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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 126 (from laksa057)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa126.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/","crawl_time":1776159944,"first_indexed_time":1590651732,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"org,cpj!\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/ s443","src_root_hash":"11907826040324487526","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"From fake news to enemy of the people: An anatomy of Trump's tweets - Committee to Protect Journalists","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Since announcing his candidacy in the 2016 presidential elections to the end of his second year in office, U.S. President Donald Trump has sent 1,339 tweets about the media that were critical, insinuating, condemning, or threatening. In lieu of formal appearances as president, Trump has tweeted over\n5,400 times\nto his more than 55.8 million followers; over 11 percent of these insulted or criticized journalists and outlets, or condemned and denigrated the news media as a whole.\nTo better monitor this negative rhetoric, CPJ’s North America program created a database to track tweets in which Trump mentioned the\nmedia\n,\nindividual\njournalists\n,\nnews\noutlets\n, or\njournalistic\nsources\nin a negative tone.\nThe president’s tweets can have an impact and consequences for the press both at home and abroad. His rhetoric has given\ncover to autocratic regimes\n: world leaders from\nCambodia\nto the\nPhilippines\nhave echoed terms like “fake news” in the midst of crackdowns on press freedom. And the rhetoric has sometimes resulted in harassment of individual journalists in the U.S., where CPJ is aware of several journalists who say they were harassed or threatened online after being singled out on Twitter by Trump.\nCPJ’s database of tweets can be\nviewed here\nand our methodology can be\nfound here\n.\nCPJ found that the focus of the tweets has shifted dramatically. During the campaign, Trump frequently called out specific journalists by name or Twitter handle, accounting for over a third of his negative tweets about the press during that period. This trend declined in the months leading up to the election and, since taking office, his focus shifted instead to the media as a whole, accounting for 63 percent of his tweets about the press in the first two years of his presidency, compared with 23 percent as a candidate.\nThe overall number and rate of Trump’s tweeting has also decreased since he took office. However, those targeted at the press constitute a larger percentage of his total tweets during his presidency. Nine percent of all original tweets\nduring his candidacy\ncontained negative rhetoric about the press, compared with 11 percent in his first two years in office. His rhetoric–increasingly targeting swaths of the press–appears to be escalating, first from the introduction of “fake news” to “opposition party” and his use of “enemy of the people.”\nThe term “fake news” did not appear in Trump’s tweets until after he was elected. It was used for the first time in December 2016. It came into more frequent use in January 2017, in reference first to leaked reports on Russian hacking and then to reports on his inauguration and approval ratings. Overall, in each of the first two years in office the term was used in over half his negative tweets about the press. Trump’s use of the term “enemy of the people” was first used on February 17, 2017, one day after the Trump campaign team\ndistributed a survey\nurging supporters to “do your part to fight back against the media’s attacks and deceptions.”\nTrump uses his tweets to respond and react to critical coverage or investigative reporting. The months where tweets critical of the press accounted for the highest percentage of all original tweets posted were:\nJanuary 2017 (15 percent): In response to reports on the Intelligence Community Assessment’s confirmation of Russian hacking.\nFebruary 2017 (19 percent): In response to reports about his election win, emerging news about Russian hacking, and leakers.\nMarch 2017 (17 percent): In response to reports about infighting within the Trump administration, the leak of part of his tax returns, and Russian hacking.\nOctober 2017 (15 percent): In response to\nreports on hurricane relief in Puerto Rico, Rex Tillerson allegedly threatening to resign, and a perceived lack of positive economic coverage.\nDecember 2017 (16 percent): In response to\nfocusing on reporting on collusion with Russia, the Republican tax reform, and reviews of Trump’s first year in office).\nTrump insulted individual journalists via Twitter 280 times as a candidate. CPJ\nhas documented\ncases of several journalists who said after being targeted by him on Twitter they were harassed or doxxed. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump has cited specific journalists 48 times. Notable exceptions to this sharp decline took place in January and September 2018, when Trump tweeted about\nMichael\nWolff\nand\nBob\nWoodward\nwhen their books on the president and his administration were released.\nThe database showed that the outlets targeted the most–either directly or through tweets about their journalists–were the\nNew York Times\nand CNN, with Fox News coming in third. During the Republican primaries, Fox was\na\nfrequent\ntarget\n, cited in 148\ntweets. Of these, Fox broadcaster Megyn Kelly was the primary target in nearly half, cited in 64 tweets, after the first Republican presidential debate in 2016,\nwhere she questioned Trump about the derogatory language he uses against women. In the weeks\nfollowing the debate\n, Trump tweeted negative comments about Kelly, including insulting her both personally and professionally. Trump also targeted other conservative-leaning outlets during this period, including\nThe Blaze\n,\nThe Weekly Standard\n,\nRedState\n, and the\nNational Review\n.\nTrump has also used Twitter to accuse the press of falsifying anonymous sources. Trump tweeted about “phony,” “nonexistent,” or “made up” sources on five occasions during his candidacy, all of which were posted in the three months between winning the Republican primary and the election. This number doubled to 11 instances in his first year in office and then again to 27 in his second year as his administration was plagued with leaks and the investigation being led by Robert Mueller.\nIn the wake of the Annapolis shooting in June, CPJ, press freedom advocates, and media outlets called on Trump to moderate his rhetoric. However, five days after the shooting Trump called the “Fake News” the “Opposition party,” and 17 days after, he tweeted that “much of our news media is indeed the enemy of the people.”\nThe moniker “enemy of the people” appeared in only four tweets during his first year in office. In his second year, the number was 21, nearly all after Annapolis.\nMethodology: CPJ’s database of Trump’s tweets includes posts from June 16, 2015 to January 19, 2019. The database includes tweets that CPJ judged to be insulting, denigrating, threatening, that asserted bias, made accusations of false reporting, or called for outlets and or staff to be boycotted or fired. CPJ classified primary targets as the individual, newsroom, or news media as a whole named in a tweet, and secondary targets as the outlet where a specific journalist named in a tweet worked. The database includes retweets only when Trump added a comment as well as “manual retweets” in which Trump copied and pasted another user’s tweet in quotes from his account.\nEDITOR’S NOTE: The seventh paragraph of this blog has been updated to correct that Trump used the term “enemy of the people” one day after a survey was sent to Trump supporters in February 2017.\nStephanie Sugars is CPJ’s North America research assistant. Her freelance work has been published in several international outlets, including Al Jazeera and Open Democracy. Sugars graduated from New York University with Masters degrees in journalism and international relations in May 2018.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/#content)\n\n[Committee to Protect Journalists](https:\/\/cpj.org\/)\n\n1. [Youtube](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCJ6Fa7MQH9-3yBFwYUZRJMQ)\n2. [Rss](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/feeds\/)\n3. 