🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Direct Parameter Lookup

Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 57 (from laksa183)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa057.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/","crawl_time":1775562238,"first_indexed_time":1597866155,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"uk,org,nice!cks,\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/ s443","src_root_hash":"2740109274380393857","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE","meta_descriptions":["Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 225% of people taking antibiotics"],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Diagnosis\nDiagnosis\nAssessment\nInvestigations\nManagement\nScenario: Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated\nPrescribing information\nVancomycin\nFidaxomicin\nBackground information\nDefinition\nRisk factors\nPrevalence\nPrognosis\nComplications\nDiarrhoea - antibiotic associated: Summary\nDiarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 2–25% of people taking antibiotics, depending on the antibiotic prescribed.\nAround 20% to 30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to \nClostridioides difficile\n. Antibiotics frequently associated with\nC. difficile\ninfection (CDI) include clindamycin, cephalosporins (especially third and fourth-generation), fluoroquinolones, and broad-spectrum penicillins. \nFactors that increase the risk of CDI include increased age, frailty, previous history of CDI, exposure to other cases, concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor or other acid-suppressing drugs, and underlying co-morbidity (such as abdominal surgery, chronic renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunosuppression).\nThe complications of CDI can be severe and include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforation of the colon, sepsis, and death.\nThe severity of symptoms should be assessed and the need for hospital admission considered.\nIf \nC. difficile \nis suspected, assess whether this is a first or further episode (relapse or recurrence). \nIf infection with \nC. difficile \nis suspected, a stool sample should be taken.\nIf infection with \nC. difficile \nis not suspected or testing for \nC. difficile\n is negative:\nThe antibiotic should be stopped, if this is appropriate.\nFluid loss and symptoms should be managed as for acute gastroenteritis.\nIf CDI is suspected or confirmed:\nSuspected and non-severe infection is managed with antibiotics after advice from a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist.\nRisk of a \nC. difficile \noutbreak should be assessed — for example, among other elderly residents in a care or nursing home.\nAny antibiotics not being used to treat CDI should be stopped, if appropriate.\nFluid loss and symptoms should be managed.\nAntimotility drugs (such as loperamide) should be avoided.\nAdvice should be given on hygiene measures to minimize the spread of \nC. difficile\n.\nDiarrhoea due to \nC. difficile \ninfection should resolve in 1–2 weeks. The person will remain infectious whilst they still have symptoms, and they should stay away from work or school until they have been free from diarrhoea for 48 hours.\nSevere and fulminant CDI should be managed in hospital and referral should be considered in individuals at high risk of complications or recurrence, or if they have a recurrent infection after experiencing two previous CDI episodes.","attrs_markdown":"- [Skip to content](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/#content-start)\n- [Accessibility help](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/accessibility)\n\nMenu\n\n- [Guidance](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance)\n- [Standards and indicators](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/standards-and-indicators)\n- [Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS)](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/)\n  - [![](data:image\/svg+xml;base64,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)](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/)\n  - [Health topics A to Z](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/)\n  - [Specialities](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/specialities\/)\n  - [What's new](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/whats-new\/)\n  - [About CKS](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/about\/)\n- [British National Formulary (BNF)](https:\/\/bnf.nice.org.uk\/)\n- [BNF for Children (BNFC)](https:\/\/bnfc.nice.org.uk\/)\n- [Life sciences](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/about\/what-we-do\/life-sciences)\n- More from NICE\n  [Skip More from NICE submenu](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/#content-start)\n  \n  ## Explore more from NICE\n  - [What NICE does](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/what-nice-does)\n  - [About us](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/about-us)\n  - [Reusing our content](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/reusing-our-content)\n  - [Implementing NICE guidance](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/implementing-nice-guidance)\n  - [News, blogs and podcasts](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/news)\n  - [Contact us](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/contact-us)\n  - [Get involved](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/get-involved)\n  - [Careers](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/careers)\n  ***\n  - [Join a committee](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/get-involved\/our-committees)\n  - [Comment on a consultation](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/get-involved\/consultations)\n  \n  Close menu\n\n1. [NICE](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/)\n2. [CKS](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/)\n3. [Health topics A to Z](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/)\n4. Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated\n\n# Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated\nLast revised in May 2025\n\nDiarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 225% of people taking antibiotics\n\nPrint this page\n\nSummary\n\n- [Summary](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/)\n- [Have I got the right topic?](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/have-i-got-the-right-topic\/)\n- [How up-to-date is this topic?](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/how-up-to-date-is-this-topic\/)\n- [Goals and outcome measures](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/goals-outcome-measures\/)\n- [Background information](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/)\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/diagnosis\/)\n- [Management](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/management\/)\n- [Prescribing information](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/prescribing-information\/)\n- [Supporting evidence](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/supporting-evidence\/)\n- [How this topic was developed](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/how-this-topic-was-developed\/)\n- [References](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/references\/)\n\n## Diagnosis\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/diagnosis\/diagnosis\/)\n- [Assessment](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/diagnosis\/assessment\/)\n- [Investigations](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/diagnosis\/investigations\/)\n\n## Management\n- [Scenario: Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/management\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/)\n\n## Prescribing information\n- [Vancomycin](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/prescribing-information\/vancomycin\/)\n- [Fidaxomicin](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/prescribing-information\/fidaxomicin\/)\n\n## Background information\n- [Definition](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/definition\/)\n- [Risk factors](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/risk-factors\/)\n- [Prevalence](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/prevalence\/)\n- [Prognosis](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/prognosis\/)\n- [Complications](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/complications\/)\n\n## Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated: Summary\n- Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 2–25% of people taking antibiotics, depending on the antibiotic prescribed.\n- Around 20% to 30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to *Clostridioides difficile*. Antibiotics frequently associated with *C. difficile* infection (CDI) include clindamycin, cephalosporins (especially third and fourth-generation), fluoroquinolones, and broad-spectrum penicillins.\n- Factors that increase the risk of CDI include increased age, frailty, previous history of CDI, exposure to other cases, concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor or other acid-suppressing drugs, and underlying co-morbidity (such as abdominal surgery, chronic renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunosuppression).\n- The complications of CDI can be severe and include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforation of the colon, sepsis, and death.\n- The severity of symptoms should be assessed and the need for hospital admission considered.\n- If *C. difficile* is suspected, assess whether this is a first or further episode (relapse or recurrence).\n- If infection with *C. difficile* is suspected, a stool sample should be taken.\n- If infection with *C. difficile* is not suspected or testing for *C. difficile* is negative:\n  - The antibiotic should be stopped, if this is appropriate.\n  - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed as for acute gastroenteritis.\n- If CDI is suspected or confirmed:\n  - Suspected and non-severe infection is managed with antibiotics after advice from a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist.\n  - Risk of a *C. difficile* outbreak should be assessed — for example, among other elderly residents in a care or nursing home.\n  - Any antibiotics not being used to treat CDI should be stopped, if appropriate.\n  - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed.\n  - Antimotility drugs (such as loperamide) should be avoided.\n  - Advice should be given on hygiene measures to minimize the spread of *C. difficile*.\n- Diarrhoea due to *C. difficile* infection should resolve in 1–2 weeks. The person will remain infectious whilst they still have symptoms, and they should stay away from work or school until they have been free from diarrhoea for 48 hours.\n- Severe and fulminant CDI should be managed in hospital and referral should be considered in individuals at high risk of complications or recurrence, or if they have a recurrent infection after experiencing two previous CDI episodes.\n\nThe content on the NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries site (CKS) is the copyright of [Clarity Informatics Limited (trading as Agilio Software Primary Care)](https:\/\/agiliosoftware.com\/primary-care\/). By using CKS, you agree to the licence set out in the [CKS End User Licence Agreement](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/terms-and-conditions\/cks-end-user-licence-agreement).