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Calculated Shard: 47 (from laksa012)

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curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa047.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/","crawl_time":1775010287,"first_indexed_time":1768529175,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"com,civilengghub!\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/ s443","src_root_hash":"7503289592944799647","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics","meta_descriptions":["Explore the principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in fluid mechanics, pressure variation with depth, and how it is related to absolute pressure."],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"What you’ll learn\nPrinciples of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\nWhat is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\nUnderstanding Pressure in Fluids\nUnits of Pressure:\nHydrostatic Pressure\nPressure Variation with Depth\nHow do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?\nAbsolute, Atm and Gage Pressure\n1. Atmospheric Pressure\n2. Absolute Pressure\n3. Gauge Pressure\nReferences:\nWhat is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\nHydrostatic Pressure\nis the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It increases linearly with depth and acts equally in all directions at any given point in the fluid.\nHydrostatic pressure is significant especially in applications like\ndam analysis\n,\nhydraulic jump\n, and also\nlateral earth pressure\nin geotechnical engineering especially if there is a situation where near water source is involved.\nUnderstanding\nPressure in Fluids\nPressure is defined as the force exerted by a fluid per unit area.\n \n \nUnits of Pressure:\n1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N\/m²\n1 bar = Pa\n1 atm = 101.325 kPa\n1 atm = 14.7 psi\nIf the pressure distribution is non-uniform, it can be represented as the sum of differential pressures:\nHydrostatic Pressure\nHydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight. It increases with depth and is given by the formula:\n \n \nwhere:\nPressure Variation with Depth\nThe\npressure at a point\nof a static homogenous fluid is the same in all directions.\nAlso,\npressure in a fluid increases with depth\n, thus, the formula is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation:\nHow do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?\nIdentify Fluid Density\nMeasure depth: FInd the vertical distance (h) from free surface\nAbsolute, Atm and Gage Pressure\n1. Atmospheric Pressure\nis the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It varies with altitude and weather conditions. At sea level, the standard atmospheric pressure is:\n101.325 kPa\n(kilopascals)\n1 atm\n(atmosphere)\n760 mmHg\n(millimeters of mercury)\n14.7 psi\n(pounds per square inch)\nTake note:\natmospheric pressure changes with elevation.\n2. Absolute Pressure\nAbsolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum, meaning it includes atmospheric pressure. It is the true pressure within a system and is calculated as:\n \n \n3.\nGauge Pressure\nGauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It indicates the pressure above or below the atmospheric level.\nGauge pressure can be positive or negative:\nPositive gauge pressure\noccurs when the measured pressure is above atmospheric pressure (e.g., in a pressurized tank).\nNegative gauge pressure (vacuum pressure)\noccurs when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure.\nEXAMPLE 1.0\nIf a liquid has depth of 3 meters, and in this depth is a pressure of 20 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the liquid?\nEXAMPLE 2.0\nIf the pressure point in the ocean is 120 kPa, what is the pressure 30 m below this point?\nReferences:\nWhite, F. M. (2017). Fluid mechanics (7th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.‌\nSchaschke, C. J. (2015). Solved Practical Problems in Fluid Mechanics. CRC Press.‌\n📍\nThis post is part of\nFLUID MECHANICS COMPLETE\nLessons.\nAlso, if you want to avail the complete Cheat Sheet just click the “image” below.","attrs_markdown":"[Skip to content](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#main)\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/)\n- [Cheat Sheets](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/civil-engineering-cheat-sheets\/)\n- [Geotechnical Engineering](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/geotechnical-engineering\/)\n- [Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics-courses\/)\n- [About](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/about-cehub\/)\n\n[Shopping cart\\$0.00 0](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/cart\/)\n\n[![CEHub](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![CEHub](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/My-Weekly-Planner_20250426_180003_0001-2.jpg)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/)\n\n- [Home](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/)\n- [Cheat Sheets](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/civil-engineering-cheat-sheets\/)\n- [Geotechnical Engineering](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/geotechnical-engineering\/)\n- [Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics-courses\/)\n- [About](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/about-cehub\/)\n\nSearch\n\n[Home](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/) \\> [Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/category\/fluid-mechanics\/) \\> Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\n\n[![CEHub](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![CEHub](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/My-Weekly-Planner_20250426_180003_0001-2.jpg)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/)\n\nSearch\n\nMenu\n\n# Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\n## Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\n**What