:David_Cameron "Special:EditPage/Template:David Cameron")[David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") | | |
|---|---|---|
| [Prime Minister of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom") (2010â2016) [Foreign Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_\(United_Kingdom\) "Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)") (2023â2024) [Leader of the Opposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_\(United_Kingdom\) "Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)") (2005â2010) [Leader of the Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)") (2005â2016) [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_\(United_Kingdom\) "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") for [Witney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witney_\(UK_Parliament_constituency\) "Witney (UK Parliament constituency)") (2001â2016) | | |
| [Premiership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_David_Cameron "Premiership of David Cameron") | [CameronâClegg coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition "CameronâClegg coalition") [Second Cameron ministry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry "Second Cameron ministry") [2010 coalition negotiations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_government_formation "2010 United Kingdom government formation") [ConservativeâLiberal Democrat coalition agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93Liberal_Democrat_coalition_agreement "ConservativeâLiberal Democrat coalition agreement") [Nick Clegg's tenure as Deputy Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg%27s_tenure_as_Deputy_Prime_Minister "Nick Clegg's tenure as Deputy Prime Minister") [Chancellorship of George Osborne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellorship_of_George_Osborne "Chancellorship of George Osborne") [Austerity programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme "United Kingdom government austerity programme") [2010 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2010_United_Kingdom_budget "June 2010 United Kingdom budget") [2011 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_budget "2011 United Kingdom budget") [2012 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_budget "2012 United Kingdom budget") [2013 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_Kingdom_budget "2013 United Kingdom budget") [2014 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_Kingdom_budget "2014 United Kingdom budget") [March 2015 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2015_United_Kingdom_budget "March 2015 United Kingdom budget") [July 2015 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2015_United_Kingdom_budget "July 2015 United Kingdom budget") [2016 budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_budget "2016 United Kingdom budget") [Theresa May's tenure as Home Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May%27s_tenure_as_Home_Secretary "Theresa May's tenure as Home Secretary") [Iain Duncan Smith's tenure as Work and Pensions Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith%27s_tenure_as_Work_and_Pensions_Secretary "Iain Duncan Smith's tenure as Work and Pensions Secretary") [Michael Gove's tenure as Education Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gove%27s_tenure_as_Education_Secretary "Michael Gove's tenure as Education Secretary") [Jeremy Hunt's tenure as Health Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt%27s_tenure_as_Health_Secretary "Jeremy Hunt's tenure as Health Secretary") [Big Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Society "Big Society") [Muscular liberalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_liberalism "Muscular liberalism") [Project Merlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Merlin "Project Merlin") [Austerity programme](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme "United Kingdom government austerity programme") [Cash for Access scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_cash_for_access_scandal "2012 United Kingdom cash for access scandal") [2012 cabinet reshuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_British_cabinet_reshuffle "2012 British cabinet reshuffle") [2014 cabinet reshuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_British_cabinet_reshuffle "2014 British cabinet reshuffle") [2016 EU referendum]() [Resignation Honours](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours "2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours") [Piggate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggate "Piggate") [2012 Ecuador diplomatic crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012-2013_Ecuador%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_diplomatic_crisis "2012-2013 EcuadorâUnited Kingdom diplomatic crisis") [International trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_David_Cameron "List of international prime ministerial trips made by David Cameron") [State visit by Barack Obama to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visit_by_Barack_Obama_to_the_United_Kingdom "State visit by Barack Obama to the United Kingdom") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_Official_Portrait_2023_\(cropped\).jpg) |
| Foreign Secretary | [November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_2023_British_cabinet_reshuffle "November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle") [International trips](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_David_Cameron_as_Foreign_Secretary "List of international trips made by David Cameron as Foreign Secretary") | |
| Politics | [Political positions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron "Political positions of David Cameron") [Shadow Cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Cabinet_of_David_Cameron "Shadow Cabinet of David Cameron") [Opposition frontbench](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_frontbench_of_David_Cameron "Opposition frontbench of David Cameron") [Witney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witney_\(UK_Parliament_constituency\) "Witney (UK Parliament constituency)") [The A-List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_A-List "Conservative A-List") [Cameron Cutie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Cutie "Cameron Cutie") *[Our Society, Your Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Society,_Your_Life "Our Society, Your Life")* [Greensill scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensill_scandal "Greensill scandal") | |
| [Electoral history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_history_of_David_Cameron "Electoral history of David Cameron") | [2005 (party leadership)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election "2005 Conservative Party leadership election") [2006 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2006 United Kingdom local elections") [2007 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2007 United Kingdom local elections") [2008 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2008 United Kingdom local elections") [2009 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2009 United Kingdom local elections") [2009 (European)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2010 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2010 United Kingdom local elections") [2010 (general)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election "2010 United Kingdom general election") [2011 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2011 United Kingdom local elections") [2012 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2012 United Kingdom local elections") [2013 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2013 United Kingdom local elections") [2014 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2014 United Kingdom local elections") [2014 (European)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2015 (general)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [2015 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2015 United Kingdom local elections") [2016 (local)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2016 United Kingdom local elections") | |
| [Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_David_Cameron "Family of David Cameron") | [Samantha Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Cameron "Samantha Cameron") (wife) [Alexander Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_\(barrister\) "Alexander Cameron (barrister)") (brother) [Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Mount,_2nd_Baronet "Sir William Mount, 2nd Baronet") (grandfather) | |
| Public image | [1987 Bullingdon Club photograph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Bullingdon_Club_photograph "1987 Bullingdon Club photograph") [Notting Hill set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notting_Hill_set "Notting Hill set") (2004) [Dave the Chameleon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_the_Chameleon "Dave the Chameleon") (2006) [WebCameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCameron "WebCameron") (2006) *[Make Me a Tory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Me_a_Tory "Make Me a Tory")* (2007) *[The Trial of Tony Blair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial_of_Tony_Blair "The Trial of Tony Blair")* (2007) *[Headcases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headcases "Headcases")* (2008 TV series) *[When Boris Met Dave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Boris_Met_Dave "When Boris Met Dave")* (2009) *[The Cobra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cobra_\(novel\) "The Cobra (novel)")* (2010 novel) *Friends* (2010) *[Britain's Economy: Cameron and Clegg Face the Audience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain%27s_Economy:_Cameron_and_Clegg_Face_the_Audience "Britain's Economy: Cameron and Clegg Face the Audience")* (2010) [Chipping Norton set](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Norton_set "Chipping Norton set") (2010) *[The Audience](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Audience_\(2013_play\) "The Audience (2013 play)")* (2013 play) *[Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_\(film\) "Coalition (film)")* (2015) *[Cameron's Coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%27s_Coup "Cameron's Coup")* (2015) *[Call Me Dave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Me_Dave "Call Me Dave")* (2015) *[Newzoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newzoids "Newzoids")* (2015â2016 TV series) *[Brexit: The Uncivil War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit:_The_Uncivil_War "Brexit: The Uncivil War")* (2019) *[For the Record](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Record_\(book\) "For the Record (book)")* (2019) | |
| **[â Gordon Brown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown "Gordon Brown")** **[Theresa May â](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May")**  [Category](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:David_Cameron "Category:David Cameron") | | |
| Articles relating to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum | |
|---|---|
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_elections "Template:United Kingdom elections") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_elections "Template talk:United Kingdom elections") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_elections "Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom elections")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [Elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom "Elections in the United Kingdom") and [referendums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom "Referendums in the United Kingdom") in the United Kingdom | |
| [General elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_general_elections "List of United Kingdom general elections") | [1802](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election "1802 United Kingdom general election") [1806](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election "1806 United Kingdom general election") [1807](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election "1807 United Kingdom general election") [1812](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election "1812 United Kingdom general election") [1818](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election "1818 United Kingdom general election") [1820](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election "1820 United Kingdom general election") [1826](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election "1826 United Kingdom general election") [1830](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election "1830 United Kingdom general election") [1831](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election "1831 United Kingdom general election") [1832](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election "1832 United Kingdom general election") [1835](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election "1835 United Kingdom general election") [1837](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election "1837 United Kingdom general election") [1841](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election "1841 United Kingdom general election") [1847](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election "1847 United Kingdom general election") [1852](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election "1852 United Kingdom general election") [1857](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election "1857 United Kingdom general election") [1859](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election "1859 United Kingdom general election") [1865](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election "1865 United Kingdom general election") [1868](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election "1868 United Kingdom general election") [1874](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election "1874 United Kingdom general election") [1880](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election "1880 United Kingdom general election") [1885](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election "1885 United Kingdom general election") [1886](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election "1886 United Kingdom general election") [1892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election "1892 United Kingdom general election") [1895](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election "1895 United Kingdom general election") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election "1900 United Kingdom general election") [1906](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election "1906 United Kingdom general election") [1910 (Jan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election "January 1910 United Kingdom general election") [1910 (Dec)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election "December 1910 United Kingdom general election") [1918](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election "1918 United Kingdom general election") [1922](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election "1922 United Kingdom general election") [1923](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election "1923 United Kingdom general election") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election "1924 United Kingdom general election") [1929](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election "1929 United Kingdom general election") [1931](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election "1931 United Kingdom general election") [1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election "1935 United Kingdom general election") [1945](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election "1945 United Kingdom general election") [1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election "1950 United Kingdom general election") [1951](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election "1951 United Kingdom general election") [1955](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election "1955 United Kingdom general election") [1959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election "1959 United Kingdom general election") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election "1964 United Kingdom general election") [1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election "1966 United Kingdom general election") [1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election "1970 United Kingdom general election") [1974 (Feb)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election "February 1974 United Kingdom general election") [1974 (Oct)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election "October 1974 United Kingdom general election") [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election "1979 United Kingdom general election") [1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election "1983 United Kingdom general election") [1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election "1987 United Kingdom general election") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election "1992 United Kingdom general election") [1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election "1997 United Kingdom general election") [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election "2001 United Kingdom general election") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election "2005 United Kingdom general election") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election "2010 United Kingdom general election") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election "2024 United Kingdom general election") *[Next](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_United_Kingdom_general_election "Next United Kingdom general election")* |
| [Local elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom "Local government in the United Kingdom") | [1889](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1889 United Kingdom local elections") [1890](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1890_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1890 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1892](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1892 United Kingdom local elections") [1894](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1894 United Kingdom local elections") [1895](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1895_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1895 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1896 United Kingdom local elections") [1897](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1897_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1897 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1898](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1898_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1898 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1899](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1899_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1899 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1900](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1900 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1901](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1901_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1901 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1902](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1902_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1902 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1903](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1903_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1903 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1904](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1904_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1904 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1905](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1905_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1905 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1906](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1906_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1906 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1907](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1907_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1907 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1908](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1908_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1908 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1909](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1909 United Kingdom local elections") [1910](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1910_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1910 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1911](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1911_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1911 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1912](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1912_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1912 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1913](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1913_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1913 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1914](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1914_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1914 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1915](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1915_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1915 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1919](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1919_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1919 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1920](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1920_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1920 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1921_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1921 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1922](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1922_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1922 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1923](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1923_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1923 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1924 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1925](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1925_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1925 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1926](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1926_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1926 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1927](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1927 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1928](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1928_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1928 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1929](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1929_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1929 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1930](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1930 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1931](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1931_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1931 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1932_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1932 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1933_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1933 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1934](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1934 United Kingdom local elections") [1935](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1935_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1935 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1936_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1936 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1937](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1937_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1937 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1938](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1938_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1938 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1945](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1945_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1945 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1946](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1946 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1947](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1947 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1948 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1949](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1949 United Kingdom local elections") [1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1950 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1951](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1951 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1952_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1952 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1953 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1954](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1954 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1955](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1955 United Kingdom local elections") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1956 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1957 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1958](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1958 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1959](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1959 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1960](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1960_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1960 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1961](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1961_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1961 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1962 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1963](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1963 United Kingdom local elections") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1964 United Kingdom local elections") [1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1965 United Kingdom local elections") [1966](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1966 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1967 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1968](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1968_United_Kingdom_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1 "1968 United Kingdom local elections (page does not exist)") [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1969 United Kingdom local elections") [1970](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1970 United Kingdom local elections") [1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1971 United Kingdom local elections") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1972 United Kingdom local elections") [1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1973 United Kingdom local elections") [1974](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1974 United Kingdom local elections") [1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1975 United Kingdom local elections") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1976 United Kingdom local elections") [1977](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1977 United Kingdom local elections") [1978](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1978 United Kingdom local elections") [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1979 United Kingdom local elections") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1980 United Kingdom local elections") [1981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1981 United Kingdom local elections") [1982](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1982 United Kingdom local elections") [1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1983 United Kingdom local elections") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1984 United Kingdom local elections") [1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1985 United Kingdom local elections") [1986](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1986 United Kingdom local elections") [1987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1987 United Kingdom local elections") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1988 United Kingdom local elections") [1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1989 United Kingdom local elections") [1990](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1990 United Kingdom local elections") [1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1991 United Kingdom local elections") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1992 United Kingdom local elections") [1993](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1993 United Kingdom local elections") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1994 United Kingdom local elections") [1995](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1995 United Kingdom local elections") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1996 United Kingdom local elections") [1997](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1997 United Kingdom local elections") [1998](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1998 United Kingdom local elections") [1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_United_Kingdom_local_elections "1999 United Kingdom local elections") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2000 United Kingdom local elections") [2001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2001 United Kingdom local elections") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2002 United Kingdom local elections") [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2003 United Kingdom local elections") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2004 United Kingdom local elections") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2005 United Kingdom local elections") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2006 United Kingdom local elections") [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2007 United Kingdom local elections") [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2008 United Kingdom local elections") [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2009 United Kingdom local elections") [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2010 United Kingdom local elections") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2011 United Kingdom local elections") [2012](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2012 United Kingdom local elections") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2013 United Kingdom local elections") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2014 United Kingdom local elections") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2015 United Kingdom local elections") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2016 United Kingdom local elections") [2017](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2017 United Kingdom local elections") [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2018 United Kingdom local elections") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2019 United Kingdom local elections") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2021 United Kingdom local elections") [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2022 United Kingdom local elections") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2023 United Kingdom local elections") [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2024 United Kingdom local elections") [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2025 United Kingdom local elections") *[2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2026 United Kingdom local elections")* |
| [European elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament "Elections to the European Parliament") | [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1984 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1989 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1994 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1999 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2004 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") |
| [Referendums](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom "Referendums in the United Kingdom") | [1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum "2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum") [2016]() |
| See also Elections in [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_England "Elections in England") [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Ireland "Elections in Northern Ireland") [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Scotland "Elections in Scotland") [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Wales "Elections in Wales") [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain "Elections in the Kingdom of Great Britain") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Template:2015 United Kingdom general election") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Template talk:2015 United Kingdom general election") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Special:EditPage/Template:2015 United Kingdom general election")[2015 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") | |
| [Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011 "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011") | |
| [â 2010 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election "2010 United Kingdom general election") [Constituencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies "United Kingdom Parliament constituencies") [Debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_debates "2015 United Kingdom general election debates") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Endorsements in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") MPs [elected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [seniority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_MPs_by_seniority_\(2015%E2%80%932017\) "List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority (2015â2017)") [lost their seat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [stood down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs who stood down at the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Opinion polling for the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [Parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Candidates in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [Results breakdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Results breakdown of the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [by constituency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Results of the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [Seat gains and losses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_gains_and_losses_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of parliamentary gains and losses in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [Target seats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_target_seats_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of target seats in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") [2017 election â](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") | |
| Incumbent [prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"): [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") ([Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")) Appointed prime minister: [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") ([Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")) Incumbent [deputy prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"): [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg") ([Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)")) Appointed deputy prime minister: None | |
| Parties elected to the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") | [Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)") ([David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron")) [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") ([Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband "Ed Miliband")) [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") ([Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon")) [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") ([Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg")) [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") ([Peter Robinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Robinson_\(Northern_Ireland_politician\) "Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician)")) [Sinn FĂŠin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn FĂŠin") ([Gerry Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Adams "Gerry Adams")) [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") ([Leanne Wood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Wood "Leanne Wood")) [Social Democratic and Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party "Social Democratic and Labour Party") ([Alasdair McDonnell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasdair_McDonnell "Alasdair McDonnell")) [Ulster Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") ([Mike Nesbitt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Nesbitt "Mike Nesbitt")) [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") ([Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage")) [Green Party of England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales") ([Natalie Bennett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Bennett "Natalie Bennett")) |
| Parties only represented in [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament "Scottish Parliament"), [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd "Senedd"), [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly "London Assembly"), or the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") | [Green Party Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland "Green Party Northern Ireland") ([Steven Agnew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Agnew "Steven Agnew")) [Scottish Greens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Greens "Scottish Greens") ([Patrick Harvie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Harvie "Patrick Harvie")/[Maggie Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Chapman "Maggie Chapman")) [Traditional Unionist Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice "Traditional Unionist Voice") ([Jim Allister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Allister "Jim Allister")) [Alliance Party of Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland "Alliance Party of Northern Ireland") ([David Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ford_\(politician\) "David Ford (politician)")) |
| Other | [Full list of parties standing candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "Candidates in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") |
| Results by area | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England "2015 United Kingdom general election in England") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_\(2015%E2%80%932017\) "List of MPs for constituencies in England (2015â2017)")) [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland "2015 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2015%E2%80%932017\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland (2015â2017)")) [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland "2015 United Kingdom general election in Scotland") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland_\(2015%E2%80%932017\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2015â2017)")) [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales "2015 United Kingdom general election in Wales") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Wales_\(2015%E2%80%932017\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2015â2017)")) |
| See also | [EdStone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdStone "EdStone") [Milifandom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milifandom "Milifandom") [Party spending investigation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_party_spending_investigation "2015 United Kingdom general election party spending investigation") [Woman to Woman campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_to_Woman_\(campaign\) "Woman to Woman (campaign)") *[Ballot Monkeys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_Monkeys "Ballot Monkeys")* *[Meet the Ukippers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_the_Ukippers "Meet the Ukippers")* *[UKIP: The First 100 Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP:_The_First_100_Days "UKIP: The First 100 Days")* *[The Vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vote "The Vote")* *[Newzoids](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newzoids "Newzoids")* |
| [2015 United Kingdom local elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2015 United Kingdom local elections") [2016 EU membership referendum]() | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Template:2017 United Kingdom general election") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Template talk:2017 United Kingdom general election") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Special:EditPage/Template:2017 United Kingdom general election")[2017 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") | |
| [â 2015 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") [Constituencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies "List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies") [Debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_debates "2017 United Kingdom general election debates") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Endorsements in the 2017 United Kingdom general election") MPs [elected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs elected in the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [seniority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_MPs_by_seniority_\(2017%E2%80%932019\) "List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority (2017â2019)") [lost their seat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [stood down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election#Members_of_Parliament_not_standing_for_re-election "2017 United Kingdom general election") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Opinion polling for the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [Parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Candidates in the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [Results breakdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Results breakdown of the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [by constituency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Results of the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [Target seats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_target_seats_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of target seats in the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [2019 election â](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | |
| Incumbent [prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"): [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") ([Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")) Appointed prime minister: [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") ([Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")) | |
| Parties elected to the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") | [Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)") ([Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May")) [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") ([Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn")) [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") ([Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon")) [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") ([Tim Farron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Farron "Tim Farron")) [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") ([Arlene Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Foster "Arlene Foster")) [Sinn FĂŠin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn FĂŠin") ([Gerry Adams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Adams "Gerry Adams")) [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") ([Leanne Wood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Wood "Leanne Wood")) [Green Party of England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales") ([Caroline Lucas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Lucas "Caroline Lucas") and [Jonathan Bartley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley "Jonathan Bartley")) |