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[Mauritania](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/mauritania\/)\n      - [Morocco](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/morocco\/)\n      - [Oman](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/oman\/)\n      - [Qatar](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/qatar\/)\n      - [Saudi Arabia](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/saudi-arabia\/)\n      - [Sudan](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/sudan\/)\n      - [Syria](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/syria\/)\n      - [Tunisia](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/tunisia\/)\n      - [UAE](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/uae\/)\n      - [Yemen](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/yemen\/)\n      - [All Middle East & North Africa](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/)\n- [Data]()\n  - [Data]()\n  - [Journalists Killed]()\n    - [Journalists Killed]()\n    - [Killed in 2026](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/killed\/)\n    - [Killed since 1992](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/killed\/all\/)\n  - [Journalists Imprisoned](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n    - [Journalists Imprisoned]()\n    - [Currently Imprisoned](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/imprisoned)\n    - [Annual December 1 Snapshot](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/?status=Imprisoned&start_year=1992&group_by=year)\n  - [Missing Journalists](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/missing)\n  - [Data Methodology and FAQs](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data-methodology\/)\n- [Safety Resources]()\n  - [Safety Resources]()\n  - [Journalist Safety and Emergencies](https:\/\/cpj.org\/journalist-safety-and-emergencies\/)\n  - [How to Get Help](https:\/\/cpj.org\/emergency-response\/how-to-get-help\/)\n  - [All Safety Resources](https:\/\/cpj.org\/safety-kit\/)\n- [Get Involved]()\n  - [Get Involved]()\n  - [Support CPJ](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/donate\/)\n  - [Take Action](https:\/\/cpj.org\/campaigns)\n  - [Press Freedom Awards](https:\/\/cpj.org\/awards\/)\n- [About Us]()\n  - [About Us]()\n  - [What We Do](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/)\n  - [Who We Are]()\n    - [Who We Are]()\n    - [Our People](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/people\/)\n    - [Our Board](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/board-of-directors\/)\n  - [Press Center](https:\/\/cpj.org\/press)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/contact\/)\n\n![A woman looks at the Twitter feed of President Donald Trump in November 2018. Trump uses Twitter to make policy announcements and also to rail against critical press coverage. (STF\/AFP)](https:\/\/cpj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/AFP_Twitter_1.jpg?w=750)\n\nA woman looks at the Twitter feed of President Donald Trump in November 2018. Trump uses Twitter to make policy announcements and also to rail against critical press coverage. (STF\/AFP)\n\n[Features & Analysis](https:\/\/cpj.org\/features-and-analysis\/)\n\n# From fake news to enemy of the people: An anatomy of Trump’s tweets\nBy [Stephanie Sugars, CPJ North America Research Assistant](https:\/\/cpj.org\/author\/stephanie-sugars-cpj-north-america-research-assistant\/ \"Posts by Stephanie Sugars, CPJ North America Research Assistant\") on January 30, 2019 10:00 AM EST\n\n### Share this:\n- [Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=bluesky&nb=1)\n- [Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=facebook&nb=1)\n- [Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) LinkedIn](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=linkedin&nb=1)\n- [Share on X (Opens in new window) X](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=x&nb=1)\n- [Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=jetpack-whatsapp&nb=1)\n- [Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email](mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20From%20fake%20news%20to%20enemy%20of%20the%20people%3A%20An%20anatomy%20of%20Trump%27s%20tweets&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F%3Fp%3D33969&share=email&nb=1)\n\n### Share this:\n- [Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=bluesky&nb=1)\n- [Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=facebook&nb=1)\n- [Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) LinkedIn](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=linkedin&nb=1)\n- [Share on X (Opens in new window) X](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=x&nb=1)\n- [Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=jetpack-whatsapp&nb=1)\n- [Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email](mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20From%20fake%20news%20to%20enemy%20of%20the%20people%3A%20An%20anatomy%20of%20Trump%27s%20tweets&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F%3Fp%3D33969&share=email&nb=1)\n\nSince announcing his candidacy in the 2016 presidential elections to the end of his second year in office, U.S. President Donald Trump has sent 1,339 tweets about the media that were critical, insinuating, condemning, or threatening. In lieu of formal appearances as president, Trump has tweeted over [5,400 times](http:\/\/www.trumptwitterarchive.com\/archive) to his more than 55.8 million followers; over 11 percent of these insulted or criticized journalists and outlets, or condemned and denigrated the news media as a whole.\n\nTo better monitor this negative rhetoric, CPJ’s North America program created a database to track tweets in which Trump mentioned the [media](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/940930017365778432), [individual](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/710510524031746052) [journalists](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/737784398515441664), [news](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/630464204676460544) [outlets](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/881503147168071680), or [journalistic](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/781755469488615424) [sources](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/764529295901528064) in a negative tone.\n\nThe president’s tweets can have an impact and consequences for the press both at home and abroad. His rhetoric has given [cover to autocratic regimes](https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/daniellekeetonolsen\/2017\/10\/30\/like-trump-these-southeast-asian-countries-are-using-fake-news-to-devastating-effect\/#317965d73d40): world leaders from [Cambodia](https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/cambodia-threatens-media-outlets-using-donald-trump-justification\/3742602.html) to the [Philippines](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2018\/11\/cpj-rsf-call-on-philippines-to-end-its-persecution.php) have echoed terms like “fake news” in the midst of crackdowns on press freedom. And the rhetoric has sometimes resulted in harassment of individual journalists in the U.S., where CPJ is aware of several journalists who say they were harassed or threatened online after being singled out on Twitter by Trump.\n\nCPJ’s database of tweets can be [viewed here](https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1LcRxPEUyJi3BaIb_WD0GDXxt4YoHi1LRUaB6ftDtDRc\/edit?usp=sharing) and our methodology can be [found here](https:\/\/cpj.org\/blog\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people.php#methodology).\n\nCPJ found that the focus of the tweets has shifted dramatically. During the campaign, Trump frequently called out specific journalists by name or Twitter handle, accounting for over a third of his negative tweets about the press during that period. This trend declined in the months leading up to the election and, since taking office, his focus shifted instead to the media as a whole, accounting for 63 percent of his tweets about the press in the first two years of his presidency, compared with 23 percent as a candidate.\n\n![](https:\/\/cpj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Final_Primary_TrumpTweets.jpg)\n\nThe overall number and rate of Trump’s tweeting has also decreased since he took office. However, those targeted at the press constitute a larger percentage of his total tweets during his presidency. Nine percent of all original tweets [during his candidacy](http:\/\/www.trumptwitterarchive.com\/archive) contained negative rhetoric about the press, compared with 11 percent in his first two years in office. His rhetoric–increasingly targeting swaths of the press–appears to be escalating, first from the introduction of “fake news” to “opposition party” and his use of “enemy of the people.”\n\n![](https:\/\/cpj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Final_Trump27s20Anti-PressTweets.jpg)\n\nThe term “fake news” did not appear in Trump’s tweets until after he was elected. It was used for the first time in December 2016. It came into more frequent use in January 2017, in reference first to leaked reports on Russian hacking and then to reports on his inauguration and approval ratings. Overall, in each of the first two years in office the term was used in over half his negative tweets about the press. Trump’s use of the term “enemy of the people” was first used on February 17, 2017, one day after the Trump campaign team [distributed a survey](https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/news\/politics\/2017\/02\/16\/think-media-has-crazy-liberal-bias-trump-campaign-wants-hear-from-you\/0OVoyfpz3igaB67cgrAQoM\/story.html) urging supporters to “do your part to fight back against the media’s attacks and deceptions.”