you’ll learn**\n\n- [Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#principle)\n- [What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#what-is-hydrostatic-pressure-in-fluid-mechanics)\n- [Understanding Pressure in Fluids](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#understanding-pressure-in-fluids)\n  - [Units of Pressure:](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#units-of-pressure)\n- [Hydrostatic Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#hydrostatic-pressure)\n- [Pressure Variation with Depth](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#pressure-variation-with-depth)\n- [How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#how)\n- [Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#absolute-atm-and-gage-pressure)\n  - [1\\. Atmospheric Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#1-atmospheric-pressure)\n  - [2\\. Absolute Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#2-absolute-pressure)\n  - [3\\. Gauge Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#3-gauge-pressure)\n- [References:](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#references)\n## What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\n> [Hydrostatic Pressure](https:\/\/byjus.com\/physics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/) is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It increases linearly with depth and acts equally in all directions at any given point in the fluid.\n\nHydrostatic pressure is significant especially in applications like [dam analysis](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/dams-with-meaning-formulas-example\/), [hydraulic jump](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/hydraulic-jumps\/), and also [lateral earth pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/lateral-earth-pressure\/) in geotechnical engineering especially if there is a situation where near water source is involved.\n\n## Understanding Pressure in Fluids\n![Hydrostatic pressure in fluid mechanics ](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)\n\n![Hydrostatic pressure in fluid mechanics ](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Pictures-small-1.png)\n\n- Pressure is defined as the force exerted by a fluid per unit area.\n\n![\\\\\\[P=\\\\frac{Force}{Area}=\\\\frac{F}{A}\\\\\\]](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\\\\\[P=\\\\frac{Force}{Area}=\\\\frac{F}{A}\\\\\\]](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8f64ef5b98a388e08ef265fd64a62ec1_l3.png)\n\n### Units of Pressure:\n- 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N\/m²\n- 1 bar = Pa\n- 1 atm = 101.325 kPa\n- 1 atm = 14.7 psi\n\nIf the pressure distribution is non-uniform, it can be represented as the sum of differential pressures:\n\n## Hydrostatic Pressure\nHydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight. It increases with depth and is given by the formula:\n\n![\\\\\\[P=\\\\rhogh\\\\\\]](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\\\\\[P=\\\\rhogh\\\\\\]](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2da22f78417156fb23d65857fa02aaa7_l3.png)\n\nwhere:  \n![P = Hydrostatic \\\\; pressure \\\\: (Pa)](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![P = Hydrostatic \\\\; pressure \\\\: (Pa)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ab439d31133c2ad70073917cb704258_l3.png)  \n![\\\\rho = Fluid \\\\: density \\\\: (kg\/m^3)](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\\\rho = Fluid \\\\: density \\\\: (kg\/m^3)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-47d66a7001777394b637adec85123889_l3.png)  \n![g = Acceleration \\\\: due \\\\: to \\\\: gravity \\\\: (9.81 m\/s\\&sup2;)](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![g = Acceleration \\\\: due \\\\: to \\\\: gravity \\\\: (9.81 m\/s\\&sup2;)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1825c3e79466919e458aa66c5a727e87_l3.png)  \n![h = Depth \\\\: of \\\\: the \\\\: fluid \\\\: (m)](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![h = Depth \\\\: of \\\\: the \\\\: fluid \\\\: (m)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-defc6c3a158cb2c3ed3e875967009914_l3.png)\n\n## Pressure Variation with Depth\nThe **pressure at a point** of a static homogenous fluid is the same in all directions.\n\n![Pressure Variation with Depth ](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)\n\n![Pressure Variation with Depth ](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1000011010-1-1024x632.jpg)\n\nAlso, **pressure in a fluid increases with depth**, thus, the formula is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation:\n\n![1000016126](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)\n\n![1000016126](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1000016126.jpg)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P=P_{o}+\\rho&space;gh)\n\n## How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?