| Parties only represented in [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament "Scottish Parliament"), [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senedd "Senedd"), [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly "London Assembly"), or the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") | [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") ([Paul Nuttall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nuttall "Paul Nuttall")) [Scottish Greens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Greens "Scottish Greens") ([Patrick Harvie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Harvie "Patrick Harvie")/[Maggie Chapman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Chapman "Maggie Chapman")) [Social Democratic and Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party "Social Democratic and Labour Party") ([Colum Eastwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colum_Eastwood "Colum Eastwood")) [Ulster Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") ([Robin Swann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Swann "Robin Swann")) [Alliance Party of Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland "Alliance Party of Northern Ireland") ([Naomi Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Long "Naomi Long")) [Traditional Unionist Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice "Traditional Unionist Voice") ([Jim Allister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Allister "Jim Allister")) [People Before Profit Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Before_Profit_Alliance "People Before Profit Alliance") ([Collective leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership "Collective leadership")) |
| Other | [Full list of parties standing candidates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "Candidates in the 2017 United Kingdom general election") [Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire Scottish Parliament by-election (held on same day)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Ettrick,_Roxburgh_and_Berwickshire_by-election "2017 Ettrick, Roxburgh and Berwickshire by-election") |
| Results by area | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England "2017 United Kingdom general election in England") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_\(2017%E2%80%932019\) "List of MPs for constituencies in England (2017â2019)")) [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland "2017 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2017%E2%80%932019\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland (2017â2019)")) [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland "2017 United Kingdom general election in Scotland") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland_\(2017%E2%80%932019\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2017â2019)")) [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales "2017 United Kingdom general election in Wales") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Wales_\(2017%E2%80%932019\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2017â2019)")) |
| [2016 EU membership referendum]() [2017 United Kingdom local elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2017 United Kingdom local elections") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Template:2019 United Kingdom general election") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Template talk:2019 United Kingdom general election") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Special:EditPage/Template:2019 United Kingdom general election")[2019 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "2019 United Kingdom general election") | |
| [Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Act_2019 "Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019") | |
| [â 2017 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") [Constituencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies "List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies") [Debates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_debates "2019 United Kingdom general election debates") [Endorsements](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Endorsements in the 2019 United Kingdom general election") MPs [elected](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [seniority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_MPs_by_seniority_\(2019%E2%80%932024\) "List of United Kingdom MPs by seniority (2019â2024)") [lost their seat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_lost_their_seat_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [stood down](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_who_stood_down_at_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs who stood down at the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [Opinion polling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Opinion polling for the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [Parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidates_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Candidates in the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [Results breakdown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_breakdown_of_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Results breakdown of the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [by constituency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Results of the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [Target seats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_target_seats_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of target seats in the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [2024 election â](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election "2024 United Kingdom general election") | |
| Incumbent [prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom"): [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") ([Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")) Appointed prime minister: [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") ([Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")) | |
| Parties elected to the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") | [Conservative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)") ([Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_2019_General_Election_Campaign "Conservative Party 2019 General Election Campaign")) - ([Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson")) [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") ([Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn")) [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") ([Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon"), [Ian Blackford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Blackford "Ian Blackford")) [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") ([Jo Swinson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Swinson "Jo Swinson")) [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") ([Arlene Foster](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene_Foster "Arlene Foster"), [Nigel Dodds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Dodds "Nigel Dodds")) [Sinn FÊin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn FÊin") ([Michelle O'Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_O%27Neill "Michelle O'Neill")) [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") ([Adam Price](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Price "Adam Price"), [Liz Saville Roberts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Saville_Roberts "Liz Saville Roberts")) [Social Democratic and Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party "Social Democratic and Labour Party") ([Colum Eastwood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colum_Eastwood "Colum Eastwood")) [Green Party of England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales") ([Siân Berry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Berry "Siân Berry") and [Jonathan Bartley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley "Jonathan Bartley")) [Alliance Party of Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland "Alliance Party of Northern Ireland") ([Naomi Long](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Long "Naomi Long")) |
| Parties only represented in [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament "Scottish Parliament"), [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales "National Assembly for Wales"), [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly"), [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Assembly "London Assembly"), or the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") | [Brexit Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_Party "Brexit Party") ([Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage")) [Ulster Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") ([Steve Aiken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Aiken "Steve Aiken")) [Scottish Greens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Greens "Scottish Greens") ([Patrick Harvie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Harvie "Patrick Harvie") & [Lorna Slater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_Slater "Lorna Slater")) [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") ([Pat Mountain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Mountain_\(politician\) "Pat Mountain (politician)")) [People Before Profit Alliance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Before_Profit_Alliance "People Before Profit Alliance") ([Collective leadership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_leadership "Collective leadership")) |
| Results by area | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England "2019 United Kingdom general election in England") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_\(2019%E2%80%932024\) "List of MPs for constituencies in England (2019â2024)")) [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Northern_Ireland "2019 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Northern_Ireland_\(2019%E2%80%932024\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Northern Ireland (2019â2024)")) [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Scotland "2019 United Kingdom general election in Scotland") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Scotland_\(2019%E2%80%932024\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2019â2024)")) [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_Wales "2019 United Kingdom general election in Wales") ([list](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_Wales_\(2019%E2%80%932024\) "List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2019â2024)")) |
| Related topics | [Glossary of terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_terms_from_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election "Glossary of terms from the 2019 United Kingdom general election") [Red wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wall_\(British_politics\) "Red wall (British politics)") [Workington man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington_man "Workington man") [Get Brexit Done](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Brexit_Done "Get Brexit Done") [Blue wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_wall_\(British_politics\) "Blue wall (British politics)") |
| [2019 UK local elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_local_elections "2019 United Kingdom local elections") [2019 UK European Parliament election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gibraltar_elections "Template:Gibraltar elections") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gibraltar_elections "Template talk:Gibraltar elections") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar_elections "Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar elections")[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") [Elections and referendums in Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Gibraltar "Elections in Gibraltar") | |
| [General elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament "Gibraltar Parliament") | [1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Gibraltar_general_election "1950 Gibraltar general election") [1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Gibraltar_general_election "1953 Gibraltar general election") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Gibraltar_general_election "1956 Gibraltar general election") [1959](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Gibraltar_general_election "1959 Gibraltar general election") [1964](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Gibraltar_general_election "1964 Gibraltar general election") [1969](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Gibraltar_general_election "1969 Gibraltar general election") [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Gibraltar_general_election "1972 Gibraltar general election") [1976](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Gibraltar_general_election "1976 Gibraltar general election") [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Gibraltar_general_election "1980 Gibraltar general election") [1984](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Gibraltar_general_election "1984 Gibraltar general election") [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Gibraltar_general_election "1988 Gibraltar general election") [1992](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Gibraltar_general_election "1992 Gibraltar general election") [1996](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Gibraltar_general_election "1996 Gibraltar general election") [2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Gibraltar_general_election "2000 Gibraltar general election") [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Gibraltar_general_election "2003 Gibraltar general election") [2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Gibraltar_general_election "2007 Gibraltar general election") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Gibraltar_general_election "2011 Gibraltar general election") [2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Gibraltar_general_election "2015 Gibraltar general election") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Gibraltar_general_election "2019 Gibraltar general election") [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Gibraltar_general_election "2023 Gibraltar general election") [*Next*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Gibraltar_general_election "Next Gibraltar general election") |
| [City Council elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_City_Council "Gibraltar City Council") | [1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1921_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1921 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1924](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1924 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1927](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1927_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1927 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1930](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1930 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1933](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1933_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1933 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1936](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1936_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1936 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1939](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1939 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1945](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1945_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1945 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1947](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1947_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1947 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1950](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1950 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1953](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1953_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1953 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1956 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1959](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1959_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1959 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1962 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") [1965](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1965_Gibraltar_City_Council_election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1965 Gibraltar City Council election (page does not exist)") |
| [By-elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament "Gibraltar Parliament") | [1957](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957_Gibraltar_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1957 Gibraltar by-election (page does not exist)") [1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_Gibraltar_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1967 Gibraltar by-election (page does not exist)") [1991](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_Gibraltar_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1991 Gibraltar by-election (page does not exist)") [1999](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1999_Gibraltar_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1 "1999 Gibraltar by-election (page does not exist)") [2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Gibraltar_by-election "2013 Gibraltar by-election") |
| [European elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament") | [2004](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Gibraltar "2004 European Parliament election in Gibraltar") [2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Gibraltar "2009 European Parliament election in Gibraltar") [2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Gibraltar "2014 European Parliament election in Gibraltar") [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Gibraltar "2019 European Parliament election in Gibraltar") |
| Referendums | [1967](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum "1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum") [2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum "2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum") [2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006 "Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006") [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)") [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Gibraltar_abortion_referendum "2021 Gibraltar abortion referendum") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Stock_market_crashes "Template:Stock market crashes") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Stock_market_crashes "Template talk:Stock market crashes") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stock_market_crashes "Special:EditPage/Template:Stock market crashes")[Stock market crashes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets "List of stock market crashes and bear markets") | |
| 18th century | [South Sea Bubble of 1720](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Company "South Sea Company") [Bengal Bubble of 1769](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769 "Bengal Bubble of 1769") [British credit crisis of 1772â1773](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773 "British credit crisis of 1772â1773") [Panic of 1792](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1792 "Panic of 1792") [Panic of 1796â1797](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1796%E2%80%931797 "Panic of 1796â1797") |
| 19th century | [Panic of 1819](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1819 "Panic of 1819") [Panic of 1825](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1825 "Panic of 1825") [Panic of 1837](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1837 "Panic of 1837") [Panic of 1847](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1847 "Panic of 1847") [Panic of 1857](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857 "Panic of 1857") [Black Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_\(1869\) "Black Friday (1869)") (24 September 1869) [Panic of 1873](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873 "Panic of 1873") [Paris Bourse crash of 1882](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Bourse_crash_of_1882 "Paris Bourse crash of 1882") [Panic of 1884](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1884 "Panic of 1884") [Encilhamento](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encilhamento "Encilhamento") (1890â1893) [Panic of 1893](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893 "Panic of 1893") [Panic of 1896](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1896 "Panic of 1896") |
| 20th century | [Panic of 1901](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1901 "Panic of 1901") [Panic of 1907](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1907 "Panic of 1907") [Financial crisis of 1914](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_1914 "Financial crisis of 1914") [Recession of 1920â1921](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession_of_1920%E2%80%931921 "Recession of 1920â1921") [Wall Street crash of 1929](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_crash_of_1929 "Wall Street crash of 1929") [Recession of 1937â1938](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938 "Recession of 1937â1938") [Kennedy Slide of 1962](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Slide_of_1962 "Kennedy Slide of 1962") [1973â1974 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%931974_stock_market_crash "1973â1974 stock market crash") [Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Al-Manakh_stock_market_crash "Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash") (1982) [Black Monday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Monday_\(1987\) "Black Monday (1987)") (19 October 1987) [Rio de Janeiro Stock exchange collapse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_Stock_Exchange "Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange") (1989) [Friday the 13th mini-crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th_mini-crash "Friday the 13th mini-crash") (1989) [Japanese asset price bubble crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble#Stock_Prices "Japanese asset price bubble") (1990â1992) [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") (16 September 1992) [1997 Asian financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis "1997 Asian financial crisis") [October 27, 1997, mini-crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_27,_1997,_mini-crash "October 27, 1997, mini-crash") [1998 Russian financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis "1998 Russian financial crisis") |
| 21st century | [Dot-com bubble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble "Dot-com bubble") (2000â2002) [September 11 attacks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks#Financial_markets "Economic effects of the September 11 attacks") (2001) [Stock market downturn of 2002](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_downturn_of_2002 "Stock market downturn of 2002") [Chinese stock bubble of 2007](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007 "Chinese stock bubble of 2007") [U.S. bear market of 2007â2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_bear_market_of_2007%E2%80%932009 "United States bear market of 2007â2009") [2008 financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis") [Euro area crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_area_crisis "Euro area crisis") (2010) [2010 flash crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_flash_crash "2010 flash crash") [2011 TĹhoku earthquake and tsunami stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami#Economic_impact "Aftermath of the 2011 TĹhoku earthquake and tsunami") [August 2011 stock markets fall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_2011_stock_markets_fall "August 2011 stock markets fall") [2011 Bangladesh share market scam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam "2011 Bangladesh share market scam") [2015â2016 Chinese stock market turbulence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Chinese_stock_market_turbulence "2015â2016 Chinese stock market turbulence") [2015â2016 stock market selloff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_stock_market_selloff "2015â2016 stock market selloff") [Brexit stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_effects_of_Brexit#Stock_markets_and_currencies "Economic effects of Brexit") (2016) [2020 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash "2020 stock market crash") [2022 stock market decline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_stock_market_decline "2022 stock market decline") [2025 stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_stock_market_crash "2025 stock market crash") |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "Template:1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "Template talk:1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "Special:EditPage/Template:1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum")[1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") | |
| [Results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum,_1975 "Results of the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975") | |
| Referendum question | "Do you think that the United Kingdom should stay in the European Community (the Common Market)?" |
| Legislation | [Referendum Act 1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum_Act_1975 "Referendum Act 1975") |
| Background | [Treaty of Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome "Treaty of Rome") [1970 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election "1970 United Kingdom general election") [Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities") [Treaty of Accession 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972") [European Communities Act 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(UK\) "European Communities Act 1972 (UK)") [1973 EC enlargement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities "1973 enlargement of the European Communities") [February 1974 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election "February 1974 United Kingdom general election") [October 1974 United Kingdom general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election "October 1974 United Kingdom general election") |
| Campaign organisations | |
| | |
| Advocating a "Yes" vote | [Britain in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum,_1975#Yes_campaign_\(Britain_In_Europe\) "United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975") |
| Advocating a "No" vote | [National Referendum Campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum,_1975#No_campaign_\(National_Referendum_Campaign "United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum, 1975") |
| Parties | |
| | |
| For a "Yes" vote | [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)") [Liberal Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_\(UK\) "Liberal Party (UK)") [Social Democratic and Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party "Social Democratic and Labour Party") [Alliance Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland "Alliance Party of Northern Ireland") [Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Unionist_Progressive_Party "Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party") |
| Neutral/split | [Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") |
| For a "No" vote | [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") [Ulster Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") [Provisional Sinn FĂŠin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn FĂŠin") [Official Sinn FĂŠin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_\(Ireland\) "Workers' Party (Ireland)") [National Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_\(UK\) "National Front (UK)") [Communist Party of Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain "Communist Party of Great Britain") |
| Debates | *[A Question of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Europe "A Question of Europe")* |
| Aftermath | [European Assembly Elections Act 1978](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Assembly_Elections_Act_1978 "European Assembly Elections Act 1978") [1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "1979 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom") [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate") [Single European Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act "Single European Act") [Black Wednesday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Wednesday "Black Wednesday") [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") [Lisbon Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty "Lisbon Treaty") [2015â16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â16 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") [2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum]() |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union "Template:Member states of the European Union") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union "Template talk:Member states of the European Union") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union "Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union")[Member states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union "Member state of the European Union") of the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") | |
| [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria "Austria") [Belgium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium "Belgium") [Bulgaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria "Bulgaria") [Croatia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia "Croatia") [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus") [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic "Czech Republic") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") [Estonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia "Estonia") [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland "Finland") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") [Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany "Germany") [Greece](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece "Greece") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland") [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy "Italy") [Latvia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia "Latvia") [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania "Lithuania") [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg "Luxembourg") [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta "Malta") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal "Portugal") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") [Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia "Slovakia") [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia "Slovenia") [Spain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain "Spain") [Sweden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden "Sweden") | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg) |
| See also: [Potential enlargement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union "Potential enlargement of the European Union") and [Former members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations "Template:EU treaties and declarations") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:EU_treaties_and_declarations "Template talk:EU treaties and declarations") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EU_treaties_and_declarations "Special:EditPage/Template:EU treaties and declarations")[Founding treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union "Treaties of the European Union") of the European [Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") (1951â1993) and [Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (since 1993) and related political documents | |
| [Founding treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union "Treaties of the European Union") | |
| | |
| Consolidated versions | [Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Functioning_of_the_European_Union "Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union") (1957) [Treaty on European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_European_Union "Treaty on European Union") (1992) [Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratom_Treaty "Euratom Treaty") (1957) |
| Amendments | |
| | |
| General | |
| | |
| In force | [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences "London and Paris Conferences") (1954) [Rome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome "Treaty of Rome") (1957) [Netherlands Antilles Association Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_association_of_the_Netherlands_Antilles_with_the_European_Economic_Community "Convention on the association of the Netherlands Antilles with the European Economic Community") (1962) [Merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_Treaty "Merger Treaty") (1965) [First Budgetary Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities "Budgetary treaties of the European Communities") (1970) [Second Budgetary Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgetary_treaties_of_the_European_Communities "Budgetary treaties of the European Communities") (1975) [Single European Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_European_Act "Single European Act") (1986) [Maastricht](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") (1992) [Amsterdam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam "Treaty of Amsterdam") (1997) [Nice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice "Treaty of Nice") (2001) [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon "Treaty of Lisbon") (2007) Protocol 36 (2011) [Article 136](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism#Treaty_basis "European Stability Mechanism") (2011) |
| Unratified | [Renegotiation of UK membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") (2016) |
| Changes in membership | |
| | |
| Accession | [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972") [1979](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1979 "Treaty of Accession 1979") [1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1985 "Treaty of Accession 1985") [1994](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1994 "Treaty of Accession 1994") [2003](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003 "Treaty of Accession 2003") [2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005 "Treaty of Accession 2005") [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2011 "Treaty of Accession 2011") |
| Secession | [Greenland (1984)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities "Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities") [United Kingdom (âBrexitâ 2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Brexit withdrawal agreement") |
| Unratified | [Treaty establishing the European Defence Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community "Treaty establishing the European Defence Community") (1952) [Treaty establishing the European Political Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Political_Community_\(1952\) "European Political Community (1952)") (1952) [Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe "Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe") (2004) |
| Expired or terminated | [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels "Treaty of Brussels") ([Western Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union_\(alliance\) "Western Union (alliance)"), 1948) [Modified Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels#Modification "Treaty of Brussels") ([Western European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Union "Western European Union"), 1954) [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_\(1951\) "Treaty of Paris (1951)") (European Coal and Steel Community, 1951) |
| Related political documents | [Schuman Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuman_Declaration "Schuman Declaration") (1950) [Europe Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_Declaration "Europe Declaration") (1951) Declarations at the [London and Paris Conferences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences "London and Paris Conferences") (1954) [Benelux memorandum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benelux_memorandum "Benelux memorandum") (1955) [Spaak Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaak_Report "Spaak Report") (1956) [Fouchet Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouchet_Plan "Fouchet Plan") (1961) [Davignon report](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davignon_report "Davignon report") (1970) [Copenhagen report](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copenhagen_report&action=edit&redlink=1 "Copenhagen report (page does not exist)") (1973) [London report](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_report&action=edit&redlink=1 "London report (page does not exist)") (1981) [Solemn Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union "Solemn Declaration on European Union") (1983) [Rome Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Declaration "Rome Declaration") (1984) [Schengen Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement "Schengen Agreement") (1985) [Schengen Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area "Schengen Area") (1990) [Petersberg Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersberg_Declaration "Petersberg Declaration") (1992) [Saint-Malo declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo_declaration "Saint-Malo declaration") (1998) [Schengen acquis of the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_acquis "Schengen acquis") (1999) [Bologna declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_declaration "Bologna declaration") [Charter of Fundamental Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union") (2000) [PFI Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFI_Convention "PFI Convention") (2002) [Seville Declarations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville_Declarations_on_the_Treaty_of_Nice "Seville Declarations on the Treaty of Nice") (2002) [PrĂźm Convention](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention "PrĂźm Convention") (2005) [Berlin Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_\(2007\) "Berlin Declaration (2007)") (2007) [European Stability Mechanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Stability_Mechanism "Treaty establishing the European Stability Mechanism") (2012) [European Fiscal Compact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Fiscal_Compact "European Fiscal Compact") (2012) [Agreement on a Unified Patent Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court "Unified Patent Court") (2013) [Single Resolution Fund Agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism "Single Resolution Mechanism") (2014) [Malta Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_Declaration_\(European_Union\) "Malta Declaration (European Union)") (2017) [Versailles declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_declaration "Versailles declaration") (2022) |
| [European Union Portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:European_Union "Portal:European Union") | |
| [v](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Template:Withdrawal from the European Union") [t](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Template talk:Withdrawal from the European Union") [e](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Special:EditPage/Template:Withdrawal from the European Union")[Withdrawal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Withdrawal from the European Union") from the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") | |
| Withdrawal of member state territories | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria "Algeria") [French Algeria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union#Algeria "Withdrawal from the European Union") (independence) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland "Greenland") [Greenland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities "Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities") (changed to [OCT status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union#French_overseas_territories "Special member state territories and the European Union")) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "Saint Pierre and Miquelon") [Saint Pierre and Miquelon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union#Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon "Withdrawal from the European Union") (changed to [OCT status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union#Greenland "Special member state territories and the European Union")) [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy "Saint BarthĂŠlemy") [Saint BarthĂŠlemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union#Saint_Barth.C3.A9lemy "Withdrawal from the European Union") (changed to [OCT status](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_member_state_territories_and_the_European_Union#Greenland "Special member state territories and the European Union")) |
| Withdrawal of member states | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") (and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar")): [Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit") |
| Hypothesised | [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark "Denmark") [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Danish withdrawal from the European Union") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France "France") [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frexit "Frexit") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary "Hungary") [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Hungarian withdrawal from the European Union") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Dutch withdrawal from the European Union") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland "Poland") [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Polish withdrawal from the European Union") [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania "Romania") [Romania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_withdrawal_from_the_European_Union "Romanian withdrawal from the European Union") |
| [Current membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union "Member state of the European Union") [Enlargement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union "Enlargement of the European Union") [Article 50 Procedure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") | |
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2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
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[Add topic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum) |
| Readable Markdown | | | | |
|---|---|---|
|  | | |
| â [1975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") **23 June 2016** | | |
| Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union? | | |
| Outcome | [The United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") ([Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit")) | |
| Results | | |
| Choice | Votes | % |
| **Leave** | **17,410,742** | **51\.89%** |
| **Remain** | 16,141,241 | 48\.11% |
| Valid votes | 33,551,983 | 99\.92% |
| Invalid or blank votes | 25,359 | 0\.08% |
| **Total votes** | **33,577,342** | **100\.00%** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 46,500,001 | 72\.21% |
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU_membership_referendum_2016_map.svg)Results by local voting area **Leave**: 50â60% 60â70% 70â80% **Remain**: 50â60% 60â70% 70â80% 90â100% | | |
| On the map, the darker shades for a colour indicate a larger margin. The electorate of 46.5 million represents 70.8% of the population. | | |
The **2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum**, commonly referred to as the **EU referendum** or the **Brexit referendum**, was a referendum that took place on 23 June 2016 in the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") (UK) and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") under the provisions of the [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") to ask the electorate whether the country should continue to remain a member of, or leave, the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU). The result was a vote in favour of leaving the EU, triggering calls to begin the process of the country's [withdrawal from the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_EU "Withdrawal from the EU") commonly termed "[Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit "Brexit")".
