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[Skip to main content](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#main-content) Back to top [  SciPy](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/index.html) - [Installing](https://scipy.org/install/) - [User Guide](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/tutorial/index.html) - [API reference](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/index.html) - [Building from source](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/building/index.html) - [Development](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/dev/index.html) - [Release notes](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/release.html) Choose version - [GitHub](https://github.com/scipy/scipy "GitHub") - [Scientific Python Forum](https://discuss.scientific-python.org/c/contributor/scipy/ "Scientific Python Forum") - [Installing](https://scipy.org/install/) - [User Guide](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/tutorial/index.html) - [API reference](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/index.html) - [Building from source](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/building/index.html) - [Development](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/dev/index.html) - [Release notes](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/release.html) Choose version - [GitHub](https://github.com/scipy/scipy "GitHub") - [Scientific Python Forum](https://discuss.scientific-python.org/c/contributor/scipy/ "Scientific Python Forum") Search `Ctrl`\+`K` Section Navigation - [scipy](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/main_namespace.html) - [scipy.cluster](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/cluster.html) - [scipy.constants](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/constants.html) - [scipy.datasets](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/datasets.html) - [scipy.differentiate](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/differentiate.html) - [scipy.fft](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/fft.html) - [scipy.fftpack](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/fftpack.html) - [scipy.integrate](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/integrate.html) - [scipy.interpolate](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/interpolate.html) - [scipy.io](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/io.html) - [scipy.linalg](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/linalg.html) - [scipy.ndimage](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/ndimage.html) - [scipy.odr](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/odr.html) - [scipy.optimize](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/optimize.html) - [scipy.signal](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/signal.html) - [scipy.sparse](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/sparse.html) - [scipy.spatial](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/spatial.html) - [scipy.special](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/special.html) - [scipy.stats](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/stats.html) - [SciPy API](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/index.html) - [Statistical functions (`scipy.stats`)](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/stats.html) - scipy.stats.beta # scipy.stats.beta[\#](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy-stats-beta "Link to this heading") scipy.stats.beta *\= \<scipy.stats.\_continuous\_distns.beta\_gen object\>*[\[source\]](https://github.com/scipy/scipy/blob/v1.17.0/scipy/stats/_continuous_distns.py#L708-L967)[\#](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "Link to this definition") A beta continuous random variable. As an instance of the [`rv_continuous`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.rv_continuous.html#scipy.stats.rv_continuous "scipy.stats.rv_continuous") class, [`beta`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "scipy.stats.beta") object inherits from it a collection of generic methods (see below for the full list), and completes them with details specific for this particular distribution. Methods | | | |---|---| | **rvs(a, b, loc=0, scale=1, size=1, random\_state=None)** | Random variates. | | **pdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Probability density function. | | **logpdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Log of the probability density function. | | **cdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Cumulative distribution function. | | **logcdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Log of the cumulative distribution function. | | **sf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Survival function (also defined as `1 - cdf`, but *sf* is sometimes more accurate). | | **logsf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Log of the survival function. | | **ppf(q, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Percent point function (inverse of `cdf` — percentiles). | | **isf(q, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Inverse survival function (inverse of `sf`). | | **moment(order, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Non-central moment of the specified order. | | **stats(a, b, loc=0, scale=1, moments=’mv’)** | Mean(‘m’), variance(‘v’), skew(‘s’), and/or kurtosis(‘k’). | | **entropy(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | (Differential) entropy of the RV. | | **fit(data)** | Parameter estimates for generic data. See [scipy.stats.rv\_continuous.fit](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit.html#scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit) for detailed documentation of the keyword arguments. | | **expect(func, args=(a, b), loc=0, scale=1, lb=None, ub=None, conditional=False, \*\*kwds)** | Expected value of a function (of one argument) with respect to the distribution. | | **median(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Median of the distribution. | | **mean(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Mean of the distribution. | | **var(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Variance of the distribution. | | **std(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Standard deviation of the distribution. | | **interval(confidence, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Confidence interval with equal areas around the median. | Notes The probability density function for [`beta`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "scipy.stats.beta") is: \\\[f(x, a, b) = \\frac{\\Gamma(a+b) x^{a-1} (1-x)^{b-1}} {\\Gamma(a) \\Gamma(b)}\\\] for \\(0 \<= x \<= 1\\), \\(a \> 0\\), \\(b \> 0\\), where \\(\\Gamma\\) is the gamma function ([`scipy.special.gamma`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.special.gamma.html#scipy.special.gamma "scipy.special.gamma")). [`beta`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "scipy.stats.beta") takes \\(a\\) and \\(b\\) as shape parameters. This distribution uses routines from the Boost Math C++ library for the computation of the `pdf`, `cdf`, `ppf`, `sf` and `isf` methods. [\[1\]](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#r8b11f181b37f-1) Maximum likelihood estimates of parameters are only available when the location and scale are fixed. When either of these parameters is free, `beta.fit` resorts to numerical optimization, but this problem is unbounded: the location and scale may be chosen to make the minimum and maximum elements of the data coincide with the endpoints of the support, and the shape parameters may be chosen to make the PDF at these points infinite. For best results, pass `floc` and `fscale` keyword arguments to fix the location and scale, or use [`scipy.stats.fit`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.fit.html#scipy.stats.fit "scipy.stats.fit") with `method='mse'`. The probability density above is defined in the “standardized” form. To shift and/or scale the distribution use the `loc` and `scale` parameters. Specifically, `beta.pdf(x, a, b, loc, scale)` is identically equivalent to `beta.pdf(y, a, b) / scale` with `y = (x - loc) / scale`. Note that shifting the location of a distribution does not make it a “noncentral” distribution; noncentral generalizations of some distributions are available in separate classes. References \[[1](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#id1)\] The Boost Developers. “Boost C++ Libraries”. <https://www.boost.org/>. Examples Try it in your browser\! ``` >>> import numpy as np >>> from scipy.stats import beta >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1) ``` Get the support: ``` >>> a, b = 2.31, 0.627 >>> lb, ub = beta.support(a, b) ``` Calculate the first four moments: ``` >>> mean, var, skew, kurt = beta.stats(a, b, moments='mvsk') ``` Display the probability density function (`pdf`): ``` >>> x = np.linspace(beta.ppf(0.01, a, b), ... beta.ppf(0.99, a, b), 100) >>> ax.plot(x, beta.pdf(x, a, b), ... 'r-', lw=5, alpha=0.6, label='beta pdf') ``` Alternatively, the distribution object can be called (as a function) to fix the shape, location and scale parameters. This returns a “frozen” RV object holding the given parameters fixed. Freeze the distribution and display the frozen `pdf`: ``` >>> rv = beta(a, b) >>> ax.plot(x, rv.pdf(x), 'k-', lw=2, label='frozen pdf') ``` Check accuracy of `cdf` and `ppf`: ``` >>> vals = beta.ppf([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], a, b) >>> np.allclose([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], beta.cdf(vals, a, b)) True ``` Generate random numbers: ``` >>> r = beta.rvs(a, b, size=1000) ``` And compare the histogram: ``` >>> ax.hist(r, density=True, bins='auto', histtype='stepfilled', alpha=0.2) >>> ax.set_xlim([x[0], x[-1]]) >>> ax.legend(loc='best', frameon=False) >>> plt.show() ```  Go Back Open In Tab [previous scipy.stats.argus](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.argus.html "previous page") [next scipy.stats.betaprime](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.betaprime.html "next page") On this page - [`beta`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta) © Copyright 2008, The SciPy community. Created using [Sphinx](https://www.sphinx-doc.org/) 8.1.3. Built with the [PyData Sphinx Theme](https://pydata-sphinx-theme.readthedocs.io/en/stable/index.html) 0.16.1.