\n1. Identify Fluid Density\n2. Measure depth: FInd the vertical distance (h) from free surface\n3. ![Apply \\\\: the \\\\: formula: P = P\\_o+\\\\rho gh](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)\n   ![Apply \\\\: the \\\\: formula: P = P\\_o+\\\\rho gh](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-606dcfa2cd11ef83f8c3e32c65222976_l3.png)\n## Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure\n### 1\\. Atmospheric Pressure\nis the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It varies with altitude and weather conditions. At sea level, the standard atmospheric pressure is:\n\n- **101\\.325 kPa** (kilopascals)\n- **1 atm** (atmosphere)\n- **760 mmHg** (millimeters of mercury)\n- **14\\.7 psi** (pounds per square inch)\n\nTake note: atmospheric pressure changes with elevation.\n\n### 2\\. Absolute Pressure\nAbsolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum, meaning it includes atmospheric pressure. It is the true pressure within a system and is calculated as:\n\n![\\\\\\[ P\\_{abs}=P\\_{gauge}+P\\_{atm}\\\\\\]](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\\\\\[ P\\_{abs}=P\\_{gauge}+P\\_{atm}\\\\\\]](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c745fc6385dc16bea3824518ff1b6471_l3.png)\n\n### 3\\. **Gauge Pressure**\nGauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It indicates the pressure above or below the atmospheric level. **Gauge pressure can be positive or negative:**\n\n- **Positive gauge pressure** occurs when the measured pressure is above atmospheric pressure (e.g., in a pressurized tank).\n- **Negative gauge pressure (vacuum pressure)** occurs when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure.\n***\nEXAMPLE 1.0\n\nIf a liquid has depth of 3 meters, and in this depth is a pressure of 20 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the liquid?\n\n![P= \\\\gammah](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![P= \\\\gammah](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1f80dccbfb87bab55866204ec409038b_l3.png)\n\n![20 = (9..81 \\\\cdot s)(3)](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![20 = (9..81 \\\\cdot s)(3)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-62a534a71dc4834c7e8eb34078fcb781_l3.png)\n\n![s = 0.68](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![s = 0.68](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6cdbfa229311fafd5a3c744d5a9b7e1d_l3.png)\n\nEXAMPLE 2.0\n\nIf the pressure point in the ocean is 120 kPa, what is the pressure 30 m below this point?\n\n![P\\_2-P\\_1=\\\\gamma h](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![P\\_2-P\\_1=\\\\gamma h](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-73f45e61e3a1d2210efd02b9ac9517db_l3.png)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_2=120+\$9.81\\cdot1.03\$\$30\$\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,{\\color{Blue}s=1.03\\,seawater})\n\n![equation](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_2=423.129\\,kPa)\n\nEXAMPLE 3.0\n\nIf the tank has an atmospheric pressure of 102.5 kPa, and the gage attached to the tank reads 256 mmHg vacuum. What is the absolute pressure within the tank?\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_{abs}=P_{atm}+P_{gage})\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_{gage}:)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_{gage}=\\gamma_{mercury}h_{mercury})\n\n![equation](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?=\$9.81\\cdot&space;13.6\$\$0.256\$)\n\n![equation](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?=34.154\\,\\,kPa\\,\\:vacuum)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_{abs}=102.5+\$-34.154\$)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_{abs}=68.346\\:kPa\\:abs)\n## References:\nWhite, F. M. (2017). Fluid mechanics (7th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.‌\n\nSchaschke, C. J. (2015). Solved Practical Problems in Fluid Mechanics. CRC Press.‌\n\n📍**This post is part of [FLUID MECHANICS COMPLETE](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics-courses\/) Lessons.** Also, if you want to avail the complete Cheat Sheet just click the “image” below.\n\n[![Fluid Mechanics Formula Cheat Sheet](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![Fluid Mechanics Formula Cheat Sheet](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1000015197-1020x1024.jpg)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/product\/fluid-mechanics-and-hydraulics-cheat-sheet\/)\n\n[**CH** 1 **: FLUID PROPERTIES**](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/basic-fluid-properties-fluids-in-mechanics\/)\n\n[**CH 3: HYDROSTATIC FORCE**](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/hydrostatic-forces-on-plain-and-curved-surfaces\/)\n\nTags\n\n[\\# Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/tag\/fluid-mechanics\/)\n\n### Live Search\n### Other topics\n### Popular Posts\n[![Thermal 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explained](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![Turbulence vs Laminar Flow in Hydraulics with reynold's number explained](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/IMG_7298-150x150.jpeg)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/reynolds-number\/)\n\n[Reynold’s number: Laminar vs Turbulent](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/reynolds-number\/)\n\n[![Bernoulli Equation explained in fluid mechanics](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![Bernoulli Equation explained in fluid mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/SmartSelect_20250608_231040_Canva-150x150.jpg)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/bernoulli-equation\/)\n\n[Bernoulli Equation in Fluid Mechanics and Civil Engineering with Formulas](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/bernoulli-equation\/)\n\n[![Understanding Hydrostatic Pressure](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![Understanding