🕷️ Crawler Inspector

URL Lookup

Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 81 (from laksa118)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa081.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://dialogue.earth/en/ocean/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://dialogue.earth/en/ocean/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china\/","crawl_time":1775735246,"first_indexed_time":1723557686,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"earth,dialogue!\/en\/ocean\/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china\/ s443","src_root_hash":"9336367562278324881","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Electric ships could be a breakthrough for China","meta_descriptions":["Though they have only just set sail, battery-powered ships have huge potential for cutting transport emissions, writes Ted Zhang"],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"As the world’s biggest shipper and commodity trader, China could establish a mature business model for constructing electric ships. It could also build out better recharging infrastructure, bringing further climate, environmental and economic benefits.\nThis will require adequate government support. The country’s 15th five-year economic plan will soon be upon us. Covering 2026-2030, it will be the last before China’s 2030 deadline for peaking national carbon emissions.\nThe huge potential of e-ships\nOn 22 April, the world’s largest all-electric container ship arrived at Shanghai’s Yangshan port.\nLv Shui 01\nis 120 metres long and fitted with batteries of 50 megawatt-hours, which can be swapped out at ports. COSCO Shipping, which owns and operates the vessel,\nclaims\nit will avoid almost 3,000 tonnes of carbon emissions over the course of a year – equivalent to taking more than 2,000 cars off the road for a year.\nThe vessel is a good example of how far electric ships can reduce shipping emissions. Last summer, the International Maritime Organization – the UN body responsible for controlling atmospheric pollution by ships – revised its strategy for cutting emissions from global shipping. According to a\npress release\n, the new strategy includes “an enhanced common ambition to reach net-zero … from international shipping by or around, ie close to, 2050”. Shipping’s green transition must gather speed.\nGiven that battery-powered vessels are set to be a part of global shipping’s green transition, there is huge potential for electric ships in China, both in terms of emissions reduction and economic success.\nClimate, environmental and economic benefits\nAbout\n15%\nof China’s emissions are from transportation, with shipping accounting for 6%. Domestic shipping emitted 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020, according to\nestimates\nfrom the China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, a part of the Ministry of Transport.\nBetween 2015 and 2020, the carbon intensity of Chinese shipping fell by\n7.1%\n; in shipping, carbon intensity measures CO2 emitted while moving one tonne of cargo by one kilometre. However, emissions from the Chinese shipping sector are rising in absolute terms, and China’s 14th Five Year Plan, covering 2021-2025, and its Vision 2035 plan both call for cargo to be moved off roads and onto trains and ships. This means the shipping sector will struggle to hit\npeak carbon in 2030\n.\nElectric ships could be the breakthrough needed. As these battery-powered vessels don’t burn any fuel, they don’t emit any carbon while sailing. They have more direct environmental and health benefits too.\nIn 2022, China’s shipping industry\nemitted\n1.5 million tonnes of nitric oxide and 61,000 tonnes of particulates. Emissions of those atmospheric pollutants from electric ships are virtually zero, bringing them in line with the government’s\ncleaner air\npolicies.\nChina has the industrial base to take advantage of this opportunity. With the shipping sector’s green transition speeding up, China has a chance to overtake other countries on the manufacturing of engines, key components and power systems.\nFor example, foreign shipping companies often use lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries to power their electric ships, which are more energy dense than the lithium iron phosphate (\nLFP\n) batteries China prefers. However, LFPs are safer, cheaper and have longer life cycles, and China already has the necessary infrastructure in place to manufacture LFPs. According to the China Classification Society, a standards agency that regulates shipping and offshore installations,\n36\nlithium battery manufacturers had obtained its certification as of July 2023, with 30 of those specifying that they produce LFPs. Furthermore, two of China’s leading lithium battery makers (CATL and Eve Energy) make LFPs.\nThough a single LFP battery cell is less energy dense, China has developed LFP battery systems for ships that are denser than the NMC systems used overseas. That’s according to a\nspeech\nby Tang Wenjun, deputy head of the Wuhan Chang Jiang Ship Design Institute, delivered in March at the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum. China’s battery supply chains are also second to none. Electric shipping could therefore become a route to high-quality development for the country’s shipping industry.\nThree challenges\nDespite batteries’ huge potential for reducing emissions, and their climate, environmental and economic benefits, currently far less than 1% of China’s\n121,900\ncargo vessels are running on them. If electric ships are to take off as electric cars have, three challenges must be overcome.\nThe biggest of these is cost. The power systems required by an electric vessel are hugely expensive, pushing up its overall cost to two or three times that of a traditional, oil-fired alternative. Take the Jiangyuan Baihe as an example. In October 2022, it became China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel with a capacity of 120 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit), meaning it can carry 120 containers of 20 foot in length. It has three lithium batteries, which cost\nCNY 3.8 million\n(USD 520,000) each. The batteries have a combined capacity of 4.62 megawatt-hours and together cost more than an entire diesel vessel of equivalent capacity.\nThe Jiangyuan Baihe’s three lithium batteries cost\nCNY 3.8 million\n(USD 520,000) each (Image: Cynthia Lee \/ Alamy)\nMoreover, those batteries are only warrantied for eight years. The vessel would be expected to last three decades, meaning three or four battery replacements must be budgeted for. These costs will hamper the introduction of electric shipping.\nAnother challenge to the widespread uptake of electric ships is recharging. Development of the ships might be steaming ahead, but the planning and construction of infrastructure for swapping or recharging these batteries lags far behind.\nRecharging is usually incorporated into port infrastructure, with the connection made either manually or automatically to a junction box and then managed by a recharging-control system.\nA port needs to have a sufficient electricity supply, be compliant with high-voltage safety standards, and have the capacity for smart or remote management.\nTake the Wuxi Xin’an Shipping Service Area. It\nuses\nlow-voltage shore power on land, with sockets of 220 volt 8 kilowatt and of 380 volt 20 kilowatt. These are not powerful enough to charge large-capacity, shipborne batteries.\nAt the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum in March, Dai Chenlin of Yangtze Gold Cruises\nsuggested\nthe government increase its oversight of planning and building battery charging and exchange infrastructure, to ensure its deployment and standards are uniform.\n“The boats move between areas with different levels of development. Richer areas have better infrastructure. But in poorer areas the local government can’t provide the same facilities, which could mean electric ships can’t go there,” Dai said.\nElectric ships are also facing competition from alternatives fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. Last October, China’s first vessel powered by a hydrogen fuel cell made its maiden voyage in Yichang, Hubei province. The river cruiser will avoid the burning of 103 tonnes of fuel oil a year, cutting carbon emissions by 344 tonnes, as\nreported\nby the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Meanwhile, six of the world’s biggest shipping firms, including Maersk, CMA CGM and COSCO Shipping, claim to be building or refitting vessels to run on methanol, according to a 2023 China Energy News\nreport\n. Two hundred orders for methanol-fuelled vessels have already been made globally, making it the first choice for container shipping firms, the report added.\nThe industry hasn’t yet reached a consensus on which options – batteries, green ammonia, green methanol, green hydrogen – are best suited for which types and sizes of vessel. However, there is a preference for batteries when it comes to small and mid-sized vessels on short and mid-range journeys. At the Yangtze green shipping forum, Tang Wenjun\nsaid\n: “Over 50% of China’s almost 110,000 domestic shipping vessels are of a small or medium size.” The potential to refit those vessels with batteries, or replace them with battery-powered vessels, gives an idea of the size of the market.\nCarrots and sticks\nChina’s local governments are pushing ahead with electric ships. Fujian was the first to support the industry, by promoting demonstrations and\npilot projects\nand offering\nsubsidies\nfor battery- power systems, recharging infrastructure and battery-leasing services.\nMeanwhile, some of China’s big international trading partners are also taking action. The EU and US are passing legislation to increase the costs for fossil-fuelled shipping. In May last year, the EU\nannounced\nthat the shipping industry would be included in its carbon-trading scheme. That means shipping firms working in the EU – including Chinese firms – need to pay for their emissions, starting at 40% in 2024, then 70% in 2025 and 100% in 2026.\nAccording to the consultancy Hecla Emissions Management, this will increase costs for the industry by\nEUR 17.2 billion\n(USD 18.5 billion) across the three-year period. Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, CMA CGM, ONE and Evergreen are already\npassing\nthose costs on to their customers in the form of surcharges. China’s domestic shipping is not covered by emissions-trading rules, but Shanghai does include shipping within its local carbon market. In 2023, the sector accounted for\n770,000 tonnes\n(34.5%) of Shanghai’s total local carbon trade.