[Since 1973](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Communities "Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities"), the UK had been a [member state of the EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_EU "Member state of the EU") and its predecessor organisation the [European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") (EC) (principally the [European Economic Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community") (EEC), along with other international bodies. The constitutional implications of membership for the UK became a topic of debate domestically particularly regarding sovereignty. [A referendum on continued membership of the European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") (EC) to try and settle the issue was held in 1975, with 67% of voters approving continued membership.[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-1) Between 1975 and 2016 as [European integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration "European integration") significantly deepened, subsequent EC/EU treaties and agreements were ratified by the [UK Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Parliament "UK Parliament") but without any public approval. Following the [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)")'s victory at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election") as a main manifesto pledge, the legal basis for the EU referendum was established through the [European Union Referendum Act 2015](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015"). Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") also oversaw [a renegotiation of the terms of EU membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership"), intending to implement these changes in the event of a Remain result. The referendum was legally non-binding due to the ancient principle of [parliamentary sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom "Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom"), although the government promised to implement the result.[\[2\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-2)
[Official campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigning_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Campaigning in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") took place between 15 April and 23 June 2016. The official group for remaining in the EU was [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") while [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") was the official group endorsing leaving.[\[3\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-3) Other campaign groups, political parties, businesses, trade unions, newspapers and prominent individuals were also involved, with both sides having supporters from across the political spectrum. Parties in favour of remaining included [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)"), the [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)"), the [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party"), [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") and the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales");[\[4\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-4)[\[5\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-5)[\[6\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-6)[\[7\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-7) while the [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") campaigned in favour of leaving;[\[8\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-8) and the Conservative Party remained neutral.[\[9\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-9) In spite of the Conservative and Labour Party's official positions, both parties allowed their Members of Parliament to publicly campaign for either side of the issue.[\[10\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-10)[\[11\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-11) [Campaign issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issues_in_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Issues in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") included the costs and benefits of membership for the UK's economy, [freedom of movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union "Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union") and migration. Several [allegations of unlawful campaigning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum") and [Russian interference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_Brexit_referendum "Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum") arose during and after the referendum.
[The results](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum") recorded 51.9% of the votes cast being in favour of leaving. Most areas of [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England") and [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales") had a majority for Leave, and the majority of voters in [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland"), [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland"), [Greater London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London "Greater London") and Gibraltar chose Remain. Voter preference correlated with age, level of education and socioeconomic factors. The [causes and reasoning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit") of the Leave result have been the subject of analysis and commentary. [Immediately after the result](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "Aftermath of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum"), financial markets reacted negatively worldwide, and Cameron announced that he would resign as prime minister and [leader of the Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"), which he did in July. The referendum prompted [an array of international reactions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum "International reactions to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum"). [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn") faced [a Labour Party leadership challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") as a result of the referendum. In 2017, the [UK gave formal notice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_invocation_of_Article_50_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union "United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union") of intent to withdraw from the EU, with the withdrawal being formalised in 2020.
The [European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities "European Communities") were formed in the 1950s â the [European Coal and Steel Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community "European Coal and Steel Community") (ECSC) in 1952, and the [European Atomic Energy Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community "European Atomic Energy Community") (EAEC or Euratom) and [European Economic Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community "European Economic Community") (EEC) in 1957.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12) The EEC, the more ambitious of the three, came to be known as the "Common Market". The UK first applied to join them in 1961, but this was vetoed by France.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12) A later application was successful, and the UK joined in 1973; two years later, a [national referendum on continuing EC membership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum") resulted in 67.2% voting "Yes" in favour of continued membership, on a 64.6% national turnout.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12) However, no further referendums on the issue of the United Kingdom's relationship with Europe were held and successive British governments integrated further into the European project, which gained focus when the [Maastricht Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty "Maastricht Treaty") established the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union "European Union") (EU) in 1993, which incorporated (and after the [Lisbon Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty "Lisbon Treaty"), succeeded) the European Communities.[\[12\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-history-12)[\[13\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-13)
### Growing pressure for a referendum
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=2 "Edit section: Growing pressure for a referendum")\]
At the May [2012 NATO summit meeting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chicago_NATO_summit "2012 Chicago NATO summit"), UK Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron"), [Foreign Secretary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_\(United_Kingdom\) "Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)") [William Hague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hague "William Hague") and [Ed Llewellyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Llewellyn,_Baron_Llewellyn_of_Steep "Edward Llewellyn, Baron Llewellyn of Steep") discussed the idea of using a European Union referendum as a concession to the [Eurosceptic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosceptic "Eurosceptic") wing of the Conservative Party.[\[14\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-14) On 20 June 2012, a three-clause [private member's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill "Private member's bill") [bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities_Act_1972_\(Repeal\)_Bills "European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills") was introduced into the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") by the then Eurosceptic [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_\(United_Kingdom\) "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") [Douglas Carswell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Carswell "Douglas Carswell") to end the United Kingdom's EU membership and repeal the European Communities Act 1972, but without containing any commitment to the holding of any referendum. It received a second reading in a half-hour long debate in the chamber on 26 October 2012, but did not progress any further.[\[15\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC-15)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Wharton_2016.jpg)
Conservative [MP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_\(United_Kingdom\) "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)") James Wharton introduced a [Private member's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill "Private member's bill") [bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013%E2%80%9314 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14") to the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") in 2013 committing the UK to holding a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of 2017 which passed all of its stages in the chamber before it was blocked in the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") early in 2014.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_official.jpg)
During the 2015 general election campaign, [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") promised to renegotiate the terms of the UK's EU membership and later hold a referendum on the subject if a Conservative majority government was elected.
In January 2013, Cameron delivered the [Bloomberg speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_speech "Bloomberg speech") and promised that, should the Conservatives win a parliamentary majority at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election"), the [British government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government "British government") would negotiate more favourable arrangements for continuing British membership of the EU, before holding a referendum on whether the UK should remain in or leave the EU.[\[16\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-16) The Conservative Party published a draft EU Referendum Bill in May 2013, and outlined its plans for renegotiation followed by an in-out vote (i.e. a referendum giving options only of leaving and of remaining in under the current terms, or under new terms if these had become available), were the party to be re-elected in 2015.[\[17\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-17) The draft Bill stated that the referendum had to be held no later than 31 December 2017.[\[18\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-18)
The draft legislation was taken forward as a [Private member's bill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill "Private member's bill") by Conservative MP [James Wharton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wharton,_Baron_Wharton_of_Yarm "James Wharton, Baron Wharton of Yarm") which was known as the [European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Bill_2013 "European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013").[\[19\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-19) The bill's First Reading in the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") took place on 19 June 2013.[\[20\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-20) Cameron was said by a spokesperson to be "very pleased" and would ensure the Bill was given "the full support of the Conservative Party".[\[21\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-21)
Regarding the ability of the bill to bind the UK Government in the [2015â20 Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") (which indirectly, as a result of the referendum itself, proved to last only two years) to holding such a referendum, a parliamentary research paper noted that:
> The Bill simply provides for a referendum on continued EU membership by the end of December 2017 and does not otherwise specify the timing, other than requiring the Secretary of State to bring forward orders by the end of 2016. \[...\] If no party obtained a majority at the \[next general election due in 2015\], there might be some uncertainty about the passage of the orders in the next Parliament.[\[22\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-22)
The bill received its Second Reading on 5 July 2013, passing by 304 votes to none after almost all [Labour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") MPs and all [Liberal Democrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") MPs abstained, cleared the Commons in November 2013, and was then introduced to the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords") in December 2013, where members voted to block the bill.[\[23\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-23)
Conservative MP [Bob Neill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Neill "Bob Neill") then introduced an Alternative Referendum Bill to the Commons.[\[24\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-24)[\[25\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-25) After a debate on 17 October 2014, it passed to the [Public Bills Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_bill_committee "Public bill committee"), but because the Commons failed to pass a [money resolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_resolution&action=edit&redlink=1 "Money resolution (page does not exist)"), the bill was unable to progress further before the [dissolution of parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament "Dissolution of parliament") on 27 March 2015.[\[26\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-26)[\[27\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-27)
At the [European Parliament election in 2014](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom "2014 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom"), the [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") (UKIP) secured more votes and more seats than any other party, the first time a party other than the Conservatives or Labour had topped a nationwide poll in 108 years, leaving the Conservatives in third place.[\[28\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-28)
Under [Ed Miliband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Miliband "Ed Miliband")'s leadership between 2010 and 2015, the Labour Party ruled out an in-out referendum unless and until a further transfer of powers from the UK to the EU were to be proposed.[\[29\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-29) In their manifesto for the 2015 general election, the Liberal Democrats pledged to hold an in-out referendum only in the event of there being a change in the EU treaties.[\[30\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-30) The UK Independence Party (UKIP), the [British National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party "British National Party") (BNP), the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales"),[\[31\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-31) the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party")[\[32\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-32) and the [Respect Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_Party "Respect Party")[\[33\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-33) all supported the principle of a referendum.
When the Conservative Party won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the [2015 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "2015 United Kingdom general election"), Cameron reiterated his party's [manifesto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto "Manifesto") commitment to hold an in-out referendum on UK membership of the EU by the end of 2017, but only after "negotiating a new settlement for Britain in the EU".[\[34\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-34)
### Renegotiation before the referendum
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=3 "Edit section: Renegotiation before the referendum")\]
In early 2014, [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") outlined the changes he aimed to bring about in the EU and in the UK's relationship with it.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-DT14-35) These were: additional immigration controls, especially for citizens of new EU member states; tougher immigration rules for present EU citizens; new powers for national parliaments collectively to veto proposed EU laws; new free-trade agreements and a reduction in bureaucracy for businesses; a lessening of the influence of the [European Court of Human Rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights "European Court of Human Rights") on British police and courts; more power for individual member states, and less for the central EU; and abandonment of the EU notion of "ever closer union".[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-DT14-35) He intended to bring these about during a series of negotiations with other EU leaders and then, if re-elected, to announce a referendum.[\[35\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-DT14-35)
In November that year, Cameron gave an update on the negotiations and further details of his aims.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC2015-36) The key demands made of the EU were: on economic governance, to recognise officially that [Eurozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone "Eurozone") laws would not necessarily apply to non-Eurozone EU members and the latter would not have to bail out troubled Eurozone economies; on competitiveness, to expand the single market and to set a target for the reduction of bureaucracy for businesses; on sovereignty, for the UK to be legally exempted from "ever closer union" and for national parliaments to be able collectively to veto proposed EU laws; and, on immigration, for EU citizens going to the UK for work to be unable to claim social housing or in-work benefits until they had worked there for four years, and for them to be unable to send [child benefit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_benefit "Child benefit") payments overseas.[\[36\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC2015-36)[\[37\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-37)
The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) The renegotiated terms were in addition to the United Kingdom's existing [opt-outs in the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_opt-outs_from_EU_legislation "United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation") and the [UK rebate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_rebate "UK rebate"). The significance of the changes to the EU-UK agreement was contested and speculated upon, with none of the changes considered fundamental, but some considered important to many British people.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) Some limits to in-work benefits for EU immigrants were agreed, but these would apply on a sliding scale for four years and would be for new immigrants only; before they could be applied, a country would have to get permission from the [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council").[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) Child benefit payments could still be made overseas, but these would be linked to the cost of living in the other country.[\[39\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF2-39) On sovereignty, the UK was reassured that it would not be required to participate in "ever closer union"; these reassurances were "in line with existing EU law".[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) Cameron's demand to allow national parliaments to veto proposed EU laws was modified to allow national parliaments collectively to object to proposed EU laws, in which case the European Council would reconsider the proposal before itself deciding what to do.[\[38\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF1-38) On economic governance, anti-discrimination regulations for non-Eurozone members would be reinforced, but they would be unable to veto any legislation.[\[40\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF3-40) The final two areas covered were proposals to "exclude from the scope of free movement rights, third country nationals who had no prior lawful residence in a Member State before marrying a Union citizen"[\[41\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF5-41) and to make it easier for member states to deport EU nationals for public policy or public security reasons.[\[42\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF6-42) The extent to which the various parts of the agreement would be legally binding is complex; no part of the agreement itself changed EU law, but some parts could be enforceable in international law.[\[43\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-FF4-43)
The EU had reportedly offered [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") a so-called "emergency brake", which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years.[\[44\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-44) That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU. Cameron claimed that "he could have avoided Brexit had European leaders let him control migration", according to the *[Financial Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times "Financial Times")*.[\[45\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-45)[\[46\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-46) However, [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel "Angela Merkel") said that the offer had not been made by the EU. Merkel stated in the [German Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Parliament "German Parliament"): "If you wish to have free access to the single market then you have to accept the fundamental European rights as well as obligations that come from it. This is as true for Great Britain as for anybody else."[\[47\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-47)
The planned referendum was included in the [Queen's Speech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament "State Opening of Parliament") on 27 May 2015.[\[48\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-48) It was suggested at the time that Cameron was planning to hold the referendum in October 2016,[\[49\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-49) but the European Union Referendum Act 2015, which authorised it, went before the House of Commons the following day, just three weeks after the election.[\[50\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-50) On the bill's second reading on 9 June, members of the House of Commons voted by 544 to 53 in favour, endorsing the principle of holding a referendum, with only the [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") voting against.[\[51\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-51) In contrast to the Labour Party's position prior to the 2015 general election under Miliband, acting Labour leader [Harriet Harman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Harman "Harriet Harman") committed her party to supporting plans for an EU referendum by 2017, a position maintained by elected leader [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn").[\[52\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-52)
To enable the referendum to take place, the European Union Referendum Act[\[53\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-53) was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It extended to include and take legislative effect in [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar"),[\[54\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-54)[\[55\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-55) and received royal assent on 17 December 2015. The Act was, in turn, confirmed, enacted and implemented in Gibraltar by the [European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Referendum\)_Act_2016_\(Gibraltar\) "European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)"),[\[56\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-56) which was passed by the [Gibraltar Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament "Gibraltar Parliament") and entered into law upon receiving the assent of the [Governor of Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar "Governor of Gibraltar") on 28 January 2016.
The European Union Referendum Act required a referendum to be held on the question of the UK's continued membership of the European Union (EU) before the end of 2017. It did not contain any requirement for the UK Government to implement the results of the referendum. Instead, it was designed to gauge the electorate's opinion on EU membership. The referendums held in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland in 1997 and 1998 are examples of this type, where opinion was tested before legislation was introduced. [The UK does not have constitutional provisions which would require the results of a referendum to be implemented](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom#Status_of_referendums "Referendums in the United Kingdom"), unlike, for example, the [Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland "Republic of Ireland"), where the circumstances in which a binding referendum should be held are set out in [its constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland "Constitution of Ireland"). In contrast, the legislation that provided for the referendum held on AV in May 2011 would have implemented the new system of voting without further legislation, provided that the boundary changes also provided for in the [Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011 "Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011") were also implemented. In the event, there was a substantial majority against any change. The 1975 referendum was held after the re-negotiated terms of the UK's EC membership had been agreed by all EC Member States, and the terms set out in a command paper and agreed by both Houses.[\[57\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-57) Following the 2016 referendum, the High Court confirmed that the result was not legally binding, owing to the constitutional principles of parliamentary sovereignty and representative democracy, and the legislation authorising the referendum did not contain clear words to the contrary.[\[58\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-58)
## Referendum question
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=5 "Edit section: Referendum question")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_EU_Referendum_Ballot_Paper.svg)
Sample referendum ballot paper
Research by the Electoral Commission confirmed that its recommended question "was clear and straightforward for voters, and was the most neutral wording from the range of options ... considered and tested", citing responses to its consultation by a diverse range of consultees.[\[59\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-59) The proposed question was accepted by the government in September 2015, shortly before the bill's third reading.[\[60\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-guardianquestion-60) The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum under the [Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Referendum_Act_2015 "European Union Referendum Act 2015") was:
> **Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?**
with the responses to the question (to be marked with a single (X)):
> **Remain a member of the European Union**
> **Leave the European Union**
and in [Welsh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language "Welsh language"):
> **A ddylai'r Deyrnas Unedig aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd neu adael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd?**
with the responses (to be marked with a single (X)):
> **Aros yn aelod o'r Undeb Ewropeaidd**
> **Gadael yr Undeb Ewropeaidd**
Prior to being officially announced, it was widely speculated that a June date for the referendum was a serious possibility. The First Ministers of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales co-signed a letter to Cameron on 3 February 2016 asking him not to hold the referendum in June, as devolved elections were scheduled to take place the previous month on 5 May. These elections had been postponed for a year to avoid a clash with the 2015 general election, after Westminster had implemented the [Fixed-term Parliament Act](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011 "Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011"). Cameron refused this request, saying people were able to make up their own minds in multiple elections spaced at least six weeks from each other.[\[61\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-61) [\[62\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-62)
On 20 February 2016, Cameron announced that the UK Government would formally recommend to the British people that the UK should remain a member of a reformed European Union and that the referendum would be held on 23 June, marking the official launch of the campaign. He also announced that Parliament would enact secondary legislation on 22 February relating to the European Union Referendum Act 2015. With the official launch, ministers of the UK Government were then free to campaign on either side of the argument in a rare exception to [Cabinet collective responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility "Cabinet collective responsibility").[\[63\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-63)
### Eligibility to vote
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=8 "Edit section: Eligibility to vote")\]
The right to vote in the referendum in the United Kingdom is defined by the legislation as limited to residents of the United Kingdom who were either also [Commonwealth citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations "Commonwealth of Nations") under [Section 37](https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/section/37) of the [British Nationality Act 1981](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981 "British Nationality Act 1981") (which include [British citizens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981 "British Nationality Act 1981") [and other British nationals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_nationality "British nationality")), or those who were also [citizens of the Republic of Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationality_law "Irish nationality law"), or both. Members of the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords"), who could not vote in general elections, were able to vote in the referendum. The electorate of 46,500,001 represented 70.8% of the population of 65,678,000 ([UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom#Vital_statistics_\(1900%E2%80%932021\) "Demographics of the United Kingdom") and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar#Population_overview "Demographics of Gibraltar")).[\[64\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-64) Other than the residents of Gibraltar, British Overseas Territories Citizens residing in the British Overseas Territories were unable to vote in the referendum.[\[65\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-65)[\[66\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-66)
Residents of the United Kingdom who were citizens of other EU countries were not allowed to vote unless they were citizens (or were also citizens) of the Republic of Ireland, of [Malta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta "Malta"), or of the Republic of [Cyprus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus "Cyprus").[\[67\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-67)
The [Representation of the People Acts 1983](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983 "Representation of the People Act 1983") *(1983 c. 2)* and [1985](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1985 "Representation of the People Act 1985") *(1985 c. 50)*, as amended, also permit certain British citizens (but not other British nationals) to vote while resident outside of the United Kingdom, provided they had been living abroad for no more than 15 years.[\[68\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-68) A legal challenge to this time limit, brought by British citizens living in Italy and Belgium on the grounds that it interfered with the [EU right of free movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement "Freedom of movement"), was dismissed by the [High Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") and on appeal by the [Supreme Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom "Supreme Court of the United Kingdom").[\[69\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-69)
Voting on the day of the referendum was from 0700 to 2200 [BST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time "British Summer Time") ([WEST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_Summer_Time "Western European Summer Time")) (0700 to 2200 [CEST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time "Central European Summer Time") in Gibraltar) in some 41,000 polling stations staffed by over 100,000 [poll workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_workers "Poll workers"). Each polling station was specified to have no more than 2,500 registered voters.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] Under the provisions of the [Representation of the People Act 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_2000 "Representation of the People Act 2000"), postal ballots were also permitted in the referendum and were sent out to eligible voters some three weeks ahead of the vote (2 June 2016).