Hydrostatic Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2-150x150.png)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/)\n\n[Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/)\n\n[![Dam Analysis Blog in Fluid Mechanics](data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![Dam Analysis Blog in Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Minimal-Photocentric-Productivity-Blog-Banner-3-150x150.jpg)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/analysis-of-dams\/)\n\n[Analysis of Dams with Meaning Formulas, and Examples in 2026](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/analysis-of-dams\/)\n\nCopyright © 2026 CEHub. All rights reserved.","attrs_readable_markdown":"**What you’ll learn**\n\n- [Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#principle)\n- [What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#what-is-hydrostatic-pressure-in-fluid-mechanics)\n- [Understanding Pressure in Fluids](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#understanding-pressure-in-fluids)\n  - [Units of Pressure:](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#units-of-pressure)\n- [Hydrostatic Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#hydrostatic-pressure)\n- [Pressure Variation with Depth](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#pressure-variation-with-depth)\n- [How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#how)\n- [Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#absolute-atm-and-gage-pressure)\n  - [1\\. Atmospheric Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#1-atmospheric-pressure)\n  - [2\\. Absolute Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#2-absolute-pressure)\n  - [3\\. Gauge Pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#3-gauge-pressure)\n- [References:](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/#references)\n## What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics\n> [Hydrostatic Pressure](https:\/\/byjus.com\/physics\/hydrostatic-pressure\/) is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It increases linearly with depth and acts equally in all directions at any given point in the fluid.\n\nHydrostatic pressure is significant especially in applications like [dam analysis](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/dams-with-meaning-formulas-example\/), [hydraulic jump](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/hydraulic-jumps\/), and also [lateral earth pressure](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/lateral-earth-pressure\/) in geotechnical engineering especially if there is a situation where near water source is involved.\n\n## Understanding Pressure in Fluids\n![Hydrostatic pressure in fluid mechanics ](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Pictures-small-1.png)\n\n- Pressure is defined as the force exerted by a fluid per unit area.\n\n![\\\\\\[P=\\\\frac{Force}{Area}=\\\\frac{F}{A}\\\\\\]](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-8f64ef5b98a388e08ef265fd64a62ec1_l3.png)\n\n### Units of Pressure:\n- 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N\/m²\n- 1 bar = Pa\n- 1 atm = 101.325 kPa\n- 1 atm = 14.7 psi\n\nIf the pressure distribution is non-uniform, it can be represented as the sum of differential pressures:\n\n## Hydrostatic Pressure\nHydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight. It increases with depth and is given by the formula:\n\n![\\\\\\[P=\\\\rhogh\\\\\\]](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-2da22f78417156fb23d65857fa02aaa7_l3.png)\n\nwhere:  \n![P = Hydrostatic \\\\; pressure \\\\: (Pa)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-7ab439d31133c2ad70073917cb704258_l3.png)  \n![\\\\rho = Fluid \\\\: density \\\\: (kg\/m^3)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-47d66a7001777394b637adec85123889_l3.png)  \n![g = Acceleration \\\\: due \\\\: to \\\\: gravity \\\\: (9.81 m\/s\\&sup2;)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1825c3e79466919e458aa66c5a727e87_l3.png)  \n![h = Depth \\\\: of \\\\: the \\\\: fluid \\\\: (m)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-defc6c3a158cb2c3ed3e875967009914_l3.png)\n\n## Pressure Variation with Depth\nThe **pressure at a point** of a static homogenous fluid is the same in all directions.\n\n![Pressure Variation with Depth ](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1000011010-1-1024x632.jpg)\n\nAlso, **pressure in a fluid increases with depth**, thus, the formula is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation:\n\n![1000016126](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1000016126.jpg)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P=P_{o}+\\rho&space;gh)\n\n## How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?\n1. Identify Fluid Density\n2. Measure depth: FInd the vertical distance (h) from free surface\n3. ![Apply \\\\: the \\\\: formula: P = P\\_o+\\\\rho gh](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-606dcfa2cd11ef83f8c3e32c65222976_l3.png)\n## Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure\n### 1\\. Atmospheric Pressure\nis the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It varies with altitude and weather conditions. At sea level, the standard atmospheric pressure is:\n\n- **101\\.325 kPa** (kilopascals)\n- **1 atm** (atmosphere)\n- **760 mmHg** (millimeters of mercury)\n- **14\\.7 psi** (pounds per square inch)\n\nTake note: atmospheric pressure changes with elevation.