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china\/#content)\n\n- [About](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/about\/)\n- [Republish](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/republishing\/)\n- [English](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china\/ \"Switch to English\")\n  - [English]()\n  - [Português](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/pt-br\/ \"Switch to Português\")\n  - [Español](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/es\/ \"Switch to Español\")\n  - [中文](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/zh\/9\/60047824\/ \"Switch to 中文\")\n  - [नेपाली](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/ne\/ \"Switch to नेपाली\")\n  - [اردو](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/ur\/ \"Switch to اردو \")\n  - [বাংলা](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/bn\/ \"Switch to বাংলা\")\n  - [हिन्दी](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/hi\/ \"Switch to हिन्दी\")\n  - [Français](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/fr\/ \"Switch to Français\")\n  - 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Copy link to page\n- Copy link to page\n- ×\n  \n  Republish this article\n  \n  We encourage you to republish Dialogue Earth articles, online or in print, under the Creative Commons license. Please read our [republishing guidelines](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/republishing\/) to get started.\n\n![\\<p\\>China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel, the Jiangyuan Baihe, embarked on its maiden voyage from Taicang port near Shanghai in 2022 (Image: Cynthia Lee \/ Alamy)\\<\/p\\>](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Chinas-first-120-TEu-pure-electric-river-container-ship_Cynthia-Lee_Alamy_2K67RJA.jpg)\n\nChina’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel, the Jiangyuan Baihe, embarked on its maiden voyage from Taicang port near Shanghai in 2022 (Image: Cynthia Lee \/ Alamy)\n\n[Ted Zhang](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/tedzhang\/)\n\nAugust 13, 2024 August 23, 2024\n\nAs the world’s biggest shipper and commodity trader, China could establish a mature business model for constructing electric ships. It could also build out better recharging infrastructure, bringing further climate, environmental and economic benefits.\n\nThis will require adequate government support. The country’s 15th five-year economic plan will soon be upon us. Covering 2026-2030, it will be the last before China’s 2030 deadline for peaking national carbon emissions.\n\n## The huge potential of e-ships\nOn 22 April, the world’s largest all-electric container ship arrived at Shanghai’s Yangshan port. [Lv Shui 01](https:\/\/chi.coscoshipping.com\/col\/col7982\/art\/2023\/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) is 120 metres long and fitted with batteries of 50 megawatt-hours, which can be swapped out at ports. COSCO Shipping, which owns and operates the vessel, [claims](https:\/\/chi.coscoshipping.com\/col\/col7982\/art\/2023\/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) it will avoid almost 3,000 tonnes of carbon emissions over the course of a year – equivalent to taking more than 2,000 cars off the road for a year.\n\nThe vessel is a good example of how far electric ships can reduce shipping emissions. Last summer, the International Maritime Organization – the UN body responsible for controlling atmospheric pollution by ships – revised its strategy for cutting emissions from global shipping. According to a [press release](https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/MediaCentre\/PressBriefings\/pages\/Revised-GHG-reduction-strategy-for-global-shipping-adopted-.aspx), the new strategy includes “an enhanced common ambition to reach net-zero … from international shipping by or around, ie close to, 2050”. Shipping’s green transition must gather speed.\n\nGiven that battery-powered vessels are set to be a part of global shipping’s green transition, there is huge potential for electric ships in China, both in terms of emissions reduction and economic success.\n\n## Climate, environmental and economic benefits\nAbout [15%](https:\/\/www.engineering.org.cn\/ch\/article\/33999\/detail) of China’s emissions are from transportation, with shipping accounting for 6%. Domestic shipping emitted 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020, according to [estimates](https:\/\/theicct.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%B2%B3%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90%E4%B8%AD%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%8E%E7%A2%B3%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6_Feb23_final.pdf) from the China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, a part of the Ministry of Transport.\n\nBetween 2015 and 2020, the carbon intensity of Chinese shipping fell by [7\\.1%](https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2022-01\/21\/content_5669662.htm); in shipping, carbon intensity measures CO2 emitted while moving one tonne of cargo by one kilometre. However, emissions from the Chinese shipping sector are rising in absolute terms, and China’s 14th Five Year Plan, covering 2021-2025, and its Vision 2035 plan both call for cargo to be moved off roads and onto trains and ships. This means the shipping sector will struggle to hit [peak carbon in 2030](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/chinas-new-carbon-neutrality-pledge-what-next\/).\n\nElectric ships could be the breakthrough needed. As these battery-powered vessels don’t burn any fuel, they don’t emit any carbon while sailing. They have more direct environmental and health benefits too.\n\nIn 2022, China’s shipping industry [emitted](https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/hjzl\/sthjzk\/ydyhjgl\/202312\/W020231211531753967096.pdf) 1.5 million tonnes of nitric oxide and 61,000 tonnes of particulates. Emissions of those atmospheric pollutants from electric ships are virtually zero, bringing them in line with the government’s [cleaner air](https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2018-07\/03\/content_5303158.htm) policies.\n\nChina has the industrial base to take advantage of this opportunity. With the shipping sector’s green transition speeding up, China has a chance to overtake other countries on the manufacturing of engines, key components and power systems.\n\n[![a yellow electric car showcased at auto show](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/A-BYD-electric-car-at-a-motor-show_Peerapon-Boonyakiat_Alamy_2WXBAEB-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg)RecommendedChina’s position in the global race for alternative EV batteries](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/chinas-position-in-the-global-race-for-alternative-ev-batteries\/)\n\nFor example, foreign shipping companies often use lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries to power their electric ships, which are more energy dense than the lithium iron phosphate ([LFP](https:\/\/pacificenvironment.cn\/filedownload\/805311)) batteries China prefers. However, LFPs are safer, cheaper and have longer life cycles, and China already has the necessary infrastructure in place to manufacture LFPs. According to the China Classification Society, a standards agency that regulates shipping and offshore installations, [36](https:\/\/pacificenvironment.cn\/filedownload\/805311) lithium battery manufacturers had obtained its certification as of July 2023, with 30 of those specifying that they produce LFPs. Furthermore, two of China’s leading lithium battery makers (CATL and Eve Energy) make LFPs.\n\nThough a single LFP battery cell is less energy dense, China has developed LFP battery systems for ships that are denser than the NMC systems used overseas. That’s according to a [speech](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) by Tang Wenjun, deputy head of the Wuhan Chang Jiang Ship Design Institute, delivered in March at the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum. China’s battery supply chains are also second to none. Electric shipping could therefore become a route to high-quality development for the country’s shipping industry.\n\n## Three challenges\nDespite batteries’ huge potential for reducing emissions, and their climate, environmental and economic benefits, currently far less than 1% of China’s [121,900](https:\/\/xxgk.mot.gov.cn\/2020\/jigou\/zhghs\/202306\/t20230615_3847023.html) cargo vessels are running on them. If electric ships are to take off as electric cars have, three challenges must be overcome.\n\nThe biggest of these is cost. The power systems required by an electric vessel are hugely expensive, pushing up its overall cost to two or three times that of a traditional, oil-fired alternative. Take the Jiangyuan Baihe as an example. In October 2022, it became China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel with a capacity of 120 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit), meaning it can carry 120 containers of 20 foot in length. It has three lithium batteries, which cost [CNY 3.8 million](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each. The batteries have a combined capacity of 4.62 megawatt-hours and together cost more than an entire diesel vessel of equivalent capacity.\n\n![A large cargo ship navigating through the river](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP\/\/\/wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)\n\nThe Jiangyuan Baihe’s three lithium batteries cost [CNY 3.8 million](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each (Image: Cynthia Lee \/ Alamy)\n\nMoreover, those batteries are only warrantied for eight years. The vessel would be expected to last three decades, meaning three or four battery replacements must be budgeted for. These costs will hamper the introduction of electric shipping.\n\nAnother challenge to the widespread uptake of electric ships is recharging. Development of the ships might be steaming ahead, but the planning and construction of infrastructure for swapping or recharging these batteries lags far behind.\n\nRecharging is usually incorporated into port infrastructure, with the connection made either manually or automatically to a junction box and then managed by a recharging-control system.\n\nA port needs to have a sufficient electricity supply, be compliant with high-voltage safety standards, and have the capacity for smart or remote management.\n\nTake the Wuxi Xin’an Shipping Service Area. It [uses](https:\/\/www.efchina.org\/Attachments\/Report\/report-ctp-20240105\/%E9%95%BF%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E8%88%B9%E5%85%85%E6%8D%A2%E7%94%B5%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf) low-voltage shore power on land, with sockets of 220 volt 8 kilowatt and of 380 volt 20 kilowatt. These are not powerful enough to charge large-capacity, shipborne batteries.