scipy.stats.beta *\= \<scipy.stats.\_continuous\_distns.beta\_gen object\>*[\[source\]](https://github.com/scipy/scipy/blob/v1.17.0/scipy/stats/_continuous_distns.py#L708-L967)[\#](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "Link to this definition") A beta continuous random variable. As an instance of the [`rv_continuous`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.rv_continuous.html#scipy.stats.rv_continuous "scipy.stats.rv_continuous") class, [`beta`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "scipy.stats.beta") object inherits from it a collection of generic methods (see below for the full list), and completes them with details specific for this particular distribution. Methods | | | |---|---| | **rvs(a, b, loc=0, scale=1, size=1, random\_state=None)** | Random variates. | | **pdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Probability density function. | | **logpdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Log of the probability density function. | | **cdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Cumulative distribution function. | | **logcdf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Log of the cumulative distribution function. | | **sf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Survival function (also defined as `1 - cdf`, but *sf* is sometimes more accurate). | | **logsf(x, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Log of the survival function. | | **ppf(q, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Percent point function (inverse of `cdf` — percentiles). | | **isf(q, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Inverse survival function (inverse of `sf`). | | **moment(order, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Non-central moment of the specified order. | | **stats(a, b, loc=0, scale=1, moments=’mv’)** | Mean(‘m’), variance(‘v’), skew(‘s’), and/or kurtosis(‘k’). | | **entropy(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | (Differential) entropy of the RV. | | **fit(data)** | Parameter estimates for generic data. See [scipy.stats.rv\_continuous.fit](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit.html#scipy.stats.rv_continuous.fit) for detailed documentation of the keyword arguments. | | **expect(func, args=(a, b), loc=0, scale=1, lb=None, ub=None, conditional=False, \*\*kwds)** | Expected value of a function (of one argument) with respect to the distribution. | | **median(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Median of the distribution. | | **mean(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Mean of the distribution. | | **var(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Variance of the distribution. | | **std(a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Standard deviation of the distribution. | | **interval(confidence, a, b, loc=0, scale=1)** | Confidence interval with equal areas around the median. | Notes The probability density function for [`beta`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "scipy.stats.beta") is: \\\[f(x, a, b) = \\frac{\\Gamma(a+b) x^{a-1} (1-x)^{b-1}} {\\Gamma(a) \\Gamma(b)}\\\] for \\(0 \<= x \<= 1\\), \\(a \> 0\\), \\(b \> 0\\), where \\(\\Gamma\\) is the gamma function ([`scipy.special.gamma`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.special.gamma.html#scipy.special.gamma "scipy.special.gamma")). [`beta`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#scipy.stats.beta "scipy.stats.beta") takes \\(a\\) and \\(b\\) as shape parameters. This distribution uses routines from the Boost Math C++ library for the computation of the `pdf`, `cdf`, `ppf`, `sf` and `isf` methods. [\[1\]](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.beta.html#r8b11f181b37f-1) Maximum likelihood estimates of parameters are only available when the location and scale are fixed. When either of these parameters is free, `beta.fit` resorts to numerical optimization, but this problem is unbounded: the location and scale may be chosen to make the minimum and maximum elements of the data coincide with the endpoints of the support, and the shape parameters may be chosen to make the PDF at these points infinite. For best results, pass `floc` and `fscale` keyword arguments to fix the location and scale, or use [`scipy.stats.fit`](https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.stats.fit.html#scipy.stats.fit "scipy.stats.fit") with `method='mse'`. The probability density above is defined in the “standardized” form. To shift and/or scale the distribution use the `loc` and `scale` parameters. Specifically, `beta.pdf(x, a, b, loc, scale)` is identically equivalent to `beta.pdf(y, a, b) / scale` with `y = (x - loc) / scale`. Note that shifting the location of a distribution does not make it a “noncentral” distribution; noncentral generalizations of some distributions are available in separate classes. References Examples ``` >>> import numpy as np >>> from scipy.stats import beta >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1) ``` Get the support: ``` >>> a, b = 2.31, 0.627 >>> lb, ub = beta.support(a, b) ``` Calculate the first four moments: ``` >>> mean, var, skew, kurt = beta.stats(a, b, moments='mvsk') ``` Display the probability density function (`pdf`): ``` >>> x = np.linspace(beta.ppf(0.01, a, b), ... beta.ppf(0.99, a, b), 100) >>> ax.plot(x, beta.pdf(x, a, b), ... 'r-', lw=5, alpha=0.6, label='beta pdf') ``` Alternatively, the distribution object can be called (as a function) to fix the shape, location and scale parameters. This returns a “frozen” RV object holding the given parameters fixed. Freeze the distribution and display the frozen `pdf`: ``` >>> rv = beta(a, b) >>> ax.plot(x, rv.pdf(x), 'k-', lw=2, label='frozen pdf') ``` Check accuracy of `cdf` and `ppf`: ``` >>> vals = beta.ppf([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], a, b) >>> np.allclose([0.001, 0.5, 0.999], beta.cdf(vals, a, b)) True ``` Generate random numbers: ``` >>> r = beta.rvs(a, b, size=1000) ``` And compare the histogram: ``` >>> ax.hist(r, density=True, bins='auto', histtype='stepfilled', alpha=0.2) >>> ax.set_xlim([x[0], x[-1]]) >>> ax.legend(loc='best', frameon=False) >>> plt.show() ```