\n\n![](https:\/\/cpj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Final_Trump_Rhetoric.jpg)\n\nTrump uses his tweets to respond and react to critical coverage or investigative reporting. The months where tweets critical of the press accounted for the highest percentage of all original tweets posted were:\n\n- - January 2017 (15 percent): In response to reports on the Intelligence Community Assessment’s confirmation of Russian hacking.\n  - February 2017 (19 percent): In response to reports about his election win, emerging news about Russian hacking, and leakers.\n  - March 2017 (17 percent): In response to reports about infighting within the Trump administration, the leak of part of his tax returns, and Russian hacking.\n  - October 2017 (15 percent): In response toreports on hurricane relief in Puerto Rico, Rex Tillerson allegedly threatening to resign, and a perceived lack of positive economic coverage.\n  - December 2017 (16 percent): In response tofocusing on reporting on collusion with Russia, the Republican tax reform, and reviews of Trump’s first year in office).\n\nTrump insulted individual journalists via Twitter 280 times as a candidate. CPJ [has documented](https:\/\/cpj.org\/blog\/2016\/05\/why-trumps-insults-of-journalists-must-be-taken-se.php) cases of several journalists who said after being targeted by him on Twitter they were harassed or doxxed. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump has cited specific journalists 48 times. Notable exceptions to this sharp decline took place in January and September 2018, when Trump tweeted about [Michael](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/950014185299210240) [Wolff](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/952301373479104512) and [Bob](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/1037173907625832448) [Woodward](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/1038027233519001600) when their books on the president and his administration were released.\n\nThe database showed that the outlets targeted the most–either directly or through tweets about their journalists–were the *New York Times* and CNN, with Fox News coming in third. During the Republican primaries, Fox was [a](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/623650953036726272) [frequent](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/630116339852673024) [target](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/646716373473853442), cited in 148tweets. Of these, Fox broadcaster Megyn Kelly was the primary target in nearly half, cited in 64 tweets, after the first Republican presidential debate in 2016,where she questioned Trump about the derogatory language he uses against women. In the weeks [following the debate](https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/history-donald-trump-megyn-kelly-feud\/story?id=36526503), Trump tweeted negative comments about Kelly, including insulting her both personally and professionally. Trump also targeted other conservative-leaning outlets during this period, including *[The Blaze](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/652147456428212224)*, *[The Weekly Standard](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/624204207856439297)*, *[RedState](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/630223393774825472)*, and the *[National Review](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/690382564494839809)*.\n\nTrump has also used Twitter to accuse the press of falsifying anonymous sources. Trump tweeted about “phony,” “nonexistent,” or “made up” sources on five occasions during his candidacy, all of which were posted in the three months between winning the Republican primary and the election. This number doubled to 11 instances in his first year in office and then again to 27 in his second year as his administration was plagued with leaks and the investigation being led by Robert Mueller.\n\nIn the wake of the Annapolis shooting in June, CPJ, press freedom advocates, and media outlets called on Trump to moderate his rhetoric. However, five days after the shooting Trump called the “Fake News” the “Opposition party,” and 17 days after, he tweeted that “much of our news media is indeed the enemy of the people.”The moniker “enemy of the people” appeared in only four tweets during his first year in office. In his second year, the number was 21, nearly all after Annapolis.\n\n*Methodology: CPJ’s database of Trump’s tweets includes posts from June 16, 2015 to January 19, 2019. The database includes tweets that CPJ judged to be insulting, denigrating, threatening, that asserted bias, made accusations of false reporting, or called for outlets and or staff to be boycotted or fired. CPJ classified primary targets as the individual, newsroom, or news media as a whole named in a tweet, and secondary targets as the outlet where a specific journalist named in a tweet worked. The database includes retweets only when Trump added a comment as well as “manual retweets” in which Trump copied and pasted another user’s tweet in quotes from his account.*\n\n*EDITOR’S NOTE: The seventh paragraph of this blog has been updated to correct that Trump used the term “enemy of the people” one day after a survey was sent to Trump supporters in February 2017.*\n\n### Share this:\n- [Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=bluesky&nb=1)\n- [Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=facebook&nb=1)\n- [Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) LinkedIn](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=linkedin&nb=1)\n- [Share on X (Opens in new window) X](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=x&nb=1)\n- [Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/?share=jetpack-whatsapp&nb=1)\n- [Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email](mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20From%20fake%20news%20to%20enemy%20of%20the%20people%3A%20An%20anatomy%20of%20Trump%27s%20tweets&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F%3Fp%3D33969&share=email&nb=1)\n\nStephanie Sugars is CPJ’s North America research assistant. Her freelance work has been published in several international outlets, including Al Jazeera and Open Democracy. Sugars graduated from New York University with Masters degrees in journalism and international relations in May 2018.\n\nMore On:\n\n[Americas](https:\/\/cpj.org\/americas\/ \"Other CPJ Articles filed under Americas\")\n\n[Features & Analysis](https:\/\/cpj.org\/features-and-analysis\/ \"Other CPJ Articles filed under Features & Analysis\")\n\n[USA](https:\/\/cpj.org\/americas\/usa\/ \"Other CPJ Articles filed under USA\")\n\nMore On:\n\n[Bob Woodward](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/bobwoodward\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Bob Woodward\")\n\n[CNN](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/cnn\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with CNN\")\n\n[Donald Trump](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/donaldtrump\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Donald Trump\")\n\n[Election](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/election\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Election\")\n\n[fake news](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/fake-news\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with fake news\")\n\n[FOX](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/fox\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with FOX\")\n\n[Harassed](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/harassed\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Harassed\")\n\n[Insult](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/insult\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Insult\")\n\n[Megyn Kelly](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/megynkelly\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Megyn Kelly\")\n\n[Michael Wolff](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/michaelwolff\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Michael Wolff\")\n\n[National Review](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/nationalreview\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with National Review\")\n\n[New York Times](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/newyorktimes\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with New York Times\")\n\n[RedState](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/redstate\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with RedState\")\n\n[Social Media](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/socialmedia\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Social Media\")\n\n[The Blaze](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/theblaze\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with The Blaze\")\n\n[The Weekly