\n\nAt the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum in March, Dai Chenlin of Yangtze Gold Cruises [suggested](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) the government increase its oversight of planning and building battery charging and exchange infrastructure, to ensure its deployment and standards are uniform.\n\n“The boats move between areas with different levels of development. Richer areas have better infrastructure. But in poorer areas the local government can’t provide the same facilities, which could mean electric ships can’t go there,” Dai said.\n\nElectric ships are also facing competition from alternatives fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. Last October, China’s first vessel powered by a hydrogen fuel cell made its maiden voyage in Yichang, Hubei province. The river cruiser will avoid the burning of 103 tonnes of fuel oil a year, cutting carbon emissions by 344 tonnes, as [reported](http:\/\/www.sasac.gov.cn\/n2588025\/n2588129\/c29093440\/content.html) by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Meanwhile, six of the world’s biggest shipping firms, including Maersk, CMA CGM and COSCO Shipping, claim to be building or refitting vessels to run on methanol, according to a 2023 China Energy News [report](http:\/\/paper.people.com.cn\/zgnyb\/html\/2023-10\/23\/content_26024317.htm). Two hundred orders for methanol-fuelled vessels have already been made globally, making it the first choice for container shipping firms, the report added.\n\nThe industry hasn’t yet reached a consensus on which options – batteries, green ammonia, green methanol, green hydrogen – are best suited for which types and sizes of vessel. However, there is a preference for batteries when it comes to small and mid-sized vessels on short and mid-range journeys. At the Yangtze green shipping forum, Tang Wenjun [said](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA): “Over 50% of China’s almost 110,000 domestic shipping vessels are of a small or medium size.” The potential to refit those vessels with batteries, or replace them with battery-powered vessels, gives an idea of the size of the market.\n\n## Carrots and sticks\nChina’s local governments are pushing ahead with electric ships. Fujian was the first to support the industry, by promoting demonstrations and [pilot projects](https:\/\/gxt.fujian.gov.cn\/jdhy\/zcjd\/bmzcwjjd\/202204\/t20220419_5895065.htm) and offering [subsidies](https:\/\/gxt.fujian.gov.cn\/zmhd\/jyxd\/202312\/t20231228_6368794.htm) for battery- power systems, recharging infrastructure and battery-leasing services.\n\n[![A sailboat and cargo ship navigate the ocean waters](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Container-ship-emitting-black-smoke_Alamy_RG495M-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg)RecommendedA greenhouse gas shipping levy is on the horizon](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/a-greenhouse-gas-shipping-levy-is-on-the-horizon\/)\n\nMeanwhile, some of China’s big international trading partners are also taking action. The EU and US are passing legislation to increase the costs for fossil-fuelled shipping. In May last year, the EU [announced](https:\/\/north-standard.com\/insights\/news\/eu-emissions-trading-system-for-shipping\/?lang=zh) that the shipping industry would be included in its carbon-trading scheme. That means shipping firms working in the EU – including Chinese firms – need to pay for their emissions, starting at 40% in 2024, then 70% in 2025 and 100% in 2026.\n\nAccording to the consultancy Hecla Emissions Management, this will increase costs for the industry by [EUR 17.2 billion](https:\/\/www.hecla-em.com\/post\/shipping-set-for-3-billion-plus-2024-eu-ets-bill) (USD 18.5 billion) across the three-year period. Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, CMA CGM, ONE and Evergreen are already [passing](http:\/\/www.qhrb.com.cn\/articles\/320430) those costs on to their customers in the form of surcharges. China’s domestic shipping is not covered by emissions-trading rules, but Shanghai does include shipping within its local carbon market. In 2023, the sector accounted for [770,000 tonnes](https:\/\/jrj.sh.gov.cn\/QT186\/20240423\/69ea297e5adb4ad6b3fcdbab2fee1f48.html) (34.5%) of Shanghai’s total local carbon trade.\n\n- Share\n  [![Facebook](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/themes\/dialogue-earth-theme\/dist\/images\/addtoany-icons\/facebook.svg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/#facebook \"Facebook\")[![Twitter](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/themes\/dialogue-earth-theme\/dist\/images\/addtoany-icons\/twitter.svg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/#twitter \"Twitter\")[![WhatsApp](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/themes\/dialogue-earth-theme\/dist\/images\/addtoany-icons\/whatsapp.svg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/#whatsapp \"WhatsApp\")[![LinkedIn](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/themes\/dialogue-earth-theme\/dist\/images\/addtoany-icons\/linkedin.svg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/#linkedin \"LinkedIn\")[![WeChat](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/themes\/dialogue-earth-theme\/dist\/images\/addtoany-icons\/wechat.svg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/#wechat \"WeChat\")\n  \n  ×\n  \n  - Copy link to page\n- Republish\n  ×\n  \n  Republish this article\n  \n  We encourage you to republish Dialogue Earth articles, online or in print, under the Creative Commons license. Please read our [republishing guidelines](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/republishing\/) to get started.\n\n[Ted Zhang](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/author\/tedzhang\/)\n\nTed Zhang serves as climate analyst at Pacific Environment, an international NGO with permanent consultative status at the International Maritime Organization.\n\n[Ocean](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/)\n\n[Climate](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/)\n\n[Carbon emissions](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/carbon-emissions\/)[Shipping](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/shipping\/)[Technology](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/technology\/)\n\n### Continue reading\n[![Aerial view of a power plant with smoke billowing from its chimneys](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Wuhan-Qingshan-Thermal-Power-Plant_Wirestock_-Alamy_2RRRDR8-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg) ![Aerial view of a power plant with smoke billowing from its chimneys](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Wuhan-Qingshan-Thermal-Power-Plant_Wirestock_-Alamy_2RRRDR8-1200px-copy.jpeg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/china-faces-three-challenges-to-a-coal-free-future\/)\n\n[Opinion](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/opinion\/)\n\n[Energy transition](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/energy-transition\/)\n\n[China faces three challenges to a coal-free future](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/china-faces-three-challenges-to-a-coal-free-future\/)\n\n[![An aerial view of green and yellow rice terraces, China](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/China-news-digest_THUMBNAIL_Alamy_2EKJEG3-300x196.jpg) ![An aerial view of green and yellow rice terraces, China](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/China-news-digest_THUMBNAIL_Alamy_2EKJEG3.jpg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/digest\/petrochina-establishes-conservation-areas\/)\n\n[News Digest](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/news-digest\/)\n\n[Biodiversity](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/biodiversity\/)\n\n[PetroChina establishes conservation areas](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/digest\/petrochina-establishes-conservation-areas\/)\n\n[![A sign that reads \"brewedos\"](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Salinas-Grandes-in-Jujuy-one-of-the-Argentine-salt-flats_Irina-Brester_Alamy_2WPMJ77-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg) ![A sign that reads \"brewedos\"](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Salinas-Grandes-in-Jujuy-one-of-the-Argentine-salt-flats_Irina-Brester_Alamy_2WPMJ77-1200px-copy.jpeg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/chinas-role-in-the-reconfiguration-of-latin-americas-peripheries\/)\n\n[Opinion](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/opinion\/)\n\n[Trade](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/trade\/)\n\n[China’s role in the reconfiguration of Latin America’s peripheries](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/business\/chinas-role-in-the-reconfiguration-of-latin-americas-peripheries\/)\n\n[![A humpback whale breaching out of water](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/A-humpback-whale-breaching-in-Francisco-Coloane-Marine-Park-Chile_Kristel-Richard_Nature-Picture-Library_Alamy_2XFNJ7B-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg) ![A humpback whale breaching out of water](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/A-humpback-whale-breaching-in-Francisco-Coloane-Marine-Park-Chile_Kristel-Richard_Nature-Picture-Library_Alamy_2XFNJ7B-1200px-copy.jpeg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/qa-twenty-years-ago-chileans-had-no-idea-we-have-whales\/)\n\n[Article](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/)\n\n[Marine protection](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/marine-protection\/)\n\n[Q\\&A: ‘Twenty years ago, Chileans had no idea we have whales’](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/qa-twenty-years-ago-chileans-had-no-idea-we-have-whales\/)\n\n[![a worker checking the processed material at a plant](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/A-worker-checks-the-processed-material-at-a-biomass-fuel-producing-plant-in-China_Yang-Zhisen-Imago-Alamy_2RP55XC-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg) ![a worker checking the processed material at a plant](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/A-worker-checks-the-processed-material-at-a-biomass-fuel-producing-plant-in-China_Yang-Zhisen-Imago-Alamy_2RP55XC-1200px-copy.jpeg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/low-carbon-tweaks-to-chinas-coal-power-fleet-may-not-boost-the-energy-transition\/)\n\n[Opinion](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/opinion\/)\n\n[Energy transition](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/energy-transition\/)\n\n[Low-carbon tweaks to China’s coal power fleet may not boost the energy transition](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/energy\/low-carbon-tweaks-to-chinas-coal-power-fleet-may-not-boost-the-energy-transition\/)\n\n[![an illustration shows trees and grasses at the river side](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20240816_Parana_river_and_tree_illustration_Saskia-van-Drunen-1200px-300x195.jpg) ![an illustration shows trees and grasses at the river side](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/20240816_Parana_river_and_tree_illustration_Saskia-van-Drunen-1200px.jpg)](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/on-the-parana-river-ecological-crisis-is-a-threat-to-its-identity\/)\n\n[Article](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/)\n\n[Ecosystems](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/tag\/ecosystems\/)\n\n[On the Paraná River, ecological crisis is a threat to its identity](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/on-the-parana-river-ecological-crisis-is-a-threat-to-its-identity\/)\n\n[![A group of men wearing hard hats and vests engaged in conversation at a construction 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In addition to the cookie controls that we mentioned above, if you are a Facebook user you can opt out by following [this link](https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/help\/fblite\/287199741901674?helpref=faq_content).