The minimum age for voters in the referendum was set to 18 years, in line with the Representation of the People Act, as amended. A House of Lords amendment proposing to lower the minimum age to 16 years was rejected.[\[70\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-70)
The deadline to register to vote was initially midnight on 7 June 2016; however, this was extended by 48 hours owing to technical problems with the official registration website on 7 June, caused by unusually high web traffic. Some supporters of the Leave campaign, including the Conservative MP [Sir Gerald Howarth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gerald_Howarth "Sir Gerald Howarth"), criticised the government's decision to extend the deadline, alleging it gave Remain an advantage because many late registrants were young people who were considered to be more likely to vote for Remain.[\[71\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-71) According to provisional figures from the Electoral Commission, almost 46.5 million people were eligible to vote.[\[72\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC46m-72)
### Registration problems
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=9 "Edit section: Registration problems")\]
[Nottingham City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council "Nottingham City Council") emailed a [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") supporter to say that the council was unable to check whether the nationality that people stated on their voting registration form was true, and hence that they simply had to assume that the information that was submitted was, indeed, correct.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ReferenceB-73)
3,462 EU nationals were wrongly sent postal voting cards, due to an IT issue experienced by Xpress, an electoral software supplier to a number of councils. Xpress was initially unable to confirm the exact number of those affected. The matter was resolved by the issuance of a software patch which rendered the wrongly recorded electors ineligible to vote on 23 June.[\[73\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ReferenceB-73)
Residents of the [Crown Dependencies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Dependencies "Crown Dependencies") (which are not part of the United Kingdom), namely the [Isle of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man "Isle of Man") and the Bailiwicks of [Jersey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey "Jersey") and [Guernsey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey "Guernsey"), even if they were British citizens, were excluded from the referendum unless they were also previous residents of the United Kingdom (that is England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland).[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News-74)
Some residents of the Isle of Man protested that they, as full British citizens under the British Nationality Act 1981 and living within the [British Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Islands "British Islands"), should also have been given the opportunity to vote in the referendum, as the Isle and the Bailiwicks, although not included as if they were part of the United Kingdom for the purpose of European Union (and [European Economic Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Area "European Economic Area") (EEA)) membership (as is the case with Gibraltar), would also have been significantly affected by the outcome and impact of the referendum.[\[74\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News-74)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain_Stronger_in_Europe_campaigners,_Southgate,_London,_11_June_2016_01.jpg)
[Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe") campaigners, London, June 2016
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vote_Leave_and_Vote_Remain_posters_in_Pimlico,_June_2016.jpg)
Referendum posters for both the Leave and Remain campaigns in [Pimlico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico "Pimlico"), London
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Union_-_Brexit_referendum_%22I%27m_in%22_sticker_on_a_green_Harrington_jacket.png)
Remain campaign "I'm in" sticker
In October 2015, [Britain Stronger in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_Stronger_in_Europe "Britain Stronger in Europe"), a cross-party group campaigning for Britain to remain a member of the EU, was formed.[\[75\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-75) There were two rival groups promoting British withdrawal from the EU that sought to become the official Leave campaign: [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") (which was endorsed by most of [UKIP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKIP "UKIP"), including [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage")), and [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") (endorsed by Conservative Party Eurosceptics). In January 2016, [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") and the Leave.EU campaign became part of the [Grassroots Out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots_Out "Grassroots Out") movement, which was borne out of infighting between Vote Leave and Leave.EU campaigners.[\[76\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-76)[\[77\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-77) In April, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") announced that Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave were to be designated as the official remain and leave campaigns respectively.[\[78\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-78) This gave them the right to spend up to ÂŁ7,000,000, a free mailshot, TV broadcasts and ÂŁ600,000 in public funds. The UK Government's official position was to support the Remain campaign. Nevertheless, Cameron announced that Conservative Ministers and MPs were free to campaign in favour of remaining in the EU or leaving it, according to their conscience. This decision came after mounting pressure for a [free vote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_vote "Free vote") for ministers.[\[79\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-79) In an exception to the usual rule of [cabinet collective responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility "Cabinet collective responsibility"), Cameron allowed cabinet ministers to campaign publicly for EU withdrawal.[\[80\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-80) A Government-backed campaign was launched in April.[\[81\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-81) On 16 June, all official national campaigning was suspended until 19 June following the [murder of Jo Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jo_Cox "Murder of Jo Cox").[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-jocox-82)
After internal polls suggested that 85% of the UK population wanted more information about the referendum from the government, [a leaflet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-EU_leaflet "Pro-EU leaflet") was sent to every household in the UK.[\[83\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-83) It contained details about why the government believed the UK should remain in the EU. This leaflet was criticised by those wanting to leave as giving the remain side an unfair advantage; it was also described as being inaccurate and a waste of taxpayers' money (it cost ÂŁ9.3m in total).[\[84\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-84) During the campaign, [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") suggested that there would be public demand for a second referendum should the result be a remain win closer than 52â48%, because the leaflet meant that the remain side had been permitted to spend more money than the leave side.[\[85\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-85)
In the week beginning on 16 May, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") sent a voting guide regarding the referendum to every household within the UK and Gibraltar to raise awareness of the upcoming referendum. The eight-page guide contained details on how to vote, as well as a sample of the actual ballot paper, and a whole page each was given to the campaign groups Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave to present their case.[\[86\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-86)[\[87\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-87)
The Vote Leave campaign argued that if the UK left the EU, national [sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty "Sovereignty") would be protected, immigration controls could be imposed, and the UK would be able to sign trade deals with the rest of the world. The UK would also be able to stop membership payments to the EU every week.[\[88\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-88)[\[note 1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-91) The Britain Stronger in Europe campaign argued that leaving the European Union would damage the UK economy, and that the status of the UK as a world influence was hinged upon its membership.[\[91\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-92)
## Responses to the referendum campaign
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=12 "Edit section: Responses to the referendum campaign")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_MPs_EU_referendum_voting_intention_2016.svg)
In the run up to the referendum, of the 650 MPs elected to the [2015-17 UK Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2015_United_Kingdom_general_election "List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election") a total of 479 MPs publicly declared their intention to vote in favour of remaining in the European Union compared with just 158 MPs who declared their intention to vote in favour of leaving the European Union.
Leave
Remain
The tables list political parties with representation in the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") or the [House of Lords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords "House of Lords"), the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament "European Parliament"), the [Scottish Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament "Scottish Parliament"), the [Northern Ireland Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly "Northern Ireland Assembly"), the [Welsh Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Parliament "Welsh Parliament"), or the [Gibraltar Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament "Gibraltar Parliament") at the time of the referendum.
| Position | Political parties | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remain | | [Green Party of England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales") | [\[92\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-93) |
| | [Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Labour Party (UK)") | [\[93\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-94)[\[94\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-95) | |
| | [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") | [\[95\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-96) | |
| | [Plaid Cymru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru "Plaid Cymru") â The Party of Wales | [\[96\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-97) | |
| | [Scottish Greens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Greens "Scottish Greens") | [\[97\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-98) | |
| | [Scottish National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party "Scottish National Party") (SNP) | [\[98\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-99)[\[99\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-100) | |
| Leave | | [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") (UKIP) | [\[100\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-101) |
| Neutral | | [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)") | [\[101\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Tory_position_Sep_2015-102) |
| Position | Political parties | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remain | | [Alliance Party of Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland "Alliance Party of Northern Ireland") | [\[102\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-103)[\[103\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-104) |
| | [Green Party Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland "Green Party Northern Ireland") | [\[104\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-105) | |
| | [Sinn FĂŠin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in "Sinn FĂŠin") | [\[105\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-106) | |
| | [Social Democratic and Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party "Social Democratic and Labour Party") (SDLP) | [\[106\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-107) | |
| | [Ulster Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party "Ulster Unionist Party") (UUP) | [\[107\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-108) | |
| Leave | | [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") (DUP) | [\[108\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-109)[\[109\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-110) |
| | [People Before Profit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Before_Profit "People Before Profit") (PBP) | [\[110\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-111) | |
| | [Traditional Unionist Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice "Traditional Unionist Voice") (TUV) | [\[111\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-112) | |
| Position | Political parties | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remain | | [Gibraltar Social Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Social_Democrats "Gibraltar Social Democrats") | [\[112\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-113) |
| | [Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Socialist_Labour_Party "Gibraltar Socialist Labour Party") | [\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle-114) | |
| | [Liberal Party of Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Gibraltar "Liberal Party of Gibraltar") | [\[113\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Gibraltar_Chronicle-114) | |
Among minor parties, the [Socialist Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_\(UK\) "Socialist Labour Party (UK)"), the [Communist Party of Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain "Communist Party of Britain"), [Britain First](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain_First "Britain First"),[\[114\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-115) the [British National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_Party "British National Party") (BNP),[\[115\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-116) [ĂirĂgĂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%ADg%C3%AD "ĂirĂgĂ") \[Ireland\],[\[116\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-117) the [Respect Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_Party "Respect Party"),[\[117\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-118) the [Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Unionist_and_Socialist_Coalition "Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition") (TUSC),[\[118\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-119) the [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_\(UK,_1990%E2%80%93present\) "Social Democratic Party (UK, 1990âpresent)"),[\[119\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-120) the [Liberal Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_\(UK,_1989\) "Liberal Party (UK, 1989)"),[\[120\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-121) [Independence from Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_from_Europe "Independence from Europe"),[\[121\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-122) and the [Workers' Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_\(Ireland\) "Workers' Party (Ireland)") \[Ireland\][\[122\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-123) supported leaving the EU.
The [Scottish Socialist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party "Scottish Socialist Party") (SSP), [Left Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_Unity_\(UK\) "Left Unity (UK)") and [Mebyon Kernow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mebyon_Kernow "Mebyon Kernow") \[Cornwall\] supported remaining in the EU.[\[123\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-124)[\[124\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-125)[\[125\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-126)
The [Socialist Party of Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain "Socialist Party of Great Britain") supported neither leave nor remain and the [Women's Equality Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party "Women's Equality Party") had no official position on the issue.[\[126\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-127)[\[127\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-128)[\[128\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-WE_EU-129)[\[129\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-HuffP_EU-130) The [Socialist Equality Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_\(UK\) "Socialist Equality Party (UK)") called for an "active [boycott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_boycott "Election boycott")" of the referendum.[\[130\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-131)
The [Cabinet of the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom "Cabinet of the United Kingdom") is a body responsible for making decisions on policy and organising [governmental departments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom "Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom"); it is chaired by the Prime Minister and contains most of the government's ministerial heads.[\[131\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-132) Following the announcement of the referendum in February, 23 of the 30 Cabinet ministers (including attendees) supported the UK staying in the EU.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News_Tory_MPs_2016-133) [Iain Duncan Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith "Iain Duncan Smith"), in favour of leaving, resigned on 19 March and was replaced by [Stephen Crabb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Crabb "Stephen Crabb") who was in favour of remaining.[\[132\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_News_Tory_MPs_2016-133)[\[133\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-134) Crabb was already a cabinet member, as the [Secretary of State for Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales "Secretary of State for Wales"), and his replacement, [Alun Cairns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_Cairns "Alun Cairns"), was in favour of remaining, bringing the total number of pro-remain Cabinet members to 25.
Various UK multinationals have stated that they would not like the UK to leave the EU because of the uncertainty it would cause, such as [Shell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell "Royal Dutch Shell"),[\[134\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-135) [BT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group "BT Group")[\[135\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-136) and [Vodafone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone "Vodafone"),[\[136\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-137) with some assessing the [pros and cons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making "Decision-making") of Britain exiting.[\[137\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-138) The banking sector was one of the most vocal advocating to stay in the EU, with the [British Bankers' Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Bankers%27_Association "British Bankers' Association") saying: "Businesses don't like that kind of uncertainty".[\[138\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-139) [RBS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Bank_of_Scotland_Group "The Royal Bank of Scotland Group") warned of potential damage to the economy.[\[139\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-140) Furthermore, [HSBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC "HSBC") and foreign-based banks [JP Morgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase "JPMorgan Chase") and [Deutsche Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bank "Deutsche Bank") claim a Brexit might result in the banks' changing domicile.[\[140\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-141)[\[141\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-142) According to [Goldman Sachs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs "Goldman Sachs") and the [City of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London "City of London")'s policy chief, all such factors could impact on the City of London's present status as a European and global market leader in financial services.[\[142\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-143) In February 2016, leaders of 36 of the [FTSE 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100 "FTSE 100") companies, including Shell, [BAE Systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems "BAE Systems"), BT and [Rio Tinto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group "Rio Tinto Group"), officially supported staying in the EU.[\[143\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-144) Moreover, 60% of the [Institute of Directors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Directors "Institute of Directors") and the [EEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEF_\(manufacturers%27_association\) "EEF (manufacturers' association)") memberships supported staying.[\[144\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-cameronoutlinesbusinesscase-145)
Many UK-based businesses, including [Sainsbury's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s "Sainsbury's"), remained steadfastly neutral, concerned that taking sides in the divisive issue could lead to a backlash from customers.[\[145\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-146)
[Richard Branson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson "Richard Branson") stated that he was "very fearful" of the consequences of a UK exit from the EU.[\[146\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-147) [Alan Sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sugar "Alan Sugar") expressed similar concern.[\[147\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-148)
[James Dyson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dyson "James Dyson"), founder of the [Dyson company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_\(company\) "Dyson (company)"), argued in June 2016 that the introduction of tariffs would be less damaging for British exporters than the appreciation of the pound against the Euro, arguing that, because Britain ran a 100 billion pound [trade deficit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_deficit "Trade deficit") with the EU, tariffs could represent a significant revenue source for the Treasury.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-AP10June2016telegr-149) Pointing out that languages, plugs and laws differ between EU member states, Dyson said that the 28-country bloc was not a [single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_market "Single market"), and argued the fastest growing markets were outside the EU.[\[148\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-AP10June2016telegr-149) Engineering company [Rolls-Royce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings "Rolls-Royce Holdings") wrote to employees to say that it did not want the UK to leave the EU.[\[149\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-150)
Surveys of large UK businesses showed a strong majority favoured the UK remaining in the EU.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-surveys-151) Small and medium-sized UK businesses were more evenly split.[\[150\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-surveys-151) Polls of foreign businesses found that around half would be less likely to do business in the UK, while 1% would increase their investment in the UK.[\[151\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-152)[\[152\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-153)[\[153\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-154) Two large car manufacturers, [Ford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company "Ford Motor Company") and [BMW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW "BMW"), warned in 2013 against Brexit, suggesting it would be "devastating" for the economy.[\[154\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-155) Conversely, in 2015, some other manufacturing executives told Reuters that they would not shut their plants if the UK left the EU, although future investment might be put at risk.[\[155\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-156) The CEO of [Vauxhall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors "Vauxhall Motors") stated that a Brexit would not materially affect its business.[\[156\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-157) Foreign-based [Toyota](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota "Toyota") CEO [Akio Toyoda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akio_Toyoda "Akio Toyoda") confirmed that, whether or not Britain left the EU, Toyota would carry on manufacturing cars in Britain as they had done before.[\[157\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-158)
### Exchange rates and stock markets
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=20 "Edit section: Exchange rates and stock markets")\]
In the week following conclusion of the [UK's renegotiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership "2015â2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership") (and especially after [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") announced that he would support the UK leaving), the pound fell to a seven-year low against the dollar and economists at [HSBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC "HSBC") warned that it could drop even more.[\[158\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-159) At the same time, Daragh Maher, head of HSBC, suggested that if Sterling dropped in value so would the Euro. European banking analysts also cited Brexit concerns as the reason for the Euro's decline.[\[159\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-160) Immediately after a poll in June 2016 showed that the Leave campaign was 10 points ahead, the pound dropped by a further one per cent.[\[160\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-161) In the same month, it was announced that the value of goods exported from the UK in April had shown a month-on-month increase of 11.2%, "the biggest rise since records started in 1998".[\[161\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-162)[\[162\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-163)
Uncertainty over the referendum result, together with several other factorsâUS interest rates rising, low commodity prices, low Eurozone growth and concerns over emerging markets such as Chinaâcontributed to a high level of stock market volatility in January and February 2016.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\] On 14 June, polls showing that a Brexit was more likely led to the FTSE 100 falling by 2%, losing ÂŁ98 billion in value.[\[163\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-164)[\[164\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-165) After further polls suggested a move back towards Remain, the pound and the FTSE recovered.[\[165\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-166)
On the day of the referendum, sterling hit a 2016 high of \$1.5018 for ÂŁ1 and the FTSE 100 also climbed to a 2016 high, as a new poll suggested a win for the Remain campaign.[\[166\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-167) Initial results suggested a vote for 'Remain' and the value of the pound held its value. However, when the result for [Sunderland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Sunderland "City of Sunderland") was announced, it indicated an unexpected swing to 'Leave'. Subsequent results appeared to confirm this swing and sterling fell in value to \$1.3777, its lowest level since 1985. On the following Monday when the markets opened, ÂŁ1 sterling fell to a new low of \$1.32.[\[167\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-168)
Muhammad Ali Nasir and Jamie Morgan two British economists differentiated and reflected on the weakness of the Sterling due to the weak external position of the UK's economy and the further role played by the uncertainty surrounding Brexit[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-:0-169) They reported that during the week of the referendum, up to the declaration of the result, exchange rate depreciation deviated from the long-run trend by approximately 3.5 per cent, but the actual immediate effect on the exchange rate was an 8 per cent depreciation. Furthermore, that over the period from the announcement of the referendum, the exchange rate fluctuated markedly around its trend and one can also identify a larger effect based on the "wrong-footing" of markets at the point when the outcome was announced.[\[168\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-:0-169)
When the [London Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange "London Stock Exchange") opened on the morning of 24 June, the FTSE 100 fell from 6338.10 to 5806.13 in the first ten minutes of trading. It recovered to 6091.27 after a further 90 minutes, before further recovering to 6162.97 by the end of the day's trading. When the markets reopened the following Monday, the FTSE 100 showed a steady decline losing over 2% by mid-afternoon.[\[169\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-170) Upon opening later on the Friday after the referendum, the US [Dow Jones Industrial Average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average "Dow Jones Industrial Average") dropped nearly 450 points or about 2½% in less than half an hour. The [Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press "Associated Press") called the sudden worldwide stock market decline a [stock market crash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_crash "Stock market crash").[\[170\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-APStockMarketCrash-171) Investors in worldwide stock markets lost more than the equivalent of [US\$](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$ "US$")2 trillion on 24 June 2016, making it the worst single-day [loss in history, in absolute terms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes_and_bear_markets "List of stock market crashes and bear markets").[\[171\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CNBC2tnUSDLoss-172) The market losses amounted to US\$3 trillion by 27 June.[\[172\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CNBC3tnTotalUSDLoss-173) [Sterling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling "Pound sterling") fell to a 31-year low against the US dollar.[\[173\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-174) The UK's and the EU's sovereign debt [credit ratings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating "Credit rating") were also lowered to AA by [Standard & Poor's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s "Standard & Poor's").[\[174\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-175)[\[175\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-176)