Standard](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/theweeklystandard\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with The Weekly Standard\")\n\n[Threatened](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/threatened\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Threatened\")\n\n[Twitter](https:\/\/cpj.org\/tags\/twitter\/ \"Other CPJ Articles tagged with Twitter\")\n\n- [Print](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n- [Text Size](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n- [Copy Short Link Copied](https:\/\/cpj.org\/?p=33969)\n\n[Back to Top](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n\nSubscribe to CPJ Newsletters:\n\n[Become a Supporter](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/donate\/)   [Donate](https:\/\/cpj.org\/donate)\n\n- [News](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n  - [Alerts](https:\/\/cpj.org\/news\/)\n  - [Features & Analysis](https:\/\/cpj.org\/features-and-analysis\/)\n  - [Letters](https:\/\/cpj.org\/letters\/)\n  - [Special Reports](https:\/\/cpj.org\/reports\/)\n- [Data](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n  - [Journalists Killed](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/killed\/)\n  - [Journalists Imprisoned](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/imprisoned)\n  - [Missing Journalists](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/missing\/)\n  - [All Attacks on the Press](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data\/)\n  - [Data Methodology and FAQs](https:\/\/cpj.org\/data-methodology\/)\n- [Get Help](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n  - [Emergencies](https:\/\/cpj.org\/emergency-response\/what-we-do\/)\n  - [Staying Safe](https:\/\/cpj.org\/safety-advisories\/)\n- [Get Involved](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n  - [Support CPJ](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/donate\/)\n  - [Take Action](https:\/\/cpj.org\/campaigns\/)\n  - [Press Freedom Awards](https:\/\/cpj.org\/awards\/)\n- [About Us](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n  - [What We Do](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/)\n  - [Who We Are](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/staff\/)\n  - [Employment Opportunities](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/jobs\/)\n  - [Press Center](https:\/\/cpj.org\/press\/)\n  - [Contact Us](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/contact\/)\n- [Countries & Regions](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people\/)\n  - [Americas](https:\/\/cpj.org\/americas\/)\n  - [Europe & Central Asia](https:\/\/cpj.org\/europe\/)\n  - [Middle East & North Africa](https:\/\/cpj.org\/mideast\/)\n  - [Africa](https:\/\/cpj.org\/africa\/)\n  - [Asia](https:\/\/cpj.org\/asia\/)\n\n## Contact Us\nCPJ is a 501(c)3 non-profit.\n\nOur EIN is 13-3081500.\n\nCommittee to Protect Journalists\n\nThe John S. and James L. Knight Foundation Press Freedom Center\n\nP.O. Box 2675\n\nNew York, NY 10108\n\nTel 212-465-1004\n\nFax 212-214-0640\n\n[info@cpj.org](mailto:info@cpj.org)\n\n[![Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License](https:\/\/mirrors.creativecommons.org\/presskit\/buttons\/88x31\/svg\/by-nc-nd.eu.svg)](https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/)\n\nExcept where noted, text on this website is licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License](http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/).\n\nImages and other media are not covered by the Creative Commons license. For more information about permissions, see our [FAQs](https:\/\/cpj.org\/about\/faq\/).\n\n[Donate](https:\/\/cpj.org\/donate)\n\nNotifications","attrs_readable_markdown":"Since announcing his candidacy in the 2016 presidential elections to the end of his second year in office, U.S. President Donald Trump has sent 1,339 tweets about the media that were critical, insinuating, condemning, or threatening. In lieu of formal appearances as president, Trump has tweeted over [5,400 times](http:\/\/www.trumptwitterarchive.com\/archive) to his more than 55.8 million followers; over 11 percent of these insulted or criticized journalists and outlets, or condemned and denigrated the news media as a whole.\n\nTo better monitor this negative rhetoric, CPJ’s North America program created a database to track tweets in which Trump mentioned the [media](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/940930017365778432), [individual](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/710510524031746052) [journalists](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/737784398515441664), [news](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/630464204676460544) [outlets](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/881503147168071680), or [journalistic](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/781755469488615424) [sources](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/764529295901528064) in a negative tone.\n\nThe president’s tweets can have an impact and consequences for the press both at home and abroad. His rhetoric has given [cover to autocratic regimes](https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/daniellekeetonolsen\/2017\/10\/30\/like-trump-these-southeast-asian-countries-are-using-fake-news-to-devastating-effect\/#317965d73d40): world leaders from [Cambodia](https:\/\/www.voanews.com\/a\/cambodia-threatens-media-outlets-using-donald-trump-justification\/3742602.html) to the [Philippines](https:\/\/cpj.org\/2018\/11\/cpj-rsf-call-on-philippines-to-end-its-persecution.php) have echoed terms like “fake news” in the midst of crackdowns on press freedom. And the rhetoric has sometimes resulted in harassment of individual journalists in the U.S., where CPJ is aware of several journalists who say they were harassed or threatened online after being singled out on Twitter by Trump.\n\nCPJ’s database of tweets can be [viewed here](https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1LcRxPEUyJi3BaIb_WD0GDXxt4YoHi1LRUaB6ftDtDRc\/edit?usp=sharing) and our methodology can be [found here](https:\/\/cpj.org\/blog\/2019\/01\/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people.php#methodology).\n\nCPJ found that the focus of the tweets has shifted dramatically. During the campaign, Trump frequently called out specific journalists by name or Twitter handle, accounting for over a third of his negative tweets about the press during that period. This trend declined in the months leading up to the election and, since taking office, his focus shifted instead to the media as a whole, accounting for 63 percent of his tweets about the press in the first two years of his presidency, compared with 23 percent as a candidate.\n\n![](https:\/\/cpj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Final_Primary_TrumpTweets.jpg)\n\nThe overall number and rate of Trump’s tweeting has also decreased since he took office. However, those targeted at the press constitute a larger percentage of his total tweets during his presidency. Nine percent of all original tweets [during his candidacy](http:\/\/www.trumptwitterarchive.com\/archive) contained negative rhetoric about the press, compared with 11 percent in his first two years in office. His rhetoric–increasingly targeting swaths of the press–appears to be escalating, first from the introduction of “fake news” to “opposition party” and his use of “enemy of the people.”\n\n![](https:\/\/cpj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Final_Trump27s20Anti-PressTweets.jpg)\n\nThe term “fake news” did not appear in Trump’s tweets until after he was elected. It was used for the first time in December 2016. It came into more frequent use in January 2017, in reference first to leaked reports on Russian hacking and then to reports on his inauguration and approval ratings. Overall, in each of the first two years in office the term was used in over half his negative tweets about the press. Trump’s use of the term “enemy of the people” was first used on February 17, 2017, one day after the Trump campaign team [distributed a survey](https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/news\/politics\/2017\/02\/16\/think-media-has-crazy-liberal-bias-trump-campaign-wants-hear-from-you\/0OVoyfpz3igaB67cgrAQoM\/story.html) urging supporters to “do your part to fight back against the media’s attacks and deceptions.”\n\n![](https:\/\/cpj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Final_Trump_Rhetoric.jpg)\n\nTrump uses his tweets to respond and react to critical coverage or investigative reporting. The months where tweets critical of the press accounted for the highest percentage of all original tweets posted were:\n\n- - January 2017 (15 percent): In response to reports on the Intelligence Community Assessment’s confirmation of Russian hacking.\n  - February 2017 (19 percent): In response to reports about his election win, emerging news about Russian hacking, and leakers.\n  - March 2017 (17 percent): In response to reports about infighting within the Trump administration, the leak of part of his tax returns, and Russian hacking.