\n\n**Linkedin** - LinkedIn is a business- and employment-oriented social networking service that operates via websites and mobile apps.\n\nEnable or Disable Cookies\n\nEnabled Disabled\n\nEnable All\n\nSave Changes\n\n[Powered by GDPR Cookie Compliance](https:\/\/wordpress.org\/plugins\/gdpr-cookie-compliance\/)\n\n✓\n\nThanks for sharing\\!\n\n[AddToAny](https:\/\/www.addtoany.com\/ \"Share Buttons\")\n\n[More…](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/ocean\/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china\/#addtoany \"Show all\")","attrs_readable_markdown":"As the world’s biggest shipper and commodity trader, China could establish a mature business model for constructing electric ships. It could also build out better recharging infrastructure, bringing further climate, environmental and economic benefits.\n\nThis will require adequate government support. The country’s 15th five-year economic plan will soon be upon us. Covering 2026-2030, it will be the last before China’s 2030 deadline for peaking national carbon emissions.\n\n## The huge potential of e-ships\nOn 22 April, the world’s largest all-electric container ship arrived at Shanghai’s Yangshan port. [Lv Shui 01](https:\/\/chi.coscoshipping.com\/col\/col7982\/art\/2023\/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) is 120 metres long and fitted with batteries of 50 megawatt-hours, which can be swapped out at ports. COSCO Shipping, which owns and operates the vessel, [claims](https:\/\/chi.coscoshipping.com\/col\/col7982\/art\/2023\/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) it will avoid almost 3,000 tonnes of carbon emissions over the course of a year – equivalent to taking more than 2,000 cars off the road for a year.\n\nThe vessel is a good example of how far electric ships can reduce shipping emissions. Last summer, the International Maritime Organization – the UN body responsible for controlling atmospheric pollution by ships – revised its strategy for cutting emissions from global shipping. According to a [press release](https:\/\/www.imo.org\/en\/MediaCentre\/PressBriefings\/pages\/Revised-GHG-reduction-strategy-for-global-shipping-adopted-.aspx), the new strategy includes “an enhanced common ambition to reach net-zero … from international shipping by or around, ie close to, 2050”. Shipping’s green transition must gather speed.\n\nGiven that battery-powered vessels are set to be a part of global shipping’s green transition, there is huge potential for electric ships in China, both in terms of emissions reduction and economic success.\n\n## Climate, environmental and economic benefits\nAbout [15%](https:\/\/www.engineering.org.cn\/ch\/article\/33999\/detail) of China’s emissions are from transportation, with shipping accounting for 6%. Domestic shipping emitted 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020, according to [estimates](https:\/\/theicct.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%B2%B3%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90%E4%B8%AD%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%8E%E7%A2%B3%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6_Feb23_final.pdf) from the China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, a part of the Ministry of Transport.\n\nBetween 2015 and 2020, the carbon intensity of Chinese shipping fell by [7\\.1%](https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2022-01\/21\/content_5669662.htm); in shipping, carbon intensity measures CO2 emitted while moving one tonne of cargo by one kilometre. However, emissions from the Chinese shipping sector are rising in absolute terms, and China’s 14th Five Year Plan, covering 2021-2025, and its Vision 2035 plan both call for cargo to be moved off roads and onto trains and ships. This means the shipping sector will struggle to hit [peak carbon in 2030](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/en\/climate\/chinas-new-carbon-neutrality-pledge-what-next\/).\n\nElectric ships could be the breakthrough needed. As these battery-powered vessels don’t burn any fuel, they don’t emit any carbon while sailing. They have more direct environmental and health benefits too.\n\nIn 2022, China’s shipping industry [emitted](https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/hjzl\/sthjzk\/ydyhjgl\/202312\/W020231211531753967096.pdf) 1.5 million tonnes of nitric oxide and 61,000 tonnes of particulates. Emissions of those atmospheric pollutants from electric ships are virtually zero, bringing them in line with the government’s [cleaner air](https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/content\/2018-07\/03\/content_5303158.htm) policies.\n\nChina has the industrial base to take advantage of this opportunity. With the shipping sector’s green transition speeding up, China has a chance to overtake other countries on the manufacturing of engines, key components and power systems.\n\nFor example, foreign shipping companies often use lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries to power their electric ships, which are more energy dense than the lithium iron phosphate ([LFP](https:\/\/pacificenvironment.cn\/filedownload\/805311)) batteries China prefers. However, LFPs are safer, cheaper and have longer life cycles, and China already has the necessary infrastructure in place to manufacture LFPs. According to the China Classification Society, a standards agency that regulates shipping and offshore installations, [36](https:\/\/pacificenvironment.cn\/filedownload\/805311) lithium battery manufacturers had obtained its certification as of July 2023, with 30 of those specifying that they produce LFPs. Furthermore, two of China’s leading lithium battery makers (CATL and Eve Energy) make LFPs.\n\nThough a single LFP battery cell is less energy dense, China has developed LFP battery systems for ships that are denser than the NMC systems used overseas. That’s according to a [speech](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) by Tang Wenjun, deputy head of the Wuhan Chang Jiang Ship Design Institute, delivered in March at the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum. China’s battery supply chains are also second to none. Electric shipping could therefore become a route to high-quality development for the country’s shipping industry.\n\n## Three challenges\nDespite batteries’ huge potential for reducing emissions, and their climate, environmental and economic benefits, currently far less than 1% of China’s [121,900](https:\/\/xxgk.mot.gov.cn\/2020\/jigou\/zhghs\/202306\/t20230615_3847023.html) cargo vessels are running on them. If electric ships are to take off as electric cars have, three challenges must be overcome.\n\nThe biggest of these is cost. The power systems required by an electric vessel are hugely expensive, pushing up its overall cost to two or three times that of a traditional, oil-fired alternative. Take the Jiangyuan Baihe as an example. In October 2022, it became China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel with a capacity of 120 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit), meaning it can carry 120 containers of 20 foot in length. It has three lithium batteries, which cost [CNY 3.8 million](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each. The batteries have a combined capacity of 4.62 megawatt-hours and together cost more than an entire diesel vessel of equivalent capacity.\n\n![A large cargo ship navigating through the river](https:\/\/dialogue.earth\/content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Battery-packs-on-Chinas-first-120-TEu-pure-electric-river-container-ship_Cynthia-Lee_Alamy_2K67RHR.jpg)\n\nThe Jiangyuan Baihe’s three lithium batteries cost [CNY 3.8 million](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each (Image: Cynthia Lee \/ Alamy)\n\nMoreover, those batteries are only warrantied for eight years. The vessel would be expected to last three decades, meaning three or four battery replacements must be budgeted for. These costs will hamper the introduction of electric shipping.\n\nAnother challenge to the widespread uptake of electric ships is recharging. Development of the ships might be steaming ahead, but the planning and construction of infrastructure for swapping or recharging these batteries lags far behind.\n\nRecharging is usually incorporated into port infrastructure, with the connection made either manually or automatically to a junction box and then managed by a recharging-control system.\n\nA port needs to have a sufficient electricity supply, be compliant with high-voltage safety standards, and have the capacity for smart or remote management.\n\nTake the Wuxi Xin’an Shipping Service Area. It [uses](https:\/\/www.efchina.org\/Attachments\/Report\/report-ctp-20240105\/%E9%95%BF%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E8%88%B9%E5%85%85%E6%8D%A2%E7%94%B5%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf) low-voltage shore power on land, with sockets of 220 volt 8 kilowatt and of 380 volt 20 kilowatt. These are not powerful enough to charge large-capacity, shipborne batteries.