\n\n### 2\\. Absolute Pressure\nAbsolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum, meaning it includes atmospheric pressure. It is the true pressure within a system and is calculated as:\n\n![\\\\\\[ P\\_{abs}=P\\_{gauge}+P\\_{atm}\\\\\\]](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-c745fc6385dc16bea3824518ff1b6471_l3.png)\n\n### 3\\. **Gauge Pressure**\nGauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It indicates the pressure above or below the atmospheric level. **Gauge pressure can be positive or negative:**\n\n- **Positive gauge pressure** occurs when the measured pressure is above atmospheric pressure (e.g., in a pressurized tank).\n- **Negative gauge pressure (vacuum pressure)** occurs when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure.\n***\nEXAMPLE 1.0\n\nIf a liquid has depth of 3 meters, and in this depth is a pressure of 20 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the liquid?\n\n![P= \\\\gammah](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-1f80dccbfb87bab55866204ec409038b_l3.png)\n\n![20 = (9..81 \\\\cdot s)(3)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-62a534a71dc4834c7e8eb34078fcb781_l3.png)\n\n![s = 0.68](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-6cdbfa229311fafd5a3c744d5a9b7e1d_l3.png)\n\nEXAMPLE 2.0\n\nIf the pressure point in the ocean is 120 kPa, what is the pressure 30 m below this point?\n\n![P\\_2-P\\_1=\\\\gamma h](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/ql-cache\/quicklatex.com-73f45e61e3a1d2210efd02b9ac9517db_l3.png)\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_2=120+\$9.81\\cdot1.03\$\$30\$\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,\\,{\\color{Blue}s=1.03\\,seawater})\n\n![equation](https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/svg.image?P_2=423.129\\,kPa)\n## References:\nWhite, F. M. (2017). Fluid mechanics (7th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.‌\n\nSchaschke, C. J. (2015). Solved Practical Problems in Fluid Mechanics. CRC Press.‌\n\n📍**This post is part of [FLUID MECHANICS COMPLETE](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/fluid-mechanics-courses\/) Lessons.** Also, if you want to avail the complete Cheat Sheet just click the “image” below.\n\n[![Fluid Mechanics Formula Cheat Sheet](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/1000015197-1020x1024.jpg)](https:\/\/civilengghub.com\/product\/fluid-mechanics-and-hydraulics-cheat-sheet\/)","meta_canonical":null}

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Boilerpipe Text	What you’ll learn Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics Understanding Pressure in Fluids Units of Pressure: Hydrostatic Pressure Pressure Variation with Depth How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density? Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure 1. Atmospheric Pressure 2. Absolute Pressure 3. Gauge Pressure References: What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics Hydrostatic Pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It increases linearly with depth and acts equally in all directions at any given point in the fluid. Hydrostatic pressure is significant especially in applications like dam analysis , hydraulic jump , and also lateral earth pressure in geotechnical engineering especially if there is a situation where near water source is involved. Understanding Pressure in Fluids Pressure is defined as the force exerted by a fluid per unit area. Units of Pressure: 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m² 1 bar = Pa 1 atm = 101.325 kPa 1 atm = 14.7 psi If the pressure distribution is non-uniform, it can be represented as the sum of differential pressures: Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight. It increases with depth and is given by the formula: where: Pressure Variation with Depth The pressure at a point of a static homogenous fluid is the same in all directions. Also, pressure in a fluid increases with depth , thus, the formula is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation: How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density? Identify Fluid Density Measure depth: FInd the vertical distance (h) from free surface Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure 1. Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It varies with altitude and weather conditions. At sea level, the standard atmospheric pressure is: 101.325 kPa (kilopascals) 1 atm (atmosphere) 760 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch) Take note: atmospheric pressure changes with elevation. 2. Absolute Pressure Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum, meaning it includes atmospheric pressure. It is the true pressure within a system and is calculated as: 3. Gauge Pressure Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It indicates the pressure above or below the atmospheric level. Gauge pressure can be positive or negative: Positive gauge pressure occurs when the measured pressure is above atmospheric pressure (e.g., in a pressurized tank). Negative gauge pressure (vacuum pressure) occurs when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure. EXAMPLE 1.0 If a liquid has depth of 3 meters, and in this depth is a pressure of 20 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the liquid? EXAMPLE 2.0 If the pressure point in the ocean is 120 kPa, what is the pressure 30 m below this point? References: White, F. M. (2017). Fluid mechanics (7th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.‌ Schaschke, C. J. (2015). Solved Practical Problems in Fluid Mechanics. CRC Press.‌ 📍 This post is part of FLUID MECHANICS COMPLETE Lessons. Also, if you want to avail the complete Cheat Sheet just click the “image” below.