By mid-afternoon on 27 June 2016, sterling was at a 31-year low, having fallen 11% in two trading days, and the FTSE 100 had surrendered ÂŁ85 billion;[\[176\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-177) however, by 29 June it had recovered all its losses since the markets closed on polling day and the value of the pound had begun to rise.[\[177\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-178)[\[178\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-179)
The referendum was generally well-accepted by the European far right.[\[179\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-180) [Marine Le Pen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen "Marine Le Pen"), the leader of the French [*Front national*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Front_\(France\) "National Front (France)"), described the possibility of a Brexit as "like the [fall of the Berlin Wall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall "Fall of the Berlin Wall")" and commented that "Brexit would be marvellous â extraordinary â for all European peoples who long for freedom".[\[180\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Verhofstadt-181) A poll in France in April 2016 showed that 59% of the French people were in favour of Britain remaining in the EU.[\[181\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Ball-182) Dutch politician [Geert Wilders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geert_Wilders "Geert Wilders"), leader of the [Party for Freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_for_Freedom "Party for Freedom"), said that the [Netherlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands "Netherlands") should follow Britain's example: "Like in the 1940s, once again Britain could help liberate Europe from another totalitarian monster, this time called 'Brussels'. Again, we could be saved by the British."[\[182\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-183)
Polish President [Andrzej Duda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda "Andrzej Duda") lent his support for the UK remaining within the EU.[\[183\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-184) Moldovan Prime Minister [Pavel Filip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Filip "Pavel Filip") asked all citizens of Moldova living in the UK to speak to their British friends and convince them to vote for the UK to remain in the EU.[\[184\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-185) Spanish foreign minister [JosĂŠ GarcĂa-Margallo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa-Margallo "JosĂŠ GarcĂa-Margallo") said Spain would demand control of [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") the "very next day" after a British withdrawal from the EU.[\[185\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-186) Margallo also threatened to close the border with Gibraltar if Britain left the EU.[\[186\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-187)
Swedish foreign minister [Margot WallstrĂśm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Wallstr%C3%B6m "Margot WallstrĂśm") said on 11 June 2016 that if Britain left the EU, other countries would have referendums on whether to leave the EU, and that if Britain stayed in the EU, other countries would negotiate, ask and demand to have special treatment.[\[187\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-188) Czech prime minister [Bohuslav Sobotka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohuslav_Sobotka "Bohuslav Sobotka") suggested in February 2016 that the Czech Republic would start discussions on leaving the EU if the UK voted for an EU exit.[\[188\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-189)
### Non-European responses
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=22 "Edit section: Non-European responses")\]
#### International Monetary Fund
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=23 "Edit section: International Monetary Fund")\]
[Christine Lagarde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lagarde "Christine Lagarde"), the managing director of the [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund"), warned in February 2016 that the uncertainty over the outcome of the referendum would be bad "in and of itself" for the British economy.[\[189\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-guardianbrexitreferendumcouldestabilise-190) In response, Leave campaigner [Priti Patel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priti_Patel "Priti Patel") said a previous warning from the IMF regarding the [coalition government's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition "CameronâClegg coalition") deficit plan for the UK was proven incorrect and that the IMF "were wrong then and are wrong now".[\[190\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-191)
In October 2015, [United States Trade Representative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Trade_Representative "United States Trade Representative") [Michael Froman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Froman "Michael Froman") declared that the United States was not keen on pursuing a separate [free-trade agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-trade_area "Free-trade area") (FTA) with Britain if it were to leave the EU, thus, according to *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* newspaper, undermining a key economic argument of proponents of those who say Britain would prosper on its own and be able to secure bilateral FTAs with trading partners.[\[191\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-192) Also in October 2015, the [United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom "United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom") [Matthew Barzun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Barzun "Matthew Barzun") said that UK participation in NATO and the EU made each group "better and stronger" and that, while the decision to remain or leave is a choice for the British people, it was in the US interest that it remain.[\[192\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-193) In April 2016, eight former [US Secretaries of the Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury "United States Secretary of the Treasury"), who had served both [Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_\(United_States\) "Democratic Party (United States)") and [Republican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_\(United_States\) "Republican Party (United States)") presidents, urged Britain to remain in the EU.[\[193\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-194)
In July 2015, President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") confirmed the long-standing US preference for the UK to remain in the EU. Obama said: "Having the UK in the EU gives us much greater confidence about the strength of the transatlantic union, and is part of the cornerstone of the institutions built following [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II "World War II") that has made the world safer and more prosperous. We want to make sure that the United Kingdom continues to have that influence."[\[194\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-195) Some Conservative MPs accused U.S. President [Barack Obama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama "Barack Obama") of interfering in the Brexit vote,[\[195\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-196)[\[196\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-197) with [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") calling the intervention a "piece of outrageous and exorbitant hypocrisy"[\[197\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-198) and UKIP leader [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") accusing him of "monstrous interference", saying "You wouldn't expect the British Prime Minister to intervene in your presidential election, you wouldn't expect the Prime Minister to endorse one candidate or another."[\[198\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-foxnewsbrexit-199) Obama's intervention was criticised by Republican Senator [Ted Cruz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Cruz "Ted Cruz") as "a slap in the face of British self-determination as the president, typically, elevated an international organisation over the rights of a sovereign people", and stated that "Britain will be at the front of the line for a free trade deal with America", were Brexit to occur.[\[199\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-200)[\[200\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-201) More than 100 MPs from the Conservatives, Labour, UKIP and the [DUP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") wrote a letter to the U.S. ambassador in London asking President Obama not to intervene in the Brexit vote as it had "long been the established practice not to interfere in the domestic political affairs of our allies and we hope that this will continue to be the case."[\[201\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-202)[\[202\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-203) Two years later, one of Obama's former aides recounted that the public intervention was made following a request by Cameron.[\[203\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-204)
Prior to the vote, Republican presidential candidate [Donald Trump](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump "Donald Trump") anticipated that Britain would leave based on its concerns over migration,[\[204\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-205) while Democratic presidential candidate [Hillary Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton "Hillary Clinton") hoped that Britain would remain in the EU to strengthen transatlantic co-operation.[\[205\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-206)
In October 2015, Chinese President [Xi Jinping](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping "Xi Jinping") declared his support for Britain remaining in the EU, saying "China hopes to see a prosperous Europe and a united EU, and hopes Britain, as an important member of the EU, can play an even more positive and constructive role in promoting the deepening development of China-EU ties". Chinese diplomats have stated "off the record" that the People's Republic sees the EU as a counterbalance to American economic power, and that an EU without Britain would mean a stronger United States.\[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed "Wikipedia:Citation needed")*\]
In February 2016, the finance ministers from the [G20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20 "G20") major economies warned for the UK to leave the EU would lead to "a shock" in the global economy.[\[206\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-globaleconomywillsuffer-207)[\[207\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-bbcnewsukeuexitwouldbeglobal-208)
In May 2016, the Australian Prime Minister [Malcolm Turnbull](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull "Malcolm Turnbull") said that Australia would prefer the UK to remain in the EU, but that it was a matter for the British people, and "whatever judgement they make, the relations between Britain and Australia will be very, very close".[\[208\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-209)
Indonesian president [Joko Widodo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joko_Widodo "Joko Widodo") stated during a European trip that he was not in favour of Brexit.[\[209\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-210)
Sri Lankan Prime Minister [Ranil Wickremesinghe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe "Ranil Wickremesinghe") issued a statement of reasons why he was "very concerned" at the possibility of Brexit.[\[210\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-211)
Russian President [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") said: "I want to say it is none of our business, it is the business of the people of the UK."[\[211\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-212) [Maria Zakharova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Zakharova "Maria Zakharova"), the official Russian foreign ministry spokesperson, said: "Russia has nothing to do with Brexit. We are not involved in this process in any way. We don't have any interest in it."[\[212\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-213)
In November 2015, the Governor of the [Bank of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England "Bank of England") [Mark Carney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney "Mark Carney") said that the Bank of England would do what was necessary to help the UK economy if the British people voted to leave the EU.[\[213\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-214) In March 2016, Carney told MPs that an EU exit was the "biggest domestic risk" to the UK economy, but that remaining a member also carried risks, related to the [European Monetary Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Monetary_Union "European Monetary Union"), of which the UK is not a member.[\[214\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-215) In May 2016, Carney said that a "technical recession" was one of the possible risks of the UK leaving the EU.[\[215\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-216) However, Iain Duncan Smith said Carney's comment should be taken with "a pinch of salt", saying "all forecasts in the end are wrong".[\[216\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-217)
In December 2015, the Bank of England published a report about the impact of immigration on wages. The report concluded that immigration put downward pressure on workers' wages, particularly low-skilled workers: a 10 per cent point rise in the proportion of migrants working in low-skilled services drove down the average wages of low-skilled workers by about 2 per cent.[\[217\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BoEDec2015WPM-218) The 10 percentage point rise cited in the paper is larger than the entire rise observed since the 2004â06 period in the semi/unskilled services sector, which is about 7 percentage points.[\[218\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-219)
In March 2016, Nobel prize-winning economist [Joseph Stiglitz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz "Joseph Stiglitz") argued that he might reconsider his support for the UK remaining in the EU if the proposed [Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership") (TTIP) were to be agreed to.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-indep02032016HS-220) Stiglitz warned that under the [investor-state dispute settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement "Investor-state dispute settlement") provision in current drafts of the TTIP, governments risked being sued for loss of profits resulting from new regulations, including health and safety regulations to limit the use of [asbestos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos "Asbestos") or tobacco.[\[219\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-indep02032016HS-220)
The German economist [Clemens Fuest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_Fuest "Clemens Fuest") wrote that there was a liberal, free-trade bloc in the EU comprising the UK, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Slovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, controlling 32% of the votes in the European Council and standing in opposition to the *[dirigiste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigiste "Dirigiste")*, protectionist policies favoured by France and its allies.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Fuest-221) Germany with its 'social market' economy stands midway between the French *dirigiste* economic model and the British free-market economic model. From the German viewpoint, the existence of the liberal bloc allows Germany to play-off free-market Britain against *dirigiste* France, and that if Britain were to leave, the liberal bloc would be severely weakened, thereby allowing the French to take the EU into a much more *dirigiste* direction that would be unattractive from the standpoint of Berlin.[\[220\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Fuest-221)
A study by Oxford Economics for the [Law Society of England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Society_of_England_and_Wales "Law Society of England and Wales") has suggested that Brexit would have a particularly large negative impact on the UK financial services industry and the law firms that support it, which could cost the law sector as much as ÂŁ1.7bn per annum by 2030.[\[221\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-222) The Law Society's own report into the possible effects of Brexit notes that leaving the EU would be likely to reduce the role played by the UK as a centre for resolving disputes between foreign firms, whereas a potential loss of "[passporting](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passporting&action=edit&redlink=1 "Passporting (page does not exist)")" rights would require financial services firms to transfer departments responsible for regulatory oversight overseas.[\[222\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-223)
[World Pensions Forum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum "World Pensions & Investments Forum") director M. Nicolas J. Firzli has argued that the Brexit debate should be viewed within the broader context of [economic analysis of EU law and regulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_economics "Law and economics") in relation to [English common law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_law "English law"), arguing: "Every year, the British Parliament is forced to pass tens of new statutes reflecting the latest EU directives coming from Brussels â a highly undemocratic process known as '[transposition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_\(law\) "Transposition (law)")'... Slowly but surely, these new laws dictated by EU commissars are conquering English common law, imposing upon UK businesses and citizens an ever-growing collection of fastidious regulations in every field".[\[223\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-224)
[Thiemo Fetzer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiemo_Fetzer "Thiemo Fetzer"), professor of economics from [University of Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick "University of Warwick"), analyzed the welfare reforms in the UK since 2000 and suggests that numerous austerity-induced welfare reforms from 2010 onwards have stopped contributing to mitigate income differences through transfer payments. This could be a key activating factor of anti-EU preferences that lie behind the development of economic grievances and the lack of support in a Remain victory.[\[224\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-225)
Michael Jacobs, the current director of the Commission on Economic Justice at the Institute for Public Policy Research and Mariana Mazzucato, a professor in University College London in Economics of Innovation and Public Value have found that the Brexit campaign had the tendency to blame external forces for domestic economic problems and have argued that the problems within the economy wasn't due to 'unstoppable forces of globalisation' but rather the result of active political and business decisions. Instead, they claim that orthodox economic theory has guided poor economic policy such as investment and that has been the cause of problems within the British economy.[\[225\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-226)
#### Institute for Fiscal Studies
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=27 "Edit section: Institute for Fiscal Studies")\]
In May 2016, the [Institute for Fiscal Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Fiscal_Studies "Institute for Fiscal Studies") said that an EU exit could mean two more years of austerity cuts as the government would have to make up for an estimated loss of ÂŁ20 billion to ÂŁ40 billion of tax revenue. The head of the IFS, Paul Johnson, said that the UK "could perfectly reasonably decide that we are willing to pay a bit of a price for leaving the EU and regaining some sovereignty and control over immigration and so on. That there would be some price though, I think is now almost beyond doubt."[\[226\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-227)
A poll of lawyers conducted by a legal recruiter in late May 2016 suggested 57% of lawyers wanted to remain in the EU.[\[227\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-228)
During a Treasury Committee shortly following the vote, economic experts generally agreed that the leave vote would be detrimental to the UK economy.[\[228\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-229)
[Michael Dougan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dougan "Michael Dougan"), Professor of European Law and [Jean Monnet Chair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet_Chair "Jean Monnet Chair") in EU Law at the [University of Liverpool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool "University of Liverpool") and a constitutional lawyer, described the Leave campaign as "one of the most dishonest political campaigns this country \[the UK\] has ever seen", for using arguments based on constitutional law that he said were readily demonstrable as false.[\[229\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Dougan2-230)
Simon Stevens, head of NHS England, warned in May 2016 that a recession following a Brexit would be "very dangerous" for the National Health Service, saying that "when the British economy sneezes, the NHS catches a cold."[\[230\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-231) Three-quarters of a sample of NHS leaders agreed that leaving the EU would have a negative effect on the NHS as a whole. In particular, eight out of 10 respondents felt that leaving the EU would have a negative impact on trusts' ability to recruit health and social care staff.[\[231\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-232) In April 2016, a group of nearly 200 health professionals and researchers warned that the NHS would be in jeopardy if Britain left the European Union.[\[232\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-233) The leave campaign reacted by saying more money would be available to be spent on the NHS if the UK left the EU.
### British health charities
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=30 "Edit section: British health charities")\]
Guidelines by the [Charity Commission for England and Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales "Charity Commission for England and Wales") that forbid political activity for registered charities have limited UK health organizations' commentary on EU poll, according to anonymous sources consulted by the Lancet.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-lance-234) According to [Simon Wessely](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Wessely "Simon Wessely"), head of psychological medicine at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London â neither a special revision of the guidelines from 7 March 2016, nor Cameron's encouragement have made health organisations, willing to speak out.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-lance-234) The [Genetic Alliance UK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Alliance_UK "Genetic Alliance UK") the [Royal College of Midwives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Midwives "Royal College of Midwives") the [Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_British_Pharmaceutical_Industry "Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry") and the Chief Executive of the [National Health Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service "National Health Service") had all stated pro-remain positions by early June 2016.[\[233\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-lance-234)
A June 2016 survey of British fishermen found that 92% intended to vote to leave the EU.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fish-235) The EU's [Common Fisheries Policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy "Common Fisheries Policy") was mentioned as a central reason for their near-unanimity.[\[234\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fish-235) More than three-quarters believed that they would be able to land more fish, and 93% stated that leaving the EU would benefit the fishing industry.[\[235\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-236)
In May 2016, more than 300 historians wrote in a joint letter to *The Guardian* that Britain could play a bigger role in the world as part of the EU. They said: "As historians of Britain and of Europe, we believe that Britain has had in the past, and will have in the future, an irreplaceable role to play in Europe."[\[236\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-237) On the other hand, many historians argued in favour of leaving, seeing it as a return to self-sovereignty.[\[237\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-238)[\[238\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-239)
### Exit plan competition
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=33 "Edit section: Exit plan competition")\]
Following [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron")'s announcement of an EU referendum, in July 2013 the [Institute of Economic Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs "Institute of Economic Affairs") (IEA) announced the "Brexit Prize", a competition to find the best plan for a UK exit from the European Union, and declared that a departure was a "real possibility" following the 2015 general election.[\[239\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-bbcexitcomp-240) Iain Mansfield, a [Cambridge graduate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge "University of Cambridge") and [UKTI diplomat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment "UK Trade & Investment"), submitted the winning thesis: *A Blueprint for Britain: Openness not Isolation*.[\[240\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-brexitprize-241) Mansfield's submission focused on addressing both trade and regulatory issues with [EU member states](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_member_states "EU member states") as well as other [global trading partners](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Trade_%26_Investment "UK Trade & Investment").[\[241\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ft20140408-242)[\[242\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ch20140421-243)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_EU_referendum_polling.svg)
Opinion polling on the referendum
Opinion polls from 2010 onwards suggested the British public were relatively evenly divided on the question, with opposition to EU membership peaking in November 2012 at 56% compared with 30% who prefer to remain in,[\[243\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-244) while in June 2015 those in favour of Britain remaining in the EU reached 43% versus those opposed 36%.[\[244\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-245) The largest ever poll (of 20,000 people, in March 2014) showed the public evenly split on the issue, with 41% in favour of withdrawal, 41% in favour of membership, and 18% undecided.[\[245\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-246) However, when asked how they would vote if Britain renegotiated the terms of its membership of the EU, and the UK Government stated that British interests had been satisfactorily protected, more than 50% indicated that they would vote for Britain to stay in.[\[246\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-247)
Analysis of polling suggested that young voters tended to support remaining in the EU, whereas those older tend to support leaving, but there was no gender split in attitudes.[\[247\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-248)[\[248\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-249) In February 2016 YouGov also found that euroscepticism correlated with people of lower income and that "higher social grades are more clearly in favour of remaining in the EU", but noted that euroscepticism also had strongholds in "the more wealthy, Tory shires".[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov28feb-250) Scotland, Wales and many English urban areas with large student populations were more pro-EU.[\[249\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov28feb-250) Big business was broadly behind remaining in the EU, though the situation among smaller companies was less clear-cut.[\[250\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-251) In polls of economists, lawyers, and scientists, clear majorities saw the UK's membership of the EU as beneficial.[\[251\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-nature30mar16-252)[\[252\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-253)[\[253\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-IPSOSeconomists-254)[\[254\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Obseconomists-255)[\[255\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-256) On the day of the referendum, the bookmaker [Ladbrokes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladbrokes "Ladbrokes") offered odds of 6/1 against the UK leaving the EU.[\[256\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-dickinson20161230-257) Meanwhile, spread betting firm [Spreadex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadex "Spreadex") offered a Leave Vote Share spread of 45â46, a Remain Vote Share spread of 53.5-54.5, and a Remain Binary Index spread of 80â84.7, where victory for Remain would makeup to 100 and a defeat 0.[\[257\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-258)
### On the day YouGov poll
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=35 "Edit section: On the day YouGov poll")\]
| Remain | Leave | Undecided | Lead | Sample | Conducted by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **52%** | 48% | N/A | 4% | 4,772 | [YouGov](https://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/640yx5m0rx/On_the_Day_FINAL_poll_forwebsite.pdf) |
Shortly after the polls closed at 10 pm on 23 June, the British polling company [YouGov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouGov "YouGov") released a poll conducted among almost 5,000 people on the day; it suggested a narrow lead for "Remain", which polled 52% with Leave polling 48%. It was later criticised for overestimating the margin of the "Remain" vote,[\[258\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-259) when it became clear a few hours later that the UK had voted 51.9% to 48.1% in favour of leaving the European Union.
The number of jobs lost or gained by a withdrawal was a dominant issue; the BBC's outline of issues warned that a precise figure was difficult to find. The Leave campaign argued that a reduction in red tape associated with EU regulations would create more jobs and that small to medium-sized companies who trade domestically would be the biggest beneficiaries. Those arguing to remain in the EU, claimed that millions of jobs would be lost. The EU's importance as a trading partner and the outcome of its trade status if it left was a disputed issue. Whereas those wanting to stay cited that most of the UK's trade was made with the EU, those arguing to leave say that its trade was not as important as it used to be. Scenarios of the economic outlook for the country if it left the EU were generally negative. The United Kingdom also paid more into the EU budget than it received.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Johnson_July_2016.jpg)
[Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") played a key role in the [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") campaign.
