🕷️ Crawler Inspector

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Raw Queries and Responses

1. Shard Calculation

Query:

Response:

Calculated Shard: 84 (from laksa141)

2. Crawled Status Check

Query:

curl -X POST \
  'http://laksa084.int.ahrefs:8124/' \
  -H 'Content-Type: text/plain' \
  -H 'X-ClickHouse-Database: crawler3' \
  -H 'Authorization: Basic YXBpOg==' \
  -d 'SELECT getAhrefsURLFromUnparsed(src_unparsed) AS found_url, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(download_stamp), 0) AS crawl_time, ifNull(toUnixTimestamp(props_url_first_seen), 0) AS first_indexed_time, download_http_code AS http_code, src_unparsed AS src_unparsed, src_root_hash AS src_root_hash, history_drop_reason AS history_drop_reason, meta_title AS meta_title, meta_descriptions AS meta_descriptions, attrs_boilerpipe_text AS attrs_boilerpipe_text, attrs_markdown AS attrs_markdown, attrs_readable_markdown AS attrs_readable_markdown, meta_canonical AS meta_canonical FROM crawler3.page_info_local FINAL PREWHERE (src_root_hash, src_unparsed) IN ((getAhrefsRootHashFromUnparsed(getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html\')), getAhrefsUnparsedNoserviceFromURL(\'http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html\'))) FORMAT JSONEachRow'

Response:

{"found_url":"http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html","crawl_time":1771884290,"first_indexed_time":1376002551,"http_code":200,"src_unparsed":"edu,gsu!phy-astr,hyperphysics,\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html h80","src_root_hash":"18260356090813802484","history_drop_reason":null,"meta_title":"Quarks","meta_descriptions":[],"attrs_boilerpipe_text":"Quarks and\nLeptons\nare the building blocks which build up matter, i.e., they are seen as the \"elementary particles\". In the present standard model, there are six \"flavors\" of quarks. They can successfully account for all known\nmesons\nand\nbaryons\n(over 200). The most familiar baryons are the\nproton\nand\nneutron\n, which are each constructed from up and down quarks. Quarks are observed to occur only in combinations of two quarks (mesons), three quarks (baryons). There was a recent claim of observation of particles with five quarks (\npentaquark\n), but further experimentation has not borne it out.\nQuark\nSymbol\nSpin\nCharge\nBaryon\nNumber\nS\nC\nB\nT\nMass*\nUp\nU\n1\/2\n+2\/3\n1\/3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1.7-3.3 MeV\nDown\nD\n1\/2\n-1\/3\n1\/3\n0\n0\n0\n0\n4.1-5.8 MeV\nCharm\nC\n1\/2\n+2\/3\n1\/3\n0\n+1\n0\n0\n1270 MeV\nStrange\nS\n1\/2\n-1\/3\n1\/3\n-1\n0\n0\n0\n101 MeV\nTop\nT\n1\/2\n+2\/3\n1\/3\n0\n0\n0\n+1\n172 GeV\nBottom\nB\n1\/2\n-1\/3\n1\/3\n0\n0\n-1\n0\n4.19 GeV(MS)\n4.67 GeV(1S)\n*The masses should  not be taken too seriously, because the\nconfinement of quarks\nimplies that we cannot isolate them to measure their masses in a direct way. The masses must be implied indirectly from scattering experiments. The numbers in the table are very different from numbers previously quoted and are based on the July 2010 summary in Journal of Physics G, Review of Particle Physics, Particle Data Group. A summary can be found on the\nLBL site\n. These masses represent a strong departure from earlier approaches which treated the masses for the U and D as about 1\/3 the mass of a\nproton\n, since in the quark model the proton has three quarks. The masses quoted are model dependent, and the mass of the bottom quark is quoted for two different models.\nBut in other combinations they contribute different masses.\nIn the\npion\n, an up and an anti-down quark yield a particle of only 139.6 MeV of mass energy, while in the\nrho vector meson\nthe same combination of quarks has a mass of 770 MeV! The masses of C and S are from Serway, and the T and B masses are from descriptions of the experiments in which they were discovered.\nEach of the six \"flavors\" of quarks can have three different \"\ncolors\n\". The quark forces are attractive only in \"colorless\" combinations of three quarks (baryons), quark-antiquark pairs (mesons) and possibly larger combinations such as the pentaquark that could also meet the colorless condition. Quarks undergo\ntransformations\nby the exchange of W bosons, and those transformations determine the rate and nature of the decay of hadrons by the weak interaction.\nIndex\nParticle concepts\nReferences\nSerway\nCh. 47\nRohlf\nCh. 17\nGriffiths\nCh. 1","attrs_markdown":"|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n|   | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html)  References [Serway](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quaref.html) Ch. 47  [Rohlf](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quaref.html) Ch. 17  [Griffiths](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quaref.html) Ch. 1 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| Quark | Symbol | Spin | Charge | Baryon Number | S | C | B | T | Mass\\* |\n| [Up](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c3) | U | 1\/2 | \\+2\/3 | 1\/3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1\\.7-3.3 MeV |\n| [Down](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c3) | D | 1\/2 | \\-1\/3 | 1\/3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4\\.1-5.8 MeV |\n| [Charm](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c4b) | C | 1\/2 | \\+2\/3 | 1\/3 | 0 | \\+1 | 0 | 0 | 1270 MeV |\n| [Strange](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c4) | S | 1\/2 | \\-1\/3 | 1\/3 | \\-1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 101 MeV |\n| [Top](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c5) | T | 1\/2 | \\+2\/3 | 1\/3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | \\+1 | 172 GeV |\n| [Bottom](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c7) | B | 1\/2 | \\-1\/3 | 1\/3 | 0 | 0 | \\-1 | 0 | 4\\.19 GeV(MS) 4\\.67 GeV(1S) |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| [Why \"quark\"?](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c2) | [Has anyone ever seen a quark?](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c6) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| [What is the evidence for quarks inside protons?](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/nuclear\/scatele.html#c1) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| [What is the evidence for six quarks?](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/qevid.html#c1) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n| Why \"Quark\"? The name \"quark\" was taken by Murray Gell-Mann from the book \"Finnegan's Wake\" by James Joyce. The line \"Three quarks for Muster Mark...