Markdown	[Skip to content](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#main) - [Home](https://civilengghub.com/) - [Cheat Sheets](https://civilengghub.com/civil-engineering-cheat-sheets/) - [Geotechnical Engineering](https://civilengghub.com/geotechnical-engineering/) - [Fluid Mechanics](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics-courses/) - [About](https://civilengghub.com/about-cehub/) [Shopping cart\$0.00 0](https://civilengghub.com/cart/) [![CEHub](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![CEHub](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/My-Weekly-Planner_20250426_180003_0001-2.jpg)](https://civilengghub.com/) - [Home](https://civilengghub.com/) - [Cheat Sheets](https://civilengghub.com/civil-engineering-cheat-sheets/) - [Geotechnical Engineering](https://civilengghub.com/geotechnical-engineering/) - [Fluid Mechanics](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics-courses/) - [About](https://civilengghub.com/about-cehub/) Search [Home](https://civilengghub.com/) \> [Fluid Mechanics](https://civilengghub.com/category/fluid-mechanics/) \> Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics [![CEHub](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![CEHub](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/My-Weekly-Planner_20250426_180003_0001-2.jpg)](https://civilengghub.com/) Search Menu # Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics ## Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics What you’ll learn - [Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#principle) - [What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#what-is-hydrostatic-pressure-in-fluid-mechanics) - [Understanding Pressure in Fluids](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#understanding-pressure-in-fluids) - [Units of Pressure:](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#units-of-pressure) - [Hydrostatic Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#hydrostatic-pressure) - [Pressure Variation with Depth](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#pressure-variation-with-depth) - [How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#how) - [Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#absolute-atm-and-gage-pressure) - [1\. Atmospheric Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#1-atmospheric-pressure) - [2\. Absolute Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#2-absolute-pressure) - [3\. Gauge Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#3-gauge-pressure) - [References:](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#references) ## What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics > [Hydrostatic Pressure](https://byjus.com/physics/hydrostatic-pressure/) is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It increases linearly with depth and acts equally in all directions at any given point in the fluid. Hydrostatic pressure is significant especially in applications like [dam analysis](https://civilengghub.com/dams-with-meaning-formulas-example/), [hydraulic jump](https://civilengghub.com/hydraulic-jumps/), and also [lateral earth pressure](https://civilengghub.com/lateral-earth-pressure/) in geotechnical engineering especially if there is a situation where near water source is involved. ## Understanding Pressure in Fluids ![Hydrostatic pressure in fluid mechanics ](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=) ![Hydrostatic pressure in fluid mechanics ](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Pictures-small-1.png) - Pressure is defined as the force exerted by a fluid per unit area. ![\\\[P=\\frac{Force}{Area}=\\frac{F}{A}\\\]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\\[P=\\frac{Force}{Area}=\\frac{F}{A}\\\]](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-8f64ef5b98a388e08ef265fd64a62ec1_l3.png) ### Units of Pressure: - 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m² - 1 bar = Pa - 1 atm = 101.325 kPa - 1 atm = 14.7 psi If the pressure distribution is non-uniform, it can be represented as the sum of differential pressures: ## Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight. It increases with depth and is given by the formula: ![\\\[P=\\rhogh\\\]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\\[P=\\rhogh\\\]](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-2da22f78417156fb23d65857fa02aaa7_l3.png) where: ![P = Hydrostatic \\; pressure \\: (Pa)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![P = Hydrostatic \\; pressure \\: (Pa)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-7ab439d31133c2ad70073917cb704258_l3.png) ![\\rho = Fluid \\: density \\: (kg/m^3)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\rho = Fluid \\: density \\: (kg/m^3)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-47d66a7001777394b637adec85123889_l3.png) ![g = Acceleration \\: due \\: to \\: gravity \\: (9.81 m/s\²)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![g = Acceleration \\: due \\: to \\: gravity \\: (9.81 m/s\²)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-1825c3e79466919e458aa66c5a727e87_l3.png) ![h = Depth \\: of \\: the \\: fluid \\: (m)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![h = Depth \\: of \\: the \\: fluid \\: (m)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-defc6c3a158cb2c3ed3e875967009914_l3.png) ## Pressure Variation with Depth The pressure at a point of a static homogenous fluid is the same in all directions. ![Pressure Variation with Depth ](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=) ![Pressure Variation with Depth ](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1000011010-1-1024x632.jpg) Also, pressure in a fluid increases with depth, thus, the formula is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation: ![1000016126](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=) ![1000016126](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1000016126.jpg) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P=P_{o}+\rho&space;gh) ## How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density? 