Citizens of EU countries, including the United Kingdom, have the right to travel, live and work within other EU countries, as [free movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union "Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union") is one of the four founding principles of the EU.[\[260\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-261) Campaigners for remaining said that EU immigration had positive impacts on the UK's economy, citing that the country's growth forecasts were partly based upon continued high levels of net immigration.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260) The [Office for Budget Responsibility](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Budget_Responsibility "Office for Budget Responsibility") also claimed that taxes from immigrants boost public funding.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260) A recent\[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers")*\] academic paper suggests that migration from Eastern Europe put pressure on wage growth at the lower end of the wage distribution, while at the same time increasing pressures on public services and housing.[\[261\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-262) The Leave campaign believed reduced immigration would ease pressure in public services such as schools and hospitals, as well as giving British workers more jobs and higher wages.[\[259\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBCinorout-260) According to official [Office for National Statistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics "Office for National Statistics") data, net migration in 2015 was 333,000, which was the second highest level on record, far above [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron")'s target of tens of thousands.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-TDT26May2016LH-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ONS26052016STAT-264) Net migration from the EU was 184,000.[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ONS26052016STAT-264) The figures also showed that 77,000 EU migrants who came to Britain were looking for work.[\[262\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-TDT26May2016LH-263)[\[263\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ONS26052016STAT-264)
After the announcement had been made as to the outcome of the referendum, Rowena Mason, political correspondent for *The Guardian* offered the following assessment: "Polling suggests discontent with the scale of migration to the UK has been the biggest factor pushing Britons to vote out, with the contest turning into a referendum on whether people are happy to accept free movement in return for free trade."[\[264\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-265) A columnist for *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")*, [Philip Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Collins_\(journalist\) "Philip Collins (journalist)"), went a step further in his analysis: "This was a referendum about immigration disguised as a referendum about the European Union."[\[265\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-266)
The Conservative MEP ([Member of the European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament "Member of the European Parliament")) representing South East England, [Daniel Hannan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hannan "Daniel Hannan"), predicted on the [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") programme *[Newsnight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight "Newsnight")* that the level of immigration would remain high after Brexit.[\[266\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-267) "Frankly, if people watching think that they have voted and there is now going to be zero immigration from the EU, they are going to be disappointed. ... you will look in vain for anything that the Leave campaign said at any point that ever suggested there would ever be any kind of border closure or drawing up of the drawbridge."[\[267\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-268)
The EU had offered [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") a so-called "emergency brake" which would have allowed the UK to withhold social benefits to new immigrants for the first four years after they arrived; this brake could have been applied for a period of seven years."[\[268\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-269) That offer was still on the table at the time of the Brexit referendum, but expired when the vote determined that the UK would leave the EU.[\[269\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-270)
The possibility that the UK's smaller constituent countries could vote to remain within the EU but find themselves withdrawn from the EU led to discussion about the risk to the unity of the United Kingdom.[\[270\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-271) Scotland's First Minister, [Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon"), made it clear that she believed that a second independence referendum would "almost certainly" be demanded by Scots if the UK voted to leave the EU but Scotland did not.[\[271\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-272) The [First Minister of Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales "First Minister of Wales"), [Carwyn Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carwyn_Jones "Carwyn Jones"), said: "If Wales votes to remain in \[the EU\] but the UK votes to leave, there will be a... constitutional crisis. The UK cannot possibly continue in its present form if England votes to leave and everyone else votes to stay".[\[272\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-273)
There was concern that the [Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_Trade_and_Investment_Partnership "Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership") (TTIP), a proposed trade agreement between the United States and the EU, would be a threat to the public services of EU member states.[\[273\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-274)[\[274\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-275)[\[275\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-276)[\[276\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-277) [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn"), on the Remain side, said that he pledged to veto TTIP in Government.[\[277\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-278) [John Mills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mills_\(businessman\) "John Mills (businessman)"), on the Leave side, said that the UK could not veto TTIP because trade pacts were decided by [Qualified Majority Voting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualified_Majority_Voting "Qualified Majority Voting") in the [European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council "European Council").[\[278\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-279)
There was debate over the extent to which the European Union membership aided security and defence in comparison to the UK's membership of [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO "NATO") and the United Nations.[\[279\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-280) Security concerns over the union's free movement policy were raised too, because people with EU passports were unlikely to receive detailed checks at border control.[\[280\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-281)
## Debates, question and answer sessions, and interviews
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=37 "Edit section: Debates, question and answer sessions, and interviews")\]
A debate was held by *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* on 15 March 2016, featuring the leader of UKIP [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage"), Conservative MP [Andrea Leadsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom "Andrea Leadsom"), the leader of Labour's "yes" campaign [Alan Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Johnson "Alan Johnson") and former leader of the Liberal Democrats [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg").[\[281\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-282)
Earlier in the campaign, on 11 January, a debate took place between [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") and [Carwyn Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carwyn_Jones "Carwyn Jones"), who was at the time the First Minister of Wales and leader of the [Welsh Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Labour_Party "Welsh Labour Party").[\[282\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-283)[\[283\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-284) Reluctance to have Conservative Party members argue against one another has seen some debates split, with Leave and Remain candidates interviewed separately.[\[284\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-285)
*[The Spectator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator "The Spectator")* held a debate hosted by [Andrew Neil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Neil "Andrew Neil") on 26 April, which featured [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg"), [Liz Kendall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Kendall "Liz Kendall") and [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") arguing for a remain vote, and [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage"), [Daniel Hannan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hannan "Daniel Hannan") and Labour MP [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") arguing for a leave vote.[\[285\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-286) The *[Daily Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express "Daily Express")* held a debate on 3 June, featuring [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage"), [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") and Conservative MP [Jacob Rees-Mogg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg "Jacob Rees-Mogg") debating Labour MPs [Siobhain McDonagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhain_McDonagh "Siobhain McDonagh") and [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") and businessman [Richard Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Reed "Richard Reed"), co-founder of [Innocent drinks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocent_drinks "Innocent drinks").[\[286\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-287) [Andrew Neil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Neil "Andrew Neil") presented four interviews ahead of the referendum. The interviewees were [Hilary Benn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Benn "Hilary Benn"), [George Osborne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Osborne "George Osborne"), [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") and [Iain Duncan Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith "Iain Duncan Smith") on 6, 8, 10 and 17 May, respectively on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One").[\[287\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-288)
The scheduled debates and question sessions included a number of question and answer sessions with various campaigners.[\[288\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-289)[\[289\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Cam&Far-290) and a debate on ITV held on 9 June that included [Angela Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Eagle "Angela Eagle"), [Amber Rudd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Rudd "Amber Rudd") and [Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon") for remain, [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"), [Andrea Leadsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom "Andrea Leadsom"), and [Gisela Stuart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Stuart "Gisela Stuart") for leave.[\[290\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-STV_Debate-291)
*EU Referendum: The Great Debate* was held at [Wembley Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena "Wembley Arena") on 21 June and hosted by [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby"), [Mishal Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishal_Husain "Mishal Husain") and [Emily Maitlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Maitlis "Emily Maitlis") in front of an audience of 6,000.[\[291\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-292) The audience was split evenly between both sides. [Sadiq Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Khan "Sadiq Khan"), [Ruth Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Davidson "Ruth Davidson") and [Frances O'Grady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_O%27Grady "Frances O'Grady") appeared for Remain. Leave was represented by the same trio as the ITV debate on 9 June (Johnson, Leadsom and Stuart).[\[292\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-293) *Europe: The Final Debate with [Jeremy Paxman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman "Jeremy Paxman")* was held the following day on [Channel 4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4 "Channel 4").[\[293\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-294)
| 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum debates in Great Britain | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Broadcaster | Host | Format | Venue | Territory | Viewing figures (million) | P Present NI Not invited A Absent N No debate | |
| Leave | Remain | | | | | | | |
| 26 April | [The Spectator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator "The Spectator") | [Andrew Neil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Neil "Andrew Neil") | Debate | [London Palladium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Palladium "London Palladium") | UK | TBA | [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") [Daniel Hannan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hannan "Daniel Hannan") [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") | [Nick Clegg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Clegg "Nick Clegg") [Liz Kendall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Kendall "Liz Kendall") [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") |
| 3 June | [Daily Express](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express "Daily Express") | [Greg Heffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Heffer&action=edit&redlink=1 "Greg Heffer (page does not exist)") | Debate | [Thames Street, London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Street,_London "Thames Street, London") | UK | TBA | [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") [Kate Hoey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Hoey "Kate Hoey") [Jacob Rees-Mogg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg "Jacob Rees-Mogg") | [Siobhain McDonagh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siobhain_McDonagh "Siobhain McDonagh") [Chuka Umunna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuka_Umunna "Chuka Umunna") [Richard Reed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Reed "Richard Reed") |
| 15 June | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") ([Question Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time "Question Time")) | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") | Individual | [Nottingham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham "Nottingham") | UK | TBA | [Michael Gove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gove "Michael Gove") | **NI** |
| 19 June | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") ([Question Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Time "Question Time")) | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") | Individual | [Milton Keynes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes "Milton Keynes") | UK | TBA | **NI** | [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") |
| 21 June | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News") | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") [Mishal Husain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishal_Husain "Mishal Husain") [Emily Maitlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Maitlis "Emily Maitlis") | Debate | [SSE Arena](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Arena "Wembley Arena") | UK | TBA | [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") [Andrea Leadsom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom "Andrea Leadsom") [Gisela Stuart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela_Stuart "Gisela Stuart") | [Sadiq Khan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadiq_Khan "Sadiq Khan") [Ruth Davidson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Davidson "Ruth Davidson") [Frances O'Grady](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_O%27Grady "Frances O'Grady") |
## Voting, voting areas, and counts
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=38 "Edit section: Voting, voting areas, and counts")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brexit_\(27240041144\).jpg)
Sign outside a polling station in London on the morning of the referendum
Voting took place from 0700 BST (WEST) until 2200 BST (same hours CEST in Gibraltar) in 41,000 polling stations across 382 voting areas, with each polling station limited to a maximum of 2,500 voters.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-section11-295) The referendum was held across all four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as in Gibraltar, as a single majority vote. The 382 voting areas were grouped into twelve regional counts and there was separate declarations for each of the regional counts.
In England, as happened in the [2011 AV referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum "2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum"), the 326 [districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_England "Districts of England") were used as the local voting areas and the returns of these then fed into nine [English regional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_England "Regions of England") counts. In Scotland the local voting areas were the [32 local councils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland "Local government in Scotland") which then fed their results into the Scottish national count, and in Wales the [22 local councils](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales "Local government in Wales") were their local voting areas before the results were then fed into the Welsh national count. Northern Ireland, as was the case in the AV referendum, was a single voting and national count area although local totals by Westminster parliamentary constituency areas were announced.
Gibraltar was a single voting area, but as Gibraltar was to be treated and included as if it were a part of South West England, its results was included together with the South West England regional count.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-section11-295)
The following table shows the breakdown of the voting areas and regional counts that were used for the referendum.[\[294\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-section11-295)
| Country | Counts and voting areas |
|---|---|
| **United Kingdom** (together with **Gibraltar**, treated as if it were a \[full\] part of the United Kingdom) | Referendum declaration; 12 regional counts; 382 voting areas (381 in the UK, 1 in Gibraltar) |
| Constituent countries | Counts and voting areas |
|---|---|
| **England** (together with **Gibraltar**, treated as if it were a part of South West England) | 9 regional counts; 327 voting areas (326 in the UK, 1 in Gibraltar) |
| **Northern Ireland** | National count and single voting area; 18 parliamentary constituency totals |
| **Scotland** | National count; 32 voting areas |
| **Wales** | National count; 22 voting areas |
On 16 June 2016, a pro-EU Labour MP, [Jo Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Cox "Jo Cox"), [was shot and killed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Jo_Cox "Murder of Jo Cox") in [Birstall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birstall,_West_Yorkshire "Birstall, West Yorkshire"), West Yorkshire the week before the referendum by a man calling out "death to traitors, freedom for Britain", and a man who intervened was injured.[\[295\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-296) The two rival official campaigns agreed to suspend their activities as a mark of respect to Cox.[\[82\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-jocox-82) After the referendum, evidence emerged that [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") had continued to put out advertising the day after Jo Cox's murder.[\[296\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-297)[\[297\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-298) [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") cancelled a planned rally in [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") supporting British EU membership.[\[298\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-299) Campaigning resumed on 19 June.[\[299\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-300)[\[300\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-301) Polling officials in the [Yorkshire and Humber region](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_region "Yorkshire and Humber region") also halted counting of the referendum ballots on the evening of 23 June to observe a minute of silence.[\[301\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-302) The [Conservative Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_\(UK\) "Conservative Party (UK)"), [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)"), [UK Independence Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party "UK Independence Party") and the [Green Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales "Green Party of England and Wales") all announced that they would not contest the ensuing [by-election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Batley_and_Spen_by-election "2016 Batley and Spen by-election") in Cox's [constituency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batley_and_Spen_\(UK_Parliament_constituency\) "Batley and Spen (UK Parliament constituency)") as a mark of respect.[\[302\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-303)
On polling day itself two polling stations in [Kingston upon Thames](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_upon_Thames "Kingston upon Thames") were flooded by rain and had to be relocated.[\[303\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-304) In advance of polling day, concern had been expressed that the courtesy pencils provided in polling booths could allow votes to be later altered. Although this was widely dismissed as a conspiracy theory (see: [Voting pencil conspiracy theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory "Voting pencil conspiracy theory")), some Leave campaigners advocated that voters should instead use pens to mark their ballot papers. On polling day in [Winchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester "Winchester") an emergency call was made to police about "threatening behaviour" outside the polling station. After questioning a woman who had been offering to lend her pen to voters, the police decided that no offence was being committed.[\[304\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-305)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_EU_referendum_2016_area_results_2-tone.svg)
Of the 382 voting areas in the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") a total of 270 returned majority votes in favour of "Leave" whereas 129 returned majority votes in favour of "Remain" in the referendum including all 32 areas in Scotland.
Leave
Remain
The final result was announced on Friday 24 June 2016 at 07:20 [BST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time "British Summer Time") by then-[Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") Chairwoman [Jenny Watson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Watson_\(civil_servant\) "Jenny Watson (civil servant)") at [Manchester Town Hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall "Manchester Town Hall") after all 382 voting areas and the twelve UK regions had declared their totals. With a national turnout of 72% across the United Kingdom and [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") (representing 33,577,342 people), at least 16,788,672 votes were required to win a majority. The electorate voted to "Leave the European Union", with a majority of 1,269,501 votes (3.8%) over those who voted "Remain a member of the European Union".[\[305\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-306) The national turnout of 72% was the highest ever for a UK-wide referendum, and the highest for any national vote since the [1992 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election "1992 United Kingdom general election").[\[306\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto-307)[\[307\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-308)[\[308\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-309)[\[309\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-310) Roughly 38% of the UK population voted to leave the EU and roughly 35% voted to remain.[\[310\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-311) It was described by [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") as the "largest democratic exercise in our country's history".[\[311\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-312)
| Choice | Votes | % |
|---|---|---|
| **Leave the European Union** | **17,410,742** | **51\.89** |
| Remain a member of the European Union | 16,141,241 | 48\.11 |
| Valid votes | 33,551,983 | 99\.92 |
| Invalid or blank votes | 25,359 | 0\.08 |
| **Total votes** | **33,577,342** | **100\.00** |
| Registered voters/turnout | 46,500,001 | 72\.21 |
| Source: Electoral Commission[\[312\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-313) | | |
| National referendum results (excluding invalid votes) | |
|---|---|
| **Leave 17,410,742 (51.9%)** | Remain 16,141,241 (48.1%) |
| **â˛** 50% | |
### Results by region and constituent countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=41 "Edit section: Results by region and constituent countries")\]
| Referendum results by United Kingdom regions | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Votes | Proportion of votes | Invalid votes | | | |
| Remain | Leave | Remain | Leave | | | | | |
| | [East Midlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands "East Midlands") | 3,384,299 | 74\.2% | 1,033,036 | **1,475,479** | 41\.18% | **58\.82%** | 1,981 |
| | [East of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_of_England "East of England") | 4,398,796 | 75\.7% | 1,448,616 | **1,880,367** | 43\.52% | **56\.48%** | 2,329 |
| | [Greater London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London "Greater London") | 5,424,768 | 69\.7% | **2,263,519** | 1,513,232 | **59\.93%** | 40\.07% | 4,453 |
| | [North East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England "North East England") | 1,934,341 | 69\.3% | 562,595 | **778,103** | 41\.96% | **58\.04%** | 689 |
| | [North West England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_England "North West England") | 5,241,568 | 70\.0% | 1,699,020 | **1,966,925** | 46\.35% | **53\.65%** | 2,682 |
| | [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") | 1,260,955 | 62\.7% | **440,707** | 349,442 | **55\.78%** | 44\.22% | 374 |
| | [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") | 3,987,112 | 67\.2% | **1,661,191** | 1,018,322 | **62\.00%** | 38\.00% | 1,666 |
| | [South East England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England "South East England") | 6,465,404 | 76\.8% | 2,391,718 | **2,567,965** | 48\.22% | **51\.78%** | 3,427 |
| | [South West England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_England "South West England") (inc [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar")) | 4,138,134 | 76\.7% | 1,503,019 | **1,669,711** | 47\.37% | **52\.63%** | 2,179 |
| | [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales") | 2,270,272 | 71\.7% | 772,347 | **854,572** | 47\.47% | **52\.53%** | 1,135 |
| | [West Midlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_\(region\) "West Midlands (region)") | 4,116,572 | 72\.0% | 1,207,175 | **1,755,687** | 40\.74% | **59\.26%** | 2,507 |
| | [Yorkshire and the Humber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber "Yorkshire and the Humber") | 3,877,780 | 70\.7% | 1,158,298 | **1,580,937** | 42\.29% | **57\.71%** | 1,937 |
| Overall Total | | | | | | | | |
| | [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") | 46,500,001 | 72\.2% | 16,141,241 | **17,410,742** | 48\.11% | **51\.89%** | 25,359 |
| Referendum results by United Kingdom constituent countries & Gibraltar | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Electorate | Voter turnout, of eligible | Votes | Proportion of votes | Invalid votes | | | |
| Remain | Leave | Remain | Leave | | | | | |
| | [England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England "England") | 38,981,662 | 73\.0% | 13,247,674 | **15,187,583** | 46\.59% | **53\.41%** | 22,157 |
| | [Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar "Gibraltar") | 24,119 | 83\.7% | **19,322** | 823 | **95\.91%** | 4\.08% | 27 |
| | [Northern Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland "Northern Ireland") | 1,260,955 | 62\.7% | **440,707** | 349,442 | **55\.78%** | 44\.22% | 384 |
| | [Scotland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland "Scotland") | 3,987,112 | 67\.2% | **1,661,191** | 1,018,322 | **62\.00%** | 38\.00% | 1,666 |
| | [Wales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales "Wales") | 2,270,272 | 71\.7% | 772,347 | **854,572** | 47\.47% | **52\.53%** | 1,135 |
| Overall Total | | | | | | | | |
| | [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom "United Kingdom") | 46,500,001 | 72\.2% | 16,141,241 | **17,410,742** | 48\.11% | **51\.89%** | 25,359 |
### Voter demographics and trends
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=42 "Edit section: Voter demographics and trends")\]
Voting figures from local referendum counts and ward-level data (using local demographic information collected in the 2011 census) suggests that Leave votes were strongly correlated with lower [qualifications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualification_types_in_the_United_Kingdom "Qualification types in the United Kingdom") and higher age.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_correlation-314)[\[314\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-315)[\[315\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-316)[\[316\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Brexit_stats-317) The data were obtained from about one in nine wards in England and Wales, with very little information from Scotland and none from Northern Ireland.[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_correlation-314) A YouGov survey reported similar findings; these are summarised in the charts below.[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougovReport-319)
Researchers based at the [University of Warwick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warwick "University of Warwick") found that areas with "deprivation in terms of education, income and employment were more likely to vote Leave". The Leave vote tended to be greater in areas which had lower incomes and high unemployment, a strong tradition of manufacturing employment, and in which the population had fewer qualifications.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Becker-Fetzer-Novy-320) It also tended to be greater where there was a large flow of Eastern European migrants (mainly low-skilled workers) into areas with a large share of native low-skilled workers.[\[319\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Becker-Fetzer-Novy-320) Those in lower [social grades](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRS_social_grade "NRS social grade") (especially the 'working class') were more likely to vote Leave, while those in higher social grades (especially the '[upper middle class](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_middle_class "Upper middle class")') were more likely to vote Remain.[\[320\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-321)