\n\nAt the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum in March, Dai Chenlin of Yangtze Gold Cruises [suggested](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) the government increase its oversight of planning and building battery charging and exchange infrastructure, to ensure its deployment and standards are uniform.\n\n“The boats move between areas with different levels of development. Richer areas have better infrastructure. But in poorer areas the local government can’t provide the same facilities, which could mean electric ships can’t go there,” Dai said.\n\nElectric ships are also facing competition from alternatives fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. Last October, China’s first vessel powered by a hydrogen fuel cell made its maiden voyage in Yichang, Hubei province. The river cruiser will avoid the burning of 103 tonnes of fuel oil a year, cutting carbon emissions by 344 tonnes, as [reported](http:\/\/www.sasac.gov.cn\/n2588025\/n2588129\/c29093440\/content.html) by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Meanwhile, six of the world’s biggest shipping firms, including Maersk, CMA CGM and COSCO Shipping, claim to be building or refitting vessels to run on methanol, according to a 2023 China Energy News [report](http:\/\/paper.people.com.cn\/zgnyb\/html\/2023-10\/23\/content_26024317.htm). Two hundred orders for methanol-fuelled vessels have already been made globally, making it the first choice for container shipping firms, the report added.\n\nThe industry hasn’t yet reached a consensus on which options – batteries, green ammonia, green methanol, green hydrogen – are best suited for which types and sizes of vessel. However, there is a preference for batteries when it comes to small and mid-sized vessels on short and mid-range journeys. At the Yangtze green shipping forum, Tang Wenjun [said](https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s\/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA): “Over 50% of China’s almost 110,000 domestic shipping vessels are of a small or medium size.” The potential to refit those vessels with batteries, or replace them with battery-powered vessels, gives an idea of the size of the market.\n\n## Carrots and sticks\nChina’s local governments are pushing ahead with electric ships. Fujian was the first to support the industry, by promoting demonstrations and [pilot projects](https:\/\/gxt.fujian.gov.cn\/jdhy\/zcjd\/bmzcwjjd\/202204\/t20220419_5895065.htm) and offering [subsidies](https:\/\/gxt.fujian.gov.cn\/zmhd\/jyxd\/202312\/t20231228_6368794.htm) for battery- power systems, recharging infrastructure and battery-leasing services.\n\nMeanwhile, some of China’s big international trading partners are also taking action. The EU and US are passing legislation to increase the costs for fossil-fuelled shipping. In May last year, the EU [announced](https:\/\/north-standard.com\/insights\/news\/eu-emissions-trading-system-for-shipping\/?lang=zh) that the shipping industry would be included in its carbon-trading scheme. That means shipping firms working in the EU – including Chinese firms – need to pay for their emissions, starting at 40% in 2024, then 70% in 2025 and 100% in 2026.\n\nAccording to the consultancy Hecla Emissions Management, this will increase costs for the industry by [EUR 17.2 billion](https:\/\/www.hecla-em.com\/post\/shipping-set-for-3-billion-plus-2024-eu-ets-bill) (USD 18.5 billion) across the three-year period. Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, CMA CGM, ONE and Evergreen are already [passing](http:\/\/www.qhrb.com.cn\/articles\/320430) those costs on to their customers in the form of surcharges. China’s domestic shipping is not covered by emissions-trading rules, but Shanghai does include shipping within its local carbon market. In 2023, the sector accounted for [770,000 tonnes](https:\/\/jrj.sh.gov.cn\/QT186\/20240423\/69ea297e5adb4ad6b3fcdbab2fee1f48.html) (34.5%) of Shanghai’s total local carbon trade.","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	As the world’s biggest shipper and commodity trader, China could establish a mature business model for constructing electric ships. It could also build out better recharging infrastructure, bringing further climate, environmental and economic benefits. This will require adequate government support. The country’s 15th five-year economic plan will soon be upon us. Covering 2026-2030, it will be the last before China’s 2030 deadline for peaking national carbon emissions. The huge potential of e-ships On 22 April, the world’s largest all-electric container ship arrived at Shanghai’s Yangshan port. Lv Shui 01 is 120 metres long and fitted with batteries of 50 megawatt-hours, which can be swapped out at ports. COSCO Shipping, which owns and operates the vessel, claims it will avoid almost 3,000 tonnes of carbon emissions over the course of a year – equivalent to taking more than 2,000 cars off the road for a year. The vessel is a good example of how far electric ships can reduce shipping emissions. Last summer, the International Maritime Organization – the UN body responsible for controlling atmospheric pollution by ships – revised its strategy for cutting emissions from global shipping. According to a press release , the new strategy includes “an enhanced common ambition to reach net-zero … from international shipping by or around, ie close to, 2050”. Shipping’s green transition must gather speed. Given that battery-powered vessels are set to be a part of global shipping’s green transition, there is huge potential for electric ships in China, both in terms of emissions reduction and economic success. Climate, environmental and economic benefits About 15% of China’s emissions are from transportation, with shipping accounting for 6%. Domestic shipping emitted 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020, according to estimates from the China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, a part of the Ministry of Transport. Between 2015 and 2020, the carbon intensity of Chinese shipping fell by 7.1% ; in shipping, carbon intensity measures CO2 emitted while moving one tonne of cargo by one kilometre. However, emissions from the Chinese shipping sector are rising in absolute terms, and China’s 14th Five Year Plan, covering 2021-2025, and its Vision 2035 plan both call for cargo to be moved off roads and onto trains and ships. This means the shipping sector will struggle to hit peak carbon in 2030 . Electric ships could be the breakthrough needed. As these battery-powered vessels don’t burn any fuel, they don’t emit any carbon while sailing. They have more direct environmental and health benefits too. In 2022, China’s shipping industry emitted 1.5 million tonnes of nitric oxide and 61,000 tonnes of particulates. Emissions of those atmospheric pollutants from electric ships are virtually zero, bringing them in line with the government’s cleaner air policies. China has the industrial base to take advantage of this opportunity. With the shipping sector’s green transition speeding up, China has a chance to overtake other countries on the manufacturing of engines, key components and power systems. For example, foreign shipping companies often use lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries to power their electric ships, which are more energy dense than the lithium iron phosphate ( LFP ) batteries China prefers. However, LFPs are safer, cheaper and have longer life cycles, and China already has the necessary infrastructure in place to manufacture LFPs. According to the China Classification Society, a standards agency that regulates shipping and offshore installations, 36 lithium battery manufacturers had obtained its certification as of July 2023, with 30 of those specifying that they produce LFPs. Furthermore, two of China’s leading lithium battery makers (CATL and Eve Energy) make LFPs. Though a single LFP battery cell is less energy dense, China has developed LFP battery systems for ships that are denser than the NMC systems used overseas. That’s according to a speech by Tang Wenjun, deputy head of the Wuhan Chang Jiang Ship Design Institute, delivered in March at the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum. China’s battery supply chains are also second to none. Electric shipping could therefore become a route to high-quality development for the country’s shipping industry. Three challenges Despite batteries’ huge potential for reducing emissions, and their climate, environmental and economic benefits, currently far less than 1% of China’s 121,900 cargo vessels are running on them. If electric ships are to take off as electric cars have, three challenges must be overcome. The biggest of these is cost. The power systems required by an electric vessel are hugely expensive, pushing up its overall cost to two or three times that of a traditional, oil-fired alternative. Take the Jiangyuan Baihe as an example. In October 2022, it became China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel with a capacity of 120 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit), meaning it can carry 120 containers of 20 foot in length. It has three lithium batteries, which cost CNY 3.8 million (USD 520,000) each. The batteries have a combined capacity of 4.62 megawatt-hours and together cost more than an entire diesel vessel of equivalent capacity. The Jiangyuan Baihe’s three lithium batteries cost CNY 3.8 million (USD 520,000) each (Image: Cynthia Lee / Alamy) Moreover, those batteries are only warrantied for eight years. The vessel would be expected to last three decades, meaning three or four battery replacements must be budgeted for. These costs will hamper the introduction of electric shipping. Another challenge to the widespread uptake of electric ships is recharging. Development of the ships might be steaming ahead, but the planning and construction of infrastructure for swapping or recharging these batteries lags far behind. Recharging is usually incorporated into port infrastructure, with the connection made either manually or automatically to a junction box and then managed by a recharging-control system. A port needs to have a sufficient electricity supply, be compliant with high-voltage safety standards, and have the capacity for smart or remote management. Take the Wuxi Xin’an Shipping Service Area. It uses low-voltage shore power on land, with sockets of 220 volt 8 kilowatt and of 380 volt 20 kilowatt. These are not powerful enough to charge large-capacity, shipborne batteries. At the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum in March, Dai Chenlin of Yangtze Gold Cruises suggested the government increase its oversight of planning and building battery charging and exchange infrastructure, to ensure its deployment and standards are uniform. “The boats move between areas