\n\n[Back to top](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/#top)\n\n- [Guidance](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance)\n- [Standards and indicators](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/standards-and-indicators)\n- [Clinical Knowledge Summaries (CKS) Clinical Knowledge SummariesClinical Knowledge Summaries](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/)\n- [British National Formulary (BNF) British National FormularyBritish National Formulary](https:\/\/bnf.nice.org.uk\/)\n- [BNF for Children (BNFC) British National Formulary for ChildrenBritish National Formulary for Children](https:\/\/bnfc.nice.org.uk\/)\n- [Life sciences](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/about\/what-we-do\/life-sciences)\n- [Library and knowledge services](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/library-and-knowledge-services)\n\n- [What NICE does](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/what-nice-does)\n- [Implementing NICE guidance](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/implementing-nice-guidance)\n- [Get involved](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/get-involved)\n- [About us](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/about-us)\n- [Careers](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/careers)\n- [News, blogs and podcasts](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/news)\n- [Newsletters and alerts](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/nice-newsletters-and-alerts)\n- [Contact us](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/contact-us)\n- [Leave feedback](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/forms\/leave-feedback)\n- [Reusing our content](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/reusing-our-content)\n- [NICE UK Open Content Licence](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/forms\/use-of-nice-content-in-the-uk)\n- [Syndicate our content](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/about\/what-we-do\/nice-syndication-api)\n- [Events](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/events)\n\n- [Facebook](https:\/\/en-gb.facebook.com\/NationalInstituteforHealthandCareExcellence\/)\n- [X](https:\/\/x.com\/NICEcomms)\n- [YouTube](https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/NICEmedia)\n- [LinkedIn](https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/national-institute-for-health-and-clinical-excellence)\n\n- [Accessibility](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/accessibility)\n- [Freedom of information](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/freedom-of-information)\n- [Glossary](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/glossary)\n- [Terms and conditions](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/terms-and-conditions)\n- [Privacy notice](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/privacy-notice)\n- [Cookies](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/cookies)\n\n© NICE 2026. All rights reserved. Subject to [Notice of rights](https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/terms-and-conditions#notice-of-rights).","attrs_readable_markdown":"## Diagnosis\n- [Diagnosis](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/diagnosis\/diagnosis\/)\n- [Assessment](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/diagnosis\/assessment\/)\n- [Investigations](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/diagnosis\/investigations\/)\n\n## Management\n- [Scenario: Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/management\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/)\n\n## Prescribing information\n- [Vancomycin](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/prescribing-information\/vancomycin\/)\n- [Fidaxomicin](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/prescribing-information\/fidaxomicin\/)\n\n## Background information\n- [Definition](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/definition\/)\n- [Risk factors](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/risk-factors\/)\n- [Prevalence](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/prevalence\/)\n- [Prognosis](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/prognosis\/)\n- [Complications](https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated\/background-information\/complications\/)\n\n## Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated: Summary\n- Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 2–25% of people taking antibiotics, depending on the antibiotic prescribed.\n- Around 20% to 30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to *Clostridioides difficile*. Antibiotics frequently associated with *C. difficile* infection (CDI) include clindamycin, cephalosporins (especially third and fourth-generation), fluoroquinolones, and broad-spectrum penicillins.\n- Factors that increase the risk of CDI include increased age, frailty, previous history of CDI, exposure to other cases, concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor or other acid-suppressing drugs, and underlying co-morbidity (such as abdominal surgery, chronic renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunosuppression).\n- The complications of CDI can be severe and include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforation of the colon, sepsis, and death.\n- The severity of symptoms should be assessed and the need for hospital admission considered.\n- If *C. difficile* is suspected, assess whether this is a first or further episode (relapse or recurrence).\n- If infection with *C. difficile* is suspected, a stool sample should be taken.\n- If infection with *C. difficile* is not suspected or testing for *C. difficile* is negative:\n  - The antibiotic should be stopped, if this is appropriate.\n  - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed as for acute gastroenteritis.\n- If CDI is suspected or confirmed:\n  - Suspected and non-severe infection is managed with antibiotics after advice from a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist.\n  - Risk of a *C. difficile* outbreak should be assessed — for example, among other elderly residents in a care or nursing home.\n  - Any antibiotics not being used to treat CDI should be stopped, if appropriate.\n  - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed.\n  - Antimotility drugs (such as loperamide) should be avoided.\n  - Advice should be given on hygiene measures to minimize the spread of *C. difficile*.\n- Diarrhoea due to *C. difficile* infection should resolve in 1–2 weeks. The person will remain infectious whilst they still have symptoms, and they should stay away from work or school until they have been free from diarrhoea for 48 hours.\n- Severe and fulminant CDI should be managed in hospital and referral should be considered in individuals at high risk of complications or recurrence, or if they have a recurrent infection after experiencing two previous CDI episodes.","meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

1 day ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	0 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/