\n  - October 2017 (15 percent): In response toreports on hurricane relief in Puerto Rico, Rex Tillerson allegedly threatening to resign, and a perceived lack of positive economic coverage.\n  - December 2017 (16 percent): In response tofocusing on reporting on collusion with Russia, the Republican tax reform, and reviews of Trump’s first year in office).\n\nTrump insulted individual journalists via Twitter 280 times as a candidate. CPJ [has documented](https:\/\/cpj.org\/blog\/2016\/05\/why-trumps-insults-of-journalists-must-be-taken-se.php) cases of several journalists who said after being targeted by him on Twitter they were harassed or doxxed. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump has cited specific journalists 48 times. Notable exceptions to this sharp decline took place in January and September 2018, when Trump tweeted about [Michael](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/950014185299210240) [Wolff](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/952301373479104512) and [Bob](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/1037173907625832448) [Woodward](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/1038027233519001600) when their books on the president and his administration were released.\n\nThe database showed that the outlets targeted the most–either directly or through tweets about their journalists–were the *New York Times* and CNN, with Fox News coming in third. During the Republican primaries, Fox was [a](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/623650953036726272) [frequent](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/630116339852673024) [target](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/646716373473853442), cited in 148tweets. Of these, Fox broadcaster Megyn Kelly was the primary target in nearly half, cited in 64 tweets, after the first Republican presidential debate in 2016,where she questioned Trump about the derogatory language he uses against women. In the weeks [following the debate](https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Politics\/history-donald-trump-megyn-kelly-feud\/story?id=36526503), Trump tweeted negative comments about Kelly, including insulting her both personally and professionally. Trump also targeted other conservative-leaning outlets during this period, including *[The Blaze](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/652147456428212224)*, *[The Weekly Standard](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/624204207856439297)*, *[RedState](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/630223393774825472)*, and the *[National Review](https:\/\/twitter.com\/realDonaldTrump\/status\/690382564494839809)*.\n\nTrump has also used Twitter to accuse the press of falsifying anonymous sources. Trump tweeted about “phony,” “nonexistent,” or “made up” sources on five occasions during his candidacy, all of which were posted in the three months between winning the Republican primary and the election. This number doubled to 11 instances in his first year in office and then again to 27 in his second year as his administration was plagued with leaks and the investigation being led by Robert Mueller.\n\nIn the wake of the Annapolis shooting in June, CPJ, press freedom advocates, and media outlets called on Trump to moderate his rhetoric. However, five days after the shooting Trump called the “Fake News” the “Opposition party,” and 17 days after, he tweeted that “much of our news media is indeed the enemy of the people.”The moniker “enemy of the people” appeared in only four tweets during his first year in office. In his second year, the number was 21, nearly all after Annapolis.\n\n*Methodology: CPJ’s database of Trump’s tweets includes posts from June 16, 2015 to January 19, 2019. The database includes tweets that CPJ judged to be insulting, denigrating, threatening, that asserted bias, made accusations of false reporting, or called for outlets and or staff to be boycotted or fired. CPJ classified primary targets as the individual, newsroom, or news media as a whole named in a tweet, and secondary targets as the outlet where a specific journalist named in a tweet worked. The database includes retweets only when Trump added a comment as well as “manual retweets” in which Trump copied and pasted another user’s tweet in quotes from his account.*\n\n*EDITOR’S NOTE: The seventh paragraph of this blog has been updated to correct that Trump used the term “enemy of the people” one day after a survey was sent to Trump supporters in February 2017.*\n\nStephanie Sugars is CPJ’s North America research assistant. Her freelance work has been published in several international outlets, including Al Jazeera and Open Democracy. Sugars graduated from New York University with Masters degrees in journalism and international relations in May 2018.","meta_canonical":null}

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URL	https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/
Last Crawled	2026-04-14 09:45:44 (5 hours ago)
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Meta Title	From fake news to enemy of the people: An anatomy of Trump's tweets - Committee to Protect Journalists
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Boilerpipe Text	Since announcing his candidacy in the 2016 presidential elections to the end of his second year in office, U.S. President Donald Trump has sent 1,339 tweets about the media that were critical, insinuating, condemning, or threatening. In lieu of formal appearances as president, Trump has tweeted over 5,400 times to his more than 55.8 million followers; over 11 percent of these insulted or criticized journalists and outlets, or condemned and denigrated the news media as a whole. To better monitor this negative rhetoric, CPJ’s North America program created a database to track tweets in which Trump mentioned the media , individual journalists , news outlets , or journalistic sources in a negative tone. The president’s tweets can have an impact and consequences for the press both at home and abroad. His rhetoric has given cover to autocratic regimes : world leaders from Cambodia to the Philippines have echoed terms like “fake news” in the midst of crackdowns on press freedom. And the rhetoric has sometimes resulted in harassment of individual journalists in the U.S., where CPJ is aware of several journalists who say they were harassed or threatened online after being singled out on Twitter by Trump. CPJ’s database of tweets can be viewed here and our methodology can be found here . CPJ found that the focus of the tweets has shifted dramatically. During the campaign, Trump frequently called out specific journalists by name or Twitter handle, accounting for over a third of his negative tweets about the press during that period. This trend declined in the months leading up to the election and, since taking office, his focus shifted instead to the media as a whole, accounting for 63 percent of his tweets about the press in the first two years of his presidency, compared with 23 percent as a candidate. The overall number and rate of Trump’s tweeting has also decreased since he took office. However, those targeted at the press constitute a larger percentage of his total tweets during his presidency. Nine percent of all original tweets during his candidacy contained negative rhetoric about the press, compared with 11 percent in his first two years in office. His rhetoric–increasingly targeting swaths of the press–appears to be escalating, first from the introduction of “fake news” to “opposition party” and his use of “enemy of the people.” The term “fake news” did not appear in Trump’s tweets until after he was elected. It was used for the first time in December 2016. It came into more frequent use in January 2017, in reference first to leaked reports on Russian hacking and then to reports on his inauguration and approval ratings. Overall, in each of the first two years in office the term was used in over half his negative tweets about the press. Trump’s use of the term “enemy of the people” was first used on February 17, 2017, one day after the Trump campaign team distributed a survey urging supporters to “do your part to fight back against the media’s attacks and deceptions.” Trump uses his tweets to respond and react to critical coverage or investigative reporting. The months where tweets critical of the press accounted for the highest percentage of all original tweets posted were: January 2017 (15 percent): In response to reports on the Intelligence Community Assessment’s confirmation of Russian hacking. February 2017 (19 percent): In response to reports about his election win, emerging news about Russian hacking, and leakers. March 2017 (17 percent): In response to reports about infighting within the Trump administration, the leak of part of his tax returns, and Russian hacking. October 2017 (15 percent): In response to reports on hurricane relief in Puerto Rico, Rex Tillerson allegedly threatening to resign, and a perceived lack of positive economic coverage. December 2017 (16 percent): In response to focusing on reporting on collusion with Russia, the Republican tax reform, and reviews of Trump’s first year in office). Trump insulted individual journalists via Twitter 280 times as a candidate. CPJ has documented cases of several journalists who said after being targeted by him on Twitter they were harassed or doxxed. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump has cited specific journalists 48 times. Notable exceptions to this sharp decline took place in January and September 2018, when Trump tweeted about Michael Wolff and Bob Woodward when their books on the president and his administration were released. The database showed that the outlets targeted the most–either directly or through tweets about their journalists–were the New York Times and CNN, with Fox News coming in third. During the Republican primaries, Fox was a frequent target , cited in 148 tweets. Of these, Fox broadcaster Megyn Kelly was the primary target in nearly half, cited in 64 tweets, after the first Republican presidential debate in 2016, where she questioned Trump about the derogatory language he uses against women. In the weeks following the debate , Trump tweeted negative comments about Kelly, including insulting her both personally and professionally. Trump also targeted other conservative-leaning outlets during this period, including The Blaze , The Weekly Standard , RedState , and the National Review . Trump has also used Twitter to accuse the press of falsifying anonymous sources. Trump tweeted about “phony,” “nonexistent,” or “made up” sources on five occasions during his candidacy, all of which were posted in the three months between winning the Republican primary and the election. This number doubled to 11 instances in his first year in office and then again to 27 in his second year as his administration was plagued with leaks and the investigation being led by Robert Mueller. In the wake of the Annapolis shooting in June, CPJ, press freedom advocates, and media outlets called on Trump to moderate his rhetoric. However, five days after the shooting Trump called the “Fake News” the “Opposition party,” and 17 days after, he tweeted that “much of our news media is indeed the enemy of the people.” The moniker “enemy of the people” appeared in only four tweets during his first year in office. In his second year, the number was 21, nearly all after Annapolis. Methodology: CPJ’s database of Trump’s tweets includes posts from June 16, 2015 to January 19, 2019. The database includes tweets that CPJ judged to be insulting, denigrating, threatening, that asserted bias, made accusations of false reporting, or called for outlets and or staff to be boycotted or fired. CPJ classified primary targets as the individual, newsroom, or news media as a whole named in a tweet, and secondary targets as the outlet where a specific journalist named in a tweet worked. The database includes retweets only when Trump added a comment as well as “manual retweets” in which Trump copied and pasted another user’s tweet in quotes from his account. EDITOR’S NOTE: The seventh paragraph of this blog has been updated to correct that Trump used the term “enemy of the people” one day after a survey was sent to Trump supporters in February 2017. Stephanie Sugars is CPJ’s North America research assistant. Her freelance work has been published in several international outlets, including Al Jazeera and Open Democracy. Sugars graduated from New York University with Masters degrees in journalism and international relations in May 2018.
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Trump uses Twitter to make policy announcements and also to rail against critical press coverage. (STF/AFP)](https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/AFP_Twitter_1.jpg?w=750) A woman looks at the Twitter feed of President Donald Trump in November 2018. Trump uses Twitter to make policy announcements and also to rail against critical press coverage. (STF/AFP) [Features & Analysis](https://cpj.org/features-and-analysis/) # From fake news to enemy of the people: An anatomy of Trump’s tweets By [Stephanie Sugars, CPJ North America Research Assistant](https://cpj.org/author/stephanie-sugars-cpj-north-america-research-assistant/ "Posts by Stephanie Sugars, CPJ North America Research Assistant") on January 30, 2019 10:00 AM EST ### Share this: - [Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=bluesky&nb=1) - [Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=facebook&nb=1) - [Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) LinkedIn](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=linkedin&nb=1) - [Share on X (Opens in new window) X](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=x&nb=1) - [Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=jetpack-whatsapp&nb=1) - [Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email](mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20From%20fake%20news%20to%20enemy%20of%20the%20people%3A%20An%20anatomy%20of%20Trump%27s%20tweets&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F%3Fp%3D33969&share=email&nb=1) ### Share this: - [Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=bluesky&nb=1) - [Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=facebook&nb=1) - [Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) LinkedIn](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=linkedin&nb=1) - [Share on X (Opens in new window) X](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=x&nb=1) - [Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=jetpack-whatsapp&nb=1) - [Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email](mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20From%20fake%20news%20to%20enemy%20of%20the%20people%3A%20An%20anatomy%20of%20Trump%27s%20tweets&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F%3Fp%3D33969&share=email&nb=1) Since announcing his candidacy in the 2016 presidential elections to the end of his second year in office, U.S. President Donald Trump has sent 1,339 tweets about the media that were critical, insinuating, condemning, or threatening. In lieu of formal appearances as president, Trump has tweeted over [5,400 times](http://www.trumptwitterarchive.com/archive) to his more than 55.8 million followers; over 11 percent of these insulted or criticized journalists and outlets, or condemned and denigrated the news media as a whole. To better monitor this negative rhetoric, CPJ’s North America program created a database to track tweets in which Trump mentioned the [media](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/940930017365778432), [individual](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/710510524031746052) [journalists](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/737784398515441664), [news](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/630464204676460544) [outlets](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/881503147168071680), or [journalistic](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/781755469488615424) [sources](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/764529295901528064) in a negative tone. The president’s tweets can have an impact and consequences for the press both at home and abroad. His rhetoric has given [cover to autocratic regimes](https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellekeetonolsen/2017/10/30/like-trump-these-southeast-asian-countries-are-using-fake-news-to-devastating-effect/#317965d73d40): world leaders from [Cambodia](https://www.voanews.com/a/cambodia-threatens-media-outlets-using-donald-trump-justification/3742602.html) to the [Philippines](https://cpj.org/2018/11/cpj-rsf-call-on-philippines-to-end-its-persecution.php) have echoed terms like “fake news” in the midst of crackdowns on press freedom. And the rhetoric has sometimes resulted in harassment of individual journalists in the U.S., where CPJ is aware of several journalists who say they were harassed or threatened online after being singled out on Twitter by Trump. CPJ’s database of tweets can be [viewed here](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LcRxPEUyJi3BaIb_WD0GDXxt4YoHi1LRUaB6ftDtDRc/edit?usp=sharing) and our methodology can be [found here](https://cpj.org/blog/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people.php#methodology). CPJ found that the focus of the tweets has shifted dramatically. During the campaign, Trump frequently called out specific journalists by name or Twitter handle, accounting for over a third of his negative tweets about the press during that period. This trend declined in the months leading up to the election and, since taking office, his focus shifted instead to the media as a whole, accounting for 63 percent of his tweets about the press in the first two years of his presidency, compared with 23 percent as a candidate. ![](https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Final_Primary_TrumpTweets.jpg) The overall number and rate of Trump’s