with different levels of development. Richer areas have better infrastructure. But in poorer areas the local government can’t provide the same facilities, which could mean electric ships can’t go there,” Dai said. Electric ships are also facing competition from alternatives fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. Last October, China’s first vessel powered by a hydrogen fuel cell made its maiden voyage in Yichang, Hubei province. The river cruiser will avoid the burning of 103 tonnes of fuel oil a year, cutting carbon emissions by 344 tonnes, as reported by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Meanwhile, six of the world’s biggest shipping firms, including Maersk, CMA CGM and COSCO Shipping, claim to be building or refitting vessels to run on methanol, according to a 2023 China Energy News report . Two hundred orders for methanol-fuelled vessels have already been made globally, making it the first choice for container shipping firms, the report added. The industry hasn’t yet reached a consensus on which options – batteries, green ammonia, green methanol, green hydrogen – are best suited for which types and sizes of vessel. However, there is a preference for batteries when it comes to small and mid-sized vessels on short and mid-range journeys. At the Yangtze green shipping forum, Tang Wenjun said : “Over 50% of China’s almost 110,000 domestic shipping vessels are of a small or medium size.” The potential to refit those vessels with batteries, or replace them with battery-powered vessels, gives an idea of the size of the market. Carrots and sticks China’s local governments are pushing ahead with electric ships. Fujian was the first to support the industry, by promoting demonstrations and pilot projects and offering subsidies for battery- power systems, recharging infrastructure and battery-leasing services. Meanwhile, some of China’s big international trading partners are also taking action. The EU and US are passing legislation to increase the costs for fossil-fuelled shipping. In May last year, the EU announced that the shipping industry would be included in its carbon-trading scheme. That means shipping firms working in the EU – including Chinese firms – need to pay for their emissions, starting at 40% in 2024, then 70% in 2025 and 100% in 2026. According to the consultancy Hecla Emissions Management, this will increase costs for the industry by EUR 17.2 billion (USD 18.5 billion) across the three-year period. Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, CMA CGM, ONE and Evergreen are already passing those costs on to their customers in the form of surcharges. China’s domestic shipping is not covered by emissions-trading rules, but Shanghai does include shipping within its local carbon market. In 2023, the sector accounted for 770,000 tonnes (34.5%) of Shanghai’s total local carbon trade.
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[Newsletters](https://dialogue.earth/en/newsletters/) [Ocean](https://dialogue.earth/en/ocean/) # Electric ships could be a breakthrough for China Though they have only just set sail, battery-powered ships have huge potential for cutting transport emissions, writes Ted Zhang English - [English](https://dialogue.earth/en/ocean/electric-ships-could-be-a-breakthrough-for-china/) - [中文](https://dialogue.earth/zh/9/60047824/) - Share this article [![Facebook](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/facebook.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#facebook "Facebook")[![Twitter](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/twitter.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#twitter "Twitter")[![WhatsApp](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/whatsapp.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#whatsapp "WhatsApp")[![LinkedIn](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/linkedin.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#linkedin "LinkedIn")[![WeChat](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/wechat.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#wechat "WeChat") × - Copy link to page - Copy link to page - × Republish this article We encourage you to republish Dialogue Earth articles, online or in print, under the Creative Commons license. Please read our [republishing guidelines](https://dialogue.earth/en/republishing/) to get started. ![\<p\>China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel, the Jiangyuan Baihe, embarked on its maiden voyage from Taicang port near Shanghai in 2022 (Image: Cynthia Lee / Alamy)\</p\>](https://dialogue.earth/content/uploads/2024/08/Chinas-first-120-TEu-pure-electric-river-container-ship_Cynthia-Lee_Alamy_2K67RJA.jpg) China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel, the Jiangyuan Baihe, embarked on its maiden voyage from Taicang port near Shanghai in 2022 (Image: Cynthia Lee / Alamy) [Ted Zhang](https://dialogue.earth/en/author/tedzhang/) August 13, 2024 August 23, 2024 As the world’s biggest shipper and commodity trader, China could establish a mature business model for constructing electric ships. It could also build out better recharging infrastructure, bringing further climate, environmental and economic benefits. This will require adequate government support. The country’s 15th five-year economic plan will soon be upon us. Covering 2026-2030, it will be the last before China’s 2030 deadline for peaking national carbon emissions. ## The huge potential of e-ships On 22 April, the world’s largest all-electric container ship arrived at Shanghai’s Yangshan port. [Lv Shui 01](https://chi.coscoshipping.com/col/col7982/art/2023/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) is 120 metres long and fitted with batteries of 50 megawatt-hours, which can be swapped out at ports. COSCO Shipping, which owns and operates the vessel, [claims](https://chi.coscoshipping.com/col/col7982/art/2023/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) it will avoid almost 3,000 tonnes of carbon emissions over the course of a year – equivalent to taking more than 2,000 cars off the road for a year. The vessel is a good example of how far electric ships can reduce shipping emissions. Last summer, the International Maritime Organization – the UN body responsible for controlling atmospheric pollution by ships – revised its strategy for cutting emissions from global shipping. According to a [press release](https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/pages/Revised-GHG-reduction-strategy-for-global-shipping-adopted-.aspx), the new strategy includes “an enhanced common ambition to reach net-zero … from international shipping by or around, ie close to, 2050”. Shipping’s green transition must gather speed. Given that battery-powered vessels are set to be a part of global shipping’s green transition, there is huge potential for electric ships in China, both in terms of emissions reduction and economic success. ## Climate, environmental and economic benefits About [15%](https://www.engineering.org.cn/ch/article/33999/detail) of China’s emissions are from transportation, with shipping accounting for 6%. Domestic shipping emitted 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020, according to [estimates](https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%B2%B3%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90%E4%B8%AD%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%8E%E7%A2%B3%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6_Feb23_final.pdf) from the China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, a part of the Ministry of Transport. Between 2015 and 2020, the carbon intensity of Chinese shipping fell by [7\.1%](https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-01/21/content_5669662.htm); in shipping, carbon intensity measures CO2 emitted while moving one tonne of cargo by one kilometre. However, emissions from the Chinese shipping sector are rising in absolute terms, and China’s 14th Five Year Plan, covering 2021-2025, and its Vision 2035 plan both call for cargo to be moved off roads and onto trains and ships. This means the shipping sector will struggle to hit [peak carbon in 2030](https://dialogue.earth/en/climate/chinas-new-carbon-neutrality-pledge-what-next/). Electric ships could be the breakthrough needed. As these battery-powered vessels don’t burn any fuel, they don’t emit any carbon while sailing. They have more direct environmental and health benefits too. In 2022, China’s shipping industry [emitted](https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/ydyhjgl/202312/W020231211531753967096.pdf) 1.5 million tonnes of nitric oxide and 61,000 tonnes of particulates. Emissions of those atmospheric pollutants from electric ships are virtually zero, bringing them in line with the government’s [cleaner air](https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-07/03/content_5303158.htm) policies. China has the industrial base to take advantage of this opportunity. With the shipping sector’s green transition speeding up, China has a chance to overtake other countries on the manufacturing of engines, key components and power systems. [![a yellow electric car showcased at auto show](https://dialogue.earth/content/uploads/2024/06/A-BYD-electric-car-at-a-motor-show_Peerapon-Boonyakiat_Alamy_2WXBAEB-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg)RecommendedChina’s position in the global race for alternative EV batteries](https://dialogue.earth/en/business/chinas-position-in-the-global-race-for-alternative-ev-batteries/) For example, foreign shipping companies often use lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries to power their electric ships, which are more energy dense than the lithium iron phosphate ([LFP](https://pacificenvironment.cn/filedownload/805311)) batteries China prefers. However, LFPs are safer, cheaper and have longer life cycles, and China already has the necessary infrastructure in place to manufacture LFPs. According to the China Classification Society, a standards agency that regulates shipping and offshore installations, [36](https://pacificenvironment.cn/filedownload/805311) lithium battery manufacturers had obtained its certification as of July 2023, with 30 of those specifying that they produce LFPs. Furthermore, two of China’s leading lithium battery makers (CATL and Eve Energy) make LFPs. Though a single LFP battery cell is less energy dense, China has developed LFP battery systems for ships that are denser than the NMC systems used overseas. That’s according to a [speech](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) by Tang Wenjun, deputy head of the Wuhan Chang Jiang Ship Design Institute, delivered in March at the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum. China’s