Last Crawled	2026-04-07 11:43:58 (1 day ago)
First Indexed	2020-08-19 19:42:35 (5 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated \| Health topics A to Z \| CKS \| NICE
Meta Description	Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 225% of people taking antibiotics
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Diagnosis Diagnosis Assessment Investigations Management Scenario: Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated Prescribing information Vancomycin Fidaxomicin Background information Definition Risk factors Prevalence Prognosis Complications Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated: Summary Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 2–25% of people taking antibiotics, depending on the antibiotic prescribed. Around 20% to 30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to Clostridioides difficile . Antibiotics frequently associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) include clindamycin, cephalosporins (especially third and fourth-generation), fluoroquinolones, and broad-spectrum penicillins. Factors that increase the risk of CDI include increased age, frailty, previous history of CDI, exposure to other cases, concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor or other acid-suppressing drugs, and underlying co-morbidity (such as abdominal surgery, chronic renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunosuppression). The complications of CDI can be severe and include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforation of the colon, sepsis, and death. The severity of symptoms should be assessed and the need for hospital admission considered. If C. difficile is suspected, assess whether this is a first or further episode (relapse or recurrence). If infection with C. difficile is suspected, a stool sample should be taken. If infection with C. difficile is not suspected or testing for C. difficile is negative: The antibiotic should be stopped, if this is appropriate. Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed as for acute gastroenteritis. If CDI is suspected or confirmed: Suspected and non-severe infection is managed with antibiotics after advice from a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist. Risk of a C. difficile outbreak should be assessed — for example, among other elderly residents in a care or nursing home. Any antibiotics not being used to treat CDI should be stopped, if appropriate. Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed. Antimotility drugs (such as loperamide) should be avoided. Advice should be given on hygiene measures to minimize the spread of C. difficile . Diarrhoea due to C. difficile infection should resolve in 1–2 weeks. The person will remain infectious whilst they still have symptoms, and they should stay away from work or school until they have been free from diarrhoea for 48 hours. Severe and fulminant CDI should be managed in hospital and referral should be considered in individuals at high risk of complications or recurrence, or if they have a recurrent infection after experiencing two previous CDI episodes.
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Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated # Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated Last revised in May 2025 Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 225% of people taking antibiotics Print this page Summary - [Summary](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/) - [Have I got the right topic?](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/have-i-got-the-right-topic/) - [How up-to-date is this topic?](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/how-up-to-date-is-this-topic/) - [Goals and outcome measures](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/goals-outcome-measures/) - [Background information](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/) - [Diagnosis](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/diagnosis/) - [Management](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/management/) - [Prescribing information](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/prescribing-information/) - [Supporting evidence](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/supporting-evidence/) - [How this topic was developed](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/how-this-topic-was-developed/) - [References](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/references/) ## Diagnosis - [Diagnosis](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/diagnosis/diagnosis/) - [Assessment](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/diagnosis/assessment/) - [Investigations](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/diagnosis/investigations/) ## Management - [Scenario: Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/management/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/) ## Prescribing information - [Vancomycin](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/prescribing-information/vancomycin/) - [Fidaxomicin](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/prescribing-information/fidaxomicin/) ## Background information - [Definition](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/definition/) - [Risk factors](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/risk-factors/) - [Prevalence](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/prevalence/) - [Prognosis](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/prognosis/) - [Complications](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/complications/) ## Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated: Summary - Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 2–25% of people taking antibiotics, depending on the antibiotic prescribed. - Around 20% to 30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to Clostridioides difficile. Antibiotics frequently associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) include clindamycin, cephalosporins (especially third and fourth-generation), fluoroquinolones, and broad-spectrum penicillins. - Factors that increase the risk of CDI include increased age, frailty, previous