\" appears in the fanciful book. Gell-Mann received the 1969 Nobel Prize for his work in classifying elementary particles. | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html) |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |\n|   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |\n\n|   |   |   |\n|---|---|---|\n|   | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html) |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| ![](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/imgpar\/up.png) |   | The fact that the free neutron decays ![](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/imgpar\/up2.png)  and nuclei decay by [beta decay](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/nuclear\/beta.html#c2) in processes like ![](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/imgpar\/up3.png) is thought to be the result of a more fundamental [quark process](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/qrkdec.html#c1) ![](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/imgpar\/up4.png) |\n|   |   |   |\n| [Table of quark properties](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c1) |   |   |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |   |\n|   |   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |   |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n|   | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html) |\n|   |   |\n| ![](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/forces\/imgfor\/omega.png) | The [omega-minus](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/omega.html#c1), a [baryon](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/baryon.html#c1) composed of three strange quarks, is a classic example of the need for the property called \"[color](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/forces\/color.html#c2)\" in describing particles. Since quarks are [fermions](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/spinc.html#c2) with spin 1\/2, they must obey the [Pauli exclusion principle](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/pauli.html#c2) and cannot exist in identical states. So with three strange quarks, the property which distinguishes them must be capable of at least three distinct values. |\n|   |   |\n| [Table of quark properties](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c1) |   |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |\n|   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n|   | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html) |\n|   |   |\n| [Table of quark properties](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c1) |   |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |\n|   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n|   | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html)  Reference [Ladbury](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quaref.html)  [Top quark Wiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Top_quark)  [![](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/imgpar\/exlnk.gif) D-Zero](http:\/\/www.fnal.gov\/) |\n|   |   |\n| [Table of quark properties](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c1) |   |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |\n|   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n|   | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html)  Reference [Rohlf](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quaref.html) Sec 6-6 |\n|   |   |\n| [Evidence for quarks in deep inelastic scattering](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/nuclear\/scatele.html#c1) |   |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |\n|   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |\n\n|   |   |\n|---|---|\n|   | [Index](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hframe.html)  [Particle concepts](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/parcon.html)  Reference [Rohlf](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quaref.html) Ch. 17  [Bottom quark Wiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bottom_quark)   [CP Violation Wiki](https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CP_violation) |\n|   |   |\n| [Table of quark properties](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/Particles\/quark.html#c1) |   |\n|   | [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\\(-1\\)) |\n|   |   |\n| [HyperPhysics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/hph.html)\\*\\*\\*\\*\\* [Quantum Physics](http:\/\/hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu\/hbase\/quacon.html#quacon) | *R Nave* |","attrs_readable_markdown":null,"meta_canonical":null}