battery supply chains are also second to none. Electric shipping could therefore become a route to high-quality development for the country’s shipping industry. ## Three challenges Despite batteries’ huge potential for reducing emissions, and their climate, environmental and economic benefits, currently far less than 1% of China’s [121,900](https://xxgk.mot.gov.cn/2020/jigou/zhghs/202306/t20230615_3847023.html) cargo vessels are running on them. If electric ships are to take off as electric cars have, three challenges must be overcome. The biggest of these is cost. The power systems required by an electric vessel are hugely expensive, pushing up its overall cost to two or three times that of a traditional, oil-fired alternative. Take the Jiangyuan Baihe as an example. In October 2022, it became China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel with a capacity of 120 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit), meaning it can carry 120 containers of 20 foot in length. It has three lithium batteries, which cost [CNY 3.8 million](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each. The batteries have a combined capacity of 4.62 megawatt-hours and together cost more than an entire diesel vessel of equivalent capacity. ![A large cargo ship navigating through the river](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==) The Jiangyuan Baihe’s three lithium batteries cost [CNY 3.8 million](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each (Image: Cynthia Lee / Alamy) Moreover, those batteries are only warrantied for eight years. The vessel would be expected to last three decades, meaning three or four battery replacements must be budgeted for. These costs will hamper the introduction of electric shipping. Another challenge to the widespread uptake of electric ships is recharging. Development of the ships might be steaming ahead, but the planning and construction of infrastructure for swapping or recharging these batteries lags far behind. Recharging is usually incorporated into port infrastructure, with the connection made either manually or automatically to a junction box and then managed by a recharging-control system. A port needs to have a sufficient electricity supply, be compliant with high-voltage safety standards, and have the capacity for smart or remote management. Take the Wuxi Xin’an Shipping Service Area. It [uses](https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-ctp-20240105/%E9%95%BF%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E8%88%B9%E5%85%85%E6%8D%A2%E7%94%B5%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf) low-voltage shore power on land, with sockets of 220 volt 8 kilowatt and of 380 volt 20 kilowatt. These are not powerful enough to charge large-capacity, shipborne batteries. At the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum in March, Dai Chenlin of Yangtze Gold Cruises [suggested](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) the government increase its oversight of planning and building battery charging and exchange infrastructure, to ensure its deployment and standards are uniform. “The boats move between areas with different levels of development. Richer areas have better infrastructure. But in poorer areas the local government can’t provide the same facilities, which could mean electric ships can’t go there,” Dai said. Electric ships are also facing competition from alternatives fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. Last October, China’s first vessel powered by a hydrogen fuel cell made its maiden voyage in Yichang, Hubei province. The river cruiser will avoid the burning of 103 tonnes of fuel oil a year, cutting carbon emissions by 344 tonnes, as [reported](http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588025/n2588129/c29093440/content.html) by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Meanwhile, six of the world’s biggest shipping firms, including Maersk, CMA CGM and COSCO Shipping, claim to be building or refitting vessels to run on methanol, according to a 2023 China Energy News [report](http://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/html/2023-10/23/content_26024317.htm). Two hundred orders for methanol-fuelled vessels have already been made globally, making it the first choice for container shipping firms, the report added. The industry hasn’t yet reached a consensus on which options – batteries, green ammonia, green methanol, green hydrogen – are best suited for which types and sizes of vessel. However, there is a preference for batteries when it comes to small and mid-sized vessels on short and mid-range journeys. At the Yangtze green shipping forum, Tang Wenjun [said](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA): “Over 50% of China’s almost 110,000 domestic shipping vessels are of a small or medium size.” The potential to refit those vessels with batteries, or replace them with battery-powered vessels, gives an idea of the size of the market. ## Carrots and sticks China’s local governments are pushing ahead with electric ships. Fujian was the first to support the industry, by promoting demonstrations and [pilot projects](https://gxt.fujian.gov.cn/jdhy/zcjd/bmzcwjjd/202204/t20220419_5895065.htm) and offering [subsidies](https://gxt.fujian.gov.cn/zmhd/jyxd/202312/t20231228_6368794.htm) for battery- power systems, recharging infrastructure and battery-leasing services. [![A sailboat and cargo ship navigate the ocean waters](https://dialogue.earth/content/uploads/2024/05/Container-ship-emitting-black-smoke_Alamy_RG495M-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg)RecommendedA greenhouse gas shipping levy is on the horizon](https://dialogue.earth/en/ocean/a-greenhouse-gas-shipping-levy-is-on-the-horizon/) Meanwhile, some of China’s big international trading partners are also taking action. The EU and US are passing legislation to increase the costs for fossil-fuelled shipping. In May last year, the EU [announced](https://north-standard.com/insights/news/eu-emissions-trading-system-for-shipping/?lang=zh) that the shipping industry would be included in its carbon-trading scheme. That means shipping firms working in the EU – including Chinese firms – need to pay for their emissions, starting at 40% in 2024, then 70% in 2025 and 100% in 2026. According to the consultancy Hecla Emissions Management, this will increase costs for the industry by [EUR 17.2 billion](https://www.hecla-em.com/post/shipping-set-for-3-billion-plus-2024-eu-ets-bill) (USD 18.5 billion) across the three-year period. Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, CMA CGM, ONE and Evergreen are already [passing](http://www.qhrb.com.cn/articles/320430) those costs on to their customers in the form of surcharges. China’s domestic shipping is not covered by emissions-trading rules, but Shanghai does include shipping within its local carbon market. In 2023, the sector accounted for [770,000 tonnes](https://jrj.sh.gov.cn/QT186/20240423/69ea297e5adb4ad6b3fcdbab2fee1f48.html) (34.5%) of Shanghai’s total local carbon trade. - Share [![Facebook](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/facebook.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#facebook "Facebook")[![Twitter](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/twitter.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#twitter "Twitter")[![WhatsApp](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/whatsapp.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#whatsapp "WhatsApp")[![LinkedIn](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/linkedin.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#linkedin "LinkedIn")[![WeChat](https://dialogue.earth/content/themes/dialogue-earth-theme/dist/images/addtoany-icons/wechat.svg)](https://dialogue.earth/#wechat "WeChat") × - Copy link to page - Republish × Republish this article We encourage you to republish Dialogue Earth articles, online or in print, under the Creative Commons license. Please read our [republishing guidelines](https://dialogue.earth/en/republishing/) to get started. [Ted Zhang](https://dialogue.earth/en/author/tedzhang/) Ted Zhang serves as climate analyst at Pacific Environment, an international NGO with permanent consultative status at the International Maritime Organization. [Ocean](https://dialogue.earth/en/ocean/) [Climate](https://dialogue.earth/en/climate/) [Carbon emissions](https://dialogue.earth/en/tag/carbon-emissions/)[Shipping](https://dialogue.earth/en/tag/shipping/)[Technology](https://dialogue.earth/en/tag/technology/) ### Continue reading [![Aerial view of a power plant with smoke billowing from its chimneys](https://dialogue.earth/content/uploads/2024/08/Wuhan-Qingshan-Thermal-Power-Plant_Wirestock_-Alamy_2RRRDR8-1200px-copy-300x200.jpeg) ![Aerial view of a power plant with smoke billowing from its chimneys](https://dialogue.earth/content/uploads/2024/08/Wuhan-Qingshan-Thermal-Power-Plant_Wirestock_-Alamy_2RRRDR8-1200px-copy.jpeg)](https://dialogue.earth/en/energy/china-faces-three-challenges-to-a-coal-free-future/) [Opinion](https://dialogue.earth/en/opinion/) [Energy transition](https://dialogue.earth/en/tag/energy-transition/) [China faces three challenges to a coal-free 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Readable Markdown	As the world’s biggest shipper and commodity trader, China could establish a mature business model for constructing electric ships. It could also build out better recharging infrastructure, bringing further climate, environmental and economic benefits. This will require adequate government support. The country’s 15th five-year economic plan will soon be upon us. Covering 2026-2030, it will be the last before China’s 2030 deadline for peaking national carbon emissions. ## The huge potential of e-ships On 22 April, the world’s largest all-electric container ship arrived at Shanghai’s Yangshan port. [Lv Shui 01](https://chi.coscoshipping.com/col/col7982/art/2023/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) is 120 metres long and fitted with batteries of 50 megawatt-hours, which can be swapped out at ports. COSCO Shipping, which owns and operates the vessel, [claims](https://chi.coscoshipping.com/col/col7982/art/2023/art_fb171c82e672452881b61beeaf40c870.html) it will avoid almost 3,000 tonnes of carbon emissions over the course of a year – equivalent to taking more than 2,000 cars off the road for a year. The vessel is a good example of how far electric ships can reduce shipping emissions. Last summer, the International Maritime Organization – the UN body responsible for controlling atmospheric pollution by ships – revised its strategy for cutting emissions from global shipping. According to a [press