tweeting has also decreased since he took office. However, those targeted at the press constitute a larger percentage of his total tweets during his presidency. Nine percent of all original tweets [during his candidacy](http://www.trumptwitterarchive.com/archive) contained negative rhetoric about the press, compared with 11 percent in his first two years in office. His rhetoric–increasingly targeting swaths of the press–appears to be escalating, first from the introduction of “fake news” to “opposition party” and his use of “enemy of the people.” ![](https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Final_Trump27s20Anti-PressTweets.jpg) The term “fake news” did not appear in Trump’s tweets until after he was elected. It was used for the first time in December 2016. It came into more frequent use in January 2017, in reference first to leaked reports on Russian hacking and then to reports on his inauguration and approval ratings. Overall, in each of the first two years in office the term was used in over half his negative tweets about the press. Trump’s use of the term “enemy of the people” was first used on February 17, 2017, one day after the Trump campaign team [distributed a survey](https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2017/02/16/think-media-has-crazy-liberal-bias-trump-campaign-wants-hear-from-you/0OVoyfpz3igaB67cgrAQoM/story.html) urging supporters to “do your part to fight back against the media’s attacks and deceptions.” ![](https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Final_Trump_Rhetoric.jpg) Trump uses his tweets to respond and react to critical coverage or investigative reporting. The months where tweets critical of the press accounted for the highest percentage of all original tweets posted were: - - January 2017 (15 percent): In response to reports on the Intelligence Community Assessment’s confirmation of Russian hacking. - February 2017 (19 percent): In response to reports about his election win, emerging news about Russian hacking, and leakers. - March 2017 (17 percent): In response to reports about infighting within the Trump administration, the leak of part of his tax returns, and Russian hacking. - October 2017 (15 percent): In response toreports on hurricane relief in Puerto Rico, Rex Tillerson allegedly threatening to resign, and a perceived lack of positive economic coverage. - December 2017 (16 percent): In response tofocusing on reporting on collusion with Russia, the Republican tax reform, and reviews of Trump’s first year in office). Trump insulted individual journalists via Twitter 280 times as a candidate. CPJ [has documented](https://cpj.org/blog/2016/05/why-trumps-insults-of-journalists-must-be-taken-se.php) cases of several journalists who said after being targeted by him on Twitter they were harassed or doxxed. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump has cited specific journalists 48 times. Notable exceptions to this sharp decline took place in January and September 2018, when Trump tweeted about [Michael](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/950014185299210240) [Wolff](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/952301373479104512) and [Bob](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1037173907625832448) [Woodward](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1038027233519001600) when their books on the president and his administration were released. The database showed that the outlets targeted the most–either directly or through tweets about their journalists–were the New York Times and CNN, with Fox News coming in third. During the Republican primaries, Fox was [a](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/623650953036726272) [frequent](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/630116339852673024) [target](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/646716373473853442), cited in 148tweets. Of these, Fox broadcaster Megyn Kelly was the primary target in nearly half, cited in 64 tweets, after the first Republican presidential debate in 2016,where she questioned Trump about the derogatory language he uses against women. In the weeks [following the debate](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/history-donald-trump-megyn-kelly-feud/story?id=36526503), Trump tweeted negative comments about Kelly, including insulting her both personally and professionally. Trump also targeted other conservative-leaning outlets during this period, including [The Blaze](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/652147456428212224), [The Weekly Standard](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/624204207856439297), [RedState](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/630223393774825472), and the [National Review](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/690382564494839809). Trump has also used Twitter to accuse the press of falsifying anonymous sources. Trump tweeted about “phony,” “nonexistent,” or “made up” sources on five occasions during his candidacy, all of which were posted in the three months between winning the Republican primary and the election. This number doubled to 11 instances in his first year in office and then again to 27 in his second year as his administration was plagued with leaks and the investigation being led by Robert Mueller. In the wake of the Annapolis shooting in June, CPJ, press freedom advocates, and media outlets called on Trump to moderate his rhetoric. However, five days after the shooting Trump called the “Fake News” the “Opposition party,” and 17 days after, he tweeted that “much of our news media is indeed the enemy of the people.”The moniker “enemy of the people” appeared in only four tweets during his first year in office. In his second year, the number was 21, nearly all after Annapolis. Methodology: CPJ’s database of Trump’s tweets includes posts from June 16, 2015 to January 19, 2019. The database includes tweets that CPJ judged to be insulting, denigrating, threatening, that asserted bias, made accusations of false reporting, or called for outlets and or staff to be boycotted or fired. CPJ classified primary targets as the individual, newsroom, or news media as a whole named in a tweet, and secondary targets as the outlet where a specific journalist named in a tweet worked. The database includes retweets only when Trump added a comment as well as “manual retweets” in which Trump copied and pasted another user’s tweet in quotes from his account. EDITOR’S NOTE: The seventh paragraph of this blog has been updated to correct that Trump used the term “enemy of the people” one day after a survey was sent to Trump supporters in February 2017. ### Share this: - [Share on Bluesky (Opens in new window) Bluesky](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=bluesky&nb=1) - [Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Facebook](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=facebook&nb=1) - [Share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) LinkedIn](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=linkedin&nb=1) - [Share on X (Opens in new window) X](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=x&nb=1) - [Share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window) WhatsApp](https://cpj.org/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people/?share=jetpack-whatsapp&nb=1) - [Email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email](mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20From%20fake%20news%20to%20enemy%20of%20the%20people%3A%20An%20anatomy%20of%20Trump%27s%20tweets&body=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2F%3Fp%3D33969&share=email&nb=1) Stephanie Sugars is CPJ’s North America research assistant. Her freelance work has been published in several international outlets, including Al Jazeera and Open Democracy. Sugars graduated from New York University with Masters degrees in journalism and international relations in May 2018. 