Polls by Ipsos MORI, YouGov and Lord Ashcroft all assert that 70â75% of under 25s voted 'remain'.[\[321\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-322) Additionally according to YouGov, only 54% of 25- to 49-year-olds voted 'remain', whilst 60% of 50- to 64-year-olds and 64% of over-65s voted 'leave', meaning that the support for 'remain' was not as strong outside the youngest demographic.[\[322\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-323) Also, YouGov found that around 87% of under-25s in 2018 would now vote to stay in the EU.[\[323\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-324) Opinion polling by [Lord Ashcroft Polls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ashcroft#UK_electoral_polling "Michael Ashcroft") found that Leave voters believed leaving the EU was "more likely to bring about a better immigration system, improved border controls, a fairer welfare system, better quality of life, and the ability to control our own laws", while Remain voters believed EU membership "would be better for the economy, international investment, and the UK's influence in the world".[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Ashcroft-325) Immigration is thought to be a particular worry for older people that voted Leave, who consider it a potential threat to national identity and culture.[\[325\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-326) The polling found that the main reasons people had voted Leave were "the principle that decisions about the UK should be taken in the UK", and that leaving "offered the best chance for the UK to regain control over immigration and its own borders". The main reason people voted Remain was that "the risks of voting to leave the EU looked too great when it came to things like the economy, jobs and prices".[\[324\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Ashcroft-325)
One analysis suggests that in contrast to the general correlation between age and likelihood of having voted to leave the EU, those who experienced the majority of their formative period (between the ages of 15 and 25) during the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War "Second World War") are more likely to oppose Brexit than the rest of the over-65 age group,\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\] for they are more likely to associate the EU with bringing peace.[\[326\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-327)
- [![EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey\[317\]\[318\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/EURefVoteByAgeAndEducation2017.jpg/960px-EURefVoteByAgeAndEducation2017.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EURefVoteByAgeAndEducation2017.jpg "EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey[317][318]")
EU referendum vote by age and education, based on a YouGov survey[\[317\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougov-318)[\[318\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-yougovReport-319)
- [![EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales\[313\]\[failed verification\]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Brexit_leave_vote_vs_educational_attainment_by_area.jpg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brexit_leave_vote_vs_educational_attainment_by_area.jpg "EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales[313][failed verification]")
EU referendum leave vote versus educational attainment (Highest level of qualification for Level 4 qualifications and above) by area for England and Wales[\[313\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC_correlation-314)\[*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability "Wikipedia:Verifiability")*\]
### Ipsos MORI demographic polling breakdown
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=43 "Edit section: Ipsos MORI demographic polling breakdown")\]
On 5 September 2016, the polling company [Ipsos MORI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsos_MORI "Ipsos MORI") estimated the following percentage breakdown of votes in the referendum by different demographic group, as well as the percentage of turnout among registered voters in most of those demographic groups:[\[327\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-328)
| | Overall | 2015 general election vote | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labour | Lib Dem | Conservative | UKIP | Did not vote (but not too young) | | |
| **Remain** | 48% | 67% | 69% | 37% | 1% | 42% |
| **Leave** | 52% | 33% | 31% | 63% | 99% | 58% |
| **Turnout** | 72% | 77% | 81% | 85% | 89% | 45% |
| | Age group | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18â24 | 25â34 | 35â44 | 45â54 | 55â64 | 65â74 | 75+ | |
| **Remain** | 75% | 60% | 55% | 44% | 39% | 34% | 37% |
| **Leave** | 25% | 40% | 45% | 56% | 61% | 66% | 63% |
| **Turnout** | 60% | 66% | 71% | 73% | 79% | 82% | 73% |
| | Gender | Men by age group | Women by age group | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | 18â34 | 35â54 | 55+ | 18â34 | 35â54 | 55+ | |
| **Remain** | 45% | 51% | 64% | 44% | 35% | 67% | 55% | 39% |
| **Leave** | 55% | 49% | 36% | 56% | 65% | 33% | 45% | 61% |
| **Turnout** | 74% | 71% | 64% | 74% | 80% | 64% | 70% | 76% |
| | [Social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | Men by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | Women by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | |
| **Remain** | 59% | 52% | 38% | 36% | 54% | 51% | 35% | 36% | 65% | 54% | 41% | 37% |
| **Leave** | 41% | 48% | 62% | 64% | 46% | 49% | 65% | 64% | 35% | 46% | 59% | 63% |
| **Turnout** | 79% | 75% | 70% | 65% | 81% | 75% | 70% | 67% | 76% | 74% | 70% | 63% |
| | 18â34 year olds by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | 35â54 year olds by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | 55+ year olds by [social grade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grade "Social grade") | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | AB | C1 | C2 | DE | |
| **Remain** | 71% | 71% | 54% | 56% | 61% | 53% | 35% | 36% | 48% | 37% | 32% | 30% |
| **Leave** | 29% | 29% | 46% | 44% | 39% | 47% | 65% | 64% | 52% | 63% | 68% | 70% |
| **Turnout** | 71% | 67% | 58% | 54% | | | | | | | | |
| | Educational level | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Degree or higher | Qualifications below degree | No qualifications | |
| **Remain** | 68% | 44% | 30% |
| **Leave** | 32% | 56% | 70% |
| **Turnout** | 78% | 71% | 71% |
| | Work sector | Housing tenure | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Public sector | Private sector | Fully owned | Mortgage | Social renter | Private renter | |
| **Remain** | 56% | 52% | 42% | 54% | 37% | 56% |
| **Leave** | 44% | 48% | 58% | 46% | 63% | 44% |
| **Turnout** | | | 79% | 75% | 61% | 65% |
| | Ethnic group | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | All non-white | Black | South Asian | Chinese | Mixed race | Other | |
| **Remain** | 46% | 69% | 73% | 67% | 70% | 67% | 65% |
| **Leave** | 54% | 31% | 27% | 33% | 30% | 33% | 35% |
| **Turnout** | 74% | 57% | | | | | |
| | Work status | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full-time | Part-time | Student | Unemployed (and claiming UC or JSA) | Not working (looking after home) | Retired | Other | |
| **Remain** | 53% | 53% | 80% | 40% | 36% | 36% | 39% |
| **Leave** | 47% | 47% | 20% | 60% | 64% | 64% | 61% |
| Region | Remain | Leave | Turnout |
|---|---|---|---|
| All (UK) | 48% | 52% | 72% |
| East of England | 44% | 56% | 76% |
| East Midlands | 41% | 59% | 74% |
| Greater London | 60% | 40% | 70% |
| North East of England | 42% | 58% | 69% |
| Northern Ireland | 56% | 44% | 63% |
| North West of England | 46% | 54% | 70% |
| Scotland | 62% | 38% | 67% |
| South East of England | 48% | 52% | 77% |
| South West of England | 47% | 53% | 77% |
| Wales | 47% | 53% | 72% |
| West Midlands | 41% | 59% | 72% |
| Yorkshire & Humberside | 42% | 58% | 71% |
## Reactions to the result
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=44 "Edit section: Reactions to the result")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brexit_Campaigners_out_side_Parliament_November_2016.jpg)
Pro-Brexit campaigners outside Parliament in London in November 2016
### Immediate reaction to the vote
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=45 "Edit section: Immediate reaction to the vote")\]
#### Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=46 "Edit section: Youth protests and non-inclusion of underage citizens")\]
The referendum was criticised for not granting people younger than 18 years of age a vote. Unlike in the [2014 Scottish independence referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum "2014 Scottish independence referendum"), the vote was not extended to 16- and 17-year-old citizens. Critics argued that these people would live with the consequences of the referendum for longer than those who were able to vote. Some supporters for the inclusion of these young citizens considered this exclusion a violation of democratic principles and a major shortcoming of the referendum.[\[328\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-329)[\[329\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-330)
#### Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=47 "Edit section: Increase of applications for passports of other EU countries")\]
The foreign ministry of Ireland stated on 24 June 2016 that the number of applications from the UK for Irish passports had increased significantly.[\[330\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-331)[\[331\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ABC_News_Passports_2016-332) Enquiries about passports also increased: the [Irish Embassy in London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Ireland,_London "Embassy of Ireland, London") reported 4,000 a day immediately after the vote to leave, in comparison with the normal 200 a day.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Halpin_Reuters_2016-333) Other EU nations also had increases in requests for passports from British citizens, including France and Belgium.[\[332\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Halpin_Reuters_2016-333)
#### Abuse and hate crime allegations
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=48 "Edit section: Abuse and hate crime allegations")\]
There were more than a hundred reports of racist abuse and hate crime in the immediate aftermath of the referendum, with many citing the plan to leave the European Union.[\[333\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-brexitwaveofracialabuse-334) It was claimed that there had been a 57% increase in hate crime following the referendum vote. However, the [National Police Chiefs' Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Police_Chiefs%27_Council "National Police Chiefs' Council") Lead for Hate Crime, Assistant Chief Constable Mark Hamilton, said: "This should not be read as a national increase in hate crime of 57% but an increase in reporting through one mechanism".[\[334\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-335) Others\[*[who?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch")*\] claimed that the numbers did not necessarily reflect "any objective spread in modern Britain", but that the apparent spike in hate crime was the result of the subjective definition of the crime and that the police being incentivised "to find hatred". In the UK, crimes are recorded as hate crimes based on the perception of the victim. Assistant Chief Constable Maurice Mason of the Essex police explained that "If the person feels it's a hate crime it'll get recorded as a hate crime", saying that his county's "50% increase in reported hate crimes" post referendum were "low level matters, some members of the public complaining about [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") or whatever ... that'll get recorded as a hate crime".[\[335\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-336)
On 24 June 2016, a Polish school in [Cambridgeshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire "Cambridgeshire") was vandalised with a sign reading "Leave the EU. No more Polish vermin".[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistsignsstandard-337) Following the referendum result, similar signs were distributed outside homes and schools in [Huntingdon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntingdon "Huntingdon"), with some left on the cars of Polish residents collecting their children from school.[\[337\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto4-338) On 26 June, the London office of the [Polish Social and Cultural Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Social_and_Cultural_Association "Polish Social and Cultural Association") was vandalised with graffiti that was initially characterised as a racist hate crime. However it later emerged that the graffiti, which said, 'F\*\*\* you OMP' may have been directed at OMP, a eurosceptic Polish think tank that had issued a statement congratulating Britain on its Brexit vote.[\[338\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-339)[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistgraffiti-340) This incident was also unsuccessfully investigated by the police.[\[336\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistsignsstandard-337)[\[339\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-policeproberacistgraffiti-340) In Wales, a Muslim woman was told to leave after the referendum, even though she had been born and raised in the United Kingdom.[\[340\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-welshmuslimtoldto-341) Other reports of racism occurred as perceived foreigners were targeted in supermarkets, on buses and on street corners, and told to leave the country immediately.[\[341\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-guardianracistincidents-342) All such incidents were widely condemned by politicians and religious leaders.[\[342\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-343)
By September 2016, it was reported, according to the LGBT anti-violence charity Galop, that attacks on LGBT people in the United Kingdom had risen by 147% in the three months after the referendum.[\[343\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-homophobicattacksinukrose-344) However some gay commentators dismissed the claim of a link between Brexit and an increase in attacks on members of the LGBTQ community.[\[344\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-345)
The killing of a Polish national Arkadiusz Jozwik in Harlow, Essex in August 2016[\[345\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-346) was widely, but falsely,[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto2-347) speculated to be linked to the Leave result.[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-skyjunck-348) A BBC *[Newsnight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsnight "Newsnight")* report by [John Sweeney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sweeney_\(journalist\) "John Sweeney (journalist)") showed an interview with someone who knew the victim who then claimed that Leading Brexit campaigner [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") had "blood on his hands".[\[348\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-349) It was mentioned in the European Parliament by the [EU Commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU_Commissioner "EU Commissioner") [Jean-Claude Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker "Jean-Claude Juncker") who said: "We Europeans can never accept Polish workers being harassed, beaten up or even murdered on the streets of Harlow."[\[347\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-skyjunck-348) A teenager was subsequently convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to three and a half years in a young offender institution but the trial did not conclude that the altercation resulting in Jozwik's death was a hate crime.[\[346\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto2-347) [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") criticised the "sensationalist" reporting of the issue and complained to the BBC about broadcasting the "blood on his hands" remark.[\[349\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-350)[\[350\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-351)
#### Petition for a new referendum
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=49 "Edit section: Petition for a new referendum")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manchester_anti-Brexit_protest_for_Conservative_conference,_October_1,_2017_IMG_2869.jpg)
A pro-EU demonstration in [Manchester](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester "Manchester") in October 2017
Within hours of the result's announcement, a petition, entitled "EU Referendum Rules triggering a 2nd EU Referendum" and calling for a second referendum to be held in the event that a result was secured with less than 60% of the vote and on a turnout of less than 75%, attracted tens of thousands of new signatures. The petition had actually been initiated by someone favouring an exit from the EU, one William Oliver Healey of the [English Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Democrats "English Democrats") on 24 May 2016, when the Remain faction had been leading in the polls, and had received 22 signatures prior to the referendum result being declared.[\[351\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-investigation-352)[\[352\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Healey-353)[\[353\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-BBC-Coleman-354) On 26 June, Healey made it clear on his Facebook page that the petition had actually been started to favour an exit from the EU and that he was a strong supporter of the Vote Leave and Grassroots Out campaigns. Healey also claimed that the petition had been "hijacked by the remain campaign".[\[354\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-355) English Democrats chairman [Robin Tilbrook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Tilbrook "Robin Tilbrook") suggested those who had signed the petition were experiencing "sour grapes" about the result of the referendum.[\[355\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto5-356) It attracted more than four million signatures, meaning it was considered for debate in Parliament;[\[356\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-357)[\[357\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-358) this debate took place on 5 September 2016.[\[358\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-359)
On 27 June 2016, [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron")'s spokesperson stated that holding another vote on Britain's membership of the European Union was "not remotely on the cards".[\[359\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-no-360) Home Secretary [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") made the following comment when announcing her candidacy to replace Cameron as Conservative leader (and hence as Prime Minister) on 30 June: "The campaign was fought ... and the public gave their verdict. There must be no attempts to remain inside the EU ... and no second referendum. ... Brexit means Brexit."[\[360\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-361) The petition was rejected by the government on 9 July. Its response said that the referendum vote "must be respected" and that the government "must now prepare for the process to exit the EU".[\[361\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-362)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Cameron_announces_resignation.jpg)
Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") announced his resignation following the outcome of the referendum.
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theresa_May_in_Tallin_crop.jpg)
[Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") succeeded [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") as Prime Minister following the vote.
On 24 June, the Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") announced that he would resign by October because the Leave campaign had been successful in the referendum. The leadership election was scheduled for 9 September. The new leader would be in place before the autumn conference set to begin on 2 October.[\[362\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-363) Unexpectedly, [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson"), who had been a leading figure for Vote Leave, declined to be nominated shortly before the deadline for nominations. On 13 July, almost three weeks after the vote, [Theresa May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May "Theresa May") succeeded Cameron as Prime Minister.
The Labour Party leader [Jeremy Corbyn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn "Jeremy Corbyn") faced growing criticism from his party, which had supported remaining within the EU, for poor campaigning.[\[363\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-364) On 26 June 2016, Corbyn sacked [Hilary Benn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Benn "Hilary Benn") (the shadow foreign secretary) for apparently leading a coup against him. This led to a string of Labour MPs quickly resigning their roles in the party.[\[364\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-365)[\[365\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-366) A no confidence motion was held on 28 June; Corbyn lost the motion with more than 80% (172) of MPs voting against him.[\[366\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-367) Corbyn responded with a statement that the motion had no "constitutional legitimacy" and that he intended to continue as the party's leader. The vote did not require the party to call a leadership election[\[367\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-368) but after [Angela Eagle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Eagle "Angela Eagle") and [Owen Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Smith "Owen Smith") launched leadership challenges to Corbyn, the [2016 Labour Party leadership election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Labour_Party_leadership_election_\(UK\) "2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)") was triggered. Corbyn won the contest, with a larger share of the vote than in 2015.
#### UK Independence Party
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=53 "Edit section: UK Independence Party")\]
On 4 July 2016 [Nigel Farage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Farage "Nigel Farage") stood down as the leader of UKIP, stating that his "political ambition has been achieved" following the result of the referendum.[\[368\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-369) Following the resignation of the [party leader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "JulyâSeptember 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election") [Diane James](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_James "Diane James"), Farage became an interim leader on 5 October 2016.[\[369\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-370) He was succeeded by [Paul Nuttall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nuttall "Paul Nuttall") on [28 November 2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October%E2%80%93November_2016_UK_Independence_Party_leadership_election "OctoberâNovember 2016 UK Independence Party leadership election").
#### Scottish independence
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=54 "Edit section: Scottish independence")\]
Scottish First Minister [Nicola Sturgeon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Sturgeon "Nicola Sturgeon") said on 24 June 2016 that it was "clear that the people of Scotland see their future as part of the European Union" and that Scotland had "spoken decisively" with a "strong, unequivocal" vote to remain in the European Union.[\[370\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-371) On the same day, the [Scottish Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Government "Scottish Government") announced that officials would plan for a "highly likely" [second referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_second_Scottish_independence_referendum "Proposed second Scottish independence referendum") on [independence from the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_independence "Scottish independence") and start preparing legislation to that effect.[\[371\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-nbcnews.com-372) Former First Minister [Alex Salmond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Salmond "Alex Salmond") said that the vote was a "significant and material change" in Scotland's position within the United Kingdom, and that he was certain his party would implement its manifesto on holding a second referendum.[\[372\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-373) Sturgeon said she will communicate to all EU member states that "Scotland has voted to stay in the EU and I intend to discuss all options for doing so."[\[373\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-autogenerated1-374)
#### New political movement
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=55 "Edit section: New political movement")\]
In reaction to the lack of a unified pro-EU voice following the referendum, the [Liberal Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_\(UK\) "Liberal Democrats (UK)") and others discussed the launch of a new centre-left political movement.[\[374\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-375) This was officially launched on 24 July 2016 as [More United](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/More_United "More United").[\[375\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-376)
On the morning of 24 June, the pound sterling fell to its lowest level against the US dollar since 1985.[\[376\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-377) The drop over the day was 8% â the biggest one-day fall in the pound since the introduction of floating exchange rates following the collapse of the [Bretton Woods system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system "Bretton Woods system") in 1971.[\[377\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-378)
The [FTSE 100](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTSE_100 "FTSE 100") initially fell 8%, then recovered to be 3% down by the close of trading on 24 June.[\[378\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-379) The FTSE 100 index fully recovered by 29 June and subsequently rose above its pre-referendum levels.[\[379\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-380)
The referendum result also had an immediate impact on some other countries. The South African rand experienced its largest single-day decline since 2008, dropping over 8% against the United States dollar.[\[380\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-IOL_Rand-381)[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Quarts_Africa_Impact-382) Other countries affected included Canada, whose stock exchange fell 1.70%,[\[382\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CanadaImpact-383) Nigeria[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Quarts_Africa_Impact-382) and Kenya.[\[381\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Quarts_Africa_Impact-382)
On 28 June 2016, former governor of Bank of England [Mervyn King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_King,_Baron_King_of_Lothbury "Mervyn King, Baron King of Lothbury") said that current governor [Mark Carney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Carney "Mark Carney") would help to guide Britain through the next few months, adding that the BOE would undoubtedly lower the temperature of the post-referendum uncertainty, and that British citizens should keep calm, wait and see.[\[383\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-384)
On 5 January 2017, [Andy Haldane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Haldane "Andy Haldane"), chief economist and the executive director of monetary analysis and statistics at the [Bank of England](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England "Bank of England"), admitted that the bank's forecasts (predicting an economic downturn should the referendum favour Brexit) had proved inaccurate given the subsequent strong market performance.[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Haldane-385) He stated that the bank's models "were rather narrow and fragile \[and\] ill-equipped to making sense of behaviours that were deeply irrational" and said that his "profession is to some degree in crisis" due to this and the unforeseen [2007â2008 crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis "2008 financial crisis").[\[384\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Haldane-385)[\[385\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-386)
### Electoral Reform Society
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=57 "Edit section: Electoral Reform Society")\]
In August 2016, the [Electoral Reform Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Reform_Society "Electoral Reform Society") published a highly critical report on the referendum and called for a review of how future events are run. Contrasting it very unfavourably with the 'well-informed grassroots' campaign for [Scottish independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum "2014 Scottish independence referendum"), [Katie Ghose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Ghose "Katie Ghose") described it as "dire" with "glaring democratic deficiencies" which left voters bewildered. Ghose noted a generally negative response to establishment figures with 29% of voters saying [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") made them more likely to vote leave whereas only 14% said he made them want to vote remain. Looking ahead, the society called for an official organisation to highlight misleading claims and for [Office of Communications (Ofcom)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom "Ofcom") to define the role that broadcasters were expected to play.[\[386\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-387)
### Television coverage
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=58 "Edit section: Television coverage")\]
The [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News "BBC News"), [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") and [Sky News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News "Sky News") all provided live coverage of the counts and the reaction to the result. The BBC's coverage, presented by [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby"), [Laura Kuenssberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg "Laura Kuenssberg") and [John Curtice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtice "John Curtice"), was simulcast domestically on [BBC One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One "BBC One") and the [BBC News Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Channel "BBC News Channel"), and internationally on [BBC World News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_News "BBC World News"). ITV's coverage was presented by [Tom Bradby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradby "Tom Bradby"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") and [Allegra Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Stratton "Allegra Stratton").
The BBC called the referendum result for Leave with its projected forecast at 04:40 [BST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Summer_Time "British Summer Time") on 24 June. [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby") announced it with the words:
> Well, at twenty minutes to five, we can now say the decision taken in 1975 by this country to join the Common Market has been reversed by this referendum to leave the EU. We are absolutely clear now that there is no way that the Remain side can win. It looks as if the gap is going to be something like 52 to 48, so a four-point lead for leaving the EU, and that is the result of this referendum, which has been preceded by weeks and months of argument and dispute and all the rest of it. The British people have spoken and the answer is: we're out\!