release](https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/PressBriefings/pages/Revised-GHG-reduction-strategy-for-global-shipping-adopted-.aspx), the new strategy includes “an enhanced common ambition to reach net-zero … from international shipping by or around, ie close to, 2050”. Shipping’s green transition must gather speed. Given that battery-powered vessels are set to be a part of global shipping’s green transition, there is huge potential for electric ships in China, both in terms of emissions reduction and economic success. ## Climate, environmental and economic benefits About [15%](https://www.engineering.org.cn/ch/article/33999/detail) of China’s emissions are from transportation, with shipping accounting for 6%. Domestic shipping emitted 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020, according to [estimates](https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%B2%B3%E8%88%AA%E8%BF%90%E4%B8%AD%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%8E%E7%A2%B3%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6_Feb23_final.pdf) from the China Waterborne Transport Research Institute, a part of the Ministry of Transport. Between 2015 and 2020, the carbon intensity of Chinese shipping fell by [7\.1%](https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-01/21/content_5669662.htm); in shipping, carbon intensity measures CO2 emitted while moving one tonne of cargo by one kilometre. However, emissions from the Chinese shipping sector are rising in absolute terms, and China’s 14th Five Year Plan, covering 2021-2025, and its Vision 2035 plan both call for cargo to be moved off roads and onto trains and ships. This means the shipping sector will struggle to hit [peak carbon in 2030](https://dialogue.earth/en/climate/chinas-new-carbon-neutrality-pledge-what-next/). Electric ships could be the breakthrough needed. As these battery-powered vessels don’t burn any fuel, they don’t emit any carbon while sailing. They have more direct environmental and health benefits too. In 2022, China’s shipping industry [emitted](https://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/sthjzk/ydyhjgl/202312/W020231211531753967096.pdf) 1.5 million tonnes of nitric oxide and 61,000 tonnes of particulates. Emissions of those atmospheric pollutants from electric ships are virtually zero, bringing them in line with the government’s [cleaner air](https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-07/03/content_5303158.htm) policies. China has the industrial base to take advantage of this opportunity. With the shipping sector’s green transition speeding up, China has a chance to overtake other countries on the manufacturing of engines, key components and power systems. For example, foreign shipping companies often use lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) batteries to power their electric ships, which are more energy dense than the lithium iron phosphate ([LFP](https://pacificenvironment.cn/filedownload/805311)) batteries China prefers. However, LFPs are safer, cheaper and have longer life cycles, and China already has the necessary infrastructure in place to manufacture LFPs. According to the China Classification Society, a standards agency that regulates shipping and offshore installations, [36](https://pacificenvironment.cn/filedownload/805311) lithium battery manufacturers had obtained its certification as of July 2023, with 30 of those specifying that they produce LFPs. Furthermore, two of China’s leading lithium battery makers (CATL and Eve Energy) make LFPs. Though a single LFP battery cell is less energy dense, China has developed LFP battery systems for ships that are denser than the NMC systems used overseas. That’s according to a [speech](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) by Tang Wenjun, deputy head of the Wuhan Chang Jiang Ship Design Institute, delivered in March at the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum. China’s battery supply chains are also second to none. Electric shipping could therefore become a route to high-quality development for the country’s shipping industry. ## Three challenges Despite batteries’ huge potential for reducing emissions, and their climate, environmental and economic benefits, currently far less than 1% of China’s [121,900](https://xxgk.mot.gov.cn/2020/jigou/zhghs/202306/t20230615_3847023.html) cargo vessels are running on them. If electric ships are to take off as electric cars have, three challenges must be overcome. The biggest of these is cost. The power systems required by an electric vessel are hugely expensive, pushing up its overall cost to two or three times that of a traditional, oil-fired alternative. Take the Jiangyuan Baihe as an example. In October 2022, it became China’s first all-electric domestic cargo vessel with a capacity of 120 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit), meaning it can carry 120 containers of 20 foot in length. It has three lithium batteries, which cost [CNY 3.8 million](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each. The batteries have a combined capacity of 4.62 megawatt-hours and together cost more than an entire diesel vessel of equivalent capacity. ![A large cargo ship navigating through the river](https://dialogue.earth/content/uploads/2024/08/Battery-packs-on-Chinas-first-120-TEu-pure-electric-river-container-ship_Cynthia-Lee_Alamy_2K67RHR.jpg) The Jiangyuan Baihe’s three lithium batteries cost [CNY 3.8 million](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/ITr_Zoqel1UD6IOsk9IZeQ) (USD 520,000) each (Image: Cynthia Lee / Alamy) Moreover, those batteries are only warrantied for eight years. The vessel would be expected to last three decades, meaning three or four battery replacements must be budgeted for. These costs will hamper the introduction of electric shipping. Another challenge to the widespread uptake of electric ships is recharging. Development of the ships might be steaming ahead, but the planning and construction of infrastructure for swapping or recharging these batteries lags far behind. Recharging is usually incorporated into port infrastructure, with the connection made either manually or automatically to a junction box and then managed by a recharging-control system. A port needs to have a sufficient electricity supply, be compliant with high-voltage safety standards, and have the capacity for smart or remote management. Take the Wuxi Xin’an Shipping Service Area. It [uses](https://www.efchina.org/Attachments/Report/report-ctp-20240105/%E9%95%BF%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E8%88%B9%E5%85%85%E6%8D%A2%E7%94%B5%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6.pdf) low-voltage shore power on land, with sockets of 220 volt 8 kilowatt and of 380 volt 20 kilowatt. These are not powerful enough to charge large-capacity, shipborne batteries. At the Yangtze River Green Shipping Forum in March, Dai Chenlin of Yangtze Gold Cruises [suggested](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA) the government increase its oversight of planning and building battery charging and exchange infrastructure, to ensure its deployment and standards are uniform. “The boats move between areas with different levels of development. Richer areas have better infrastructure. But in poorer areas the local government can’t provide the same facilities, which could mean electric ships can’t go there,” Dai said. Electric ships are also facing competition from alternatives fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. Last October, China’s first vessel powered by a hydrogen fuel cell made its maiden voyage in Yichang, Hubei province. The river cruiser will avoid the burning of 103 tonnes of fuel oil a year, cutting carbon emissions by 344 tonnes, as [reported](http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588025/n2588129/c29093440/content.html) by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission. Meanwhile, six of the world’s biggest shipping firms, including Maersk, CMA CGM and COSCO Shipping, claim to be building or refitting vessels to run on methanol, according to a 2023 China Energy News [report](http://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/html/2023-10/23/content_26024317.htm). Two hundred orders for methanol-fuelled vessels have already been made globally, making it the first choice for container shipping firms, the report added. The industry hasn’t yet reached a consensus on which options – batteries, green ammonia, green methanol, green hydrogen – are best suited for which types and sizes of vessel. However, there is a preference for batteries when it comes to small and mid-sized vessels on short and mid-range journeys. At the Yangtze green shipping forum, Tang Wenjun [said](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/JZFrvBJI6OuPx7shnvKYfA): “Over 50% of China’s almost 110,000 domestic shipping vessels are of a small or medium size.” The potential to refit those vessels with batteries, or replace them with battery-powered vessels, gives an idea of the size of the market. ## Carrots and sticks China’s local governments are pushing ahead with electric ships. Fujian was the first to support the industry, by promoting demonstrations and [pilot projects](https://gxt.fujian.gov.cn/jdhy/zcjd/bmzcwjjd/202204/t20220419_5895065.htm) and offering [subsidies](https://gxt.fujian.gov.cn/zmhd/jyxd/202312/t20231228_6368794.htm) for battery- power systems, recharging infrastructure and battery-leasing services. Meanwhile, some of China’s big international trading partners are also taking action. The EU and US are passing legislation to increase the costs for fossil-fuelled shipping. In May last year, the EU [announced](https://north-standard.com/insights/news/eu-emissions-trading-system-for-shipping/?lang=zh) that the shipping industry would be included in its carbon-trading scheme. That means shipping firms working in the EU – including Chinese firms – need to pay for their emissions, starting at 40% in 2024, then 70% in 2025 and 100% in 2026. According to the consultancy Hecla Emissions Management, this will increase costs for the industry by [EUR 17.2 billion](https://www.hecla-em.com/post/shipping-set-for-3-billion-plus-2024-eu-ets-bill) (USD 18.5 billion) across the three-year period. Maersk, Hapag-Lloyd, CMA CGM, ONE and Evergreen are already [passing](http://www.qhrb.com.cn/articles/320430) those costs on to their customers in the form of surcharges. China’s domestic shipping is not covered by emissions-trading rules, but Shanghai does include shipping within its local carbon market. In 2023, the sector accounted for [770,000 tonnes](https://jrj.sh.gov.cn/QT186/20240423/69ea297e5adb4ad6b3fcdbab2fee1f48.html) (34.5%) of Shanghai’s total local carbon trade.
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