1. Identify Fluid Density 2. Measure depth: FInd the vertical distance (h) from free surface 3. ![Apply \\: the \\: formula: P = P\_o+\\rho gh](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=) ![Apply \\: the \\: formula: P = P\_o+\\rho gh](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-606dcfa2cd11ef83f8c3e32c65222976_l3.png) ## Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure ### 1\. Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It varies with altitude and weather conditions. At sea level, the standard atmospheric pressure is: - 101\.325 kPa (kilopascals) - 1 atm (atmosphere) - 760 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) - 14\.7 psi (pounds per square inch) Take note: atmospheric pressure changes with elevation. ### 2\. Absolute Pressure Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum, meaning it includes atmospheric pressure. It is the true pressure within a system and is calculated as: ![\\\[ P\_{abs}=P\_{gauge}+P\_{atm}\\\]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![\\\[ P\_{abs}=P\_{gauge}+P\_{atm}\\\]](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c745fc6385dc16bea3824518ff1b6471_l3.png) ### 3\. Gauge Pressure Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It indicates the pressure above or below the atmospheric level. Gauge pressure can be positive or negative: - Positive gauge pressure occurs when the measured pressure is above atmospheric pressure (e.g., in a pressurized tank). - Negative gauge pressure (vacuum pressure) occurs when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure. * EXAMPLE 1.0 If a liquid has depth of 3 meters, and in this depth is a pressure of 20 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the liquid? ![P= \\gammah](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![P= \\gammah](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-1f80dccbfb87bab55866204ec409038b_l3.png) ![20 = (9..81 \\cdot s)(3)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![20 = (9..81 \\cdot s)(3)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-62a534a71dc4834c7e8eb34078fcb781_l3.png) ![s = 0.68](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![s = 0.68](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-6cdbfa229311fafd5a3c744d5a9b7e1d_l3.png) EXAMPLE 2.0 If the pressure point in the ocean is 120 kPa, what is the pressure 30 m below this point? ![P\_2-P\_1=\\gamma h](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)![P\_2-P\_1=\\gamma h](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-73f45e61e3a1d2210efd02b9ac9517db_l3.png) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_2=120+$9.81\cdot1.03$$30$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\color{Blue}s=1.03\,seawater}) ![equation](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_2=423.129\,kPa) EXAMPLE 3.0 If the tank has an atmospheric pressure of 102.5 kPa, and the gage attached to the tank reads 256 mmHg vacuum. What is the absolute pressure within the tank? ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_{abs}=P_{atm}+P_{gage}) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_{gage}:) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_{gage}=\gamma_{mercury}h_{mercury}) ![equation](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?=$9.81\cdot&space;13.6$$0.256$) ![equation](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAMPDwwAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?=34.154\,\,kPa\,\:vacuum) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_{abs}=102.5+$-34.154$) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_{abs}=68.346\:kPa\:abs) ## References: White, F. M. (2017). Fluid mechanics (7th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.‌ Schaschke, C. J. (2015). Solved Practical Problems in Fluid Mechanics. CRC Press.‌ 📍This post is part of [FLUID MECHANICS COMPLETE](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics-courses/) Lessons. Also, if you want to avail the complete Cheat Sheet just click the “image” below. 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Readable Markdown	What you’ll learn - [Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#principle) - [What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#what-is-hydrostatic-pressure-in-fluid-mechanics) - [Understanding Pressure in Fluids](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#understanding-pressure-in-fluids) - [Units of Pressure:](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#units-of-pressure) - [Hydrostatic Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#hydrostatic-pressure) - [Pressure Variation with Depth](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#pressure-variation-with-depth) - [How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density?](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#how) - [Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#absolute-atm-and-gage-pressure) - [1\. Atmospheric Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#1-atmospheric-pressure) - [2\. Absolute Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#2-absolute-pressure) - [3\. Gauge Pressure](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#3-gauge-pressure) - [References:](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics/hydrostatic-pressure/#references) ## What