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Readable Markdown	Since announcing his candidacy in the 2016 presidential elections to the end of his second year in office, U.S. President Donald Trump has sent 1,339 tweets about the media that were critical, insinuating, condemning, or threatening. In lieu of formal appearances as president, Trump has tweeted over [5,400 times](http://www.trumptwitterarchive.com/archive) to his more than 55.8 million followers; over 11 percent of these insulted or criticized journalists and outlets, or condemned and denigrated the news media as a whole. To better monitor this negative rhetoric, CPJ’s North America program created a database to track tweets in which Trump mentioned the [media](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/940930017365778432), [individual](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/710510524031746052) [journalists](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/737784398515441664), [news](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/630464204676460544) [outlets](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/881503147168071680), or [journalistic](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/781755469488615424) [sources](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/764529295901528064) in a negative tone. The president’s tweets can have an impact and consequences for the press both at home and abroad. His rhetoric has given [cover to autocratic regimes](https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellekeetonolsen/2017/10/30/like-trump-these-southeast-asian-countries-are-using-fake-news-to-devastating-effect/#317965d73d40): world leaders from [Cambodia](https://www.voanews.com/a/cambodia-threatens-media-outlets-using-donald-trump-justification/3742602.html) to the [Philippines](https://cpj.org/2018/11/cpj-rsf-call-on-philippines-to-end-its-persecution.php) have echoed terms like “fake news” in the midst of crackdowns on press freedom. And the rhetoric has sometimes resulted in harassment of individual journalists in the U.S., where CPJ is aware of several journalists who say they were harassed or threatened online after being singled out on Twitter by Trump. CPJ’s database of tweets can be [viewed here](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1LcRxPEUyJi3BaIb_WD0GDXxt4YoHi1LRUaB6ftDtDRc/edit?usp=sharing) and our methodology can be [found here](https://cpj.org/blog/2019/01/trump-twitter-press-fake-news-enemy-people.php#methodology). CPJ found that the focus of the tweets has shifted dramatically. During the campaign, Trump frequently called out specific journalists by name or Twitter handle, accounting for over a third of his negative tweets about the press during that period. This trend declined in the months leading up to the election and, since taking office, his focus shifted instead to the media as a whole, accounting for 63 percent of his tweets about the press in the first two years of his presidency, compared with 23 percent as a candidate. ![](https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Final_Primary_TrumpTweets.jpg) The overall number and rate of Trump’s tweeting has also decreased since he took office. However, those targeted at the press constitute a larger percentage of his total tweets during his presidency. Nine percent of all original tweets [during his candidacy](http://www.trumptwitterarchive.com/archive) contained negative rhetoric about the press, compared with 11 percent in his first two years in office. His rhetoric–increasingly targeting swaths of the press–appears to be escalating, first from the introduction of “fake news” to “opposition party” and his use of “enemy of the people.” ![](https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Final_Trump27s20Anti-PressTweets.jpg) The term “fake news” did not appear in Trump’s tweets until after he was elected. It was used for the first time in December 2016. It came into more frequent use in January 2017, in reference first to leaked reports on Russian hacking and then to reports on his inauguration and approval ratings. Overall, in each of the first two years in office the term was used in over half his negative tweets about the press. Trump’s use of the term “enemy of the people” was first used on February 17, 2017, one day after the Trump campaign team [distributed a survey](https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2017/02/16/think-media-has-crazy-liberal-bias-trump-campaign-wants-hear-from-you/0OVoyfpz3igaB67cgrAQoM/story.html) urging supporters to “do your part to fight back against the media’s attacks and deceptions.” ![](https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Final_Trump_Rhetoric.jpg) Trump uses his tweets to respond and react to critical coverage or investigative reporting. The months where tweets critical of the press accounted for the highest percentage of all original tweets posted were: - - January 2017 (15 percent): In response to reports on the Intelligence Community Assessment’s confirmation of Russian hacking. - February 2017 (19 percent): In response to reports about his election win, emerging news about Russian hacking, and leakers. - March 2017 (17 percent): In response to reports about infighting within the Trump administration, the leak of part of his tax returns, and Russian hacking. - October 2017 (15 percent): In response toreports on hurricane relief in Puerto Rico, Rex Tillerson allegedly threatening to resign, and a perceived lack of positive economic coverage. - December 2017 (16 percent): In response tofocusing on reporting on collusion with Russia, the Republican tax reform, and reviews of Trump’s first year in office). Trump insulted individual journalists via Twitter 280 times as a candidate. CPJ [has documented](https://cpj.org/blog/2016/05/why-trumps-insults-of-journalists-must-be-taken-se.php) cases of several journalists who said after being targeted by him on Twitter they were harassed or doxxed. During the first two years of his presidency, Trump has cited specific journalists 48 times. Notable exceptions to this sharp decline took place in January and September 2018, when Trump tweeted about [Michael](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/950014185299210240) [Wolff](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/952301373479104512) and [Bob](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1037173907625832448) [Woodward](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1038027233519001600) when their books on the president and his administration were released. The database showed that the outlets targeted the most–either directly or through tweets about their journalists–were the New York Times and CNN, with Fox News coming in third. During the Republican primaries, Fox was [a](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/623650953036726272) [frequent](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/630116339852673024) [target](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/646716373473853442), cited in 148tweets. Of these, Fox broadcaster Megyn Kelly was the primary target in nearly half, cited in 64 tweets, after the first Republican presidential debate in 2016,where she questioned Trump about the derogatory language he uses against women. In the weeks [following the debate](https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/history-donald-trump-megyn-kelly-feud/story?id=36526503), Trump tweeted negative comments about Kelly, including insulting her both personally and professionally. Trump also targeted other conservative-leaning outlets during this period, including [The Blaze](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/652147456428212224), [The Weekly Standard](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/624204207856439297), [RedState](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/630223393774825472), and the [National Review](https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/690382564494839809). Trump has also used Twitter to accuse the press of falsifying anonymous sources. Trump tweeted about “phony,” “nonexistent,” or “made up” sources on five occasions during his candidacy, all of which were posted in the three months between winning the Republican primary and the election. This number doubled to 11 instances in his first year in office and then again to 27 in his second year as his administration was plagued with leaks and the investigation being led by Robert Mueller. In the wake of the Annapolis shooting in June, CPJ, press freedom advocates, and media outlets called on Trump to moderate his rhetoric. However, five days after the shooting Trump called the “Fake News” the “Opposition party,” and 17 days after, he tweeted that “much of our news media is indeed the enemy of the people.”The moniker “enemy of the people” appeared in only four tweets during his first year in office. In his second year, the number was 21, nearly all after Annapolis. Methodology: CPJ’s database of Trump’s tweets includes posts from June 16, 2015 to January 19, 2019. The database includes tweets that CPJ judged to be insulting, denigrating, threatening, that asserted bias, made accusations of false reporting, or called for outlets and or staff to be boycotted or fired. CPJ classified primary targets as the individual, newsroom, or news media as a whole named in a tweet, and secondary targets as the outlet where a specific journalist named in a tweet worked. The database includes retweets only when Trump added a comment as well as “manual retweets” in which Trump copied and pasted another user’s tweet in quotes from his account. EDITOR’S NOTE: The seventh paragraph of this blog has been updated to correct that Trump used the term “enemy of the people” one day after a survey was sent to Trump supporters in February 2017. Stephanie Sugars is CPJ’s North America research assistant. Her freelance work has been published in several international outlets, including Al Jazeera and Open Democracy. Sugars graduated from New York University with Masters degrees in journalism and international relations in May 2018.
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