(The remark about 1975 was technically incorrect; the UK had joined the Common Market in 1973 and the 1975 referendum was on whether to remain in it.)
| Television coverage | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Timeslot | Programme | Presenters | Broadcaster |
| 22:00â06:00 | EU Referendum Live | [Tom Bradby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradby "Tom Bradby"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") & [Allegra Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Stratton "Allegra Stratton") | [ITV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_\(TV_network\) "ITV (TV network)") |
| 06:00â09:30 | [Good Morning Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_Britain_\(2014_TV_programme\) "Good Morning Britain (2014 TV programme)") | [Piers Morgan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers_Morgan "Piers Morgan"), [Susanna Reid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Reid "Susanna Reid") & [Charlotte Hawkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Hawkins "Charlotte Hawkins") | |
| 09:30â14:00 | [ITV News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") | [Alastair Stewart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alastair_Stewart "Alastair Stewart") | |
| 18:00â19:00 | [ITV News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") | [Mark Austin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Austin_\(journalist\) "Mark Austin (journalist)"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") & [Mary Nightingale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Nightingale "Mary Nightingale") | |
| 22:00â22:45 | [ITV News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_News "ITV News") | [Tom Bradby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Bradby "Tom Bradby"), [Robert Peston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Peston "Robert Peston") & [Allegra Stratton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegra_Stratton "Allegra Stratton") | |
| 21:55â09:00 | EU Referendum â The Result | [David Dimbleby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dimbleby "David Dimbleby"), [Laura Kuenssberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Kuenssberg "Laura Kuenssberg") & [John Curtice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtice "John Curtice") | [BBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC "BBC") |
| 09:00â13:00 | EU Referendum â The Reaction | [Sophie Raworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Raworth "Sophie Raworth"), [Victoria Derbyshire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Derbyshire "Victoria Derbyshire") & [Norman Smith](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Smith_\(journalist\) "Norman Smith (journalist)") | |
| 13:00â13:45 | [BBC News at One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_at_One "BBC News at One") | [Sophie Raworth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Raworth "Sophie Raworth") | |
| 13:45â14:00 | Regional news | Various | |
## Investigations into campaigns
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=59 "Edit section: Investigations into campaigns")\]
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cambridge_Analytica_protest_Parliament_Square1.jpg)
A protest following the [Cambridge Analytica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica "Cambridge Analytica") allegations, 29 March 2018
On 9 May 2016, Leave.EU was fined ÂŁ50,000 by the UK [Information Commissioner's Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office "Information Commissioner's Office") 'for failing to follow the rules about sending marketing messages': they sent people text messages without having first gained their permission to do so.[\[387\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-388)[\[388\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-389)
In February 2017, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") announced that it was investigating the spending of Stronger in and Vote Leave, along with smaller parties, as they had not submitted all the necessary invoices, receipts, or details to back up their accounts.[\[389\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-390) In April 2017, the Commission specified that 'there were reasonable grounds to suspect that potential offences under the law may have occurred' in relation to Leave.EU.[\[390\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-391)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto1-392)
On 4 March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office also reported that it was 'conducting a wide assessment of the data-protection risks arising from the use of data [analytics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytics "Analytics"), including for political purposes' in relation to the Brexit campaign. It was specified that among the organisations to be investigated was [Cambridge Analytica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica "Cambridge Analytica") and its relationship with the Leave.EU campaign.[\[392\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-393)[\[391\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-auto1-392)
[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Investigation_into_the_use_of_data_analytics_in_political_campaigns.pdf)
ICO report: Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns
In May 2017, *[The Irish Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times "The Irish Times")* reported that ÂŁ425,622 donated by the Constitutional Research Council to the [Democratic Unionist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party "Democratic Unionist Party") for spending during the referendum may have originated in [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia "Saudi Arabia").[\[393\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-394)
In November 2017, the Electoral Commission said that it was investigating allegations that [Arron Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron_Banks "Arron Banks"), an insurance businessman and the largest single financial supporter of Brexit, violated campaign spending laws.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Mance-395) The commission's investigation focuses on both Banks and Better for the Country Limited, a company of which Banks is a director and majority shareholder.[\[395\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-396) The company donated ÂŁ2.4 million to groups supporting British withdrawal from the EU.[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Mance-395) The investigation began after the Commission found "initial grounds to suspect breaches of electoral law".[\[396\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-ManceCampaign-397) The Commission specifically seeks to determine "whether or not Mr Banks was the true source of loans reported by a referendum campaigner in his name" and "whether or not Better for the Country Limited was the true source of donations made to referendum campaigners in its name, or if it was acting as an agent".[\[394\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Mance-395)
In December 2017, the Electoral Commission announced several fines related to breaches of campaign finance rules during the referendum campaign.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fines-398) The Liberal Democrats were fined ÂŁ18,000 and Open Britain (formerly Britain Stronger in Europe) paid ÂŁ1,250 in fines.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fines-398) The maximum possible fine was ÂŁ20,000.[\[397\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-fines-398)
In March 2018, Deutsche Welle reported that Canadian whistleblower [Christopher Wylie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Wylie "Christopher Wylie") "told UK lawmakers during a committee hearing...that a firm linked to [Cambridge Analytica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica "Cambridge Analytica") helped the official [Vote Leave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_Leave "Vote Leave") campaign \[the official pro-Brexit group headed by [Boris Johnson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson "Boris Johnson") and Michael Gove\] circumvent campaign financing laws during the Brexit referendum".[\[398\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-399)
In May 2018, the Electoral Commission fined [Leave.EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave.EU "Leave.EU") ÂŁ70,000 for unlawfully overspending by a minimum of ÂŁ77,380 â exceeding the statutory spending limit by more than 10%, inaccurately reporting three loans it had received from [Aaron Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arron_Banks "Arron Banks") totalling ÂŁ6 million including "a lack of transparency and incorrect reporting around who provided the loans, the dates the loans were entered into, the repayment date and the interest rate", and failing to provide the required invoices for "97 payments of over ÂŁ200, totalling ÂŁ80,224". The Electoral Commission's director of political finance and regulation and legal counsel said that the "level of fine we have imposed has been constrained by the cap on the commission's fines".[\[399\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-400)[\[400\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-401) In the same month, the Electoral Commission issued a ÂŁ2,000 fine to the pro-EU campaign group Best for Our Future Limited; it also fined [Unison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unison_\(trade_union\) "Unison (trade union)") ÂŁ1,500 for inaccurately reporting a donation to Best for Our Future and failing to pay an invoice; and it fined [GMB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMB_\(trade_union\) "GMB (trade union)") ÂŁ500 for inaccurately reporting a donation to Best for Our Future.[\[401\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-402)
In July 2018, the Electoral Commission fined Vote Leave ÂŁ61,000 for not declaring ÂŁ675,000 incurred under a common plan with [BeLeave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeLeave "BeLeave"), unlawfully overspending by ÂŁ449,079, inaccurately reporting 43 items of spending totalling ÂŁ236,501, failing to provide the required invoices for "8 payments of over ÂŁ200, totalling ÂŁ12,850", and failing to comply with an investigation notice issued by the commission. Darren Grimes representing BeLeave was fined ÂŁ20,000, the maximum permitted individual fine, for exceeding its spending limit as an unregistered campaigner by more than ÂŁ660,000 and delivering an inaccurate and incomplete spending return. [Veterans for Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_for_Britain "Veterans for Britain") was also fined ÂŁ250 for inaccurately reporting a donation it received from Vote Leave.[\[402\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-403) The Electoral Commission referred the matter to the police. On 14 September 2018, following a [High Court of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice "High Court of Justice") case, the court found that Vote Leave had received incorrect advice from the UK [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission "Electoral Commission"), but confirmed that the overspending had been illegal. Vote Leave subsequently said they would not have paid it without the advice.[\[403\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-404)[\[404\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-405)
In February 2019, the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee's 18-month investigation into disinformation and fake news published its final report,[\[405\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-406) calling for an inquiry to establish, in relation to the referendum, "what actually happened with regard to foreign influence, disinformation, funding, voter manipulation, and the sharing of data, so that appropriate changes to the law can be made and lessons can be learnt for future elections and referenda".[\[406\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-407)
### Speculation about Russian interference
\[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum&action=edit§ion=61 "Edit section: Speculation about Russian interference")\]
In the run-up to the Brexit referendum, Russian President [Vladimir Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin "Vladimir Putin") refrained from taking a public position on Brexit,[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-blamerussia-408) but Prime Minister [David Cameron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron "David Cameron") suggested that "Putin might be happy" with Britain leaving the [EU](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU "EU"),[\[408\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-409) while the Remain campaign accused the [Kremlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin "Kremlin") of secretly backing a "Leave" vote in the referendum.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Rosenberg-410) Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson [Maria Zakharova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Zakharova "Maria Zakharova") denied these allegations, saying that "Russia is blamed for everything. Not only in the UK but all over the world. (...) But Russia has nothing to do with Brexit at all. We're not involved in this process."[\[407\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-blamerussia-408) [Steve Rosenberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Rosenberg "Steve Rosenberg"), the Moscow correspondent for BBC News, suggested on 26 June 2016 that the Russian government stood to gain from Brexit in several ways: (1) enabling Russian state media "to contrast post-referendum upheaval and uncertainty abroad with a picture of 'stability' back home and images of a 'strong' [President Putin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Putin "President Putin") at the helm" in a way that bolstered the ruling [United Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Russia "United Russia") party; (2) to place the value of the [British pound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_pound "British pound") under pressure and thereby exact retaliation for [sanctions against Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia "Sanctions against Russia") imposed after its [occupation of Crimea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation "Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation"); (3) to "make the European Union more friendly towards Russia" in the absence of British membership; and (4) to force the resignation of Cameron, who had been critical of Russian actions.[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Rosenberg-410) After the referendum result Putin said that Brexit brought "positives and negatives".[\[409\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Rosenberg-410)
In December 2016, MP [Ben Bradshaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bradshaw "Ben Bradshaw") speculated in Parliament that Russia may have interfered in the referendum.[\[410\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-411) In February 2017, he called on the [GCHQ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCHQ "GCHQ") intelligence service to reveal the information it had on Russian interference.[\[411\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-412) In April 2017, the [House of Commons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom "House of Commons of the United Kingdom") [Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Administration_and_Constitutional_Affairs_Select_Committee "Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Select Committee") (PACAC) issued a report suggesting that there were technical indications that a June 2016 crash of the voter-registration website was caused by a [distributed denial-of-service attack](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_denial-of-service_attack "Distributed denial-of-service attack") using [botnets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnet "Botnet").[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Syal-413) The [Cabinet Office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office "Cabinet Office"), in response, stated that it did not believe that "malign intervention" had caused the crash, and instead attributed the crash "to a spike in users just before the registration deadline".[\[412\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Syal-413)
In October 2017, MP [Damian Collins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Collins "Damian Collins"), chairman of the House of Commons [Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport_Committee "Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee"), sent a letter to Facebook CEO [Mark Zuckerberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg "Mark Zuckerberg") requesting documents relating to possible Russian government manipulation of Facebook during the Brexit referendum and the [general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election "2017 United Kingdom general election") the following year.[\[413\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-414)
In October 2017, a study by researchers at [City, University of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City,_University_of_London "City, University of London") was published in the journal *[Social Science Computer Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Science_Computer_Review "Social Science Computer Review")*. The article identified 13,493 Twitter accounts that posted a total of about 65,000 messages in the last four weeks of the Brexit referendum campaign, the vast majority campaigning for a "Leave" vote; they were deleted shortly after the referendum.[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-415)[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-City-416) A further 26,538 Twitter accounts suddenly changed their username.[\[415\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-City-416) The research findings "raised questions about the possibility that a coordinated 'bot army' was deployed, and also about the possibility that Twitter itself may have detected and removed them without disclosing the manipulation".[\[414\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-Kirkpatrick-415)
In November 2017, the [Electoral Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_\(United_Kingdom\) "Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)") told *[The Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times "The Times")* that it had launched an inquiry to "examine the growing role of social media in election campaigns amid concerns from the intelligence and security agencies that Russia is trying to destabilise the democratic process in Britain".[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-WrightFisher-417) The commission was in contact with Facebook and Twitter as part of the inquiry.[\[416\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-WrightFisher-417)
According to [Facebook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook "Facebook"), Russian-based operatives spent 97 cents to place three adverts on the social network in the run-up to the referendum, which were viewed 200 times.[\[417\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-418)
On 10 June 2018, *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* reported that investigators from *[The Observer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer "The Observer")* had seen evidence that Leave.EU funder Arron Banks had met Russian officials "multiple times" from 2015 to 2017 and had discussed "a multibillion dollar opportunity to buy Russian goldmines".[\[418\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-CadwalladrJukes-419)
In July 2020, the [Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament "Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament") published [a report on Russian interference in British politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_Russia_report "Intelligence and Security Committee Russia report"), which concluded that the government "had not seen or sought evidence of successful interference in UK democratic processes" and criticised the government for failing to conduct an assessment of Russian attempts to interfere in the Brexit referendum.[\[419\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-420) Three months later, [Information Commissioner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office "Information Commissioner's Office") [Elizabeth Denham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Denham "Elizabeth Denham"), who had decided to look into potential unlawful marketing involving repurposing of data during the referendum, produced her final report. She concluded that she had found no evidence of Russian involvement in the referendum.[\[420\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-421)[\[421\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-422)
- [1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Greenlandic_European_Communities_membership_referendum "1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum")
- [2024 Moldovan European Union membership constitutional referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Moldovan_European_Union_membership_constitutional_referendum "2024 Moldovan European Union membership constitutional referendum")
- [Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relating_to_the_European_Communities_and_the_European_Union "Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom relating to the European Communities and the European Union")
- [Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_unlawful_campaigning_in_the_2016_EU_referendum "Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum")
- [European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_\(No._2\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019")
- [Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_vote_in_favour_of_Brexit "Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit")
- [Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_Brexit_on_Gibraltar "Effect of Brexit on Gibraltar")
- [European Union Bill 2004â2005](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Bill_2004%E2%80%932005 "European Union Bill 2004â2005")
- [Law of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union "Law of the European Union")
- [European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2018 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018")
- [European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_\(Withdrawal\)_Act_2019 "European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019") ("CooperâLetwin Act")
- [Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016â2020)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_the_United_Kingdom%27s_membership_of_the_European_Union_\(2016%E2%80%932020\) "Opinion polling on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union (2016â2020)")
- [Potential re-accession of the United Kingdom to the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_re-accession_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_European_Union "Potential re-accession of the United Kingdom to the European Union")
- [Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_referendum_on_the_Brexit_withdrawal_agreement "Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement")
- [Referendums in the United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom "Referendums in the United Kingdom")
- [Referendums related to the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union "Referendums related to the European Union")
- [Treaty of Accession 1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972 "Treaty of Accession 1972")
1. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-91)** The figure widely circulated by the Vote Leave campaign that the UK sends the EU ÂŁ350m a week was declared a "misuse of official statistics" by the UK Statistics authority.[\[89\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-89) This figure did not take into account the UK's budget rebate. Taking the rebate into account, the UK sent the EU ÂŁ252m a week in 2016. Later, a [private prosecution was launched against Boris Johnson for misconduct in public office](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_v_Johnson "Ball v Johnson"); the case was thrown out.[\[90\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_note-90)
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376. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_377-0)**
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380. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-IOL_Rand_381-0)**
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381. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Quarts_Africa_Impact_382-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Quarts_Africa_Impact_382-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Quarts_Africa_Impact_382-2)
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382. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-CanadaImpact_383-0)**
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383. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-384)**
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384. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Haldane_385-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Haldane_385-1)
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388. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-389)**
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389. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-390)** [Election watchdog probes spending by EU referendum campaign groups](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/24/election-watchdog-probes-spending-eu-referendum-campaign-groups/), *The Daily Telegraph* (24 February 2017).
390. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-391)** [Electoral Commission statement on investigation into Leave.EU](http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/news-releases-referendums/electoral-commission-statement-on-investigation-into-leave.eu), Electoral Commission (21 April 2017).
391. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-auto1_392-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-auto1_392-1) Carole Cadwalladr, '[The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/07/the-great-british-brexit-robbery-hijacked-democracy)', *The Observer* (Sunday 7 May 2017).
392. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-393)** Jamie Doward, Carole Cadwalladr and Alice Gibbs, '[Watchdog to launch inquiry into misuse of data in politics](https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/04/cambridge-analytics-data-brexit-trump)', *The Observer* (4 March 2017).
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394. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Mance_395-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Mance_395-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Mance_395-2) Henry Mance, [Brexit-backer Arron Banks to be investigated over campaign spending](https://www.ft.com/content/308043a6-c026-382a-9e4a-5e694a89dd72), *Financial Times* (1 November 2017).
395. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-396)** Holly Watt, [Electoral Commission to investigate Arron Banks' Brexit donations: Watchdog to consider whether leave campaigner broke campaign finance rules in run-up to EU referendum](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/nov/01/electoral-commission-to-investigate-arron-banks-brexit-donations-eu-referendum), *The Guardian* (1 November 2017).
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397. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-fines_398-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-fines_398-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-fines_398-2) Maidment, Jack (19 December 2017) ["Liberal Democrats fined ÂŁ18,000 for breaching campaign finance rules relating to EU referendum"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/12/19/liberal-democrats-fined-18000-breaching-campaign-finance-rules/amp/). *The Daily Telegraph*.
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399. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-400)**
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400. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-401)** ["Leave.EU fined for multiple breaches of electoral law following investigation"](https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/i-am-a/journalist/electoral-commission-media-centre/party-and-election-finance-to-keep/leave.eu-fined-for-multiple-breaches-of-electoral-law-following-investigation). The Electoral Commission. 11 May 2018
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409. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Rosenberg_410-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Rosenberg_410-1) [***c***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Rosenberg_410-2)
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412. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Syal_413-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Syal_413-1)
Syal, Rajeev (12 April 2017). ["Brexit: foreign states may have interfered in vote, report says"](https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/12/foreign-states-may-have-interfered-in-brexit-vote-report-says). *The Guardian*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230922082952/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/12/foreign-states-may-have-interfered-in-brexit-vote-report-says) from the original on 22 September 2023.
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414. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_415-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-Kirkpatrick_415-1)
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415. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-City_416-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-City_416-1)
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416. ^ [***a***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-WrightFisher_417-0) [***b***](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-WrightFisher_417-1)
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418. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-CadwalladrJukes_419-0)**
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420. **[^](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum#cite_ref-421)**
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Kaminska, Izabella (8 October 2020). ["ICO's final report into Cambridge Analytica invites regulatory questions"](https://www.ft.com/content/43962679-b1f9-4818-b569-b028a58c8cd2). *Financial Times*. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- George, Stephen (January 2000). "Britain: anatomy of a Eurosceptic state". *[Journal of European Integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_European_Integration "Journal of European Integration")*. **22** (1): 15â33\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/07036330008429077](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07036330008429077). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [143485501](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143485501).
- Usherwood, Simon (March 2007). "Proximate factors in the mobilization of anti-EU groups in France and the UK: the European Union as first-order politics". *[Journal of European Integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_European_Integration "Journal of European Integration")*. **29** (1): 3â21\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1080/07036330601144177](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07036330601144177). [S2CID](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_\(identifier\) "S2CID (identifier)") [144805763](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144805763).
- Emerson, Michael (April 2016). ["The Economics of a Brexit"](http://archive.intereconomics.eu/year/2016/2/the-economics-of-a-brexit/). *[Intereconomics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intereconomics "Intereconomics")*. **51** (2): 46â47\. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_\(identifier\) "Doi (identifier)"):[10\.1007/s10272-016-0574-2](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10272-016-0574-2). [hdl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_\(identifier\) "Hdl (identifier)"):[10419/141414](https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F141414).
- LSE Library (March 2017), "[Collection of campaigning leaflets from the referendum](https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/20)"
- [Brexit and the UN Security Council](https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7597)
- [House of Commons Briefings: 2016 European Union Referendum](http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7639/CBP-7639.pdf)
- [Examples of leaflets used during the referendum campaign](https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/list/collections/20)
- [Electoral Commission guide to the EU Referendum](https://web.archive.org/web/20160522195834/http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/uk-voters)
- [BBC News â EU Referendum](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum)
- [BBC Radio 4 *Why Did People Vote to Leave*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07k08xd)
- [BBC Radio 4 *How We Voted Brexit*](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07pgw3k)
- [*How Britain Voted*, analysis of poll survey on referendum day, published 17 March 2019](https://www.conservativehome.com/platform/2019/03/lord-ashcroft-how-the-united-kingdom-voted-on-eu-referendum-day-and-why.html)
- [The UN Security Council in a post-Brexit world: France and Germany take the lead](https://theconversation.com/the-un-security-council-in-a-post-brexit-world-france-and-germany-take-the-lead-113078) |
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