is Hydrostatic Pressure in Fluid Mechanics > [Hydrostatic Pressure](https://byjus.com/physics/hydrostatic-pressure/) is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to the force of gravity. It increases linearly with depth and acts equally in all directions at any given point in the fluid. Hydrostatic pressure is significant especially in applications like [dam analysis](https://civilengghub.com/dams-with-meaning-formulas-example/), [hydraulic jump](https://civilengghub.com/hydraulic-jumps/), and also [lateral earth pressure](https://civilengghub.com/lateral-earth-pressure/) in geotechnical engineering especially if there is a situation where near water source is involved. ## Understanding Pressure in Fluids ![Hydrostatic pressure in fluid mechanics ](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Pictures-small-1.png) - Pressure is defined as the force exerted by a fluid per unit area. ![\\\[P=\\frac{Force}{Area}=\\frac{F}{A}\\\]](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-8f64ef5b98a388e08ef265fd64a62ec1_l3.png) ### Units of Pressure: - 1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m² - 1 bar = Pa - 1 atm = 101.325 kPa - 1 atm = 14.7 psi If the pressure distribution is non-uniform, it can be represented as the sum of differential pressures: ## Hydrostatic Pressure Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest due to its weight. It increases with depth and is given by the formula: ![\\\[P=\\rhogh\\\]](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-2da22f78417156fb23d65857fa02aaa7_l3.png) where: ![P = Hydrostatic \\; pressure \\: (Pa)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-7ab439d31133c2ad70073917cb704258_l3.png) ![\\rho = Fluid \\: density \\: (kg/m^3)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-47d66a7001777394b637adec85123889_l3.png) ![g = Acceleration \\: due \\: to \\: gravity \\: (9.81 m/s\²)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-1825c3e79466919e458aa66c5a727e87_l3.png) ![h = Depth \\: of \\: the \\: fluid \\: (m)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-defc6c3a158cb2c3ed3e875967009914_l3.png) ## Pressure Variation with Depth The pressure at a point of a static homogenous fluid is the same in all directions. ![Pressure Variation with Depth ](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1000011010-1-1024x632.jpg) Also, pressure in a fluid increases with depth, thus, the formula is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation: ![1000016126](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1000016126.jpg) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P=P_{o}+\rho&space;gh) ## How do you calculate hydrostatic pressure vary with fluid density? 1. Identify Fluid Density 2. Measure depth: FInd the vertical distance (h) from free surface 3. ![Apply \\: the \\: formula: P = P\_o+\\rho gh](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-606dcfa2cd11ef83f8c3e32c65222976_l3.png) ## Absolute, Atm and Gage Pressure ### 1\. Atmospheric Pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere. It varies with altitude and weather conditions. At sea level, the standard atmospheric pressure is: - 101\.325 kPa (kilopascals) - 1 atm (atmosphere) - 760 mmHg (millimeters of mercury) - 14\.7 psi (pounds per square inch) Take note: atmospheric pressure changes with elevation. ### 2\. Absolute Pressure Absolute pressure is measured relative to a perfect vacuum, meaning it includes atmospheric pressure. It is the true pressure within a system and is calculated as: ![\\\[ P\_{abs}=P\_{gauge}+P\_{atm}\\\]](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-c745fc6385dc16bea3824518ff1b6471_l3.png) ### 3\. Gauge Pressure Gauge pressure is the pressure measured relative to atmospheric pressure. It indicates the pressure above or below the atmospheric level. Gauge pressure can be positive or negative: - Positive gauge pressure occurs when the measured pressure is above atmospheric pressure (e.g., in a pressurized tank). - Negative gauge pressure (vacuum pressure) occurs when the measured pressure is below atmospheric pressure. * EXAMPLE 1.0 If a liquid has depth of 3 meters, and in this depth is a pressure of 20 kPa. What is the specific gravity of the liquid? ![P= \\gammah](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-1f80dccbfb87bab55866204ec409038b_l3.png) ![20 = (9..81 \\cdot s)(3)](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-62a534a71dc4834c7e8eb34078fcb781_l3.png) ![s = 0.68](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-6cdbfa229311fafd5a3c744d5a9b7e1d_l3.png) EXAMPLE 2.0 If the pressure point in the ocean is 120 kPa, what is the pressure 30 m below this point? ![P\_2-P\_1=\\gamma h](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/ql-cache/quicklatex.com-73f45e61e3a1d2210efd02b9ac9517db_l3.png) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_2=120+$9.81\cdot1.03$$30$\,\,\,\,\,\,\,{\color{Blue}s=1.03\,seawater}) ![equation](https://latex.codecogs.com/svg.image?P_2=423.129\,kPa) ## References: White, F. M. (2017). Fluid mechanics (7th ed.). Mcgraw-Hill Education.‌ Schaschke, C. J. (2015). Solved Practical Problems in Fluid Mechanics. CRC Press.‌ 📍This post is part of [FLUID MECHANICS COMPLETE](https://civilengghub.com/fluid-mechanics-courses/) Lessons.** Also, if you want to avail the complete Cheat Sheet just click the “image” below. [![Fluid Mechanics Formula Cheat Sheet](https://civilengghub.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/1000015197-1020x1024.jpg)](https://civilengghub.com/product/fluid-mechanics-and-hydraulics-cheat-sheet/)
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