history of CDI, exposure to other cases, concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor or other acid-suppressing drugs, and underlying co-morbidity (such as abdominal surgery, chronic renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunosuppression). - The complications of CDI can be severe and include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforation of the colon, sepsis, and death. - The severity of symptoms should be assessed and the need for hospital admission considered. - If C. difficile is suspected, assess whether this is a first or further episode (relapse or recurrence). - If infection with C. difficile is suspected, a stool sample should be taken. - If infection with C. difficile is not suspected or testing for C. difficile is negative: - The antibiotic should be stopped, if this is appropriate. - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed as for acute gastroenteritis. - If CDI is suspected or confirmed: - Suspected and non-severe infection is managed with antibiotics after advice from a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist. - Risk of a C. difficile outbreak should be assessed — for example, among other elderly residents in a care or nursing home. - Any antibiotics not being used to treat CDI should be stopped, if appropriate. - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed. - Antimotility drugs (such as loperamide) should be avoided. - Advice should be given on hygiene measures to minimize the spread of C. difficile. - Diarrhoea due to C. difficile infection should resolve in 1–2 weeks. The person will remain infectious whilst they still have symptoms, and they should stay away from work or school until they have been free from diarrhoea for 48 hours. - Severe and fulminant CDI should be managed in hospital and referral should be considered in individuals at high risk of complications or recurrence, or if they have a recurrent infection after experiencing two previous CDI episodes. The content on the NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries site (CKS) is the copyright of [Clarity Informatics Limited (trading as Agilio Software Primary Care)](https://agiliosoftware.com/primary-care/). By using CKS, you agree to the licence set out in the [CKS End User Licence Agreement](https://www.nice.org.uk/terms-and-conditions/cks-end-user-licence-agreement). 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Readable Markdown	## Diagnosis - [Diagnosis](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/diagnosis/diagnosis/) - [Assessment](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/diagnosis/assessment/) - [Investigations](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/diagnosis/investigations/) ## Management - [Scenario: Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/management/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/) ## Prescribing information - [Vancomycin](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/prescribing-information/vancomycin/) - [Fidaxomicin](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/prescribing-information/fidaxomicin/) ## Background information - [Definition](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/definition/) - [Risk factors](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/risk-factors/) - [Prevalence](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/prevalence/) - [Prognosis](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/prognosis/) - [Complications](https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/diarrhoea-antibiotic-associated/background-information/complications/) ## Diarrhoea - antibiotic associated: Summary - Diarrhoea is a common consequence of treatment with antibiotics, occurring in 2–25% of people taking antibiotics, depending on the antibiotic prescribed. - Around 20% to 30% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea are due to Clostridioides difficile. Antibiotics frequently associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) include clindamycin, cephalosporins (especially third and fourth-generation), fluoroquinolones, and broad-spectrum penicillins. - Factors that increase the risk of CDI include increased age, frailty, previous history of CDI, exposure to other cases, concomitant use of a proton pump inhibitor or other acid-suppressing drugs, and underlying co-morbidity (such as abdominal surgery, chronic renal disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and immunosuppression). - The complications of CDI can be severe and include pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, perforation of the colon, sepsis, and death. - The severity of symptoms should be assessed and the need for hospital admission considered. - If C. difficile is suspected, assess whether this is a first or further episode (relapse or recurrence). - If infection with C. difficile is suspected, a stool sample should be taken. - If infection with C. difficile is not suspected or testing for C. difficile is negative: - The antibiotic should be stopped, if this is appropriate. - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed as for acute gastroenteritis. - If CDI is suspected or confirmed: - Suspected and non-severe infection is managed with antibiotics after advice from a microbiologist or infectious diseases specialist. - Risk of a C. difficile outbreak should be assessed — for example, among other elderly residents in a care or nursing home. - Any antibiotics not being used to treat CDI should be stopped, if appropriate. - Fluid loss and symptoms should be managed. - Antimotility drugs (such as loperamide) should be avoided. - Advice should be given on hygiene measures to minimize the spread of C. difficile. - Diarrhoea due to C. difficile infection should resolve in 1–2 weeks. The person will remain infectious whilst they still have symptoms, and they should stay away from work or school until they have been free from diarrhoea for 48 hours. - Severe and fulminant CDI should be managed in hospital and referral should be considered in individuals at high risk of complications or recurrence, or if they have a recurrent infection after experiencing two previous CDI episodes.
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