3. Robots.txt Check

Query:

Response:

4. Spam/Ban Check

Query:

Response:

5. Seen Status Check

ℹ️ Skipped - page is already crawled

📄

INDEXABLE

✅

CRAWLED

1 month ago

🤖

ROBOTS ALLOWED

Page Info Filters

Filter	Status	Condition	Details
HTTP status	PASS	`download_http_code = 200`	HTTP 200
Age cutoff	PASS	`download_stamp > now() - 6 MONTH`	1.8 months ago
History drop	PASS	`isNull(history_drop_reason)`	No drop reason
Spam/ban	PASS	`fh_dont_index != 1 AND ml_spam_score = 0`	ml_spam_score=0
Canonical	PASS	`meta_canonical IS NULL OR = '' OR = src_unparsed`	Not set

Page Details

Property	Value
URL	http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html
Last Crawled	2026-02-23 22:04:50 (1 month ago)
First Indexed	2013-08-08 22:55:51 (12 years ago)
HTTP Status Code	200
Meta Title	Quarks
Meta Description	null
Meta Canonical	null
Boilerpipe Text	Quarks and Leptons are the building blocks which build up matter, i.e., they are seen as the "elementary particles". In the present standard model, there are six "flavors" of quarks. They can successfully account for all known mesons and baryons (over 200). The most familiar baryons are the proton and neutron , which are each constructed from up and down quarks. Quarks are observed to occur only in combinations of two quarks (mesons), three quarks (baryons). There was a recent claim of observation of particles with five quarks ( pentaquark ), but further experimentation has not borne it out. Quark Symbol Spin Charge Baryon Number S C B T Mass* Up U 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 0 0 0 1.7-3.3 MeV Down D 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0 0 0 0 4.1-5.8 MeV Charm C 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 +1 0 0 1270 MeV Strange S 1/2 -1/3 1/3 -1 0 0 0 101 MeV Top T 1/2 +2/3 1/3 0 0 0 +1 172 GeV Bottom B 1/2 -1/3 1/3 0 0 -1 0 4.19 GeV(MS) 4.67 GeV(1S) *The masses should not be taken too seriously, because the confinement of quarks implies that we cannot isolate them to measure their masses in a direct way. The masses must be implied indirectly from scattering experiments. The numbers in the table are very different from numbers previously quoted and are based on the July 2010 summary in Journal of Physics G, Review of Particle Physics, Particle Data Group. A summary can be found on the LBL site . These masses represent a strong departure from earlier approaches which treated the masses for the U and D as about 1/3 the mass of a proton , since in the quark model the proton has three quarks. The masses quoted are model dependent, and the mass of the bottom quark is quoted for two different models. But in other combinations they contribute different masses. In the pion , an up and an anti-down quark yield a particle of only 139.6 MeV of mass energy, while in the rho vector meson the same combination of quarks has a mass of 770 MeV! The masses of C and S are from Serway, and the T and B masses are from descriptions of the experiments in which they were discovered. Each of the six "flavors" of quarks can have three different " colors ". The quark forces are attractive only in "colorless" combinations of three quarks (baryons), quark-antiquark pairs (mesons) and possibly larger combinations such as the pentaquark that could also meet the colorless condition. Quarks undergo transformations by the exchange of W bosons, and those transformations determine the rate and nature of the decay of hadrons by the weak interaction. Index Particle concepts References Serway Ch. 47 Rohlf Ch. 17 Griffiths Ch. 1
Markdown	\| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\| \| \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) References [Serway](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quaref.html) Ch. 47 [Rohlf](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quaref.html) Ch. 17 [Griffiths](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quaref.html) Ch. 1 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| Quark \| Symbol \| Spin \| Charge \| Baryon Number \| S \| C \| B \| T \| Mass\* \| \| [Up](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c3) \| U \| 1/2 \| \+2/3 \| 1/3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1\.7-3.3 MeV \| \| [Down](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c3) \| D \| 1/2 \| \-1/3 \| 1/3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 4\.1-5.8 MeV \| \| [Charm](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c4b) \| C \| 1/2 \| \+2/3 \| 1/3 \| 0 \| \+1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 1270 MeV \| \| [Strange](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c4) \| S \| 1/2 \| \-1/3 \| 1/3 \| \-1 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| 101 MeV \| \| [Top](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c5) \| T \| 1/2 \| \+2/3 \| 1/3 \| 0 \| 0 \| 0 \| \+1 \| 172 GeV \| \| [Bottom](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c7) \| B \| 1/2 \| \-1/3 \| 1/3 \| 0 \| 0 \| \-1 \| 0 \| 4\.19 GeV(MS) 4\.67 GeV(1S) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Why "quark"?](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c2) \| [Has anyone ever seen a quark?](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c6) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [What is the evidence for quarks inside protons?](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/scatele.html#c1) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [What is the evidence for six quarks?](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/qevid.html#c1) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| Why "Quark"? The name "quark" was taken by Murray Gell-Mann from the book "Finnegan's Wake" by James Joyce. The line "Three quarks for Muster Mark..." appears in the fanciful book. Gell-Mann received the 1969 Nobel Prize for his work in classifying elementary particles. \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\|---\| \| \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| ![](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/imgpar/up.png) \| \| The fact that the free neutron decays ![](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/imgpar/up2.png) and nuclei decay by [beta decay](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/beta.html#c2) in processes like ![](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/imgpar/up3.png) is thought to be the result of a more fundamental [quark process](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/qrkdec.html#c1) ![](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/imgpar/up4.png) \| \| \| \| \| \| [Table of quark properties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c1) \| \| \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \| \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) \| \| \| \| \| ![](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/imgfor/omega.png) \| The [omega-minus](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/omega.html#c1), a [baryon](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/baryon.html#c1) composed of three strange quarks, is a classic example of the need for the property called "[color](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/color.html#c2)" in describing particles. Since quarks are [fermions](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/spinc.html#c2) with spin 1/2, they must obey the [Pauli exclusion principle](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pauli.html#c2) and cannot exist in identical states. So with three strange quarks, the property which distinguishes them must be capable of at least three distinct values. \| \| \| \| \| [Table of quark properties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c1) \| \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) \| \| \| \| \| [Table of quark properties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c1) \| \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) Reference [Ladbury](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quaref.html) [Top quark Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_quark) [![](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/imgpar/exlnk.gif) D-Zero](http://www.fnal.gov/) \| \| \| \| \| [Table of quark properties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c1) \| \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) Reference [Rohlf](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quaref.html) Sec 6-6 \| \| \| \| \| [Evidence for quarks in deep inelastic scattering](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/scatele.html#c1) \| \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \| \| \| \| \|---\|---\| \| \| [Index](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html) [Particle concepts](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/parcon.html) Reference [Rohlf](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quaref.html) Ch. 17 [Bottom quark Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_quark) [CP Violation Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_violation) \| \| \| \| \| [Table of quark properties](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/quark.html#c1) \| \| \| \| [Go Back](Javascript:history.go\(-1\)) \| \| \| \| \| [HyperPhysics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html)\\\\\* [Quantum Physics](http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quacon.html#quacon) \| R Nave \|
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